Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2160 55653 38309 2026-09-25T20:23:46Z Chotlho 12488 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374350252|Barcelona]]" 55653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barcelona''' [ a ] ke toropokgolo e e mo lotshitshing lwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Spain . Ke motseshate le toropo e kgolo go di feta tsotlhe Mo kgaolong e e kemetseng ka nosi ya Catalonia, gape ke toropo ya bobedi e e Nang Le Batho ba bantsi Kwa Spain morago Ga [[Madrid]] . Ka palo ya batho ba le dimilione di le 1.7 mo teng ga melelwane ya toropo, <ref name="population">{{Cite web |title=Annual population census 2021-2024 |url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=68538&L=1 |publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Spain)|INE]]}}</ref> lefelo la yone la toropo le atologela kwa bommasepaleng ba le bantsi ba ba mabapi mo teng ga porofense ya Barcelona mme ke legae la batho ba ka nna dimilione di le 5.7, e e dira lefelo la botlhano la toropo le le nang le batho ba le bantsi thata la Kopano ya Yuropa morago ga Paris, kgaolo ya Madlan Mirid, Ruhr . <ref name="demographia" /> Ke nngwe ya ditoropokgolo tse dikgolo thata mo Lewatleng la Mediterranean, e e mo lotshitshing fa gare ga melomo ya dinoka tsa Llobregat le Besòs, mme e bapilwe kwa bophirima ke motseletsele wa dithaba tsa Serra de Collserola . [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] 3c8wp8jd6jpdju1c5vpo3glih6r2wqo 0 3492 55662 38305 2026-09-25T23:53:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Company | company_name = Bank Windhoek| company_logo = | company_type = [[Private company|Private]]| company_slogan = '''Together we do better'''| foundation = 1982| location = [[Windhoek]], [[Namibia]] | key_people = Koos Brandt, [[Chairman]] <br/> James Hill, [[Managing Director]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors of Bank Windhoek |url=http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/2%20Board%20of%20Directors%20and%20Chairman%E2%80%99s%20Report%20(2).pdf |access-date=2011-07-22 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235003/http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/2%20Board%20of%20Directors%20and%20Chairman%E2%80%99s%20Report%20(2).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>| num_employees = 1,200+ (2010)| assets = US$2.08+ billion (2010)| revenue = {{profit}} Aftertax: US$36.7 million (2010)| industry = [[Financial Services]]| products = [[Loans]], [[cheque|Checking]], [[Savings]], [[Investments]], [[Debit Cards]]| homepage = [http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na Homepage] }} '''Bank Windhoek Limited''' , e e itsegeng ka leina la '''polokelo ya Windhoek''' , ke polokelo ya madi ya kgwebo mo [[Namibia|Namibia]]. Ke ngwe ya tse di botlhano tse di letleletsweng go direla mo lefatsheng leo ke {0) polokelo ya madi ya lefatshe la Namibia, balaodi bagolo ba molao wa go go boloka madi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Licensed Commercial Banks in Namibia |url=https://www.bon.com.na/content/banksup/banks.aspx |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-date=2010-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524155045/http://www.bon.com.na/content/banksup/banks.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bank Windhoek gape e neelana ka ditirelo tsa go ananya madi a dinaga di sele mo makaleng a yone le ka kgwebo e e kopanetsweng le American Express, e e nang le mafelo a a farologaneng kwa Namibia. Le fa gone e le khampani e e ikemetseng ya Namibia, banka eno gape e tlamela ka ditirelo tsa dibanka tsa boditšhabatšhaba ka go dirisana ka tlhamalalo le ditheo tsa madi le ditheo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ==Tshedimosetso== Polokelo ya madi ya Windhoek ke baabi ba dithuso tsa madi ba batona mo lefatsheng la Namibia. {{asof|June 2010}}, polokelo eo ke yone ya bobedi e tona mo lefatsheng la Namibia , e e itebagantseng le go tlhomamisa dithoto, tse di ka lopang US$2.08 billion.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201008310591.html Polokelo ya Windhoek e tsaya maemo a bobedi]</ref> Polokelo e e fa batho dithuso ka mefutla ka go farologana, go ya kwa dikgwebong tse di potlana go ya kwa go tse di kgolwane (SMEs) gape le tsone dikgwebo tse ditona tota. Dithuso di akaretsa dipolokelo tsa dikgwebo, dipolokelo tsa dikgwebo tse ditona, dipapadisanyo tsa madi, dithuso tsa kadimo ya madi and le gone go aba madi mo makgotlaneng, le tse dingwe fela jalo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thulaganyo ya dilo tsa polokelo ya Windhoek |url=http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/5%20Operational%20Overview%201(2).pdf |access-date=2011-07-22 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235036/http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/5%20Operational%20Overview%201(2).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Mong Wa Yone== Polokelo ya Windhoekke bontlha bongwe jo bo feletseng jwa Bank Windhoek Holdings Limited (BWHL). BWHLka boyone ke bontlha bongwe le yone jwa Capricorn Investment Holdings (CIH),e e atswang selekanyo sa 73% mo BWHL. Capricorn ke kompone e tona e e nang le dikatso tse di nametsang mo mafatsheng a mararo a a mo kgaolong ya Borwa jwa Aferika ebong: [[Botswana|Botswana]], [[Namibia|Namibia]] le [[Zambia|Zambia]]. Ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 2010, Polokelo ya Namibia (BON), batlhami ba melao ya go boloka madi ba ne ba ikgatlholosa kopo ya ba lekgotla la dipolokelo tsa madi la [[Aferika Borwa|Aferika Borwa]] ya Absa Group go tsaya selekanyo sa 70% tsa go kopanela dipeeletso mo Capricorn Investment Holdings. BON ba ne ba tlhalosa gore 0}Absa e ne e ka nna ya amogela kitsiso ya go letlelelwa ka melawana ya bone.<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&amp;aid=4754&amp;dir=2010/September/Thursday9 Kopo ya ba Absa e ikgatlholosiwa]</ref> Palo ya dipolokelo tsa bontlha bongwe jwa CIH e kwadilwe fa tlase. ==Go Lomagana Ga Mokgatlho == Capricorn Investment Holdings e na le maloko a mangwe a a dirang le madi ka bogotlhe kgotsa a mo go one karolo ya one e dirang le tsa madi, go akaretsa :<ref>{{Cite web |title=ikaego ya setlhopa sa Capricorn Investment Holdings |url=http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/4%20Group%20Structure%20(2).pdf |access-date=2011-07-22 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235159/http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/4%20Group%20Structure%20(2).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Namibia}} '''Namibia''' * Bank Windhoek Holdings Limited - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile masome ale supa le boraro * '''Bank Windhoek Limited''' - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile masome ale supa le boraro (73%) * BW finance Limited - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile masome ale supa le boraro (73%) * Welwitschia Nammic Insurance Brokers Limited -e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile masome a matlhano le borataro le sephatlo sa bosupa (56.7%) * Namib Bou Limited -e nang le dishere dile dipesente tsa masome ale supa le boraro * Santam Namibia Limited -e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile lesome le borobabobedi le boraro (18.3%) * Sanlam Namibia Holdings Limited - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile masome a mabedi le bongwe le sephatlho(21.5%) * Nammic Financial Services Holdings - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile lekgolo * GH Group Employee Share Trust - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile lesome le borataro le bone (16.4%) * {{flagicon|Botswana}} '''Botswana''' * Capricorn Investment Holdings (Botswana) Limited - e nang le dikatso tsa dipesente dile masome a borobabongwe le bone (94.9%) * Bank Gaborone Limited - e le yone e nang le dikatso tsa dipesente dile masome a borobabongwe le bone (94.9%) * Ellwood Insurance Brokers limited - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile masome a borobabongwe le bone tsa dipesente (94.9%) * SmartSwitch Botswana Limited - e nang le dishere dile masome a mane le bosupa le sephatlho. (47.5%) * Capricorn Asset Management Limited - e nang le dishere dile masome ale supa le botlhano gammogo le bobedi tsa dipesente (75.2%) * Capricorn Capital Limited - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile lekgolo * Cyan ES Limited - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile lekgolo * {{flagicon|Zambia}} '''Zambia''' * Cavmont Capital Holdings Zambia Plc. - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile masome a mane le bone le botlhano(44.5%) * Cavmont Capital Bank - e nang le dishere tsa dipesente dile masome a mane le bone le botlhano(44.5%) ==Kgolagano ya makalana== {{asof|June 2010}}, Polokelo ya madi ya Windhoek e tshegeditse kgolagano ya makalana a dipolokelo tsa madi a le masome a matlhano go kgabaganya [[Namibia|Namibia]]. Mme se se tladiwa ke mafelo a kgolagano ya tiriso ya go tsaya madi ka karanta yo polokelo a le masome a boferabobedi le borataro a ATMs. <ref>{{Cite web |title=kgolagano ya makalana a dipolokelo tsa Windhoek |url=http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/7%20BANK%20WINDHOEK%20DISTRIBUTION%20NETWORK%20(2).pdf |access-date=2011-07-22 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235246/http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/7%20BANK%20WINDHOEK%20DISTRIBUTION%20NETWORK%20(2).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Balaodi== Balaodi ba polokelo madi ya Windhoek go simolola ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 2010 ke: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baokamedi ba polokelo ya Windhoek |url=http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/2%20Board%20of%20Directors%20and%20Chairman%E2%80%99s%20Report%20(2).pdf |access-date=2011-07-22 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235003/http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/files/2%20Board%20of%20Directors%20and%20Chairman%E2%80%99s%20Report%20(2).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> # Koos Brandt - modulasitulo # Johan Swanepoel - mothusa modula setulo # James Hill - Mokaedi mogolo # Brian Black - Mokaedi # Frans du Toit - Mokaedi # Eric Knouwds - Mokaedi # Gida Nakazibwe-Sekandi - Mokaedi # Hellmut von Ludwiger - Mokwaledi wa Kompone ==O ka tsibogela == * Itsholelo ya Namibia * Polokelo madi ya Gaborone * Maina a Dibanka tsa Namibia ==Dikgoge tsa kwa ntle== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060924013832/http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/index.php?page=financialstatements Tsebe kgolo ya palokelo madi ya Windhoek ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060924013832/http://www.bankwindhoek.com.na/index.php?page=financialstatements Polelo ka madi le polelo tsa ngwaga tsa polokelo madi ya Windhoek] == Metswedi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Dipolokelo madi tsa Namibia]] [[Category:Dikompone tsa Namibia]] [[Category:Gaborone]] [[Category:Dikampone tse di simolodisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1982]] sa6g7e620j0m6l40h66nwlhf22yzx47 0 5063 55686 53251 2026-09-26T04:22:31Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55686 wikitext text/x-wiki Di-instithushene tsa '''technical and further education''' or '''TAFE''' (/ˈteɪf/) kwa Australia di abelana ka dirutwa tse di anameng segolo thata tsa borutatiro (vocational), go ntsi dirutwa tse di khwalifaya ka fa tlase ga National Training System/Australian Qualifications Framework/Australian Quality Training Framework. Mafapha a akarediwang a akaretsa tsa kgwebo (business), moruo (finance), hospitality, bojanala (tourism), dikago (construction), bo-enjinere (engineering), botshwantshisi jwa ponalo (visual arts), thelenolji ya kitso (information technology) le tsa tirelo setshaba (community work). Di-instithushene ts TAFE ka bo bosi (go le gontsi di na le dikhampase di le mmalwa) tseo di itsagaleng jaaka dikholetshe kgots di-instithuti, go ya ka lefatshe kgotsa naga-lefelo la yone. Dikholetshe tsa TAFE di owned, dirisiwa gape le go duelelwa ke mebuso ya mehutahuta ya lefatshe le naga-lefelo (state and territory). Se se farologane le lefapha la yunibesithi, leo tuelelo ya lona e leng segolo se tonna the domain ya mmuso wa (federal government) mme beng ba diyunibesithi tse segolo se tonna ke mebuso ya naga-lefatshe. == Dikhwalifikheishene tse di abiwang ke dikholetshe tsa TAFE == Dikholetshe tsa T.A.F.E di aba dikhwalifikheishene tsa Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) tse di netefaditsweng ke lefapha la Vocational Education and Training (VET) tse di tsamaelenang le dikhwalifikheishene tsa Certificate I, Certificate II, Certificate III, Certificate IV, Diploma, Advanced Diploma, Graduate Certificate le Graduate Diploma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aqf.edu.au/register/about/|title=About the AQF Register|publisher=|accessdate=17 July 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704223551/http://www.aqf.edu.au/register/about/|archivedate=4 July 2015}}</ref> Mo mabakeng a le mantsi dithuto tsa TAFE di ka dirisiwa jaaka partial credit go isa go thulaganyo ya yunibesithi ya leemo la dikerii ya bachelor. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2002 lefapha la thuto la TAFE le kgonne go abelana ka dikerii ya bachelor le ka dithutiso tsa post-graduate diploma go tlatsa sekgala, segolo thata sa thutotiro tse di itebantseng le di -area tsa thuto ya tiro e e rileng. Go tloga ka letlha la Seetebosigo 2009 dikholetshe tsa TAFE tse 10 (bontsing tse di kwa New South Wales,<ref>"TAFE NSW Higher Education",https://web.archive.org/web/20150713065325/http://www.highered.tafensw.edu.au/, TAFE NSW Higher Education Website</ref> Victoria, mme gape le kwa Western Australia, ACT, le kwa Queensland) jaanong jaana di abelana ka difoka tsa bona tsa leemo la dikerii le tsa dipoloma tsa post graduate, le fa tshimologong ba sa ye go feta leemo la dikerii ya bachelor. Le fa go le jalo, Melbourne Polytechnic e akhreditilwe ka ngwaga wa 2015 go ka fa dithutiso tse pedi tsa dikerii tsa master's.<ref name="annualreport2014p22">Melbourne Polytechnic Annual Report pp22</ref> Go tshwana jalo, diyunibesithi tse dingwe , sekao, Charles Darwin University le Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, di abelana ka dithutisi tsa thuto-tiro (e se seng e leng boagelo ba TAFE); tseo di duelelwang ke puso-selegae le mmuso wa sedikadikwe. Dikolo dingwe tse dikgolo le tsona di abelana ka dithutiso tse di tlhagisitsweng e bile diakhreditilwe ke TAFE.<ref name="theage2002">''[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/07/24/1027332400427.html TAFE gears up to offer degrees]'' By Rebecca Scott, [[The Age]] 24 July 2002. Accessed 3 August 2008</ref><ref name="highered_in_tafe">Leesa Wheelahan, Gavin Moodie, [[Stephen Billett]] and Ann Kelly, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130515174100/http://www.ncver.edu.au/publications/2167.html Higher education in TAFE]'', Research report published by National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER), 3 September 2009. Accessed 24 September 2009</ref> Baithuti ba ba ikwadisetsang dithutisi tsa dikerii tsa kalogo-tlase kwa TAFE ba tshwnetse go duelela dituelo tsa dithutiso ka botlalo ebile ga ba letlelelwa dituelelo-kadimo tsa baithuti tsa Commonwealth Government supported student fee loans, tse di itsegeng e le dituelelo-kadimo jaaka HECS, e fela ba ka fitlhelela sekema sa kadimo ya Tuelo-Thuso but (FEE-HELP).<ref>See Department of Education, Employment, and Workplace Relations, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100202084140/http://www.goingtouni.gov.au/Main/FeesLoansAndScholarships/Undergraduate/FullFeesAndFEE-HELP/FullFeesAndFeeHELP.htm Full Fees and FEE-HELP] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202084140/http://www.goingtouni.gov.au/Main/FeesLoansAndScholarships/Undergraduate/FullFeesAndFEE-HELP/FullFeesAndFeeHELP.htm|date=2 February 2010}}'', goingtouni.gov.au website. Accessed 19 September 2011</ref> Le fa diyunibesithi di na le tshono le matla go aga/bopa le go abelana ka dithutiso tsa dikerii tsa tsona, nngwe le nngwe ya dithutiso tsa dikerii tsa TAFE di tshwanetswe tsa tlhatlhobiwa le go letlelelwa ke Higher Education Accreditation Committee (HEAC).<ref name="theage2002"/> Di TAFE mo mafelelong a mangwe di ka ruta dikhwalifikheisene tsa dikolo-kgolwane, jaaka tsa VCE, Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning, le Higher School Certificate. Diyunibesithi tse dingwe, sekao, Charles Darwin University le Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, di abelana ka dithutiso tsa TAFE; tseo di duelelwang ke mebuso ya selegae le ya sediko. Dikolo dingwe tse kgolo le tsona di ruta dithutiso tse tsweleditsweng le go akhreditiwa ke di TAFEs. Di-instithushene dingwe tsa poraebete le tsona di abelana ka dithutiso tse do tswang go di-TAFE, le fa go le jalo ka setlwaedi do abelana ka dithutiso tse dingwe tsa vocational education and training. Bontsi ba Ma-Australia ba kaya dithutiso tsotlhe tse di kwa tlase-ga-dikerii jaaka dithutiso tsa "TAFE", go sa re sepe gore ke di=instithushene dife tse tlhodileng kgotsa di rutang dithutiso tseo. Pele ga mengwaga ya bo-1990s, Di-TAFE di ne di atametse go nnamonopoly mo sekthatareng e. Dithutiso tsa TAFE di naya baithuti phatlha/tshono ya makwalo-tshupo a dikhwalifikheishene tse, setifikheati, dipoloma, le dipoloma e e tsweletseng mo dibakeng tse di bophara. == Dikholetshe tsa TAFE ka naga/tikologo == Go le gontsi, dikhamphase tsa TAFE di tlhaotswe ka di-instithushene tsa TAFE go ya ke methaladi ya seleago. Bontsi ba di-TAFE bo filwe karolo e e itsagaleng ya sediko ya naga moo ba dirang bongbosi go akaretsa dirutwa di le dintsi. Di-TAFE di le mmalwa di-speshalisa ka kgaolo e le nngwe ya thuto. Ka gale tse di bonwa kgaufi le bogare ba metsesetoropo, mme di direla ka bogotlhe naga kgotsa sediko. Sekao, Trade and Technician Skills Institute kwa Brisbane, (go tloga ka di 1 tsa kgwedi ya Phukwe 2006), e speshalisa ka dirutwa tsa automotive, building le construction, manufacturing le engineering, le electrical/electronic go baithuti ba mo Queensland yotlhelele. Kgotsa William Angliss Institute of TAFE kwa Melbourne e e speshalisang ka dithutiso tsa dijo, theleso le bojanala go ba mo Victoria. === Nagakgolo ya Australia === Mo nagakgolo ya Australia [Australian Capital Territory] the di akaretsa: * Canberra Institute of Technology === New South Wales === Go na le intitshiti di le lesome tsa TAFE NSW kwa NSW tse di akaretsang: * Hunter Institute * Illawarra Institute * New England Institute * North Coast Institute * Northern Sydney Institute * Riverina Institute * South Western Sydney Institute * Sydney Institute * Western Institute * Western Sydney Institute, go akaretsa OTEN === Northern Territory === Kwa Northern Territory tse di akaretsa: * Charles Darwin University * Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education === Queensland === Kwa Queensland, ''TAFE Queensland'' di akaretsa: Go tloga ka kgwedi yaMotsheganong 2014, di-instithushene tsa TAFE ditlhakantshitswe go didiko tsa bogare ba TAFE Queensland (parent body)di le tshelela. Didiko tsa ''TAFE Queensland'' ke:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tafeqld.edu.au/|title=TAFE Queensland|accessdate=2014-04-26}}</ref> * Brisbane (peleng Brisbane North Institute ya TAFE, Metropolitan South Institute ya TAFE le Southbank Institute ya Technology) * Gold Coast (fpeleng Gold Coast Institute ya TAFE) * East Coast (peleng Sunshine Coast Institute ya TAFE le Wide Bay Institute ya TAFE) * South West (peleng Bremer Institute ya TAFE le Southern Queensland Institute ya TAFE) * North (peleng Barrier Reef Institute ya TAFE, Mount Isa Institute ya TAFE le Tropical North Queensland TAFE) * SkillsTech (formerly SkillsTech Australia) === Australia Borwa === Kwa South Australia: * TAFE SA Kwa Tasmania, go na le mebuso e mebedi ya makgotla a TAFE: * TAFE Tasmania e akaretsa: ** Institute of TAFE Tasmania (general)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/institute/campuses.htm|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2005-11-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105202941/http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/institute/campuses.htm|archivedate=5 January 2006}}</ref> ** Drysdale Institute (tsa bojanala le hospitality)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/TAFEAPP.ASP?WCI=SigList&id=11|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2005-11-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024154833/http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/TAFEAPP.ASP?WCI=SigList&id=11|archivedate=24 October 2005}}</ref> * Australian Maritime College TAFE (maritime studies) === Victoria === Kwa Victoria tse di akaretsa: * Bendigo Regional Institute of TAFE (Local: Bendigo-Echuca) * Box Hill Institute of TAFE (Local: Eastern Melbourne, Specialist: Short courses) * Chisholm Institute (Local: South East Melbourne) * East Gippsland Institute of TAFE (Local: East Gippsland) * Central Gippsland Institute of TAFE (Local: West and South Gippsland, Specialist: High-voltage electrical) * Gordon Institute of TAFE (Local: Geelong) * Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE (Local: North East Victoria) * Holmesglen Institute of TAFE (Local: Eastern Melbourne) * Kangan Institute (Local: North West Melbourne, Specialist: Automotive, Fashion) * Melbourne Polytechnic (Local: Northern and inner East Melbourne, Specialist: Equine, Aquaculture, Agriculture, Viticulture, Music) * RMIT University (Specialist: Various) * South West Institute of TAFE (Local: Western District) * Sunraysia Institute of TAFE (Local: North West Victoria) * Swinburne University of Technology (Local: Eastern Melbourne) * University of Ballarat (Local: Ballarat-Wimmera) * Victoria University (Local: Western Melbourne) * William Angliss Institute of TAFE (Specialist: Hospitality) * Wodonga Institute of TAFE (Local: Wodonga, Specialist: Driving) * The University of Melbourne discontinued its TAFE arm (which specialised in agriculture and forestry) at the start of 2007. === Western Australia === [[File:Central_TAFE,_Perth,_Western_Australia.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|North Metropolitan TAFE Perth campus.]] Kwa Western Australia, tse di akaretsa: * North Metropolitan TAFE (Peleng Central Institute of Technology & West Coast Institute of Training)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au/|title=North Metropolitan TAFE -|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> * South Metropolitan TAFE (Peleng Challenger Institute of Technology & Polytechnic West)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southmetrotafe.wa.edu.au/|title=South Metropolitan TAFE - More courses, more qualifications, more places to learn.|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> * Central Regional TAFE (Peleng Durack Institute ya Technology, Goldfields Institute ya Technology & C. Y. O'Connor Institute)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.centralregionaltafe.wa.edu.au/|title=Central Regional TAFE -|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> * South Regional TAFE (Peleng South West Institute of Technology & Great Southern Institute ya Technology)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southregionaltafe.wa.edu.au/|title=South Regional TAFE -|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> * North Regional TAFE (Pelelng Kimberley TAFE & Pilbara Institute)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northregionaltafe.wa.edu.au/|title=North Regional TAFE -|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> == Bona gape == * Education in Australia * Further education * Registered Training Organisations * TAFE Outreach * Vocational education * Category:TAFE == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} == Dipapadi tse dingwe == === State and territory TAFE websites === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051107234620/http://www.tafe.nsw.edu.au/ TAFE NSW] * [http://www.tafe.vic.gov.au TAFE Victoria] ** [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060306062627/http://www.vtac.edu.au/pdf/guide/tafecourses.pdf Victorian TAFE Courses] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060306062627/http://www.vtac.edu.au/pdf/guide/tafecourses.pdf] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819193316/http://ttsi.tafe.qld.gov.au/ TAFE QLD] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819193316/http://ttsi.tafe.qld.gov.au/ Trade and Technician Skills Institute] * [http://www.tafesa.edu.au TAFE SA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060819084128/http://www.tafe.wa.edu.au/ TAFE WA] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20190524084833/http://wcit.wa.edu.au/ West Coast Institute of Training] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080317010352/http://www.tafe.tas.edu.au/ TAFE Tasmania] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100815030230/http://www.cit.act.edu.au/ Canberra Institute of Technology] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210321222536/http://www.globalcollege.edu.au/ International colleges in Australasia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190630053024/https://worldacad.com/list/short-term-courses/india Best courses and colleges in india] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190630053024/https://worldacad.com/list/short-term-courses/india Short term course list in india] === Victorian Association of TAFE Libraries === * [http://www.vatl.org.au/ VATL] === Vocational education and training (VET) === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050224091736/http://www.dest.gov.au/ Department of Education, Science and Training] (DEST) * [http://www.ncver.edu.au/ National Centre for Vocational Education Research] (NCVER) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190721005606/http://flexiblelearning.net.au/ Australian Flexible Learning Framework] (FLX) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023055404/http://www.austafe.edu.au/ National Association of TAFE Managers] – (AUSTAFE Inc.) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160625072238/http://www.ntis.gov.au/ National Training Information Service] (NTIS – database of VET providers and qualifications) === Kaelo ya Career === * [http://www.myfuture.edu.au Australian Government myfuture portal: career guide] Registration required * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140908022239/http://www.trainingadvisor.com.au/AdviceCentre.aspx Training Advisor- Career & TAFE Course Advice] Free to Individuals & Businesses === Mafelo aTAFE a kopano === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080804142941/http://www.aeuvic.asn.au/campaigns/tafe_stop/ AEU Victoria – TAFE Teachers] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080922100614/http://www.ourtafesmatter.com.au/ Our TAFEs Matter – NTEU] {{DEFAULTSORT:Training And Further Education}} 9nt532kou547rzr6h9y2u6tr4lykzn5 0 8693 55682 53519 2026-09-26T03:45:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref name=":9">"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Diphoso tse dikgolo tsa letamo le motlhamo wa motlakase === Go nna mo kotsing ga dithulaganyo tse dikgolo tsa polokelo ya metsi mo dipharologanong tsa mogote tse di tsayang nako e telele go ne ga bontshiwa ka nako ya komelelo ya kgaolo ya ngwaga wa 2023 go ya kwa ngwageng ya 2025 kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, e e neng ya tlhaolwa jaaka komelelo e e maswe go gaisa e e amileng kgaolo mo dingwageng di feta lekgolo.<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-el-nino-regional-humanitarian-overview-september-2024 Southern Africa: El Niño Regional Humanitarian Overview] (Report). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> E tlhotlhelediwa ke legato le le tseneletseng la El Niño le diphetogo tse di siameng tsa Dipole tsa Lewatle la India, ditlhaelo tsa pula di ne tsa baka go wela tlase ga ditso ga selekanyo sa metsi a Letsha la Kariba, letamo le legolo go gaisa mo Aforika le le dirilweng ke batho ka bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi .<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025 Interactive]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Go fokotsega ga bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi ya polokelo e e tshelang ya letamo go dirile gore ditlhomo tsa motlakase o o amanang le metsi di se ka tsa kgona go dira, ga pateletsa go kgaoga ga motlakase ka nako e telele le go abelwa metsi a a phepa go ralala mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe, mme ga felela ka dikgoeletso tsa bosetšhaba tsa masetlapelo a komelelo go ralala ditšhaba di le thataro, go akaretsa Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi le Namibia.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/drought-southern-africa-angola-botswana-lesotho-malawi-mozambique-namibia-zambia-zimbabwe-public-health-situation-analysis-phsa-14-october-2024 Drought in Southern Africa: Public Health Situation Analysis] (Report). World Health Organization. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Kgotlelego ya mafaratlhatlha le sediba se se kgabaganyang melelwane === Go farologana le seo, go akofisa ga ditiragalo tsa pula e e feteletseng go tshoseditse ka go lekana phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2025, morwalela o o sa tshwanelang le o o bokete wa tshoganyetso kwa Nigeria o ne wa baka dintsho di feta makgolo a mabedi le go fekeetsa mafaratlhatlha a metsi a mmasepala a selegae, mme se sa baka go tlhakana ka tlhamalalo ga metsi a a elelang le mokgatšha wa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mo lefelong la ditoropo o o seng ko teng le dithulaganyo tsa diphaephe tsa mmasepala.<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Mo dibeiseneng tse di kgabaganyang melelwane jaaka kgaolo ya Letsha la Chad, thuthafalo e e tswelelang le diphetogo tsa pula e e sa tlhomamang thata di tswelela go fetola bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi tsa paka. Dikgobalo tse di tlholang mo lefelong le le leng teng la boalogodimo di nyatsa ka tlhamalalo motheo wa didirisiwa tsa batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mararo go ralala Nigeria, Niger, Chad, le Cameroon, go bontsha ka fao go sa sireletsega ga metsi mo go bakiwang ke seemo sa bosa go ka dirang jaaka setlhotlheletsi sa tsitsipano ya lefatshe le sepolotiki le go fuduga ka pateletso.<ref name=":9" /> == Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping == ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|seemo sa bosa mo Aforika Borwa § Mesi ya digase tsa tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya § Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|seemo sa bosa kwa Nigeria § Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|seemo sa bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Aforika Bokone § Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping]]'' Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping tsa Aforika ka motho mongwe le mongwe e kwa tlase fa e bapisiwa le karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng e mengwe.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf "Fact sheet - Africa]" (PDF). Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> Mesi e e tswang mo phetogong ya tiriso ya lefatshe ga e tlhomame, bogolosegolo mo [[:en:Central_Africa|Bogare jwa Aforika]] .<ref name=":36">Mostefaoui, Mounia; Ciais, Philippe; McGrath, Matthew J.; Peylin, Philippe; Patra, Prabir K.; Ernst, Yolandi (11 January 2024). [https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/ "Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa"]. ''Earth System Science Data''. '''16''' (1): 245–275. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ESSD...16..245M 2024ESSD...16..245M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5194/essd-16-245-2024|10.5194/essd-16-245-2024]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-3516 1866-3516].</ref> Motswedi o mogolo wa go sa tlhomamang o tswa mo diphetogong tsa ghese ya carbon dioxide mo lekalaneng la [[:en:LULUCF|LULUCF]] (khutshwafatso e e emetse tiriso ya lefatshe, [[:en:Land-use_change|phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]], le dikgwa).<ref name=":36" /> == Ditlamorago == === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa mahatshe a Africa ka dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]]. Ditiragalo tsa maemo a a fa gare ga jaanong jaana di tsewa di le kgonagalo e ntsi<ref>Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). [[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading]]". ''Nature''. '''577''' (7792): 618–20. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.577..618H 2020Natur.577..618H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996825 31996825].</ref><ref>Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"]]. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources''. '''47''': 343–371. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ARER...47..343S 2022ARER...47..343S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847]]. <q>Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...</q></ref><ref>Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "[https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Explainer: IPCC Scenarios]". ''[[:en:Cosmos_(magazine)|Cosmos]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Archived] from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. <q>"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[:en:The_Australian_Academy_of_Science|The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[:en:Climate_Action_Tracker|Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.</q></ref>]] Go etswe tlhoko fa [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe]] ka kakaretsoo ile kwa godimo mo Aforika kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe go ya kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe ka bokana jwa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C), mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e leselekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le boraro (3 °C).<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref>Go thuthafala ga Aforika go oketsegile ka lefela ntlha tharo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (+0.3 C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2021 fa go bapisiwa le koketsego ya lefela ntlha pedi (+0.2) ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1961 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1910. Go fophakanyediwa olediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba Aforika ba tla bo ba le mo kotsing ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote. Se se tla dira gore go [[:en:Agricultural_productivity|ntsha dikungo ga temothuo]] go fokotsege.<ref>Engel, Ulf (2024). Engel, Ulf (ed.). ''Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022)''. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Brill. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68308-2|<bdi>978-90-04-68308-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Diphetogo tsa pula tse di lemogilweng di supa dipharologano tsa sebaka le tsa nako jaaka go solofetswe.<ref name=":10">Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). [[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|"Temperature Variability over Africa]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''24''' (14): 3649–3666. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.3649C 2011JCli...24.3649C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1]].</ref><ref>Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.</ref> Diphetogo tse di lemogilweng mo megoteng le [[:en:Precipitation|pula]] di farologana go ya ka dikgaolo.<ref>Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). [[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|"Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century"]]. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology''. '''10''' (1): 41–59. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JHyMe..10...41C 2009JHyMe..10...41C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|10.1175/2008JHM1004.1]].</ref><ref name=":10" /> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":37">''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref name=":37" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref name=":38">[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> Go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo e nnile mme go tswelela go nna motswedi o mogolo wa go fetogafetoga ga tlhagiso ya dijo ya lefatshe go ralala mafatshe a a tlhabologang kwa tlhagiso e ikaegileng thata ka pula.<ref>Thornton, Philip K; Ericksen, Polly J; Herrero, Mario; Challinor, Andrew J (November 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258067 "Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review"]. ''Global Change Biology''. '''20''' (11): 3313–3328. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GCBio..20.3313T 2014GCBio..20.3313T.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/gcb.12581|10.1111/gcb.12581.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258067 4258067]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24668802 24668802].</ref><ref>HU, Tongxi; Zhang, Xuesong; Khanal, Sami; Wilson, Robyn; Leng, Guoyong; Toman, Elizabeth; Wang, Xuhui; Zhao, Kaiguang (19 June 2024). "[https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/7/24705/files/2024/09/review-climate-impact-crop-yield-machine-learning.pdf Climate change impacts on crop yields: A review of empirical findings, statistical crop models, and machine learning methods"] (PDF). ''Environmental Modelling & Software''. '''179''' (106119) 106119. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024EnvMS.17906119H 2024EnvMS.17906119H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106119|10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106119.]]</ref>Lekalana la temothuo le bosisi mo go fetogeng ga seemo sa bosa,<ref>Sabiiti, Geoffrey; Ininda, Joseph Mwalichi; [[:en:Ogallo_Laban|Ogallo, Laban]]; Opijah, Franklin; Nimusiima, Alex; Otieno, George; Ddumba, Saul Daniel; Nanteza, Jamiat; Basalirwa, Charles (2016). [https://jeas.agropublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/JEAS-7-1.pdf "Nanteza and C. Basalirwa. 2016. Empirical relationship between banana yields and climate variability over Uganda"] (PDF). ''Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences''. '''7''': 3–13.</ref> bogolosegolo go fetoga ga pula mo magareng ga dingwaga, mekgwa ya mogote, le ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa (dikomelelo le merwalela). Ditiragalo tse tsa seemo sa bosa di bonelwa kwa pele go oketsega mo isagong mme di solofetswe go nna le ditlamorago tse di bonalang mo lephateng la temothuo.<ref name=":39">Sabiiti, Geoffrey; Ininda, Joseph Mwalichi; Ogallo, Laban Ayieko; Ouma, Jully; Artan, Guleid; Basalirwa, Charles; Opijah, Franklin; Nimusiima, Alex; Ddumba, Saul Daniel; Mwesigwa, Jasper Batureine; Otieno, George; Nanteza, Jamiat (2018). "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Suitability of Banana Crop Production to Future Climate Change over Uganda". ''Limits to Climate Change Adaptation''. Climate Change Management. pp.&#x20;175–190. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_10|10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_10.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64598-8|<bdi>978-3-319-64598-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Se se tla nna le tlhotlheletso e e sa siamang mo ditlhwatlhweng tsa dijo, pabalesego ya dijo, le ditshwetso tsa tiriso ya lefatshe.<ref>"A1 – 1 Sustainability, food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges". ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190601030918/http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> Dithobo go tswa mo [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|temothuong e e nosiwang ke pula]] mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika di ka fokodiwa ka go fitlha karolong ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2020.<ref name=":39" /> Go thibela ditlamorago tse di senyang tsa isago tsa go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo tlhagisong ya dijo, go botlhokwa go baakanya kgotsa go tshitshinya melawana e e kgonegang go samagana le go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo go oketsegileng. Mafatshe a Aforika a tlhoka go aga letlhomeso la semolao la bosetšhaba go laola metswedi ya dijo go ya ka go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo go solofetsweng. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga go tlhama melawana ya go samagana le ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa, bogolosegolo mo lephateng la temothuo, go botlhokwa go nna le tlhaloganyo e e tlhamaletseng ya gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa go ama jang dijalo tse di farologaneng tsa dijo.<ref>Shah, Hassnain; Hellegers, Petra; Siderius, Christian (1 January 2021). [[doi:10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378|"Climate risk to agriculture: A synthesis to define different types of critical moments"]]. ''Climate Risk Management''. '''34''' 100378. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CliRM..3400378S 2021CliRM..3400378S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378|10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-0963 2212-0963].</ref> Se se maleba thata ka ngwaga wa 2020 ka ntlha ya tlhaselo e e masisi ya di [[:en:Locust|Tsie]] e e amang temothuo botlhaba jwa Aforika ka tsela e e sa siamang.<ref name=":40">Rosane, Olivia (27 January 2020). [https://www.ecowatch.com/locust-swarm-east-africa-2644928358.html "Worst Locust Swarm to Hit East Africa in Decades Linked to Climate Crisis"]. Ecowatch. Retrieved 6 February 2020.</ref> Tlhaselo e ne e amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa– mogote o o bothitho le pula e e bokete e e bakileng koketsego e e sa tlwaelegang ya palo ya tsie.<ref name=":40" /> Kwa Botlhaba jwa Aforika , phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e solofetswe go gakatsa makgetlo le bogale jwa komelelo le merwalela, e e ka nnang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo lephateng la temothuo. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla nna le ditlamorago tse di farologaneng mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika Botlhaba. Dipatlisiso go tswa kwa [[:en:International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute|Setheong sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Patlisiso ya]] [[:en:International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute|Melawana ya Dijo]] (IFPRI) di tshitshinya koketsego ya thobo ya mmidi mo bontsing jwa Aforika Botlhaba, fela ditatlhegelo tsa thobo mo dikarolong tsa Ethiopia, [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Rephaboliki ya]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|batho ka batho ya Congo]] (DRC), Tanzania le bokone jwa Uganda.<ref>"[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/east-african-agriculture-and-climate-change-comprehensive-analysis East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis]". ''[[:en:International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute|International Food Policy Research Institute]] (IFPRI)''. 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</ref> Diponelopele tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le tsone di solofetswe go fokotsa bokgoni jwa lefatshe le le lemilweng go ntsha dijalo tsa bontsi le boleng jo bo kwa godimo.<ref>Kurukulasuriya, P.; Mendelsohn, R. (25 September 2008). ''[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/09/11/000158349_20080911163038/Rendered/PDF/WPS4717.pdf How Will Climate Change Shift Agro-Ecological Zones And Impact African Agriculture?]'' (PDF). Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4717|10.1596/1813-9450-4717]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10986/6994|10986/6994]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129416028 129416028].</ref> [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya]] e solofetswe go nna le ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo lephateng la temothuo, le le fepiwang thata ke pula mme ka jalo le le mo kotsing e kgolo ya diphetogo tsa megote le mekgwa ya pula, le ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa.<ref name=":41">Ministry of Environment and Forestry. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131336/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022. Volume I]" (PDF). Archived from [http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Ditlamorago di ka nna tsa bonala thata mo mafatsheng a a omileng le a a omeletseng go sekae (di-ASAL) moo ntshodikuno ya leruo e leng tiro ya botlhokwa ya itsholelo le ya matshelo. Mo di-ASAL, go feta karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya dintsho tsa leruo ke ditlamorago tsa komelelo.<ref name=":41" /> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,[leng?] karolo ya masome a mtlhano le bobedi ya palo ya dikgomo tsa ASAL di mo kotsing ya go latlhegelwa ka ntlha ya kgatelelo e e feteletseng ya megote.<ref>Kenya Markets Trust (2019). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20230216210136/https://www.kenyamarkets.org/contextualising-pathways-to-resilience-in-kenyas-asals-under-the-big-four-agenda/ Contextualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda]". Archived from [https://www.kenyamarkets.org/contextualising-pathways-to-resilience-in-kenyas-asals-under-the-big-four-agenda/ the original] on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla gakatsa go nna mo kotsing ga lekala la temothuo mo mafatsheng a le mantsi tsa Borwa jwa Aforika tse di setseng di lekanyeditswe ke mafaratlhatlha a a bokoa le go diega ga ditsenngwateng tsa maranyane le boitshimololedi.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20220728201021/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2016%20CRM%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Southern%20Africa.pdf Fact sheet]" (PDF). ''www.climatelinks.org''. Retrieved 12 July 2020.</ref> Mmidi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa lefatshe le le lengwang mo Borwa jwa Aforika, mme ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa sa isago, thobo e ka fokotsega ka karolo ya masome a mararo mo lekgolong.<ref>[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/overview-southern-african-agriculture-and-climate-change "Overview &#x5B;in Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change&#x5D;]". ''www.ifpri.org''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Megote e e oketsegang gape di rotloetsa go anama ga mefero le disenyi.<ref>Hachigonta, Sepo; Nelson, Gerald C.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Sibanda, Lindiwe Majele (2013). "Overview". ''[https://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/127787/filename/127998.pdf Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis]'' (PDF). International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). pp.&#x20;1–24. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]][[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89629-208-6|&#x20;<bdi>978-0-89629-208-6</bdi>]].</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla ama thata temothuo mo Bophirima jwa Aforika ka go oketsa pharologano mo tlhagisong ya dijo, phitlhelelo le go nna teng ga dijo.<ref>Brown, Molly E.; Hintermann, B.; Higgins, N. (January 2009). "[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090027893.pdf Markets, Climate Change and Food Security in West Africa"] (PDF). ''Environmental Science & Technology''. '''43''' (21): 8016–8020. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EnST...43.8016B 2009EnST...43.8016B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/es901162d|10.1021/es901162d]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2060/20090027893|2060/20090027893]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19924916 19924916]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9412710 9412710].</ref> Pula e e kwa godimo, dipaka tsa komelelo tse di tsayang nako e telele le megote e e kwa godimo di solofetswe go ama ka tsela e e sa siamang ntshodikuno ya manioko, mmidi le dinawa mo Aforika Bogare.<ref name=":42">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153008/https://www.climatelinks.org/file/4614/download?token=rlgPz1eX Climate Risks in the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) and Congo Basin]". ''Climatelinks''. Archived from [https://www.climatelinks.org/file/4614/download?token=rlgPz1eX the original] on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Morwalela le kgogolego di solofetswe go senya mafaratlhatlha a dipalangwa a a setseng a lekanyeditswe mo kgaolong e e tla lebisang kwa ditatlhegelong tsa morago ga thobo.<ref name=":42" /> Thomelontle ya dijalo tsa itsholelo jaaka kofi le cocoa e a oketsega mo kgaolong mme dijalo tse di mo kotsing e kgolo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":42" /> Dikgotlhang le go sa tlhomamang ga sepolotiki di nnile le tshusumetso mo seabeng sa temothuo mo GDP ya kgaolo mme tshusumetso e e tla gakadiwa ke dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/pubs/2013africanagricultures.pdf "Agriculture in Africa"] (PDF). ''United Nations''. 2013.</ref> Palogotlhe ya dikuno tsa selegae tsa Aforika (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa bone (4 °C) ya mogote. [[:en:Crop_yield|Dithobo tsa dijalo]] di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya megote tse di tlhatlogang le koketsego ya kgonagalo ya komelelo go ralala karolo ya . Mo godimo ga moo, go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, mme seno se tla oketsa kotsi ya [[:en:Flood|merwalela]].<ref name=":38" /><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa "Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''unfccc.int''. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> === Maatla === [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Tlhaelo ya metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC ngwaga wa 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka gakatsa gape mafelo a a nang le kgatelelo ya metsi go ralala Aforika – sekai, lefelo la Rufiji kwa Tanzania<ref>Conway, Declan; Geressu, Robel; Harou, Julien; Kashaigili, Japhet; Pettinotti, L.; Siderius, Christian (2019). [https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf "Designing a process for assessing climate resilience in Tanzania's Rufiji basin]" (PDF). ''FCFA Country Brief''.</ref> – ka ntlha ya tiriso e e farologaneng ya lefatshe, le dikgwetlho tse di raraaneng tsa loago le sepolotiki. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo karolokgolong ya lefasthe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng ya Aforika e fetotse thata modikologo wa metsi kgotsa wa metsi wa Aforika ka go dira gore pula e se ka ya tlhomama, go oketsa bogale jwa merwalela le komelelo, go fokotsa go ikanyega ga metsi a a kwa godimo le a a fa fatshe le gape go itlhaganedisa seelo sa mowafalo. Diphetogo tse tsa seemo sa bosa di dirile gore go nne le metsi a a dirisiwang mo gae le mo temothuong, go dira maatla ka bontsi jwa dinaga mo Aforika di dira maatla a tsona go tswa mo metsing le gape go tswelela ga thulaganyo ya tikologo mo Aforika.<ref name=":11">Isaacman, Allen; Musemwa, Muchaparara (1 October 2021). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355000708_Water_Security_in_Africa_in_the_Age_of_Global_Climate_Change Water Security in Africa in the Age of Global Climate Change]". ''Daedalus''. '''150''': 7–26. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1162/daed_e_01870|10.1162/daed_e_01870]] &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</ref><ref>[https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdfhttps://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf]. <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: Missing or empty |title= (help)</ref><ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/transboundary-waters/news News]". ''World Bank''. Retrieved 12 June 2026.</ref> === Matshosetsi a Botlhokwa a seemo sa bosa mo Tshireletsegong ya Metsi mo Aforika === * Pula e e sa tlhomamang: Mokgwa wa pula e e sa tlhomamang kgotsa e e sa bonelwang pele mo Aforika o nyatsa kgotsa o tsenya mo kotsing kungo ya ya dijalo le go itlhaganedisa go fokotsega ga metswedi ya metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Bontsi jwa batho (Balemirui) mo karolong nngwe ya Aforika, ka tlwaelo ba ikaegile ka dipaka tsa dipula tse di bonelwang pele go jala dijalo tsa bona. Mo ntlheng e fa pula e nna e e sa tlhomamang, e ka diegisa pula kgotsa ya na ditsuatsue tse di maatla tse di ka amang balemirui mo go lemeng dijalo.<ref>[https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opag-2021-0042/html?srsltid=AfmBOorEOnBGaZqgX15b1hSPcNAUiOvu0wK5fm8cclJLF5EMswne2RxW "Climate change stressors affecting household food security among Kimandi-Wanyaga smallholder farmers in Murang'a County, Kenya".]</ref> * Ditiragalo tsa Maemo a Bosa a a Feteletseng: Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika e e golaganeng le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng e ntse e tlwaelega ka iketlo go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Dipaka tse di telele tsa komelelo di isa kwa tlhaelong ya metsi, fa pula e e maatla le merwalela di senya dithoto le go oketsa go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang ke metsi kgotsa a a amanang le ona. * Dikgotlhang tsa Kgabaganyo ya Melelwane: phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka fokotsa go nna teng ga metsi mo mekgatsheng e e abelanwang. Tlhaelo ya metsi e ka baka gore mafatshe a a ikaegileng ka motswedi o le mongwe wa metsi di ka gaisana ka taolo le phitlhelelo e e ka felelang ka tsitsipano. Ka sekai, fa go akanyediwa Volta Basin, mafatshe a le mmalwa a Bophirima jwa Afrika di abelana Volta Basin. Fa lefatshe le ngwe le ka aga letamo kgotsa la goga metsi a mantsi, mafatshe a dingwe a a nang le metsi a a tshwanang a ka nna amogela metsi a mannye go baka go sa dumalane. Noka ya Nile gape e abelanwa ke mafatshe a a mantsi.<ref name=":11" /> === Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|seemo sa bosa mo boitekanelong jwa batho]]'' Mafatshe a Aforika a na le ditsamaiso tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba tse di sa direng sentle mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":12">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Merwalo ya malwetse a a tshelanwang jaaka [[:en:Malaria|malaria]], [[:en:Malaria|schistosomiasis]], [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue fever]], [[:en:Meningitis|meningitis]], tse di bosisi mo ditlamoragong tsa seemo sa bosa, di kwa godimo thata mo kgaolong ya Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ka sekai, karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong tsa dikgetsi tsa [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa ngwaga le ngwaga di mo Afrika.<ref name=":12" /> Diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di tla ama go anama ga ditshwaetso tsa malwetsi a a tshelanwang mmogo le go fetola tshekamelo ya batho mo ditshwaetsong tseo. Go ya ka Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e kotsi thata mo boitekanelong jwa didikadike di le masomesome tsa Maaforika, ka gonne e ba tsenya mo megoteng e e sa siamang, maemo a tepo loapi a a feteletseng, le selekanyo se se oketsegileng le seelo sa phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.<ref>"Chapter 9:Africa". [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf ''IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report'' (PDF)] (Final Draft).</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , le go felela ka megote e e oketsegileng, ditsuatsue, komelelo, le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, di tla ama go tlhagelela le go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607130925/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases]". Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2021, [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Dijo]] ([[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme)]] (WFP) le ne la pega mathata a a tswelelang pele a dijo kwa borwa jwa Madagascar molato wa gore a bakilwe fela ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e seng ke ntwa kgotsa dikgotlhang. Go ne ga itsisiwe gore ke tlala ya ntlha e e bakilweng ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Baker, Aryn (20 July 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210723003745/https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ "Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming"]. ''Time''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Rodrigues, Charlene (22 July 2021). [https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html "Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Harding, Andrew (24 August 2021). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792 Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine]". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> === Malaria === ''Pego ya konokono: [[:en:Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases#Malaria|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malwetse a a tshelanwang § Malaria]]'' Mo Afrika [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] e tswelela pele go nna le ditlamorago tse di gakgamatsang mo bathong. Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela, mafelo a a rileng a a ka nnang le phetiso ya malaria ngwaga otlhe, e e mo kotsing e kgolo a tla suta go tswa kwa lebopong la Bophirima jwa Aforika go ya kwa lefelong le le fa gare ga lefatshe la [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] le [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], le le bidiwang Dithaba tsa Aforika.<ref name=":13">Ryan, Sadie J.; McNally, Amy; Johnson, Leah R.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Ben-Horin, Tal; Paaijmans, Krijn; Lafferty, Kevin D. (2015). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700390 Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change]". ''Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases''. '''15''' (12): 718–725. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015VBZD...15..718R 2015VBZD...15..718R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|10.1089/vbz.2015.1822]]. PMC&#x20;4700390. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579951 26579951].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tsa saense fa go sekasekwa dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria tse di fetogang kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika di tshwana le tse di amanang le go tlhaloganya ka bophara phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malaria. Le fa go dira sekao ka diphetogo tsa mogote go bontsha gore go na le kamano magareng ga koketsego ya mogote le koketsego ya phetiso ya malaria, ditekanyetso di santse di le teng. Diphetogo tsa isago tsa baagi tse di amang [[:en:Population_density|kitlano ya baagi]], mmogo le diphetogo mo boitshwarong jwa menang, di ka ama dikelo tsa phetiso mme ke dintlha tse di lekanyetsang mo go tlhomamiseng kotsi ya isago ya go runya ga malaria, tse gape di amang thulaganyo ya paakanyetso e e siameng ya tsibogelo ya go runya.<ref name=":13" /> Mabapi le dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, mabaka le go tlhagelela go go bakwang ke diphetogo tse di masisi tsa tikologo jaaka seemo sa bosa tse di bothitho, diphetogo tsa maemo a bosa, le koketsego ya ditlamorago tsa batho jaaka go [[:en:Deforestation|rengwa ga dikgwa]], di tlamela ka maemo a a maleba a phetiso ya malaria magareng ga morwadi le moamogedi.<ref>Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ (2012). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes]". ''Frontiers in Physiology''. '''3''': 315. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00315|10.3389/fphys.2012.00315.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 3429085]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934065 22934065].</ref> Ka tlhamalalo, malaria e bakwa ke dinwanamadi tsa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' le ''Plasmodium vivax'' tse di rwalwang ke monang wa ''Anopheles'' o o rwalang malaria. Le fa dinwa madi ya ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ka kgona go tshela mo megoteng e e kwa tlase, senwa madi sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' se tla tshela fela le go ipoeletsa mo monang fa megote ya seemo sa bosa e le kwa godimo ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa masome a mabdei (20 °C).<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html "Where Malaria Occurs]". ''Center for Disease Control and Prevention''. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Koketsego ya bongola le pula le yone e na le seabe mo go ipoeletseng le go tshela ga ditshwaetso bolwetsi tse di tshelanwang .<ref name=":14">[https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease "Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease"]. ''Center for Science Education''. 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Go tlhagelela mo bolwetsi jwa malaria go tla nna kotsi e kgolo mo bathong fa palo ya menang ya ''Anopheles'' e e namagadi e e tshwaeditsweng ke setshedi se se tshelang ka go gobatsa sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kgotsa ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ntse e oketsega.<ref name=":14" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontsha koketsego ka kakaretso ya go tshwanelega ga tlelaemete ya phetiso ya malaria e e felelang ka koketsego ya baagi ba ba mo kotsing ya go tsenwa ke bolwetse jono.<ref>Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-González FJ, et&#x20;al. (March 2014). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''111''' (9): 3286–3291. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.3286C 2014PNAS..111.3286C]. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1302089111|10.1073/pnas.1302089111]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 3948226]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24596427 24596427].</ref> Se se botlhokwa thata ke koketsego ya kgonagalo ya leroborobo kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo (jaaka Dithaba tsa Aforika). Megote e e tlhatlogang mo mafelong a di na le bokgoni jwa go fetola mafelo a ka tlwaelo a senang malaria go nna mafelo a a nang le malwetse a leroborobo a dipaka.<ref>Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ (May 1995). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 "Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk]". ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''103''' (5): 458–64. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EnvHP.103..458M 1995EnvHP.103..458M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1289/ehp.95103458|10.1289/ehp.95103458.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 1523278]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7656875 7656875].</ref> Ka ntlha ya moo, dipalopalo tse dišwa di tla tlhagelela mo bolwetseng jo bo tla felelang ka dingwaga tse di itekanetseng tse di latlhegileng. Mo godimo ga moo, morwalo wa bolwetse o ka nna kotsi thata mo mafelong a a tlhokang bokgoni le didirisiwa tsa go tsibogela dikgwetlho le dikgatelelo tse di ntseng jalo ka katlego.<ref>Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B (January 2016). "[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation"]]. ''Environment International''. '''86''': 14–23. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnInt..86...14W 2016EnInt..86...14W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26479830 26479830].</ref> Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e sutisetsa mafelo a thutafatshe a phetiso go ya kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, kgwetlho e tla nna go batla le go laola mogare mo mafelong a a iseng a o bone pele.<ref>Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D (November 2003). [https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/24378625 "Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa]". ''Lancet''. '''362''' (9398): 1792–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14654317 14654317]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22850163 22850163].</ref> === Ditlamorago mo dikgotlhang le khudugo === [[:en:United_Nations_Environment_Programme|Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano]] le dirile tshekatsheko ya tikologo ya morago ga [[:en:War|ntwa]] ya [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] ka ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>UNEP (June 2007), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003632/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment]'' (PDF), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2702-9|978-92-807-2702-9]]</bdi>, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 18 January 2022</ref> Go ya ka pegelo e, dikgatelelo tsa tikologo kwa Sudan di amana le dikgang tse dingwe tsa loago, tsa itsholelo le tsa sepolotiki, tse di jaaka [[:en:Refugee|go fuduga ga batho]] le go gaisana ka [[:en:Natural_resource|ditsompelo tsa tlholego]]. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya kgaolo, ka go fokotsega ga [[:en:Precipitation_(meteorology)|pula]], go ne go akanngwa gore e nnile nngwe ya dintlha tse di nnileng le seabe mo [[:en:War_in_Darfur|kgotlhang kwa Darfur]]. Ga mmogo le [[:en:Environmental_issues|dikgang dingwe tsa tikologo]], phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka ama tlhabololo ya nako e tlang ya Sudan mo go sa nnang sentle. Nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di dirilweng ke UNEP e ne e le gore baagi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba thuse Sudan go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100602041622/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf Ch 3. Natural Disasters]" (PDF), Natural Disasters and Desertification, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 June 2010, retrieved 18 January 2022 in [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFUNEP2007|UNEP 2007]], p. 69</ref> == Ditlamorago go ya ka dikgaolo == === Bogare jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Lefatshe la puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|seemo sa bosa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe]]'' Bogare jwa Aforika, bontsi jwa yone, e dikologilwe ke mafatshe a a naleng mawatle mme e tshosediwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go ya ka thutafatshe. Ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa ya lone le temothuo e e nang le pula, Aforika yo mo bogareng o solofetswe go itemogela makhubu a mogote a maleele le a a nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa mmogo le koketsego ya dipheteletso tsa metsi.<ref>Diedhiou, Arona; Bichet, Adeline; Wartenburger, Richard; Seneviratne, Sonia I; Rowell, David P; Sylla, Mouhamadou B; Diallo, Ismaila; Todzo, Stella; Touré, N'datchoh E; Camara, Moctar; Ngatchah, Benjamin Ngounou; Kane, Ndjido A; Tall, Laure; Affholder, François (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|"Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming"]]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 065020. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f5020D 2018ERL....13f5020D]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.11850/274346|20.500.11850/274346]].</ref> Megote ya lefatshe mo kgaolong e e tshwanetse go oketsega ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa lesome ntlha tlhano (1.5 °C) go ya go ko Celcius ya mabedi (2 °C).<ref>Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Donat, Markus G.; Pitman, Andy J.; Knutti, Reto; Wilby, Robert L. (28 January 2016). "[https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219 Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets]". Nature. 529 (7587): 477–483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature16542|10.1038/nature16542]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789252 26789252]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205247437 205247437].</ref> Bokgoni jwa dikgwa tsa kwa [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] jwa go monya carbon dioxide bo fokotsegile. Phokotsego e e diragetse ka ntlha ya mogote o o oketsegang le komelelo e e bakang phokotsego ya kgolo ya ditlhare. Se se raya gore le dikgwa tse di sa rengwang di amiwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Thutopatlisiso ya [[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]] e supa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, sekgwa sa Aforika se tla monya ghese carbon dioxide e e kwa tlase ka karolo ya lesome le bone mo lekgolong (14%) go na le ka fa se neng se dira ka teng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2010, mme ga se kitla se monya epe gotlhelele ka ngwaga wa 2035.<ref>Grossman, Daniel (4 March 2020). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change]". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</ref> === Botlhaba jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|Phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|seemo sa bosa kwa Tanzania]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|seemo sa bosa kwa Ethiopia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|seemo sa bosa kwa Sudan Borwa]]'' E le mo e ka nnang gotlhelele mo boboatsatsi, pula mo [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] e laolwa ke go fuduga ga dipaka ga setlhopha sa pula ya boboatsatsi.<ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2017). "[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa".]] ''Reviews of Geophysics''. '''55''' (3): 590–635. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RvGeo..55..590N 2017RvGeo..55..590N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|10.1002/2016RG000544.]]</ref> Botlhaba jwa Aforika bo tlhomololwa ke go fetogafetoga mo go kwa godimo ga pula ya lefelo le nako ka gonne e akaretsa go feta selekanyo sa mogote sa didikirii di le masome a mararo tsa boleele jwa bophara (go kgabaganya mola wa equator). E na le ditlhotlheletso go tswa kwa Mawatleng a India le Atlantic ka bobedi, mme e na le diponagalo tse dikgolo tsa thutafatshe (dithaba) mmogo le metsi a a kwa teng jaaka [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Letsha la Victoria]]. Ka jalo, paka ya pula e farologana go tswa mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi go ya kwa kgwedi ya Phatwe mo dikarolong tsa bokonebophirima (go akaretsa mafatshe a Ethiopia le Sudan Borwa, tse di golaganeng thata ka bosa le Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka phefo ya dipula ya paka ya Aforika Bophirima e e tlisang dipula) go ya go paka e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole go ya kwa kgweding ya Tlhakole) mo borwa (go feta lefatshe la Tanzania) le mafelo a le mantsi a gaufi le mola wa bogare jwa lefatshe e e nang le dipaka tse pedi tsa dipula ka ngwaga,<ref>Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily C. L.; Allan, Richard P. (2016). "[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa]]". ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''121''' (19): 11, 405–11, 424. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..12111405D 2016JGRD..12111405D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|10.1002/2016JD025428]].</ref> mo e ka nnang ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong ("Dipula tse ditelele") le kgwedi ya phalane go ya go kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole ("Dipula tse dikhutshwane"). Go farologana ga selekanyo se se boleta mo dipakeng tsa pula gantsi go golaganngwa le thutafatshe ya lefatshe le makadiba. Pharologano ya magareng ga ngwaga e ka nna kgolo mme ditaolo tse di itsegeng di akaretsa dipharologano tsa [[:en:Sea_surface_temperatures|megote tsa boalogodimo jwa Lewatle]] (SSTs) tsa dibeiseneng tse di farologaneng tsa lewatle, mekgwa e megolo ya go fetoga ga lefaufau jaaka [[:en:Madden–Julian_oscillation|Madden–Julian Osciliation]] (MJO)<ref>Vellinga, Michael; Milton, Sean (2018). "[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|Drivers of interannual variability of the East African 'Long Rains]]'". ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society''. '''144''' (1): 861–876. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QJRMS.144..861V 2018QJRMS.144..861V.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|10.1002/qj.3263.]]</ref><ref name=":15">Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Jackson, Lawrence S.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Rowell, David P.; Boorman, Penelope M.; Keane, Richard J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Senior, Catherine A. (5 February 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (7): 2109–2129. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.2109F 2019JCli...32.2109F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1.]]</ref> le ditsuatsue tsa boboatsatsi<ref name=":15" /><ref>Kilavi, Mary; MacLeod, Dave; Ambani, Maurine; Robbins, Joanne; Dankers, Rutger; Graham, Richard; Titley, Helen; Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Todd, Martin C. (December 2018). [[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|"Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions]]". ''Atmosphere''. '''9''' (12): 472. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Atmos...9..472K 2018Atmos...9..472K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|10.3390/atmos9120472.]]</ref> Dipula tse ditelele ke paka e kgolo ya go jala dijalo mo kgaolong. Go bonelapele ga gare ga dingwaga ga paka e go kwa tlase fa go bapisiwa le Dipula tse di Khutshwane, mme go omisa ga sešweng go farologana le diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa sa isago e e metsi ("Kganetsano ya seemo sa bosa sa Aforika Botlhaba".<ref>Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (15 December 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref>). Botlhaba jwa Afrika e nnile le komelelo e e nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa le e e masisi mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, mmogo le merwalela e e senyang. Diphetogo tsa pula go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 di bontsha phokotsego ka kakaretso mo dipuleng tsa paka tsa kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong (MAM) ka koketsego e nnye ka nako ya dipula tsa kgwedi ya Seetebosigo go ya kwa ya Lwetse (JJAS) le kgwedi ya Phalane go ya kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole (OND),<ref>Bernhofer, Christian; Hülsmann, Stephan; Gebrechorkos, Solomon H. (6 August 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 "Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa]". ''Scientific Reports''. '''9''' (1) 11376. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...911376G 2019NatSR...911376G]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8|10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 6684806]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31388068 31388068].</ref> le fa go lebega go nnile le phokotsego ya bošeng mo dipuleng tsa MAM.<ref name=":27">Wainwright, Caroline M.; Marsham, John H.; Keane, Richard J.; Rowell, David P.; Finney, Declan L.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (12 September 2019). "'[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains]]". ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science''. '''2''' (1): 34. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019npCAS...2...34W 2019npCAS...2...34W.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7.]]</ref> Mo isagong, pula le megote di solofetswe go fetoga mo Botlhaba jwa Aforika .<ref name=":17">Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (December 2018). "Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change". ''Journal of Climate''. '''31''' (23): 9719–9738. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCli...31.9719D 2018JCli...31.9719D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52990163 52990163].</ref><ref>Muhati, Godwin Leslie; Olago, Daniel; Olaka, Lydia (1 October 2018). "[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble"]]. ''Global Ecology and Conservation''. '''16''' e00469. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GEcoC..1600469M 2018GEcoC..1600469M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469.]]</ref><ref name=":18">Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A.; Vellinga, Michael; Graham, Richard J. (1 February 2016). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance]]?". ''Climatic Change''. '''134''' (4): 621–633. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ClCh..134..621R 2016ClCh..134..621R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4.]]</ref> Dithutopatlisiso tsa sešweng ka ga diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa di supa gore mogote o o magareng e ka oketsega ka bokana ka mogote jwa Celcius tse pedi go ya borarong (2–3 °C) mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo le selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius tse pedi go ya kwa botlhanong (2–5 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":19">Bornemann, F. Jorge; Rowell, David P.; Evans, Barbara; Lapworth, Dan J.; Lwiza, Kamazima; Macdonald, David M.J.; Marsham, John H.; Tesfaye, Kindie; Ascott, Matthew J.; Way, Celia (1 October 2019). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate]]". ''Climatic Change''. '''156''' (3): 365–384. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClCh..156..365B 2019ClCh..156..365B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2.]]</ref> Se se tla ikaega ka [[:en:Climate_change_scenario|ditiragalo tsa kgololo]] mmogo le ka fa seemo sa bosa ya nnete e tsibogang ka teng fa e bapisiwa le mefuta ya dipoelo tse di ka nnang teng tse di bontshiwang ke dikai. Diponelopele tsa sekao tsa seemo sa bosa di na le go bontsha koketsego ya pula, bogolosegolo ka paka ya OND, e gape e akanyediwang go diragala moragonyana. Tiego e mo pakeng e khutshwane ya dipula, e golagantswe le go tsenelela ga Saharan Heat Low ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":17" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, dikai dingwe di bonelapele go fokotsega ga pula,<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> mme mo dikgaolong dingwe le dipaka dingwe dikoketso tse dikgolo thata tsa pula tse di bonelwang pele di bontshitswe di akaretsa mekgwa e e sa dumelegeng ka ntlha ya diphoso tsa sekao se se rulagantsweng.<ref>Rowell, David P. (2019). [[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|"An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming]]". ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''46''' (11): 6050–6058. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.6050R 2019GeoRL..46.6050R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|10.1029/2019GL082847.]]</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, diphetogo tsa di-aerosol di tlamela ka phetogo ya pula e e sa tseweng mo ditshekatshekong tse dintsi tsa diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa.<ref>Scannell, Claire; Booth, Ben B. B.; Dunstone, Nick J.; Rowell, David P.; Bernie, Dan J.; Kasoar, Matthew; Voulgarakis, Apostolos; Wilcox, Laura J.; Acosta Navarro, Juan C.; Seland, Øyvind; Paynter, David J. (13 September 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall"]]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (23): 8335–8354. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.8335S 2019JCli...32.8335S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10044/1/75583|10044/1/75583.]]</ref><ref name=":28">Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (7 October 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref> Pharologano ya tlwaelo ya go oma ga pula ya MAM (dipula tse ditelele) mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa mola wa bogare, ka bontsi jwa dikai tse di bonelapele go koloba mo isagong e tshwailwe "kganetsano ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya Botlhaba jwa Aforika"<ref name=":28" />, le fa go nnile le go boela mannong ga bošeng mo puleng.<ref name=":27" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore tlwaelo ya go omisa ga e kgonagale go nna ya tlhago fela, fela e ka kgweediwa ke mabaka a a jaaka di-aerosol go na le digase tsa tshwarang mogote molefaufaung,<ref name=":28" /> go tlhokega dipatlisiso tse dingwe. Go oma go bontshitswe go bakilwe ke paka e khutshwane ya dipula, mme go golaganngwa le go tsenelela ga Mogote wa Arabian Heat Low.<ref name=":27" /> Go tsamaelana le go sa tlhomamisegeng ga diponelopele tsa pula, diphetogo mo tshimologong ya [[:en:Rainy_seasons|dipaka tsa pula]] ga di tlhomamisege mo Botlhaba jwa Aforika jwa mola wa bogare wa lefatshe, le fa dikai tse dintsi di bonelapele dipula tse dikhutshwane tsa moragonyana le tse di metsi.<ref name=":17" /> [[:en:Indian_Ocean_Dipole|Dipole ya Lewatle la India]] (IOD) e itsege ka go tlamela ka taolo e e maatla mo go fetogeng ga magareng ga dingwaga mo dipuleng tse dikhutshwane,<ref>Black, Emily; Slingo, Julia; Sperber, Kenneth R. (1 January 2003). [https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%282003%29131%3C0074%3AAOSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2 "An Observational Study of the Relationship between Excessively Strong Short Rains in Coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST]". ''Monthly Weather Review''. '''131''' (1): 74–94. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MWRv..131...74B 2003MWRv..131...74B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%282003%29131%3C0074%3AAOSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131&#x3C;0074:AOSOTR&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2.]</ref> mme dithutopatlisiso di bontsha gore di-IOD tse di feteletseng di ka oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Cai, Wenju; Wang, Guojian; Gan, Bolan; Wu, Lixin; Santoso, Agus; Lin, Xiaopei; Chen, Zhaohui; Jia, Fan; Yamagata, Toshio (12 April 2018). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897553 Stabilised frequency of extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole under 1.5 °C warming]". ''Nature Communications''. '''9''' (1) 1419. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1419C 2018NatCo...9.1419C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6|10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897553 5897553]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29650992 29650992].</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e solofetswe go lebisa kwa go gateleleng ga pula, ka pula e e feteletseng e oketsega ka seelo se se bonako fa go thuthafala go feta pula yotlhe<ref>IPCC (2018). [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ "Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty"]. ''IPCC''. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</ref> Tiro ya sešweng e bontsha gore go ralala Aforika dikai tsa lefatshe di solofetswe go nyatsa seelo sa phetogo ya go oketsega ga pula e,<ref name=":1" /> mme diphetogo mo go feteletseng ga pula di ka nna tsa anama thata go feta tse di bonelwang pele ke dikai tsa lefatshe.<ref>Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Rowell, David P.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Tucker, Simon O.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Jackson, Lawrence S. (22 January 2020). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1|Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa"]]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''33''' (7): 2701–2718. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCli...33.2701F 2020JCli...33.2701F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1.]]</ref> Dikarolo tse di kwa borwa jwa Aforika Botlhaba di amogela bontsi jwa pula ya tsone mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka nako ya mariga a hemisefere e e kwa borwa: mo godimo ga Tanzania pula ya paka e solofetswe go oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago, le fa go na le go sa tlhomamang.<ref name=":17" /> Go ya kwa borwa, mo godimo ga Mozambique, paka e khutshwane ka ntlha ya go simolola moragonyana e akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago, gape ka go sa tlhomamang go go rileng.<ref>Wang, Bin; Liu, De Li; Waters, Cathy; Yu, Qiang (2 October 2018). "Quantifying sources of uncertainty in projected wheat yield changes under climate change in eastern Australia". ''Climatic Change''. '''151''' (2): 259–273. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClCh..151..259W 2018ClCh..151..259W.] doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z|10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158743534 158743534].</ref> Jaaka sekai, [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] e na le bothata jo bo kwa godimo jwa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. [[:en:Climate_hazards|Dikotsi tse dikgolo tsa seemo sa bosa]] di akaretsa [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] le [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] ka gonne go ka direga gore pula e nne e e tseneletseng e bile e se ka ya bonelwa kwa pele. [[:en:Climate_model|Dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] di bonela pele gore megote e tla tlhatloga ka lefala ntlha tlhano go ya koselekanyong sa mogote sa Celcius tse pedi.<ref>World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20231001012517/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability Kenya (Vulnerability)"]. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</ref> Mo mafelong a a sa tlhomamang a toropong ya [[:en:Nairobi|Nairobi]] phelelo ya [[:en:Urban_heat_island|setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo]] e oketsa bothata ka gonne e dira megote e e bothitho le go feta tsa tikologo. Se ke ka ntlha ya didirisiwa tsa go aga mo matlong, go tlhoka go tsenya mowa, lefelo le letala le le sesane, le go sa kgone go bona maatla a motlakase le ditirelo tse dingwe.<ref>Hirch, Aurther (November 2017). [https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/11/06/deadly-climate-change-disproportionately-affects-africa/ "Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements]".</ref> === Bokone jwa Aforika === ''Karolo e ke nopolo go tswa mo [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|Phetogong ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|Seemo sa Bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Aforika Bokone.]]''[[Setshwantsho:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Northern Africa future.svg|thumb|Ditshwantso tsa mafatshe tsa tlhaolo ya seemo sa bosa tsa Botlhabagare ga jaana (kwa godimo) le tse di bonelwang pele tsa Aforika Bokone tsa ngwaga wa di 2071 go ya kwa ngwageng 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa(kwa tlase). Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng thata.<ref>Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "[[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"]]. ''Nature''. '''577''' (7792): 618–20. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.577..618H 2020Natur.577..618H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996825 31996825].</ref><ref>Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic]]". ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources''. '''47''': 343–371. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847.]] <q>Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...</q></ref><ref>Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "[https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Explainer: IPCC Scenarios]". ''[[:en:Cosmos_(magazine)|Cosmos]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Archived] from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. <q>"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[:en:The_Australian_Academy_of_Science|The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[:en:Climate_Action_Tracker|Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.</q></ref>]] Ka ngwaga wa 2018, kgaolo ya [[:en:MENA|MENA]] e ne ya ntsha bokete jwa ditone di le didikadike di le tharo ntlha pedi tsa ghese ya carbon dioxide mme ya ntsha karolo ya borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|mesi ya digase tse di tshawarang mogote mo loaping tsa lefatshe]] (GHG)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201011125320/http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions "CO2 Emissions]". ''Global Carbon Atlas''. Archived from [https://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions the original] on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> le fa e ne e dira fela karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong ya baagi ba lefatshe.<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZQ-1W "Population, total – Middle East & North Africa, World"]. ''World Bank Open Data''. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</ref> Mesi e e tswa thata mo lekalaneng la maatla,<ref>Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018). "[http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845102/1/An%20Overview%20of%20Monitoring%20and%20Reduction%20Strategies%20for%20Health%20and%20Climate%201%20Change%20Related%20Emissions%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region"] (PDF). ''Atmospheric Environment''. '''175''': 33–43. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.175...33A 2018AtmEn.175...33A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310 1352-2310]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614234546/http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845102/1/An%20Overview%20of%20Monitoring%20and%20Reduction%20Strategies%20for%20Health%20and%20Climate%201%20Change%20Related%20Emissions%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021 &#x2013; via Surrey Research Insight Open Access.</ref> e leng karolo e e botlhokwa ya itsholelo e e ntsi ya [[:en:Middle_Eastern|Botlhabagare]] le ya [[:en:North_Africa|Bokone jwa Aforika]] ka ntlha ya dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa [[:en:Petroleum|mahura]] le [[:en:Natural_gas|ghese ya tlholego]] tse di fitlhelwang mo kgaolong eo.<ref>Al-mulali, Usama (1 October 2011). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211005226 "Oil consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in MENA countries]". ''Energy''. '''36''' (10): 6165–6171. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048|10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5442 0360-5442.]</ref><ref>Tagliapietra, Simone (1 November 2019). "[[doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397|The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers]]". ''Energy Strategy Reviews''. '''26''' 100397. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397|10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-467X 2211-467X.]</ref>Kgaolo ya Botlhabagare ke nngwe ya tse di [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|ka amiwang thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]]. Ditlamorago di akaretsa koketsego ya maemo a [[:en:Drought|leuba]], komelelo, [[:en:Heat_wave|makhubu a mogote]] le go [[:en:Sea_level_rise|tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle]]. Diphetogo tse di bogale tsa mogote ya lefatshe le bogodimo jwa lewatle, go fetoga ga mekgwa tsa pula le go oketsega ga makgetlo a ditiragalo tsa maemo a [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] a a feteletseng ke dingwe tsa ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka di supilwe ke [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Phanele ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa]] (IPCC).<ref name=":29">IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.</ref> Kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing thata ya ditlamorago tse di jalo ka ntlha ya tikologo ya yona e e omeletseng le e e omeletseng go sekae, e lebane le dikgwetlho tsa seemo sa bosa tse di jaaka pula e e kwa tlase, megote e e kwa godimo le mmu o o omileng.<ref name=":29" /><ref>El-Fadel, M.; Bou-Zeid, E. (2003). "Climate change and water resources in the Middle East: vulnerability, socio-economic impacts and adaptation". ''Climate Change in the Mediterranean''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4337/9781781950258.00015|10.4337/9781781950258.00015.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10535/6396|10535/6396]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781781950258|9781781950258]]</bdi>.</ref> Maemo a seemo sa bosa a a rotloetsang dikgwetlho tse di jalo mo MENA a akanyediwa ke IPCC go nna maswe le go feta mo ngwagakgolong otlhe wa masome a mabedi le bongwe.<ref name=":29" /> Fa [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|mesi ya digase tse di kapang mogote mo loaping]] e sa fokodiwe thata, karolo ya kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing ya go sa kgone go agiwa pele ga ngwaga wa 2100.<ref>Broom, Douglas (5 April 2019). "[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/middle-east-front-lines-climate-change-mena/ How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change]". ''World Economic Forum''. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</ref><ref>Gornall, Jonathan (24 April 2019). [https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/opinion/with-climate-change-life-in-the-gulf-could-become-impossible/ "With climate change, life in the Gulf could become impossible"]. Euroactive. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</ref><ref>Pal, Jeremy S.; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (26 October 2015). "Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''6''' (2): 197–200. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nclimate2833|10.1038/nclimate2833.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-678X 1758-678X.]</ref> ''Tshedimosetso e e'' ''oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Algeria|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Algeria|seemo sa bosa kwa Algeria]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Morocco|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Morocco|seemo sa bosa kwa Morocco]]'' === Aforika Bophirima le Sahel === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ghana|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ghana|seemo sa bosa kwa Ghana]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria|seemo sa bosa kwa Nigeria]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Senegal|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Senegal|seemo sa bosa kwa Senegal]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Gambia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Gambia|seemo sa bosa kwa Gambia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mali|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mali|seemo sa bosa kwa Mali]]'' Kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Aforika e ka kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolopotlana di le nne tsa seemo sa bosa e leng Lebopo la Guinea, Soudano-Sahel, Sahel (e e atologelang kwa botlhaba go ya kwa molelwaneng wa Ethiopia) le Sahara,<ref>Agyeman, Richard Yao Kuma; Quansah, Emmannuel; Lamptey, Benjamin; Annor, Thompson; Agyekum, Jacob (2018). [[doi:10.1155/2018/4853681|"Evaluation of CMIP5 Global Climate Models over the Volta Basin: Precipitation]]". ''Advances in Meteorology''. '''2018''' (1): 1–24. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdMet201853681A 2018AdMet201853681A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1155/2018/4853681|10.1155/2018/4853681]].</ref> nngwe le nngwe e na le maemo a a farologaneng a seemo sa bosa. Modikologo wa pula ya paka o kgweediwa thata ke motsamao wa borwa–bokone wa [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) e e tlhaolwang ke go kopana ga diphefo tse di metsi tsa borwabophirima jwa monsoon le Harmattan e e omileng ya bokonebotlhaba.<ref>Sultan, Benjamin; Janicot, Serge (1 November 2003). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C3407%3ATWAMDP%3E2.0.CO%3B2 The West African Monsoon Dynamics. Part II: The 'Preonset' and 'Onset' of the Summer Monsoon"]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''16''' (21): 3407–3427. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JCli...16.3407S 2003JCli...16.3407S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C3407%3ATWAMDP%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016&#x3C;3407:TWAMDP&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2].</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka pharologano ya pula ya magareng ga dingwaga, dipaka tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa seemo sa bosa di lemogilwe mo godimo ga Sahel: paka e e metsi go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1950 go ya kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960 e latelwa ke paka e e omileng go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1972 go ya ko dingwageng tsa 1990 mme morago ga moo paka go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1991 go ya pele e e boneng pula e ntsi gape ka selekanyo sengwe.<ref>Le Barbé, Luc; Lebel, Thierry; Tapsoba, Dominique (1 January 2002). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C0187%3ARVIWAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Rainfall Variability in West Africa during the Years 1950–90]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''15''' (2): 187–202. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JCli...15..187L 2002JCli...15..187L.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C0187%3ARVIWAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&#x3C;0187:RVIWAD&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2].</ref><ref>Rowell, David P. (2003). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C0849%3Atiomso%3E2.0.co%3B2 The Impact of Mediterranean SSTS on the Sahelian Rainfall Season]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''16''' (5): 849–862. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JCli...16..849R 2003JCli...16..849R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C0849%3Atiomso%3E2.0.co%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016&#x3C;0849:tiomso&#x3E;2.0.co&#x3B;2].</ref><ref>Nicholson, Sharon E.; Fink, Andreas H.; Funk, Chris (2018). [[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|"Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record]]". ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''38''' (10): 3770–3786. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJCli..38.3770N 2018IJCli..38.3770N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|10.1002/joc.5530.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134207640 134207640].</ref> Ka nako ya komelelo, Sahel e ne ya itemogela ditiragalo di le mmalwa tsa komelelo tse di masisi thata, ka ditlamorago tse di senyang.<ref name=":30">Funk, Chris; Fink, Andreas H.; Nicholson, Sharon E. (1 August 2018). [[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|"Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record"]]. ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''38''' (10): 3770–3786. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJCli..38.3770N 2018IJCli..38.3770N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|10.1002/joc.5530.]]</ref><ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2013). "[[doi:10.1155/2013/453521|The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability]]". ''ISRN Meteorology''. '''2013''': 1–32. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1155/2013/453521|10.1155/2013/453521]].</ref> Dingwagasome tsa sešweng, le tsone di bone koketsego e e magareng ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga fa e sale ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Le fa go ntse jalo, palogotlhe ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e santse e le kwa tlase thata ga e e lemogilweng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950.<ref>Panthou, G; Lebel, T; Vischel, T; Quantin, G; Sane, Y; Ba, A; Ndiaye, O; Diongue-Niang, A; Diopkane, M (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac334|"Rainfall intensification in tropical semi-arid regions: the Sahelian case]]". ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 064013. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f4013P 2018ERL....13f4013P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac334|10.1088/1748-9326/aac334.]]</ref><ref name=":30" /> Bangwe ba supile dingwagasome tse pedi tsa bosheng jaaka paka ya go boela mannong.<ref>Sanogo, Souleymane; Fink, Andreas H.; Omotosho, Jerome A.; Ba, Abdramane; Redl, Robert; Ermert, Volker (2015). "Spatio-temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa". ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''35''' (15): 4589–4605. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJCli..35.4589S 2015IJCli..35.4589S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.4309|10.1002/joc.4309]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129607595 129607595].</ref> Ba bangwe ba bitsa se jaaka paka ya "go gagamatsa ga metsi" ka bontsi jwa koketsego ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse di masisi thata tsa pula mme ka dinako tse dingwe morwalela go na le pula e e nang kgapetsakgapetsa, kgotsa ka tsela e e tshwanang ditiro tse dingwe <ref>L'Hote, Yann; Mahe, Gil; Some, Bonaventure (June 2003). [[doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283|"The 1990s rainfall in the Sahel: the third driest decade since the beginning of the century"]]. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal''. '''48''' (3): 493–496. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003HydSJ..48..493L 2003HydSJ..48..493L.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283|10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283.]]</ref><ref>Nicholson, S. E.; Some, B.; Kone, B. (1 July 2000). [https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282000%29013%3C2628%3AAAORRC%3E2.0.CO%3B2 "An Analysis of Recent Rainfall Conditions in West Africa, Including the Rainy Seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña Years]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''13''' (14): 2628–2640. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JCli...13.2628N 2000JCli...13.2628N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282000%29013%3C2628%3AAAORRC%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013&#x3C;2628:AAORRC&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2.]</ref> di thalela tsweletso ya komelelo le fa pula e oketsegile. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1985, karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong tsa baagi di amilwe ke merwalela e le metlhano kgotsa go feta mo dinageng di le lesome le bosupa tsa kgaolo ya Sahel.<ref>Livelihood Security Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228014910/http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_Sahel_EN.pdf|date=28 February 2017}} 2011</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga begwa gore go ne go na le [[:en:2012_Sahel_drought|komelelo e e masisi]] kwa Sahel. Dipuso tsa kgaolo di ne tsa tsiboga ka bonako, tsa simolola maano a go samagana le kgang eno.<ref>Fominyen, George. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120603231542/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief/ Coming weeks critical to tackle Sahel hunger – U.N. humanitarian chief]". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from [http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief the original] on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</ref> Kgaolo e solofetswe go itemogela diphetogo mo pusong ya pula, ka dikai tsa seemo sa bosa tse di akantshang gore phokotsego ya pula ya paka e e metsi e ka nna teng thata kwa bophirima jwa Sahel, le koketsego e ka nna teng kwa bogareng go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Sahel, le fa diphetogo tse di fapaaneng di ise di kgaphelwe kwa thoko.<ref>Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A.; Vellinga, Michael; Graham, Richard J. (2016). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance?]]". ''Climatic Change''. '''134''' (4): 621–633. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ClCh..134..621R 2016ClCh..134..621R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4.]]</ref><ref name=":31">Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Roberts, Malcolm J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Crook, Julia A.; Wilcox, Catherine (August 2019). [[doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|"Improved climatological precipitation characteristics over West Africa at convection-permitting scales]]". ''Climate Dynamics''. '''53''' (3–4): 1991–2011. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClDy...53.1991B 2019ClDy...53.1991B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4]].</ref><ref name=":1" /> Diphetogo tse di tla ama makgetlo le bokete jwa merwalela, komelelo, [[:en:Desertification|go nna sekaka]], ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, dipetso tsa tsie ya sekaka le tlhaelo ya metsi.<ref>[http://abclive.in/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-africa/ "IPCC Sees Severe Climate Change Impacts on Africa]". ABC Live. ABC Live. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</ref><ref>[[:en:Coleen_Vogel|Vogel, Coleen]]. [https://theconversation.com/why-africa-is-particularly-vulnerable-to-climate-change-41775 "Why Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change"]. ''The Conversation''. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa kgathalesege diphetogo tsa pula e e magareng ya paka, ditsuatsue tse di maatla thata di solofetswe go nna tse di maatla thata, go oketsa makgetlo a morwalela.<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":1" />Mesi e e tokafaditsweng ya khabone le thuthafalo ya lefatshe le yona e ka baka koketsego ya dinako tsa komelelo bogolosegolo go kgabaganya Lebopo la Guinea e e amanang le phokotsego ya dinako tsa metsi ka fa tlase ga maemo a thuthafalo ya lefatshe ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius ya bongwe ntlha tlhano le ya bobedi <ref>Klutse, Nana Ama Browne; Ajayi, Vincent O; Gbobaniyi, Emiola Olabode; Egbebiyi, Temitope S; Kouadio, Kouakou; Nkrumah, Francis; Quagraine, Kwesi Akumenyi; Olusegun, Christiana; Diasso, Ulrich; Abiodun, Babatunde J; Lawal, Kamoru; Nikulin, Grigory; Lennard, Christopher; Dosio, Alessandro (1 May 2018). "[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|Potential impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming on consecutive dry and wet days over West Africa]]". ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (5) 055013. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13e5013A 2018ERL....13e5013A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b.]]</ref> Karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong tsa baagi ba kgaolo ya [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] le tsone di itemogetse koketsego ya mogote o o fetang selekanyo sa Celcius ye nngwe (1 °C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1970 go fitlha ka ngwaga ga 2010. Kgaolo ya Sahel, bogolosegolo, e tla itemogela megote e e kwa godimo tsa palogare mo tsamaong ya ngwagakgolo wa msaome a mabedi le bongwe le diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula, go ya ka [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Phanele ya Intergovernmental Climate]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Change]] (IPCC). === Borwa jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|seemo sa bosa mo Aforika Borwa]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|seemo sa bosa kwa Mozambique]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|seemo sa bosa kwa Madagascar]]'' == Go tlwaela == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|go tlwaela phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|seemo sa bosa]]'' Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo mafatsheng a Aforika, dikgato tsa go tlwaela di a tlhokega mo dilekanong tse dintsi – go simolola ka maemo a selegae go ya go a bosetšhaba le a kgaolo.<ref>Climate Analytics. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa"] (PDF). ''Climate Analytics''. Archived from [https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Kokomane ya ntlha ya mananeo a go tlwaela mo Aforika e ka tlhalosiwa thata jaaka tse dinnye ka tlhago, tse di tsepamisitsweng mo dipeeletsong tse di ikaeletsweng mo temothuong le go anamisa maranyane go tshegetsa go tsaya ditshwetso tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Troni, Jessica (2018). ''Climate change adaptation in Africa: UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations''. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079881730 1079881730].</ref> Bosheng jaana, maiteko a go dira mananeo a lebisitswe gape kwa maitekong a magolo le a a gokagantsweng, go lebagana le dintlha tse di akaretsang makalana a mantsi. Go ya ka patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2023, karolo ya masome a matlhano le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya dibanka tsa Aforika e na le melawana ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e e tlhomilweng, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le bobedi mo lekgolong e nngwe e rulaganya go tsenya tirisong melawana. Karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya dibanka ga jaana di akanyetsa kotsi ya seemo sa bosa fa di sekaseka bareki ba bašwa kgotsa mananeo, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong e nngwe e solofetse go dira jalo mo isagong.<ref name=":20">Bank, European Investment (27 September 2023). [https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa ''Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads''.] European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5598-7|978-92-861-5598-7]]</bdi>.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Green finance opportunities and products (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Ditšhono tsa [[:en:Eco-investing|matlole a a matala]] le dithoto go tswa kwa dibankeng tse di dirilweng patlisiso mo patlisisong ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe e enaleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika]]<ref name=":21">"[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa report finds that banks want to move faster into green lending]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</ref><ref name=":22">Bank, European Investment (18 November 2021). ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5063-0|<bdi>978-92-861-5063-0</bdi>.]]</ref>]] Maranyane a a tokafaditsweng a [[:en:Weather_forecasting|ponelopele ya maemo a]] [[:en:Weather_forecasting|tepo loapi]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e botlhokwa go itsise tsibogelo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa,<ref name=":23">Youds, L.; Parker, D. J.; Adefisan, E. A.; Antwi-Agyei, P.; Bain, C. L.; Black, E. C. L.; Blyth, A. M.; Dougill, A. J.; Hirons, L. C. (13 May 2021). "[http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/ GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting]". ''eprints.whiterose.ac.uk''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5518/100/67|10.5518/100/67]]. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</ref> go thusa go tsaya ditshwetso tse di amanang le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka sekai.<ref name=":23" /> Ka nako ya [[:en:Conference_of_the_parties|bokopano jwa masome a mabedi le bongwe ya Makoko]] (COP) ka ngwaga wa 2015, ditlhogo tsa mafatshe tsa Aforika di thakgotse [[:en:African_Adaptation_Initiative_(AAI)|Letsholo la Tlwaelo ya Aforika (AAI)]]. Komiti e e tsamaisang ya AAI e bopilwe ke Biro ya Bokopano jwa Ditona tsa Aforika ka ga Tikologo (AMCEN) le modulasetulo wa Setlhopha sa Babuisani ba Aforika (AGN).<ref>"[https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/ AAI]". Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> [[:en:African_Adaptation_Solutions_Challenge|Letsholo la go Tlwaela Aforika]] le lone le tshegediwa ke [[:en:European_Union|Kopano ya]] [[:en:European_Union|Europa]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210510103326/https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative]". ''United Nations Development Programme''. 22 January 2020.</ref> Kopano ya Europe e [[:en:African_Union#Africa%E2%80%93EU_relations|dirisane mmogo le Kopano ya Aforika]] mo go rotloetseng taolo ya metswedi e e tswelelang, go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|itsetsepela mo tikologong]], le go [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|fokotsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|seemo sa bosa]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance]". Archived from [https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance the original] on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Mo maemong a kgaolo, melawana le dikgato tse di tshegetsang tlwaelo go ralala Aforika di santse di le mo tshimologong. [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelo ya Botlhano ya Tlhatlhobo ya IPCC]] (AR5) e tlhagisa dikao tsa maano a tiro a a farologaneng a kgaolo a phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go akaretsa le a a tlhamilweng ke [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC) le Komiti ya Letsha la Victoria.<ref name=":16">''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mo maemong a bosetšhaba, maiteko a mantsi a go ikamanya a ntlha a ne a gokaganngwa ka [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go]] [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|tlwaela]](di-NAPA) kgotsa Maano a Bosetšhaba a Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCRS). Go tsenngwa mo tirisong go nnile bonya le fa go ntse jalo, ka katlego e e tlhakaneng mo kgorosong.<ref name=":25">Pardoe, Joanna; Conway, Declan; Namaganda, Emilinah; Vincent, Katharine; Dougill, Andy; Kashaigili, Japhet (2018). "[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania"]]. ''Climate Policy''. '''18''' (7): 863–877. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082]].</ref> Kopanyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le thulaganyo e e anameng ya itsholelo le tlhabololo e sa ntse e lekanyeditswe mme e a gola.<ref>Osman-Elasha, Balgis; Downing, Tom (2007). ''Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa''. Stockholm Environment Institute.</ref><ref name=":16" /> Mo maemong a bosetšhabapotlana, bathati ba le bantsi ba karolo ya lefatshe ya province le ba mmasepala le bona ba tlhama maano a bone, sekai Leano la Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Bophirima jwa Kapa.<ref>Western Cape Government (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf "Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy"] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf the original] (PDF) on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a bokgoni jwa maranyane le didirisiwa tse di leng teng go diragatsa maano ka kakaretso a kwa tlase. Go nnile le tlhokomelo e e bonalang go ralala Aforika e e neetsweng go diragatsa mananeo a tlwaelo a a ikaegileng ka baagi. Go na le tumalano e e anameng ya gore tshegetso ya go tlwaela maemo a selegae e fitlhelelwa botoka ka go simolola ka bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go tlwaela selegae, le go dirisana le kitso le ditiro tsa selegae.<ref>Ofoegbu, Chidiebere; Chirwa, Paxie; Francis, Joseph; Babalola, Folaranmi (15 May 2017). "Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa". ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''9''' (3): 374–386. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/61659|2263/61659]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Climate risk approach (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Maduo a a malebana le mokgwa wa dibanka tsa Aforika wa go lebana le dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa(karolo mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di dirilweng patlisiso) go tswa mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya ngwaga wa 2021]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] e tlhagisa mekgwa e le mmalwa e e atlegileng ya go rotloetsa go tlwaela maemo a a atlegileng mo Aforika, e tlhalosa melawana e le metlhano e e tshwanang.<ref name=":16" /> Tseno di akaretsa: # Go tokafatsa tshegetso ya mefuta e e ikemetseng ya go tlwaela; # Go oketsa tlhokomelo mo dikakanyo tsa setso, maitsholo, le ditshwanelo tsa go tlwaela (bogolo jang ka go tsaya karolo ka matlhagatlhaga ga basadi, bašwa, le batho ba ba humanegileng le ba ba mo kotsing mo ditirong tsa go tlwaela) # Go kopanya dikgetho tsa "tsela e e bonolo" le mekgwa ya go ithuta e e fetofetogang le e e ipoeletsang le mekgwa ya maranyane le ya mafaratlhatlha (go akaretsa le go kopanya kitso ya saense, ya selegae, le ya selegae mo go tlhameng maano a go tlwaela) # Go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go tokafatseng go itsetsepela le go diragatsa dikgetho tsa go tlwaela tse di sa ikotlhaeleng; le # Go aga taolo ya go tlwaela le go rotloetsa thulaganyo ya go ithuta ga loago le ga setheo go nna ditiro tsa go tlwaela. Pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo wa "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Tlelaemete mo Aforika Leano la Tiro la Lekala la Boitekanelo la ngwaga wa 2012 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2016"<ref name=":24">World Health Organization. (2012). Adaptation to climate change in Africa plan of action for the health sector 2012–2016. Retrieved from http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7699&Itemid=2593</ref> le ikaeletse go "tlamela ka tsibogo e e tseneletseng le e e theilweng mo bosuping e e gokagantsweng ya lekalana la tsa botsogo mo ditlhokegong tsa go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa sa mafatshe a Aforika gore di kgone go tshegetsa ditlamelo tsa di puso tsa Africa"<ref name=":24" /> Leano le akaretsa maikaelelo a a jaaka go oketsa ditiro tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, go gokaganya maiteko mo maemong a boditšhabatšhaba, go nonotsha tirisanommogo le maiteko a tirisanommogo, le go rotloetsa dipatlisiso ka ga ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mmogo le dikgato tse di atlegileng tse di tsewang mo baaging ba selegae go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":24" /> Go ya ka [[:en:International_Monetary_Fund|Letlole la Boditšhabatšhaba la Madi]] (IMF), [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]] e tlhoka didikadike tsa di dolara di le masome a mararo go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ya matlole a mangwe ngwaga le ngwaga go ikamanya le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":22" /><ref>"[https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/pr21306-sub-saharan-africa-one-planet-two-worlds-three-stories Sub-Saharan Africa: One Planet, Two Worlds, Three Stories]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>Dept, International Monetary Fund African (15 April 2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220523061856/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml 2. Adapting to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa]''. International Monetary Fund. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5135-3683-5|<bdi>978-1-5135-3683-5</bdi>.]] Archived from [https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml the original] on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Matlole a seemo sa bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Bokone jwa Aforika a ne a le didikadike di le di olara di le masome a mararo le bobedi ntlha thataro ( karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe) ka ngwaga wa 2019 le ngwaga wa 2020, fa dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e ne e le didikadike di le di dolara tse masome a mane le boraro ntlha borobaboedi (karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe).<ref name=":20" /><ref>[https://climatefundsupdate.org/publications/climate-finance-regional-briefing-middle-east-and-north-africa-2020/ "Climate Finance Regional Briefing: Middle East and North Africa (2020) - Climate Funds Update]". 15 March 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> Go ya ka thuto ya Banka ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Dipeeletso tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a le mantsi mo teng ya Europe]] ya ngwaga wa 2021 ya Banking in Africa, ditheo tsa Aforika di ntse di ela hloko thata tlhokego ya buisana ka dikotsi tse bakwang ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mme di simolla go dirisa dikgonagalo tsa matlole a a matala. Sekai, karolo ya masome a matlhano le bone mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di boditsweng mo patlisisong di bone phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka tlhobaboroko ya togamaano, mme go feta karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong e ne e na le batho ba ba tsepamisitseng mogopolo mo dintlheng tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa.<ref>Importer, A. P. O. (18 November 2021). [https://africa.businessinsider.com/apo/eib-study-highlights-impact-of-covid-on-african-banks-and-business-financing-and/205d41n "EIB study highlights impact of COVID on African banks and business financing and opportunities for climate finance and digital transformation".] ''Business Insider Africa''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Dibanka tsa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara di godisa ditshupetso tsa tsone tsa maranyane , tse di itlhaganedisitsweng ke leroborobo la COVID-19. Bontsi jwa dibanka tse di botsoloditsweng di boletse gore leroborobo le itlhaganedisitse lebelo la [[:en:Digital_transformation|phetogo ya]] [[:en:Digital_transformation|maranyane]] , le gore phetogo eno e tla nna ya sennelaruri.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-165-eib-president-highlights-new-gender-and-digital-investment-initiatives-to-accelerate-economic-recovery-across-africa "EIB President highlights new gender and digital investment initiatives to accelerate economic recovery across Africa]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf "European Investment Bank Development Report]" (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085058/https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021.</ref><ref name=":22" /> Bahumanegi le ba ba sa sireletsegang ke bone ba ba tlhaselwang motlhofo thata, mme go ka direga gore badiri ba batswakwa, batshabi le ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ke bone ba ba bogang thata. GDP ka tlhogo ga e kgonagale go boela kwa maemong a ngwaga wa 2019 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024, ka dikotsi tse di sekamelang kwa tlase, mme mathata a buseditse morago kwelotlase e e bonelwang pele ya palo ya batho ba ba humanegileng, go ya ka IMF. Fa go bapisiwa le diponelopele tsa pele ga mathata, se se ka felela ka gore batho ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara ba tshele mo lehumeng le le feteletseng ka ngwaga wa 2021, mmogo le ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le robongwe kwa lefelong la [[:en:MENA|Botlhabagare jwa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika]] (MENA).<ref>Selassie, Abebe Aemro; Department, Habtamu Fuje IMF African. [https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/na102021-seven-charts-that-show-sub-saharan-africa-at-a-crucial-point "Seven Charts that Show Sub-Saharan Africa at a Crucial Point]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2023, mo e ka nnang nngwe mo borarong jwa matlole otlhe a seemo sa bosa sa Aforika a elela kwa mebarakeng e metlhano e megolo: [[:en:Morocco|Morocco]] (karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong ya dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa ya Aforika ka ngwaga wa 2019 le 2022), [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] (karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong ), [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] ( karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong), Ethiopia ( karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong), le Aforika Borwa (karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong ).<ref name=":20" /> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng, dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng tsa kwa ntle tsa lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka seelo sa karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka ngwaga, ka seabe sa Aforika sa lefatshe se wetse tlase go tswa go karolong ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2017 go ya kwa tlase ga karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref name=":20" /><ref>"[https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023 World Investment Report 2023"]. ''UNCTAD''. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bokone === [[Setshwantsho:Climate change specific personnel (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Badiri ba ba rileng ba phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo dibankeng tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /> (% ya dibanka tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso)]] Diphetogo tse di botlhokwa kwa bokone jwa Aforika di amana le kotsi e e oketsegileng ya tlhaelo ya metsi (e e tlholwang ke kopano ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se se amang go nna teng ga metsi le tlhokego e e oketsegang). Go fokotsega ga go nna teng ga metsi, ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go dirisana le megote e e oketsegang go tlhola tlhokego ya go tlwaela mo gare ga tlhagiso ya korong e e fepiwang ka pula. <ref>Hegazy, A. K.; Medany, M. A.; Kabiel, H. F.; Maez, M. M. (2008). "Spatial and temporal projected distribution of four crop plants in Egypt". ''Natural Resources Forum''. '''32''' (4): 316–326. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NRF....32..316H 2008NRF....32..316H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x|10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x.]]</ref><ref>Drine, I. (May 2011). [https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/climate-change-compounding-risks-north-africa "Climate Change Compounding Risks in North Africa"]. ''United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' (Working Paper No. 32).</ref> le go fetoga ga kotsi ya malwetse (sekao go tswa mo leishmaniasis).<ref>Bounoua, L.; Kahime, K.; Houti, L.; Blakey, T.; Ebi, K.L.; Zhang, P.; Imhoff, M.L.; Thome, K.J.; Dudek, C. (2013). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774431 Linking climate to incidence of zoonotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis (L. major) in Pre-Saharan North Africa]". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''10''' (8) 3172–3191. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJERP..10.3172B 2013IJERP..10.3172B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/ijerph10083172|10.3390/ijerph10083172.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 3774431]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23912199 23912199].</ref><ref>Toumi, Amine; Chlif, Sadok; Bettaieb, Jihene; Alaya, Nissaf Ben; Boukthir, Aicha; Ahmadi, Zaher E.; Salah, Afif Ben (May 2012). Ozcel, Mehmet Ali (ed.). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 Temporal Dynamics and Impact of Climate Factors on the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia]". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''6''' (5) e1633. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001633]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 3341328]. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png PMID]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 22563513].</ref>Bontsi jwa dikgato tsa puso tsa go tlwaela di ikaegile ka letlhakore la tlamelo ya metsi, sekai ka go ntsha letswai, go fetisetsa magareng ga mekgatsha le kago ya matamo.<ref>Sowers, Jeannie; Vengosh, Avner; Weinthal, Erika (February 2011). "Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa". ''Climatic Change''. '''104''' (3–4): 599–627. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ClCh..104..599S 2011ClCh..104..599S.] doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4|10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10161/6460|10161/6460]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37329318 37329318].</ref> Go fuduga gape go lemogilwe go dira jaaka tlwaelo ya batho le malapa kwa bokone jwa Aforika.<ref>Scheffran, Jürgen; Marmer, Elina; Sow, Papa (April 2012). "Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa". ''Applied Geography''. '''33''': 119–127. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AppGe..33..119S 2012AppGe..33..119S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002|10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002.]]</ref> Jaaka dikgaolo tse dintsi, le fa go ntse jalo, dikao tsa kgato ya go tlwaela (go farologana le maikaelelo a go tsaya kgato, kgotsa ditshekatsheko tsa go nna mo kotsing) go tswa kwa Aforika bokone di lekanyeditswe – tshekatsheko e e rulagantsweng e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2011 e bontshitse gore ke fela sekao se le sengwe mo go tse masome a borobabobedi le bosupa sa go tlwaela se se begilweng se se tswang kwa Aforika Bokone.<ref>Berrang-Ford, Lea; Ford, James D.; Peterson, Jaclyn (2011). "Are we adapting to climate change?". ''Global Environmental Change''. '''21''' (1): 25–33. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GEC....21...25B 2011GEC....21...25B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012.]]</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bophirima === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation_in_Ghana|Go tlwaela phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_adaptation_in_Ghana|seemo sa bosa kwa Ghana]]'' Go nna teng ga metsi ke kotsi e e rileng mo Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka ditiragalo tse di feteletseng jaaka komelelo tse di lebisang kwa [[:en:Humanitarian_crisis|mathateng a botho]] a a amanang le mauba a nako le nako, go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo, go fuduga ga baagi, go fuduga le dikgotlhang le go tlhoka tshireletsego. Maano a go tlwaela e ka nna a tikologo, setso/temothuo le itsholelo.<ref>Shaibu, M. T.; Alhassan, S. I.; Panyan, E. K.; Avornyo, F. K.; Konlan, S. P.; Salifu, S. (2018). [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182464 "An Assessment of Institutional Importance of Climate Change Adaptation in the Volta River Basin of Northern Ghana".] ''West African Journal of Applied Ecology''. '''26''': 27–40.</ref> Maano a go tlwaela a bonala mo lephateng la temothuo, a mangwe a one a tlhamiwang kgotsa a rotloediwa ke diteišene tsa semmuso tsa dipatlisiso kgotsa tsa ditekelelo.<ref name=":26">Kuwornu, John K. M.; Al-Hassan, Ramatu M.; Etwire, Prince Maxwell; Osei-Owusu, Yaw (2013). [[doi:10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047|"Adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability: Evidence from northern Ghana"]]. ''Information Management and Business Review''. '''5''' (5): 233–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047|10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047]].</ref> Diphetogo tsa temothuo tsa tlholego tse di lemogilweng kwa bokone jwa Ghana di amana le dijalo, di amana le mmu kgotsa di akaretsa mekgwa ya setso.<ref name=":26" /><ref>Alhassan, S. I.; Shaibu, M. T.; Kuwornu, J. K. M.; Damba, O. T. (2018). "[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182462 Factors Influencing Farmers' Awareness and Choice of Indigenous Practices in Adapting to Climate Change and Variability in Northern Ghana"]. ''West African Journal of Applied Ecology''. '''26''': 1–13.</ref>Diphetogo tsa temothuo tse di ikaegileng ka leruo di akaretsa maano a selegae a a jaaka go fetola bontsi jwa dijo go fepa leruo, go boloka dijo tse di lekaneng mo pakeng e e nang le dijo tse dintsi go fepiwa leruo ka paka e e senang mafura, go alafa dintho ka tharabololo ya makwati a a rileng a ditlhare, le go boloka mefuta ya selegae e e setseng e tlwaetse seemo sa bosa sa Ghana se se setseng se tlwaetse <ref>Shaibu, M. T.; Alhassan, I. S.; Avornyo, F. K.; Lawson, E. T.; Mensah, A.; Gordon, C. (2019). "Perceptions and Determinants of the Adoption of Indigenous Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from Smallholder Livestock Farmers, North-West Ghana". In Kuwornu, J. K. M. (ed.). ''Climate Change in Sub-saharan Africa: The vulnerability and adaptation of food supply chains actors''. Vernon Press. pp.&#x20;223–240.</ref>; maranyane a tlhagiso go akaretsa tsadiso, boitekanelo, dijo/kotla le matlo.<ref>"[https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180t0y.htm A classification of livestock production systems]". ''www.fao.org''. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> Tlhopho le kamogelo ya maano a go tlwaela go ikaegile ka dintlha tse di farologaneng tsa dipalo palojaaka bogolo jwa lelapa, dingwaga, bong le thuto ya tlhogo ya lelapa; dintlha tsa itsholelo jaaka motswedi wa lotseno; bogolo jwa polase; kitso ya dikgetho tsa go tlwaela; le tebelelo ya ditebelelo tsa isago.<ref>Apata, T. G. (2011). "Factors influencing the perception and choice of adaptation measures to climate change among farmers in Nigeria. Evidence from farm households in Southwest Nigeria". ''Environmental Economics''. '''2''' (4): 74–83.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Botlhaba === Mo Aforika Botlhaba dikgetho tsa go tlwaela di farologane, go akaretsa le go tokafatsa tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa , dikgato mo lephateng la temothuo le leruo, le mo lephateng la metsi. Go dirisa botoka tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le maemo a bosa, ponelopele ya maemo a bosa, le didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa taolo go kgontsha tshedimosetso ka nako le go ipaakanyetsa ga batho mo makaleng a a jaaka temothuo a a ikaegileng ka dipoelo tsa maemo a bosa. Se se raya go nna le bokgoni jwa tshedimosetso ya metsi le bosa le dithulaganyo tsa tlhagiso ya go sa le gale.<ref>Snow, John (28 October 2016). ''[https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/weather-and-climate-systems---africa.html A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa]''. UNDP.</ref> Go ile ga ngangisanwa ka gore baagi ba tlholego ba na le kitso ka ga diphetogo tsa seemo sa boosa tsa ditso ka matshwao a tikologo (sekao, go tlhagelela le go fuduga ga dinonyane dingwe, dirurubele jalo jalo.), mme ka jalo go rotloetsa kitso ya tlholego go tserwe jaaka leano le le botlhokwa la go tlwaela. Go tlwaela mo lephateng la temothuo<ref>"[https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/agriculture-sectors-crop-naics-111-and-animal-naics-112 Agriculture Sectors: Crop (NAICS 111) and Animal (NAICS 112)"]. 22 February 2013.</ref> go akaretsa tiriso e e oketsegileng ya motshotelo le monontsha o o rileng wa dijalo, tiriso ya mefuta e e emelanang le dijalo tse di butswang ka bonako. Motshotelo, mme bogolo jang motshotelo wa diphologolo go akanngwa gore o boloka metsi mme o na le ditshedinnye tse di botlhokwa tse di thubang dikotla go di dira gore di nne teng mo dimeleng, fa di bapisiwa le menontsha ya maitirelo e e nang le metswako e fa e gololwa mo tikologong ka ntlha ya tiriso e e feteletseng e gololang dighese tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://extension.psu.edu/biological-manipulation-of-manure-getting-what-you-want-from-animal-manure "Biological Manipulation of Manure: Getting What You Want from Animal Manure]". ''Penn State Extension''. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</ref> Bothata bongwe jo bogolo jwa lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika Botlhaba ke go ikaega ka temothuo e e nosediwang ka pula.<ref>Hengsdijk, H.; Smit, A. a. M. F. R.; Conijn, J. G.; Rutgers, B.; Biemans, H. (2014). Agricultural crop potentials and water use in East Africa (Report). Plant Research International. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880257653 880257653].[page needed]</ref> Tharabololo ya go tlwaela ke mekgwa e e dirang sentle ya go nosetsa le poloko le tiriso e e dirang sentle ya metsi. [[:en:Drip_irrigation|Nosetso ya marothodi]] e supilwe bogolosegolo jaaka kgetho e e somarelang metsi ka ge e lebisa metsi kwa moding wa sejalo ka tshenyo e nnye. Mafatshe a a jaaka Rwanda le Kenya a tsentse kwa pele go tlhabolola mafelo a a nosediwang ka dithulaganyo tsa metsi a kgogedi go tswa mo melatswaneng le dinokeng tse di sa feleng mo dikgaolong tse di ka tlhaselwang ke komelelo e e tsayang nako e telele.<ref>Republic of Rwanda. "[https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/rwa01e.pdf NAPA-RWANDA]" (PDF).</ref> Ka nako ya dipula tse di maatla, mafelo a mantsi a itemogela merwalela e e bakiwang ke mabala a a senang sepe ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go nna le khurumetso e nnye ya lefatshe. Maano a go tlwaela a a ntshiwang mo go se ke go rotloetsa maiteko a tshomarelo mo tshireletsong ya lefatshe, ka go jala ditlhare tsa selegae, go sireletsa mafelo a kgobokanyo ya metsi le go laola mafatshe a phulo ka go aroganya.<ref>Abuya, Robina; Said, Mohammed; Atela, Joanes; Muhwanga, Joseph; Moiko, Stephen; Atieno, Fred; Ndiritu, Simon (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/ "Contexualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda]". ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Mo lekalaneng la leruo, dikgetho tsa tlwaelo di akaretsa go laola tlhagiso ka [[:en:Sustainable_agriculture|tsamaiso ya lefatshe le mafulo e e tswelelang]] mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo. Se se akaretsa go rotloetsa mekgwa ya tlhagiso ya bojang le dijo tsa leru sekai ka nosetso le tiriso ya metsi a a phepafaditsweng a matlakala, le go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go beeletseng mo polokelong ya bojang go dirisiwa ka dipaka tsa komelelo. Go rua leruo go tsewa e le tsela ya go itshetsa go na le go nna tiro ya itsholelo. Go ralala mafatshe otlhe a Botlhaba jwa Aforika bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tsa ASALs, go ngangisanwa ka gore go rotloetsa kgwebo ya leruo ke kgetho ya go tlwaela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/ "Political Economy Analysis of Kenya's Livestock Sector (Abridged Version)"]. ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Se se akaretsa go amogela dikai tsa itsholelo mo tlhagisong ya dijo tsa leruo, go latedisa diphologolo, go rotloetsa tlhokego ya ditlhagiswa tsa leruo jaaka nama, mashi le letlalo le go golaganya le mebaraka e e kgethegileng go tokafatsa dikgwebo le go tlamela ka lotseno lo lo ka dirisiwang.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104612/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/ Kenya Meat End-Market Trends Study]". ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Mo lekalaneng la metsi, dikgetho di akaretsa tiriso e e siameng ya metsi mo malapeng, diphologolo le tiriso ya madirelo le tshireletso ya metswedi ya metsi. Matsholo a a jaaka go jala ditlhare tsa tlholego mo [[:en:Catchment_area|mafelong a metsi a kokoanngwang]], go laola ditiro tsa batho gaufi le mafelo a a kokoanyang metsi bogolo jang temothuo le bonno a dirilwe go thusa go sireletsa metswedi ya metsi le go bona phitlhelelo ya metsi go baagi bogolosegolo ka nako ya ditshupo tsa seemo sa bosa. '''Comoros''' – "NAPA ke katoloso ya tiro ya Pampiri ya Togamaano ya Phokotso ya Lehuma (PRSP), ka gonne e akaretsa gareng ga ditlapele tsa yone tsa go tlwaela, temothuo, go tshwara ditlhapi, metsi, matlo, boitekanelo, mme gape le bojanala, ka tsela e e sa tlhamalalang, Ka go busetsa popego ya mekgatšha ya mekgokolosa ya dithaba le go lwantsha kgogolego ya mmu, go sirelediwa mafika ka go fokotsa go tladiwa ga ona ke seretse le mmu tse di tlisiwang ke lefatshe.<ref>"&#x5B;[https://www.preventionweb.net/files/8507_com01e.pdf pdf]&#x5D;" (PDF). ''www.preventionweb.net''.</ref>" '''Lefatshe la Kenya''' e gatisitse Molao wa Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa, ka ngwaga wa 2016 o o tlhomang bothati jwa go okamela tlhabololo, taolo, tiragatso le taolo ya mekgwa ya go tokafatsa nonofo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le tlhabololo e e kwa tlase ya khabone go bona tlhabololo e e tswelelang, ke Mebuso ya Bosetšhaba le ya Dikgaolo, lekala le e seng la puso le setšhaba se sengwe sa baagi,. Kenya gape e tlhamile Leanotiro la Bosetšhaba la Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCAP 2018–2022 Le bolokilwe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2019 kwa [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Motšhineng wa Wayback]]) le le ikaeletseng go tsweletsa maikaelelo a tlhabololo a lefatshe ka go tlamela ka mekgwa le dikgato tsa go fitlhelela tlhabololo e e kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa se se nang le khabone e e kwa tlase ka tsela e e dirang gore go nne le khabone e e kwa tlase. === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bogare === '''Angola''' – "Maikaelelo a Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go Tlwaetsa Maemo ke go supa le go itsise ka ditlhokego tse di potlakileng le tsa ka bonako tsa lefatshe mabapi le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go oketsa nonofo ya Angola mo diphetogong tsa seemo sa bosa le mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa go netefatsa phitlhelelo ya mananeo a phokotso ya lehuma, tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele Puso."<ref>''Analysis of Human Rights Language in the Cancun Agreements UNFCCC 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties'', [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022|10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022]]</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela borwa jwa Aforika === Go nnile le maiteko a le mmalwa mo dilekanong tsa selegae (tse di kgethegileng tsa lefelo), tsa selegae, tsa bosetšhaba le tsa kgaolo tse di ikaeletsweng go matlafatsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Dingwe tsa tsone ke: Lenaneo la Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Kgaolo (RCCP),<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20220808044011/https://oneworldgroup.co.za/oneworld-projects/southern-african-regional-climate-change-programme-rccp/ Regional Climate Change Programme, Southern Africa]". ''OneWorld''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> SASSCAL,<ref>"[http://www.sasscal.org/ SASSCAL – Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> ASSAR,<ref>"[http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/ Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions]". ''www.assar.uct.ac.za''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa ya [[:en:United_Nations_Development_Programme|UNDP]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131738/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa Southern Africa]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. Archived from [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> RESILIM,<ref>''Risk, Vulnerability & Resilience in the Limpopo River basin: Climate Change, water and biodiversity – a synthesis''. OneWorld. 2015.</ref> <ref>''Resilience in the Limpopo Basin (RESILIM) Program''. Chemonics International Inc. 2017.</ref>FRACTAL.<ref>"[http://www.fractal.org.za/ FRACTAL — Future Resilience for African CiTies And Lands]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Aforikaborwa e tsentse tirisong Lenaneo la Patlisiso la Ditiragalo tsa Paka e Telele la Tlwaelo (LTAS) go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2012 go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 2014. Patlisiso e gape e ne ya tlhagisa dipampiri tsa dintlha le pegelo ya maranyane e e akaretsang kgaolo ya SADC e e bidiwang "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa bosa: Dipono tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Baagi ba Tlhabololo ya]] [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20201124013002/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf Climate change adaptation: Southern African Development Community (SADC])'' (PDF). Archived from [https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Madagascar''' – makalana a a tlang pele a go tlwaela ke: temothuo le leruo, dikgwa, boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, metswedi ya metsi le dikgaolo tsa lebopo.<ref>"[http://www.ldc-climate.org/country/madagascar/ Madagascar]". ''LDC Climate Change''. 6 January 2018.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Malawi''' – NAPA e supa tse di latelang jaaka ditiro tse di botlhokwa thata tsa go tlwaela seemo sa bosa: "Go tokafatsa nonofo ya baagi mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa ka tlhabololo ya matshelo a a tswelelang kwa magaeng, Go busetsa dikgwa mo dikgobokelong tsa metsi tsa Upper le Lower Shire Valleys go fokotsa go tlhotlhorega ga seretse le mathata a a amanang le kelelo ya metsi, Go tokafatsa tlhagiso ya temothuo le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, Go ipaakanyetsa ga Malawi go samagana le komelelo le merwalela, le Go tokafatsa go ela tlhoko seemo sa bosa go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa Malawi jwa go tlhagisa go sa le gale le go tsaya ditshwetso le tiriso e e tswelelang ya ditsompelo tsa [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Letsha la Malawi]] le mafelo a a mo lotshitshing lwa letsha<ref>[http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mwi01.pdf "REPUBLIC OF MALAWI. MALAWI'S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAMMES OF ACTION (NAPA]) ." (PDF).</ref>". Mme go ya ka Pegelo ya Seemo sa Bosa le Tlhabololo ya Lefatshe ya Banka ya Lefatshe (CCDR) ya Malawi, e ka "tsaya dikgato tsa go simolola dipeeletso mo mafaratlhatlheng a a kgonang go emelana le tlelaemete le go emisa go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke dikgwa go tokafatsa ntshodikuno ya temothuo le go tshwara khabone" <ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/27/climate-informed-economic-development-key-to-malawi-s-future-growth-and-resilience Climate-Informed Economic Development Key to Malawi's Future Growth and Resilience]". ''World Bank''.</ref>". '''Lefatshe la Mauritius''' – tlwaelo e tshwanetse go samagana le mafelo a a latelang a a tlang pele: metswedi ya lebopo, temothuo, metswedi ya metsi, botshwaraditlhapi, boitekanelo le itekanelo, [[:en:Land_use_change|phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] le dikgwa le mefutafuta ya ditshedi.<ref>"[https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/mauritius Mauritius]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Mozambique''' – "Maiteko a a tshitshintsweng a go tlwaela maemo a lebile mafelo a a farologaneng a tlhabololo ya itsholelo le loago, mme a tlhalosa mananeo tse di amanang le phokotso ya ditlamorago tsa masetlapelo a tlholego, go tlhama dikgato tsa go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go lwantsha kgogolego ya mmu mo mafelong a a nang le sekaka se se kwa godimo le dikgaolo tsa mabopo, go jala dikgwa sešwa le go laola metsi." '''Lefatshe la Rwanda''' e tlhamile Lenaneo la Tiro la Bosetšhaba la Tlwaelo (NAPA 2006) le le nang le tshedimosetso ya go kaela badirapholisi ba bosetšhaba le barulaganyi ka ga makoa a a tlang pele le tlwaelo mo makaleng a a botlhokwa a itsholelo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220207011141/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf "Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda]" (PDF). ''USAID''. January 2012.</ref> Naga gape e tlhamile melawana e e ikaegileng ka lekalana ka ga go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka Ponelopele ya ngwaga wa [[:en:Vision_2020_(Rwanda)|2020]], Melawana ya Bosetšhaba ya Tikologo le Melawana ya Temothuo gareng ga tse dingwe.<ref>Ochieng, Cosmas; Khaemba, Winnie; Mwaniki, Ruchathi; Kimotho, Stephen (September 2017). ''Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda's Agricultural Sector: A Case Study from Kirehe District, Eastern Province''. Defending the Voiceless - Climate and Environmental Justice in Africa.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Tanzania''' – Tanzania e tlhalositse dikgato tsa tlwaelo tse di tlang pele mo NAPA ya bona, le maano a a farologaneng a lekala la bosetšhaba le dipholo tsa patlisiso.<ref>USAID. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20211231235521/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/tanzania_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania]" (PDF). ''USAID''.</ref> NAPA e atlegile mo go rotloetseng phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go tsenngwa mo melawaneng ya lekalana kwa Tanzania; le fa go ntse jalo, tirisanommogo ya makala a a farologaneng e e botlhokwa mo go tsenyeng tirisong maano a go ikamanya e santse e lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya dikgwetlho tsa setheo tse di jaaka go sa lekalekane ga maatla, dikgoreletsi tsa tekanyetsokabo le mokgwa o o tseneletseng wa makala.<ref name=":25" /> Bontsi jwa mananeo a kwa Tanzania a amana le temothuo le taolo ya metswedi ya metsi (nosetso, go somarela metsi, go kokoanya metsi a pula); le fa go ntse jalo, maatla le bojanala le tsone di na le seabe se se botlhokwa.<ref>"[https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania United Republic of Tanzania]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Zambia''' – "NAPA e supa ditlhokego di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe tsa go tlwaela maemo a a potlakileng le mafelo a le lesome a a tlang pele mo makaleng a temothuo le tshireletsego ya dijo (leruo, botshwaraditlhapi le dijalo), maatla le metsi, boitekanelo jwa batho, metswedi ya tlholego le diphologolo tsa lefatshe."<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190829030222/http://theredddesk.org/countries/plans/national-adaptation-programme-action-climate-change-zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (Zambia)]". ''The REDD Desk''. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Zimbabwe''' – "Ditsereganyo tse dingwe tsa togamaano tsa thulaganyo ya NAP e tla nna: Go nonotsha seabe sa lekala le e seng la puso mo thulaganyong ya tlwaelo, Go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa Puso jwa go tlhama mananeo a a ka dirisiwang mo bankeng ka dikatiso, Go tokafatsa taolo ya tshedimosetso ya lemorago ya seemo sa bosa go sedimosa thulaganyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka leano la boditšhabatšhaba la go supa matlole le go kokoanya seemo sa bosa dikopo tsa matlole di tsiboga thata ga jaana, di tlhomile mogopolo mo thusong ya tshoganyetso go na le go fokotsa dikotsi tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go ipaakanyetsa le go tlwaela, Go tlhama melawana e e gokagantsweng ya go ela tlhoko le go sekaseka mananeo le mananeo, ka gonne ditheo di le dintsi mo teng ga puso ga jaanong jaana ga di na mokgwa o o rulagantsweng wa go ela tlhoko le go sekaseka."<ref>"[http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/napgn-en-2019-nap-roadmap-for-zimbabwe.pdf National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Roadmap for Zimbabwe]" (PDF). ''NAP Global Network''. April 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Lesotho''' – "Maikaelelo a konokono a thulaganyo ya NAPA a akaretsa: go supa baagi le matshelo a a mo [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|kotsing thata ya phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|seemo sa bosa]] , go tlhama lenaane la ditiro tse di tla bopang konokono ya lenaneo la bosetšhaba la tiro la go tlwaela seemo sa bosa, le go tlhaeletsana ka ditlhokego tsa lefatshe tsa ka bonako le tse di potlakileng le ditlapele tsa go aga bokgoni jwa go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006210644/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf Lesotho's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) on Climate Change]" (PDF). Archived from [http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf the original] (PDF) on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Namibia''' – dithito tsa kgang tse di botlhokwa tsa go tlwaela ke "Tshireletsego ya dijo le motheo wa metswedi ya ditshedi o o tswelelang, Motheo wa metswedi ya metsi o o tswelelang, Boitekanelo le boitekanelo jwa batho le tlhabololo ya Mafaratlhatlha.<ref>''Youth Files Climate Case with India's Environmental Court''. Our Children's Trust. 2017. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011|10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1312587857 1312587857].</ref> '''Lefatshe la Aforikaborwa''' e amogetse ka kgwedi ya Phatweka ngwaga wa 2020 Leano la yona la Bosetšhaba la go Ikamanya le Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa,<ref>"[https://www.dffe.gov.za/mediarelease/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november19 South Africa's National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy approved]". ''[[:en:Department_of_Environment,_Forestry_and_Fisheries|Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries]]''. 18 August 2020.</ref> le le "dirang jaaka ntlha e e tlwaelesegileng ya maiteko a go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforikaborwa, mme le tlamela ka serala se mo go sona maikaelelo a bosetšhaba a go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a lefatshe a ka tlhalosiwang gore go tlamelwe ka kaelo e e akaretsang ya itsholelo yotlhe<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdf National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy – Republic of South Africa"] (PDF). Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</ref> == Kitso ya selegae le dipopo tse dintshwa tsa selegae == Le fa mananeo a magolo a puso le matlole a boditšhabatšhaba a kgweetsa melawana e e megolo ya seemo sa bosa, baagi ba letsatsi le letsatsi go ralala Aforika ba ikaegile thata ka kitso ya setso ya tikologo ya tlholego(TEK) go tshela.<ref name=":32">Antwi-Agyei, Philip; Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Hanson (27 January 2021). [[doi:10.3390/su13031308|"Evidence of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana]]". ''Sustainability''. '''13''' (3): 1308. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sust...13.1308A 2021Sust...13.1308A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/su13031308|10.3390/su13031308.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050 2071-1050].</ref> Se ke setlhopha sa go tlhaloganya, bokgoni, le dithuto tsa kitso tse di tlhamilweng ke baagi ba selegae mo dingwageng di le makgolokgolo ka go kopana ka tlhamalalo le tlholego. Mekgwa e e e lekilweng ka nako e fa batho ditsela tsa lefelo leo, tse di mosola tsa go bonela pele maemo a bosa, go somarela metsi le go dira gore temothuo e tswelele e tshela le fa seemo sa bosa se fetoga. === Ponelopele ya seemo sa bosa e e tlwaelegileng === Nako e telele pele ga megala ya letheka ya segompieno le di-app tsa segompieno tsa maemo a bosa, baagi ba kwa magaeng ba ba lemang le go disa ba ne ba dirisa ditsela tsa bone tsa go bonela pele seemo sa bosa. Bomankge ba lefelo leo ba ela tlhoko ka kelotlhoko dintlha tse di ka thusang mo lefatsheng la tlholego go bonela pele dikomelelo kgotsa dipula tse di maatla, tse di jaaka: * Ditsela tsa go fuduga ka tshoganyetso ga dinonyane tsa lefelo leo. * Nako e e tlhomameng ya ngwaga e ditlhare dingwe di simololang go thunya ka yone. * Go fetoga ga tsela e phefo e tsamayang ka yone le go bonala ga dinaledi bosigo. Sekao, ditlhopha tsa badisa mo Aforika Botlhaba di lebelela ka fao leruo la bona le itshwarang ka teng le go latedisa metsamao ya diphologolo tsa naga go swetsa gore ke ditsela dife tse ba ka di tsayang, go netefatsa gore diphologolo tsa bona di bona metsi le bojang ka nako ya komelelo.<ref>Alemayehu, Dejene; Hizkeal, Yitebarek (30 June 2022). "[https://www.jaeid.it/index.php/jaeid/article/view/12295 The Relevance and Practices of Indigenous Weather Forecasting Knowledge among the Gabra Pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia]". ''Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID)''. '''116''' (1): 59–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.36253/jaeid-12295|10.36253/jaeid-12295.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2240-2802 2240-2802.]</ref> Gompieno, baitseanapa ba saense ba lemoga gore go kopanya dintlha tseno tsa setso le saense ya segompieno ya maemo a bosa go dira ditlhagiso tse tota balemirui ba lefelo leo ba di tshepang le go di dirisa. === Ditsela tsa tshomarelo ya mmu le metsi === Mo mafelong a a lebaganeng le dikaka tse di atologa le pula e e sa bonelwang pele, baagi ba busitse mekgwa e e botlhale ya bogologolo ya go laola lefatshe.<ref name=":33">Salack, Seyni; Sanfo, Safiétou; Sidibe, Moussa; Daku, Elidaa K.; Camara, Ibrahima; Dieng, Mame Diarra Bousso; Hien, Koufanou; Torou, Bio Mohamadou; Ogunjobi, Kehinde O.; Sangare, Sheick Ahmed Khalil S. B.; Kouame, Konan Raoul; Koffi, Yao Bernard; Liersch, Stefan; Savadogo, Moumini; Giannini, Alessandra (25 October 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9596419 "Low-cost adaptation options to support green growth in agriculture, water resources, and coastal zones]". ''Scientific Reports''. '''12''' (1) 17898. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..1217898S 2022NatSR..1217898S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22331-9|10.1038/s41598-022-22331-9.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322 2045-2322.] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9596419 9596419]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36284114 36284114].</ref> Mo kgaolong ya Sahel, bogolosegolo kwa Burkina Faso le Niger, balemibarui ba dirisa ka bophara thulaganyo ya bogologolo ya go epa e e bidiwang '''Zaï'''<ref name=":34">L. Woomer, Paul; Roobroeck, Dries; Yelognisse Alia, Didier (29 March 2023), "[https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81496 Blending Climate Action and Rural Development in Africa's Sahel]", in Özçatalbaş, Orhan (ed.), ''Sustainable Rural Development Perspective and Global Challenges'', IntechOpen, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5772/intechopen.103817|10.5772/intechopen.103817]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-80355-420-4|<bdi>978-1-80355-420-4</bdi>,]] retrieved 6 June 2026</ref> Go na le go lema tshimo e e sephaphathi, balemibarui ba epa mesima e e boteng mo mmung o o thata mme ba tlatse botlase ka dilo tsa ditshedi jaaka motshotelo. Moakanyetso o o botlhale o o dira dilo tse pedi: o tshwara lerothodi lengwe le lengwe la metsi a pula a a thata go bonwa, mme motshotelo o gogela metlhwa, e e epang dikgogometso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse ka tlhago di bofololang mmu o o thata gore medi e kgone go gola.<ref name=":34" /> Balembarui gape ba aga dithapo tsa matlapa tse e leng mabota a a kwa tlase a matlapa go bapa le dikhubu tsa tlhago tsa dithota tsa bona. Fa ka tshoganetso, dipula tse di maatla di itaya, mela eno ya matlapa e fokotsa lebelo la metsi a a potlakileng, e e thibela go tlhatswa mmu o o siameng o o kwa godimo le go e naya nako ya go ina mo mmung.<ref name=":33" /> Kwa borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika, baagi ba dirisa dikgwa tsa temothuo tsa setso ka go boloka ditlhare tse di rileng, jaaka ''Faidherbia albida'', mo teng ga masimo a bona a dijalo. Ditlhare tseno di ntsha matlhare ka paka ya dipula mme di a godise ka paka ya komelelo, go kaya gore ga di thibele lesedi la letsatsi go tswa mo dijalong; go na le moo, ka tlhago di oketsa dikotla mo mmung le go fokotsa dithemphoritšhara tsa mmu ka nako ya makhubu a mogote.<ref>Haskett, Jonathan D.; Simane, Belay; Smith, Caitlin (1 November 2019). [[doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146|"Energy and Climate Change Mitigation Benefits of Faidherbia albida Agroforestry in Ethiopia]]". ''Frontiers in Environmental Science''. '''7''' 146. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FrEnS...7..146H 2019FrEnS...7..146H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146|10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146]]. ISSN&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-665X 2296-665X].</ref> === Go farologanya dijalo le go somarela peo === Go netefatsa gore ga di latlhegelwe ke dijo tsotlhe tsa tsone ka nako e telele ya komelelo, balemibarui ba selegae ba dira jaaka borasaense ba bone ka go boloka dipeo tsa naga.<ref>Aniah, Philip; Kaunza-Nu-Dem, Millar Katherine; Ayembilla, Joseph A. (April 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479268 "Smallholder farmers' livelihood adaptation to climate variability and ecological changes in the savanna agro ecological zone of Ghana]". ''Heliyon''. '''5''' (4) e01492. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Heliy...501492A 2019Heliy...501492A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492|10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479268 6479268]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31049426 31049426].</ref> Dipeo tsa segompieno tsa kgwebo gantsi di tlhoka selekanyo se se itekanetseng sa metsi le menontsha e e turang gore di kgone go tshela. Go farologana le seo, dijalo tsa setso tse di jaaka mmidi wa perela, mabele le lebelebele di ile tsa tlwaela mo makgolong a dingwaga go emelana le komelelo le disenyi ka tlhago. Baagi ba tsamaisa dibanka tsa peo tsa selegae go abelana mefuta e e thata e gore mongwe le mongwe a nne le dijalo tse di tshwanelang maemo a bosa a selegae a bona a a fetogang.<ref name=":32" /> Gape ba dira dijalo tse di farologaneng, se se rayang go jala dijalo tse di farologaneng go bapa le tse dingwe, jaaka mmidi o o nang le dinawa tsa kgomo.<ref name=":33" /> Dinawa tse di nang le matlhare di dira moriti mo mmung go o boloka o le bongola, go netefatsa gore le fa mmidi o ka swa ka ntlha ya mogote, malapa a santse a na le sejalo sa tlaleletso go se roba. == Setšhaba le setso == === Go tlhoka tekatekano mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa === Le fa Aforika e tlile go nna nngwe ya karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng tse di amiwang thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go tlhoka tekatekano go go rulagantsweng le go tlhoka tekatekano go gongwe go go amanang le dipatlisiso tsa saense le matlole go raya gore bonnye fela jwa saense e e gatisitsweng ka ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le matlole a dipatlisiso tsa seemo sa bosa ke a borasaense ba Aforika.<ref name=":35">"[https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-lack-of-diversity-in-climate-science-research Analysis: The lack of diversity in climate-science research]". ''Carbon Brief''. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</ref> Tshekatsheko ya madi a dipatlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1990 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2020 a phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a supa le borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya dipatlisiso tsa madi a dipatlisiso ka ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika a ne a dirisiwa mo ditheong tsa Yuropa le Bokone jwa Amerika mme go le gontsi go ne ga dirisiwa mo dikoloning tsa pele tsa lefatshe la Britain go feta mafatshe a mangwe.<ref>Overland, Indra; Fossum Sagbakken, Haakon; Isataeva, Aidai; Kolodzinskaia, Galina; Simpson, Nicholas Philip; Trisos, Christopher; Vakulchuk, Roman (14 September 2022). [[doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609|"Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: where do they come from and where do they go?"]]. ''Climate and Development''. '''14''' (8): 705–724. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CliDe..14..705O 2022CliDe..14..705O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609|10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11250/2832233|11250/2832233]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244210557 244210557].</ref> Mokgwa o wa [[:en:Parachute_science|saense ya diparachute]], ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe ka bobedi o thibela babatlisisi ba selegae go dira tiro e e kgolo, ka gonne ga ba na matlole a ditiro tsa ditekelelo mme o fokotsa peeletso mo megopolong ya babatlisisi ba selegae le mo ditlhogong tse di botlhokwa mo Borwa jwa Lefatshe Lotlhe, jaaka [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|go tlwaela phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|seemo sa bosa]].<ref name=":35" /> Ditshekatsheko tse di nepagetseng tsa go tswelela di gwetlha ka ntlha ya go tlhoka matlhomeso a dipeeletso tse di tswelelang, mmogo le dithibelo tsa tshedimosetso le bokgoni jwa botsamaisi. Ga jaana, a a kwa tlase ga halofo ya matlole a a kwa godimo a phenšene a Aforika a bega tshedimosetso ka ga dipholisi tsa tsweletso le tiragatso.<ref>European Investment Bank (2022). Unlocking Sustainable Private Sector Growth in the Middle East and North Africa. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1596/37601|10.1596/37601.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.12657/57821|20.500.12657/57821.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5220-7|978-92-861-5220-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250211092 250211092].[page needed]</ref><ref name=":20" /> [[:en:United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development|Bokopano jwa Ditšhabakopano ka ga Kgwebisano le Tlhabololo]] - Maemo a Boditšhabatšhaba a Boikarabelo le Pegelo (UNCTAD-ISAR) e tlhomile Tirisanommogo ya Kgaolo ya Aforika ya Tsweletsopele le Pegelo ya SDG ka ngwaga wa 2022. Tirisanommogo e na le maloko a le masome a mararo go tloga ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2023, go akaretsa le mafaratlhatlha a bosetšhaba a dikompone tsa loago/ maikarabelo a loago a dikompone le/ kgotsa ditona go tswa ka mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi le bosupa a Aforika.<ref name=":20" /><ref>"[https://unctad.org/isar/meeting/african-regional-partnership-meeting-sustainability-and-sdg-reporting African Regional Partnership meeting on sustainability and SDG reporting]". ''UN Trade and Development''. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref><ref>[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osg2023d1_en.pdf "UNCTAD ANNUAL REPORT 2022"] (PDF).</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:Ecotourism_in_Africa|Bojanala jwa tikologo mo Aforika]] * [[:en:Water_scarcity_in_Africa|Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika]] == Metswedi == c0xs7jkqqkxhw9py18qa5lqsfitenif 0 9138 55688 35009 2026-09-26T04:42:48Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Yaa Gyasi|image=Yaa Gyasi, 9 27 (36709389003) (cropped).jpg|birth_date={{birth year and age|1989}}|birth_place=Mampong, Ghana|education=Stanford University (Bachelor of Arts{{!}}BA)<br>University of Iowa (Master of Fine Arts{{!}}MFA)|notable works=Homegoing (2016 novel){{!}}''Homegoing'' (2016), ''Transcendent Kingdom'' (2020)|awards={{bullet list|National Book Critics Circle Award|National Book Critics Circle]]'s National Book Critics Circle Award#John Leonard Award|John Leonard Award|Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award|PEN/Hemingway Award|National Book Foundation]s "National Book Foundation#5 Under 35|5 under 35"|2020 Vilcek Prize for Creative Promise in Literature}}}} '''Yaa Gyasi''' o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1989, ke mokwadi wa dibuka wa lotso lwa [[:en:Ghanaian_Americans|Ghanaian-American]]. Buka ya gagwe ya ntlha e e bidiwang [[:en:Homegoing_(Gyasi_novel)|Homegoing]], e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2016, e mo fenyeditse dieetsele di tshwana le sa [[:en:John_Leonard_Prize|John Leonard Award]] sa buka ya ntlha e e gaisitseng, [[:en:Hemingway_Foundation/PEN_Award|PEN/Hemingway Award]] sa buka ya ntlha ya ditiragalo tse di itlhametsweng, 5 under 35 ya [[:en:National_Book_Foundation|National Book Foundation]] le [[:en:American_Book_Awards|American Book Award]], fa a le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le borataro. O ne a fiwa seetsele sa [[:en:Vilcek_Foundation|Vilcek Prize]] sa Creative Promise in Literature ka ngwaga wa 2020.<ref name=":5">[https://vilcek.org/prizes/prize-recipients/yaa-gyasi/ "Yaa Gyasi"]. ''Vilcek Foundation''. Retrieved February 3, 2020.</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le monnye le thuto == Gyasi o tsholetswe kwa [[:en:Mampong|Mampong]] kwa [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]],<ref name=":0">Maloney, Jennifer (May 26, 2016). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/homegoing-by-yaa-gyasi-born-in-ghana-and-raised-in-the-u-s-1464273302 "''Homegoing'' by Yaa Gyasi, Born in Ghana and Raised in the U.S."] ''Wall Street Journal''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0099-9660 0099-9660.] Retrieved December 2, 2016.</ref> ke morwadia Kwaku Gyasi o e leng morutuntshi wa puo ya [[:en:French_language|French]] kwa [[:en:University_of_Alabama|University of Alabama]] kwa [[:en:Huntsville,_Alabama|Huntsville]], le Sophia o e leng mooki.<ref>Anderson-Maples, Joyce (December 2, 2016). [https://www.uah.edu/news/people/uah-welcomes-yaa-gyasi-author-of-the-new-york-times-best-selling-book-homegoing "UAH welcomes Yaa Gyasi, author of ''The New York Times'' best-selling book ''Homegoing''".] The University of Alabama in Huntsville. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</ref><ref>Haskin, Shelly (August 28, 2016). [https://www.al.com/opinion/2016/08/how_an_alabama_womans_debut_no.html "How an Alabama author's debut novel landed her on 'The Daily Show'".] ''AL.com''. Retrieved December 4, 2016.</ref> Lolwapa lwa gagwe lo fudugetse kwa [[USA|United States]] ka ngwaga wa 1991 fa rragwe a ne a fetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Ph.D kwa [[:en:Ohio_State_University|Ohio State University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Begley, Sarah (June 5, 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200926223229/https://time.com/4357214/homegoing-yaa-gyasi-profile/ "A 26-Year-old Looks to the Past for Her Literary Debut".] ''TIME.com''. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</ref> Lolwapa lo nnile kwa [[:en:Illinois|Illinois]] le kwa [[:en:Tennessee|Tennessee]], mme go tswa fa a le dingwaga di le lesome, Gyasi o godiseditswe kwa Huntsville kwa [[:en:Alabama|Alabama]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161203131115/http://www.nationalbook.org/5under35_2016_yaa-gyasi.html "Yaa Gyasi, author of ''Homegoing'', 5 Under 35, 2016, National Book Foundation".] ''www.nationalbook.org''. Archived from [https://www.nationalbook.org/5under35_2016_yaa-gyasi.html the original] on December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</ref> Gyasi o ikgakologelwa a le ngwana o o boi, a le gaufi thata le bokgaitsadie ka ba ne ba na le maitemogelo a a tshwanang a go nna bana ba batswakwa kwa Alabama, dibuka e ne ya nna tsone tsala ya gagwe.<ref name=":1" /> O ne a rotloediwa ke go amogela setlankana sa katlego se beilwe monwana ke [[:en:LeVar_Burton|LeVar Burton]], sa polelo ya ntlha a e kwala, e a neng a e romeletse kwa [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|phadisanong]] ya [[:en:PBS_Kids_Writers_Contest|Reading Rainbow Young Writers and Illustrators]]. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa a tsena sekolo kwa [[:en:Grissom_High_School_(Alabama)|Grissom High School]], Gyasi o ne a nna le tlhotlheletso ya go kwala e le tiro ya gagwe fa a sena go bala buka ya ga [[:en:Toni_Morrison|Toni Morrison]] ya [[:en:Song_of_Solomon_(novel)|Song of Solomon.]]<ref name=":1" /> O alogile ka ''Bachelor of Arts in English'' kwa [[:en:Stanford_University|Standford University,]] le [[:en:Master_of_Fine_Arts|Master of Fine Arts]] kwa [[:en:Iowa_Writers'_Workshop|Iowa Writers Workshop]],e e leng lenaneo la bokwadi jwa maitlhamelo kwa University of [[:en:Iowa|Iowa]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">Wolfe, Eli (June 28, 2016). [https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/How-Yaa-Gyasi-found-her-story-in-slavers-8329849.php "How Yaa Gyasi found her story in slavers' outpost".] ''San Francisco Chronicle''. Retrieved March 1, 2017.</ref> == Tiro == Morago ga go aloga kwa Stanford, o ne a simolola buka ya gagwe ya ntlha, gape a bereka kwa komponeng e potlana kwa [[:en:San_Francisco|San Francisco]], mme o ne a sa itumelele tiro eo ka jalo a tlogela tiro morago ga go amogelwa kwa Iowa ka ngwaga wa 2012.<ref name=":3" /> Buka ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Homegoing, e rotloeditswe ke loeto lo a neng a lo tsere go ya Ghana ka ngwaga wa 2009, e le lantlha a ya teng fa e sale a le losea. Buka e ne ya fediwa ka ngwaga wa 2015, mme morago ga go balwa ke bagatisi, o ne a bona diphetolo di le dintsi pele ga a amogela ya ba [[:en:Alfred_A._Knopf|Knopf]]<ref name=":3" /> ba ba neng ba mmeile madi a dimilione fa pele. [[:en:Ta-Nehisi_Coates|Ta-Nehisi Coates]] o tlhophile ''Homegoing'' go phadisanela seetsele sa 5 under 35 sa ''National Book Foundation'' ka ngwaga wa 2016,<ref name=":2" /> buka e ne ya tlhophiwa gape ke ba seetsele sa ga ''John Leonard sa National Book Critics Circle'', ''PEN/Hemingway award'' sa buka ya ntlha le ''American Book Award'' ka seabe sa gagwe mo pharologanyong ya padi ya America.<ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/aug/4/debut-novelist-among-winners-of-american-book-awar/ "Debut novelist among winners of American Book Awards".] ''The Washington Times''. Associated Press. August 4, 2017. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0190-8286 0190-8286.]</ref><ref>Alter, Alexandra (January 17, 2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/17/arts/zadie-smith-and-michael-chabon-among-national-book-critics-circle-finalists.html?_r=0 "Zadie Smith and Michael Chabon Among National Book Critics Circle Finalists",] ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref name=":4">[https://makanan.pen-ne.org/hemingway/ "PEN/Hemingway Award for Debut Fiction".] ''PEN New England''. Retrieved April 23, 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/books/review/100-notable-books-of-2016.html "100 Notable Books of 2016".] ''The New York Times''. November 21, 2016. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0362-4331 0362-4331]. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</ref> Mekwalo ya gagwe e tlhageletse gape mo dikgatisong di tshwana le [[:en:African_American_Review|African American Review]],<ref>''[https://muse.jhu.edu/issue/26054 AAR]'' ''African American Review.''</ref> [[:en:Callaloo_(literary_magazine)|Callaloo]],<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/bookfest/author/yaa_gyasi "Yaa Gyasi"], National Book Festival, Library of Congress.</ref> [[:en:Guernica_(magazine)|Guernica]]<ref>Yaa Gyasi, [https://www.guernicamag.com/inscape/ "Inscape",] ''Guernica'', June 15, 2015.</ref> [[:en:The_Guardian|the Guardian]] <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/oct/28/yaa-gyasi-my-writing-day "Yaa Gyasi: ‘I write a sentence. I delete it. I wonder if it’s too early for lunch’"], ''The Guardian'', October 28, 2017.</ref>le [[:en:Granta|Granta.]]<ref>Gyasi, Yaa, [https://granta.com/leaving-gotham-city/ "Leaving Gotham City",] ''Granta 139: Best of Young American Novelists'' 3, April 25, 2017.</ref> Gyasi o tlhophileng ba ba latelang, e le bone barotloesti ba gagwe: [[:en:Toni_Morrison|Toni Morrison]] ka buka ya gagwe ya [[:en:Song_of_Solomon_(novel)|Song of Solomon]], [[:en:Gabriel_García_Márquez|Gabriel Garcia Marquez]] ka [[:en:One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude|One Hundred Years of Solitude]], [[:en:James_Baldwin|James Baldwin]] ka [[:en:Go_Tell_It_on_the_Mountain_(novel)|Go Tell it on the Mountain]], [[:en:Edward_P._Jones|Edward P. Jones]] ka [[:en:Lost_in_the_City|Lost in the City]] le [[:en:Jhumpa_Lahiri|Jhumpa Lahiri]] ka ''Unaccustomed Earth.''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180130150044/https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/find-your-next-read/five-books/2017/jan/books-that-influenced-yaa-gyasi/ "Five books: The books that influenced Yaa Gyasi]". Penguin. 2016. Archived from [https://www.penguin.co.uk/articles/find-your-next-read/five-books/2017/jan/books-that-influenced-yaa-gyasi the original] on January 30, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2017.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2016, Gyasi o ne a nna kwa [[:en:Berkeley,_California|Berkeley]] kwa [[:en:California|California.]]<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2017, Gyasi o ne a tlhophiwa ke ba [[:en:Forbes|Forbes]] go nna mongwe wa ba ba [[:en:Forbes_30_Under_30|masome a mararo ba ba dingwaga tse di kwa tlase ga masome mararo.]]<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-2017/media/#490e3a5aa649 "30 Under 30 2017: Media".] ''Forbes''. Retrieved October 14, 2022.</ref> Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2020, Gyasi o gatisitse buka ya gagwe ya bobedi e e bidiwang [[:en:Transcendent_Kingdom#:~:text=Transcendent%20Kingdom%20is%20the%20second,Knopf.|Transcendent Kingdom]],<ref>[https://www.penguin.com.au/books/transcendent-kingdom-9780241988657 "Transcendent Kingdom by Yaa Gyasi".] ''www.penguin.com.au''. Retrieved October 27, 2023.</ref>e ntse e le mo tlhokomelong ya ga Knopf.<ref>[https://thankyoubookshop.com/item/zroBIQl5na_wJpEJQuYZtQ/lists/Jyfomm6iD6s/ "Transcendent Kingdom".] ''thankyoubookshop.com''. Retrieved October 27, 2023.</ref> Jaaka e e tsileng pele ga yone ya ''Homegoing'', buka e e galaleditswe ke bakanoki ba dibuka ka go farologana. [[:en:Sara_Collins|Sara Collins]] wa [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]] o e supile e le buka e tshwanetseng go sala morago ''Homegoing.''<ref>Collins, Sara (February 24, 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/24/transcendent-kingdom-by-yaa-gyasi-review-a-profound-follow-up-to-homecoming "Transcendent Kingdom by Yaa Gyasi review – a profound follow-up to Homegoing".] ''The Guardian''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0261-3077 0261-3077.] Retrieved October 27, 2023.</ref> [[:en:USA_Today|USA Today]] bane ba re ditiragalo tsa yone di utlusa botlhoko.<ref>VanDenburgh, Barbara. [https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/books/2020/09/01/review-yaa-gyasi-transcendent-kingdom-profound-meditation/3452930001/ "Review: Yaa Gyasi's 'Transcendent Kingdom' a profound story of faith, addiction and loss".] ''USA TODAY''. Retrieved October 27, 2023.</ref>The Vox, [[:en:Chicago_Review_of_Books|Chicago Review of Books]], [[:en:The_New_Republic|The New Republic]] le tse dingwe, ba akgotse buka e.<ref>Gyasi, Yaa (June 15, 2015). [https://www.guernicamag.com/inscape/ "Inscape".] ''Guernica'' (The Boundaries of Taste). Retrieved 14 August 2021.</ref> Baanelwa ba polelo-khutswe e Gyasi a e kwadileng mo makasineng wa [[:en:Guernica_(magazine)|Guernica]] ya [https://www.guernicamag.com/inscape/ Inscape]<ref>Gyasi, Yaa (June 15, 2015). [https://www.guernicamag.com/inscape/ "Inscape".] ''Guernica''. Retrieved October 27, 2023.</ref> ba tlhagelela gape mo bukeng e mme ele ditiragalo tse di pharologanyo. Ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa 2021, o ne a kwala tlhamo ka setlhogo sa "this question of 'the business of reading', of how we read, why we read, and what reading does for and to us". O kwadile gore "le fa ke dumela thata mo goreng padi e a gwetlha, e a nonotsha e bile e a fetola, ke itse gape gore go reka dibuka tse di kwadilweng ke batho bantsho ke go tsibogela dingwaga tsa kgobalo mo maikutlong le mo nameng".<ref>Gyasi, Yaa (March 20, 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/mar/20/white-people-black-authors-are-not-your-medicine "White people, black authors are not your medicine"]. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved March 21, 2021.</ref> == Dibuka tse a di kwadileng == * [[:en:Homegoing_(Gyasi_novel)|Homegoing,]] ya ngwaga wa 2016 * [[:en:Transcendent_Kingdom|Transcendent Kingdom,]] ya ngwaga wa 2020 * "Bad Blood" mo [[:en:The_1619_Project:_A_New_Origin_Story|The 1619 Project: A new origin story]] (2021) == Dietsele == * 2016 [[:en:National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award|National Book Critics Circle's]] [[:en:National_Book_Critics_Circle_Award#John_Leonard_Award|John Leonard Award]] for best first book<ref>Admin (March 16, 2017). [https://www.bookcritics.org/news-notes/ "National Book Critics Circle: National Book Critics Circle Announces 2016 Award Winners - Critical Mass Blog".] ''bookcritics.org''. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</ref> * 2016: [[:en:National_Book_Foundation|National Book Foundation]]'s [[:en:National_Book_Foundation#5_Under_35|5 under 35]]<ref>[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/5-under-35-2016/ "5 Under 35 2016".] ''National Book Foundation''. Retrieved May 15, 2022.</ref> * 2017: [[:en:American_Book_Awards|American Book Award]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180233/https://www.beforecolumbusfoundation.com/foundation-news/466/ "2017 American Book Awards announced".] Before Columbus Foundation. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</ref> * 2017: [[:en:Granta|Granta]] best of Young American Novelists<ref>Kellogg, Carolyn, and Michael Schaub (April 26, 2017), [https://web.archive.org/web/20190924213008/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-granta-best-young-american-novelists-20170426-story.html "Granta names 21 of the best young American novelists"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190924213008/https://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-granta-best-young-american-novelists-20170426-story.html Archived] September 24, 2019, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], ''The Los Angeles Times''.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/26/granta-list-best-young-american-novelists "Granta’s list of the best young American novelists",] ''The Guardian'', April 26, 2017.</ref> * 2017: P[[:en:Hemingway_Foundation/PEN_Award|EN/Hemingway Award f]]<nowiki/>or a first book of fiction<ref>Catan, Wayne (May 31, 2017). [https://www.hemingwaysociety.org/interview-yaa-gyasi-2017-penhemingway-award-winner "Interview with Yaa Gyasi, 2017 PEN/Hemingway Award Winner".] ''www.hemingwaysociety.org''. The Hemingway Society. Retrieved February 9, 2019.</ref> * 2020: [./Vilcek_Prizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilcek_Foundation#Vilcek_Prizes Vilcek Prize] for Creative Promise in Literature<ref name=":5" /> * 2021: [[:en:Women's_Prize_for_Fiction|Women's Prize for fiction]], ka Transcendent Kingdom<ref>Flood, Alison (April 29, 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/apr/28/womens-prize-for-fiction-shortlist-susanna-clarke-yaa-gyasi-patricia-lockwood "Women's prize for fiction shortlist entirely first-time nominees"]. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved April 29, 2021.</ref> == Metswedi == kn3dinq81afdal910ccwoeb9ytyiuwt 0 9447 55663 55328 2026-09-26T00:09:48Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bonnie Hart''' ke motaki wa kwa Australia, motlhami wa difilimi, [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights le molwela ditshwanelo tsa batho ba bong bo sele], o tshotswe a na le [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome androgen insensitivity syndrome,] Ke  moeteledipele wa Intersex Peer Support Australia. Hart o diragatsa mo nageng ya gaabo le mo lefatsheng lotlhe, gape o bua ka dikgang tsa batho ba bong bo le bongwe mo nageng ya gaabo le mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ene ya re ka ngwaga wa 2016, [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SX_News Gay News Network] ya lefatshe la Australia e ne ya mo tsenya mo lekalaneng la bone la "25 LGBTI people to watch in 2017".<ref>Domingo, Reg (9 December 2016). "[http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/feature/25-lgbti-australians-to-watch-in-2017-22588.html 25 LGBTI people to watch in 2017".] [[:en:SX_News|Gay News Network]]. Retrieved 19 January 2017.[dead link]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230411075117/https://oii.org.au/24704/intersex-inclusion-2014-sydney-mardi-gras-parade/2 "Intersex inclusion in the 2014 Sydney Mardi Gras Parade".] [[:en:Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia|Organisation Intersex International Australia.]] 3 March 2014. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20230411075117/https://oii.org.au/24704/intersex-inclusion-2014-sydney-mardi-gras-parade/ the original] on 11 April 2023.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Hart o tlhalosa ka fa a neng a bolelelwa ka teng gore o ne a simolola tsa tlhakanelo dikobo ya “batho ba bong bo bo le bongwe a santse a le monnye thata", ka go tsenelela mo go [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions tsa kalafi ga batho ya bong bo le bongwe ba le bantsi]. Le fa a ne a dumela e le ka bo ngwana, o ne a sa itse gore e ya go nna ditlamorago tsa botshelo jotlhe jwa gagwe.<ref>Copland, Simon (15 December 2016). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170131201328/http://www.sbs.com.au/topics/sexuality/agenda/article/2016/12/15/medical-communitys-approach-intersex-people-still-primarily-focused-normalising The medical community's approach to intersex people is still primarily focused on 'normalising' surgeries]". SBS. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</ref> Hart o tlhalosa ka  fa kgetholole e "dirang gore go nne le maemo" a ditshereganyo tse di ntseng jalo, "Go na le poifo ya gore batho ba tla bo ba sa tlwaela ka gonne mebele ya bone e farologane, mme poifo eo e kopane le go tlhoka kitso ya gore go ntse jang go tshela jaaka mogolo o na le mebele eo ntle le karo, e dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go dira karo".<ref>Domingo, Reg (9 December 2016). "[http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/feature/25-lgbti-australians-to-watch-in-2017-22588.html 25 LGBTI people to watch in 2017"]. [[:en:SX_News|Gay News Network]]. Retrieved 19 January 2017.[dead link]</ref> Fa a ntse a gola, Hart o ne a sa itse gore kgaitsadie, [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_Hart Phoebe Hart], le ene o ne a na le bolwetse jwa androgen insensitivity syndrome.<ref>Graham, Liz (2 February 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160518110258/http://www.bodyandsoul.com.au/sex+relationships/wellbeing/im+proud+to+be+a+hermaphrodite,16555 "I'm proud to be a hermaphrodite"]. body+soul.</ref> == Tiro Ya gagwe Ya botshelo Jotlhe == Hart ke "motshameki wa maemo a a kwa godimo yo o nang le maatla a a kwa godimo" gape ke  motshameki yo o nang le mekgwa e e farologaneng, a kopanya go dira difilimi ka tsa segologolo  le ka analoko, mmino le botaki jwa ditshwantsho.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170131200234/http://www.ventinggallery.com/bonnie-hart-bio/ Bonnie Hart Bio]". Venting Gallery. Archived from [http://www.ventinggallery.com/bonnie-hart-bio/ the original] on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</ref> Ke mothei-mmogo wa Venting Gallery le Foundation for Contemporary Music le Culture<ref>[http://fcmc.org.au/]</ref> kwa Brisbane, Queensland, mme gape o tshameka le di-ditlhopha tse di akaretsang X-wave le the Unaustralians.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170131200234/http://www.ventinggallery.com/bonnie-hart-bio/ Bonnie Hart Bio]". Venting Gallery. Archived from [http://www.ventinggallery.com/bonnie-hart-bio/ the original] on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.collapseboard.com/reviews/live-reviews/the-audio-pollen-social-club-199-boundary-street-west-end-brisbane-10-02-13/ "The Audio Pollen Social Club @ 199 Boundary Street, West End, Brisbane, 10.02.13".] Collapse Board. 26 February 2013.</ref> Mo bidiong ya [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchids,_My_Intersex_Adventure Orchid, My Intersex Adventure,] Hart le kgaitsadie ba ne ba lebagana le dikgobalo tsa maikutlo tse di bakilweng ke dikaro tse di simolotseng le go boloka diphiri tse di amanang le tsone.<ref>[http://www.firsthandfilms.com/index.php?film=1000334 First Hand Films 'Interview with Phoebe Hart"]. ATOM Awards. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 26 October 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.orchids-themovie.com/synopsis.html "Film Synopsis]". Orchids, My Intersex Adventure. 3 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.</ref> == Tirisanommogo == Hart ke moporesidente wa [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Peer_Support_Australia Intersex Peer Support Australia.].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160424151613/http://www.aissga.org.au/ What's new with the AISSG Australia?"]. [[:en:Androgen_Insensitivity_Syndrome_Support_Group_Australia|Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia]]</ref> O tlhageletse mo ditshwantshong tsa motshikinyego di le dintsi tse dikhutshwane, go akaretsa le tsa QLife le [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LGBTI_Health_Alliance National LGBTI Health Alliance],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230410160013/https://oii.org.au/28856/bonnie-qlife/ Bonnie Hart talks about intersex".] [[:en:Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia|Organisation Intersex International Australia]]. 27 May 2015.</ref> le [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service SBS].<ref>Copland, Simon (15 December 2016). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20170131201328/http://www.sbs.com.au/topics/sexuality/agenda/article/2016/12/15/medical-communitys-approach-intersex-people-still-primarily-focused-normalising The medical community's approach to intersex people is still primarily focused on 'normalising' surgeries".] SBS. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</ref><ref>"[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/national-news/new-south-wales-news/senate-committee-wants-end-to-intersex-sterilisation/111708 Senate Committee wants end to intersex sterilisation"]. [[:en:Star_Observer|Star Observer]]. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2016</ref><ref>Busby, Cec (28 October 2013). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160115130147/http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/intersex-advocates-address-findings-of-senate-committee-into-involuntary-sterilisation-12237.html Intersex advocates address findings of Senate Committee into involuntary sterilisation".] Gay News Network. Archived from [http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/intersex-advocates-address-findings-of-senate-committee-into-involuntary-sterilisation-12237.html the original] on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.</ref> mme o botsolotswa thata, go akaretsa le mo thelebišeneng ya bosetšhaba.<ref>Skinner, Anthea (24 June 2011). "[http://www.abc.net.au/rampup/articles/2011/06/24/3252808.htm Intersex conditions; a social paradox".] [[:en:Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation|Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] Ramp Up</ref><ref>Chaleyer, Rani (10 March 2015). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150705044518/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/thefeed/story/intersex-i-lgbti Intersex: in the LGBTI"]. [[:en:Special_Broadcasting_Service|SBS The Feed]]. Archived from [http://www.sbs.com.au/news/thefeed/story/intersex-i-lgbti the original] on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2017.</ref> == Dibuka tse di tlhophilweng == == .Jones, Tiffany; Hart, Bonnie; Carpenter, Morgan; Ansara, Gavi; Leonard, William; Lucke, Jayne(2016).[https://web.archive.org/web/20160914152729/http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf Intersex Stories and Statistics from Australia](PDF).Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78374-208-0. Achieved from [http://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/key/Intersex-Stories-Statistics-Australia.pdf the original].''(PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2016'' == == Go amogelwa == Ka ngwaga wa 2016, [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SX_News Gay News Network] ya Australia e ne ya akaretsa Hart mo "batho ba LGBTI ba ba tshwanetseng go lebelelwa thata ka 2017."<ref>Domingo, Reg (9 December 2016). "[http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/feature/25-lgbti-australians-to-watch-in-2017-22588.html 25 LGBTI people to watch in 2017".] [[:en:SX_News|Gay News Network]]. Retrieved 19 January 2017[[:en:Wikipedia:Link_rot|.[dead link]]]</ref> == Metswedi == <references /> == Dikgolagano tsa kwa ntle == * [http://isupport.org.au/] 0tjy0ph4gghdngmojqgjzjihmgvdrkl 0 9632 55674 55364 2026-09-26T01:35:32Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Ivana Andrés|image={{#statements:P18}}|caption=Andrés in 2017|full_name=Ivana Andrés Sanz<ref name="FIFA 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |work=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410062327/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306125454/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2025 }}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|7|13}}<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|birth_place=[[Aielo de Malferit]], Spain<ref name="Profile Valencia">{{cite web |url=http://en.valenciacf.com/ver/37641/ivana.html?temporada=2014 |title=Ivana Andrés Sanz |publisher=[[Valencia CF]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414064208/http://en.valenciacf.com/ver/37641/ivana.html?temporada=2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|height=1.64 m<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|position=[[Centre back]]|currentclub=[[Real Madrid Femenino|Real Madrid]]|clubnumber=5|youthclubs1=Aielo CF|youthclubs2=DSV Colegio Alemán|youthyears2=2007–2008|clubs1=[[Valencia CF Femenino|Valencia]]|years1=2009–2018|caps1=237|goals1=6|clubs2=[[Levante UD Femenino|Levante]]|years2=2018–2020|caps2=49|goals2=2|clubs3=[[Real Madrid Femenino|Real Madrid]]|years3=2020–2024|caps3=98|goals3=2|nationalteam1=[[Spain women's national football team|Spain]]|nationalyears1=2015–2024|nationalcaps1=53|nationalgoals1=0|nationalteam-update=21:37, 27 March 2024 (UTC)|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport|[[Women's association football|Women's football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fba|ESP}}}} {{Medal|Comp|[[FIFA Women's World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|2023 Australia–New Zealand]]|}} {{Medal|Comp|[[UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2010 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship|2010 Switzerland]]|}} {{Medal|W|[[2011 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship|2011 Switzerland]]|}}|club-update=21:37, 27 March 2024 (UTC)}} '''Ivana Andrés Sanz''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Phukwi a le lesome le boraro ka 1994) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale wa moSpanish yo o tshamekang kwa morago fa gare wa setlhopha sa Liga F sa [[Real Madrid Femenino|Real Madrid]], se a se kapotenang le sa setshaba sa Spain.<ref>AS, Diario (18 June 2018). "[https://as.com/futbol/2018/06/18/mas_futbol/1529342201_605641.html El Levante ficha a Ivana Andrés, excapitana del Valencia]". ''AS.com''.</ref> == Tiro ya setlhopha == '''<big>Bonana</big>''' Ivana Andrés o simolotse tiro ya gagwe kwa gae la bone la Aielo de Malferit kwa setlhopheng sa ko gae sa Aielo CF. Fa e le dingwaga tse lesome le bobedi a ya kwa sekolong sa DSV Colegio Alemán ka letsholo la 2007–08. Koo o ne a feta ka ditlhopha tsa C le B pele ga a tsena kwa setlhopheng sa ntlha sa Valencia CF ka 2009 se se neng se setse se tshameka kwa First Division ka nako eo.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20230414064208/http://en.valenciacf.com/ver/37641/ivana.html?temporada=2014 Ivana Andrés Sanz]". [[:en:Valencia_CF|Valencia CF]]. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</ref> '''<big>Valencia</big>''' Ka 2009 setlhopha se ne sa saena tumalano le Valencia CF mme go tswa foo ba dira jaaka letlhakore la bomme la kgwele ya dinao mo stelhopeng seo. O ne a tshameka kwa FC Valencia dingwaga tse dingwe gape tse di ferangbongwe, a goroga, fa gare ga tse dingwe, kwa makgaolakgang a Copa de la Reina ya 2015 kwa setlhopha se neng sa goroga kwa makgaolakgang mo rago ga go makatsa bommamoratwa [[FC Barcelona Femení|FC Barcelona]] ka nno e le nngwe go lefela kwa sekamakgaolakgannyeng, ba latlhegelwa ka dino tse pedi go e le nngwe kgatlhanong le Sporting de Huelva. Mo setlheng sa 2016/17 go nna ba boraro mo liking e ne e le maduo a a gaisang mo ditsong tsa setlhopha seo. Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa bofelo kwa Valencia FC, Ivana Andrés e ne e le mokapotene wa setlhopha.<ref>ROS, CAYETANO (6 September 2019). "[https://www.lasprovincias.es/levanteud/ivana-andres-levante-ud-20190905205000-nt.html Ivana Andrés: "No somos menos mujeres por jugar al fútbol"]". ''Las Provincias'' (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 November 2023.</ref> '''<big>Levante</big>''' Morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa le setlhopha, e le mokapotene wa sone mo setlheng sa bofelo, o ne a dira phudugo e e makatsang go ya kwa diselammapeng tsa toropo Levante UD, ba a feditseng mo maemong a boraro le bone mo Spanish Championships mo ditlheng tse pedi fa morago ga ditlhopha tse di neng di laola ka nako eo tsa FC Barcelona le Atlético Madrid. '''<big>Real Madrid</big>''' Ka selemo sa 2020 a saenela letlhakore le le neng le le lesha go tlhamiwa la bomme la setlhopha sa Real Madrid mme a bitswa mokapotene wa setlhopha mo setlheng sa gagwe sa ntlha. Mo motshamekong wa ntlha wa ngwaga wa 2024, Andrés a nosa nno ya tekatekanyo mo phenyong ya dino tse pedi go e le nngwe kgatlhanong le Madrid CFF mo motsotsong wa masome a ferabongwe le motso.<ref>Infobae, Por Newsroom (7 January 2024). "[https://www.infobae.com/espana/agencias/2024/01/07/2-1-el-real-madrid-tira-de-epica-y-remonta-en-la-prolongacion/ 2-1. El Real Madrid tira de épica y remonta en la prolongación]". ''infobae'' (in European Spanish). Retrieved 9 January 2024.</ref> == Tiro ya boditshabatshaba == '''<big>Bonana</big>''' E le moditshabatshaba wa under-17, Ivana Andrés o ne a tsaya karolo kwa sejaneng sa lefatshe sa U-17 sa 2010 mme a tsaya maemo a boraro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100912050035/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=325623/index.html Statistics] in [[:en:FIFA|FIFA]]'s website</ref> O ne a le mo lenaaneng la ba ba simololang mo metshamekong yotlhe ka borataro ya pheletso ya ditikologo. O fentse maemo a ntlha mo European Championships ya U-17 ka 2010 fa godimo ga Republic of Ireland. Ngwaga o o latelang a tshameka European Championship gape le ba U-17, a fenya seetsele sa gauta mo phenyong ya nno go lefela mo makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le France.<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/womensunder17/news/newsid=1655028.html Pomares, Gili, Andrés enjoy 'dream' night]. UEFA</ref> Andrés o ne a gaisana mo sekamakgaolakgang le mo makgaolakgannyeng. Le ba setlhopha sa setshaba sa U-19 o ne a goroga kwa makgaolakgang a European Championship ka 2012 kwa ba neng ba latlhegelwa kwa makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le Sweden morago ga nako e e okeditsweng. '''<big>Bogolo</big>''' Ivana Andrés o dirile tshameko ya gagwe ya ntlha mo setlhopheng se segolo ka Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ka 2015 mo motshamekong wa botsalano kgatlhanong le Belgium,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200808155730/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250007387/profile/index.html Profile] in [[:en:UEFA|UEFA]]'s website</ref> ngwaga o ne oo o ne a biletswa kwa setlhopheng sa bofelo sa sejana sa lefatshe sa 2015,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160410062327/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup]" (PDF). ''[[:en:FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]]''. Archived from [http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf the original] (PDF) on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2015.</ref> mme a seka a dira iponagatso epe mo kgaisanong eo. O fentse sekgele sa gagwe sa ntlha le setlhopha sa setshaba kwa Algarve Cup ya 2017, kwa Spain e neng ya fenya ka nno e le nngwe go lefela kwa makgaolakgang kgatlhanong le Canada. Ivana Andrés o ne a tshameka metshameko yotlhe e le mene. O ne a fetwa ke European Championship ya 2017 e e neng ya tshwarwa moragonyana ka ntata ya go robega lerapo la molala.<ref>"[https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/seleccion/2019/06/06/5cf7dd7846163f87738b457d.html Las dos espinas clavadas de Ivana Andrés]". ''Marca.com'' (in Spanish). 6 June 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</ref> Kwa sejanang sa lefatshe sa 2019 o ne gape e le karolo ya setlhopha mme o ne a seka a dirisiwa mo kgaisanong. O fentse maemo a ntlha le setlhopha sa gagwe kwa sejaneng sa lefatshe sa 2023. == Botshelo ja gagwe == E sale ka Seetebosigo wa 2022, Andrés o nyalane le mosadi wa gagwe Anabel.<ref>"[https://www.l-mag.de/news-1010/das-sind-die-50-lesbischen-stars-der-fussball-em-2022.html L-Mag.de: Das sind die 59 lesbischen, bisexuellen und queeren Spielerinnen]" (in German). July 2022.</ref> == Dipalopalo tsa tiro == === Setlhopha === : ''Go felela ka motshameko o o tshamekilweng Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2024'' {| class="wikitable" |+Iponagatso le dino go ya ka setlhopha, setlha le kgaisano ! rowspan="2" |Setlhopha ! rowspan="2" |Setlha ! colspan="3" |Liki ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Tse dingwe ! colspan="2" |Palogotlhe |- !Lekala !Iponagatso !Dino !Iponagatso !Dino !Iponagatso !Dino !Iponagatso !Dino !Iponagatso !Dino |- | rowspan="10" |Valencia |2009–10 |Superliga Femenina |18 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |18 |0 |- |2010–11 |Superliga Femenina |22 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |24 |1 |- |2011–12 |Primera División |29 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |29 |1 |- |2012–13 |Primera División |24 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |24 |1 |- |2013–14 |Primera División |25 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |25 |1 |- |2014–15 |Primera División |30 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |33 |1 |- |2015–16 |Primera División |30 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |32 |1 |- |2016–17 |Primera División |30 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |31 |0 |- |2017–18 |Primera División |29 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |31 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Palogotlhe !237 !6 !10 !0 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !247 !6 |- | rowspan="3" |Levante |2018–19 |Primera División |28 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |29 |2 |- |2019–20 |Primera División |21 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– |1 |0 |23 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Palogotlhe !49 !2 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |– !1 !0 !52 !2 |- | rowspan="5" |Real Madrid |2020–21 |Primera División |31 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |32 |0 |- |2021–22 |Primera División |27 |0 |1 |0 |8 |0 |1 |0 |37 |0 |- |2022–23 |Liga F |22 |0 |4 |1 |6 |0 |1 |0 |33 |1 |- |2023–24 |Liga F |18 |2 |2 |0 |7 |0 |1 |0 |28 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Palogotlhe !98 !2 !8 !1 !21 !0 !3 !0 !130 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Palogotlhe ya tiro !384 !10 !20 !1 !21 !0 !4 !0 !429 !11 |} === Boditshabatshaba === {| class="wikitable" |+Iponagatso le dino go ya ka setlhopha sa setshaba le ngwaga !Setlhopha sa setshaba !Ngwaga !Iponagatso !Dino |- | rowspan="9" |Spain |2015 |2 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |8 |0 |- |2018 |6 |0 |- |2019 |6 |0 |- |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |7 |0 |- |2022 |12 |0 |- |2023 |11 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Palogotlhe !53 !0 |} == Ditlotla == '''Spain''' * FIFA Women's World Cup: 2023 * UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship: 2010, 2011 * Algarve Cup: 2017 == Metswedi == 2fvlx5f5w5w06wal271ovkepd6hlrxy 0 9665 55672 37028 2026-09-26T01:26:10Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Hayley Raso|image=Hayley Raso Matildas (cropped).jpg|caption=Raso with [[Australia women's national soccer team|Australia]] in April 2016|full_name=Hayley Emma Raso|fullname=Hayley Emma Raso<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf|title=FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015 – List of Players – Australia|publisher=FIFA|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306125454/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref>|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|9|5}}|birth_place=[[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia|height=1.62m|position=[[Winger (association football)|Winger]], [[Striker (association football)|striker]]|currentclub=[[Real Madrid Femenino|Real Madrid]]|clubnumber=15|clubs1=[[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]]|years1=2011–2013|caps1=17|goals1=4|clubs2=[[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]]|years2=2013–2014|caps2=24|goals2=7|clubs3=[[Washington Spirit]]|years3=2015|caps3=9|goals3=0|clubs4=→ [[Melbourne Victory FC (W-League)|Melbourne Victory]] (loan)|years4=2015–2016|caps4=10|goals4=1|clubs5=[[Portland Thorns FC]]|years5=2016–2019|caps5=72|goals5=13|clubs6=→ [[Canberra United FC|Canberra United]] (loan)|years6=2016–2017|caps6=11|goals6=2|clubs7=→ [[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]] (loan)|years7=2017–2019|caps7=15|goals7=5|clubs8=[[Brisbane Roar FC (A-League Women)|Brisbane Roar]]|years8=2019–2020|caps8=8|goals8=4|clubs9=[[Everton F.C. (women)|Everton]]|years9=2020–2021|caps9=22|goals9=5|clubs10=[[Manchester City W.F.C.|Manchester City]]|years10=2021–2023|caps10=29|goals10=4|nationalteam-update=3 June 2024|club-update=10 November 2023|nationalteam1=[[Australia women's national under-20 soccer team|Australia U20]]|nationalyears1=2013|nationalcaps1=9|nationalgoals1=5|nationalteam2=[[Australia women's national soccer team|Australia]]|nationalyears2=2012–|nationalcaps2=86|nationalgoals2=18}} '''Hayley Emma Raso''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/ˈræsoʊ/]] ''[[:en:Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key|RASS-oh]]'';<ref>"[https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=523328285264690 Hayley Raso rebel Female Football Week]". [[:en:Football_Queensland|Football Queensland]]. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2023 – via [[:en:Facebook|Facebook]].</ref> yo o tshotsweng ka Lwetse a tlhola gatlhano ka 1994) ke motshameki wa Australia wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale yo o tshwamekang ka fa motjatjeng mo setlhopheng sa Liga F sa [[Real Madrid Femenino|Real Madrid]] le sa setshaba sa bomme sa Australia. Raso o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya setlhopha se setona le Canberra United ka 2011, mme e ne e le leloko la setlhopha se se neng sa fenya W-League ya 2011–12. Go tsweng foo, o tshameketse ditlhopha ka go farologana mo W-League le NWSL pele a tshameka kwa Women's Super League. O ne a ya kwa Manchester City morago ga go gololwa ke Everton ka Phatlwe a le lesome le bosupa ka 2021. Ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2023, go ne ga begwa fa Raso a tlogela setlhopha sa Women's Super League sa Manchester City. Raso o tshameketse setlhopha sa bomme sa setshaba sa kgwele ya dinao, Matildas, go tswa ka 2012 mme o emetse setlhopha sa setshaba kwa sejaneng sa lefatshe sa 2019 le kwa diOlimpiking tsa selemo sa 2020. Pele o tshameketse sethopha sa setshaba sa under-20, Young Matildas. [[Setshwantsho:Hayley Raso (29385877371) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hayley Raso kwa Portland Thorns FC ,2016]] Raso, le motshameki ka ene wa Australia Sam Kerr, o ne a tsenngwa mo lenaaneng la boditshabatshaba la Ballon d'Or Féminin ya 2023.<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/kerr-and-raso-named-on-star-studded-ballon-d-or-shortlist-20230907-p5e2mg.html Kerr and Raso named on star-studded Ballon d'Or shortlist]". ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Hayley Raso.jpg|thumb|Hayley Raso]] == Metswedi == e37j6aa88ad6m56589t4j8923d2znha 0 9698 55679 51203 2026-09-26T02:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Linda Sembrant|image=Linda Sembrant (16501890537) (cropped).jpg|caption=Sembrant with [[Sweden women's national football team|Sweden]] in 2015|full_name=Linda Brigitta Sembrant<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce93/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023 – Squad List: Sweden (SWE) |publisher=[[FIFA]] |page=28 |date=11 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|5|15}}<ref name="FIFA 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |work=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410062327/http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306125454/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2025 }}</ref>|birth_place=[[Uppsala]], Sweden<ref>{{cite web |url=https://svenskfotboll.se/landslag/damer/spelarportratt/?profile=33987 |title= Profile |language=sv |work=[[Swedish Football Association|Svenska Fotbollförbundet]] |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>|height=1.75 m<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|position=[[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre back]]|currentclub=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]|clubnumber=2|youthclubs1=SK Servia|clubs1=[[Bälinge IF]]|youthclubs2=Upsala IF|youthclubs3=Bälingetrollen|years1=2004–2007|clubs2=→ [[Notts County Ladies F.C.|Lincoln Ladies]] (loan)|years2=2006|goals2=0|caps2=3|clubs3=[[AIK Fotboll (women)|AIK]]|years3=2008–2010|caps3=62|goals3=6|goals4=3|caps4=22|years4=2011|clubs4=[[BK Häcken FF|Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC]]|clubs5=[[Tyresö FF]]|years5=2012–2014|caps5=30|goals5=4|clubs6=[[Montpellier HSC (women)|Montpellier]]|years6=2014–2019|caps6=99|goals6=9|clubs7=[[Juventus FC (women)|Juventus]]|years7=2019–2024|caps7=67|goals7=7|clubs8=→ [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] (loan)|years8=2024–2026|caps8=8|goals8=1|nationalteam-update=10 December 2022|club-update=14 April 2024|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Association football|soccer]]}} {{Medal|Country| {{SWE}}}} {{MedalOlympic}} {{MedalSilver|[[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Team]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[FIFA Women's World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2011 FIFA Women's World Cup|2011 Germany]]|Team}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019 France]]|Team}}|nationalteam1=[[Sweden women's national football team|Sweden]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Damlandslagsspelare 1973–2012|url=https://svenskfotboll.se/ImageVault/Images/id_69553/ImageVaultHandler.aspx|publisher=Svenskfotboll.se|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref>|nationalyears1=2008–2026|nationalcaps1=136<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda Sembrant – Spelarstatistik|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/linda-sembrant/09fd6e28-b7e7-467d-9a7d-582a9411ec73/|publisher=[[Swedish Football Association]]|access-date=22 July 2023|language=sv|archive-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207000334/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/linda-sembrant/09fd6e28-b7e7-467d-9a7d-582a9411ec73/|url-status=dead}}</ref>|nationalgoals1=17}} '''Linda Brigitta Sembrant''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Motsheganong a le lesome le botlhano ka 1987) ke motshameki wa kwa Sweden wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale yo o tshamekang kwa morago fa gare mo setlhopheng sa Frauen-Bundesliga sa [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|Bayern Munich]], a le mo kadimong go tswa kwa go sa Italian Serie A sa Juventus FC, le setlhopha sa setshaba sa Sweden. == Tiro ya setlhopha == Sembrant o simolotse go tshameka kgwele ya dinao le SK Servia go tswa foo a tsamaya mo thulaganyong ya banana ya Bälinge IF.<ref name=":0">"[https://svenskfotboll.se/in-english/national-teams/womens-a-team/players-portraits-2008/?profile=16896 Sembrant, Linda]". svenskfotboll.se. June 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</ref> Le fa sekao sa gagwe e ne e le motshamekapele Henrik Larsson,<ref name=":0" /> Sembrant a nna motshamekamorago. [[Setshwantsho:Linda Sembrant and Marta.jpg|left|thumb|Sembrant (L) and [[:en:Marta_(footballer)|Marta]]]] Sembrant o tsere setlha sa ikhutso sa 2006–07 a tshameka kwa Enyelang le Lincoln Ladies (ba mo nakong eo ba neng ba bidiwa Lincoln City Ladies).<ref>"[http://fgmag.com/news/index.php?newsmode=FULL&nid=3072 Lincoln Land Linda Sembrant]". Fair Game. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</ref> O ne a fudugela kwa AIK ka 2008.<ref>"[https://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/person/?playerid=5548 Linda Sembrant]". svenskfotboll.se. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele wa 2010 Sembrant a fetolela kwa Kopparbergs/Göteborg FC a sena go nna mokapotene wa AIK.<ref>Stefan Mellerborg (15 November 2010). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328044335/http://www.aikfotboll.se/Article.aspx?contentID=3515 Linda Sembrant lämnar AIK]" (in Swedish). AIKfotboll.se. Archived from [http://www.aikfotboll.se/Article.aspx?contentID=3515 the original] on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2011.</ref> Ngwaga go tswa foo a ya kwa Tyresö FF.<ref>[http://wsoccernews.com/fullStory.php?action=viewStory&id=2964 More shock departures from Kopparbergs/Göteborg, Stensland and Sembrant leave] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124641/http://wsoccernews.com/fullStory.php?action=viewStory&id=2964 Archived] 6 September 2018 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] W Soccer News</ref> Ka 2012 Sembrant e ne e le tokololo ya setlhopha sa Tyresö se se neng sa fenya bosimega ja Damallsvenskan mme a fetwa ke bofelo ja setlha a sena go bona kgobalo ya mosiha wa anterior cruciate.<ref>Nilsson, Alva (28 January 2013). "[http://damfotboll.com/nyheter/2013/01/korsbandsrapport-linda-sembrant Korsbandsrapport Linda Sembrant]" (in Swedish). Damfotboll.com. Retrieved 16 May 2013.</ref> Tyresö ya nna le phutlhamo ya tsa madi ka setlha sa 2014 mme ba ikgogela morago mo liking babo ba lesa batshameki ba tsamaya. Sembrant a iponna phudugo e e nonneng go ya kwa setlhopheng sa Fora sa Montpellier.<ref>"[https://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/damallsvenskan/article19040256.ab Sembrant går till Montpellier]". ''[[:en:Aftonbladet|Aftonbladet]]'' (in Swedish). 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.</ref> Ka Phukwi wa 2019, Sembrant a fudugela kwa Italy a ya go saena le basireletsi ba bosimega ja serie A, Juventus.<ref>"[https://www.juventus.com/en/news/news/2019/welcome-to-juventus-linda-sembrant.php Welcome to Juventus, Linda Sembrant!]". ''Juventus.com''.</ref> Ka Firikgong wa 2024, Sembrant a isiwa kadimong kwa [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|Bayern Munich]] go fitlhelela setlha sa 2023–24 se fela.<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/news/2024/01/fc-bayern-women-sign-linda-sembrant-on-loan-from-juventus FC Bayern sign Linda Sembrant on loan from Juventus]". ''fcbayern.com''. FC Bayern München. 15 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.</ref> == Metswedi == dy0jmioedp6vdk7guinp1sfuqbb2tbj 0 9742 55670 44676 2026-09-26T00:54:33Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|club-update=17:45, 9 July 2023 (UTC)|nationalteam-update=17:45, 9 July 2023|name=Erin Nayler|image=Erin Nayler (cropped).jpg|caption=Nayler playing for New Zealand in 2019|full_name=Erin Nicole Nayler<ref name="FIFA 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=List of Players – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup |work=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |access-date=20 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306125454/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |archivedate=6 March 2025}}</ref>|birth_date={{birth date and age|1992|4|17|df=yes}}<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|birth_place=[[Auckland]], New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/people/erin-nayler/ |title=Profile|publisher=[[New Zealand Football|NZF]]|access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>|height={{height|m=1.76}}<ref name="FIFA 2015"/>|position=[[Goalkeeper (football)|Goalkeeper]]|currentclub=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]|clubnumber=23|clubs1=[[Lynn-Avon United]]|clubs2=[[Forrest Hill Milford]]|clubs3=[[Eastern Suburbs AFC]]|clubs4=[[Norwest United AFC]]|years4=2015|clubs5=[[Sky Blue FC]]|years5=2016|caps5=0|goals5=0|clubs6=[[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin]]|years6=2016–2017|caps6=0|goals6=0|clubs7=[[Grenoble Foot 38]]|years7=2017|caps7=11|goals7=0|clubs8=[[FC Girondins de Bordeaux (women)|Bordeaux]]|years8=2017–2020|caps8=32|goals8=0|clubs9=[[Reading F.C. Women|Reading]]|years9=v|caps9=1|goals9=0|clubs10=[[Umeå IK]]|years10=2022|caps10=22|goals10=0|nationalteam1=[[New Zealand women's national under-20 football team|New Zealand U-20]]|nationalyears1=2010–2012|nationalcaps1=10|nationalgoals1=0|nationalteam2=[[New Zealand women's national football team|New Zealand]]|nationalyears2=2013–|nationalcaps2=84<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=12226024|title=Football Ferns squad revealed for World Cup|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=29 April 2019|access-date=9 June 2024|archivedate=12 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912193735/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=12226024}}</ref>|nationalgoals2=0}} '''Erin Nicole Nayler''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Moranang a le lesome le bosupa ka 1992) ke motshameki wa kwa New Zealand wa motshwaradino wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale, yo o tshamekang kwa [[FC Bayern Munich (bomme)|Bayern Munich]] ya Frauen-Bundesliga.<ref>"[https://fcbayern.com/frauen/en/news/2023/08/fc-bayern-women-sign-erin-nayler FC Bayern Women sign goalkeeper Erin Nayler]". ''fcbayern.com''. FC Bayern Munich. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</ref> O emetse New Zealand kwa maemong a boditshabatshaba.<ref>"[http://www.ultimatenzsoccer.com/FootballFerns/id38.htm Caps 'n' Goals, New Zealand Women's national representatives]". The Ultimate New Zealand Soccer Website. Retrieved 10 October 2011.</ref> == Botshelo ja pele == [[Setshwantsho:Erin Nayler 2018.jpg|thumb|'''Erin Nayler 2018''']] Nayler o simolotse go tshameka ele motshwaradino a le dingwaga tse di lesome.<ref name=":0">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160810003303/http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/thrill-of-the-save-fuels-nayler/ Thrill of the save fuels Nayler | New Zealand Football]". ''Nzfootball.co.nz''. 4 March 2015. Archived from [http://www.nzfootball.co.nz/thrill-of-the-save-fuels-nayler/ the original] on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</ref> A tshamekela Westlake Girls High School, rraagwe, Mark e le mokatisi, Nayler a fenya dikgaisano tsa sekolo se segolwane di le dintsi pele a aloga ka 2009.<ref>"[http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/north-shore-times/527575/Westlake-Girls-High-take-out-the-champs Westlake Girls High take out the champs]". ''Stuff''. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2019.</ref> Morago ga foo a ya kwa Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne ka 2010,<ref>"[http://www.gomastodons.com/news/2010/2/3/020310aac_484.aspx Fort Wayne Mastodons Athletics – Women's Soccer Adds Three to 2010 Roster]". ''Gomastodons.com''. 3 February 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</ref> a nna ngwaga o le mongwe a tshamekela IPFW Mastodons ebile a ithutela baelogi.<ref>"[http://www.gomastodons.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=789 Fort Wayne Mastodons Athletics – Erin Nayler – 2010 Women's Soccer]". ''Gomastodons.com''. Retrieved 19 August 2016</ref> O ne a tsaya digerata tsa Molecular Biology kwa Massey University.<ref name=":0" /><ref>"[https://rollagranola.com/blogs/athletes-influencers-and-more/rollagranola-meets-new-zealand-football-star-erin-nayler Rollagranola Meets… New Zealand Football Star Erin Nayler!]". Rollagranola. 5 March 2020.</ref> Le fa a kile a beeletswa kwa Jordan Carter,<ref>McFadden, Suzanne (19 July 2021). "[https://newsroom.co.nz/2021/07/19/olympic-bonds-the-ferns-keeper-and-her-dive-teacher/ Olympic Bonds: The Ferns keeper and her dive teacher]". ''Newsroom''.</ref> esale ka 2022 o mo botsalanong le mosadi, mokatisi wa batshwaradino Mikaela Jacobson.<ref>"[https://www.l-mag.de/news-1010/fussball-wm-rekord-ueber-100-lesbische-und-queere-spielerinnen.html Fußball-WM-Rekord: Über 100 lesbische und queere Spielerinnen]". ''www.l-mag.de''. Retrieved 6 September 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == 1utmtxfv85xjqagx64c6h2ljt7e9en2 0 9764 55659 44691 2026-09-25T23:45:41Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Amel Majri|image=2019-05-17 Fußball, Frauen, UEFA Women's Champions League, Olympique Lyonnais - FC Barcelona StP 0628 LR10 by Stepro.jpg|caption=Majri with [[Olympique Lyonnais (Ladies)|Lyon]] in 2019|full_name=Amel Majri<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF|title=FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019 List of Players|publisher=fifa.com|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606143649/https://tournament.fifadata.com/documents/FWWC/2019/pdf/FWWC_2019_SQUADLISTS.PDF|archive-date=2019-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|1|25}}|birth_place=[[Monastir, Tunisia|Monastir]], Tunisia|height=1.64 m<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |title=2015 World Cup |access-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306125454/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWWC/2015/pdf/FWWC_2015_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref>|position=[[Winger (association football)|Winger]], [[left-back]]|currentclub=[[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon]]|clubnumber=7|clubs1=[[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon B]]|years1=2007–2010|caps1=21|goals1=5|clubs2=[[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon]]|years2=2010–2025|caps2=183 <!-- Regular season domestic league appearances only!-->|goals2=56|nationalteam1=Tunisia U20|nationalyears1=2012|nationalteam2=France U23|nationalyears2=2014|nationalcaps2=2|nationalgoals2=0|nationalteam3=[[France women's national football team|France]]|nationalyears3=2014–2025|nationalcaps3=74|nationalgoals3=11|medaltemplates={{MedalSport|[[Women's association football|Women's football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{FRA}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Women's Nations League]]}} {{Medal|RU|[[2024 UEFA Women's Nations League Finals|2024]]|}}|club-update=24 April 2024|nationalteam-update=28 February 2024}} '''Amel Majri''' (yo o tshotsweng ka Firikgong a le masome mabedi le botlhano ka 1993) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao e e porofeshionale yo o tshamekang ka fa letlhakoreng kana kwa morago mo molemeng kwa setlhopheng sa Division 1 Féminine sa [[Olympique Lyonnais Féminin|Lyon]] le setlhopha sa setshaba sa Fora.<ref>[http://www.olweb.fr/fr/Accueil/300104/Fiche-Joueur/2107/MAJRI-Amel?grp=3&saison=2011 Profile] in Lyon's web</ref><ref>[http://es.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250026780/profile/index.html Profile] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190622162307/https://es.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250026780/profile/index.html Archived] 22 June 2019 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] in [[:en:UEFA|UEFA]]'s website</ref> Le Lyon, o fentse bommampodi ja league makgetlho a le lesome le boraro le bommampodi ja UEFA Champions League makgetlho a ferabobedi. A tsholetswe kwa Tunisia, Majri o fudugetse kwa France a sale monyennyane. O tshameketse ditlhopha tsa Tunisia U20 le France U23 pele a dira tshameko ya gagwe ya ntlha le setlhopha se segolo sa France ka 2014. == Botshelo ja pele == Majri o tsholetswe kwa Monastir, Tunisia mme a fudugela kwa France a le ngwaga ga mmogo le lewelana la gagwe, Rachida,le mmaagwe, Hafsia. Ba itshetlela kwa Vénissieux lefelo la bonno la Minguettes, le le kwa toropong e e kwa ntle ya Lyon. O boela Tunisia selemo sengwe le sengwe.<ref>"[https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Sport/Amel-Majri-ado-je-savais-que-je-devais-en-faire-deux-fois-plus-que-les-mecs-1564696 Amel Majri : "ado, je savais que je devais en faire deux fois plus que les mecs"]" (in French). Paris Match. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</ref> O simolotse go tshameka kgwele ya dinao kwa Tunisia a le dingwaga tse nne le malomaagwe. O ne a tlhokotsa botsipa ja gagwe ka go dirisa dibolo tsa thenese ebile o ne a fetsa dilemo tsa gagwe kwa matshitshing a lewatle a Tunisia a tshameka kgwele ya dinao ya letshitshi. Kwa France, o ne a tshameka metshameko ya five-a-side le basimane mo tikologong ya gagwe go fitlhela a nna dingwaga tse lesome le bobedi, le kwa sekolong. Fa a mmona kwa matshamekelong a sekolo, morutabana wa gagwe wa sekolo se sebotlana a gatelela gore a ye kwa setlhopheng, selo se kwa ntlheng Majri a neng a le kgatlhanong naso. Fa go ntse go ya, a ya kwa l'AS Minguettes kwa e neng e le ene mosetsana fela mo setlhopheng. Dingwaga tse pedi moragonyana, a tsewa ke Lyon a le dingwaga tse lesome le bone.<ref>"[http://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/coupe-du-monde/mondial-feminin-tunisie-minguettes-et-jumelles-aux-origines-d-amel-majri-26-06-2019-8102796.php Mondial féminin : Tunisie, Minguettes et jumelles...Aux origines d'Amel Majri]" (in French). Le Parisien. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</ref> == Botshelo ja gagwe == Majri ke mo Moslem. O nyetswe ka 2012.<ref>"[https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Sport/Amel-Majri-ado-je-savais-que-je-devais-en-faire-deux-fois-plus-que-les-mecs-1564696 Amel Majri : "ado, je savais que je devais en faire deux fois plus que les mecs"]" (in French). Paris Match. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</ref> Majri o ne a tshola morwadie, Maryam ka Phukwi wa 2022. Majri o boetse go tshameka kgwele ya dinao ka Sedimonthole wa 2022, dikgwedi tse tlhano a seo abo a nna mme wa ntlha wa boditshabatshaba wa fora go tla tirong ka ngwana yo monnye.<ref>"[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/member-associations/france/articles/amel-majri-france-interview-womens-world-cup-2023 Majri talks motherhood, Renard and World Cup hopes]". ''[[:en:FIFA+|FIFA+]]''. 22 July 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</ref> O ne a tla ka morwadie kwa ikatisong kwa Clairefontaine pele ga sejana sa lefatshe sa 2023.<ref>Jucobin, Raphaël (4 April 2023). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20230411153558/https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2023/france-left-back-amel-majri-brings-her-baby-daughter-to-national-team-set-up/ FRANCE LEFT-BACK AMEL MAJRI BRINGS HER BABY DAUGHTER TO NATIONAL TEAM SET-UP]". ''Get French Football News''. Archived from [https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2023/france-left-back-amel-majri-brings-her-baby-daughter-to-national-team-set-up/ the original] on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == rn8sktb3758fl9de1vlgt4yloa0kdud 0 10510 55689 48974 2026-09-26T04:46:19Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Birth_name=Zandile Nxumalo|birth_date={{birth date and age|2003|01|06}}|birth_place=[[Eswatini]]|Origin=Swazi-South Africa|Genre=[[Amapiano]]|Occupations=Singer-songwriter|instruments=Vocals|Years_active=2022{{ndash}}present|Label=KWA NXUMALO}} '''Zandile Nxumalo''' (o tshotswe ka Ferikgong a le malatsi a marataro 2003<ref>Maliba, Amanda (22 July 2022). [https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2022-07-22-social-media-puts-zee-nxumalo-on-crest-of-a-wave/ "Social media puts Zee Nxumalo on crest of a wave"]. ''SowetanLIVE''. Retrieved 17 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref>) yo o itsegeng e le '''Zee Nxumalo''', ke moopedi le mokwadi wa dipina tsa [[Aforika Borwa]] wa kwa [[Eswatini|Swazi]].<ref>Phiri, Janice (21 January 2024). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/zee-nxumalo-brings-amapiano-fire-to-mzansi-20240121 "Zee Nxumalo brings Amapiano fire to Mzansi"]. South Africa: News24. Retrieved 17 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Shumba, Ano (28 June 2022). [https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-zee-nxumalo-drops-debut-ep-kwanxumalo "SA: Zee Nxumalo drops debut EP KwaNxumalo"]. ''Music in Africa''.</ref> Pina ya gagwe ya "Funk 55", e e golotsweng ka 2023, e ne ya dira gore a atlege thata mme ya amogelwa ka 5× Platinum mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250320093545/https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/26521/funk-55-goes-5x-platinum "Funk 55 Goes 5× Platinum"]. ''slikouronlife.co.za''. Archived from [https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/26521/funk-55-goes-5x-platinum the original] on 20 March 2025. Retrieved 17 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref><ref>Reporter, E. D. N. (10 April 2024). [https://web.archive.org/web/20241219153635/https://swazidailynews.com/2024/04/10/zee-nxumalos-funk-55-certified-5x-platinum/amp/ "Zee Nxumalo's Funk 55 certified 5× platinum"]. ''Eswatini Daily News''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20240505003006/https://swazidailynews.com/2024/04/10/zee-nxumalos-funk-55-certified-5x-platinum/ the original] on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 17 Ngwanaatsele 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Zandile Nxumalo o belegwe ka Ferikgong a le malatsi marataro 2003 kwa [[Eswatini|Eswatini.]] Lelapa la gagwe le ne la fudugela kwa [[Alexandra]], [[Johannesburg]] kwa a neng a fetsa bongwana jwa gagwe teng. == Tiro == Kgatiso ya gagwe ya ntlha e ne e bidiwa KwaNxumalo, e ne ya gololwa ka 28 Seetebosigo 2022. Funk 55" ya Shakes & Les, DBN Gogo le Zee Nxumalo le Ceeka RSA le Chley e ne ya gololwa ka 1 Sedimonthole 2023. E ne ya simolola kwa No. 2 mo Local Streaming Chart Top 10. Pina e nngwe ya gagwe Thula Mabota le Pabi Cooper le 031choppa, featuring Shakes & Les e ne ya gololwa ka 29 Mopitlwe 2024. E ne ya netefadiwa platinamo mo Aforika Borwa. O ne gape a tlhagelela mo Ama Gear le Dlala Thukzin le Funky QLA, e e nang le MK Productions, e e golotsweng ka 5 Phukwi 2024. Pina e ne ya simolola ka palo ya 5 mo Local Streaming Top 10. Kwa tshimologong ya kgwedi ya Diphalane 2024, Zee Nxumalo o ne a itsise ka motshameko wa gagwe wa Inja Ye Game, o o tla gololwang ka Ngwanatsele 15 2024. "Malume" le Djy Biza le 031 Choppa, e e nang le Springle le DJ Tira, e ne ya gololwa ka October 26, 2024, jaaka e le yone e e eteletseng pele. == Metswedi == 3rwo3y476d7mpof3q387owprfigrxkc 0 10661 55665 55343 2026-09-26T00:40:33Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa bokgoba''' di paraletse dingwao, mafatshe le ditumelo go tswa goo lowe go tsena gompieno. Ka mo go tshwanang, batswasetlhabelo ba jone ba tswa kwa merafeng le ditumelo tse di farologaneng. Maemo a makgoba a setho, itsholelo le tsa semolao a farologane mo mfaratlhatlheng a a garologaneng a bokgoba, mo dinakong tse di farologaneng le mafelo.<ref>Klein, Herbert S.; III, Ben Vinson (2007). ''African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean'' (2nd ed.). New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0195189421|978-0195189421]]</bdi>.</ref> Bokgoba bo fitlhetswe mo merafeng ya batsumi-bakgobokanyi, e le bokgoba jo ba bo jang boswa,<ref>Hunt, Peter (2015). "Slavery". ''The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE''. '''4''': 76–100. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history/slavery/DAC9CCCA6D9A5370C6492C6C4E5EA87D 10.1017/CBO9781139059251.006]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781139059251|9781139059251]]</bdi>. <q>Somewhat more convincing are statistical surveys of large numbers of societies that show that slavery is rare among hunter-gatherers, is sometimes present in incipient agricultural societies, and then becomes common among societies with more advanced agriculture. Up to this point slavery seems to increase with increasing social and economic complexity.</q></ref><ref>Smith, Eric Alden; Hill, Kim; Marlowe, Frank; Nolin, David; Wiessner, Polly; Gurven, Michael; Bowles, Samuel; Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff; Hertz, Tom; Bell, Adrian (February 2010). "[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2999363/ Wealth Transmission and Inequality Among Hunter-Gatherers]". ''Current Anthropology''. '''51''' (1): 19–34. doi:1[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/648530 0.1086/648530]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0011-3204 0011-3204]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2999363/ 2999363]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21151711/ 21151711]. <q>Summary characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCSS). [...] Social stratification [: ...] Hereditary slavery 24% [...].</q></ref> mme seemo sa temothuo se se oketsegang go ya ka setho le itsholelo se oketsa bokgoba jwa dithoto.<ref name=":0">Hunt, Peter (2015). "Slavery". ''The Cambridge World History: Volume 4: A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE''. '''4''': 76–100. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history/slavery/DAC9CCCA6D9A5370C6492C6C4E5EA87D 10.1017/CBO9781139059251.006.] [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781139059251|9781139059251]]</bdi>. <q>Slavery was a widespread institution in the ancient world (1200 BCE – 900 CE). Slaves could be found in simpler societies, but more important and better known was the existence of slavery in most advanced states. Indeed, it is hard to find any ancient civilizations in which some slavery did not exist. Slave use was sometimes extensive.</q></ref> Bokgoba bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka nako e tlhabololo ya ntha e neng e simolola (jaaka Sumer kwa Mesopotamia<ref>Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). "Sumer". [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=ONkJ_Rj1SS8C&redir_esc=y ''Women, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society: Volume 1: The Ancient Near East''.] Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society. Vol. 1. New York: A&C Black. p. 7. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780826416285|9780826416285]]</bdi>. Retrieved 23 June 2025. <q>In Sumer, as in most ancient societies, the institution of slavery existed as an integral part of the social and economic structure. Sumer was not, however, a slavery based economy.</q></ref>, e e tswang kwa bogologolong jwa ngwaga ya 3500 pele ga ga Keresete.) Bokgoba bo a tlhagelela mo dikwalong tsa molao tsa kwa Babylon (pele ga ngwaga ya 1750), tse di bo supang e le tiragalo e e tlhomamisitsweng.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033802/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi]". Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070909114038/https://public.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM the original] on 14 May 2011. <q>e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves" Code of Laws No. 307, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".</q></ref> Bokgoba bo ne jwa anama mo lefatsheng le legologolo kwa Europe, Asia, botlhaba legare, le [[Aferika|Aforika]],<ref name=":1">Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History", ''Slavery and Slaving in African History'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38, [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/slavery-and-slaving-in-african-history/slavery-in-african-history/13784B27AE241E7705D4974746AF4A51 10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-139-03499-9|978-1-139-03499-9]]</bdi>, <q>For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.</q></ref><ref name=":2">Perbi, Akosua Adoma (2004). ''A History of Indigenous Slavery in Ghana : from the 15th to the 19th century''. Legon, Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers. p. 15. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789988550325|9789988550325]]</bdi>. <q>It is to the Neolithic period of Ghana's history that one must look for the earliest evidence of slavery. Technological advancement and dependence on agriculture created a need for labor. The available evidence indicates that around the 1st century AD farming was done by individual households consisting of blood relations, pawns, and slaves. The earliest evidence of slavery is, therefore, likely to be found in the field of agriculture." and "The retention of captives taken in battle was a recognized practice among every people before the beginning of written history. The ancient records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Persians, Indians and Chinese are all full of references to slaves and types of labor for which they were usually employed. With the Greeks and the Romans, the institution of slavery reached new heights.</q></ref><ref name=":0" /> le kwa [[USA|America]].<ref>Gallay, Alan (2016). "Indian Slavery". ''The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas''. Oxford University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780198758815|9780198758815]]</bdi>. <q>Slavery existed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas before the European arrival. Its character varied from place to place. In societies that practiced human sacrifice, slaves were captured from enemies for ritualistic purposes. This occurred, for instance, among the Aztecs in Mexico and the Indians of the Pacific Northwest. More commonly, native peoples captured enemies to procure slave laborers for agricultural production and public works projects, particularly in Central and South America. Captivity, however, was not the only rationale for enslavement.</q></ref> Bokgoba bo ne jwa nna le kwelo tlase kwa Europe ka dingwaga tsa legare mme jwa tswelela bo ntse bo diragadiwa mo mafelong mangwe. Barekeresete le ma Muslim ba ne ba tshwara ba bo ba dia ba bangwe makgoba ka dingwaga tsa dintwa kwa Mediterranean le kwa Europe.<ref>Salzmann, Ariel (2013). "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/4/3/391 Migrants in Chains: On the Enslavement of Muslims in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe]". ''Religions''. '''4''' (3): 391–411. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/4/3/391 10.3390/rel4030391]. <q>Between the Renaissance and the French Revolution, hundreds of thousands of Muslim men and women from the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean were forcibly transported to Western Europe.</q></ref>Bokgoba jwa Islam bo ne bo akaretsa Asia kwa bophirima le legare,bokone le botlhaba jwa Aforika, India le Europe go tswa ka dingwaga tse di makgolo a supa go tsena a le masome mabedi. Molao wa Islam o ne o letlelela bokgoba jwa batho ba eseng ba tumelo ya Muslim, makgoba a ne a rekisiwa go tswa kwa mafelong a eseng a Muslim: go tswa bokone ka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Balkan le ya Crimean; go tswa botlhaba ka kgwebo ya bokgoba ya Bukhara; go tswa bophirima ka kgwebo ya makgoba ya Andalusian; le go tswa borwa ka [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya go kgabaganya Sahara]], [[Kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle le lehibidu]], le [[kgwebo ya makgoba go kgabaganya lewatle la Indian]]. Ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tse di makgolo a le lesome le borataro, barekisi ba kwa Europe, ba simolola ka ba ba tswang Portugal, ba ne ba simolola [[kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic]]. Bagwebi ba le palo potlana ba ne ba tsenelela kwa teng, ba leka go tila malwetsi a bongola le borukutlhi. Ba ne ba reka ma Aforika ba magolegwa go tswa kwa magosing a bophirima jwa Aforika, ba ba isa kwa dikoloneng tsa Europe ka America. Bagwebi e ne e le metswedi ya dithoto tse di batlegang diakaretsa ditlhobolo, marumo, kopore, madi le matsela, go batla dithoto mo go ne ga baka dintwa le tse dingwe tse di neng di baka go dirwa makgba ga batho ba Aforika ka dipalo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>Thomas, Hugh (2006). ''The slave trade : the history of the Atlantic slave trade, 1440-1870'' (New ed.). London: Phoenix. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0753820568|978-0753820568]]</bdi>.</ref> Kwa India le lefatshe ka bophara, batho ba ne ba patelediwa go nna makgoba go re go nne le babereki. Bokgoba jwa kwa Atlantic bo ne jwa fokodiwa morago ga dipuso tsa Europe le America di fetisa molao o o iletsang go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a bone mo bokgobeng. Maiteko a go netefatsa kiletso ya bokgoba a ne a akaretsa [[Lekalana la sesole la Aforika Bophirima|lekalana la sesole la Aforika bophirima]] le la America la go disa kgwebo ya makgoba ya Aforika, go fedisiwa ga bokgoba kwa America, le go anama ga go laola Aforika ga mafatshe a Europe. Mo dinakong tsa gompieno, thekiso ya batho ke bothata bo bo teng. Bokgoba mo dingwageng tsa gompieno bo a tswelela ebile bo dira dipoelo di ka nna dibilione di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano a di dolara ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref name=":3">Hodal, Kate (31 May 2016). "[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/25/modern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200 One in 200 people is a slave. Why?"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''.</ref> Batho kwa dikgaolong tsa dintwa tsa sesole ga ba a sireletsega, dikoloi tsa sešha di dira gore thekiso ya batho e nne motlhofo.<ref>"[https://www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/findings/global-findings/ 10 countries with the highest prevalence of modern slavery]". ''Global Slavery Index''. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2019, go ne go na le batho ba ka nna didkadike di le masome a mane mo lefatsheng ka kakaretso ba ba neng ba kopana le bokgoba jwa mohuta mongwe, masome a mane le botlhano mo lekgolong la bone ele bana.<ref name=":3" /> Didikadike di le masome a mabedi le bone ba patelediwa go bereka, gantsi mo mohameng o o ikemetseng; didikadike di le lesome le botlhano ba mo manyalong a a pateleditsweng.<ref name=":3" /> Mefuta ya bokgoba e akaretsa, bokgoba jwa mo lwapeng, bokgoba jo bo patelediwang mo go direng dilo, go tshwara ditlhapi, moepo, kago le bokgoba jwa tlhakanelo dikobo.<ref name=":3" /> == Bokgoba jwa bogologolo le jwa sesha == Bosupi jwa bokgoba bo sale bo nna teng pele ga dipego tse di kwadilweng; tiragalo e e nnile mo dingwaong tse di farologaneng<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Historical survey: Slave-owning societies]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Archived from [https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 the original] on 23 February 2007.</ref><ref name=":2" /> ebile bo kgona go bonwa dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse di lesome le motso tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya diemo tse di dirilweng ke go tokafadiwa ga temothuo ka tlhabololo ya ntlha<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology Slavery]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 12 April 2024.</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />. Go ya godimo ga itsholelo le go ntsifala ga batho ene e le dingwe diemo tse di neng di dira gore bokgoba jwa batho ba bantsi bo kgonagale.<ref>Compare: Ericson, David F. (2000). "[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=zuzKxZ9xXLoC&redir_esc=y Dew, Fitzhugh, and Proslavery Liberalism]".''The Debate Over Slavery: Antislavery and Proslavery Liberalism in Antebellum America''.New York: New York University Press. p. 109. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780814722121|9780814722121]]</bdi>. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref>Compare: : [https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology Slavery.]''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 12 April 2024</ref> Bokgoba bo diragetse mo ditlhabololong di akaretsa [[Egypt]] o mosha, [[China]] o mosha, bogosi jwa Akkadian, Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, Israel o mosha,<ref>John Byron, ''Slavery Metaphors in Early Judaism and Pauline Christianity: A Traditio-historical and Exegetical Examination'', Mohr Siebeck, 2003, [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/3161480791|3161480791]], p. 40</ref><ref>Roland De Vaux, John McHugh, ''Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1997, [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/080284278X|080284278X]], p. 80</ref><ref>J.M. Roberts, ''The New Penguin History of the World'', pp. 176–77, 223</ref>Greece o mosha, India o mosha, bogosi jwa Roma, magosi a Islam a ma Arabea, Nubia, Aksum, magosi a pele a borwa jwa Aforika, le ditlhabologo tsa Columbia.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Historical survey > Slave-owning societies]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica.''</ref> Bokgoba jo bosha bo akaretsa go tlhakana ga bokgoba jwa sekoloto, go otlhaelwa borukutlhi, magolegwa a ntwa, go latlhiwa ga bana, le bana ba ba tsholetsweng mo bokgobeng.<ref>"Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves," by W.V. Harris: ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1999.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Mummy soles with the images of two foreign captives (332 BCE–395) - Museo Egizio - (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Mabitla a kwa Egypt a bogologoloa supa magolegwa a batswakwa a le mabedi, wa mo Syria mo molemeng le wa Nubia mo mojeng, gareng ga dingwaga tsa 332 pel ga ga Kereset le 395.]] == Aforika == [[Setshwantsho:African slave trade.png|thumb|Mmepe wa Aforika wa ditsela, mafatshe, le magosi a kgwebo ya makgoba, ka dingwaga tse di makgolo a le lesome le boraro]] Moitseanape wa ditso Fernand Braudel wa kwa France, fa a kwala ka ngwaga wa 1984, o ne a supa gore bokgoba bo sale bo nna teng mo Aforika ebile e le bontlha jwa botshelo jwa malatsi otlhe jwa mo gae mo dingwageng di le makgolo a le lesome le botlhano go tsna di le makgolo a le lesome le boferabobedi. "Bokgoba bo tsile ka ditsela tse di farologaneng mo ditšhabeng tse di farologaneng: go ne go na le makgoba a ntlo ya tshekelo, makgoba a a mo sesoleng, makgoba a mo gae le a mo matlong, makgoba a a berekang kwa masimong, kwa madirelong, jaaka ba ba isang dithoto le ba ba fa gare, le ba e leng bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:Fernand_Braudel|Braudel, Fernand]] (26 September 1984). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=n8yMAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: The perspective of the world]''. Vol. 3. [[:en:Harper_(publisher)#Harper_and_Row|Harper & Row]]. p. 435. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0060153175|978-0060153175]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka dingwaga di le makgolo a le lesome le borataro, Europe e ne ya simolola go kgapela kwa ntle lefatshe la ma Arabea mo kgwebong, ba rekisetsa makgoba a a tswang kwa Aforika batho ba America.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100523120301/http://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsD.htm NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography]". ''www.nps.gov''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20100523120301/http://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsD.htm the original] on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Batho ba lotso lwa Dutch, ba ne ba reka makgoba go tswa kwa Asia go tsena mo koloneng ya bone kwa Kapa ya Good Hope (kwa jaanong e leng Cape Town) ka dingwaga di le makgolo a le lesome le bosupa.<ref>"[https://sahistory.org.za/article/early-cape-slave-trade The Early Cape Slave Trade | South African History Online]". ''www.sahistory.org.za''. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1807, lefatshe la Britain (le le neng le setse le na le lotshitshi lo lonnye, lo lo neng lo dirisediwa go fudutshiwa ga makgoba a pele, kwa Freetown, [[Sierra Leone]]) o ne a dira kgwebo ya makgoba mo bogosing jwa gagwe gore bo seka jwa nna ka fa molaong ka molao wa 1807 wa kgwebo ya makgoba, ba bereka go kganela atolosetsa kwa mafelong a mangwe,<ref>Grindal, Peter (2016). ''Opposing the Slavers. The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade'' (Kindle ed.). London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-938-4|978-0-85773-938-4]]</bdi>.</ref> jaaka kwa [[USA|United States]] ka ngwaga wa 1808.<ref>"[https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=002/llsl002.db&recNum=0463 A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875 Statutes at Large, 9th Congress, 2nd Session]", ''The Library of Congress'', retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Kwa Senegambia, ka dingwaga tsa 1300 go tsena ka 1900, bongwe mo borarong jwa morafe bo ne bo dirilwe makgoba. Kwa dikgaolong tsa Islam tsa kwa bophirima jwa Sudan, le kwa Ghana (go tswa ka 750 go tsena ka 1076), Mali (ka 1235 go tsena ka 1645), Segou (go tswa 1712 go tsena ka 1861) le Songhai (go tswa ka 1275 go tsena ka 1591, boraro jwa batho e ne e le makgoba. Bokgoba kwa [[Ethiopia]] bo tsweletse go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 1942. Lekgotla le le kgatlhanong le bokgoba le ne la akanyetsa fa makgoba a ne a le didikadike tse pedi ka dingwaga tsa 1930 di simologa, mo bathong ba le didikadike diferabobedi go tsena ka di le lesome le borataro.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515192003/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf Twentieth Century Solutions of the Abolition of Slavery]" (PDF). Archived from [https://www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Miers.pdf the original] (PDF) on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Bo ne jwa fedisiwa ka taolo ya ga Haile Selassie ka Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>Goitom, Hanibal (14 February 2012). "[https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/02/abolition-of-slavery-in-ethiopia/ Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia]". ''On Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress''. Library of Congress. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Fa molao wa Britain o simololwa kwa Sokoto Caliphate le mafelo a a mabapi kwa bokone jwa [[Nigeria]] ka dingwaga di le makgolo a masome a mabedi, batho ba le didikadike tse pedi le tse pedi le botlhano ba ne ba dirilwe makgoba.<ref>[https://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_world_history/v007/7.1blue02.html Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936 (review)], Project MUSE – Journal of World History</ref> Bokgoba kwa bokone jwa Nigeria bo ne jwa ntshiwa mo molaong ka ngwaga wa 1936.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml The end of slavery], BBC World Service | The Story of Africa</ref> Mmega dikgang wa kwa Congo, Elikia M'bokolo fa a kwala ka bogolo jwa bokgoba mo Aforika o ne a kwala are: " Lefatshe la Aforika le ne le tseetswe didirisiwa tsa lone ka ditsela tsotlhe. Mo Sahara, go feta ka lewatle le lehibidu, go tswa kwa matshitshing a Indian le Atlantic. Dingwaga di le makdolo a le masome tsa bokgoba go atswa mafatshe a Muslim. O tswelela are: "didikadike di le nne tsa makgoba ba ne ba isiwa kwa lewatleng le lehibigu, ba bangwe e bone ba le didikadike tse nne ka matshitshi a Swahili kwa nokeng ya Indian, gongwe ba ka nna didikadike di ferabongwe kwa tseleng ya borwa jwa Aforika, ba le didkadike di le lesome le motso go tsena ka masome a mabedi (go tswa mo mokwading) ba kgabaganya lewatle la Atlantic.<ref>"[https://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa The impact of the slave trade on Africa]". Mondediplo.com. 22 March 1998. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Slaves Zadib Yemen 13th century BNF Paris.jpg|left|thumb|Marekisetso a dingwaga di le makgolo a le lesome le boraro kwa Yemen]] === Borwa jwa Aforika === [[Setshwantsho:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|thumb|Kolotsana ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya ma Arabea, e isa makgoba a Aforika go kgabaganya sekaka sa Sahara ]] Zanzibar ekile ya bo e le maemelo a dikepe a matona mo thekisong ya makgoba, ka nako ya kgwebo ya makgoba ya lewatle la Indian le ka fa tlase ga puso ya ma Arabea a Omani ka dingwaga di le makgolo a le lesome le boferabongwe, ka makgoba a le dikete di le masome a matlhano a feta ka toropo eo ngwaga le ngwaga.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast]". .nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from [http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html the original] on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Pele ga dingwaga tse di makgolo a le lesome le borataro, bontsi jwa makgoba a a neng a tswa kwa Aforika a ne a tswa kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika go ya Arabian Peninsula. Zanzibar o ne a nna maemelo a dikepe a a eteletseng pele mo kgwebong e.<ref>Vernet, Thomas (2009). ''Slave trade and slavery on the Swahili Coast (1500-1700)''. archieves.ouvertes.fr. pp. 37–76.</ref> Bagwebi ba ma Arabea ba ne ba farologana le ba Europe ka ba ne ba tle ba dire ditlhaselo ka bo bone, nako tse dingwe ba tsenelela kgakala mo Aforika. Ba ne ba farologana gape ka gore marekisets a bone a ne a itlhophela makgoba a basadi go na le a banna.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210427121842/https://blogs.uw.edu/ses9/hstcmp-358-spring-2015/body-for-trade/traditional-gender-roles-and-slavery/ Traditional Gender Roles and Slavery | Colonialism, Slavery, and Race"]. Archived from [https://blogs.uw.edu/ses9/hstcmp-358-spring-2015/body-for-trade/traditional-gender-roles-and-slavery/ the original] on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Go oketsega ga baba ba kwa Europe mo lotshitshing lo lo kwa botlhaba go ne ga dira gore bagwebi ba ma Arabea ba itebaganye le ditsela tsa di caravan go kgabaganya sekaka sa Sahara le Sahel go ya bokone jwa Aforika. Motlhatlhami wa kwa Germany Gustav Naxchtigal o ne a bega fa a bone dikolotsana tsa di caravan tsa makgoba di tswa kwa Kukawa kwa Bornu di ya kwa Tripoli le Egypt ka ngwaga wa 1870. Kgwebo ya makgoba e ne e emetse motswedi wa thekiso wa kgaolo ya Bornu ka dingwaga tsa 1898. Dikgaolo tse di kwa botlhaba jwa Central African Republic ga di ise ke di tlhole di siamelwa morago ga ditlamorago tsa ditlhaselo tsa dingwaga tsa makgolo a le lesome le boferabongwe go tswa Sudan, mme ebile ba santse ba na le palo e potlana ya batho ya motho a le mongwe mo bophareng jwa khilomithara.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-African-Republic Central African Republic: Early history]". ''Britannica.com''. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa 1870, maiteko a mafatshe a Europe kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya makgoba a ne a baka seemo se se sa iketlang sa itsholelo kwa bokone jwa Sudan, se oketsa koketsego ya masole a ntwa ya Mahdist. Phenyo ya Madhi e ne ya baka lefatshe la Islam, le le neng la simolodisa bokgoba gape.<ref>"[https://www.american.edu/ted/ice/sudan.htm Civil War in the Sudan: Resources or Religion?]". American.edu. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref><ref>Moore-Harell, Alice (1998). "Slave Trade in the Sudan in the Nineteenth Century and Its Suppression in the Years 1877–80". ''Middle Eastern Studies''. '''34''' (2): 113–28 [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263209808701225 10.1080/00263209808701225]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283940 4283940].</ref> Seabe sa Europe mo kgwebong ya makgoba ya kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika se simolotse fa lefatse la Portugal le simolola Estado da India ka dingwaga tsa makgolo a le lesome le borataro di simolola. Go tswa ka nako eo go fitlhelela ka dingwaga tsa 1830, batho ba ka nna makgolo mabedi ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ne ba ntshiwa kwa Mozambique wa ma Potokisi ngwaga le ngwaga mme dipalo tse di tshwanang di akanyeditswe tsa batho ba e neng e le makgoba ba tswa kwa Asia go ya Philippines ka kopano ya Iberia.<ref>Allen, R. B. (2017). "[https://www.scielo.br/j/tem/a/yt3jzJWHggDttGr9qkGMJqL/?format=pdf&lang=en Ending the history of silence: reconstructing European slave trading in the Indian Ocean]" (PDF). ''Tempo''. '''23''' (2): 294–313. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.scielo.br/j/tem/a/yt3jzJWHggDttGr9qkGMJqL/?lang=en 10.1590/tem-1980-542x2017v230206]. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref>Copied content from [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]; see that page's history for attribution.</ref> Go kgabaganya ga batho ba Atlantic go ya America, mo go neng ga itshokelwa ke makgoba ba beilwe ka ditselana mo mabeelong a dikepe, e ne e le yone ntlha e le nngwe ya kgwebo ya boraro e e itsegeng, e dirwa ke ma Potokisi, ma America, ma Dutch le ba Danish-Nowergian,<ref>"[https://www.norgeshistorie.no/enevelde/1214-nordmennene-har-aldri-vaert-alene-i-verden.html Nordmennene har aldri vært alene i verden (in Norwegian)"]. .norgeshistorie.no (published by the University of Oslo). 17 October 2002. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> ba kwa France, Britain le ba bangwe. Dikepe tse di neng di gorosa makgoba kwa maemelong a Carribean di ne di tsaya sukiri, matsela, kofi di ya kwa Liverpool, Nantes, Lisbon kgotsa Amsterdam. Dikepe tse di neng di tswa kwa maemelong a Europe go ya bophirma jwa Aforika di ne di tsaya matsela, mangwe a tswa India, dintshwana tsa kopore, dijana le dipitsa, tsa tshipi tse di nang le tlhwatlhwa go gaisa gouta, dihutshe, marumo, le ditlhoblo le bojalwa. Diboko tsa bongola di ne di emisitswe kwa metsing a a tsididi a Atlantic, mme gongwe le gongwe kwa go neng go folosiwa, dipoelo di ne di diriwa. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Atlantic e ne ya ya kwa gdimo ka dingwaga di e makgolo a le lesome le boferabobedi di ya fifing, kwa palo e ntsi ya batho ba neng ba tshwarwa ba dirwa makgoba mo ditirong tsa go tlhasela go tsena ka bophirima jwa Aforika. Ditlhaselo tse di ne di dirwa ke dikgaolo tsa Aforika di tshwana le: Bono, Bogosi jwa Oyo (Yoruba), Bogosi jwa Kong, Bogosi jwa Benin, Imamate of Futa Jallon, Imamate of Futa Toro, Bogosi jwa Koya, bogosi jwa Khasso, Bogosi jwa Kaabu, bokopano jwa Fante, bokopano jwa batho ba Ashanti, bokopano jwa Aro le bogosi jwa Dahomey.<ref>Peterson, Derek R.; Gavua, Kodzo; Rassool, Ciraj (2 March 2015). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Om12BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Politics of Heritage in Africa]''. Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09485-7|978-1-107-09485-7]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>"[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-transatlantic-slave-trade The Transatlantic Slave Trade]". Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Batho ba Europe go ne go sa tlwaelesega gore ba tsene kwa teng ga Aforika, ka ntlha ya go tshaba malwetsi le go nna dingalo ga batho ba Aforika. Makgba a ne a tsisiwa kwa maemelong a dikepe kwa ba neng ba rekiwa ka dithoto. Batho ba ba neng ba tshwarwa ba ne ba isiwa ke bagwebi ba Europe kwa dikoloneng tse disha tsa lefatshe le lesha. Go akanyediwa gore mo dingwageng tse di makgolo, didikadike di le lesome le bobedi go stena ka masome a mabedi a makgoba a ne a tswa kwa Aforika ka bagwebi ba kwa Europe, ba lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ba bone ba tlhokafetseng mo mosepeleng o o makgwakgwa. Bontsi bo ne bo isiwa kwa America, mme bangwe ba ne ba ya gape kwa Europe le borwa jwa Aforika. [[Setshwantsho:Slaves ruvuma.jpg|thumb|Bagwebi ba makgoba ba ma Arabea le makgoba a bone mo nokeng ya Ruvuma (kwa e leng Tanzania le Mozambique gompieno) setshwantsho ka David Livingstone]] Fa a bua ka kgwebo ya makgoba kwa botlhaba jwa Aforika mo dikwalong tsa gagwe, David Livingstone o ne are: Go tlhofofatsa bosula jwa bone, ga go kgonagale.<ref>''[[iarchive:lastjournalsdav03livigoog|The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi]]''. Cambridge University Press. 1875. p. [[iarchive:lastjournalsdav03livigoog/page/352/mode/1up|352]]. Retrieved 23 jUNE 2025. <q>To overdraw its evils is a simple impossibility.</q></ref> Fa a tsamaya mo mawatleng a magolo a Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1866, David Livingstone o ne a tlhalosa tsela ya makgoba jaana: Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome le boferabongwe ngwaga wa 1866 - re ne ra feta mosadi a bofeletswe ka molala mo setlhareng ebile a tlhokafetse, batho ba lefatshe leo ba ne ba tlhalosa gore o ne a retelelwa ke go tsamaya le makgoba a mangwe, mme mong wa gagwe o ne a tsaya thwetso ya gore ga a tshwanela go nna thoto ya ga ope fa a fola. Ka Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le borataro - re fitile mosadi wa lekgoba a thuntshitswe kgotsa a tlhabiwe a le fafatshe mo tseleng: setlhopha sa banna se ne se eme dikgato di ka nna lekgolo mo tseleng e nngwe, se sengwe mo go e nngwe, ba lebeletse; ba ne ba re mo Arabea o o fetileng mo mosong o dirie jalo ka tenego, ka latlhegelwa ke tlhwatlhwa e a neng a mo e ntsheditse, ka o ne a sa tlhole a kgona go tsamaya. Ka Seetebosigo a le masome a mabedi le bosupa - gompieno, re kopane le monna a tlhokafetse ka ntlha ya tlala, ka o ne a le mosesane thata. Mongwe wa banna ba rona o ne a tsamaya mme a bona makgoba a le mantsi ba tshotse dithupa, ba latlhilwe ke beng ba bone ka ba ne ba batla dijo; ba ne ba le bokoa thata go ka bua kgotsa go bolela gore ba tswa kae; bangwe ba ne ba le ba botlana thata.<ref>''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=boicxwpPeAkC&q=We+passed+a+slave+woman+shot+or+stabbed+through+the+body+and+lying+on+the+path&pg=PA62&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=We%20passed%20a%20slave%20woman%20shot%20or%20stabbed%20through%20the%20body%20and%20lying%20on%20the%20path&f=false The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained From His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi]''. Cambridge University Press. 15 September 2011. pp. 56, 62. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781108032612|9781108032612]]</bdi>. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Bolwetsi bo bo makatsang thata bo ke boneng mo lefatsheng le go lebega e le go phatloga pelo, bo tlhasela banna ba ba gololesegileng ba ba tshwerweng ba dirwa makgoba...ba le masome a mabedi le bongwe ba ne ba sa golegiwa. Le fa go ntse jalo botlhe ba ne ba taboga ka nako e le nngwe; ba le borobabobedi ba sa ntse ba golegilwe ka dikeetane, ba ne ba tlhokafaa mo malatsing a le mararo morago ga go kgabaganya. Ba ne ba tlhalosa botlhoko jwa bone bo le mo pelong, ba baya seatla mo lefelong leo, le ntswa bontsi bo akanya gore pelo e kwa godimo ga lerapo la lebele.<ref>''[[iarchive:lastjournalsdav03livigoog|The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained From His Faithful Servants, Chuma and Susi]]''. Cambridge University Press. 1875. p. [[iarchive:lastjournalsdav03livigoog/page/352/mode/1up|352]]. Retrieved 23 June 2025. <q>the strangest disease i have sen in this country is brokenheartedness.</q></ref> ==== Seabe sa Aforika mo kgwebong ya makgoba ==== [[Setshwantsho:Gezo King of Dahomey.jpg|thumb|Gezo, kgosi wa Dahomey]] Mafatshe a Aforika a ne a na le seabe se segolo mo kgwebong ya makgoba, ebile bokgoba bo ne bo tlwaelesegile mo mafatsheng a go kgabaganya Aforika, le pele ga ma Arabea, Berber le ma Europe ba tsaya karolo. Go ne go na le mefuta e le meraro: ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ka go gapiwa, mo boemong jwa dikoloto tse di sa duelwang, kgotsa ba batsadi ba bone ba neng ba ba neetse dikgosi tsa motse. Magosi a ne a neela batho ba Arab, Berber le Ottoman kgotsa Europe makgoba gore ba ba neele bojalwa, dinatetsha dijo, matsela kgotsa dithoto tse dingwe.<ref>Tunde Obadina. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502172215/http://www.afbis.com/analysis/slave.htm Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis]". Africa Business Information Services. Archived from [http://www.afbis.com/ the original] on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Go rekisa makgoba kgotsa magolegwa go ne go tlwaelesegile mo ma Aforikeng, Turk, Berber le ma Arabea a nako eo. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa kgwebo ya bokgoba ya kwa Atlantic e oketsega, mafaratlhatlha a mo gae a a neng a dira botlhanka le one a ne a oketsega. Kgwebo ya makgoba ya Europe, e ne e le yone phetogo e e botlhokwa mo sethong, itsholello, ngwao, tumelo le polotiki ya go gweba ka makgoba. Go ne ga nyenyafatsa itsholelo le go itshetlela ga sepolotiki ka baebereki ba tlhwatlhwa ba mo metseng ba ne ba isiwa go tlola mawatle fa ditlhaselo le dintwa tsa mogae di ne di tlwaelesega. Melato e pele e neng e otlhaiwa ka ditsela tse dingwe, e ne jaanong e otlhaiwa ka bokgoba.<ref>Graeber, David. 2012. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House.</ref> Bokgoba bo ne bo ntse bo le teng kwa bogosing jwa Kongo pele ga go goroga ga ma Potokisi. Ka bo ne bo tlwaelesegile mo bogosing jwa gagwe, Afonso wa ntlha wa Kongo o ne a dumela go kgwebo ya makgoba e tshwanetse go tsamaisiwa ka molao wa Kongso. Fa a ne a belaela ma Potokisi a amagela makgoba go se ka fa molaong go ba rekisia, o ne a kwalela kgosi wa Portugal Kgosi Joao wa boraro ka ngwaga wa 1526 lokwalo lo lo neng lo mo gwetlha go emisa seo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160117073626/http://run.edu.ng/media/11850929233241.pdf "African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade"] (PDF). Archived from [http://run.edu.ng/media/11850929233241.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Dikgosi tsa kwa Dahomey di ne di rekisa magolegwa a bone a ntwa mo bokgobeng jwa kwa Atlantic, ba ba ka bong ba ne ba bolawa mo moketeng o o neng o bidiwa Annual Customs. === Ma Aforika mo dikepeng === Go falola loeto, e ne e le yone kgwetlho e tona. Go nna gaufi thata go ne go raya gore mongwe le mongwe o ne a tsenwa ke bolwetsi bo bo neng bo anama, go akaretsa ba ba berekang mo sekepeng. Loso lo ne lo tlwaelesegile mo dikepe di neng di bidiwa mabitla a a kokobetseng.<ref name=":4">Smallwood, Stephanie E. ''Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora''. 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008.</ref> Se se neng se gakgamatsa ma Aforika thata ke ka fa loso lo neng lo tshwarwa ka teng mo dikepeng. Smallwood o supa gore ngwao ya loso ya Aforika e masisi ebile ke tiro ya morafe. Mo dikepeng, mebele e ne e latlhelwa mo lewatleng. Ka lewatle le ne le emeset mewa e e maswe, mebele e e mo lewatleng e ne e emela sebodu, sekepe se emela mofuta wa dihele. Ma Aforika a a neng a falola mosepele a ne tla bo a falotse malwetsi a a tseneletseng le tlala, ga mmogo le go tshwenyega thata mo maikutlong ka go nna mo lewatleng le bulegile le loso lwa ditsala tsa bone.<ref name=":4" /> === Bokone jwa Aforika === [[Setshwantsho:Barconegrero.jpg|thumb|Sesupo sa sekepe sa makgoba se se neng se dirisiwa go isa makgoba kwa Europe le America]] Kwa Algiers ka nako ya bogosi jwa Regency of Algiers kwa bokone jwa Aforika ka dingwaga di lemakgolo a le lesome le boferabongwe, bakeresete le batho ba Europe ba le sedikadike le botlhano ba ne ba tshwarwa ba ba ba patelediwa go nna makgoba.<ref>Milton, Giles (8 June 2005). ''[[iarchive:whitegoldextraor00milt|White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam's One Million White Slaves]]'' (1st American ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0374289355|978-0374289355]]</bdi>.</ref> Se se ne sa dira gore go thuntshiwe Algiers ka dibomo ka ngwaga wa 1816 ke ba Britain le ma Dutch,ba pateletsa batho ba Algiers go golola makgoba.<ref>Baepler, B. "White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition." White Slaves, African Masters 1st Edition by Baepler. University of Chicago Press, n.d. Web. 7 January 2013. p. 5</ref> === Mo dinakong tsa sešha === [[Setshwantsho:Debarquement et maltraitement de prisonniers a alger.JPG|thumb|Makgoba a BaKeresete kwa Algiers, 1706]] Go rekisiwa ga bana go begilwe gantsi mo Nigeria o mošha le Benin. Mo dikgaolong tsa Ghana, lolwapa lo ne lo ka otlhaelwa olato ka go neela ngwana wa mosetsana o a ising a tlhakanele dikobo go nna lekgoba la tlhakanelo dikobo mo lolwapeng lo ba le tloletseng molato. Fa go ntse jaana, mosadi o ga a neelwe maemo a go nna mosadi. Mo dikgaolong tsa Ghana, [[Togo]] le [[Benin]], bokgoba jwa ntlo ya kobamelo bo tsweletse, le ntswa bo se ka fa molaong kwa Ghana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1998. Mo mokgweng o wa botlhanka, o o bidiwang trokosi kwa Ghana kgotsa voodoosi kwa Togo le Benin, makgarejwana a neelwa badimo ba ngwao go nna makgoba, ba dirisiwe mo tlhakanelong dikobo ke baruti ga mmogo le go ba berekela. Tsebe mo pampiring ya dikgang ya Middle East Quarterly ya ngwaga wa 1999 e ne ya bega gore bokgoba bo fitlhelwa thata kwa [[Sudan]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080705155607/http://www.meforum.org/article/449 My Career Redeeming Slaves]". MEQ. December 1999. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa batho ba ba tshwerweng ka ntwa ya bobedi ya kwa Sudan di tswa kwa dikete di le lesome le bone go tsena ka dikete di le makgolo a mabedi.<ref>"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan]". U.S. Department of State. 22 May 2002. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref> Ka nako ya ntwa ya kwa Sudan ya bobedi, batho ba ne ba tsenngwa mo bokgobeng go tswa ka dikete di le lesome le bone go tsena ka dikete di le makgolo a mabedi.<ref>"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/2002/10445.htm Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan]". US Department of State. 22 May 2002. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Go tshwarwa ga basadi le bana ba morafe wa Dinka go ne go tlwaelesegile. Kwa [[Mauritania]] go belaelwa banna, basadi le bana ba ka nna dikete tse di makgolo marataro, kgotsa masome a mabedi bo lekgolong ele makgoba gompieno, bontsi jwa bone ba dirisiwa ditiro tse di bokete.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml The Abolition season on BBC World Service]". BBC. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Bokgoba kwa Mauritania bo ne jwa dirwa molato ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law]". ''BBC News''. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Kwa ntwa ya Darfur e e simologileng ka ngwaga wa 2003, batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba tsewa ka dikgoka ke Janjaweed ba bo ba rekisiwa mo bokgobeng go dira ditiro tsa temothuo, batlhanka ba mo lwapeng le makgoba a tlhakanelo dikobo.<ref>Pflanz, Mike (16 December 2008). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/3795607/Darfur-civilians-seized-as-slaves-by-Sudan-military.html "Darfur civilians 'seized as slaves by Sudan military']". [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DG73E Archived] from the original on 11 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190115024705/http://slaverytoday.org/darfur-abductions-sexual-slavery-forced-labour/ Darfur Abductions: Sexual Slavery and Forced Labour]". Archived from [https://slaverytoday.org/darfur-abductions-sexual-slavery-forced-labour/ the original] on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref>"'[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7786612.stm Thousands made slaves' in Darfur]". 17 December 2008 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</ref> Kwa Niger, bokgoba bo teng. Patlisiso ya kwa Nigeria e upulotse gore batho ba ka nna dikete tse di makgolo a ferabobedi ke makgoba, boferabobedi mo lekgolong la palo ya batho ba koo.<ref>"[https://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger]". ABC News. 3 June 2005. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref><ref>Andersson, Hilary (11 February 2005). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger]". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref><ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml Slavery Today]". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Niger e ne ya diragatsa molao o o kgatlhanong le bokgoba ka ngwaga wa 2003. <ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13943662 Niger Profile]". ''BBC News''. 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref><ref>"[https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature Niger: Slavery – an unbroken chain]," ''IRIN'', March 2005 (accessed 23 June 2025)</ref> Bokgoba jwa tlhakanelo dikobo le go patelediwa go bereka go tlwaelesegile kwa Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>Kelly, Annie (19 January 2016). "[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jan/19/children-as-young-as-seven-mining-cobalt-for-use-in-smartphones-says-amnesty Children as young as seven mining cobalt used in smartphones, says Amnesty"]. ''The Guardian'' – via www.theguardian.com.</ref><ref>Kelly, Annie (23 July 2014). "[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/23/sexual-slavery-democratic-republic-congo-msf Sexual slavery rife in Democratic Republic of the Congo, says MSF"]. ''The Guardian'' – via www.theguardian.com.</ref><ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2015/243418.htm "Congo, Democratic Republic of the]". ''U.S. Department of State''.</ref> Batho ba merafe ya batho ba ba khutshwane kwa Republic of Congo le [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ba nna makgoba a Bantu go tswa fela ba belegwa.<ref>Thomas, Katie (12 March 2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090228160138/http://newsobserver.com/110/story/552528.html Congo's Pygmies live as slaves]". ''The News & Observer''. Archived from [https://www.newsobserver.com/110/story/552528.html the original] on 28 February 2009.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/16/world/as-the-world-intrudes-pygmies-feel-endangered.html As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered], New York Times</ref> Bosupi jwa gore bokgoba kwa dipolasing tsa cacao kwa bophirima jwa Aforika bo ne bo le teng, bo upolotswe kwa ngwaga wa 1990.<ref>5 Minutes 10 Minutes. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613155944/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20855855-28737,00.html West is master of slave trade guil]t". The Australian. Archived from [http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20855855-28737,00.html the original] on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> Go ya ka lephata la tsa mafatshe a sele la puso ya United States, bana ba feta dikete di le lekgolo le boferabongwe ba ne ba bereka ele makgoba kwa dipolasing tsa cacao kwa [[Ivory Coast]], e le pereko ya bana e e matlhotlhapelo ka ngwaga wa 2002.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61565.htm U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices], 2005 [[:en:Human_rights|Human Rights]] Report on Côte d'Ivoire</ref> Ka bosigo jwa Moranang a le lesome le bone go tsena lesome le botlhano, setlhopha sa ditsuulodi se ne sa tlhasela sekolo sa puso sa basetsana kwa Chibok, Nigeria. Ba ne ba tsenelela mo sekolong, ba itshupa fa ele badisa,<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/19/88-nigerian-schoolgirls-abducted-by-islamic-extremists-still-missing "88 Nigerian schoolgirls abducted by Islamic extremists still missing]". [[:en:The_Guardian|''The Guardian''.]] Associated Press. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> ba bolelela basetsana go tsamaya le bone.<ref>Maclean, Ruth (17 April 2014) [https://www.thetimes.com/uk/defence/article/nigerian-schoolgirls-still-missing-after-military-fabricated-rescue-pmbl90ls2hj Nigerian schoolgirls still missing after military 'fabricated' rescue] The Times, (may need a subscription to view online), Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref> Palo e ntsi ya baithuti e ne ya tsewa ka diteraka, go ya kwa dikgweng tsa Konduga le Sambisa kwa Boko Haram e neng e itsewe e na le dikampa teng.<ref>Maclean, Ruth (17 April 2014) [https://www.thetimes.com/uk/defence/article/nigerian-schoolgirls-still-missing-after-military-fabricated-rescue-pmbl90ls2hj Nigerian schoolgirls still missing after military 'fabricated' rescue] The Times, (may need a subscription to view online), Retrieved 23 June 2025</ref> Matlo kwa Chibok a ne a fisiwa ka nako ya tiragalo e. Go ya ka mapodisi, bana ba ka nna makgolo a mabedi, masome a supa le borataro ba ne ba tsewa ka tlhaselo e, ba le masome a matlhano le boraro ba iphalotsa ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mabedi. Dipego tse dingwe si supa fa basetsana ba le makgolo a mararo, masome a mabedi le boferabongwe ba ne ba tsewa ka dikgoka, ba le masome a matlhano le boraro ba iphaloditse fa ba le makgolo a mabedi masome a supa le borataro ba santse ba sa bonwe. Baithuti ba ne ba patelediwa go fetogela kwa tumelong ya Islam le go nyala maloko a Boko haram, ka tlhwatlhwa ya dikete tse pedi tsa madi a Nigeria kgotsa lesome le bobedi, le botlhano jwa di dolara tsa America. Botsi jwa baithuti ba ne ba isiwa kwa maftsheng a a mabapi a Chad le Cameroon, go supiwa fa ba bonwe ba kgabaganya molelwane, le kwa sekgweng sa Sambisa kwa e leng botshabelo jwa Boko Haram.<ref>Heaton, Laura (30 April 2014). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10797454/Nigeria-kidnapped-schoolgirls-sold-as-wives-to-Islamist-fighters.html "Nigeria: kidnapped schoolgirls 'sold as wives to Islamist fighters']". ''The Daily Telegraph''. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/wOs0b Archived] from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> === Kgwebo ya makgoba kwa Lybia === Ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi kwa Lybia, batho ba koo ba ne ba simolola go tshwara<ref>"[https://shoebat.com/2017/04/12/muslims-are-taking-countless-africans-as-slaves-starving-them-to-death-selling-them-and-taking-the-women-to-rape-them/ Muslims Are Taking Countless Africans As Slaves, Starving Them To Death, Selling Them And Taking The Women To Rape Them]". 13 April 2017.</ref> ma Aforika a a neng a kgabaganya a leka go ya kwa Europe ba ba rekisa mo kgwebong ya makgoba. Makgoba gantsi ba malwapa ba bolelelwa go ba golola ka tlhwatlhwa, fa go santse go emetswe tuelo ba a sotliwa, ba patelediwe go bereka, nako tse dingwe ba berekisiwa go fitlhelela ba tlhokafala, gongwe ba felele ba bolawa kgotsa ba tlogelwa ba bolawa ke tlala fa tuelo e sa dirwa morago ga nako e e beilweng. Basadi ba tseelwa dikobo ka dikgoka ba dirisiwe e le makgoba a tlhakanelo dikobo ba bo ba rekisediwe mafelo a diaka.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39567632 African migrants 'sold in slave markets]'". ''BBC News''. 11 April 2017.</ref><ref>Graham-Harrison, Emma (10 April 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/10/libya-public-slave-auctions-un-migration "Migrants from west Africa being 'sold in Libyan slave markets'"]. ''The Guardian'' – via www.theguardian.com.</ref><ref>"[https://nation.africa/kenya/news/africa/African-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-/1066-3886812-5hy4xoz/index.html African migrants sold as 'slaves' in Libya]". 3 July 2020.</ref> Bontsi jwa bana ba batswakwa le bone ba a sotliwa ba bo ba dirisiwe dikgoka mo tlhakanelong dikobo kwa Lybia.<ref>Adams, Paul (28 February 2017). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39109585 "Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub"]. ''BBC News''.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170910085159/http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef"]. 28 February 2017. Archived from [http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef the original] on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == 2ul2uptb5yoovbcgs5gnabwe1leos7m 0 10901 55666 41674 2026-09-26T00:41:21Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person|name=Donatien Mahele Lieko Bokungu|image=General Mahele during a speech to the Zairian Armed Forces, 1991-1993.png|birth_date=Moranang a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 1941|death_date=Motsheganong a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1997 ale dingwaga dile masome a matlhano le borataro|birth_place=Equateur, kwa Belgian Congo|death_place=Kinshasa, kwa Zaire|allegiance=Congo-leopoldville go tswa ka 1965 go tsena 1971|branch=Zairian Armed Forces|serviceyears=1965 go tsena 1997|rank=Molaodi|battles=Shaba I Shaba II}} '''Donatien "Marc" Mahele Lieko Bokungu''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Moranang a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa 1941, a tlhokafala ka Motsheganong a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa 1997) e ne e le moeteledipele wa sesole sa Zaire wa tlhwatlhwa o o berekileng e le ramasole wa bofelo wa ka nako ya puso ya ga [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Mobutu Sese Seko.]]<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/13/world/foes-of-congo-leader-disrupt-funeral-service.html "Foes of Congo Leader Disrupt Funeral Service."] ''New York Times'', June 13, 1997. Accessed on 29 July 2025</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == A tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1941, Mahele, mmetli ka kgwebo,<ref name=":0">[https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin3.html "Zaire: IRIN Briefing Part III, 02/27/97"] United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs Integrated Regional Information Network. Accessed on 29 July 2025</ref> o tsholetsweng kwa kgaolong ya ga Mobutu ya Equateur,<ref>Wrong, Michela. ''In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''. First Perennial. 2002. Page 265</ref> mme ene o ne a sa tswa mo morafeng wa Ngbandi <ref name=":1">Wrong, p. 283</ref>jaaka Mobutu,e ne e le wa morafe wa Mbuza.<ref name=":0" /> E le mongwe wa boramasole ba ba palo potlana ba ba neng ba sa sikane le Mobutu,<ref name=":0" /> o ne a farologane ka a ne a kgonne go fitlhelela maemo a gagwe ka bo ene, e seng ka botsalano jwa sepolotiki.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">French, Howard W. (2005). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=RRjPlT6CUToC&redir_esc=y ''A Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa''. First Vintage Books]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1400030279|<bdi>978-1400030279</bdi>.]]</ref> A katiseditswe kwa France, e ne e le leloko la ba ba katang Mobutu ka dingwaga tsa 1970.<ref name=":0" /> O lole mo ntweng ya Shaba l,<ref name=":2" /> a nna mo maemong a ka ntwa ya Shaba II.<ref name=":0" /> O ne a itlhoma kwa pele ka nako ya dintwa tsa shaba ka maitshwaro a gagwe a mantle.<ref name=":2" /> Morago ga Shaba II, o ne a tlhatlhosiwa maemo go nna ramasole, a bo a neelwa taolo ya sesole sa diberethe tsa dikhibidu.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1990, o ne a etelela pele lekgamu le le faphegileng la ga tautona le le neng le rometswe kwa Rwanda go thusa tsala ya ga Mobutu e e neng e tenegile ebong tautona Juvenal Habyarimana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Melvern, Linda. ''Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide''. Verso. 2006. Page 14</ref><ref>[https://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0199) ''Zaire: A Country Study'',] "Zaire as a Military Aid Donor." Accessed on 29 July 2025</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, o ne a thusa go emisa ditlhaselo, go gapa le mwgwanto ya masole le beng gae kwa Kinshasa.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=SuXZAwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Cooper 2013], p. 8.</ref> Mahele o a neng a itsewe e le motho o o ka senyetseng setshaba mo mafatshe ka kakaretso, o ne a ratiwa thata ke batho ba Zaire ba mo gae ka a ne a kokobaditse ditlhaselo tsa masole a ga Mobutu  ka dingwaga tsa 1990, le fa go ntse jalo, boramasole ba bangwe ba Zaire ba ne ba sa mo rate thata ka mabaka a a tshwanang.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> E ne e le motho o o kgalang thata tshenyetso setšhaba ya puso kwa Zaire.<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=RRjPlT6CUToC&redir_esc=y French 2005], p. 207.</ref> Morago, o ne a tlhopiwa ke Mobutu go nna moeteledipele wa masole , mme tumelo ya gagwe ya gore masole ga a a tshwanela go sala polotiki morago le gore a tshwanetse go arabela batho ba Zaire, e ne ya seka ya itumedisa tautona, o a neng a mo emisetsa ka ramasole o mongwe ka ponyo ya leitlho.<ref name=":0" /> Mahele o ne a neelwa setlhogo se se senang maemo, a fetsa dingwaga di le tharo a batla ditshono tsa kgwebo ebile a tibile.<ref name=":0" /> Ka nako ya [[ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo]], o ne a busiwa go tswa mo go rolweng marapp ga nakwana, a thapiwa go nna moeteledipele wa babereki ba sesole, mothusa tona, le tona wa tshireletso ya lefatshe le dikgang tsa masole a pele,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19990220054523/http://www.congonline.com/Politiq/goulikul.htm List of Prime Minister Likulia Bolongo's Cabinet member]s^{[''usurped'']} CongoOnline.com. Accessed on 29 July 2025</ref> a filwe thomo ya go fetola sesole sa Zaire le go fenya ditsuolodi tsa ga Laurent Kabila.<ref name=":0" /> Letsatsi pele ga Mobutu a thankgolwa, Mahele o ne a bolawa ke ba ba neng ba eme Mobutu nokeng,<ref name=":3">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/fooc50/4173100.stm "Hope and retribution in Zaire."] BBC News, May 24, 1997. Accessed on 29 July 2025</ref> ka a ne a likile go buisana ka go ineela mo go iketlileng le Kabila, gore ba kgone go kganela ntwa ya bofelo kwa toropokgolong ya Kinshasa, le go fema batho ba lone mo tshololong madi e e ka bong e ne ya nna teng.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128004623/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/17/zaire.rebels/index.html "Kabila declares himself president of Zaire."] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061128004623/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/17/zaire.rebels/index.html Archived] 2006-11-28 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] ''CNN'', May 17, 1997. Accessed on 29 July 2025</ref> Morwa Mobutu ebong Kongulu Mobutu, o ne a belaelwa ke bangwe gore o na le seabe mo polaong ya ga Mahele,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/18/world/mobutu-s-son-lingers-reportedly-settling-scores.html "Mobutu's Son Lingers, Reportedly Settling Scores."] ''New York Times'', May 18, 1997. Accessed on 29 July 2025</ref> fa ba bangwe, ba akaretsa kgaitsadie Kongulu ebong Nzanga, ba latola se.<ref>Wrong, p. 286</ref> == Metswedi == 5j3ibptheuy624e8pggj1vbsxmmmvk8 0 13148 55669 49583 2026-09-26T00:53:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55669 wikitext text/x-wiki Go tswa mo Wikipedia, bukakgakololo e e gololesegileng. '''Embeth Jean Davidtz''' (o tshotswe ka 11 Phatwe 1965)<ref>"Happy Birthday to...". ''[[:en:The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)|The Sun (United Kingdom)]]''. August 11, 2015. p. 40.</ref> ke modiragatsi wa Amerika le Aforika Borwa le mokaedi. O tlhageletse mo difiliming tse di jaaka ''[[Schindler's List]]'', ''[[Matilda]]'', ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary]]'', le ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]'', le mo mananeong a thelebishene a ''[[In Treatment]]'', ''[[Californication]]'', le ''[[Mad Men]]''. Ka 2024, Davidtz o dirile tlhagelelo ya gagwe ya ntlha jaaka mokaedi ka ''Don't [[Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight]]'', kgatiso ya pego ya botshelo e e gaisang thata ya leina le le tshwanang ka Alexandra Fuller e e buang ka go golela mo polaseng kwa [[Rhodesia]], e jaanong e leng [[Zimbabwe]]. Filimi eno e ne ya nna le pontsho ya yone ya ntlha ya Canada kwa 2024 [[Toronto International Film Festival]] (TIFF).<ref>D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 22, 2024). [https://deadline.com/2024/07/2024-toronto-film-festival-lineup-movies-list-1236017283/ "TIFF Galas & Special Presentations Lineup Includes World Premieres From Angelina Jolie, Mike Leigh, Gia Coppola; Starry Pics With Jennifer Lopez, Lily James, Dave Bautista; Int'l Premieres 'Conclave' & 'Piece By Piece', More"]. ''Deadline''. Retrieved July 23, 2024</ref> == Botshelo jwa Pele == Davidtz o tshotswe ka 11 Phatwe 1965, kwa [[Lafayette, Indiana]], ke batsadi ba Aforika Borwa John le Jean Davidtz, fa John a ntse a ithutela [[boenjenere jwa dikhemikhale]] kwa [[Purdue University]]. Lelapa leno moragonyana le ne la fudugela kwa [[Trenton, New Jersey]], morago la boela Aforika Borwa fa Davidtz a le dingwaga di le robongwe.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081229235334/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19980726/ai_n14163482 "Cinema: The star of Davidtz"]. ''The Independent''. Archived from [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19980726/ai_n14163482 the original] on December 29, 2008.</ref> O na le losika lwa Ma-Dutch, Maesimane, le Mafora.<ref>Schaeffer, Stephen (March 3, 1998). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120724211048/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/26926935.html?dids=26926935:26926935&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+03%2C+1998&author=TEPHEN+SCHAEFER&pub=Boston+Herald&desc=Movies%3B+Actress+Davidtz+leaves+out+sweetness+in+%60Gingerbread+Man%27&pqatl=google "Movies; Actress Davidtz leaves out sweetness in 'Gingerbread Man'"]. ''Boston Herald''. Archived from [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/26926935.html?dids=26926935:26926935&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+03%2C+1998&author=TEPHEN+SCHAEFER&pub=Boston+Herald&desc=Movies%3B+Actress+Davidtz+leaves+out+sweetness+in+%60Gingerbread+Man%27&pqatl=google the original] on July 24, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2011.</ref> Davidtz o ne a tshwanelwa ke go ithuta [[Seafrikanse]] pele a tsena ditlase kwa Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":0" /> mo John a neng a tsaya maemo a borutabana kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Potchefstroom]]. Davidtz o alogile kwa [[The Glen High School kwa Pretoria]] ka 1983 mme a ithuta kwa [[Rhodes University]] kwa [[Grahamstown]].<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160107203811/http://www.oregonherald.com/bios/links/biography.cfm?NAME=Embeth-Davidtz "Embeth Davidtz Biography And Images"]. ''Oregon Herald''. Archived from [http://www.oregonherald.com/bios/links/biography.cfm?NAME=Embeth-Davidtz the original] on January 7, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2017.</ref> == Tiro == === Tlhagelelo ya Ntlha le Tiro ya Pele === Davidtz o dirile tlhagelelo ya gagwe ya ntlha ya botshameki a le dingwaga di le 21 le [[CAPAB]] (Cape Performing Arts Board, e jaanong e itsegeng jaaka Artscape) kwa [[Cape Town]], a tshameka Juliet mo tlhagisong ya lebaleng la metshameko ya ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' kwa [[Maynardville Open-Air Theatre]]. A tshameka ka Seesimane le Seafrikanse, Davidtz gape o ne a tshameka mo ditshamekong tse dingwe tsa selegae, go akarediwa ''Stille Nag'' (Silent Night) le ''[[A Chain of Voices]]'', tseo ka bobedi di neng tsa mo bona a tlhophiwa go amogela sekgele se se lekanang le sa [[Tony Award]] sa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":1" /> Tlhagelelo ya gagwe ya ntlha ya filimi e ne ya tla ka 1988 ka karolo e nnye mo filiming ya Aforika Borwa ya segajaja ya America ya ''Mutator''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150712120657/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/84256/Mutator/ "Mutator (1989): Overview"]. Turner Classic Movies. Archived from [https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/84256/mutator the original] on July 12, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.</ref> Nakwana morago, Davidtz o ne a bona karolo e kgolwane mo filiming e khutshwane ya thelebishene ya Aforika Borwa ya ''A Private Life'', jaaka ngwana wa banyalani ba merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":1" /> Gape o fentse Sekgele sa DALRO sa Motshameki wa Mosadi yo o Gaisang wa Motshegetsi ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe mo tshamekong ya 1990 ya ''Houd-den-bek''.<ref>[https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Houd-den-Bek "Houd-den-Bek"]. Encyclopaedia of South African Theatre, Film, Media and Performance (ESAT). Retrieved July 28, 2016.</ref> Mo tshamekong e le nngwe, Davidtz o ne a tlhophiwa ka 1991 go amogela Sekgele sa Esther Roos sa Motshameki wa Mosadi yo o Gaisang mo karolong ya Motshegetsi mo filiming ya Seafrikanse. Steven Spielberg o ne a lemoga tshameko ya gagwe mo filiming ya Aforika Borwa ya 1992, ''Nag van die Negentiende'', mme a mo naya karolo ya ga Helen Hirsch mo ''[[Schindler's List]]''.<ref>[https://esat.sun.ac.za/index.php/Embeth_Davidtz "Embeth Davidtz"]. Encyclopaedia of South African Theatre, Film, Media and Performance (ESAT). Retrieved July 28, 2016.</ref> === Tiro ya Hollywood === Ka 1992, Davidtz o tshamekile karolo ya ga Sheila mo go ''[[Army of Darkness]]'' ya ga Sam Raimi mmogo le [[Bruce Campbell]] jaaka [[Ash Williams]]. Karolo ya boraro ya ''[[Evil Dead]]'' franchise e ne ya nna sekgantshwane sa boditšhabatšhaba mo isagong. Ka 1993, Davidtz o tshamekile karolo ya ga Helen Hirsch mo go ''[[Schindler's List]]'' ya ga Steven Spielberg.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160415132814/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a13419d "Schindler's List (1993)"]. ''BFI''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415132814/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7a13419d the original] on April 15, 2016.</ref> Dingwaga di le pedi morago, o ne a na le karolo ya konokono mo filiming e e ikaegileng ka nnete ya ''[[Murder in the First]]'', le ''[[Feast of July]]'' ya [[Merchant Ivory Productions]].<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190327232218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2baa07ae90 "Embeth Davidtz"]. ''BFI''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327232218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2baa07ae90 the original] on March 27, 2019.</ref> Ka 1996, Davidtz o tshamekile karolo ya ga Miss Honey, morutabana wa mophato wa ntlha wa moanelwa yo mogolo, mo go ''[[Matilda]]''.<ref>Waring, Olivia (July 8, 2016). [https://metro.co.uk/2016/07/08/matildas-miss-honey-is-now-50-years-old-and-we-cant-get-our-heads-around-it-5994389/ "Matilda's Miss Honey is now 50 and we can't get our heads around it"].</ref> Ka 1998, Davidtz o tshamekile moithutadumedi yo o thusang [[Denzel Washington]] go rarolola lephata la bosenyi la diphologolo tse di kwa godimo ga tlholego mo terameng ya sephiri ya ''[[Fallen]]'' le mosadi yo o kotsi yo o golaganeng le [[Kenneth Branagh]] mo go ''[[The Gingerbread Man]]'' ya ga [[Robert Altman]].<ref name=":2" /> Ka 1999, Davidtz o tshwantshitse mosadi wa lefatshe wa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga mo tshamekong e ntšha ya metlae ya ga [[Jane Austen]] ya ''[[Mansfield Park]]'' ya ga [[Patricia Rozema]] mme a tshameka karolo e mebedi mmogo le [[Robin Williams]] mo tshwantshonyong ya isago ya ''[[Bicentennial Man]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190327232218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2baa07ae90 "Embeth Davidtz"]. ''BFI''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327232218/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2baa07ae90 the original] on March 27, 2019.</ref> Karolo ya motshegetsi mo filiming ya 2001 ya ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' e bone Davidtz a tshameka Natasha, modirammogo le mongwe wa ba ba ratiwang ke Mark Darcy ([[Colin Firth]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180211061411/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b847e6a31 "Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)"]. ''BFI''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180211061411/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b847e6a31 the original] on February 11, 2018.</ref> Ngwaga oo, o simolotse go tshameka mo terameng ya CBS ya ''[[Citizen Baines]]'', a tshameka ngwana wa mosadi wa leloko la [[Senate ya United States]] le le fentsweng ([[James Cromwell]]) eo le ene a lebileng tiro ya dipolotiki.<ref>[https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/citizen-baines/cast/1000267849/ "Citizen Baines"]. ''TVGuide.com''.</ref> Dikarolo tse dingwe di ne di akaretsa diterama tsa segajaja tse di jaaka ''[[Thirteen Ghosts]]'' tsa 2001 mmogo le [[Tony Shalhoub]].<ref>Ebert, Roger. [https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/13-ghosts-2001 "13 Ghosts movie review & film summary (2001) | Roger Ebert"]. ''www.rogerebert.com/''.</ref> Ka 2002, o tlhageletse mo terameng ya ga [[Michael Hoffman]] ya ''[[The Emperor's Club]]''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211128140039/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b864181c9 "The Emperor's Club (2002)"]. ''BFI''. Archived from [https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b864181c9 the original] on November 28, 2021.</ref> Ka 2005, Davidtz o tshamekile moanelwa mo go ''[[Junebug]]'', [[morekisi wa botaki]] wa kwa ntle yo o tswang Chicago yo o tlisitsweng kwa [[North Carolina]] go kopana le lelapa la monna wa gagwe la ntlha.<ref>[https://www.allmovie.com/movie/junebug-v319336 "Junebug (2005) - Phil Morrison, Manu Boyer | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related"] – via www.allmovie.com.</ref> Davidtz gape o tlhageletse jaaka moeng mo letotong la terama la ABC la ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' jaaka kgaitsadie Ngaka Derek Shepherd, Nancy Shepherd, mo karolong ya Sefofane 3 ya "[[Let the Angels Commit]]" le karolo ya sefofane 15 ya "[[Good Shepherd]]".<ref>[https://www.allmovie.com/movie/greys-anatomy--let-the-angels-commit-v401022 "Grey's Anatomy : Let the Angels Commit (2006) - Jessica Yu, Herbert Davis, Debbie Allen | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related"] – via www.allmovie.com.</ref> Ka 2008, o ne a na le karolo ya ka metlha mo ''[[In Treatment]]'' ya HBO jaaka Amy, karolo ya banyalani ba ba sa utlwaneng mmogo le [[Josh Charles]] yo o tshamekang Jake.<ref>[https://www.allmovie.com/artist/embeth-davidtz-p17230/other_appearances "Embeth Davidtz | TV, Documentary and Other Appearances"]. AllMovie.</ref> Davidtz o tshwantshitse mosadi yo o sa ikanyegang le yo o madimabe wa mopoeletsi wa ga [[Anthony Hopkins]] mo terameng ya 2007 ya ''[[Fracture]]''.<ref>[https://www.allmovie.com/movie/fracture-v345081 "Fracture (2007) - Gregory Hoblit | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related"] – via www.allmovie.com.</ref> Go tloga ka 2009 go fitlha ka 2012, Davidtz o tshamekile [[Rebecca Pryce]], mosadi wa ga [[Lane Pryce]], mo lenaneong la thelebishene la AMC la ''[[Mad Men]]''.<ref>[http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen/cast/lpryce Mad Men cast] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100313135045/http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen/cast/lpryce Archived] 2010-03-13 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] AMC TV</ref> Gape o tshamekile Felicia Koons, mosadi wa modulasetulo wa lefapha la thuto le mme wa tsala e kgolo ya ga Becca, Chelsea, mo ''[[Californication]]'' ya [[Showtime]].<ref>[https://www.allmovie.com/movie/californication--turn-the-page-v453755/cast-crew "Californication : Turn the Page (2007) - David Von Ancken | Cast and Crew"] – via www.allmovie.com.</ref> Davidtz o tshamekile Annika Blomkvist mo kgatisong ya 2011 ya Seesimane ya ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]''.<ref>Godley, Chris; Nordyke, Kimberly; Schillaci, Sophie (December 14, 2011). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/girl-with-the-dragon-tattoo-premiere-photos-rooney-mara-daniel-craig-273845/ "'The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo' Premiere: Who Attended, What They Wore"]. [[:en:The_Hollywood_Reporter|''The Hollywood Reporter''.]]</ref> Gape o tlhageletse mo tshamekong e ntšha ya 2012 ya Spider-Man ya ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' le mo go e e latelang ya 2014 ya ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]]'' jaaka [[Mary Parker]], mmaagwe [[Peter Parker]] yo o latlhegileng.<ref>Erbland, Kate. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211018181949/https://www.mtv.com/news/2772785/review-the-amazing-spider-man-2/ "Review: 'The Amazing Spider-Man 2'".] ''MTV News''. Archived from [http://www.mtv.com/news/2772785/review-the-amazing-spider-man-2/ the original] on October 18, 2021.</ref> Ka 2016, Davidtz o ne a tsena mo setlhopheng sa ''[[Ray Donovan]]'' (sefofane 4) mo karolong ya ga Sonia Kovitzky. Go tloga ka 2019 go fitlha ka 2021, o tshamekile Paige Kessler mo ''[[The Morning Show]]'', a le mmogo le [[Steve Carell]] (jaaka Mitch Kessler), [[Jennifer Aniston]], le [[Reese Witherspoon]]. O tshamekile mofuta o mogolo wa ga Maddox Cappa mo ''[[Old]]'' ka 2021, le Judith Sanders mo ''[[Not Okay]]'' ka 2022. == Botshelo jwa Gagwe == Davidtz o nyetse mmueledi wa boitlosobodutu Jason Sloane ka 22 Seetebosigo 2002, mme ba na le bana ba le babedi: Charlotte le Asher.<ref>Sulway, Verity (August 12, 2021). [https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/matilda-cast-now-hunky-transformation-24739300 "Matilda cast now - hunky transformation, doctor, doomed marriage and cancer"]. ''mirror''.</ref> Ba nna kwa Los Angeles.<ref>Davidtz, Embeth (October 28, 2022). [https://www.instagram.com/embethdavidtz/?hl=en "embethdavidtz"]. ''[[:en:Instagram|Instagram]]''. <q>Actress. Mom. Animal lover.🐾Based in Los Angeles.</q></ref> Davidtz ke [[mosokolodi go ya mo Bojudeng]], bodumedi jwa monna wa gagwe.<ref>Grisar, P. J. (July 7, 2025). [https://forward.com/culture/film-tv/732511/dont-lets-go-to-the-dogs-tonight-zimbabwe-embeth-davidtz-interview/ "How Oct. 7 shaped a film about Zimbabwe's Civil War"]. ''The Forward''. Retrieved November 9, 2025.</ref><ref>Herman, Deb (July 10, 2025). [https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/being-south-african-becoming-jewish/ "Being South African, becoming Jewish"]. ''The Jewish Standard''. Retrieved November 9, 2025.</ref> Ka 2013, Davidtz o ne a tsaya kalafi ya [[chemotherapy]], kalafi ya boitshireletsi jwa mmele, loaro lwa go ntsha ditshitswammungo tsa mmele le [[go ntshiwa ga mabele]] a mabedi morago ga go bona [[bolwetse jwa kankere ya letswele ya Legato la 3]].<ref name=":3">Fretts, Bruce (August 1, 2016). [http://www.vulture.com/2016/07/ray-donovan-embeth-davidtz-on-her-complicated-nude-scene.html "Ray Donovan's Embeth Davidtz Opens Up About Fighting Breast Cancer and Her Complicated Nude Scene"]. ''[[:en:Vulture.com|Vulture.com]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160801155802/http://www.vulture.com/2016/07/ray-donovan-embeth-davidtz-on-her-complicated-nude-scene.html Archived] from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.</ref> Davidtz o ne a gana go dirisa [[sekao sa letswele]] jaaka moemedi wa thoba ya letswele la gagwe mo nakong ya tiragalo ya bonya mo ''Ray Donovan'', mo Davidtz a neng a tshwantsha moanelwa yo e neng e le mopalolo wa kankere ya letswele, a tlhopha go tsenya karolo ya gagwe ya letswele le le siamisiwang ka bongwe mo letsateng la tiragalo.<ref name=":3" /> == Difilimi tse a di Tshamekileng == === Filimi === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo !Dintlha |- |1989 |''Mutator'' |Jennifer | |- |1990 |''Sweet Murder'' |Laurie Shannon | |- |1991 |''Nag van die 19de'' |Tessa | |- |1992 |''[[Army of Darkness]]'' |Sheila | |- |1993 |''[[Schindler's List]]'' |Helen Hirsch | |- |1995 |''[[Murder in the First]]'' |Mary McCasslin | |- | |''[[Feast of July]]'' |Bella Ford | |- |1996 |''[[Matilda]]'' |Miss Jennifer Honey | |- |1998 |''[[Fallen]]'' |Gretta Milano | |- | |''[[The Gingerbread Man]]'' |Mallory Doss | |- |1999 |''[[Simon Magus]]'' |Leah | |- | |''[[Mansfield Park]]'' |[[Mary Crawford]] | |- | |''[[Bicentennial Man]]'' |"Little Miss" Amanda Martin, Portia Charney | |- |2001 |''[[Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' |Natasha Glenville | |- | |''[[The Hole]]'' |Ngaka Philippa Horwood | |- | |''[[Thir13en Ghosts]]'' |Kalina Oretzia | |- |2002 |''[[The Emperor's Club]]'' |Elizabeth | |- |2005 |''[[Junebug]]'' |Madeleine Johnsten | |- |2007 |''[[Fracture]]'' |Jennifer Crawford | |- |2008 |''[[Winged Creatures]]'' |Joan Laraby | |- |2010 |''[[3 Backyards]]'' |Modiragatsi | |- |2011 |''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'' |Annika Giannini | |- |2012 |''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' |[[Mary Parker]] | |- |2013 |''[[Paranoia]]'' |Ngaka Judith Bolton | |- | |''[[Europa Report]]'' |Ngaka Samantha Unger | |- | |''Miracle Rising: South Africa'' |Ene | |- |2014 |[[The Amazing Spider-Man 2]] |Mary Parker | |- |2021 |''[[Old]]'' |Maddox Cappa (Mogolo) | |- |2022 |''[[Not Okay]]'' |Judith Sanders | |- |2023 |''[[Retribution]]'' |Heather Turner | |- |2024 |''[[Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight]]'' |Nicola Fuller |Tlhagelelo ya ntlha jaaka mokaedi |} == Thelebishene == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Karolo !Dintlha |- |1989 |''[[Screen Two]]'' |Karen yo o Golileng |Karolo: "A Private Life" |- |1992 |''Till Death Us Do Part'' |Katherine Palliko |Filimi ya TV (US eseng UK mo letoto le simologileng teng) |- | |''Deadly Matrimony'' |Dianne Masters |Filimi ya TV |- |1997 |''The Garden of Redemption'' |Adriana | |- |1998 |''Last Rites'' |Ngaka Lauren Riggs | |- |2001 |''[[Citizen Baines]]'' |Ellen Baines Croland |Dikarolo di le 7 |- |2002 |''[[Shackleton]]'' |Rosalind Chetwynd |Letoto le lekhutshwane la TV |- |2004 |''[[Scrubs]]'' |Maddie |Karolo: "[[My Tormented Mentor]]" |- |2006, 2019 |''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' |Nancy Shepherd |Dikarolo: "[[Let the Angels Commit]]", "[[Good Shepherd]]" |- |2008 |''[[In Treatment]]'' |Amy |Dikarolo di le 8 |- |2009 |''[[Californication]]'' |Felicia Koons |Dikarolo di le 10 |- |2009–2012 |''[[Mad Men]]'' |[[Rebecca Pryce]] |Dikarolo di le 8 |- |2015 |''[[The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe]]'' |[[Natasha Lytess]] |Letoto le lekhutshwane la TV |- |2016 |''[[Ray Donovan]]'' |Sonia Kovitzky |Dikarolo di le 7 |- |2019–2021 |''[[The Morning Show]]'' |Paige Kessler |Dikarolo di le 3 |- |2021 |''[[Love, Victor]]'' |Mme Campbell |Karolo: "Table for Four" |- |2022 |''[[Tales of the Walking Dead]]'' |Amanda |Karolo: "Davon" |} == Metswedi == mmhq1oupovp4z97mrik737r7afop6xy 0 13178 55685 49656 2026-09-26T04:17:05Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55685 wikitext text/x-wiki Go tswa mo Wikipedia, bukakgakololo e e gololesegileng. '''Steve Hofmeyr''' (o tshotswe ka 29 Phatwe 1964<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0389417/bio "Steve Hofmeyr Biography"]. IMDb. Retrieved 14 July 2020.</ref>) ke moopedi wa mo Aforika Borwa, mokwadi le modiragatsi yo o itsegeng ka go tlhagelela thata mo tirong ya mmino wa [[Seafrikanse]].<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2013-10-10-red-october-march-steve-hofmeyr "Red October march calls for end to black-on-white violence"]. ''[[:en:Mail_&_Guardian|Mail & Guardian]]''. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</ref> Kwa ntle ga mmino, o itsege thata ka karolo ya gagwe ya nako e telele jaaka Doug Durand mo ''[[Egoli: Place of Gold]]'', mmogo le mafoko a gagwe a a tsosang kgotlhang le botshelo jwa gagwe jwa sephiri jo bo nang le dipherekano. == Botshelo jwa Pele le Thuto == Hofmeyr o tshotswe ka 29 Phatwe 1964 kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)|Pretoria]], e le ngwana yo mogolo mo basimaneng ba le batlhano ba batsadi Stephanus Johannes Hofmeyr le Catharina Olivier. Rremogoloagwe yo a reeletsweng ka ene, Steve Hofmeyr Sr., e ne e le moeteledipele mo [[Ossewabrandwag]].<ref>Green, Phyllis (7 March 2014). [http://www.sarie.com/lewe-liefdes/boeke/steve-hofmeyr-gesels-oor-sy-nuwe-boek/#/ "Steve Hofmeyr gesels oor sy nuwe boek"]. ''Sarie'' (in Afrikaans).</ref><ref>Ebersöhn, Piet (25 July 2012). [http://perskor.blogspot.de/2012/07/eerste-sportredakteur-was-oxford-blue.html "Eerste sportredakteur was Oxford Blue én owerste van Stormjaers"] (in Afrikaans).</ref> O amogetse thuto ya gagwe ya sekolo se se potlana kwa Pretoria le [[Hennenman]], moragonyana a tsena [[Grey College]] kwa [[Bloemfontein]] mme a dira [[tirelo ya sesole e e patelediwang]] ya dingwaga di le pedi morago ga go aloga.<ref>[https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5487 "Steve Hofmeyr | TVSA"]. ''www.tvsa.co.za''. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</ref> O ithutetse terama kwa [[Technikon Pretoria]], mme a tlogela ka 1986 go leba tota mo tirong ya gagwe ya botshameki. == Dikgotlhang le Merero ya Semolao == === Kgotlhang ya News Cafe === Ka Ferikgong 2007, go ne ga nna le dipegelo tsa gore lekala le lengwe la setlhopha sa diresetšhurente tsa [[News Cafe]] le ne le sa tla tshameka pina ya ga Hofmeyr ya "Pampoen". Mookamedi yo o okameng wa khamphani e e nang le franchise eno o gana gore seo ke pholisi ya khamphani mme o supa fa batshameki ba le bantsi ba Seafrikanse, ba ba jaaka [[Karen Zoid]] le [[Arno Carstens]], ba kile ba tshameka kwa News Cafe.<ref>Eagan Williamson (4 January 2007). [http://www.news24.com/Beeld/Suid-Afrika/0,,3-975_2051223,00.html "News Cafe begin 'n ander (Afrikaanse) deuntjie sing"]. ''Beeld'' (in Afrikaans). Retrieved 8 January 2007.</ref> === Kgethololo ya Morafe === Ka 12 Motsheganong 2011, Hofmeyr o ne a golola mafoko a pina ya gagwe e ntšha e e bidiwang "Ons sal dit oorleef", e e kayang "Re tla e fenya". Pina eno e na le kgotlhang ka gonne Hofmeyr o ne a tshosetsa ka go tsenya letlhapa la morafe "[[kaffir]]" mo mafokong a pina.<ref>[http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2011/05/13/steve-hofmeyr-spits-venom "Steve Hofmeyr spits venom"]. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.</ref> Hofmeyr o ne a ntsha lefoko le le kgopisang mo pineng ya gagwe, a re lefoko leo le ne le tla kgopisa ditsala le badirammogo ba gagwe ba Bantsho.<ref>Sapa (17 May 2011). [http://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-17-kword-will-offend-my-black-friends-says-hofmeyr "K-word will offend my black friends, says Hofmeyr"]. Retrieved 20 May 2011.</ref> Ka 2011, o ne a itsise phatlalatsa gore o tshegetsa setlhopha sa bobuatsi jwa Maafrikanere sa "Expedition for Afrikaner Self-Determination" (Onafhanklike Afrikaner Selfbeskikkingsekspedisie, OASE).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjTmH5OXGvA "Steve Hofmeyr Supports OASE"]. OASE. 8 September 2011. [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/CjTmH5OXGvA Archived] from the original on 22 December 2021.</ref> Hofmeyr o ne a kgalwa thata morago ga go opela pina ya pele ya bosetšhaba ya Aforika Borwa, ''[[Die Stem]]'', kwa moletlong wa setso wa Innibos kwa [[Nelspruit]] ka Phukwi 2014.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/hofmeyr-sings-die-stem-at-innibos-1.1716416#.VJgh814C8 "Hofmeyr sings Die Stem at Innibos"]. iol News. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</ref> O tsweletse go opela pina eno mo maetong a boditšhabatšhaba, mme a rotloetsa basweu ba Aforika Borwa go tswelela go e opela, a re ga e na mofuta ope wa puo ya letlhoyo. Ka Phalane 2014, Hofmeyr o ne a kwala le go golola tweet mo akhaontong ya gagwe ya phatlalatsa ya Twitter a re o dumela gore Bantsho ba Aforika Borwa e ne e le "baagi ba tlhaolele". Seo se ne sa tsosa kgalemelelo e kgolo ya phatlalatsa.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Hofmeyr-faces-Twitter-backlash-after-apartheid-post-20141028 "Hofmeyr faces Twitter backlash after Apartheid post"].</ref> Mongwe wa bakgaleleladitsela ba ga Hofmeyr e ne e le motsamaisi wa dipopae Conrad Koch ka popae ya gagwe Chester Missing, yo o simolotseng letsholo la go bitsa dikhamphani go emisa go tshegetsa Hofmeyr. Ka 27 Ngwanatsele 2014, Hofmeyr o ne a palelwa ke go bona taelo ya bofelo ya tshireletso kgatlhanong le Koch le popae ya gagwe kwa Kgotlatshekelong ya Bomaseterata ya Randburg.<ref>[http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2014/11/27/steve-hofmeyr-0-chester-missing-1 "Steve Hofmeyr 0, Chester Missing 1"]. Business Day. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</ref> Hofmeyr o ntshitse mafoko a a supang go gana tlhaolele,<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-30-chester-missing-questions-steve-hofmeyr-sponsorship "Chester Missing questions sponsorship of 'apartheid denialist'"]. ''[[:en:Mail_&_Guardian|Mail & Guardian]]''. SAPA. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</ref> se se dirileng gore babegadikgang ba le bantsi le basekaseki ba dipolotiki ba mmitseng "ditlhong tsa Aforika Borwa".<ref>Dawjee, Haji Mohamed (29 October 2014). [http://mg.co.za/article/2014-10-29-the-library-of-a-right-wing-afrikaner-nationalist "Steve Hofmeyr: 7 books from his library"]. ''[[:en:Mail_&_Guardian|Mail & Guardian]]''. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</ref><ref>Cronje, Frans. [http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71654?oid=236445&sn=Detail "Steve Hofmeyr, you're a disgrace to South Africa"]. ''PoliticsWeb''. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</ref><ref>Gous, Nico. [http://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/Algemeen/hofmeyr-in-onderonsie-oor-white-trash-20161110 "Hofmeyr in onderonsie oor 'white trash'"]. ''Netwerk24''. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</ref><ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2014-07-16-die-stem-steve-hofmeyr-and-a-die-hard-sense-of-idealism "Steve Hofmeyr, 'Die Stem' and living in the past"]. 16 July 2014.</ref> === Dikakanyo ka Merero ya LGBTQ+ === Hofmeyr o kgadile leano la Disney la go nna le baanelwa ba ba akaretsang botlhe, a tshitshinya gore eno ke tsela ya go ruta bana "tlhakanelodikobo le diphologolo" le gore "+" mo go LGBTQ+ e ka akaretsa dikamano le diphologolo.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2022-04-13-sa-human-rights-commission-wants-r500k-from-steve-hofmeyr-for-lgbtiq-comments/ "SA Human Rights Commission wants R500k from Steve Hofmeyr for LGBTIQ+ comments"]. ''TimesLIVE''. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</ref> [[Khomišene ya Ditshwanelo tsa Botho ya Aforika Borwa]] e beile dikopo tsa gore Hofmeyr a duele R500,000 go NPO e e lwelang ditshwanelo tsa setšhaba sa LGBTQ+, a bee maitshwarelo a semmuso mo setšhabeng sa LGBTQ+, a dire diura di le 20 tsa tirelo ya baagi kwa setheong sa LGBTQ+, le go tsena mokgatlho o o buang ka go akaretsa botlhe le go farologana. Go tloga ka Phalane 2023 ga go na bosupi jwa gore Hofmeyr o diragatsa ditlamo tseo.<ref>SAHRC. [https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/3074-steve-hofmeyr-faces-music-from-human-rights-commission-over-disney-bestiality-comments "Steve Hofmeyr faces music from Human Rights Commission over Disney bestiality comments"]. ''www.sahrc.org.za''. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</ref> === Dipegelo ka Dipolao tsa Basweu ba Aforika Borwa === Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[Bosenyi kwa Aforika Borwa]] le [[Tiori ya segagane ya polao ya basweu]] Hofmeyr o dirile dipegelo di le dintsi tse di amanang le dipolao tsa basweu ba Aforika Borwa. Hofmeyr o rile basweu, mme segolo thata Maafrikanere, ba "bolawa jaaka dintsi", a kwala mo [[Facebook]] gore "morafe wame o a swa". Hofmeyr gape o beile setshwantsho sa "lebalela la kgwele ya dinao la World Cup" a re le ka tladiwa ke palo ya basweu ba ba bolailweng ke Bantsho. [[Africa Check]], e leng mokgatlho wa go [[netefatsa dintlha]], e fitlhetse gore dipegelo tsa ga Hofmeyr di "fosetse le go feteletswa thata", e supa fa tota basweu ba "sa tshwanege go bolawa go feta setlhopha sepe sa morafe". Lizette Lancaster go tswa kwa [[Institute for Security Studies]] o boleletse Africa Check gore "Basweu ga ba bolawale thata go gaisa Bantsho kana Basweu-mmala ba bone." Fa Basweu ba Aforika Borwa ba le 9% ya palo ya setšhaba, ba akaretsa 1.8% ya batsholwa ba polao.<ref>[https://africacheck.org/reports/are-white-afrikaners-really-being-killed-like-flies/ "Are SA whites really being killed 'like flies'? Why Steve Hofmeyr is wrong"].</ref> === Go tloswa mo Maranyaneng a MultiChoice === Ka 30 Moranang 2019, diteng tsotlhe tse di nang le Hofmeyr di ne tsa tloswa mo maranyaneng otlhe a [[MultiChoice]], segolo thata [[DStv]] morago ga gore pina ya ga Steve ya "Die Land" (Lefatshe) e tloswe mo karong ya pontsho ya dikgele ka kopo ya Multichoice.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/channel/News/Local/from-racist-tweet-to-viral-rant-the-steve-hofmeyr-drama-unpacked-20190503 "From racist tweet to viral rant: The Steve Hofmeyr drama unpacked"]. ''Channel''. Retrieved 17 March 2022.</ref><ref>[https://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadcasting/304688-dstv-bans-any-content-with-steve-hofmeyr.html "DStv bans any content with Steve Hofmeyr"]. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.</ref> Fa a araba, Hofmeyr o ne a bitsa go lwantshiwa ga Multichoice,<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-05-21-i-insist-on-my-boycott-steve-hofmeyr-hits-back-at-being-debated-on-kyknet/ "'I insist on my boycott': Steve Hofmeyr hits back at being debated on kykNET"]. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</ref> a kopa batshegetsi ba gagwe go senya dibokoso tsa bone tsa DStv.<ref>[https://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadcasting/305150-gone-with-dstv.html "Gone with DStv"]. 5 May 2019.</ref> Ka ntlha ya seo, baopedimmogo le ene ba [[Seafrikanse]] [[Bobby van Jaarsveld]] le [[Bok van Blerk]] ba ile ba lwantsha palelwana ya mananeo a thelebishene a dikgele le dikhonsarata ka bonngwe.<ref>[https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/afrikaans-artists-boycott-ghoema-awards-in-solidarity-with-steve-hofmeyr-21552448 Afrikaans artists boycott Ghoema Awards in solidarity with Steve Hofmeyr], [[:en:Independent_Online|IOL]], April 18, 2019</ref> === Merero ya Semolao === Ka Sedimonthole 2008, Hofmeyr o ne a tshollela kgomogi ya tee e e tsiditsana mo mookameding wa makasine wa ''[[Huisgenoot]]'', Esmaré Weideman, kwa makgaolakgannyeng a ''[[Miss South Africa]]'', go begwa gore ke ka ntlha ya gore o ne a mo tsaya molato mmogo le babegadikgang ba bangwe ba le babedi ka ntlha ya tlhalo ya gagwe ya bosheng.<ref>Philip de Bruin, ''News 24'' (South Africa),[http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,,2-1225-1242_2443046,00.html "Steve gets shir-tea with editor"], 17 December 2008 [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204080823/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,,2-1225-1242_2443046,00.html (Archived link)]</ref> Weideman le Hofmeyr ba ne ba latelana ka dikgetsi tsa molao tsa tlhaselo le go tsena mo botshelong jwa motho ka bonngwe, mme ka bobedi ba ne ba busetsa dikgetsi tsa bone morago ka 2011.<ref>[http://www.legalbrief.co.za/article.php?story=20110411082345874 "Hofmeyr and editor end legal stand-off"]. Legalbrief. Retrieved 26 September 2013.</ref> Ka 19 Sedimonthole 2013, Hofmeyr o ne a tshwarwa kwa [[Bronkhorstspruit]] ka go kgweetsa ka 169 km/h mo lefelong la 80 km/h, mme a gololwa ka beile ya [[R]]500. Morago o ne a atlholelwa ke lekgetho la R10,000 kwa Kgotlatshekelong ya Bomaseterata ya Bronkhorstspruit ka 23 Ferikgong 2014.<ref>[http://www.channel24.co.za/News/Local/Steve-Hofmeyr-fined-R10-000-for-speeding-20140123 "Steve Hofmeyr fined R10 000 for speeding"]. ''Channel24.co.za''. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</ref> == Botshelo jwa Gagwe == Hofmeyr o itshupa e le [[Mokeresete]].<ref>@steve_hofmeyr (17 November 2012). [https://twitter.com/steve_hofmeyr/status/269659340179374080 "En sonder geloof is dit onmoontlik…"] ([[:en:Tweet_(social_media)|Tweet]]). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230321173433/https://twitter.com/steve_hofmeyr/status/269659340179374080 Archived] from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023 – via [[:en:Twitter|Twitter]].</ref> Hofmeyr o nyetse modiragatsi wa mosadi [[Natasha Sutherland]], yo a neng a kopane le ene mo setsong sa ''[[Egoli: Place of Gold]]'' ka 1998. Ba na le basimane ba le babedi, Benjamin le Sebastian. Banyalani bano ba ne ba tlhalana ka 2008 morago ga go senolwa ga dikamano tsa gagwe le basadi ba le mmalwa, go akarediwa le mokatisi wa boitekanelo Janine van der Vyver, mo nakong yotlhe ya lenyalo la bone.<ref>Philip de Bruin, ''News 24'', [http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Local/0,,2-1225-1242_2443465,00.html "Steve 'needs psychiatric help"], 17 December 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/hofmeyr-pays-up-in-time-for-wedding-1.1636171#.U6RvXk3QdaS "Hofmeyr pays up in time for wedding"].</ref> Morago ga kgotlhang ya molao magareng ga gagwe le van der Vyver, ba ne ba boelana mme ba nyalana ka 26 Ferikgong 2014.<ref name=":0">Heever, Megan van den (13 February 2024). [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/local-celebs/steve-hofmeyr-wife-mistress-affair-children-devon-latest/ <nowiki>"Steve Hofmeyr: Who are his children, baby mamas? [photos]"</nowiki>]. ''The South African''. Retrieved 5 March 2025.</ref> Ngwana wa bone wa mosetsana, Romy Lee, o tshotswe ka 19 Seetebosigo 2017.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-06-19-congrats-pa-steve-hofmeyr-is-a-dad-for-the-sixth-time/ "Congrats, pa! Steve Hofmeyr is a dad for the sixth time"]</ref> Hofmeyr o na le palomoka ya bana ba le barataro le basadi ba le batlhano ba ba farologaneng, mme botshelo jwa gagwe jwa sephiri jo bo nang le dipherekano bo gogile tlhokomelo ya bobegakgang gangwe le gape.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[http://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=5487 "Steve Hofmeyr"]. TVSA. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</ref><ref>[http://rollingstone.co.za/opinion/item/903-qaa-steve-hofmeyr "Q&A: Steve Hofmeyr"]. RollingStone Magazine. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa Mmino == * ''Desertbound'' (1989)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140728225518/http://stevehofmeyr.co.za/website/multimedia-links/cd-link "CD Discography"]. Steve Hofmeyr Official Website. Archived from [http://stevehofmeyr.co.za/website/multimedia-links/cd-link the original] on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.</ref> * ''Only Me'' (1990) * ''Steve'' (1991) * ''No Hero'' (1992) * ''Tribute'' (1993) * ''Tribute Volume 2'' (1994) * ''The Hits/Die Treffers'' (1994) * ''Decade'' (1995) * ''Close to You'' - pina e le nngwe (1997) * ''True to You'' (1997) * ''Die Bloubul'' - pina e le nngwe (1997) * ''Southern Cross'' (1999) * ''Die Bok Kom Weer'' (1999) * ''Beautiful Noise'' (2000) * ''Grootste Treffers Volume 2'' (2000) * ''Engele Om Ons'' (2001) * ''Toeka'' (2003) * ''Toeka 2'' (2004) * ''Grootste Platinum Treffers'' (2005) * ''Laaities & Ladies'' (2006) * ''Waarmaker'' (2007) * ''Go Bulle Go'' - EP (2008) * ''Sings Kris Kristofferson'' (2008) * ''Solitary Man – Songs of Neil Diamond'' (2009) * ''Duisend en Een'' (2010) * ''Haloda'' (2011) ([[SA]] No. 16<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119062749/http://www.rsg.co.za/ "SA Top 20"]. SABC. Archived from [http://www.rsg.co.za/ the original] on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref>) * ''25 Jaar se Bestes'' (2012) * ''Toeka 3'' (2014) (SA No. 1<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141024035421/http://www.rsg.co.za/ "SA Top 20"]. SABC. Archived from [http://www.rsg.co.za/ the original] on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref>) * ''If you could read my mind'' (2015) (SA No. 2<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151130095606/http://www.rsg.co.za/ "SA Top 20"] (in Afrikaans). [[:en:Recording_Industry_of_South_Africa|Recording Industry of South Africa]]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720034643/http://www.rsg.co.za/ the original] on November 30, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2019.</ref>) * ''Skree'' (2017) (SA No. 1<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171115165359/http://www.rsg.co.za/ "SA Top 20"]. SABC. Archived from [http://www.rsg.co.za/ the original] on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref>) * ''The Country Collection'' (2018) (SA No. 1<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190104030921/http://www.rsg.co.za/ "SA Top 20"]. SABC. Archived from [http://www.rsg.co.za/ the original] on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref>) * ''The Country Collection Vol. 3'' (2019) * ''Mamba'' (2024) * ''Dwaas'' (2025) == Difilimi tse a di Tshamekileng == === Lebala la Metshameko === * ''Summer Holiday'' * ''Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat'' * ''Die Soen'' * ''<nowiki/>'n Plek Binne Jou Seun'' * ''Sound of Music'' * ''Dis Hoe Dit Was – Die Steve Hofmeyr Storie'' * ''Lied van my Hart'' * ''Boeta se Vel Fluit'' === Filimi === * ''Kampus'' (1986) * ''[[Agter Elke Man]]'' (1990) * ''No Hero'' (1992) * ''Die Gevaar Van De AAR'' (1993) * ''[[A Case of Murder]]'' (2004) * ''Bakgat 2'' (2010) * ''Platteland'' (2011) * ''Pretville'' (2012) * ''Treurgrond'' (2015) === Thelebishene === * ''Guillam Woudberg'' (1985) * ''[[Agter Elke Man]]'' (1986–1988) * ''Egoli'' (1992–2001) * ''Sporting Chance'' (1995) * ''[[7de Laan]]'' (2007–2012) * ''Comedy Central Roast of Steve Hofmeyr'' (2012) * ''Dis Hoe Dit Is met Steve'' (2006 -) * ''Die Kwesbares'' (2020) == Metswedi == itbsmakma2llqi2lf4rxzfws4sbih1h 0 13432 55677 50360 2026-09-26T02:07:36Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letamo la Berg River''' ke letamo le le boleele jwa di mithara di le masome a marartaro le borobabobedi go ya kwa godimo mo nokeng ya Berg kwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa gare ga ditoropo tsa Franchhoek le Paarl, ke lone boremelelo jwa porojeke ya metsi a Berg lele agetsweng go tsenya metsi a pula ya mariga le goa beela go nosa [[Cape Town]] ka nako ya komelelo ka dikgwedi tsa selemo. Porejeke e ke bontlha jo bo botlhokwa jwa mafaratlnatlha a metsi a [[Kapa Bophirima]], a e leng mafaratlhatlha a matamo le dikago tsa metsi a a isang metsi mo batho ba le didikadike di le tharo. Kwa pulong ya letamo le ka 2009, tautona wa [[Aforika Borwa]] wa nako eo [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] o ne a re porojeke e o ke sekai sa gore diporojeke tsa dikago di ka dirisiwa go nyeletsa lehuma le go tokafatsa matshelo a batho mo gae.<ref name=":0">[https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/president/sp/2009/sp03051332.htm Presidency of South Africa:Address by President Kgalema Motlanthe at the inauguration of the Berg Water Project, Franschhoek^[]^{''permanent dead link'']}, 5 March 2009, retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Letamo la Berg River e ne e le letamo la ntlha kwa Aforika Borwa go agiwa go ya ka ditshetlana tsa lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la matamo.<ref name=":1">SouthAfrica.info:[https://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/infrastructure/bergdam-090309.htm#.aifT6XZByM8 Cape's Berg River Dam on line] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100727041913/http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/infrastructure/bergdam-090309.htm Archived] 27 July 2010 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], 9 March 2009, retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Le feditswe ka nako ebile le dirisa madi a a neng a le seegeletswe kwa thoko.<ref name=":2">[https://www.tcta.co.za/resources/?resourceid=175 DWAF/City of Cape Town/TCTA A legacy beyond steel and mortar: The Berg Water Project Franschhoek] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205353/http://www.tcta.co.za/resources?resourceid=175 Archived] 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, no date, retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Kgampu ya Berg River le toropo ya Cape Town di botlhokwa mo kgaolong ya Kapa Bophirima ka gore, le ntswa kgampu e ntsha 3% fela wa metsi a lefatshe leo, 8% ya batho ba lefatshe leo ba nna koo, ebile ba ntsha dipoelo tsa 12% ya dioelo tsa lefatshe.<ref name=":3">[https://www.gov.za/ ADDRESS BY MR RONNIE KASRILS, MP, MINISTER OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY, AT THE BERG WATER PROJECT SIGNING CEREMONY ON 15 APRIL 2003, IN CAPE TOWN] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604112445/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03041609461001.htm Archived] 4 June 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Letamo la Berg River (Letamo la Autshumato) le feditswe ka 2007 le lopile madi a a ka nang ka bilone e le nngwe le didikadike di le tlhano. Le agilwe go ya ka ditshetlana le melawana ya lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la matamo, go nosa Cape Town. == Thulaganyo le kago == Go rulaganyetsa letamo la Berg River go simologile ka 1989 ke lephata la metsi le dikgwa la Aforika Borwa. Tsamaiso e ne ya simolola ka tshekatsheko ya matlhoko a mo isagong le metswedi ya metsi mo kgaolong eo, e ne e akareditse beng gae mo dipuisanong.<ref name=":4">Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority [https://www.tcta.co.za/article.jsp?menu_id=164 BERG WATER PROJECT (BWP) FRANSCHHOEK] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206105549/http://www.tcta.co.za/article.jsp?menu_id=164 Archived] 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1995 le 1996, go ne ga diriwa tshekatsheko le tekatekanyo ya tse di ka didirisiwang, tsamaiso e batho le makgotla a le sekete le lekgolo ba tsereng karolo mo go yone. Go ne ga diriwa tshekatsheko ya tikologo le ditlamorago e e tseneletseng ka ngwaga wa 196 le 1997.<ref name=":3" /> Lephata la tsa tikologo le bojanala le ne la dumalana la be la baya monwana porejeke e ka 1999. Ka Moranang 2002, khuduthamaga e ne ya dumalana le go agiwa ga letamo fela fa e le gore toropo ya Cape Town e fokotsa letlhoko la metsi ka 20% ka ngwaga wa 2020.<ref name=":4" /> Kago e ne ya simolola ka Phukwi 2004.<ref name=":5">Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, quoted in Polityorg.za:Sonjica: [https://www.polity.org.za/article/sonjica-sod-turning-of-berg-river-water-project-28072004-2004-07-28 Sod turning of Berg River Water Project], 28 July 2004, retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Letamo le ne la simolola go baya metsi ka Phukwi 2007, yare ngwaga o o latelang la bo le tletse, ka pula e ne e na thata.<ref name=":1" /> Go ya ka puso ya [[Aforika Borwa]], tshwetso ya go aga letamo e tserwe morago ga go sekaseka ditsela tse dingwe mo go tseneletseng. Go ne go akareditswe le setšhaba mo tsamaisong ya go le aga.<ref name=":5" /> == Dipoelo == [[Setshwantsho:Satellite image of Cape peninsula.jpg|thumb|Toropo ya Cape Town, ka Tlhakole 2000, e tlaa amogela metsi ka letamo la Berg River. ]] Letamo le, le tlaa oketsa metsi a a beilweng go nosa Cape Town, e le lefelo la bobedi ka botona kwa Aforika Borwa, go tswa kwa di mithareng di le makgolo a supa, masome a marataro le borobabobedi go tsena makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi.<ref>City of Cape Town:[https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx Cape Town’s water supply boosted] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx Archived] 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 17 March 2009, retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> Tsamaiso e gape e tlaa tokafatsa go ikaega ka metswedi ya metsi mo kgampung e e tshabelelwang ke komelelo. Go solofetswe gape gore le tlaa nna le seabe mo go tokafatseng boleng jwa metsi kwa mafelong a a kwa teng.<ref name=":3" /> == Ditlamorago mo tikologong le ka fa di ka thibelwang ka teng == Letamo la Berg River e ne e le letamo la ntlha kwa Aforika Borwa go agiwa le go dirisiwa go ya ka ditshetlana le melawana ya lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la matamo.<ref name=":1" /> Go ya ka puso ya Aforika Borwa se se ne sa rurifadiwa ke tshekatsheko ya 2001 ya ditsamaiso tsa porojeke.<ref name=":5" /> Se se diragetse le ntswa setlha sa thulaganyo se tsile pele ga go nna le lekgotla le la matamo, le le tlhamilweng ka 1997 la bega pego ya lone ka 2000. Ka jalo maitemogelo a letamo la Berg River a rotloeditse tiro ya lekgotla, ga se lekgotla le rotloeditseng letamo. Dimela tsa mo gae di lemilwe mo molomong wa letamo, se se netefatsa gore letamo le tshwana le tikologo e e gautshwane.<ref name=":1" /> Ka nako e letamo le neng le agiwa, dijalo tse di sa itsagaleng di ne tsa ntshiwa mo tikologong ya letamo, se se oketsa selekanyo sa metsi a a leng teng go ka bewa le go nna le ditlhare tsa mo gae. Porojeke e diretswe go tshegetsa serodumo sa noka, go akaretsa go ntshiwa ga metsi a a lekanetseng go dira se.<ref name=":1" /> Go ntshiwa ga metsi mo go kwa tlase le mo go kwa godim go tsamaisana sentle le kelelo ya metsi ee tlwaelesegileng. Dipompo tsa letamo di agilwe gore di kgone go ntsha metsi ka bokete jwa di mithara di le makgolo mabedi ka sephatlo sa motsotso, se se dira gore e nne letamo la ntlha kwa Aforika Borwa le le diretsweng gore le fa go le morwalela le kgone go ntsha metsi a a yang mo tikologong.<ref name=":2" /> Thulaganyo ya tikologo e dirilwe, ka mabaka a gore mmereki wa tikologo o o ikemetseng a lebelele a bo a sekaseke gore a mong wa letamo o dira dilo ka fa tsamaisong, lekgotla la mosele wa Caledon le babereki ba banwge. Dikatlego di ne tsa kwalwa mo dipegong tsa kgwedi le kgwedi le mo ditshekatshekong tsa dikgwedi tse thataro. Tshekatsheko ya ntlha e ne ya supa fa go obamelwa tsamaiso ka 82% ya bobedi yone ya supa 96%. Go ya ka kompone e e neng e dira porojeke e, go supilwe fa go sena ditlamorago dipe tse di sa siamang.<ref name=":4" /> Fa godimo ga foo, komiti ya setshaba e tlhamilwe go netefatsa go somarela letamo le.<ref name=":5" /> Toropo ya Kapa e ne ya tlhama leano la go somarela metsi le maikaelelo a lone e neng e le go fokotsa tiriso ya metsi ka go dirisa metsi a a leswe mme a phepafaditswe mo boemong jwa go dirisa metsi a a phepa go nosetsa le mo go tsa madirelo. Ka ntlha ya leano le le ka gore batho ba itse ka botlhokwa jwa metsi eble ba leka ka thata go a somarela, khansele e itemogela tshomarelo ya 25%.<ref name=":1" /> == Go tlwaela seemo sa phetogo ya loapi == Go akanyeditswe fa ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi, metsi mo Berg River a ka fokotsega go tswa mo go 75.5 milione metres ka ngwaga go nna 58.9 ka 2030.<ref>John M. Callaway, Daniel B. Louw and Molly Hellmuth:''Benefits and Costs of Measures for Coping with Water and Climate Change:Berg River Basin, South Africa'', in: Fulco Ludwig, Pavel Kabat, Henk van Schaik and Michael van der Valk: [https://www.hydrology.nl/ihppublications/125-climate-change-adaptation-in-the-water-sector.html Climate change adaptation in the water sector] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230510154809/https://www.hydrology.nl/ihppublications/125-climate-change-adaptation-in-the-water-sector.html Archived] 10 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine, London 2009, p. 205–226</ref> Ga go a papamala gore dipalo tse di amana jang le metsi a a mo tsamaisong ya Berg e e neng e le 493million metres ka 2008.<ref>Department of Water Affairs and Forestry[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf :Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy, Newsletter 5], March 2009, retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> == Madi == Pele porojeke ya Berg e ne e akanyeditswe fa e ka lopa sedikadike se le sengwe, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a supa le bosupa jwa diranta, a fokodiwa go nna sedikadike se le sengwe, makgoo a matlhano, masome a matlhano le bobedi ka 2006 go sena go diriwa diphetogo mo kagong ya letamo.<ref name=":6">The Namibian:[https://www.namibian.com.na/?id=140981&page=archive-read Fitch release on Berg Water Project, 20 December 2006,] retrieved 09 June 2026</ref> porojeke ya Berg e dirilwe ka madi a kanang ka didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano a di ranta, a a adimilweng mo bankeng ya ditlhabololo ya borwa jwa Aforika, didikadike di le makgolo a robabobedi a adimilwe kwa bankeng ya dipeeletso ya kwa Yuropa fa banka ya Absa e adimile didkadike di le makgolo a mararo.<ref name=":4" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2004, Fitch Ratings e ne ya re ke seelo sa sekoloto se se kwa godimo. <ref name=":6" /> Madi a tlaa busiwa ka thekiso ya metsi a mantsi go tswa kwa TCTA go ya lephateng la metsi le dikgwa, lephata la puso, le lone le rekisang metsi ka bontsi kwa toropong ya Cape Town.<ref name=":4" /> Thulaganyo e, e fokotsa tiriso ya madi a mantsi, ka puso e na le sekoloto se se botoka go na le toropo ya Cape Town.<ref name=":6" /> Palo ya batho ba Kapa Bophirima e nnile le seabe mo porojekeng ka go okediwa ga madi a metsi ngwaga le ngwaga go nna 2.% ka 1999 le 2009.<ref name=":0" /> == Tsa botegeniki == [[Setshwantsho:Berg River Dam catchment map.svg|thumb|Mmepe wa letamo la Berg River le lefelo le le le nosang]] Letamo le le ageletsweng ka lokgarapana mme le tladitswe ka maje le, le di mithara di le masome a marartaro le borobabobedi go ya kwa godimo, ka boleele le dimithara di le makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mabedi le borobabongwe. E ka tsenya metsi a selekanyo sa didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a mararo, fa bophara le le di heketara di le makgolo a mane, masome a robabobedi leborobabobedi.<ref name=":4" /> Leano la tlaleletso la letamo le le fapotsa metsi a mariga,a tsena kwa nokeng ya Berg go stwa kwa Franschhoek, Wemmershoek le melatswana e e tshelang kwa Dwars, go oketsa metsi a amo letamong. Metsi a, a pompiwa kwa Drakenstein, ka motselestele wa diphaepe wa dikhilomitahra di robabongwe le botlhano, go boela mo letamong la Berg River.<ref name=":1" /> == Dietsele == Porojeke ya Berg ya metsi e amogetse dietsele tse di latelang: * Seetsele sa Glenrand MIB go bo botegeniki e le jwa bokgabane go tswa kwa Consulting Engineers South Africa * Seetsele sa mafatshefatshe sa tshekatsheko ya ditlamorago mo tikologong go bo tiro ya porojeke e dirilwe ka manontlhotlho * Seetsele sa bokgabane mo botegeniking go tswa kwa lekgotleng la Aforika Borwa la Civil Engineering * Porojeke e e gaisitseng ka 2008<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == fyttu1sqvqqbkou3hnx27vlhddko87i 0 14116 55678 54083 2026-09-26T02:09:13Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Omo Gibe III, Wolayita 3.jpg|thumb|Letamo la Ono Gibe iii]] '''Letamo la Gilgel Gibe III''' ke letamo la konkoreite le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata le le bopegileng jaaka lephata. E dikilometara di le masome a marataro le bobedi (39 mi) kwa bophirima jwa Sodo kwa South Ethiopia Regional State. Ka nako ya go tsenngwa tirisong ga letamo e ne e le la boraro ka bogolo mo madirelong a motlakase wa metsi mo Aforika ka ntshokuno ya maatla a ka nna 1,870 Megawatt (MW), ka jalo go feta go menagatsa palogotlhe ya maatla a a tsentsweng a Ethiopia go tswa mo maemong a ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa a 814 MW. <ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] Archived 2016-03-16 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine,]] accessed on May 7, 2012</ref> <ref>[[:en:Energy_Information_Administration|Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] Archived 2010-08-31 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref>Letamo la Gibe III ke karolo ya letamo la Gibe, letamo le le akaretsang letamo la Gibe I (184 MW) le la Gibe II (420 MW) mmogo le matamo a Gibe IV (1,472 MW) le Gibe V (560 MW). Matamo a a leng teng jaanong a mo diatleng le go tsamaisiwa ke setlamo sa motlakase sa puso sa Ethiopia, se gape e leng moreki wa Letamo la Gibe III. Porojeke e ya diranta di le dibilione di le sekete le makgolo e robabobedi e simolotse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro, mme go tlhagisiwa ga motlakase go simolotse ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano. <ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201312231556.html "Ethiopia: Gilgel Gibe III to Start Operation in September, 2014".] allAfrica.com. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsethiopias-gibe-iii-dam-87-complete-4380259 "Ethiopia's Gibe III dam 87% complete".] Water Power & Dam Construction. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ "Ethiopia's massive Gilgel Gibe III Dam starts power generation".] This is Africa. 5 November 2015. Archived from [http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ the original] on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</ref>The remaining generators were operational by 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-06-26 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202013218/http://thisisafrica.me/ethiopias-gilgel-gibe-iii-dam-starts-power-generation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Porojeke e itemogetse ditiego tse di masisi; ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi, go tsenngwa tirisong ga porojeke go ne go rulagantswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro.<ref>Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation:[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] Archived 2016-03-16 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine,]] accessed in May 2012</ref> Letamo le ne la bulwa ke Tautona wa Hailemariam Desalegn ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le bosupa,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161217213719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ethiopia-opens-massive-gibe-3-hydroelectric-dam-on-omo-river/2016/12/17/ed0c78d8-c476-11e6-92e8-c07f4f671da4_story.html "Ethiopia opens massive Gibe 3 hydroelectric dam on Omo River".] ''Washington Post''. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</ref> Ditlhopha tsa tikologo tsa selegae le tsa boditšhabatšhaba di ne tsa bonela pele ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa tikologo le tsa loago tsa letamo mme tsa tshwaya phoso tshekatsheko ya projeke ya ditlamorago tsa tikologo le tsa loago jaaka tse di sa lekaneng. Ka ntlha ya se le ditatofatso tsa gore thulaganyo yotlhe ya tumelelo ya porojeke e ne e belaetsa,<ref>BBC News:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7959563.stm The dam that divides Ethiopians], March 26, 2009, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref> go ne ga se ka ga nna le madi a a lekaneng go duelela tlhotlhwa e e feletseng ya go aga, ka gonne [[African Development Bank]] e ne ya diegisa tshwetso ya kadimo go emetswe tshekatsheko ya seabe sa letamo mo tikologong ke yuniti ya yona ya tshekatsheko le go tsereganya. Se se simolotse ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe fa ba ne ba amogela pitso go tswa go mekgatlho e e seng ya puso go dira tshekatsheko e e jalo.<ref>Ethiofact.com:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120218121745/http://www.ethiofact.com/index.php?/20090804581/news/afdb.html AfDB to probe Ethiopian dam project], 4 August 2009, accessed on December 20, 2009</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome Tautona wa Ethiopia Meles Zenawi o ne a ikana go fetsa letamo "ka tlhwatlhwa nngwe le nngwe", a re baganetsi ba letamo "ga ba batle go bona Aforika e tlhabologa; ba batla gore re nne re sa tlhabologa le go sa tlhabologa go direla bajanala ba bone jaaka musiamo". <ref>News Business Ethiopia:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120312232004/http://www.newbusinessethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224:african-policymakers-discuss-on-civil-status-information-&catid=13:regional-politics&Itemid=6 Meles Vows to Complete Gibe III Dam at Any Cost,] 11 August 2010, accessed on 18 September 2010</ref> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} 8e3tleac9nn0kjppwit605o01cqkjio 0 14291 55675 54236 2026-09-26T01:37:53Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:James Peace in the park in Wiesbaden.jpg|thumb|313x313px|James Peace mo phakeng ya Wiesbaden]] '''Kenneth James Peace''' o tsholetswe kwa Paisley, ka Lwetse 28, 1963. Ke motlhami wa mmino wa Scotland, moletsi wa piano wa dikhonsarata le motaki wa ditshwantsho. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == James Peace o tsholetswe kwa Paisley, kwa Scotland, ka 28 Lwetse, 1963. O ne a nna bontsi jwa nako ya gagwe ya bongwana kwa Helensburgh, e leng lefelo la boikhutso le le fa thoko ga lewatle kwa bophirima jwa Scotland.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527164145/http://www.wiesbadener-tagblatt.de/region/wiesbaden/meldungen/10206548.htm Birgitta Lamparth. "Keine ‘stacheligen’ Klänge", Wiesbadener Tagblatt (Gurannḓa ya Dzheremane), Ḽa 10 Ṱhafamuhwe, 2011]</ref><ref name=":1">Julia Anderton. "Tango wie eine süß-saure Geschichte". Wiesbadener Kurier (Gurannḓa ya Dzheremane). Ḽa 24 Ṱhafamuhwe, 2012</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240523121450/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ Soledad Carrizo-Araya. "Una entrevista al compositor James Peace". Hoja de Ruta Digital. Nyendavhusiku 2022]</ref> Baelapa la gagwe ba ne ba na le batsweretshi ba le bantsi (ka sekai John McGhie), mme gape o losika le Felix Burns, motlhami yo o tumileng wa mmino wa go tantshe mo halofong ya ntlha ya Lekgolo la^bo-20 la dingwaga.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Sabine Klein. "Meine Musik ist wie ich - sehr romantisch". Frankfurter Rundschau (Gurannḓa ya Dzheremane), 1992, khandiso ya 254, siaṱari 2</ref> O ne a rutwa go tshameka piano go tloga a le dingwaga di le robedi mme tiragatso ya gagwe ya ntlha phatlalatsa e ne ya diragala fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le bonè, a diragatsa mmino wa ga Scott Joplin.<ref name=":2" /> Fa a le dingwaga di le lesomethataro o ne a amogelwa kwa sekolong sa Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (se jaanong se bidiwang: Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) e le moithuti yo mmotlana go gaisa baithuti ba nako e e tletseng botlhe ba ba kileng ba nna gone.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">G. Müller. "Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango". Kulturspiegel Wetterau (imagazini e-Germany). Ḽa 17 Ṱhafamuhwe, 2001, siaṱar 5</ref> Ka 1983 o ne a aloga kwa Yunibesithing ya Glasgow ka dikirii ya BA ya go ruta piano. Ngwaga o o latelang o ne a amogela dipoloma ya mmino morago ga go tshameka Konsarata ya Piano No.1 ya ga Mendelssohn le setlhopha sa mmino sa RSAMD.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fa a sena go tlogela dithuto tsa semmuso o ne a batliwa thata jaaka moletsi wa piano mme o ne a nna kwa Edinburgh ka 1988-1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">"James Peace". ''FRIZZ'' (Magazini wa Dzheremane). Phando 2001, ​​siaṱari 5</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Tango Milonga op. 26.wav|thumb|Tango Milonga op. 26]] [[Setshwantsho:Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano).wav|thumb|Tango XVIII ka James Peace (James Peace, piano)]] James Peace o ne a nna kwa Bad Nauheim, kwa Jeremane go tloga ka 1991-2009.<ref>Manfred Merz. "Virtuose, gefühlsbetonte Welt der Romantik", Wetterauer Zeitung (Gurannḓa ya Dzheremane). Ḽa 12 Khubvumedzi, 1992, siaṱari 19</ref><ref>"James Peace". The Tango Times (Magazini wa ngei New York). ​​Nomboro ya khandiso: 2002/2003 (39). siaṱari 1 - 5</ref> Go tloga ka 1998 o ne a ithutela tango, a tlhagisa CD ya ''Scottish Tango'' ya ditlhamo tsa gagwe tsa piano tse di tlhotlheleditsweng ke tango, mme ka 2002 o ne a nna leloko le le tlotlegang la Kholetšhe ya Mmino ya Victoria.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44NLS_ALMA21615957400004341&context=L&vid=44NLS_VU1&lang=en_US&search_scope=SCOPE1&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,Tango%20escoc%C3%A9s&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tango escocés'']</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |title=Philharmonie de Paris. ''Tango escocés'' |access-date=2026-07-04 |archive-date=2025-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928140339/https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |title=de bibliotheek. ''Tango escocés'' |access-date=2026-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928195355/https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |archive-date=2025-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":9">"James Peace". La Cadena (Magazini wa Ludatshi). Khubvumedzi 2002, siaṱari 26</ref> Mo go one ngwaga oo o ne a ya kwa maetong a dikhonsarata a le esi kwa bokone jwa Jeremane ka Lwetse/Diphalane le kwa Botlhaba jo bo Kgakala ka Ngwanatsele, a dira tiragatso ya gagwe ya ntlha ya ''Tango XVII'' kwa [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>''TangoTang'', Hong Kong (香港). Gurannḓa ya mafhungo, Ḽa 8 Tshimedzi, 2002</ref><ref>"James Peace". 南華早報 (Gurannḓa ya Hong Kong). Ḽa 9 Tshimedzi, 2002</ref> Mo dingwageng tse di latelang o ne a diragatsa thata kwa [[Yuropa]]. O kile a diragatsa di-tango tsa gagwe kwa ditoropongkgolo tse di latelang: Amsterdam, Athens,<ref>Tshibugwana tsha mbekanyamushumo ya khontsathi ''{Για σένα Αγγελική}''. Athene, ḽa 27 Lambamai, 2016</ref> Berlin,<ref>Tangodanza (Magazini wa Dzheremane). Nomboro ya khandiso: 1/2002 - 9</ref> Brussels, Helsinki,<ref>Phosiṱara ya u phaḓaladza (lwendo lwa khontsathi lwa Finland, 2014)</ref> Lisbon,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Phosiṱara ya u phaḓaladza (lwendo lwa khontsathi lwa Portugal, 2016)</ref> London, [[Madrid]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Phosiṱara ya u phaḓaladza (lwendo lwa khontsathi lwa Spain: ''¡Feliz Cincuenta Cumpleaños - 2013!'')</ref> Oslo,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241208042729/https://listen.no/event/konsert-kl-13-00-james-peace-flygel-tangos-romanticos-musikk-av-peace-piazzolla-albeniz-utstillingssalene-er-stengt Listen.no. James Peace (flygel). Munch Museet. Oslo. Ḽa 16 Tshimedzi, 2004]</ref> Reykjavík<ref>[https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/823608/ Ríkarður Ö. Pálsson. "Skozkir Slaghörputangoár". Morgunblaðið (gurannḓa ya ngei Iceland). Ḽa Tshimedzi 14 , 2004]</ref> le Vienna.<ref>Tshibugwana tsha mbekanyamushumo ya khontsathi (Vienna). Ḽa 23 Phando, 2005</ref> [[Setshwantsho:James Peace - Idylls Op.4b.webm|center|thumb|330x330px|James Peace - Idylls Op.4b]] Ka 2008 o ne a nna leloko le le tlotlegang la Kholetšhe ya Mmino ya London e le go mo lebogela ditirelo tsa gagwe mo tango.<ref name=":10">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=44NLS_VU1&tab=default_tab&docid=44NLS_ALMA21438757900004341&lang=en_US&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,K.%20James%20Peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":11">[https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D1022200380 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":12">[https://whittakerlive.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-dvd-interview-with-wiesbaden.html Whittaker Live. "Wiesbadener Highlander K. James Peace - New DVD"]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Cover page, Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (study score).png|thumb|319x319px|Tsebe ya khabara, Pina e e sa Khutleng Op.32 ka James Peace (maduo a thuto)]] Morago ga nako e khutshwane kwa Edinburgh o ne a boela kwa Jeremane ka Tlhakole 2010 go ya go nna kwa Wiesbaden.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Seno se ne sa dira gore a tlhotlheletsege go tlhama dilo tse disha mme a dira difilimi tse dikhutshwane tsa ditlhamo dingwe tsa gagwe. Filimi ya dokumentari ya '' K. James Peace kwa Wiesbaden'' ke nngwe ya ditiro tsa gagwe mo mofuteng ono.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> == Mekgele le Diawate == ●     Sekgele sa Ntlha, ''Agnes Millar Prize''. Glasgow, 1983<ref name=":4" /> ●      Sekgele sa Ntlha, ''Dunbartonshire EIS Prize''. Glasgow, 1984<ref name=":4" /> ●      Sekgele sa Ntlha, ''Sibelius Essay Prize''. Glasgow, 1985<ref name=":4" /> ●     Dipoloma ya Tlotlo, ''TIM International Composition Competition''. Rome, 2000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●      Dipoloma ya Tlotlo, ''IBLA Foundation''. New York, 2002<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (bars 602 - 606).pdf|thumb|294x294px|Pina e e sa khutleng Op.32 ka James Kagiso (dibara 602 - 606)]] ●     Mentlele ya Segopotso, ''International Piano Duo Association''. Tokyo, 2002<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |title=International Piano Duo Association (東京), Tokyo. Mutevhe wa vhawini vha pfufho nga 2002 |access-date=2026-07-04 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527164059/http://www.ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ●     Mmentlele wa Gauta, ''Académie Internationale de Lutèce''. Paris, 2008<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ditlhamokgolo == ●     Lephothophoto (The Waterfall)<ref>Hessisches Staatstheater. Tshibugwana tsha khontsathi nga dzi 12 na dzi 19 dza Khubvumedzi, 2021</ref> ●     Idylls ●     Pina a a Monate ya mo Mosong (Aubade)<ref>University of Adelaide Music Library (Barr Smith Library). Aubade no. 1 for cor anglais and string orchestra</ref> ●      Dikeledi ka Tidimalo (Lento Lacrimoso) ●     Matlhare a a Lebetsweng (Forgotten Leaves)<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=forgotten%20leaves%20op%2012%20for%20cello%20and%20orchestra&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082963650109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Forgotten Leaves : op. 12, for cello and orchestra]</ref> ●     Oboe Sonata<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=Sonata%20for%20oboe%20and%20piano%20op.16&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969210109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Oboe sonata, op. 16]</ref> ●     Ballad<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=Ballade%20op.18&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082963220109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Ballade no.1 : in c major : op.18.]</ref> ●     Mogwanto wa Mokete (Ceremonial March) no.1<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=ceremonial%20march%20no%201%20for%20organ%20and%20orchestra%20op%2019&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969030109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Ceremonial march no.1: for organ and orchestra : op. 19]</ref> ●      Mogwanto wa Mokete (Ceremonial March) no.2<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=ceremonial%20march%20no%202%20for%20orchestra%20op%2023&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082968580109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Ceremonial march no.2 : for orchestra : op. 23]</ref> ●     Gouta ya Letlhafula (Autumn Gold)<ref>"Violine schwebt über das Orchester". Schwäbische Post (Gurannḓa ya Dzheremane). Ḽa 4 Fulwi, 1998</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17035044k <nowiki>National Library of France. [Autumn gold. Op. 25b]. Arr. pour violon et piano</nowiki>]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=Autumn%20gold%20op.25&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082968420109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Autumn gold : for clarinet and string orchestra : op. 25]</ref> ●     Pina ya Bosakhutleng (Eternal Song)<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=Eternal%20Song%20op.32&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990133856020109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Eternal Song : for soprano and orchestra : op.32]</ref><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9935400923804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Eternal Song Op.32, Peace, K. James'']</ref> ●     "Ya Georgia" (puo ya Segeorgia: საქართველოსთვის) ●     Ditango di le 24<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=tangos%20for%20piano%20op%2013&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082974750109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Tangos for piano op. 13]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=tangos%20for%20piano%20op%2017&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969810109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Tangos for piano op.17]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=tangos%20for%20piano%20op%2029&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969820109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Tangos for piano op.29]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=tangos%20for%20piano%20op%2033&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969300109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Tangos for piano op.33]</ref><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941548033804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=MainCatalogue&query=any,contains,Tango%20for%20piano,%20K.%20James%20Peace&offset=0 National Library of Scotland. Tangos for piano op.17, Peace, K. James]</ref><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941547953804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. Tangos for piano op.33, Peace, K. James]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=K.%20James%20Peace&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082968570109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Souvenir de Buenos Aires : arr. for string orchestra]</ref><ref>[https://www.britishviolasociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Latest-news-from-the-British-Viola-Society.-August-2023-compressed.pdf British Viola Society Newsletter, Thangule, 2023] </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135254/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-corta-historia-del-tango/ Hoja de Ruta Digital, México. "Una corta historia del tango". Ḽa 22 Ṱhafamuhwe, 2022]</ref> == Dikgokagano tsa kwa ntle == ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSX1c8EUukg&list=RDsSX1c8EUukg&start_radio=1 Souvenir de Buenos Aires - youtube]'' ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcMRNnwNJhk&list=RDZcMRNnwNJhk&start_radio=1 Lento Lacrimoso - youtube]'' ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VKxG2dmQn4&list=RD_VKxG2dmQn4&start_radio=1 Autumn Gold - youtube]'' == Dirferense == <references /> [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] 6kjo44dz23wxh5m6b5c8v7o5lgfm67a 0 15080 55627 55420 2026-09-25T13:14:40Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Kwame Nkrumah #BLT2026 55627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwame Nkrumah''' (o o tshotsweng ka leina la '''Francis Nwia Kofi Ngonloma'''; ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe a tlhokafala ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi) e ne e le mopolotiki wa kwa [[Ghana]]. O berekile e le tonakgolo wa [[Gold Coast]] go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa, fa lefatshe leo le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo go la [[United Kingdom]].<ref>o'Hara, Glen (11 April 2012), "President Kennedy, Prime Minister Macmillan and the Gold Market, 1960–63", ''Governing Post-War Britain'', Palgrave Macmillan, pp.&nbsp;53–72, [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9780230361270_4 10.1057/9780230361270_4], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]][[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36127-0|&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-230-36127-0</bdi>]]</ref> E ne e le tonakgolo wa ntlha wa nako eo, le tautona wa lefatshe la Ghana go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro. E ne e le mmueledi wa [[Aferika|Aforika]] o o kopaneng, Nkrumah e ne e le leloko le le tlhamileng lekgotla la Organisation of African Unity (OAU) le mofenyi wa seetsele sa Lenin Peace go tswa kwa [[Soviet Union]] ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a marataro le bobedi.<ref>Rathbone, Richard (23 September 2004). "Nkrumah, Kwame (1909?–1972), president of Ghana". ''[[:en:Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online&nbsp;ed.). Oxford University Press [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31504 10.1093/ref:odnb/31504.]</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi a le kwa mafatsheng a sele a dira dithuto tse dikgolwane, a tlhabolola kitso ya gagwe ya sepolotiki, gape a rulaganya le ba bangwe ba ba eletsang Aforika o o kopaneng, Nkrumah o ne a boela kwa Gold Coast go simolola tiro ya gagwe ya sepolotiki e le mmueledi wa boipuso jwa lefatshe leo.<ref>Hsü, Leonard Shihlien (5 November 2013), "[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315018775-12/political-progress-leonard-shihlien-hs%C3%BC Political Progress]", ''The Political Philosophy of Confucianism'', Routledge, pp.&nbsp;258–273, [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315018775/political-philosophy-confucianism-leonard-shihlien-hs%C3%BC 10.4324/9781315018775], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]][[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-01877-5|&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-315-01877-5</bdi>]]</ref> O ne a tlhama phathi ya Convention People's Party, e e neng ya atlega ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo ka e ne e kgatlhisa leitlho la motlhophi.<ref>''Proceedings of the convention at which the American federation of arts was formed''. B. S. Adams. 1909. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/proceedingso00amer 10.5479/sil.380651.39088006011662.]</ref> O ne a nna tonakgolo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi, a tswelela ka go nna mo maemong ao fa a etelela Ghana pele go bona boipuso go tswa mo United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa, e le lone lantlha mo Aforika o o mo borwa jwa sekaka sa Sahara ka nako eo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, batho ba Ghana ba ne ba amogela ba bo ba tlhomamisa molaomotheo o moha ba tlhopha Nkruma e le tautona wa bone.<ref>"Prime Minister 1957–60", ''Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and Tragedy'', Sub-Saharan Publishers, 15 November 2007, pp.&nbsp;192–214, [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.17 10.2307/j.ctvk3gm60.17], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9988-647-81-0|978-9988-647-81-0]]</bdi></ref> Puso ya gagwe e ne e le ya ngwao mme gape e le ya go baya Aforika kwa pele. E ne ya ntshetsa diporojeke tsa lefatshe tsa madirelo le kgothetso madi, ya tlhabolola tsamaiso e e itshetletseng ya thuto le go rotloetsa gwao ya Aforika o mongwe fela.<ref>Stanek, Łukasz (2020). ''Architecture in global socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19455-4|978-0-691-19455-4]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/1134854794 1134854794.]</ref> Nkrumah o ne a na le ponelopele ya go kopanya mafatshe a Aforika go etelelwa pele ke moeteledipele a le mongwe, e le ene tautona wa bokopano jo.<ref>Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 "THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6"]. ''The Journal of African History''. '''60''' (3): 407–428. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 10.1017/S002185371900032X]. ISSN[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0021-8537 &nbsp;0021-8537.]</ref> Ka fa tlase ga ga Nkrumah, lefatshe la Ghana le ne la etelela pele botsalano jwa mafatshe a Aforika le maaftshe ka bophara le letsholo la Aforika a le mongwe ka nako ya go tswa mo bokoloeng ga Aforika, a eme nokeng kgololesego ya mafatshe ka bontsi.<ref>Nkrumah, Kwame (1953). ''[https://collections.library.yale.edu/ &#x5B;Letter: Kwamé Nkrumah to Richard Wrig]ht&#x5D;''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803062728/https://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Author?author=Nkrumah,+Kwame,+1909-1972 Archived] from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2026</ref> Mafatshe a a neng a le kgatlhanong le bokopano jo a kwa bophirima a ne a bona Nkrumah Ideological Institute (KNII) e le lefelo la boutlwelobotlhoko la kemo nokeng ya sesole mo mafatsheng a Aforika ka jalo a bona e le matshosetsi mo go bone.<ref>Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6]". ''The Journal of African History''. '''60''' (3): 407–428. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 10.1017/S002185371900032X]. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0021-8537 0021-8537.]</ref> Morago ga dikgang tsa go loga maano a go mmolaya,<ref>Ninsin, Kwame A. (4 February 2016), "The Nkrumah Government and Its Opposition", ''The Ghana Reader'', Duke University Press, pp.&nbsp;303–306, doi:[https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1215%2F9780822374961-062 10.2307/j.ctv125jqp2.66], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7496-1|978-0-8223-7496-1]]</bdi></ref> go kopana le go thatafalela pele ga maemo a itsholelo, puso ya ga Nkrumah e ne ya simolola go gatelela ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, ka a ne a le kgatlhanong le diphathi tsa kganetso a tshwara ditlhopho tse di sa gololesegang ebile di gatelela.<ref>Mazrui, Ali (1966). "Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar". ''Transition'' (26): 9–17. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934320?origin=crossref 10.2307/2934320.] ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0041-1191 0041-1191]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2934320 2934320]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bone, phetolo ya molaomotheo e ne ya dira gore lefatshe la Ghana e nne lefatshe la phathi e le nngwefela, Nkrumah e le tautona wa botshelo jotlhe wa lefatshe leo le phathi e e busang.<ref>Zolberg, Aristide R. (31 December 1964). "VII. The Reluctant Nation". ''One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast''. Princeton: [[:en:Princeton_University_Press|Princeton University Press]]. pp.&nbsp;219–249. doi:[https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400876563-012/html 10.1515/9781400876563-012.] ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7656-3|&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-4008-7656-3</bdi>.]]</ref> O ne a dira gore batho ba mo obamele, a dirametheo ya dikgopolo, a bo a dirisa maemo a "Osagyefo."<ref>Yergin, Daniel; Stanislaw, Joseph (15 June 2002). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=uNYzPUhXhJYC&redir_esc=y The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy]''. Simon and Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2963-0|<bdi>978-0-7432-2963-0</bdi>.]]</ref> KNII e ne e phatlhalatsa dikgang tse senang boammaruri le puso ya ga Nkrumah e e neng e bidiwa Nkrumaism.<ref>Serra, Gerardo; Gerits, Frank (November 2019). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 "THE POLITICS OF SOCIALIST EDUCATION IN GHANA: THE KWAME NKRUMAH IDEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, 1961–6".] ''The Journal of African History''. '''60''' (3): 407–428. doi:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-socialist-education-in-ghana-the-kwame-nkrumah-ideological-institute-19616/230E45D1AD95696ABB0094FEDA158730 10.1017/S002185371900032X]. ISSN[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0021-8537 &nbsp;0021-8537.]</ref> Nkrumah o ne a thankgolwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro mo thankgolong puso ke khansele ya kgololesego. Lekgotla la Central Intelligence Agency la United States go bolelwa le ne la raraanya kgang e, le ntswa se se sa tlhomamisiwa.<ref>Dutfield, Graham (27 November 2017), "If we have never been modern, they have never been traditional", ''Routledge Handbook of Biodiversity and the Law'', Routledge, pp.&nbsp;276–290, doi:[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315530840/chapters/10.4324/9781315530857-18 10.4324/9781315530857-18], [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-53085-7|978-1-315-53085-7]]</bdi></ref><ref>John Prados, ''Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA'' (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), p. 329.</ref> Nkrumah o ne a ya go tshelela botshelo jwa gagwe botlhe kwa [[Guinea]], kwa a neng a fiwa tlotla ya tautona o mongwe. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabonwge masome a robabongwe le borobabonwge, o ne a tlhophiwa mo Aforika wa sekete sa dingwaga ke BBC.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/000914_nkrumah.shtml "Kwame Nkrumah's Vision of Africa"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725113031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/000914_nkrumah.shtml|date=25 July 2013}}, [[:en:BBC_World_Service|BBC World Service]], 14 September 2000.</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == === Gold Coast === Kwame Nkrumah o tshotswe ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe go le Labobedi<ref>[https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/nonviolence-of-Mahatma-Gandhi-in-Ghana.html "Kwame Nkrumah: Non-Violence of Mahatma Gandhi in Ghana".] ''www.mkgandhi.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200803020635/https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/nonviolence-of-Mahatma-Gandhi-in-Ghana.html Archived] from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2018/10/10/kwame-nkrumah-lse/ "Dr Kwame Nkrumah's History & LSE Application Form"]. [[:en:London_School_of_Economics|London School of Economics]]. 10 October 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191122230822/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2018/10/10/kwame-nkrumah-lse/ Archived] from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2026</ref> kwa Nkroful, botlhaba jwa Nzema (kwa e leng Ellembele gompieno), kwa Gold Coast (Ghana wa gompieno). Nkroful e ne e le motsana o mmotlana kwa kgaolong ya Nzema, kwa borwa-bophirima jwa Gold Coast, gaufi le molelwane le kolone ya France ya Ivory Coast. Kwame o ne a tshotswe a le esi. Rraagwe o ne a sa nne le lolwapa loo, mme o ne a berekela kwa Half Assini kwa a neng a dira kgwebo ya gagwe ya go thula gouta go fitlhelela a tlhokafala. Fa le dingwaga di le tharo, Nkrumah le mmaagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Half Assini kwa go rraagwe. Ba ne ba mo tsenya sekolo se sepotlana sa borongwa jwa kereke ya katoliki kwa Half Assini, kwa a neng a itshupa e le moithuti wa tlhwatlhwa. Mo dingwageng tsa fa a le moithuti kwa United States, o ne a itsege ka leina la Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah, Kofi e le leina la puo ya Akan le le neng le neelwa bana ba basimane ba ba tshotsweng go le Labotlhano. Morago o ne a fetola leina la gagwe go nna Kwame Nkrumah ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le botlhano kwa UK, a supa fa a rata leina la Kwame. Go ya ka Ebenezer Obiri Addo fa a ithuta ka tautona wa mo isagong, leina "Nkrumah", e le leina le le fiwang ngwana wa borobabongwe, le supa gore Kwame o ka tswa a ne a le mo maemong ao kwa ntlong ya ga rraagwe, o a neng a na le basadi ba le bantsi. Rraagwe, ebong Opanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, o ne a tswa kwa Nkroful e le wa morafe wa Asona wa batho ba Akan. Metswedi e supa fa Ngoloman a nnile kwa Tarkwa-Nsuaem a le mo kgwebong ya go thula gouta. Ngoloman o ne a tlotlelwa go nna botlhale mo go gakololeng ke ba ba neng ba kopa dikgakololo tsa gagwe ka dikgang tsa ngwao le selegae. O tlhokafetse ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le bosupa. Le ntswa maagwe, o leina la gagwe e neng e le Elizabeth Nyanibah (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a supa le bosupa a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe), morago a neng a supa fa matsalo a gagwe e le ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe lesome le bobedi, Nkrumah o kwadile gore o tshotswe ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le borobabbonwge. Mmaagwe o ne a tlholega kwa Nsuaem e le wa lolwapa lwa Agona. Ene e le morekisi wa ditlhaphi le mogwebi fa a nyala raagwe. Malatsi a robabobedi morago ga a sena go tsholwa, rraagwe o ne a mo fa leina la Francis Nwia-Kofi a reeletswe ka mongwe wa losika, me morago ba lolwapa ba ne ba mo fa leina la Francis Kwame Ngolomah. O ne a tswelela mo thutong ya dingwaga di le lesome dingwag di robabobedi fela. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mabedi le botlhano, e ne e le morutabana wa moithuti kwa sekolong seo a kolobediwa mo tumelong ya katoliki. O gakologelwa ka lorato fa a ne a tshwanelwa ke go ema mo godimo ga lebokoso go ruta balekane ba gagwe. Fa a le kwa sekolong, o ne a lemogiwa ke morutuii Alec Garden Fraser, mogokgo wa Government Training College (e e neng ya fetoga go nna Achimota School) kwa toropokgolo ya Gold Coast ebong Accra. Fraser o ne a rulaganyetsa gore Nkrumah a ithute go nna morutabama kwa sekolong sa gagwe. Koo, mothusa mogokgo o a neng a ithutile kwa Columbia University Kwegyir Aggrey o ne a mmontsha dikakanyo tsa ga Marcus Garvey le W.E.B Du Bois. Aggrey, Fraser le ba bangwe kwa Achimota ba en ba akanya gore go tshwanetse go nna le tirisanommogo gareng ga ditso tse di farologaneng mo go buseng Gold Coast, mme Nkrumah, a bua mafoko a ga Garvey, o ne a dumela gore fa batho bantsho ba ipusa ke gone go ka nnang le kagiso gareng ga ditso. Morago ga go aloga ka setlankana sa borutabana go tswa kwa Prince of Wales' College kwa Achimota ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo, Nkrumah o ne a neelwa tiro ya go ruta kwa sekolong se sebotlana sa katoliki kwa Elmina ka ngwaga wa sekete amkgolo a robabaongwe masome a mararo le motso. Ka dinwgaga tsa a le kwa Achimota, Nkrumah o ne a akgolelwa kitso ya gagwe ya go ngangisana le go etelela pele, e le mekgwa e morago e neng ya bop seabe sa gagwe e le moeteledipele wa lefatshe. Morago ga ngwaga a le koo, o ne a tlhomiwa mogokgo wa sekolo sa Axim. Kwa Axim, o ne a simolola go tsenelela sepolotiki a tlhama lekgotla la Nzema Literary Society. Ka ngwaga wa sekete amkgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le boraro, o ne a thapiwa go na morutabana kwa sekolong sa Amisanno sa katoliki. Le ntswa koo bosthelo bo ne bo gaagmetse, o ne a go rata, ebile a akanya ka go nna moruti. Nkrumah o ne a utlwile mmega dikgang o o tlaa nnang tautona wa Nigeria mo isagong ebong Nnamdi Azikiwe a bua fa a santse a le moithuti kwa Achimota; banna ba babedi ba, ba ne ba kopana, thotloetso ya ga Azikiwe ya oketsa kgatlhego ya ga Nkrumah ka go etelelwa pele ke batho bantsho. Morutabana wa monana o ne a tsaya tshwetso ya go oketsa thuto ya gagwe. Azikiwe o ne a tsene sekolo kwa Lincoln University, sekolo se mo ditsong e neng e le sa batho banstho kwa Chester County, kwa Pennsylvania, kwa bophirima jwa Philadelphia, a gakolola Nkrumah go ikwadisa kwa go sone. Nkrumah o a neng a reteletswe ke go pasa tlhatlhobo ya go tsena kwa London University, o ne a bona madi a mosepele le thuto ya gagwe go tswa mo go ba losika. O ne a tsaya loeto go ralala Britain, kwa a neng a utlwalela ka go tlhasela Ethiopia (le e neng e le lengwe la mafatshe a le palo potlana fela a Aforika a a ipusang) ga lefatshe la Italy, mme selo se sa mo shakgatsa. O gorogile kwa United States ka Phalane ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano. === United States === Go ya ka moitseanape wa ditso John Henrik Clarke mo tsebeng ya loeto lwa ga Nkrumah go ya Amerika, "thotloetso ya dingwaga di le lesome tse a di ntseng kwa United States e nnile le seabe se segolo mo botshelong jwa gagwe botlhe." Nkrumah o ne a ikopetse phatlha kwa Lincoln University pele ga a simolola sekolo koo. Ka Labotlhano, kgwedi ya Mopitlo e rogwa, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano, o ne a romelela sekolo lokwalo lo lo supang gore ikopelo ya gagwe e na le sebaka sa go feta ngwaga a sa ntse a e letile e ise e arabiwe. Sekolo se ne sa fetola ka go mo kopa go kwala mokwalo o mokhutshwane ka polelo ya botshelo jwa gagwe le maikaelelo a gagwe. O ne a kwala ka ditoro tsa gagwe are "mo dilong tsotlhe, ke ikakatletse ka maikaelelo a le mangwe fela a e leng go dira dithulaganyo tsotlhe tse di tlhokafalang go tsweledisa thuto ya me...gore ke nne mo seemong se ke ka direlang batho ka nna." Fa a goroga kwa New York ka Phalane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le botlhano, o ne a tsaya loeto go ya kwa Pennyslvania, kwa a neng a ikwadisa le ntswa a ne a tlhaelelwa ke madi a sebaka se se tletseng sa ntlha. O ne a fenya kgaisano ya dithuso tsa madi go tsena sekolo kwa Lincon University. O ne a tswelela ka go tlhaelwa mo nakong yotlhe e a neng a le kwa US. O ne a bereka ditiro tse dipotlana jaaka thekiso ya tlhapi le mae, go kolomaka, go tlhwatswa dijana le tse dingwe. Ka malatsi a Tshipi, o ne a etela dikete tsa batho banstho kwa Philadelphia le New York. Nkrumah o feditse dithuto tsa gagwe tsa Bachelor of Arts mo go tsa itsholelo le thutoloago ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le borobabongwe. Lincoln o ne a mo thapa go nna mothusi wa motlhatlhelela dithuto wa tsa matlhale. O ne a simolola go amogela ditaletso go nna moruti wa moeng kwa dikerekeng tsa Presbyteria kwa Philadelphia le New York. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le borobabongwe, Nkrumah o ne a ikwadisa kwa Lincoln's Seminary le kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Pennsylvania kwa Philadelphia, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bobedi, o ne a amogelwa mo setlhopheng sa Phi Beta Sigma kwa Lincoln University. Nkrumah o ne a aloga ka Bachelor of Theology go tswa kwa Lincoln ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le bobedi, e le moithuti o o kwa godimo mo thutong eo. O ne a aloga gappe ka Master of Arts kwa University of Pennsylvannia ngwaga o o latelang, le Master of Science ya thuto. Fa a le kwa Penn, Nkrumah o ne a bereka le moitseanape wa dipuo Everett Welmers. == Metswedi == 17ai6c0w0i11edhhuezw3jiqj2vybka 0 15154 55676 55365 2026-09-26T01:37:56Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55676 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jamila Bey''' (yoo tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1976) ke mmegadikgang wa lefatshe la Amerika gape ele sebui sa phatlalatsa. O ne a tshwara lenaneo la beke le beke la thulaganyo ya seromamowa ''la Thobalano, Dipolotiki le Bodumedi jwa oura: SPAR With Jamila'' mo Voice of Russia, <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2013 |title=Reminder: Black Atheists Actually do Exist |url=https://www.ebony.com/reminder-black-atheists-actually-do-exist-981/}}</ref> mme o ne a kwalela kgaso ya ' ''The Washington Post'', ''She the People'' . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/blog-contributors/|title=She the People - Blog contributors|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214192359/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/blog-contributors/|archivedate=2012-12-14|access-date=2026-09-21}}</ref> <ref name="ssa">{{Cite web |title=Jamila Bey {{!}} Secular Student Alliance |url=https://www.secularstudents.org/speakers/JamilaBey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830123053/https://www.secularstudents.org/speakers/JamilaBey |archive-date=2013-08-30 |access-date=6 October 2013 |publisher=[[Secular Student Alliance]]}}</ref> Pele ga a bereka mo Washington Post le The Voice of Russia, Bey o ne a nna selekanyo sa ngwaga tse di lesome a bereka ele montshi i le mmaakanyi wa National Public Radio, go akaretsa le ya ''Morning Edition'' . <ref name="ssa" /> Ke MoAfrika-wa moAmerika. Bey gape ke moiaola Modimo yo o buang phatlalatsa, <ref name="mf">{{Cite news|title=Jamila Bey|url=http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/jamila-bey/Event?oid=3036705|accessdate=6 October 2013}}</ref> yo o boileng phatlalatsa gore o dumela gore tumelo e kotsi ka matlhagatlhaga mo MaAfrika-ako Amerika, a latlhela gore tumelo e nale seabe mo go direng MaAfrika-bako Amerika makgoba a mmele, mme ebile e tswelela ka go nna le seabe mo go ba direng makgoba a tlhaloganyo. <ref name="tr">{{Cite news|title=On Black Atheism: Jamila Bey|url=http://www.theroot.com/views/black-atheism-jamila-bey|accessdate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023171205/http://www.theroot.com/views/black-atheism-jamila-bey|archivedate=23 October 2013}}</ref> O ganetsa go tlhalosiwa mo go tlwaelegileng ga mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa baagi gore kewa bodumedi, a bolela gore le fa dikereke di ne di na le seabe se segolo mo mokgatlhong ono, "batho ba dirile tiro yotlhe." <ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|title=The Unbelievers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/fashion/african-american-atheists.html?pagewanted=2|accessdate=6 October 2013}}</ref> Letsholo la ngwaga wa 2012 la MaAfrika ako Amerika la Botho le ne la baya diboroto tsa ipapatso tse di neng di supa fa Bey le balwela ditshwanelo le barulaganyi ba bangwe ba bosheng ga mmogo le balwela-botho ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba MaAfrika ba Amerika e bong Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, le [[Frederick Douglass]] . <ref name="AAHumanism_WeAreAAH">{{Cite web |title=Announcing the We Are AAH Campaign |url=http://www.aahumanism.net/announcements/view/announcing_the_we_are_aah_campaign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181541/http://www.aahumanism.net/announcements/view/announcing_the_we_are_aah_campaign |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=aahumanism.net}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2015 Bey o ne a nna molwela ditshwanelo wa ntlha wa baba itatolang Modimo go buisa batho ko bokopanong jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa Conservation Political Action Conference . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/in-a-first-atheist-activist-addresses-conservative-conference/2015/02/26/8c5447e0-bdfd-11e4-9dfb-03366e719af8_story.html|title=In a first, atheist activist addresses conservative conference|date=2015-02-26}}</ref>{{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240314102709/http://sparwithjamila.com/ Spar With Jamila] Archived [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 8q8a7m98ucjoyh1pqjwebdhyvcu1294 0 15196 55667 55375 2026-09-26T00:46:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Earl Best''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bosupa ( 1947) – Go filtha a tlhokafala ka kgwedu ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), morulaganyi wa banni yo o itsegeng botoka jaaka "Ngaka ya mo Mebileng", e ne e le serukutlhi sa di banka se se bonweng molato se se neng sa fetsa dingwaga di le lesome se tswaletswe se le nosi mme se bereka le batho ba ba kobo dikhutshwane mo mebileng ya Newark, New Jersey . <ref name="shambhala" /> O simolotse mokgatlho wa Batlhabani ba mo Mebileng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro ( 2003). Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe ( 2011) go fitlha ka loso lwa gagwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe ( 2021), Best o ne a rera ka tlhoka tirisodikgoka le go aba dikobo, dijo le dilwana kwa bathong ba ba kobodikhutshwane ba Newark a dirisa koloi ya gagwe le dinao. <ref name="shambhala">{{Cite journal |last=Boyce |first=Barry |year=2011 |title=Making Peace in America's Cities |url=http://shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3691&Itemid=0 |url-status=dead |journal=[[Shambhala Sun]] |location=Boulder, CO |publisher=Shambhala Sun Foundation |issue=May |page=40 (online p. 3) |issn= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724031118/http://shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3691&Itemid=0 |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Best o goletse kwa [[:en:List_of_neighborhoods_in_Newark,_New_Jersey#South_Ward|South Ward]] . <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=Biography from Earl Best’s Street Doctor website |url=http://thestreetdoctor.com/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921062929/http://www.thestreetdoctor.com/about.html |archive-date=September 21, 2011 |access-date=July 23, 2011}}</ref> O ne a tshwarelwa go thuba banka ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1983), mme morago ga moo a bonwa molato,ka ntlha ya bosupi jwa kgatiso ya menwana . <ref name="westward" /> O ne a fetsa dingwaga di le lesome a tswaletswe a le esi kwa kgolegelong dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa ka ntlha ya go thuba. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo kgolegelong a le nosi, o ne a ithuta mekwalo ya semoya, thuto ya tlhaloganyo le molao, mme o ne a rapela gore a kgone go thusa ba bangwe fa a ka gololwa. Mo potsolotsong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe (2011), o ne a re: "Ke ne ke batla go dira pharologanyo mo matshelong a bana ka gonne ga go ope yo o dirileng pharologanyo mo go nna." <ref name="shambhala" /> Best o ne a gololwa mo kgolegelong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi ( 2000). Mo dingwageng di le tharo fela, o ne a tlhoma mokgatlho o o bidiwang Street Warriors mmogo le batho ba bangwe ba le mmalwa ba ba neng e le badira melato. <ref name="shambhala" /> <ref name="helpinghands" /> Mananeo a a mokgatlho a ne a akaretsa thulaganyo ya banana ya selemo, go gakolola banana ba ba nnang mo matlong a sechaba, mananeo a go lemosa bagolo le banana ka digongwana le go tshereganya, le ditiro tsa metshameko tse di akaretsang mabole le setlhopha sa bolotlola . Mo dingwageng di le mmalwa, mokgatlho oo o ne o tlhokomela lefelo lengwe, mme lefelo leo le ne la tswalwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka madi. Best o ne a tsamaisa ditiro tsa gagwe tsa bopelotlhomoge ka koloi e e neng a e abetswe. <ref name="shambhala" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2010 |title=CEC Turkey Donations Brighten Spirits for Newark's Homeless and Seniors |url=http://www.cecintl.com/news_2010_032.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009133834/http://www.cecintl.com/news_2010_032.html |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |access-date=August 23, 2011 |publisher=Community Education Centers, Breaking the Cycle of Recidivism |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == Mokgatlho wa Street == Best o ne a rwala dilwana tse di tshwana dikobo le dijo mo terakeng ya gagwe, gore di ye go abiwe kwa mafelong a batho ba ba se nang magae kgotsa batho ba ba kopang dilo ba phuthegelang kwa go one. O bolela gore batho ba a ikhutsa fa ba sena go ja, mme ene o nna a "tsamaya" le batho fa a sena go ba neela meneelo ya gagwe. "Kagiso e amana le go ritibala, mme a o a itse, dijo di ritibatsa batho. Ga o ke o bona batho ba senya difatlhego fa ba ja. Dijo ke kagiso". Mafelo a Best e rekisang dijo mo go one a akaretsa dikago tse di tlogetsweng, mafelo a go rekisetswang dilo mo go one, dikgolegelo, mafelo a go tlhokomelwa bana le dikolo. O bolela gore karolo nngwe ya babereki ba gagwe ba mmila ke go neela batho "dijo tsa mogopolo le tsa pelo ... Fa e le gore ba bua ka kgokgontsho, ke ba bontsha kafa ke neng ka dirisa maatla a me mo kgonkgontshong ka teng mme ka a dirisa mo kagisong". Best a re o neela bana dinomoro tsa gagwe tsa mogala wa Letheka a bo a ba rotloetsa gore ba mo leletse pele fa ba ka dira sengwe se se bosula." <ref name="shambhala" /> Ditiro tse dingwe tsa gagwe tsa go thusa banana di akaretsa go rulaganyetsa banana ba le masome a marato loeto lwa go ya kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle go keteka Letsatsi la ga Rre ([[:en:Father's_Day|Father's day]]). <ref>{{Cite news|last=Rainey|first=Matt|title=Newark Teens Spend Father's Day at Seaside Heights|work=Newark Star-Ledger|date=June 20, 2010|url=http://photos.nj.com/star-ledger/2010/06/ga0621waterpark_rainey_4.html|access-date=July 24, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325140622/http://photos.nj.com/star-ledger/2010/06/ga0621waterpark_rainey_4.html|archivedate=March 25, 2012}}</ref> == Dietsele le Ditlotla == Earl Best o amogetse dietsele tse di farologaneng, mme o umakilwe mo dikgannyeng tse di buang ka botlhoka kutlo kwa Newark. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mayor Booker Addresses Safety Concerns|location=Newark, NJ|date=August 19, 2009|url=http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/press/press_releases/2009_08_19_01.php|access-date=July 24, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928115535/http://www.ci.newark.nj.us/press/press_releases/2009_08_19_01.php|archivedate=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi ( 2008), Best o ne a tlotliwa ka tsela e e sa solofelwang ke [[GQ Magazine|Koranta ya GQ]] kwa Moletlong wa yone wa Banna kwa New York City, mme o ne a amogela seetsele go tswa go modiragatsi e bong [[Forest Whitaker]] . <ref>{{Cite news|title="Street Doctor" visits Asbury, urges cooperation in battle against guns, street violence|date=July 27, 2011|url=http://www.nj.com/newark/index.ssf/2008/10/newarks_street_doctor_gets_sta.html|access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Newark questions curfew enforcement for juveniles|date=September 2, 2009|url=http://www.essexcountypolitics.com/news/general/2009/09/02/newark-questions-curfew-enforcement-juveniles|access-date=August 23, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331041039/http://www.essexcountypolitics.com/news/general/2009/09/02/newark-questions-curfew-enforcement-juveniles|archivedate=March 31, 2012}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe ( 2009), Best o ne a akgola molweladitshwanelo ka ene, Yusuf Shabazz, yo o neng a bolawa ka go thuntshiwa a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le bobedi . Shabazz o ne a tshwerwe ka ntlha ya go rekisa diritibatsi a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro , mme o ne a kgonne go fetola botshelo jwa gagwe. O ne a neelwa dithuto tsa go rulaganya metshameko go tswa mo setlhopheng sa banana se se sa direng dipoelo sa [[:en:ASPIRA_Association|Aspira]], mme a simolola go dira metshameko e e buang ka go fedisa tirisodikgoka ya digongwana . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Newark Anti-violence Activist Killed in Shooting Crossfire|date=November 4, 2009|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/11/newark_anti-violence_activist.html}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe ( 2011 )Best e ne e le sebui se se tlhageletseng kwa Bokopanong jwa dithuto tsa go tisa Kagiso jwa ngwaga wa 2021 kwa Newark , e leng Bokopano jwa boditšhabatšhaba jo bo neng bo bua ka go tlhoka tirisodikgoka e gape e neng e na le [[:en:14th_Dalai_Lama|Dalai Lama]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.nj.com/njv_joan_whitlow/2011/02/in_newark_a_time_to_give_peace.html|title=In Newark, a time to give peace a chance|date=February 4, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Newark Leaders Look for Lessons at Peace Summit|date=May 8, 2011|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2011/05/08/newark-leaders-look-for-lessons-from-peace-summit/|access-date=July 24, 2011}}</ref> == Leso == Best o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe, kwa lefelong la tlhokomelo e e tseneletseng a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le bone morago ga ntwa telele le bolwetse jwa kankere. Moragonyana go ne ga itsisiwe gore o tlhokafetse letsatsi le le latelang. O ne a tlogela morwawe, bokgaitsadie, le ditlogolo tsa gagwe. Ratoropo wa Newark Ras Baraka o boletse mo segopotson se se neng ya tsenngwa mo tsebeng ya maranyane ya Instagram gore "Batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba solegelwa molemo ke tsela ya gagwe ya go tokafatsa le tsela ya gagwe ya go iphitlhelela." <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cowen|first=Richard|title=Newark mourns the passing of longtime activist, 'The Street Doctor'|url=https://www.nj.com/essex/2021/12/newark-mourns-the-passing-of-longtime-activist-the-street-doctor.html|work=NJ.com|publisher=Advance Media|date=December 28, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2022}}</ref> <ref>@rasjbaraka&#x3B; (December 28, 2021). [https://www.instagram.com/rasjbaraka/p/CYCbydzlIvp/ "Earl The Street Doctor Best. Rest in Power and Paradise. The city will not be the same without you. Godspeed my brother. As he would say spider webs can tie up a lion Yibambe!!!!".] Retrieved January 14, 2022 &#x2013; via [[Instagram.]]</ref> Tirelo ya segopotso e ne ya tshwarwa ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le lesome le bone, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) koo moragonyana a neng a fitlhwa teng kwa Mabitleng a Fairmount kwa Newark diura di le mmalwa moragonyana. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Newark 'Street Doctor,' prisoner-turned-activist, laid to rest in NJ|url=https://abc7ny.com/earl-best-street-doctor-funeral-newark/11468137/|work=[[WABC-TV]]|date=January 14, 2021|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> == Nopolo ==  Ke ile ka kopana le batho ba ba tswang mo lefatsheng lotlhe ba ba ileng ba nkgatlha, mme ba mpotsa ba re, 'Ngaka ya mo Seterateng, kagiso e kaya eng mo go wena?' Mme seno ke se se kayang mo go nna: Thuto e e tshwanetseng. Ka gale baakanya diphoso.<ref>Best, Earl (May 17, 2011). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110825000741/http://www.thestreetdoctor.com/home.html Street Doctor Featuring His Holiness The Dalai Lama".] YouTube. Retrieved July 24, 2011.</ref> - Earl Best, kwa Newark Peace Education Summit ya 2011 == Ditshupiso == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 42eu145nhee0530i0h9unq6tf55n6wp 0 15210 55680 55457 2026-09-26T02:32:29Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lottie Cornella Isbell Blake, MD,''' (10 OO tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le borataro ( 1876) – Go fitlha kgwedi ya Ngwanaitseele e le lesome le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro (1976) e ne e le ngaka ya Amerika, morongwa wa tsa kalafi, le morutabana. Blake e ne e le Mo-Adventist wa ntlha wa Letsatsi la Bosupa yo montsho go nna ngaka. O gakologelwa ka katlego ya gagwe ya phetogo mo kalafing ya metsi e ka nako eo e neng e sa bonwe jaaka kalafi e e raraaneng ya kalafi. Lottie Blake, mmogo le monna wa gagwe e bong Dr. David Emanuel Blake, ba ne ba tsaya maeto le go bereka kwa Panama, Haiti le Jamaica e le morongwa yo o itshegetsang wa tsa kalafi. Mo botshelong jwa gagwe, Dr. Blake o ne a bona kalafi ya “ [[nyumonia]] ya Smokey City ” e e neng e bakilwe ke mosi kwa Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. <ref name="Kim SDA">{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Haiyoung |title=DR. LOTTIE I. BLAKE: THE FIRST SDA BLACK PHYSICIAN |url=http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/58/resources/pioneer-stories/dr-lottie-i-blake-the-first-sda-black-physician |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128115251/http://www.adventistheritage.org/article/58/resources/pioneer-stories/dr-lottie-i-blake-the-first-sda-black-physician |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le masome a matlhano tsa pereko , Lottie Blake o ne a tlotliwa ke Mokgatlho wa Kalafi wa Amerika a le dingwaga di le masomealerobedi le bongwe. == Botshelo jwa pele == Lottie Isbell Blake o tsholetswe kwa Appomattox kwa Virginia, e le morwadia Fannie le Thomas Isbell. Fa Lottie a le dingwaga di le tharo, lelwapa la ga Isbell le ne la fuduga go tswa kwa Virginia go ya kwa [[Columbus, Ohio]] . Thomas Isbell e ne e le mmetli mme Fanny Isbell o ne a thusa go tlhoma kereke ya Baptist ya Union Grove fa a ntse a godisa Lottie le bana ba gagwe ba le robongwe. Bana ba ga Isbell ba ne ba godisiwa e le ma-Baptist bontsi jwa bonana jwa bone mme fa Lottie a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi ene, mmaagwe le kgaitsadie Mamie ba ne ba sokologa go nna maloko a kereke ya [[Seventh-day Advehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day Adventist Churchntist|Seventh-day Adventist]] . == Thuto == Fa a fetsa kwa sekolong se segolwane , Blake o ne a tswelela pele go amogela setlankana sa gagwe sa borutabana a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi. Le fa a ne a ithutile go nna morutabana, Blake o ne a tswelela go katisiwa le go bereka e le mooki kwa [[:en:Battle_Creek_Sanitarium|Battle Creek Sanitarium]] ya Battle Creek kwa Battle Creek Michigan e e neng ya tlhongwa ke maloko a Kereke ya Bodumediya Seventh-day Adventist Church. Ngaka John Harvey Kellogg, mokaedi wa Lefelo la Boitekanelo la Battle Creek, yo a neng a nna le ene le go bereka ka fa tlase ga gagwe o ne a nna mokgothatsi wa ga Blake mo dingwageng tse a neng a le mooki ka tsone. E re ka Dr. Kellogg a ne a kgothalediwa ke ene, Blake o ne a tsena sekolo sa bongaka morago ga moo. O ne a aloga kwa sekolong sa bongaka sa American Medical Missionary College ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bobedi (1902) a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le borataro , mme a nna mo Seventh Day Adventist go nna ngaka. <ref name="Kim SDA" /> == Tiro ya pele == Kwa tshimologong, tiro ya ga Blake ya borongwa e ne ya nna mo teng ga borwa jwa United States. O ne a bereka e le mokaedi wa Lefelo la Boitekanelo la Rock City kwa Nashville, Tennessee a bereka e le ngaka kwa Birmingham, Alabama . Batho ba bantsho ba kwa Nashville ba ne ba akanya gore mekgwa ya kalafi ya ga Blake e ne e sa tokafala go le kalo fa e bapisiwa le e e neng e dirisiwa mo sechabeng sa bone mme ba ne ba e bitsa "dikalafi tsa matsela". E re ka a ne a ikutlwa a ganwa ke Nashville, o ne a fudusetsa tiro ya gagwe kwa motseng selegae wa Hillcrest, o o kwa bokone jwa Nashville. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a ganediwa gape.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Charlotte Cornelia Isbell Blake |url=https://am.adventistmission.org/m360v9n2-22 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=am.adventistmission.org |language=en}}</ref> Fa go sena go runya leroborobo kwa legaeng la dikhutsana kwa Huntsville, kwa Alabama, Blake o ne a fudugela go ya go bereka koo go ya go thusa. Moragonyana o ne a tswelela ka go bereka kwa Sekolong sa Katiso sa Diatla sa Huntsville Oakwood, se jaanong e leng Sekolo se setona sa Oakwood, kwa Huntsville Alabama, kwa e neng e le leloko la ntlhana la mothomontsho mo lephateng , le le nang le dikirii ya bongaka, le kwa a neng a tlhoma thulaganyo ya thuto ya baoki kwa Oakwood e e sa ntseng e bereka gompieno. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bone (1904), o ne a nna ngaka e e nang le teseletso kwa kgaolong ya Alabama. Fa a sena go nyala monna wa gagwe e bong Ngaka David Emanuel Blake ka kwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa (1907), banyalani bao ba ne ba fudugela kwa Nashville, kwa Lottie a neng a bula gape diphaposi tsa kalafi ya tlholego kwa Lefelong la Boitekanelo la Rock City, fa David ene a ne a ithuta bongaka kwa Sekolong sa Bongaka sa Meharry . Ba ne ba bereka koo go fitlha David a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bobedi ( 1912), <ref name=":0" /> pele ga a boela kwa Columbus, Ohio ka one ngwaga ong. == Tiro ya Borongwa == === Panama === Blake, monna wa gagwe le bana ba bone ba le batlhano ba ne ba tswa kwa United States ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le boraro (1913) go ya go dira tiro ya borongwa kwa Panama. Banyalani bao ba ne ba bareka e le barongwa ba kalafi ba ba neng ba ba ikemetse fa Lottie Blake a ne a tlhokomela bana ba bone ba le batlhano. Mo dingwageng di le nnè tse lelwapa leo le neng le nna kwa Panama ka tsone, Blake o ne a sa dire tiro e ntsi ya kalafi go na le moo o ne a itebagantse thata le go tlhokomela bana ba gagwe, sekolo le bana ba batho ba ba humileng ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo. Yellow Fever le Malaria e ne e le malwetse a matona a a neng a ama kgaolo ya Panama Canal e lelwapa leo le neng le nna mo go yone, e leng malwetse a neng dingaka di itebagantse thata le one ka nako eo. E re ka ba lelwapa la ga Blake ba ne ba berekela madi a mannye fela, ba ne ba kgona go bona kago kwa Cristóbal le didirisiwa tsa go dira tiro ya kalafi sente. E ne e le ka nako eo kwa Panama fa leloko lengwe le lengwe la lelwapa la ga Blake le ne le tsenwe ke bolwetse jwa [[:en:Malaria|malaria.]] === Haiti === Morago ga Panama, lelwapa leo le ne la fudugela kwa Port-au-Prince, kwa Haiti. Ba ne ba tlamela ka tlhokomelo ya kalafi mme ba tlhoma kereke. Le fa go ntse jalo, e re ka ba ne ba se na madi a mantsi a a bolokilweng e bile ba tshwanelwa ke go godisa bana ba le batlhano, ba ne ba sa kgone go duelela bodiredi jwa bone. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesomele borataro (1916), baeteledipele ba Khonferense ya Kakaretso ba ne ba utlwela botlhoko seemo sa bone mme ba ba neela madi a ka tshwarang $200 a kereke ya bone le $150 wa dithuso tsa ga David ka tiro ya gagwe ya borongwa kwa Cape Haitien. <ref name=":0" /> Ka ntlha ya go tlhakatlhakana mo go neng go tswa mo diphetogong, Haiti e ne e gapilwe ke Masole a lewatle a Amerika le tikologo e nngwe , lelwapa la ga Blake le ne la nna kwa Haiti dikgwedi di le tharo fela, ba fitlhela lefelo le le dikgwetho thata go ka nna le go bereka mo go one. === Jamaica === Lelapa la ga Blake le ne la ya kwa Jamaica, kwa David Blake a neng a tsholetswe le go golela teng, ba ne ba nna le ba losika dikgwedi di le lesomerobedi. == Tiro ya Morago ga Borongwa == Ba lelwapa la ga Blake ba ne ba fudugela kwa Charleston, kwa Bophirima jwa Virginia ka maikaelelo a go tlhoma lefelo la kalafi, mme Dr. David Blake o ne a bolawa ke bolwetse jwa nyumonia mo lobakeng lwa beke fela morago ga go goroga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bosupa ( 1917). Lottie Blake o ne a romela bana ba gagwe go ya go nna le ba lelwapa kwa Columbus, Ohio fa ene a ne a ya go ikatisa kwa Charleston ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920) mme a nna koo dingwaga di le tlhano. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano ( 1925), Blake o ne a boela kwa Columbus go ya go kopana le bana ba gagwe mme a dira tiro ya bongaka go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano ( 1935). Ka nakong eo, Blake o ne a fudugela kwa Pittsburgh, kwa Philadelphia kwa a neng a itebaganya le go tshwara basadi le bana gone. Ke gone kwa a neng a bona kalafi ya “nyumonia ya Smokey City”, e e neng e le mofuta wa nyumonia e e neng e bakwa ke kgotlhelo le mosi o o neng o le kwa Pittsburgh le kwa ditoropong tse dingwe tse ditona ka nako eo. O ne a tswelela go bereka kwa Pittsburgh go fitlha a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa ( 1957) a le dingwaga di le masomealerobedi le bongwe. == Dingwaga tsa Bofelo == Mokgatlho wa Kalafi wa Amerika o tlotla Lottie ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe ya dingwaga di feta masome a matlhano mo tirong ya kalafi. Mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa go tlogela tiro, o ne a tswelela a neela batho ba ba neng ba batla go ithuta mo go ene dithuto tsa Baebele le go ruta dibuka tsa bodumedi. O nna le morwadie e bong Alice Evelyn kwa Huntsville, kwa Alabama mo dingwageng tsa gagwe tsa bofelo. <ref name=":0" /> Ngaka Lottie Blake o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya malwetse a tlholego ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ele lesome le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro (1976) a le dingwaga di le lekgolo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lottie Isbell Blake |url=http://blacksdahistory.org/lottie-blake.html |access-date=2019-10-15 |website=blacksdahistory.org}}</ref> == Boswa == Dr. Lottie Blake o gakologelwa e le morongwa wa tsa kalafi, morutabana le mmulatsela wa bodiredi jwa kalafi. Le fa go ne go na le mafelo a a makgwakgwa mo nakong yotlhe ya gagwe, tire ya gagwe mo lephateng la kalafi e ne e le phetogo e tona mo lephateng la kalafi le mo Maaforika a Amerika kwa borwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blake, Charlotte (Lottie) Cornelia Isbell (1876–1976) |url=https://encyclopedia.adventist.org/article?id=6CDX |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=encyclopedia.adventist.org}}</ref> E ne e le ngaka ya ntlha ya mosadi ya motho montsho kwa Alabama le Mo-Adventist wa ntlha wa motho montsho wa Seventh-Day Adventist go amogela dithutego tsa bongaka. O ne a tlogela boswa jwa tumelo e e kwa godimo, maatla mo thutong, le maikemisetso a go direla le go alafa sechaba sa Maaforika a Amerika. == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9tcz8doe8ukimsdcwqlk6s94hfni9ab 0 15211 55661 55463 2026-09-25T23:51:55Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55661 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Baby Cele-Maloka''' ( o tshotswe ka 22 Mopitlo1972 ) ke modiragatsi go tswa kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]], kwa Umlazi, [[KwaZulu-Natal]] ko a belegetsweng teng. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Up close with Zabalazas Baby Cele |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/move/20150909/281492160081514 |access-date=2020-03-09 |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe == Cele o tumile thata ka seabe sa gagwe mo motshamekong wa [[Backstage]], a tshameka ele Kaltego Rathebe dingwaga dile borobabobedi .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-16 |title=This is what the cast of backstage look like 10 years later |url=https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/pics-this-is-what-the-cast-of-backstage-look-like-10-years-later-20171116&grqid=lFSUvtvF&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=channel24.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sibusiso Radebes death bring shock and sadness - Backstage |url=https://www.myvirgo.co.za/read-blog/42_sibusiso-radebe-s-death-bring-shock-and-sadness.html&grqid=193dbGKS&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=myvirgo.co.za |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143900/https://www.myvirgo.co.za/read-blog/42_sibusiso-radebe-s-death-bring-shock-and-sadness.html%26grqid%3D193dbGKS%26s%3D1%26hl%3Den-ZA |archive-date=2023-04-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>O ne a tswelela a ya go tshameka karolo ya ga mo motsweding wa [[SABC 1]] mo ''My Perfect Family''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby cele to spread her wings! |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/news/baby-cele-to-spread-her-wings-15068187&grqid=36b1Buz2&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=iol.co.za}}</ref> Ka 2011, O ne a tshameka karolo ele Beauty mo motshamekong wa ''Shreds & Dreams'', e e neng e itebagantse le motshameko wa 2004 wa ga Clare Stopford. Go simolola ka 2012 go ya go 2013, o ne a tshameka karolo ya ga Slindile Dludlu mo motsweding wa [[Mzansi Magic]] wa ''Inkaba'' . Gape Cele o ne a tshameka karolo ya Gasta Cele mo motshameking wa ''Zabalaza'' . <ref name="BCa">{{Cite web |title=From Sarafina! to Inkaba |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/tv/baby-from-sarafina-to-inkaba-1274525&grqid=nYzjU6l6&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |website=iol.co.za}}</ref> Ka 2016, o ne a tshameka karolo ya ga Sibongile Nene mo motshamekong wa ''[[Isidingo]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-28 |title=Baby Cele on her new isidingo role |url=https://m.news24.com/Drum/Archive/baby-cele-on-her-new-isidingo-role-20170728&grqid=4sXmgr3A&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> Ene e le leloko la batshameki ba motshameko wa serala wa ''[[Sarafina!]]'' . Cele o ne a tshameka mo motshamekong wa serala ''wa Cards'' . <ref name="BCa" /> Ka 2018, o ne a tsenelela motshameko wa ''[[Uzalo]]'', ko a neng a tshameka e le Gabisile Mdletshe. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Cele o nyetswe ke rra dikgwebo Thabo Maloka. Ona le mpho ya semoya ye a e filling ke badimo, ye e dirileng gore a togele Botaki. O na le ngwana yo a mo mogodisitseng mme e se wa gagwe, Sandiso Vusumuzi Thwala.Sandiso is UDlakadla Omkhulu o mo maranyange a Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-06 |title=Baby cele pens loved up appreciate post to her hubby |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-07-06-baby-cele-pens-loved-up-appreciation-post-to-her-hubby/ |access-date=2020-03-09 |publisher=timeslive.co.za}}</ref> O na le bana ba babedi . == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] skbvs5deuy9w33b6rxjuij3p51fl4fz 0 15217 55649 55489 2026-09-25T19:44:41Z Tulips.01 12481 Tulips.01 moved page [[Modirisi:Tulips.01/Draft*3]] to [[Tulips.01/Draft*3]]: Moving completed draft to article namespace 55489 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditokomane tsa Macademia Ditokomane tsa Macadamia ke ditokomane tsa setlhare tse di nang le dikotla tse dintsi tse di itsegeng ka tatso ya tsone e e humileng, e e botoro le dikgapetla tse di thata. <ref>https://australianfoodtimeline.com.au/macadamia-nuts/</ref>Tshimologo le Temo ya tsona di tlholegela kwa dikgweng tsa pula tsa Bokonebotlhaba jwa New South Wales le Queensland, Australia, koo Baaborijene ba neng ba di bitsa di Kindal.<ref>https://sandiegofloral.org/GG-Macadamia</ref> E reeletswe ke moitseanape wa dimela Walter Hill ka tsala ya gagwe, John Macadam, rakhemisi wa kwa Australia yo o tsholetsweng kwa Scotland. Tlhagiso ya lefatshe lotlhe e supa gore badiri ba bagolo ba kgwebo jaanong ba akaretsa Australia, Afrika Borwa le Hawaii. [[Setshwantsho:Macadamia nuts.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Ditokomane tsa Macadamia di dirilwe ka dikgapetla tse di thata]] Melemo ya boitekanelo le phepomafura a a itekanetseng : Matokomane a a dirilwe ka bontsi ka mafura a senang dikotla, a a thusang go tshegetsa boitekanelojwa pelo. Ditiro tsa go apaya:<ref>https://sandiegofloral.org/GG-Macadamia</ref> * E jewa e le tala , e gadikilwe e omile, kgotsa e tshetswe letswai * Gantsi e tswakanngwa le chocolate e sweu le vanilla mo dikokong, * kgotsa e tsenngwa mo disalateng, mo dipestong le mo dijong tsa dithoro. METSWEDI ojhjr0ti8drict2x5ge6p59uzcb90nn 0 15220 55681 55496 2026-09-26T02:50:50Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matilda Booker''' (o tshotswe e le '''Matilda V. Mosley''' ; ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bosupa (1887) – Go fitlha kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekee, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Veronica A |date=2005 |title=Inspiring African American women of Virginia |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/63145483 |publisher=iUniverse, Inc |isbn=0-595-34730-4 |oclc=63145483}}</ref> O tsholetswe kwa Halifax County ke Killis Mosley le Tamara Smith Mosley, Booker o ne a simolola thuto ya gagwe a le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro, a tswelela go nna mookamedi wa dikgaolo tsa dikolo tsa batho Bantsho tse di neng di kgaogantswe ka nako eo ka dikgaolo tse pedi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Matilda V. Mosley Booker Biography |url=https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.php?b=Booker_Matilda_Mosley |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.lva.virginia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308222248/https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.php?b=Booker_Matilda_Mosley |archive-date=2022-03-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tiro ya gagwe ya go kgobokanya madi, go buelela, le go aga sechaba e ne ya dira gore go tlhabololwe dikago tsa dikolo tse di senyegileng, go agiwe dikolo tse disha, go atolosiwe dithuto tse di neelwang go akaretsa mananeo a maemo a sekolo se setona, go thusa ka madi a dipalamo tsa sechaba le dikokelwana tsa meno, le go lekalekanngwa ga dituelo fa gare ga barutabana ba batho Bantsho le ba batho basweu. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940) Sekolo se setona sa lefatshe la Virginia (e ka nako eo e neng e le sekolo sa lefatshe la Virginia sa Batho ba Bantsho) se ne sa neela Booker setlankana sa go mo tlotla ka ntlha ya diphitlhelelo tsa gagwe mo thutong. <ref name=":0" /> O bolailwe ke bolwetse jwa pelo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957). {{Infobox person|name=Matilda Booker|birth_name=Matilda V. Mosley|birth_date={{birth date|1887|9|18|mf=y}}|birth_place=Halifax County, Virginia|death_date={{death date and age|1957|6|27|1887|9|18|mf=y}}|death_place=Cumberland County, Virginia|education=Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute|occupation=Morutabana}} == Thuto == Booker o ne a aloga kwa Lekalaneng la thuto la Thyne kwa Chase City, kwa a neng a amogela setlankana sa borutabana sa maemo a boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1909). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ohles, Frederik |date=2011 |title=Biographical dictionary of modern American educators |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/755169050 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-1-78034-208-5 |oclc=755169050}}</ref> Morago ga moo o ne a ithuta kwa Sekolong se setona sa lefatshe la Virginia ( e ka nako eo e neng e le Lekalana la tsa Madirelo la Virginia ) mme a aloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911). <ref name=":0" /> == Tiro == Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le boraro (1913) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920), Booker e ne e le mookamela dikolo tsa batho Bantsho di le masome a mabedi le bone kwa Cumberland County, VA. Jaaka morutabana ene le Anna T. Jeanes Foundation, Booker o ne a kgona go atolosa dipaka tsa sekolo, go baakanya mafaratlhatlha le go oketsa dituelo tsa barutabana. <ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi ( 1920), o ne a simolola go okamela dikolo di le masome a mane le borobabobedi e le mookamela thuto ya batho Bantsho <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Love |first=Patrick |title=Mecklenburg's black history |url=https://www.southhillenterprise.com/news/article_a4bde530-abdc-11e4-99dc-c7dc68dc975f.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=South Hill Enterprise |language=en}}</ref> kwa Kgaolong e e gaufi ya Mecklenburg . Kwa a neng a thusa ka thuto ya barutabana, mme o ne a nna le seabe se setona mo go buleng dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ntlha tse pedi tsa kgaolo tsa baithuti ba batho Bantsho. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of West End High School 1935-1969 |url=https://www.thenewsprogress.com/community/article_f43bbaf6-70ac-11eb-b491-a7ac9a9907a9.html |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The News Progress |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925), Booker o ne a bone madi a ka tshwarang $ 1,500 go tswa kwa Letloleng la Rosenwald mme a kgotlhatsa tsa batsadi go kgobokanya $3,000 go aga sekolo se sesha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecklenburg County Training School Historical Marker |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=107443 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.hmdb.org |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga moo Booker o ne a kopa kemonokeng ya banni ya sekolo se segolwane sa puso sa batho Bantsho kwa Clarksville . Go ya ka moithuti wa pele Ann Garnett Miller, Sekolo se Segolwane sa West End se ne sa bulwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse,ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le botlhano (1935) ka baithuti ba ba fetang lekgolo ba dingwaga tse di fa gare ga lesome le boraro le masome a mabedi le bobedi. Booker o ne a tlogela tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le botlhano (1955). <ref name=":2" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Booker o ne a nyala Samuel Glover Booker ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e le masome a mabedi le bone, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro (1916). Bobedi jo bo ne bo na le polasi e nnye, mme bo na le sefelo la leokwane le le neng le tsamaisiwa ke Samuel lebaka la dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le bone . Ba ne ba sena bana. <ref name=":0" /> == Bolwetse le loso == Booker o ne a lwantshana le bolwetse jwa pelo mo dingwageng tse di neng tsa latela morago ga go tlogela tiro ga gagwe, mme a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa (1957). <ref name=":2" /> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] aewnhqj28uy5qyh2pt4v3kgs91jzqi3 0 15222 55629 55503 2026-09-25T13:26:11Z JudithShe 9421 #BLT2026 55629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Damdudzo Marechera|image=Dambudzo Marechera.jpg|birth_name=Charles William Marechera|birth_date=Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa 1952|birth_place=Rusape, Southern Rhodesia|education=University of Rhodesia (kwa e leng University of Zimbabwe gompieno), University of Oxford|occupation=Mokwadi|notable works=The House of Hunger (1978) Black Sunlight (1980)|awards=Seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize (1979)}}'''Dambudzo Marechera''' (o o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi a tlhokafala ka Phatwe a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa) e ne e le mokwadi wa dibuka, dipolelo khutswe, difilimi gape e le mmoki wa kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. Dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa pereko tse di nnileng dikhutshwane di nnile lokwalo lwa dipolelo, dibuka tse pedi (e nngwe e gatisitswe a sena go tlhokafala), buka ya metshameko le maboko, le kgobokanyo ya maboko (e le yone e gatisitsweng a sena go tlhokafala). Buka ya gagwe ya ntlha, kgobokanyo ya dipolelo tsw di itlhametsweng e filwe setlhogo sa ''The House of Hunger'' (e gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi), e fentse seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe. Marechera o ne a itsege thata ka go kwala a ntsha dintlha tsotlhe, a sa fitlhe sepe, ebile a le kelotlhoko, mo go neng go supiwa e le mofuta o mosha mo dikwalong tsa [[Aferika|Aforika]], le maitsholo a gagwe a a sa letlelesegeng kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tse a kobilweng kwa go tsone le ntswa a ne a ntsha maduo a mantle mo dithutong == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Marechera o tshotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi kwa Vengere, Rusape, Rhodesia Borwa, rraagwe e le Isaac Marechera o e neng e le mmereki wa kwa setsidifatsing sa baswi le Masvotwa Venrnzia Marechera, mmereki wa mo ntlong. E ne e le ngwana wa batsadi ba BaShona go tswa kwa legare botlhaba jwa Rhodesia. O goletse fa gare ga tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala, khumanego le kgokgontsho. O tsene sekolo sa St. Augustine's Mission, kwa Penhalonga, kwa a neng a tlhoka kutlwisisano le barutabana ka ntlha ya dithuto tsa bokolone, o ne a ya kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Rhodesia (kwa e le [[University of Zimbabwe]] gompieno), kwa a neng a kobiwa ka nako ya mekubukubu ya bana ba sekolo, le kwa New College, Oxford, kwa maitsholo a gagwe le go latlhelela mo dithutong go bakileng gore a kobiwe gape.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dambudzo-Marechera "Dambudzo Marechera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185650/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364493/Dambudzo-Marechera|date=26 April 2015}}, Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> == Mathata le katlego kwa England == Kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Oxford, Marechera o ne a supagala e le moithuti o o botlhale mme a sa laolesege o a neng a sena kgatlhego mo go obameleng melao ya thuto, a itlhophela go bala sepe fela se se neng se kgatlha leitlho la gagwe. O ne a itsege gape ka go nna lekawana le le manganga le le neng le sa tshabe go lwantsha baba ba lone ka diatla bogolo jang kwa maitisong kwa Oxford. O ne a simolola go supa maitshwaro a a makgwakgwa, mosidila maikutlo wa sekolo o ne a re o na le bokoa jwa go lebala ditiragalo, go latlhegelwa ke tlhaloganyo le go ikgapha mo bathong (schizophrenia). Marechera o ne a tshosetsa go bolaya batho bangwe a dira le maiteko a go tshuba sekolo ka molelo. O ne a tumile gape ka go tlhoka tlotlo mo baeteledingpele ka ntlha ya maikgogomoso a go nna wa lotso le maemo a a kwa godimo. Ka go leka go tshuba sekolo, Marechera o ne a neelwa maitlhophelo a le mabedi: go itetlelela go tlhatlhobiwa mo tlhaloganyong kgotsa go kobiwa, o ne a itlhophela maitlhophelo a bobedi, a re ba mmetelela tlhaloganyo. Ka nako e, botshelo jwa ga Marechera bo ne bo tlhakatlhakane, mo a neng a ya kgolegelong ya Cardiff ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa a fitlhetswe ka motekwane, le tshwetso e e neng e ama go busediwa gae ga gagwe. O ne a nna bontlha jwa batho ba ba neng ba sena magae gaufi le Oxford le mafelo a mangwe, a robala kwa dikamoreng tsa malwapa tsa ditsala tsa gagwe gape a kwala mekwalo e e itlhametsweng le maboko kwa ditilong tsa mafelo a itloso bodutu, a tshabelelwa ke go tlhaselwa ke magodu le go tshwenngwa ke mapodise ka ntlha ya go sasanka ga gagwe. Ka nako e gape o ne a nna dikgwedi di le dintsi kwa Tolmers Square kwa legareng la London.<ref>Smith, Alex; [[:en:Kwesi_Owusu|Kwesi Owusu]]; Mandana Hendessi (2022). "[https://tolmers.net/where-are-they-now/dambudzo-marechera/ Dambudzo Marechera]". ''Tolmers Village Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230312093820/https://tolmers.net/where-are-they-now/dambudzo-marechera/ Archived] from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> === Kgatiso === Buka ya ntlha ya ga Marechera e le buka e ntle thata ya The House of Hunger (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi) - kgobokanyo ya buka e le nngwe le dipolelo khutswe di robabongwe - e tsile  morago ga nako ya gagwe kwa New College, Oxford. The House of Hunger e ne ya tsewa ke James Currey<ref>[[:en:Stephen_Gray_(writer)|Gray, Stephen]] (2009). "Book Reviews: ''Africa Writes Back'' by James Currey". ''Research in African Literatures''. '''40''' (1): 177–180. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/258071 10.2979/ral.2009.40.1.177]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/30131199 30131199.]</ref> kwa Heinemann a e gatisa mo motseletseleng wa bone wa bakwadi ba Aforika. Polelo ya setlhogo se seleele e tlhalosa go tshwenyega ga mmoledi wa yone ka nako ya gagwe e sale ngwana le e le monana kwa Rhodesia wa kolone. The House of Hunger e ne ya fenya seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize. Marechera e ne e le ene mo Aforika fela ebile e le ene wa ntlha go fenya seetsele se mo dingwageng di le masome a mararo le boraro, o ne a nna motho o o tumileng mo mohameng wa dikwalo kwa England. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a na le tsosa tlhatlharuane gangwe le gape. Kwa dijong taa maitseboa tsa seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize, Marachera o be a baka tlhakatlhakano fa a simolola go ngata lobone ka dijana.<ref>[https://kalamu.posthaven.com/profile-dambudzo-marechera "Profile: Dambudzo Marechera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817075823/http://kalamu.posthaven.com/profile-dambudzo-marechera|date=17 August 2016}}, [[:en:Kalamu_ya_Salaam|Kalamu ya Salaa]]<nowiki/>m's information blog, ''Neo-Griot'', 21 August 2011</ref><ref>Drew Johnson: [https://therumpus.net/2009/11/18/drew-johnson-the-last-book-i-loved-the-house-of-hunger/ "The Last Book I Loved, The House of Hunger"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095056/http://therumpus.net/2009/11/drew-johnson-the-last-book-i-loved-the-house-of-hunger/|date=17 June 2013}}, ''The Rumpus'', 18 November 2009.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo dikolo tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa Leeds University le University of Sheffield di ne tsa mo fa maemo a go nna mokwadi o o ithutang kwa go bone.<ref>[https://www.pindula.co.zw/Dambudzo_Marechera "About Dambudzo Marechera, Background, Career - Pindula, Local Knowledge"]. ''Pindula''. 20 February 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Marechera o ne a akanya gore kompone ya kgatiso ya Britain e a mo tsietse, ka jalo o ne a itlhophela go ya kwa diofising tsa Heinemann ka dinako tse di sa tlwaelesegang go kopa go duelwa. Le fa go ntse jalo o ne a tshela ka tshotlego e tona gape a sa itekanela mo mmeleng ka a ne a sa je mo go lekaneng gape a a nwa phetelela. Marechera o ne a akanyetsa ditsala, baithuti ka ene ba ba tswang Zimbabwe jaaka mmoko Musaemura Zimunya, Rino  Zhuwarara, mokwadi Stanley Nyamfukudza, le ditsala tse dingwe go bo ba na le seabe mo mathateng a gagwe a mantsi le fa ba mo direla ka botswapelo. Kwa phelelong o ne a felela a nna a na le batho ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le sekolo, ba tsenelela meletlo ba sa e lalediwa ka jalo ba tsena mo mathateng gantsi, a gololwa kwa kgolegelong ke Currey. O ne a nna fela a kobilwe kwa African Centre, lefelo la bokopano la ngwao kwa tshingwaneng ya Convent ya baithuti le barutintshi ba ma Aforika. Bangwe ba supa fa Marechera a ne a nyala mosadi wa Britain mme ga go itsiwe go le gontsi ka lonyalo lo. Buka ya ga Marechera ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi ya Black Sunlight e tshwantshitswe le mokwalo wa ga James Joyce le Henry Miller, mme ga e a ka ya amogela katlego e e tshwanang le ya The House of Hunger. E bua ka gore go thankgola dipuso ke sesupo sa botlhale.<ref>[[:en:Helon_Habila|Habila, Helon]] (Winter 2006). "[https://www.vqronline.org/winter-2006/essays/dambudzo-marechera-life-and-times-african-writer On Dambudzo Marechera: The Life and Times of an African Writer]". ''[[:en:Virginia_Quarterly_Review|Virginia Quarterly Review]]''. '''82''' (1): 258. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26443937 26443937]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130617051921/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/winter/habila-on-dambudzo-marechera/ Archived] from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Go boela Zimbabwe le dingwaga tsa bofelo == Marechera o ne a boela kwa Zimbabwe o a neng a sa tswa go tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>Mushakavanhu, Tinashe (3 June 2018). "[https://chimurengachronic.co.za/home-mean-nothing-to-me/ Home Means Nothing to Me]". ''The Chimurenga Chronic''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240720150357/https://chimurengachronic.co.za/home-mean-nothing-to-me/ Archived] from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> go thusa go gatisa filimi ya The House of Hunger. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a tlhoka go utlwana le mokaedi, a sala kwa Zimbabwe fa babereki ba filimi ba tsamaya, mo go neng ga baka gore a nne kwa Harare a sena kwa a nnang teng pele ga a tlhokafala koo morago ga dingwaga di le tlhano ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa, ka ntlha ya go lwala makgwafo mo go amangwang le AIDS, ale dingwaga di le masome mararo le botlhano.<ref>Mushakavanhu, Tinashe (7 September 2019). "[https://qz.com/africa/1704927/the-zimbabwean-writer-was-robert-mugabes-nemesis The Zimbabwean writer who was Robert Mugabe's nemesis]". ''Quartz Africa''. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref><ref>Waweru, Nduta (1 December 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250815173721/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-sad-end-of-zimbabwes-greatest-author-who-died-of-hiv-in-1987 "The sad end of Zimbabwe's greatest author who died of HIV in 1987 at age 35 - Face2Face Africa".] ''Face2Face Africa''. Archived from [https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-sad-end-of-zimbabwes-greatest-author-who-died-of-hiv-in-1987 the original] on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Mindblast; kgotsa, The Definitive Buddy (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone) e kwadilwe ngwaga morago ga go boela gae ga gagwe, e na le metshameko e le meraro, dikgobokanyo tsa maboko, le tse a neng a di kwadile fa a le kwa setilong sa lefelo la itloso bodutu. Buka e kgala tshenyetso setshaba ya Zimbabwe morago ga boipuso. The Black Insider, e e gatisitsweng a sena go tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe, ditiragalo tsa yone di diragala kwa kagong ya botaki e e fang baithuti le bo ra matlhale le bataki ba ba tswang kwa ntweng e e sa bolelwang ka leina botshabelo. Dipuisano tsa baanelwa di ikaegile ka go nna mo Aforika le mofuta wa botaki. Maboko a ga Marechera a ne a gatisiwa a sena go tlhokafala ka setlhogo sa Cemetery of the Mind ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi. == Dietsele == * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe: Guardian Fiction Prize == Boswa == Fa e sale Marechera a tlhokafala, bakwadi ba ba botlana le babereki ka ene ba kwadile ka botshelo jwa gagwe le ditiro tsa gagwe. Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe, ba ba neng ba dira jalo thata ke batswakwa, bogolojang morutuntshi Flora Veit-Wild, o o kwadileng buka ka botshelo jwa gagwe le buka ya motswedu wa botshelo jwa ga Marechera le ditiro tsa gagwe.<ref>[https://readingzimbabwe.com/books/reincarnating-marechera "Reincarnating Marechera".] ''readingzimbabwe.com''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a tsaya bontsi jwa dilo tse a neng a di bolelelwa ke Marechera e le dintlha.Mo tsebeng e e mo makasineng wa Wasafiri ya Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi, Wild o ne a fetola potsi ya gore ke eng a sa kwala ka botshelo jwa ga Marechera sentle ka gore: "karabo ya me e ne e le gore ke ne ke sa batle go kgobokanya sebopego sa gagwe ka go se dira ka mokgwa o le mongwe me o ne a letla mantswe a a farologaneng gore a ipuelele. Mme se ga se boammaruri botlhe. Ke ne ke ka se kwale ka botshelk jwa gagwe ka gore botshelo jwa me bo ne bo gokagane le jwa gagwe". O ne a tlhalosa ka botlalo botsalano jwa gagwe le ene jwa dikgwedi di le lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>''Wasafiri'', issue 69, March 2012</ref><ref>Veit-Wild, Flora, [http://memorychirere.blogspot.com/2012/03/me-and-dambudzo-personal-essay-by-flora.html "Me and Dambudzo: a personal essay",] ''Kwachirere'', 2 March 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/10878-the-german-girl-who-made-love-to-dambudzo-marechera.html "The German Girl Who Made Love to Dambudzo Marechera"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312195211/http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/10878-the-german-girl-who-made-love-to-dambudzo-marechera.html|date=12 March 2012}}, ''The Zimbabwe Mail'', 27 March 2012.</ref><ref>admin (22 November 2020). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20250815185418/https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/litfest-discusses-marechera/ LitFest discusses Marechera - herald".] ''herald''. Archived from [https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/litfest-discusses-marechera/ the original] on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> [[Ainehi Edoro]] wa Brittle Paper o kwadile ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano: "gompieno, Marechera ke mogaka wa dibuka kakanyetso le go nna kgatlhanong le ngwao mo dibukeng tsa Aforika.<ref>Edoro, Ainehi (4 June 2015). [https://brittlepaper.com/2015/06/happy-birthday-dambudzo-marechera/ "Happy Birthday, Dambudzo Marechera!".] ''Brittle Paper''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Mmoki wa New Zealand, mokwadi le mogatisi [[Mark Pirie]] o kwadile ka Marechera a akaretsa tiro ya gagwe mo tsebeng ya JAAM (Just Another Art Movement).<ref>Dambudzo Marechera (1952-1987) in JAAM 10, pp. 7-25.</ref> == Dibuka == * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi - The House of Hunger, Heinemann Afeican Writers Series * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi: Black Sunlight. * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone: Mindblast kgotsa The Definitive Buddy * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi: The Black Insider * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi: Cemetery of Mind * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bone: Scrapiron Blues == Metswedi == kx8an548k90m5hjaaocahis7vxnf59p 55664 55629 2026-09-26T00:31:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Damdudzo Marechera|image=Dambudzo Marechera.jpg|birth_name=Charles William Marechera|birth_date=Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa 1952|birth_place=Rusape, Southern Rhodesia|education=University of Rhodesia (kwa e leng University of Zimbabwe gompieno), University of Oxford|occupation=Mokwadi|notable works=The House of Hunger (1978) Black Sunlight (1980)|awards=Seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize (1979)}}'''Dambudzo Marechera''' (o o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi a tlhokafala ka Phatwe a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa) e ne e le mokwadi wa dibuka, dipolelo khutswe, difilimi gape e le mmoki wa kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. Dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa pereko tse di nnileng dikhutshwane di nnile lokwalo lwa dipolelo, dibuka tse pedi (e nngwe e gatisitswe a sena go tlhokafala), buka ya metshameko le maboko, le kgobokanyo ya maboko (e le yone e gatisitsweng a sena go tlhokafala). Buka ya gagwe ya ntlha, kgobokanyo ya dipolelo tsw di itlhametsweng e filwe setlhogo sa ''The House of Hunger'' (e gatisitswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi), e fentse seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe. Marechera o ne a itsege thata ka go kwala a ntsha dintlha tsotlhe, a sa fitlhe sepe, ebile a le kelotlhoko, mo go neng go supiwa e le mofuta o mosha mo dikwalong tsa [[Aferika|Aforika]], le maitsholo a gagwe a a sa letlelesegeng kwa dikolong tse dikgolwane tse a kobilweng kwa go tsone le ntswa a ne a ntsha maduo a mantle mo dithutong == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Marechera o tshotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi kwa Vengere, Rusape, Rhodesia Borwa, rraagwe e le Isaac Marechera o e neng e le mmereki wa kwa setsidifatsing sa baswi le Masvotwa Venrnzia Marechera, mmereki wa mo ntlong. E ne e le ngwana wa batsadi ba BaShona go tswa kwa legare botlhaba jwa Rhodesia. O goletse fa gare ga tlhaolele ya lotso le mmala, khumanego le kgokgontsho. O tsene sekolo sa St. Augustine's Mission, kwa Penhalonga, kwa a neng a tlhoka kutlwisisano le barutabana ka ntlha ya dithuto tsa bokolone, o ne a ya kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Rhodesia (kwa e le [[University of Zimbabwe]] gompieno), kwa a neng a kobiwa ka nako ya mekubukubu ya bana ba sekolo, le kwa New College, Oxford, kwa maitsholo a gagwe le go latlhelela mo dithutong go bakileng gore a kobiwe gape.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dambudzo-Marechera "Dambudzo Marechera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185650/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364493/Dambudzo-Marechera|date=26 April 2015}}, Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> == Mathata le katlego kwa England == Kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Oxford, Marechera o ne a supagala e le moithuti o o botlhale mme a sa laolesege o a neng a sena kgatlhego mo go obameleng melao ya thuto, a itlhophela go bala sepe fela se se neng se kgatlha leitlho la gagwe. O ne a itsege gape ka go nna lekawana le le manganga le le neng le sa tshabe go lwantsha baba ba lone ka diatla bogolo jang kwa maitisong kwa Oxford. O ne a simolola go supa maitshwaro a a makgwakgwa, mosidila maikutlo wa sekolo o ne a re o na le bokoa jwa go lebala ditiragalo, go latlhegelwa ke tlhaloganyo le go ikgapha mo bathong (schizophrenia). Marechera o ne a tshosetsa go bolaya batho bangwe a dira le maiteko a go tshuba sekolo ka molelo. O ne a tumile gape ka go tlhoka tlotlo mo baeteledingpele ka ntlha ya maikgogomoso a go nna wa lotso le maemo a a kwa godimo. Ka go leka go tshuba sekolo, Marechera o ne a neelwa maitlhophelo a le mabedi: go itetlelela go tlhatlhobiwa mo tlhaloganyong kgotsa go kobiwa, o ne a itlhophela maitlhophelo a bobedi, a re ba mmetelela tlhaloganyo. Ka nako e, botshelo jwa ga Marechera bo ne bo tlhakatlhakane, mo a neng a ya kgolegelong ya Cardiff ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa a fitlhetswe ka motekwane, le tshwetso e e neng e ama go busediwa gae ga gagwe. O ne a nna bontlha jwa batho ba ba neng ba sena magae gaufi le Oxford le mafelo a mangwe, a robala kwa dikamoreng tsa malwapa tsa ditsala tsa gagwe gape a kwala mekwalo e e itlhametsweng le maboko kwa ditilong tsa mafelo a itloso bodutu, a tshabelelwa ke go tlhaselwa ke magodu le go tshwenngwa ke mapodise ka ntlha ya go sasanka ga gagwe. Ka nako e gape o ne a nna dikgwedi di le dintsi kwa Tolmers Square kwa legareng la London.<ref>Smith, Alex; [[:en:Kwesi_Owusu|Kwesi Owusu]]; Mandana Hendessi (2022). "[https://tolmers.net/where-are-they-now/dambudzo-marechera/ Dambudzo Marechera]". ''Tolmers Village Forum''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230312093820/https://tolmers.net/where-are-they-now/dambudzo-marechera/ Archived] from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> === Kgatiso === Buka ya ntlha ya ga Marechera e le buka e ntle thata ya The House of Hunger (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi) - kgobokanyo ya buka e le nngwe le dipolelo khutswe di robabongwe - e tsile  morago ga nako ya gagwe kwa New College, Oxford. The House of Hunger e ne ya tsewa ke James Currey<ref>[[:en:Stephen_Gray_(writer)|Gray, Stephen]] (2009). "Book Reviews: ''Africa Writes Back'' by James Currey". ''Research in African Literatures''. '''40''' (1): 177–180. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/258071 10.2979/ral.2009.40.1.177]. [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/30131199 30131199.]</ref> kwa Heinemann a e gatisa mo motseletseleng wa bone wa bakwadi ba Aforika. Polelo ya setlhogo se seleele e tlhalosa go tshwenyega ga mmoledi wa yone ka nako ya gagwe e sale ngwana le e le monana kwa Rhodesia wa kolone. The House of Hunger e ne ya fenya seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize. Marechera e ne e le ene mo Aforika fela ebile e le ene wa ntlha go fenya seetsele se mo dingwageng di le masome a mararo le boraro, o ne a nna motho o o tumileng mo mohameng wa dikwalo kwa England. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a na le tsosa tlhatlharuane gangwe le gape. Kwa dijong taa maitseboa tsa seetsele sa Guardian Fiction Prize, Marachera o be a baka tlhakatlhakano fa a simolola go ngata lobone ka dijana.<ref>[https://kalamu.posthaven.com/profile-dambudzo-marechera "Profile: Dambudzo Marechera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817075823/http://kalamu.posthaven.com/profile-dambudzo-marechera|date=17 August 2016}}, [[:en:Kalamu_ya_Salaam|Kalamu ya Salaa]]<nowiki/>m's information blog, ''Neo-Griot'', 21 August 2011</ref><ref>Drew Johnson: [https://therumpus.net/2009/11/18/drew-johnson-the-last-book-i-loved-the-house-of-hunger/ "The Last Book I Loved, The House of Hunger"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095056/http://therumpus.net/2009/11/drew-johnson-the-last-book-i-loved-the-house-of-hunger/|date=17 June 2013}}, ''The Rumpus'', 18 November 2009.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo dikolo tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa Leeds University le University of Sheffield di ne tsa mo fa maemo a go nna mokwadi o o ithutang kwa go bone.<ref>[https://www.pindula.co.zw/Dambudzo_Marechera "About Dambudzo Marechera, Background, Career - Pindula, Local Knowledge"]. ''Pindula''. 20 February 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Marechera o ne a akanya gore kompone ya kgatiso ya Britain e a mo tsietse, ka jalo o ne a itlhophela go ya kwa diofising tsa Heinemann ka dinako tse di sa tlwaelesegang go kopa go duelwa. Le fa go ntse jalo o ne a tshela ka tshotlego e tona gape a sa itekanela mo mmeleng ka a ne a sa je mo go lekaneng gape a a nwa phetelela. Marechera o ne a akanyetsa ditsala, baithuti ka ene ba ba tswang Zimbabwe jaaka mmoko Musaemura Zimunya, Rino  Zhuwarara, mokwadi Stanley Nyamfukudza, le ditsala tse dingwe go bo ba na le seabe mo mathateng a gagwe a mantsi le fa ba mo direla ka botswapelo. Kwa phelelong o ne a felela a nna a na le batho ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le sekolo, ba tsenelela meletlo ba sa e lalediwa ka jalo ba tsena mo mathateng gantsi, a gololwa kwa kgolegelong ke Currey. O ne a nna fela a kobilwe kwa African Centre, lefelo la bokopano la ngwao kwa tshingwaneng ya Convent ya baithuti le barutintshi ba ma Aforika. Bangwe ba supa fa Marechera a ne a nyala mosadi wa Britain mme ga go itsiwe go le gontsi ka lonyalo lo. Buka ya ga Marechera ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi ya Black Sunlight e tshwantshitswe le mokwalo wa ga James Joyce le Henry Miller, mme ga e a ka ya amogela katlego e e tshwanang le ya The House of Hunger. E bua ka gore go thankgola dipuso ke sesupo sa botlhale.<ref>[[:en:Helon_Habila|Habila, Helon]] (Winter 2006). "[https://www.vqronline.org/winter-2006/essays/dambudzo-marechera-life-and-times-african-writer On Dambudzo Marechera: The Life and Times of an African Writer]". ''[[:en:Virginia_Quarterly_Review|Virginia Quarterly Review]]''. '''82''' (1): 258. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/26443937 26443937]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130617051921/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/winter/habila-on-dambudzo-marechera/ Archived] from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Go boela Zimbabwe le dingwaga tsa bofelo == Marechera o ne a boela kwa Zimbabwe o a neng a sa tswa go tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>Mushakavanhu, Tinashe (3 June 2018). "[https://chimurengachronic.co.za/home-mean-nothing-to-me/ Home Means Nothing to Me]". ''The Chimurenga Chronic''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240720150357/https://chimurengachronic.co.za/home-mean-nothing-to-me/ Archived] from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> go thusa go gatisa filimi ya The House of Hunger. Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a tlhoka go utlwana le mokaedi, a sala kwa Zimbabwe fa babereki ba filimi ba tsamaya, mo go neng ga baka gore a nne kwa Harare a sena kwa a nnang teng pele ga a tlhokafala koo morago ga dingwaga di le tlhano ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa, ka ntlha ya go lwala makgwafo mo go amangwang le AIDS, ale dingwaga di le masome mararo le botlhano.<ref>Mushakavanhu, Tinashe (7 September 2019). "[https://qz.com/africa/1704927/the-zimbabwean-writer-was-robert-mugabes-nemesis The Zimbabwean writer who was Robert Mugabe's nemesis]". ''Quartz Africa''. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref><ref>Waweru, Nduta (1 December 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250815173721/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-sad-end-of-zimbabwes-greatest-author-who-died-of-hiv-in-1987 "The sad end of Zimbabwe's greatest author who died of HIV in 1987 at age 35 - Face2Face Africa".] ''Face2Face Africa''. Archived from [https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-sad-end-of-zimbabwes-greatest-author-who-died-of-hiv-in-1987 the original] on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Mindblast; kgotsa, The Definitive Buddy (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone) e kwadilwe ngwaga morago ga go boela gae ga gagwe, e na le metshameko e le meraro, dikgobokanyo tsa maboko, le tse a neng a di kwadile fa a le kwa setilong sa lefelo la itloso bodutu. Buka e kgala tshenyetso setshaba ya Zimbabwe morago ga boipuso. The Black Insider, e e gatisitsweng a sena go tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe, ditiragalo tsa yone di diragala kwa kagong ya botaki e e fang baithuti le bo ra matlhale le bataki ba ba tswang kwa ntweng e e sa bolelwang ka leina botshabelo. Dipuisano tsa baanelwa di ikaegile ka go nna mo Aforika le mofuta wa botaki. Maboko a ga Marechera a ne a gatisiwa a sena go tlhokafala ka setlhogo sa Cemetery of the Mind ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi. == Dietsele == * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe: Guardian Fiction Prize == Boswa == Fa e sale Marechera a tlhokafala, bakwadi ba ba botlana le babereki ka ene ba kwadile ka botshelo jwa gagwe le ditiro tsa gagwe. Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe, ba ba neng ba dira jalo thata ke batswakwa, bogolojang morutuntshi Flora Veit-Wild, o o kwadileng buka ka botshelo jwa gagwe le buka ya motswedu wa botshelo jwa ga Marechera le ditiro tsa gagwe.<ref>[https://readingzimbabwe.com/books/reincarnating-marechera "Reincarnating Marechera".] ''readingzimbabwe.com''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a tsaya bontsi jwa dilo tse a neng a di bolelelwa ke Marechera e le dintlha.Mo tsebeng e e mo makasineng wa Wasafiri ya Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi, Wild o ne a fetola potsi ya gore ke eng a sa kwala ka botshelo jwa ga Marechera sentle ka gore: "karabo ya me e ne e le gore ke ne ke sa batle go kgobokanya sebopego sa gagwe ka go se dira ka mokgwa o le mongwe me o ne a letla mantswe a a farologaneng gore a ipuelele. Mme se ga se boammaruri botlhe. Ke ne ke ka se kwale ka botshelk jwa gagwe ka gore botshelo jwa me bo ne bo gokagane le jwa gagwe". O ne a tlhalosa ka botlalo botsalano jwa gagwe le ene jwa dikgwedi di le lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>''Wasafiri'', issue 69, March 2012</ref><ref>Veit-Wild, Flora, [http://memorychirere.blogspot.com/2012/03/me-and-dambudzo-personal-essay-by-flora.html "Me and Dambudzo: a personal essay",] ''Kwachirere'', 2 March 2012.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120312195211/http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/10878-the-german-girl-who-made-love-to-dambudzo-marechera.html "The German Girl Who Made Love to Dambudzo Marechera"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312195211/http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/10878-the-german-girl-who-made-love-to-dambudzo-marechera.html|date=12 March 2012}}, ''The Zimbabwe Mail'', 27 March 2012.</ref><ref>admin (22 November 2020). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20250815185418/https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/litfest-discusses-marechera/ LitFest discusses Marechera - herald".] ''herald''. Archived from [https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/litfest-discusses-marechera/ the original] on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> [[Ainehi Edoro]] wa Brittle Paper o kwadile ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano: "gompieno, Marechera ke mogaka wa dibuka kakanyetso le go nna kgatlhanong le ngwao mo dibukeng tsa Aforika.<ref>Edoro, Ainehi (4 June 2015). [https://brittlepaper.com/2015/06/happy-birthday-dambudzo-marechera/ "Happy Birthday, Dambudzo Marechera!".] ''Brittle Paper''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Mmoki wa New Zealand, mokwadi le mogatisi [[Mark Pirie]] o kwadile ka Marechera a akaretsa tiro ya gagwe mo tsebeng ya JAAM (Just Another Art Movement).<ref>Dambudzo Marechera (1952-1987) in JAAM 10, pp. 7-25.</ref> == Dibuka == * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi - The House of Hunger, Heinemann Afeican Writers Series * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi: Black Sunlight. * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone: Mindblast kgotsa The Definitive Buddy * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi: The Black Insider * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi: Cemetery of Mind * Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bone: Scrapiron Blues == Metswedi == 72siqkc72m16vvert103vi7q9j7gcwx 0 15231 55637 55521 2026-09-25T14:26:32Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya Kwesi Owusu #BLT2026 55637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwesi Owusu''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bone - a tlhokafala ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano) e ne e le mokwadi, motlhami wa difilimi le moitseanape wa dipuisano, le mokwadi wa dibuka di le tlhano wa kwa Ghana.<ref>[https://effaccra.org/index.php/2012-04-10-18-56-53/organisers "The Organisers & Partners".] ''Environmental Film Festival of Accra''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi, e ne e le mongwe wa maloko a a tlhamileng setlhopha sa bodiragatsi sa Aforika o o kopaneng sa African Dawn. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, Owusu o ne a tshwara puisano ya maranyane ya African Dawn, a bua ka dipolelo tse di iseng go buiwe ka tsone tsa ditso tsa ngwao ya Aforka ga mmogo le tse di diragalang mo go tsa botaki mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref name=":1">[https://africabriefing.com/a-new-podcast-to-tell-africas-untold-stories-launches-next-week/ "A new podcast to tell Africa's untold stories launches next week".] ''Africa Briefing''. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == === Dingwaga tsa a le mmotlana le thuto === Kwesi Kwarteng Owusu o tsholetswe kwa Sekondi, Gold Coast (kwa e leng Ghana gompieno) ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bone.<ref>Owusu, Kwesi (13 July 2021). [https://kwesinews.com/biography-2/ "Kwesi Owusu – Notes From My Life Story | Autobiography in Progress"]. ''Kwesinews''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.forevermissed.com/kwesiowusu/about "Kwesi Kwarteng Owusu".] ''forevermissed.com''. Retrieved 24 September 2026.</ref> O tsene sekolo kwa Adisadel College kwa Gold Coast,<ref name=":2">Donnell, Alison, ed. (11 September 2002). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&dq=%22Kwesi+owusu%22&pg=PA229&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22Kwesi%20owusu%22&f=false Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture]''. Routledge. p.&nbsp;229. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70025-7|<bdi>978-1-134-70025-7</bdi>.]]</ref> a tswelela ka go dira dithuto tsa maranyane a sepolotiki le go tlhamiwa ga Aforika pele ga bokolone kwa London School of Economics (go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le boraro).<ref>[https://mykwesi162379457.wordpress.com/kwesi/ "About".] ''Kwesi''. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref><ref name=":1" /> === African dawn === Fa a santse a remeletse kwa England, ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, Owusu o ne a tlhama setlhopha sa poko le mmino sa African Dawn a na le Sheikh Gueye le Wanjiku Kiarie, morago Nii Noi Nortey,<ref>[https://www.cafeoto.co.uk/artists/nii-noi-nortey/ "Nii Noi Nortey".] ''Cafe Oto''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Merle Collins, Wala Danga le Vico Mensah ba ne ba ikopanya le bone.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Owusu, Kwesi (25 May 2022). [https://kwesinews.com/rip-nana-tsiboe/ "Nana Tsiboe: Tribute to a Master Drummer and Relectant Genius".] ''KwesiNews''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> Ba tlhalosiwa e le baopedi ba Aforika ba gompieno,<ref>Serumaga, Mary (10 February 2015). [https://www.kingsreview.co.uk/essays/african-dawn "African dawn".] ''King's Review''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> African Dawn e ne ya ntsha di alebamo di le nne, fa godimo ga ditirelo tse dingwe ba ne ba bereka le Ngugi Wa Thiong'o mo go tlhameng motshameko wa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone wa The Trial of Dedan Kimathi.<ref name=":2" /> Fa a akgela mo mekgabiseng e e dirisitsweng ke African Dawn, Ngugi o ne a re "mo go Owusu, go kopana ga botaki go tlhama popego ke se se fang bataki ba mmala o montsho popego mo lefatsheng ka bophara go kgona go ikamanya le barotloetsi mo Aforika, Asa le the Caribbean ba sa nne kgatlhanong le Britain le Yuropa".<ref>Ngũgĩ, wa Thiong'o (1998). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=sECgMKxHGNQC&dq=%22Kwesi+owusu%22&pg=PA114&redir_esc=y "Oral Power and Europhone Glory".] ''Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: Towards a Critical Theory of the Arts and the State in Africa''. Clarendon Press. p.&nbsp;115. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN&nbsp;]][[:en:Special:BookSources/9780191583377|<bdi>9780191583377</bdi>.]]</ref> === Go kwala === Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borataro, Owusu o ne a gatisa buka ya The Struggle for Black Arts in Britain (e bua ka go tlhama ngwao ya botaki jwa batho bantsho kwa UK, le kamano ya botaki, go lwela dtshwanelo le go kgeloga ga batho bantsho),<ref>[https://www.racearchive.org.uk/black-history-month-reading-list-and-still-we-rise-moss-side-and-beyond/ "List: And Still We Rise: Moss Side and Beyond".] ''Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations Resource Centre''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref> ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa ya salwa morago ke Behind the Masquerade e kwadilwe ke Jacob Ross, kwa Notting Hill Carnival<ref>[https://www.peepaltreepress.com/about-us/jacob-ross "Jacob Ross".] ''Peepal Tree Press''. Retrieved 24 September 2026</ref>. Owusu o thusitse go kwala Storms of the Heart: An Anthology of Black Arts and Culture (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi) le Black British Culture and Society: A Text Reader ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi. == Metswedi == a2menhsp0lxdb6eeicow49h7yrii9hp 0 15236 55628 55548 2026-09-25T13:24:11Z JudithShe 9421 Ke baakantse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Helon Habila #BLT2026 55628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Helon Habila|image=Helon Habila 01.JPG|caption=Habila ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe|birth_name=Helon Habila Ngalabak|birth_date=1967|birth_place=Kaltungo, Gombe, Nigeria|citizenship=Nigeria|education=University of Jos; University of east Anglia|awards=Caine Prize ya 2001 Commonwealth Writers'Prize ka ngwaga wa 2003 Windham-Campbell Literature Prize ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano}} '''Helon Habila Ngalabak''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Ngwanatsele, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-07-26|title=To finish my book was an act of will|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/26/fiction.awardsandprizes}}</ref> ke mokwadi wa dibuka le mmoki wa kwa lefatsheng la Nigeria, yo mokwalo wa gagwe o fentseng dietsele di le dintsi, di akaretsa le seetsele sa Caine ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso.<ref>Cowley, Jason (2001-07-26). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/26/fiction.awardsandprizes "To finish my book was an act of will".] ''The Guardian''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> O ne a bereka e le motlhatlhelela dithuto gape e le mmegadikgang kwa [[Nigeria]] pele ga a fudugela kwa Engelane ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, kwa a neng a le moithuti o o filweng dithuso tsa madi a sekolo ke Chevening kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of East Anglia,gompieno o ruta dithuto tsa go kwala ga go tlhama kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of George Mason, kwa Fairfax, kwa Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Directory of Chevening Alumni |url=http://www.cheveningalumni.org/Register.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823151758/http://cheveningalumni.org/Register.aspx |archive-date=23 August 2015 |website=Chevening UK Government Scholarships}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/helon-habila-in-search-of-africas-angels-435559.html|title=Helon Habila: In search of Africa's angels|date=9 February 2007}}</ref><ref>Guest, Katy (9 February 2007). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/helon-habila-in-search-of-africa-s-angels-435559.html "Helon Habila: In search of Africa's angels".] [[:en:The_Independent|''The Independent''.]]</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Helon Habila o tsholetswe kwa Kaltungo, kwa kgaolong ya Gombe, kwa Nigeria, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa.<ref>Nnodim, Rita, [https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=12275 "Helon Habila"]. ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 19 July 2011.</ref> O ithutile puo ya sekgoa le padi kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Jos, mme morago a ruta sebaka sa dingwaga di le tharo kwa Federal Polytechnic, kwa Bauchi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila - Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, o ne a ya kwa Lagos go ya go kwalela makasine wa ''Hints'', a fudugela kwa pampiring ya dikgang ''ya Vanguard'' e le mokwadi.<ref name=":1">[https://www.trypbremenairport.com/ Biography], Helon Habila website.</ref> Habila o fentse seetsele sa mokgatlho wa mmino wa kwa Nigeria ka leboko la gagwe la "Another Age" ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila, Writer, Author, Nigeria Personality Profiles |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Writers/Helon-Habila.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> ka one ngwaga o o kgobokanyo ya gagwe ya dipolelokhutswe ya ''Prison Stories'' e ne ya gatisiwa.<ref name=":1" /> O fentse seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso ka polelwana e e tswang mo kgobokanyong eo, ya "Love Poems". <ref>[https://www.caineprize.com/previous-winners/ "Precious Winners"], The Caine Prize.</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya ntlha, ebong ''Waiting for an Angel'', e ne ya gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, mme ngwaga o o latelang ya gapa seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Kgaolo ya Aforika, buka e e gaisitseng dibuka tsotlhe mme e le ya ntlha ya mokwadi o o). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila - Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, Habila o ne a fudugela kwa England go nna mokwadi wa mo Aforika o o ithutang kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of East Anglia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=An award winning poet and novelist |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/An-award-winning-poet-and-novelist/1843788-2343308-50p4a1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801135639/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/An-award-winning-poet-and-novelist/1843788-2343308-50p4a1z/index.html |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano o ne a lalediwa go ya go nna mothusi wa ntlha kwa Bard College kwa New York ke Chinua Achebe, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Randol |first=Shaun |title=Helon Habila is Okay With Being Called a Political Writer {{!}} The Mantle |url=https://www.themantle.com/literature/helon-habila-okay-being-called-political-writer |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.themantle.com}}</ref> kwa a neng a fetsa ngwaga a kwala le ebile a ruta teng, o ne a tswelela ka go nna mo porofesa wa go kwala kwa sekolong se segolwane sa George Mason University kwa Fairfax, Virigina.<ref>[https://arts.britishcouncil.org/what-we-do/literature Helon Habila biography] at British Council.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro o ne a nna mongwe wa batho ba ba neng ba kwala gape kgobokanyo ya dibuka tsa khansele ya Britain ya New Writing 14 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title=Nigerian writer Helon Habila is writer-in-residence in Johannesburg in may |url=https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155058/https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |archive-date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.syltfoundation.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya bobedi ya ''Measuring Time'', e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, e ne ya tlhophiwa go phadisanela seetsele sa Hurston/Wright Legacy, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books: 'Travelers' tells migrants' stories |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Travellers-tells-migrants--stories/434746-5229748-11d3o8v/index.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> seetsele sa IMPAC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancelled - Betty Jean Craige Lecture in Comparative Literature: Helon Habila {{!}} Franklin College of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.franklin.uga.edu/events/content/2020/cancelled-betty-jean-craige-lecture-comparative-literature-helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.franklin.uga.edu}}</ref> mme ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi e ne ya gapa seetsele sa Virginia Library Foundation sa dipadi tse di itlhametsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Habila |first=Helon |title=Stories by helon-habila on Guernica |url=https://www.guernicamag.com/author/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Guernica |language=en-US}}</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya boraro ya ''Oil on Water'' (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome), e e buang ka kgotlhelesego ya tikologo kwa letsheng le le humileng lookwane ;a Nigeria, e ne ya amogela tshekatsheko e e siameng ka kakaretso. Bernardine Evaristo o kwadile jaana mo pampiring ya The Guardian: "maboko a ga Habila a supa ka botlalo matlhotlhapelo a makgobokgobo a a kgotlhetsweng ke lookwane"; Tshekatshekoya ga Margaret Busby mo pampiring ya ''The Independent'' e ne ya re <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-13 |title=Oil On Water, By Helon Habila |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/oil-on-water-by-helon-habila-2050904.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> "Habila o na le bokgoni jwa go netefatsa gore difilimi di nna mo tlhalogayong ya motho", mme Aminatta Forna mo ''The Daily Telegraph'' o ne a feleletsa ka gore: "Habila ke mmoledi wa dipolelo o o nang le bokgoni e bile a le setswerere sa tatelano ya ditiragalo." ''Oil on Water'' e ne ya tlhophiwa go bona dipoelo di tshwana le seetsele sa PEN/Open Book, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Helon Habila – Mason Publishing Group |url=https://publishing.gmu.edu/tag/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> buka e e gaisitseng ya Commonwealth, mo kgaolong ya Aforika, le seetsele sa Orion Book. Buka ya ga Habila ''ya The Granta Book ya dipolelo khutswe tsa Aforika'' e ne ya tswa ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso. Habila ke leloko la lekgotla la African Writers Trust o o le tlhamileng, gompieno o mo setlhopheng sa bogakolosi sa lekgotla leo "lekgotla le ke motheo o o sa direng dipoelo o maikaelelo a one e leng go lomaganya le go kgobokanya bakwadi ba ma Aforika ba ba mo lefatsheng ka bophara le ba ba mo Aforika go rotloetsa go abelana dikitso le didirisiwa tse dingwe, le go rotloetsa go ithuta mo ditlhopheng tse pedi tseo." Go simolola ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go fitlha ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, Habila e ne e le moithuti wa mothusi kwa DAAD kwa Berlin, kwa Jeremane. Ene le Elinor Sisulu le Edwige-Renee Dro, ba ne ba tlhomiwa go nna badulasetilo ba setlhopha sa baatlhodi ba seetsele sa Etisalat Prize for Literature sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro. Habila o ne a tlhophiwa go phadisanela makgotla a Grand Prix of Literary Associations ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe ka buka ya gagwe ya Travelers. == Tlhotlheletso ya go kwala ya pele == Go golela mo sebakeng sa tlhakatlhakano ya sepolotiki le o laolwa ke sesole ga ga Helen Habila fa a santse a le lekawana ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga mo rotloetsa go tlhoka kutlo le go nna kgatlhanong le kakanyo e. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abilkhairova |first=Zh.A. |last2=Baimaganbetova |first2=Zh.T. |last3=Bekmurzaeva |first3=R.A. |last4=Nurgaliyeva |first4=S.A. |date=2021-12-29 |title=DICTATORSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN POSTCOLONIAL NIGERIA: A STUDY OF HELON HABILA'S WAITING FOR AN ANGEL |url=https://doi.org/10.31489/2021ped4/101-107 |journal=Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Pedagogy series |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.31489/2021ped4/101-107 |issn=2518-7937}}</ref> Mo dinakong di le dintso, o lekile go emela kwa thoko fa go tla mo go lweleng go tlhoka tshiamo mme a kwale ka ditlhogo tse di farologaneng. Le fa go ntse jalo, o reteletswe ke go dira jalo mme a itebaganaya le go kwala go nna kgatlhanong le go tlhoka tshiamo, kgatelelelo le go dirisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lou |first=Jo |date=2019-11-07 |title=Writing Is Always a Political Act |url=https://electricliterature.com/writing-is-always-a-political-act/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kompone ya kgatiso ya dibuka ya Cordite == Cordite Books ke kompone e ntsha ya kgatiso e e leng ya ga Habila a e pataganetse le Parresia . Porojeke ya bone ya ntlha e ne e le go biletsa mekwalo ya dibuka tse di itlhametsweng di bua ka tshenyo ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro, e e gaisitseng e tlaa amogela sekete sa madi a di dolara tsa Amerika le tumalano ya kgatiso le phatlalatso ya dibuka mo kgaolong ya Aforika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=8 September 2014 |title=Zimbabwe's Blessing Musariri wins Crime Fiction Contest |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/zimbabwes-blessing-musariri-wins-cordite-books-crime-fiction-contest/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fa a santse a gola, Habila o ne a bala dibuka tse di kwadilweng ka puo ya Hausa tsa Nigeria le motseletsele wa dibuka tsa Pacesetters tse di gatisitsweng ke Macmillan, tse di neng di tlwaelesegile thata mo metse setoropong ya mo Aforika ka bophara di bua ka tshenyo.<ref name="ayiba">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Nigerian Author Helon Habila |url=http://ayibamagazine.com/fiction-and-the-city-an-interview-with-helon-habila/ |access-date=1 September 2016 |website=Ayiba Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Se se ne se tsamaelana le tse di diragalang mo ditoropong kwa go nnang fela go lwelwa taolo, go lwela go nna le maemo. Se ke tlwaelesego mo botshelong jwa gagwe. Ka ntlha ya go kgatlhegela mainane a tshenyo ga gagwe <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-26 |title=Crime Fiction and the African Zeitgeist---A Brittle Paper Interview with Helon Habila on His Crime Writing Project |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2013/08/crime-fiction-african-zeitgeista-brittle-paper-interview-helon-habila-crime-writing-project/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> Helon o ne a lemoga fa go na le tlhaelo mo marekisetsong ka bontsi jwa dibuka kwa Nigeria ka nako eo e ne e le tsa bakwadi ba bagolo jaaka Chinua Achebe, kgotsa dibuka tse di sa itlhamelwang, tsa bodumedi le tse di tlhotlheletsang. Go ne go sena dibuka tse di itumedisang, ka jalo Cordite Books e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go tswala phatlha ya dibuka tsa tshenyo. <ref name="ayiba" /> == Dietsele le tlotla == * Seetsele sa poko sa Society of Nigeria sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila — internationales literaturfestival berlin |url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2008-en/helon-habila |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso , " Love Poems " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=http://caineprize.com/previous-winners |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Caine Prize for African Writing |language=en-US}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers Prize sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, wa karolo ya Aforika, ''Waiting for An Angel'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila — internationales literaturfestival berlin |url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2008-en/helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa( polelo khutswe), go tswa mo ''Virginia Quarterly Review'', " Hotel Malogo " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-20 |title=Virginia Quarterly Review Announces Annual Writing Awards |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/virginia-quarterly-review-announces-annual-writing-awards-0 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=UVA Today |language=en}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi sa Library of Virginia sa dikinane, ''Measuring Time'' * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso sa Commowealth Writers Prize, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Helon Habila, Nigerian Literary Genius - LifeAndTimes News |url=http://www.lifeandtimesnews.com/helon-habila-nigerian-literary-genius/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.lifeandtimesnews.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobed sa Orion Book Award, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite news|title=Helon Habila, Maaza Mengiste named The New American Voices award judges|last=Omoniyi|first=Tosin}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi PEN/Open Book, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila |url=https://lannan.georgetown.edu/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Lannan Center for Poetics and Social Practice |language=en-US}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Windham-Campbell Literature Prize (dikinane) ya madi a a ka lopang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano a di dolara tsa Amerika <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2015 |title=Prize Citation for Helon Habila |url=http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/helon-habila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226040851/http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/helon-habila |archive-date=26 February 2015 |access-date=25 February 2015 |publisher=Windham–Campbell Literature Prize}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe sa Grand Prix of Literary Associations, a tlhophilwe, travelers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online, Bamenda |date=May 8, 2020 |title=GPLA 2019: Seven Nominees for the Seventh Edition |url=https://bamendaonline.net/seven-nominees-for-gpla-2019 |website=Bamenda Online}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi sa James Tait Black Memorial Prize, a tlhophilwe, Travelers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibeh, Chukwuebuka |date=June 25, 2020 |title=Helon Habila's Travelers Shortlisted for the 2020 James Tait Black Memorial Prize |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2020/06/helon-habilas-travelers-shortlisted-for-the-2020-james-tait-black-memorial-prize/ |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Brittle Paper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=June 28, 2020 |title=Helon Habila, Saidya Hartman on James Tait Black Memorial Prize 2020 Shortlists. |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/helon-habila-saidiya-hartman-on-james-tait-black-memorial-prize-2020-shortlists/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa}}</ref> == Dibuka == * ''Prison Stories'' (ngwaga wa dikete pedi), Epik Books * Waiting for an Angel (2004), Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-101006-1[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-14-101006-1|<bdi>0-14-10106-12.</bdi>]] * ''New Writing 14'' (Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro), Granta Books (tse di rulagantsweng mmogo le Lavinia Greenlaw ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila |url=https://granta.com/contributor/helon-habila/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Granta |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=NW 14 : the anthology of new writing. Vol. 14 |url=http://archive.org/details/nw14anthologyofn0000unse |publisher=London : Granta |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-86207-850-5}}</ref> * ''Measuring Time : Padi'' ( ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa ), W. W. Norton le kompone. ISBN 0-393-05251-6 * ''Dreams, Miracles and Jazz: An Anthology of New Africa Fiction'' (2007), Pan Macmillan (e e rulagantsweng mmogo le Kadija George ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amazon |title=Dreams, Miracles, and Jazz |url=https://www.amazon.com/Dreams-Miracles-Jazz-H-Habile/dp/1770100253 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=amazon.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams, Miracles and Jazz by Habila, Helon ; Sesay, Kadija: Very Good Softcover (2008) First Edition. {{!}} Chapter 1 |url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Dreams-Miracles-Jazz-Habila-Helon-Sesay/30906161901/bd |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> * ''Oli on water : Padi'' (ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome), Hamish Hamilton,  . E gatisitswe kwa US ( 2011 ) ke W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company ,  * ''The Granta Book of the African Short Story'' (2011), Granta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Granta |title=The Granta Book of the African Short Story |url=https://granta.com/products/the-granta-book-of-the-african-short-story/ |access-date=April 14, 2026 |website=granta.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2011 |title=The Granta book of the African short story |url=http://archive.org/details/grantabookofafri0000unse |publisher=London : Granta |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-84708-247-3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Habila |first=Helon |date=2013-04-05 |title=The Granta Book of the African Short Story |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28960443M/The_Granta_Book_of_the_African_Short_Story |publisher=Granta Books |isbn=978-1-84708-333-3}}</ref>  ;  * The Chibok Girls (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesomele borataro), Dibuka tsa Diphenguin.  ,  * Travelers: A Novel(ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe), W. W. Norton le Khamphani .  == Metswedi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6nzqa647xdlk35vwxyc6yi488txc0xu 55673 55628 2026-09-26T01:30:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Helon Habila|image=Helon Habila 01.JPG|caption=Habila ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe|birth_name=Helon Habila Ngalabak|birth_date=1967|birth_place=Kaltungo, Gombe, Nigeria|citizenship=Nigeria|education=University of Jos; University of east Anglia|awards=Caine Prize ya 2001 Commonwealth Writers'Prize ka ngwaga wa 2003 Windham-Campbell Literature Prize ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano}} '''Helon Habila Ngalabak''' ( o o tshotsweng ka Ngwanatsele, ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-07-26|title=To finish my book was an act of will|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/26/fiction.awardsandprizes}}</ref> ke mokwadi wa dibuka le mmoki wa kwa lefatsheng la Nigeria, yo mokwalo wa gagwe o fentseng dietsele di le dintsi, di akaretsa le seetsele sa Caine ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso.<ref>Cowley, Jason (2001-07-26). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/26/fiction.awardsandprizes "To finish my book was an act of will".] ''The Guardian''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> O ne a bereka e le motlhatlhelela dithuto gape e le mmegadikgang kwa [[Nigeria]] pele ga a fudugela kwa Engelane ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, kwa a neng a le moithuti o o filweng dithuso tsa madi a sekolo ke Chevening kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of East Anglia,gompieno o ruta dithuto tsa go kwala ga go tlhama kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of George Mason, kwa Fairfax, kwa Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2014 |title=Directory of Chevening Alumni |url=http://www.cheveningalumni.org/Register.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823151758/http://cheveningalumni.org/Register.aspx |archive-date=23 August 2015 |website=Chevening UK Government Scholarships}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/helon-habila-in-search-of-africas-angels-435559.html|title=Helon Habila: In search of Africa's angels|date=9 February 2007}}</ref><ref>Guest, Katy (9 February 2007). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/helon-habila-in-search-of-africa-s-angels-435559.html "Helon Habila: In search of Africa's angels".] [[:en:The_Independent|''The Independent''.]]</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Helon Habila o tsholetswe kwa Kaltungo, kwa kgaolong ya Gombe, kwa Nigeria, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa.<ref>Nnodim, Rita, [https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=12275 "Helon Habila"]. ''The Literary Encyclopedia'', 19 July 2011.</ref> O ithutile puo ya sekgoa le padi kwa sekolong se segolwane sa University of Jos, mme morago a ruta sebaka sa dingwaga di le tharo kwa Federal Polytechnic, kwa Bauchi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila - Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, o ne a ya kwa Lagos go ya go kwalela makasine wa ''Hints'', a fudugela kwa pampiring ya dikgang ''ya Vanguard'' e le mokwadi.<ref name=":1">[https://www.trypbremenairport.com/ Biography], Helon Habila website.</ref> Habila o fentse seetsele sa mokgatlho wa mmino wa kwa Nigeria ka leboko la gagwe la "Another Age" ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila, Writer, Author, Nigeria Personality Profiles |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Writers/Helon-Habila.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> ka one ngwaga o o kgobokanyo ya gagwe ya dipolelokhutswe ya ''Prison Stories'' e ne ya gatisiwa.<ref name=":1" /> O fentse seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso ka polelwana e e tswang mo kgobokanyong eo, ya "Love Poems". <ref>[https://www.caineprize.com/previous-winners/ "Precious Winners"], The Caine Prize.</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya ntlha, ebong ''Waiting for an Angel'', e ne ya gatisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, mme ngwaga o o latelang ya gapa seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Kgaolo ya Aforika, buka e e gaisitseng dibuka tsotlhe mme e le ya ntlha ya mokwadi o o). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila - Literature |url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=literature.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, Habila o ne a fudugela kwa England go nna mokwadi wa mo Aforika o o ithutang kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of East Anglia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=An award winning poet and novelist |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/An-award-winning-poet-and-novelist/1843788-2343308-50p4a1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801135639/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/An-award-winning-poet-and-novelist/1843788-2343308-50p4a1z/index.html |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano o ne a lalediwa go ya go nna mothusi wa ntlha kwa Bard College kwa New York ke Chinua Achebe, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Randol |first=Shaun |title=Helon Habila is Okay With Being Called a Political Writer {{!}} The Mantle |url=https://www.themantle.com/literature/helon-habila-okay-being-called-political-writer |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.themantle.com}}</ref> kwa a neng a fetsa ngwaga a kwala le ebile a ruta teng, o ne a tswelela ka go nna mo porofesa wa go kwala kwa sekolong se segolwane sa George Mason University kwa Fairfax, Virigina.<ref>[https://arts.britishcouncil.org/what-we-do/literature Helon Habila biography] at British Council.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro o ne a nna mongwe wa batho ba ba neng ba kwala gape kgobokanyo ya dibuka tsa khansele ya Britain ya New Writing 14 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2015 |title=Nigerian writer Helon Habila is writer-in-residence in Johannesburg in may |url=https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155058/https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |archive-date=2022-11-30 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.syltfoundation.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya bobedi ya ''Measuring Time'', e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, e ne ya tlhophiwa go phadisanela seetsele sa Hurston/Wright Legacy, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Books: 'Travelers' tells migrants' stories |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Travellers-tells-migrants--stories/434746-5229748-11d3o8v/index.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref> seetsele sa IMPAC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancelled - Betty Jean Craige Lecture in Comparative Literature: Helon Habila {{!}} Franklin College of Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.franklin.uga.edu/events/content/2020/cancelled-betty-jean-craige-lecture-comparative-literature-helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.franklin.uga.edu}}</ref> mme ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi e ne ya gapa seetsele sa Virginia Library Foundation sa dipadi tse di itlhametsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Habila |first=Helon |title=Stories by helon-habila on Guernica |url=https://www.guernicamag.com/author/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Guernica |language=en-US}}</ref> Padi ya gagwe ya boraro ya ''Oil on Water'' (e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome), e e buang ka kgotlhelesego ya tikologo kwa letsheng le le humileng lookwane ;a Nigeria, e ne ya amogela tshekatsheko e e siameng ka kakaretso. Bernardine Evaristo o kwadile jaana mo pampiring ya The Guardian: "maboko a ga Habila a supa ka botlalo matlhotlhapelo a makgobokgobo a a kgotlhetsweng ke lookwane"; Tshekatshekoya ga Margaret Busby mo pampiring ya ''The Independent'' e ne ya re <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-13 |title=Oil On Water, By Helon Habila |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/oil-on-water-by-helon-habila-2050904.html |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> "Habila o na le bokgoni jwa go netefatsa gore difilimi di nna mo tlhalogayong ya motho", mme Aminatta Forna mo ''The Daily Telegraph'' o ne a feleletsa ka gore: "Habila ke mmoledi wa dipolelo o o nang le bokgoni e bile a le setswerere sa tatelano ya ditiragalo." ''Oil on Water'' e ne ya tlhophiwa go bona dipoelo di tshwana le seetsele sa PEN/Open Book, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2017 |title=Helon Habila – Mason Publishing Group |url=https://publishing.gmu.edu/tag/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> buka e e gaisitseng ya Commonwealth, mo kgaolong ya Aforika, le seetsele sa Orion Book. Buka ya ga Habila ''ya The Granta Book ya dipolelo khutswe tsa Aforika'' e ne ya tswa ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso. Habila ke leloko la lekgotla la African Writers Trust o o le tlhamileng, gompieno o mo setlhopheng sa bogakolosi sa lekgotla leo "lekgotla le ke motheo o o sa direng dipoelo o maikaelelo a one e leng go lomaganya le go kgobokanya bakwadi ba ma Aforika ba ba mo lefatsheng ka bophara le ba ba mo Aforika go rotloetsa go abelana dikitso le didirisiwa tse dingwe, le go rotloetsa go ithuta mo ditlhopheng tse pedi tseo." Go simolola ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro go fitlha ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, Habila e ne e le moithuti wa mothusi kwa DAAD kwa Berlin, kwa Jeremane. Ene le Elinor Sisulu le Edwige-Renee Dro, ba ne ba tlhomiwa go nna badulasetilo ba setlhopha sa baatlhodi ba seetsele sa Etisalat Prize for Literature sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro. Habila o ne a tlhophiwa go phadisanela makgotla a Grand Prix of Literary Associations ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe ka buka ya gagwe ya Travelers. == Tlhotlheletso ya go kwala ya pele == Go golela mo sebakeng sa tlhakatlhakano ya sepolotiki le o laolwa ke sesole ga ga Helen Habila fa a santse a le lekawana ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi go ne ga mo rotloetsa go tlhoka kutlo le go nna kgatlhanong le kakanyo e. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abilkhairova |first=Zh.A. |last2=Baimaganbetova |first2=Zh.T. |last3=Bekmurzaeva |first3=R.A. |last4=Nurgaliyeva |first4=S.A. |date=2021-12-29 |title=DICTATORSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN POSTCOLONIAL NIGERIA: A STUDY OF HELON HABILA'S WAITING FOR AN ANGEL |url=https://doi.org/10.31489/2021ped4/101-107 |journal=Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Pedagogy series |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.31489/2021ped4/101-107 |issn=2518-7937}}</ref> Mo dinakong di le dintso, o lekile go emela kwa thoko fa go tla mo go lweleng go tlhoka tshiamo mme a kwale ka ditlhogo tse di farologaneng. Le fa go ntse jalo, o reteletswe ke go dira jalo mme a itebaganaya le go kwala go nna kgatlhanong le go tlhoka tshiamo, kgatelelelo le go dirisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lou |first=Jo |date=2019-11-07 |title=Writing Is Always a Political Act |url=https://electricliterature.com/writing-is-always-a-political-act/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Electric Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kompone ya kgatiso ya dibuka ya Cordite == Cordite Books ke kompone e ntsha ya kgatiso e e leng ya ga Habila a e pataganetse le Parresia . Porojeke ya bone ya ntlha e ne e le go biletsa mekwalo ya dibuka tse di itlhametsweng di bua ka tshenyo ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro, e e gaisitseng e tlaa amogela sekete sa madi a di dolara tsa Amerika le tumalano ya kgatiso le phatlalatso ya dibuka mo kgaolong ya Aforika. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=8 September 2014 |title=Zimbabwe's Blessing Musariri wins Crime Fiction Contest |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/zimbabwes-blessing-musariri-wins-cordite-books-crime-fiction-contest/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fa a santse a gola, Habila o ne a bala dibuka tse di kwadilweng ka puo ya Hausa tsa Nigeria le motseletsele wa dibuka tsa Pacesetters tse di gatisitsweng ke Macmillan, tse di neng di tlwaelesegile thata mo metse setoropong ya mo Aforika ka bophara di bua ka tshenyo.<ref name="ayiba">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Nigerian Author Helon Habila |url=http://ayibamagazine.com/fiction-and-the-city-an-interview-with-helon-habila/ |access-date=1 September 2016 |website=Ayiba Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Se se ne se tsamaelana le tse di diragalang mo ditoropong kwa go nnang fela go lwelwa taolo, go lwela go nna le maemo. Se ke tlwaelesego mo botshelong jwa gagwe. Ka ntlha ya go kgatlhegela mainane a tshenyo ga gagwe <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-26 |title=Crime Fiction and the African Zeitgeist---A Brittle Paper Interview with Helon Habila on His Crime Writing Project |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2013/08/crime-fiction-african-zeitgeista-brittle-paper-interview-helon-habila-crime-writing-project/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> Helon o ne a lemoga fa go na le tlhaelo mo marekisetsong ka bontsi jwa dibuka kwa Nigeria ka nako eo e ne e le tsa bakwadi ba bagolo jaaka Chinua Achebe, kgotsa dibuka tse di sa itlhamelwang, tsa bodumedi le tse di tlhotlheletsang. Go ne go sena dibuka tse di itumedisang, ka jalo Cordite Books e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go tswala phatlha ya dibuka tsa tshenyo. <ref name="ayiba" /> == Dietsele le tlotla == * Seetsele sa poko sa Society of Nigeria sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila — internationales literaturfestival berlin |url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2008-en/helon-habila |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Caine sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso , " Love Poems " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=http://caineprize.com/previous-winners |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Caine Prize for African Writing |language=en-US}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Commonwealth Writers Prize sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, wa karolo ya Aforika, ''Waiting for An Angel'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila — internationales literaturfestival berlin |url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2008-en/helon-habila |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa( polelo khutswe), go tswa mo ''Virginia Quarterly Review'', " Hotel Malogo " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-20 |title=Virginia Quarterly Review Announces Annual Writing Awards |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/virginia-quarterly-review-announces-annual-writing-awards-0 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=UVA Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130154045/https://news.virginia.edu/content/virginia-quarterly-review-announces-annual-writing-awards-0 |archive-date=2022-11-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi sa Library of Virginia sa dikinane, ''Measuring Time'' * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso sa Commowealth Writers Prize, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Helon Habila, Nigerian Literary Genius - LifeAndTimes News |url=http://www.lifeandtimesnews.com/helon-habila-nigerian-literary-genius/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=www.lifeandtimesnews.com}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobed sa Orion Book Award, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite news|title=Helon Habila, Maaza Mengiste named The New American Voices award judges|last=Omoniyi|first=Tosin}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi PEN/Open Book, a tlhophilwe, Oil on Water <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila |url=https://lannan.georgetown.edu/helon-habila/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Lannan Center for Poetics and Social Practice |language=en-US}}</ref> * Seetsele sa Windham-Campbell Literature Prize (dikinane) ya madi a a ka lopang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a matlhano a di dolara tsa Amerika <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2015 |title=Prize Citation for Helon Habila |url=http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/helon-habila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226040851/http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/helon-habila |archive-date=26 February 2015 |access-date=25 February 2015 |publisher=Windham–Campbell Literature Prize}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe sa Grand Prix of Literary Associations, a tlhophilwe, travelers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online, Bamenda |date=May 8, 2020 |title=GPLA 2019: Seven Nominees for the Seventh Edition |url=https://bamendaonline.net/seven-nominees-for-gpla-2019 |website=Bamenda Online}}</ref> * Seetsele sa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi sa James Tait Black Memorial Prize, a tlhophilwe, Travelers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibeh, Chukwuebuka |date=June 25, 2020 |title=Helon Habila's Travelers Shortlisted for the 2020 James Tait Black Memorial Prize |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2020/06/helon-habilas-travelers-shortlisted-for-the-2020-james-tait-black-memorial-prize/ |access-date=October 20, 2021 |website=Brittle Paper}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=June 28, 2020 |title=Helon Habila, Saidya Hartman on James Tait Black Memorial Prize 2020 Shortlists. |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/helon-habila-saidiya-hartman-on-james-tait-black-memorial-prize-2020-shortlists/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Writing Africa}}</ref> == Dibuka == * ''Prison Stories'' (ngwaga wa dikete pedi), Epik Books * Waiting for an Angel (2004), Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-101006-1[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-14-101006-1|<bdi>0-14-10106-12.</bdi>]] * ''New Writing 14'' (Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro), Granta Books (tse di rulagantsweng mmogo le Lavinia Greenlaw ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helon Habila |url=https://granta.com/contributor/helon-habila/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Granta |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=NW 14 : the anthology of new writing. Vol. 14 |url=http://archive.org/details/nw14anthologyofn0000unse |publisher=London : Granta |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-86207-850-5}}</ref> * ''Measuring Time : Padi'' ( ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa ), W. W. Norton le kompone. ISBN 0-393-05251-6 * ''Dreams, Miracles and Jazz: An Anthology of New Africa Fiction'' (2007), Pan Macmillan (e e rulagantsweng mmogo le Kadija George ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amazon |title=Dreams, Miracles, and Jazz |url=https://www.amazon.com/Dreams-Miracles-Jazz-H-Habile/dp/1770100253 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=amazon.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreams, Miracles and Jazz by Habila, Helon ; Sesay, Kadija: Very Good Softcover (2008) First Edition. {{!}} Chapter 1 |url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Dreams-Miracles-Jazz-Habila-Helon-Sesay/30906161901/bd |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}</ref> * ''Oli on water : Padi'' (ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome), Hamish Hamilton,  . E gatisitswe kwa US ( 2011 ) ke W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company ,  * ''The Granta Book of the African Short Story'' (2011), Granta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Granta |title=The Granta Book of the African Short Story |url=https://granta.com/products/the-granta-book-of-the-african-short-story/ |access-date=April 14, 2026 |website=granta.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |date=2011 |title=The Granta book of the African short story |url=http://archive.org/details/grantabookofafri0000unse |publisher=London : Granta |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-84708-247-3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Habila |first=Helon |date=2013-04-05 |title=The Granta Book of the African Short Story |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28960443M/The_Granta_Book_of_the_African_Short_Story |publisher=Granta Books |isbn=978-1-84708-333-3}}</ref>  ;  * The Chibok Girls (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesomele borataro), Dibuka tsa Diphenguin.  ,  * Travelers: A Novel(ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe), W. W. Norton le Khamphani .  == Metswedi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t2pk7t97b4hf582h2agjuhinergmuz3 0 15243 55671 55570 2026-09-26T01:24:36Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harriet Elizabeth Brown''' (yo ka dinako tse dingwe a bidiwang "Libby") (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome, ngwaga wa ekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa <ref name="msa_2">{{Cite web |title=Harriet Elizabeth Brown |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/013500/013592/html/13592bio.html |access-date=9 March 2014 |publisher=Maryland State Archives}}</ref> — Go filtha ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e tlhola gangwe, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) <ref>[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/washingtonpost/obituary.aspx?pid=122159007 "Death Notice: Harriet E. Brown"]. ''Washington Post''. Jan 4, 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2014.</ref> e ne e le morutabana wa sekolo wa Calvert County yo o neng a lwela tuelo e e lekanang, go sa kgathalesege gore ke wa morafe ofe, mo thutong ya Maryland . Ka thuso ya mmueledi [[:en:NAACP|wa NAACP]] Thurgood Marshall, Brown o ne a sekisa khuduthamaga ya Thuto ya Kgaolo ya Calvert ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bosupa (1937) . Ka nako eo, barutabana ba Maaforika le Amerika ba ne ba duelwa madi a a kwa tlase thata go feta badirikabone ba Yuropa le Amerika. Brown o ne a duelwa 50% kwa tlase ga balekane ba gagwe ba Yuropa le Amerika ba ba nang le makwalo a a tshwanang. Calvert County e ne ya tlhongwa ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bosupa (1937), mme ya dumalana go lekalekanya dituelo. <ref name="msa">{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Harriet Elizabeth Brown |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/brown.html |access-date=9 March 2014 |publisher=Maryland State Archives}}</ref> Kgetsi ya ga Brown e ne ya latela kgetsi ya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borataro(1936) e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Marshall le NAACP mo boemong jwa mogokgo wa Dikolo tsa Sechaba tsa Montgomery County e bong William B. Gibbs Jr. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Klinger |first=Jerry |date=2019-04-07 |title=William B. Gibbs, Jr. (1905-1984) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/william-b-gibbs-jr-1905-1984/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=[[BlackPast.org]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabongwe (1939) go ne ga fetisiwa Molao wa go Lekanya Dituelo tsa Barutabana ba Maryland, e leng molao wa ntlha wa go lekalekanya wa lefatshe la Maryland. <ref name="msa" /> Brown o ne a tsenngwa mo [[:en:Maryland_Women's_Hall_of_Fame|Maryland Women's Hall of Fame]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone (1994). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdwhc36 |date=2018-01-01 |title=Harriet Elizabeth Brown |url=https://mdwomensheritagecenter.org/2018/01/harriet-elizabeth-brown/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Maryland Women's Heritage Center |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110134508/https://mdwomensheritagecenter.org/2018/01/harriet-elizabeth-brown/ |archive-date=2024-01-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Go ruta == Brown o ne a simolola go bereka kwa Dikolong tsa Sechaba tsa Kgaolo ya Calvert ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bongwe (1931). O ne a bereka koo dingwaga di feta masome a mararo . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Harriet Elizabeth Brown, MSA SC 3520-13592 |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/013500/013592/html/13592bio.html#ref3a |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=msa.maryland.gov}}</ref> == Leso == Harriet Elizabeth Brown o ne a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Hirikgong e rogwa, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), a le dingwaga di le lekgolo le bongwe . <ref name="wapo" /> O fitlhilwe kwa Ditshingwaneng tsa Segopotso tsa kwa Borwa kwa Dunkirk, kwa Maryland . == Ditshupiso == 39b0jkzkoxajyofkgfe1lugwr0cbwrf 0 15253 55633 55593 2026-09-25T14:06:19Z VNGao 10152 /* Botshelo jwa Gagwe */ 55633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Al_Benson|Arthur Bernard]]''' Leaner ( o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mararo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabobedi mme a tlhokofala ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi), yo o neng a itsege jaaka Al Benson, ene ele wa letso la Amerika a bereka jaaka motshamiki wa mmino mo Seromamoweng (DJ), yoo a dirang for mmino o itsagale, le mong wa setlamo seo se katisang batshamiki ba mmino mo [[:en:Al_Benson|Chicago]] ,magareng ga dingwaga tsa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a mane gammogo le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro.. He was particularly significant for his promotion of rhythm and blues music and black involvement in the recording industry in Chicago. == Botshelo jwa Gagwe == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le botlhano go dirisiwa pseudonym Al Benson, ke fa a simolola go gasa lenaneo la aura la beke le beke mo WGES, mo dinakong tse di farologaneng. p36v9k8foqaiwiq7yg0wdg81abu6yod 55641 55633 2026-09-25T15:01:27Z VNGao 10152 /* Botshelo jwa Gagwe */ 55641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Al_Benson|Arthur Bernard]]''' Leaner ( o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi ale masome a mararo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabobedi mme a tlhokofala ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi), yo o neng a itsege jaaka Al Benson, ene ele wa letso la Amerika a bereka jaaka motshamiki wa mmino mo Seromamoweng (DJ), yoo a dirang for mmino o itsagale, le mong wa setlamo seo se katisang batshamiki ba mmino mo [[:en:Al_Benson|Chicago]] ,magareng ga dingwaga tsa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a mane gammogo le ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro. One a itsege ka go godisa [[:en:Rhythm_and_blues|rhythm and blues music]] le batho ba mmala wa sebilo mo go tsa kgatisong mo go tsa bodiragatsi mo Chicago.black == Botshelo jwa Gagwe == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a mane le botlhano go dirisiwa pseudonym Al Benson, ke fa a simolola go gasa lenaneo la aura la beke le beke mo WGES, mo dinakong tse di farologaneng. 45wkpikzzj84xlrkc3bp003pla5d1eb 0 15260 55630 55609 2026-09-25T13:37:07Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Athi-Patra Ruga #BLT2026 55630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Athi-Patra Ruga|birth_date=Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa 1984|birth_place=Umtata [[Aforika Borwa]]|education=Belgravia Art Centre, 2001 Gordon Flack Davison Design Academy, 2004|known for=Go diragatsa, go penta, le botaki jo bo kopaneng|spouse=Malibingwe Tyilo|awards=Standard Bank Young Artist 2015, Seetsele sa Malike Sedibe sa go kapa dinepe, seetsele sa botaki sa Ruth Baumgarte}} '''Athi-Patra Ruga''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone) ke motaki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o dirisang bodiragatsi, go kapa ditshwantsho, ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego, matsela le go gatisa go tlhatlhoba diemo tsa go siama kgotsa go tlhoka tshiamo, didirisiwa le tse di gakologelwang. Tiro ya gagwe e sekaseka mmele go amana le ngwao le kakanyo. Ditlhogo di tshwana le ngwao ya se Xhosa, le lefelo la go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang mo Aforika Borwa morago ga puso ya tlhaolele le gone go tlhagelela mo tirong ya gagwe.<ref name=":1">Brown, Andrew J. (2017). "Performing blackness in the 'Rainbow Nation': Athi-Patra Ruga's The Future White Women of Azania". ''Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory''. '''27''': 67–80. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]][https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0740770X.2017.1282115 :10.1080/0740770X.2017.1282115]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f71e27e9b17e65a981e8615ccafca0c510bbd18d 151343125.]</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Athi-Praga Ruga o tshotswe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone kwa Umtata, kwa [[Kapa Botlhaba|Kapa botlhaba]], kwa Aforika Borwa. O ithutetse ditso tsa kapari le tlhamo kwa Gordon Flack Davison Desing Academy kwa [[Johannesburg]].<ref>Siegenthaler, Fiona (2013). [https://edoc.unibas.ch/entities/publication/fbef4ecb-b90d-4c1d-ac35-6be7cd29a23f "Visualizing the Mental City: The Exploration of Cultural and Subjective Topographies by Contemporary Performance Artists in Johannesburg"] (PDF). ''Research in African Literatures''. '''44''' (2): 163–176. doi:[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/506536 10.2979/reseafrilite.44.2.163]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0034-5210 0034-5210.] [[:en:JSTOR#Content|JSTOR]][https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/reseafrilite.44.2.163 &nbsp;10.2979/reseafrilite.44.2.163]. S2CID&nbsp;[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b4e9a62a2cccfe93aa3237c4f93f1c764ab7fb4b 144003859.]</ref> Ruga o ne a akareditswe mo bukeng ya Younger Than Jesus (ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe)<ref>Massimiliano, Gioni (2009). ''Younger Than Jesus''. Phaidon Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0714849812|<bdi>978-0714849812</bdi>.]]</ref>, e le buka ya bataki ba lefatshe ka bophara ba ba gaisang ba le makgolo a matlhano ba ba dingwaga di kwa tlase ga masome a mararo le boraro. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone o ne a etelela pele puisano a na le [[Zanele Muholi]] le [[Nandipha Mntambo]], kwa bokopanong kwa Design Indaba kwa Kapa.<ref>[https://www.designindaba.com/events/design-indaba-conference-2014 "Design Indaba Conference 2014".]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, Ruga o ne a tshwara ditshupo kwa ditshupong tsa 1-54 kwa London, a di file setlhogo sa Of Gods, Rainbows and Omissions.<ref>[https://www.1-54.com/special-projects-at-1-54-london-2018/ "Special Projects at 1–54 London, 2018".] 9 July 2018.</ref><ref>Gerlis, Melanie (28 September 2018). [https://www.ft.com/content/90a6b384-bcc6-11e8-8dfd-2f1cbc7ee27c "At the rainbow's end".] ''Financial Times''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> Tiro ya ga Ruga e rekilwe ke bakgobokanyi ba botaki ba le bantsi ba setshaba le ba ba ikemetseng, ba akaretsa mabolokelo a botaki a Zeitz a sennela ruri, Iziko African National Gallery<ref>[https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/athi-patra-ruga/ "ZEITS MOCAA Athi-Patra Ruga".]</ref>, Museion kwa Italy, le CAAC - kgobokanyo ya Pigozzi. == Mokgwa == Ruga o sekaseka dikgang tsa tshiamo le tshiamologo ya Aforika Borwa morago ga puso ya tlhaolele. A bereka mo go gatiseng, diaparo, kapari, bodiragatsi, le ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego, tiro ya gagwe e lebelela mmele e o amanya le ngwao le dikakanyo, gantsi a tlhama ngwao e e kopantseng. Ditlhogo di tshwana le thobalano, HIV/AIDS. ngwao ya Aforika, le lefelo la baratani ba bong bo bo tshwanang mo Aforika Borwa morago ga puso ya tlhaolele le tsone di tsenelela mo tirong ya gagwe.<ref name=":1" /> Ruga o dirisa go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang go supa dikao tsa maatla a puso ya tlhaolele. Go kgona go tlhaloganya tiro ya gagwe, batho ba tlhoka gore ba bo ba ikaeletse go itemogela le go abelana. == Metswedi == gyw3crdbny24cl67560zxo4feqlr7ba 0 15261 55631 55617 2026-09-25T13:39:45Z VNGao 10152 /* Tiro */ 55631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:en:Leila_Djansi|Leila Afua Djansi]]''' ke mme wa letso la Ghana le Amerika yo eleng mokopanyi kana mogokaganyi wa dibaesekopo yoo a simolotseng tiro ya gagwe ya dibaesekopo kwa [[:en:Cinema_of_Ghana|Ghana film industry.]] == Botshelo Pele == Leila Afua Djansi o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le bosupa<ref>Nelmes, Jill; Selbo, Jule, [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=kGikCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Women Screenwriters: An International Guide, Springer] (2015), p. 20, <nowiki>ISBN 9781137312372</nowiki>. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref>. Rraagwe ene ele mokgweetsi wa difofane , fa mmaagwe ene ene ele mooki o motona. Djansi o goletse kwa India le Ghana. Lefa ntswa go diragatsa le go kwala ene ele dilo tsa itloso bodutu mo go ene, one a ratile go nna [[:en:Leila_Djansi|ngaka ya tlhokomele ya Bomme]], seo erileng mo tsamayong ya nako a se fetogela mme a nna le kgatlhego mo tsa [[:en:Forensic_science|forensics]]. Fa a ne a ithutela [[:en:Criminology|tshekatsheko ya borukutlhi]] , one a fetoga gape fa a kopana le modiragatsi wa Ghana Sam Odoi, yoo a neng a mo kopa gore amo kwalele motshameko.O ne ana le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe fa motshameko yo a o kwadilweng '''[[:en:Babina_(film)|''Babina'']]''', one o dirwa setshwantsho sa motshikinyego ke moapei wa dibaesekopo Akwetey Kanyi.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/02/showbiz/must-see-african-movies/index.html]</ref> == Dithutego == Djans o dirile dithuto tsa gagwe tse dipotlana kwa Kabore Primary le JSS, [[:en:Mawuli_School|Mawuli]] School a dira tsa fa gare le tse dikgolwane fela jalo ka tatelelano,tsotlhe di le mo [[:en:Ho,_Ghana|HO]] [[:en:Volta_Region|Volta Region]] gone mo Ghana. One a simolola dithuto tsa gagwe tsa go ithutela dibaesekopo kwa [[:en:National_Film_and_Television_School|National Film and Television School,]] mme morago a tswa mo Ghana aya kwa Amerika go tsweledisa tsone dithuto tseo tsa digerata kwa kwa [[:en:Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design|Savannah College of Art and Design , a]] nnile le lesego la go duelwelwa ke ba dithuso tsa madi tsa botaki. == Tiro == Ene ele tautona kana moeteledipele wa mokgatlho wa Ghana Library Board Readers Club dingwaga di le tharo, Djansi one a simolola go tiro ya gagwe mo go tsa bodiragatsi le  Mmabontle ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi fa ene ele ene a tlhatlhamang yo o tsereng koroni mo go bo mmabontle wa kgaolo kwa sekolong se segolwane. Djansi o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya dibaesekopo kwa Ghana ale dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe le setlamo sa Ghana Film Company. Djansi o berekile le setlamo sa lefatshe la Ghana,Gama Film Company, koo a kwadileng abo a ribolola Legacy of Love. == Metswedi == l6sg6bup6azt0pw49n3scyfz43u8b5v 55632 55631 2026-09-25T13:45:09Z VNGao 10152 55632 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Leila Djansi.jpg|thumb|'''Leila Afua Djansi''']] '''[[:en:Leila_Djansi|Leila Afua Djansi]]''' ke mme wa letso la Ghana le Amerika yo eleng mokopanyi kana mogokaganyi wa dibaesekopo yoo a simolotseng tiro ya gagwe ya dibaesekopo kwa [[:en:Cinema_of_Ghana|Ghana film industry.]] == Botshelo Pele == Leila Afua Djansi o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le bosupa<ref>Nelmes, Jill; Selbo, Jule, [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=kGikCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Women Screenwriters: An International Guide, Springer] (2015), p. 20, <nowiki>ISBN 9781137312372</nowiki>. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref>. Rraagwe ene ele mokgweetsi wa difofane , fa mmaagwe ene ene ele mooki o motona. Djansi o goletse kwa India le Ghana. Lefa ntswa go diragatsa le go kwala ene ele dilo tsa itloso bodutu mo go ene, one a ratile go nna [[:en:Leila_Djansi|ngaka ya tlhokomele ya Bomme]], seo erileng mo tsamayong ya nako a se fetogela mme a nna le kgatlhego mo tsa [[:en:Forensic_science|forensics]]. Fa a ne a ithutela [[:en:Criminology|tshekatsheko ya borukutlhi]] , one a fetoga gape fa a kopana le modiragatsi wa Ghana Sam Odoi, yoo a neng a mo kopa gore amo kwalele motshameko.O ne ana le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe fa motshameko yo a o kwadilweng '''[[:en:Babina_(film)|''Babina'']]''', one o dirwa setshwantsho sa motshikinyego ke moapei wa dibaesekopo Akwetey Kanyi.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/02/showbiz/must-see-african-movies/index.html]</ref> == Dithutego == Djans o dirile dithuto tsa gagwe tse dipotlana kwa Kabore Primary le JSS, [[:en:Mawuli_School|Mawuli]] School a dira tsa fa gare le tse dikgolwane fela jalo ka tatelelano,tsotlhe di le mo [[:en:Ho,_Ghana|HO]] [[:en:Volta_Region|Volta Region]] gone mo Ghana. One a simolola dithuto tsa gagwe tsa go ithutela dibaesekopo kwa [[:en:National_Film_and_Television_School|National Film and Television School,]] mme morago a tswa mo Ghana aya kwa Amerika go tsweledisa tsone dithuto tseo tsa digerata kwa kwa [[:en:Savannah_College_of_Art_and_Design|Savannah College of Art and Design , a]] nnile le lesego la go duelwelwa ke ba dithuso tsa madi tsa botaki. == Tiro == Ene ele tautona kana moeteledipele wa mokgatlho wa Ghana Library Board Readers Club dingwaga di le tharo, Djansi one a simolola go tiro ya gagwe mo go tsa bodiragatsi le  Mmabontle ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi fa ene ele ene a tlhatlhamang yo o tsereng koroni mo go bo mmabontle wa kgaolo kwa sekolong se segolwane. Djansi o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya dibaesekopo kwa Ghana ale dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe le setlamo sa Ghana Film Company. Djansi o berekile le setlamo sa lefatshe la Ghana,Gama Film Company, koo a kwadileng abo a ribolola Legacy of Love. == Metswedi == tjrk4xkf7dykxkzah3scgy8992e6eui 0 15263 55660 55612 2026-09-25T23:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Amoako Boafo|image=Amoako Boafo.jpg|caption=Senepe sa ga Amoako Boafo|birth_name=Thomas Amoako Boafo|birth_date=Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa 1984|birth_place=Osu, Acra, Ghana|education=Ghanatta College of Art amd Design; Academy of Fine Arts Vienna|known for=botaki}} '''Thomas Amoako Boafo''', o o itsegeng ka leina la '''Amoako Boafo''' (o tshotswe ka Motsheganong a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone), o tsholetswe a bo a godisediwa kwa Osu, kwa kgaolong ya Accra kwa Ghana.<ref>[https://africabokutalent.org/directory/talent/amoako-boafo/ "Amoako Boafo"]. ''Africa Boku Talent''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == O tsene sekolo kwa Ghanatta College of Art and Design kwa Accra, a ya go tsweledisa dithuto kwa Academy of Fine Arts kwa Vienna kwa Austria.<ref>[[:en:Ekow_Barnes|Barnes, Ekow]] (5 August 2020). [https://i-d.co/article/amoako-boafo-is-nuancing-how-black-men-are-represented-in-painting/ "Amoako Boafo is nuancing how Black men are represented in painting"]. ''i-D''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Trembley, Nicholas (22 February 2021). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20231208091816/https://www.numero.com/fr/art/amoako-boafo-artiste-du-mois-nicolas-trembley-ghana-galerie-mariane-ibrahim Rencontre avec Amoako Boafo, la nouvelle révélation de l'art".] ''[[true999] ]]'' (in French). Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> Fa a tsena sekolo sa go aloga kwa Vienna, Boafo o ne a amogela dikakgelo tsa gore ditshwantsho tsa gagwe di dintsho thata. A sa tshosediwe ke go kgala moo, Boafo o ne a tswelela ka go tshwantsha batho ba bantsho.<ref name=":1">[https://www.proquest.com/docview/2444737041?sourcetype=Newspapers ""Amoako Boafo on Slowing down and Staying Focused While His Auction Prices Skyrocket." 2020. The New York Observer, n."]</ref> == Tsa pereko == Ditshwantsho tsa ga Boafo di itebagantse le diaparo, go ema, le tshupo ya letlalo e a e gatelelang ka go penta ka monwana.<ref>Van Houten Maldonado, Devon (8 October 2020)[https://www.frieze.com/article/amoako-boafos-paintings-stare-back-you . "Amoako Boafo's Paintings Stare Back at You".] ''frieze''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Lang, Cady (17 February 2021[https://time.com/collections/time100-next-2021/5937676/amoako-boafo/ ). "2021 Time100 Next: Amoako Boafo".] ''Time''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> Go ya ka mosupi Ibrahim, ditshwantsho tsa ga Boafo di emetse go gatela pele mo ditshwantshong, a supa fa a fetotse le go tlhama ka fa ditshwantsho di diriwang ka teng. Ibrahim o itebagantse le go emela botaki jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]].<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe, Boafo o ne a tsaya karolo mo go ithutuntsheng kwa Rubell Museum kwa Miami, Florida, ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi o ne a bereka le Dior mo kgobokanyong ya bone ya diaparo tsa borre tsa paka ya dikgakologo/selemo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso.<ref>Marain, Alexandre (23 February 2021). [https://www.vogue.fr/vogue-hommes-en/article/dior-men-spring-summer-2021-menswear-collection-ghanian-artist-amoako-boafo "Dior infuses Amoako Boafo's paintings into its collection".] ''Vogue Paris''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Wightman-Stone, Danielle (14 July 2020). [https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/dior-men-collaborates-with-ghanaian-artist-amoako-boafo/2020071449847 "Dior Men collaborates with Ghanaian artist Amoako Boafo".] ''FashionUnited''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Waddoups, Ryan (16 July 2020). [https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/dior-ss21-amoako-boafo/ "The Story Behind Amoako Boafo's Deeply Personal Collection With Dior".] ''Surface''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> Tiro ya gagwe ya Suborbital Triptych, e e nang le ditshwantsho tse tharo tsa gagwe, mmagwe , le mmaagwe tsala ya gagwe, e ne ya gatisiwa kwa godimo ga rokete e ntsha ya New Shepard, e e neng ya fofa e sena bapagami go ya kwa lefaufaung ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le motso, e goroga kwa lefaufaung bokgakala jwa dikhilomithara di le lekgolo le borataro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210818173530/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-17-launch-updates "New Shepard Successfully Completes Mission with Commercial and NASA-Supported Payloads on Board".] ''Blue Origin'' (Press release). 26 August 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> Ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi, ditshupo tsa gagwe tsa ntlha kwa U.S. tsa setlhogo sa Soul of Black Folks, di ne tsa bulwa kwa mabolokelong a ditso tsa sesha kwa Houston<ref>[https://camh.org/event/soul-of-black-folks/ "Amoako Boafo: Soul of Black Folks".] ''Contemporary Arts Museum Houston''. 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref>, morago a tsaya loeto go ya kwa mabolokelong a botaki a Denver<ref>[https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/exhibitions/amoako-boafo "Amoako Boafo | Denver Art Museum".] ''www.denverartmuseum.org''. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro. == Dikgobokanyo == Tiro ya ga Boafo e teng mo dikgobokanyong tsa setshaba le tsa batho ba ba ikemetseng, mo bosheng di kwa Blenheim Art Foundation, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggnheim Museum, Hirshhorn Museum, Rubell Museum, Marieluise Hessel Museum, Aishti Foundation, CCS Bard College Hessel museum of Art, Pizzuti Collection of Columbus Museum of Art, Coleccion Solo le Albertina Museum kwa Vienna.<ref>Campbell-LaFleur, Andrianna (1 September 2020). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/amoako-boafo-portraits-interview-11599003761 "Amoako Boafo on His Incredible Portraits: 'I Paint to Show What I Am'".] ''Wall Street Journal''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]][https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0099-9660 &nbsp;0099-9660]. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Binlot, Ann (3 June 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302041032/https://www.documentjournal.com/2020/06/when-i-look-at-you-do-you-see-me-painter-amoako-boafo-urges-us-to-consider-the-complexities-of-blackness/ "'When I look at you, do you see me?' Painter Amoako Boafo urges us to consider the complexities of blackness".] ''Document Journal''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>[https://hirshhorn.si.edu/news/press-release/hirshhorn-announces-over-80-acquisitions-by-48-modern-and-contemporary-artists/ "Hirshhorn Announces Over 80 Acquisitions by 48 Modern and Contemporary Artists"]. ''Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden | Smithsonian''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> == Ditshupo == === Tsa setlhopha === * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bobedi. Certeza. Espacio SOLO - Coleccion SOLO (Madrid, Spain). ditshupo tsa Sitting on the Sun (ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe) === Tsa a le nosi === * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bone. Proper Love, Belvedere Museum, (Vienna, Austria) * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano. I Do Not Come To You By Chance, Gagosian Gallery (London, UK) == Temogo == * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa - seetsele sa baatlhodi, mpho ya botaki ya Walter Koschatzky<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210412162745/http://www.mbartsandculture.org/amoako-boafo-cobalt-blue-earring/ "Amoako Boafo Cobalt Blue Earring – MB Arts & Culture".] Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Pendiuk, Patrick (16 February 2021). [https://www.gq-magazin.de/mode/artikel/amoako-boafo-dior-men-interview "Amoako Boafo für Dior Men: 'Die Darstellung von Solidarität war nie wichtiger als jetzt'".] ''GQ Germany'' (in German). Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe - seetsele sa mafatshefatshe sa STRABAG sa botaki<ref>[https://www.robertsprojectsla.com/news/amoako-boafo-receives-the-2019-strabag-artaward-international "Amoako Boafo Receives the 2019 STRABAG Artaward International - News - Roberts Projects LA".] ''www.robertsprojectsla.com''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> == Thekiso ya botaki == Boafo o emetswe ke Mariane Ibrahim Gallery kwa Chicago le Roberts Projects kwa Los Angeles. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, botaki jwa gagwe jwa Hands UP (jwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi) bo rekisitswe ka didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro le metso e supa kwa Christie's kwa Hong Kong.<ref>Angelica Villa (December 2, 2021), [https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/christies-hong-kong-evening-sale-2021-1234611838/ Records for Amoako Boafo, Avery Singer, Bernard Buffet Set in Christie’s $192 M. Hong Kong Evening Sale ''ARTnews''.]</ref> == Metswedi == l30kvdv31ijyvzlsh51wyi3oqkecaer 0 15266 55668 55621 2026-09-26T00:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ekow Barnes|image=Barnes in Accra (2021).jpg|caption=Senepe sa ga Ekow|birth_place=Accra, Ghana|birth_name=Richmond Ekow Barnes|education=Ghana Secondary Technical School; Bluecrest College|occupation=Mokwadi wa tsa kapari}} '''Richmond Ekow Barnes''', o itseeng gape ka leina la '''Ekow Barnes''', ke mokwadi wa kapari wa kwa Ghana o o tlhamang diteng tsa kapari go kgabaganya [[Aferika|Aforika]].<ref>Mensah, Ernest Aboagye (2021-04-22). [https://kuulpeeps.com/2021/04/22/richmond-ekow-barnes-not-a-mere-man-but-a-powerful-experience/people "Richmond Ekow Barnes: Not A Mere Man, But A Powerful Experience".] ''Kuulpeeps - Ghana Campus News and Lifestyle Site by Students''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Boateng, Benewaah (2020-10-29). [https://www.complex.com/music/a/benewaah-boateng/inside-ghana-asakaa-drill-scene "Going Global: Inside Ghana's Burgeoning Drill Scene".] ''Complex''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Nwosu, Amarachi (2016-12-12). [https://www.okayafrica.com/this-fashion-editorial-challenges-what-it-means-to-be-an-african-man/239764 "This Fashion Editorial Challenges What It Means To Be An African Man".] ''OkayAfrica''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Ekow Barnes o tsholetswe kwa kgaolong e e kwa bophirima jwa Ghana, a tsena sekolo sa tiro ya diatla sa Ghana Secondary Technical School. O tsene sekolo gape kwa Bluecrest University College, kwa a alogileng ka Bachelor of Arts ya Public Relations le Image Management.<ref>[https://www.morebranches.com/fourteen-exciting-creatives-lighting-up-the-year/ "Fourteen Exciting Creatives Lighting Up The Year".] ''MoreBranches''. 2021-09-24. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> == Tsa pereko == Barnes o simolotse tiro kwa Strategic Communications Africa e le moithui wa tiro. Ekow morago o ne a nna wa kapari kwa Will & Barnes kwa Accra. O berekile gape e le rabontle wa diaparo tse di farologaneng.<ref>Aboagye - Mensah (2021-09-09). [https://whencreativesconnect.com/2021/09/09/meet-ekow-barnes-the-face-of-the-african-creative-revolution/ "Ekow Barnes, The Face Of The African Creative Revolution".] ''Creatives Connect''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Janelle, Door Ashlee (2021-07-26). [https://www.elle.com/nl/lifestyle/a37127023/jongeren-reizen-ghana-reden/ "Steeds meer jongeren reizen naar Ghana. Dit is de reden waarom het land steeds populairder wordt".] ''ELLE'' (in Netherlands Dutch). Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref><ref>Okwodu, Janelle (2019-06-26). [https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/photographer-amarachi-nwosu-sankofa-photo-exhibhit-interview "Meet the Nigerian-American Photographer Tackling Fashion's Complicated Relationship With Race".] ''Vogue''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> Barnes o gatisitse dintlha ka kapari di feta masome a mabedi mo dipampiring tsa dikgang le dibukana tsa di makasine go kgabaganya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe. O berekile mo diporojekeng di le dintsi tse di akaretsang dikompone di tshwana le Facebook, Burberry, Emirates, Mercedes Benz, Essence, Glamour Magazine,Uber, Chiip 0 Neal, le tse dingwe.<ref>[https://gq.co.za/style/style101/2018-11-07-five-unmissable-designs-at-lagos-fashion-week-as-seen-by-ekow-barnes/ "Five unmissable designs at Lagos Fashion Week: as seen by Ekow Barnes".] ''www.gq.co.za''. 2018-11-07. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> Barnes mo bosheng o tlhamile letsholo la ditlhako tsa kgwele ya dinao tsa New Balance, a direla motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa kwa [[Senegal]] ebong Sadio mane kwa dikgaisanong tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi tsa AFCON kwa [[Cameroon]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230929072943/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/AFCON-2022-Ghanaian-creative-content-producer-Ekow-Barnes-produces-campaign-for-global-sportswear-brand-New-Balance-1451557 "AFCON 2022: Ghanaian creative content producer, Ekow Barnes, produces campaign for global sportswear brand, New Balance".] ''GhanaWeb''. 2022-01-23. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, o ne a tlhama WB Group a na le ba bangwe, e le kompone e maikaelelo a yone e leng go rotloetsa batlhami ba [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka dikompone tsa mafatshefatshe.<ref>[https://gq.co.za/culture/entertainment/2022-12-01-ghanaian-writer-and-creative--producer-ekow-barnes-to-speak-at-bof-voices-2022/ "Ghanaian writer and creative producer, Ekow Barnes to Speak at BOF Voices 2022".] ''www.gq.co.za''. Retrieved 25 September 2026</ref> == Metswedi == du1il9wmq63o1vd1jjr9b0w51uk6sxz 0 15267 55658 55622 2026-09-25T23:44:57Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Almira Kennedy Coursey''' ( O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola ga tlhano, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bone - Go fitlha kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996 ) e ne e le molweladitshwanelo tsa banni le morulaganyi yo o neng a nna kwa Bedford-Stuyvesant kwa Brooklyn, New York . O itsege thata ka go buelela go tlhabololwa le go tlhabololwa sesha ga lefelo la [[:en:Herbert_Von_King_Park|Herbert Von King Park]] . == Botshelo jwa pele == Almira Kennedy Coursey o tshotswe O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola ga tlhano, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bone, kwa New Bern, Borone jwa Carolina ke Augustus T. le Juanita C. Kennedy <ref name=":0" /> O ne a le motona mo baneng ba le bane mme o ne a golela kwa Winston-Salem, kwa le ene a neng a tsena sekolo se segolwane teng. <ref name=":1" /> Coursey o tsene kwa Sekolong sa St. Augustine kwa Raleigh, mme a ithuta Seesemane le thutafatshe pele ga a aloga dithutego tsa degree ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le bone (1934). <ref>{{Cite web |date=1931 |title=Sixty-Fourth Annual Catalogue of Saint Augustine's College |url=https://ia902902.us.archive.org/19/items/annualcatalogueo19301940/annualcatalogueo19301940.pdf |access-date=January 12, 2024 |website=Saint Augustine's College}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Coursey |first=Henrietta |title=Almira Kennedy Coursey |url=https://ourtimepress.com/almira-kennedy-coursey/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Our Time Press}}</ref> Kwa St. Augustine, o ne a bereka e le mothusa mogolwane wa bomme mo sekolong, e leng tiro e a neng a e dira mo dingwageng tsotlhe tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1930). <ref name=":0" /> Coursey o ne a thusa gape go tlhama Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Baithuti ba Nako e e Fetileng wa St. Augustine, mme o ne a nna mokwaledi dingwaga di le lesome. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite news|pages=12}}</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo (1930), o ne a bereka e le morutabana kwa Clayton, North Carolina, mme a tlhama thulaganyo ya "Three W's" ya basetsana ba ba mo dingwageng tsa bolesome, e e neng e ruta ka ga boleng jwa bosadi, boitapoloso jo bo siameng, le go rata go direla.. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Von King Park: Almira Kennedy Coursey Amphitheatre |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/herbert-von-king-park/highlights/19677 |access-date=January 12, 2024 |website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation}}</ref> == Bolweladitshwanelo le tiro ya thuto kwa Brooklyn == Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940), Coursey o ne a fudugela kwa Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, kwa a neng a bereka teng e le morutabana mme moragonyana a nna mothusamogokgo kwa Sekolong se Segolwane sa Macon, se gape se bidiwang Intermediate School 258. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bartlett |first=Jason T. |date=December 2014 |title=The Politics of Community Development of the Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation |url=https://scholarshare.temple.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12613/2584/TETDEDXBartlett-temple-0225E-11983.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=January 12, 2024 |website=Temple University Graduate Board |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112212121/https://scholarshare.temple.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12613/2584/TETDEDXBartlett-temple-0225E-11983.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=January 12, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> O ne a kopana le Henry Ellis Coursey mme a mo nyala morago ga gore a goroge kwa New York, mme ba ne ba tswelela pele go nna le bana ba le bararo mmogo. <ref name=":0" /> Fa a ntse a ruta, gape o ne a bona dithutego tsa gagwe tsa master's degree tsa tsamaiso ya badiri kwa Sekolong sa Barutabana, Sekolo se setona sa Columbia . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone (1964), Coursey o ne a simolola go bereka le Lekgotla la Central Brooklyn Coordinating Council ( CBCC ), e leng kopano ya mekgatlho ya banni, dikereke, ditlhopha tsa ditshwanelo tsa banni, le mekgatlho ya diboloko e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Elsie Richardson . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Woodsworth |first=Michael |date=2016 |title=Battle for Bed-Stuy: the long war on poverty in New York City |url=https://archive.org/details/battleforbedstuy0000wood_m4s6/page/116/mode/2up?q=%22coursey%22 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-54506-9 |location=Cambridge (Mass.) |pages=1, 17}}</ref> Balweladitshwanelo ba bangwe ba basadi ba ba tumileng mo CBCC ba ne ba akaretsa Shirley Chisholm le Lucille Rose . Ka Komiti ya Phaka ya Tompkins e e neng e amana le yone, e gape e bidiwang Mokgatlho wa Boitapoloso le Ngwao wa Phaka ya Tompkins, Coursey o ne a rotloetsa toropo go tokafatsa Phaka ya ga Herbert Von King, e ka nako eo e neng e itsiwe e le Phaka ya Tompkins. Go buelela ga gagwe go ne ga feleletsa go dirile gore go agiwe Letamo la Kosciuszko, le le neng le tlhamilwe ke Morris Lapidus, mmogo le go tlhabololwa ga dikago tsa phaka le go okediwa ha Ntlo lehalahala ya Eubie Blake, lefelo la Herbert Von King Cultural Arts Cente, le masimo a Little League ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1969). <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965), Coursey a direla mo khuduthamageng ya CBCC le setlhopha se se tshwaraganeg le CBCC<ref name=":2" />, Setlhopha sa Youth in Action (YIA <ref>{{Cite book |date=1970 |title=Agenda for a city: Issues confronting New York |url=https://archive.org/details/agendaforcityiss0000fitc/page/424/mode/2up?q=%22coursey%22 |publisher=Sage Publ |isbn=978-0-8039-0077-6 |editor-last=Fitch |editor-first=Lyle C. |location=Beverly Hills, Calif |pages=425 |editor-last2=Institute of Public Administration}}</ref> se moragonyana se neng sa nna Baetleetsi ba Banni, Inc. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":3" /> Morago ga nako ya go lwa le go rulaganngwa sešha kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), e ne e le mongwe wa maloko a boto ya pele ya CBCC fela yo o neng a tsenela leloko la khuduthamaga la Koporasi ya Tsosoloso ya Bedford-Stuyvesant [[:en:Bedford_Stuyvesant_Restoration_Corporation|Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation]]( R&R ), e leng koporasi ya bannii e e neng ya tlhamiwa ke Robert F. Kennedy le Thomas Jones . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Tom Adam |date=2013 |title=Black Power in Action: The Bedford-Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, Robert F. Kennedy, and the Politics of the Urban Crisis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44308761 |journal=The Journal of American History |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=736–760 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jat537 |issn=0021-8723 |jstor=44308761 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabobedi (1968), Coursey o ne a simolola go bereka e le mothusi mogolwane yo o kgethegileng wa Sekolo se setona sa New York, koo a neng a dira dithulaganyo tsa go thusa baithuti ba ba tllhokileng lesego mo sechabeng teng. <ref name=":0" /> Gape o ne a bereka kwa Ofising ya Merero ya Ditoropo , mme a bona kemonokeng ya lekalana la thuso ya madi la Mokgatlho wa tsa tshomarelo la Weeksville,(ociety For the Preservation of Weeksville) o jaanong o bidiwang <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeksville_Heritage_Center" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Weeksville Heritage Center" class="cx-link" data-linkid="98">Weeksville Heritage Center</a> , ka sekgowa <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Maynard |first=Joan |date=1983 |title=Weeksville, then & now : the search to discover, the effort to preserve, memories of self in Brooklyn, New York |url=http://archive.org/details/weeksvillethenno0000mayn |publisher=Brooklyn, N.Y. : Society for the Preservation of Weeksville & Bedford-Stuyvesant History |others=Internet Archive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 1970 |title=Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Higher Education of the City of New York |url=https://policy.cuny.edu/policyimport/board_meeting_minutes/1970/11-23/document.pdf |access-date=January 12, 2024 |website=CUNY}}</ref> Coursey o ne a tswelela ka tiro ya gagwe ya go buelela batho go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), mme a nna leloko la dikomiti tsa toropo yotlhe tsa lehuma le thuto ka fa tlase ga botsamaisi jwa ga ratoropo e bong Robert F. Wagner le John Lindsay . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Coursey o ne a tlhokafala kwa Brooklyn ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996). <ref name=":0" /> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe (2011), lefelo la bobogelo le le kwa ntle kwa Herbert Von King Park le ne la tewa ka leina la gagwe go mo tlotla, mo moletlong o o neng o tsenetswe ke Mokhomišenara wa Diphaka le Boitapoloso wa Toropo ya New York, e bong Adrian Benepe, mmogo le maloko a Mokgatlho wa Boitapoloso le Setso wa Tompkins Park le ba ga Courrietta Heterrien. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2011 |title=Von King Park Amphitheater Named In Honor Of Community Leader Almira Kennedy Coursey |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/herbert-von-king-park/pressrelease/21013 |access-date=January 12, 2024 |website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spellen |first=Suzanne |date=2012-08-09 |title=Walkabout: Brooklyn's Small Parks: Tompkins Park, Part 2 |url=https://www.brownstoner.com/brooklyn-life/walkabout-bklyns-small-parks-tompkins-park-pt-2/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Brownstoner |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] ktkpe6mthgkxwiljsnrna25kjktg3c8 0 15268 55623 2026-09-25T12:54:02Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373817421|Nandipha Mntambo]]" 55623 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nandipha Mntambo''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi) ke motaki wa kwa Aforika Borwa o o tumileng ka ditshwantsho tsa gagwe tse di betlilweng, ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego le dinepe <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nandipha Mntambo doesn't take any bull|url=http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/nandipha-mntambo-doesn-t-take-any-bull-1.963593|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> tse di ikaegileng ka mebele ya basadi le sekao sa bone ka go dirisa dilo tsa tlholego, le tsa ditshedi. Mothale o a o dirisang mo botaking o tlhalositswe e le wa go kopanya methale e e farologaneng gape e le ya batho ba bomme le ba borre botlhe . <ref name="Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo">{{Cite web |title=Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo |url=http://www.topbilling.com/articles/Art-museums-across-the-globe-snap-up-the-work-of-Nandipha-Mntambo.html?articleID=3509 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=www.topbilling.com}}</ref> O itsege thata ka ditshwantsho tsa gagwe tse di betlilweng tsa letlalo la kgomo tse di golaganyang sebopego sa motho le tlholego. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandipha Mntambo |url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/nandipha-mntambo/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Zeitz MOCAA |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe le thuto == Nandipha Mntambo o tsholetswe kwa [[Eswatini|Swaziland]], kwa borwa jwa Aforika, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi. O godile raagwe e le moruti wa kereke ya Methodist mme moragonyana a nna bishopo. Tiro ya ga raagwe e ne ya dira gore ba nne kwa mafelong a a neng a tlwaelesefile ka go nna batho basweu ka nako ya puso ya tlhaolele, se e le karolo ya botshelo jwa gagwe e e nnileng le seabe mo botaking le sekao sa gagwe jaaka motaki . <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art">{{Cite news|title=Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/arts/nandipha-mntambo-artist-cowhide.html|access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref> Pele ga a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya botaki, pele o ne a eleditse go nna ngaka ya kalafi. <ref name="Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo" /> Pele Mtambo o ne a na le keletso ya go bereka e le mosekaseki wa mebele morago ga go tla kwa ga bone a fitlhe dintsa bone di bolaiwa ke motlhotlhomisi, go bona mebele e e suleng ga mo imela. <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandipha Mntambo {{!}} TEDxCapeTown |url=https://tedxcapetown.org/speakers/nandipha-mntambo |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=tedxcapetown.org}}</ref> O ne a aloga ka master's degree ya Fine Art ya ( ka maemo a a kwa godimo ) kwa Sekolong sa Michaelis School of Fine Art kwa Univesrity of Cape Town, ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Nandipha Mntambo |url=https://www.stevenson.info/artists/mntambo.html |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=STEVENSON |language=en}}</ref> Gompieno o nna kwa Johannesburg, South Africa kwa a berekelang teng gape, a nna le morwadie. <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art" /> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 0r3poaxqyzgmvemvqv90ug4osvsio48 55624 55623 2026-09-25T12:59:04Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya ga Nandipha Mntambo #BLT2026 55624 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|name=Nandipha Mntambo|image=Nandipha Mntambo.jpg|birth_place=Mbabane|birth_date=Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa 1982|occupation=Mokapa dinepe Mmetli Motlhamiwa ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego}} '''Nandipha Mntambo''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi) ke motaki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o tumileng ka ditshwantsho tsa gagwe tse di betlilweng, ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego le dinepe <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nandipha Mntambo doesn't take any bull|url=http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/nandipha-mntambo-doesn-t-take-any-bull-1.963593|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> tse di ikaegileng ka mebele ya basadi le sekao sa bone ka go dirisa dilo tsa tlholego, le tsa ditshedi. Mothale o a o dirisang mo botaking o tlhalositswe e le wa go kopanya methale e e farologaneng gape e le ya batho ba bomme le ba borre botlhe . <ref name="Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo">{{Cite web |title=Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo |url=http://www.topbilling.com/articles/Art-museums-across-the-globe-snap-up-the-work-of-Nandipha-Mntambo.html?articleID=3509 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=www.topbilling.com}}</ref> O itsege thata ka ditshwantsho tsa gagwe tse di betlilweng tsa letlalo la kgomo tse di golaganyang sebopego sa motho le tlholego. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandipha Mntambo |url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/nandipha-mntambo/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Zeitz MOCAA |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe le thuto == Nandipha Mntambo o tsholetswe kwa [[Eswatini|Swaziland]], kwa borwa jwa Aforika, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi. O godile raagwe e le moruti wa kereke ya Methodist mme moragonyana a nna bishopo. Tiro ya ga raagwe e ne ya dira gore ba nne kwa mafelong a a neng a tlwaelesefile ka go nna batho basweu ka nako ya puso ya tlhaolele, se e le karolo ya botshelo jwa gagwe e e nnileng le seabe mo botaking le sekao sa gagwe jaaka motaki . <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art">{{Cite news|title=Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/arts/nandipha-mntambo-artist-cowhide.html|access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref> Pele ga a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya botaki, pele o ne a eleditse go nna ngaka ya kalafi. <ref name="Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo" /> Pele Mtambo o ne a na le keletso ya go bereka e le mosekaseki wa mebele morago ga go tla kwa ga bone a fitlhe dintsa bone di bolaiwa ke motlhotlhomisi, go bona mebele e e suleng ga mo imela. <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandipha Mntambo {{!}} TEDxCapeTown |url=https://tedxcapetown.org/speakers/nandipha-mntambo |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=tedxcapetown.org}}</ref> O ne a aloga ka master's degree ya Fine Art ya ( ka maemo a a kwa godimo ) kwa Sekolong sa Michaelis School of Fine Art kwa Univesrity of Cape Town, ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Nandipha Mntambo |url=https://www.stevenson.info/artists/mntambo.html |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=STEVENSON |language=en}}</ref> Gompieno o nna kwa [[Johannesburg]], South Africa kwa a berekelang teng gape, a nna le morwadie. <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art" /> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] lk33991i1nqmk5nv5u03t862sy3my71 55638 55624 2026-09-25T14:41:32Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the section "Exhibitions" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373817421|Nandipha Mntambo]]" 55638 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|name=Nandipha Mntambo|image=Nandipha Mntambo.jpg|birth_place=Mbabane|birth_date=Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa 1982|occupation=Mokapa dinepe Mmetli Motlhamiwa ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego}} '''Nandipha Mntambo''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi) ke motaki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o tumileng ka ditshwantsho tsa gagwe tse di betlilweng, ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego le dinepe <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nandipha Mntambo doesn't take any bull|url=http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/nandipha-mntambo-doesn-t-take-any-bull-1.963593|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> tse di ikaegileng ka mebele ya basadi le sekao sa bone ka go dirisa dilo tsa tlholego, le tsa ditshedi. Mothale o a o dirisang mo botaking o tlhalositswe e le wa go kopanya methale e e farologaneng gape e le ya batho ba bomme le ba borre botlhe . <ref name="Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo">{{Cite web |title=Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo |url=http://www.topbilling.com/articles/Art-museums-across-the-globe-snap-up-the-work-of-Nandipha-Mntambo.html?articleID=3509 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=www.topbilling.com}}</ref> O itsege thata ka ditshwantsho tsa gagwe tse di betlilweng tsa letlalo la kgomo tse di golaganyang sebopego sa motho le tlholego. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandipha Mntambo |url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/nandipha-mntambo/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Zeitz MOCAA |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe le thuto == Nandipha Mntambo o tsholetswe kwa [[Eswatini|Swaziland]], kwa borwa jwa Aforika, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi. O godile raagwe e le moruti wa kereke ya Methodist mme moragonyana a nna bishopo. Tiro ya ga raagwe e ne ya dira gore ba nne kwa mafelong a a neng a tlwaelesefile ka go nna batho basweu ka nako ya puso ya tlhaolele, se e le karolo ya botshelo jwa gagwe e e nnileng le seabe mo botaking le sekao sa gagwe jaaka motaki . <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art">{{Cite news|title=Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/arts/nandipha-mntambo-artist-cowhide.html|access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref> Pele ga a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya botaki, pele o ne a eleditse go nna ngaka ya kalafi. <ref name="Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo" /> Pele Mtambo o ne a na le keletso ya go bereka e le mosekaseki wa mebele morago ga go tla kwa ga bone a fitlhe dintsa bone di bolaiwa ke motlhotlhomisi, go bona mebele e e suleng ga mo imela. <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandipha Mntambo {{!}} TEDxCapeTown |url=https://tedxcapetown.org/speakers/nandipha-mntambo |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=tedxcapetown.org}}</ref> O ne a aloga ka master's degree ya Fine Art ya ( ka maemo a a kwa godimo ) kwa Sekolong sa Michaelis School of Fine Art kwa Univesrity of Cape Town, ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Nandipha Mntambo |url=https://www.stevenson.info/artists/mntambo.html |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=STEVENSON |language=en}}</ref> Gompieno o nna kwa [[Johannesburg]], South Africa kwa a berekelang teng gape, a nna le morwadie. <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art" /> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] == Exhibitions == * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro | Chimera, Everard Read, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi | Agoodjie, Everard Read, Kapa, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi | Transcending Instinct, Southern Guild, Cape Town, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso | Agoodjie, Everard Read, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa b3eernt7b58l8wggqg5656jl2oa238m 55639 55638 2026-09-25T14:42:32Z JudithShe 9421 55639 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox person|name=Nandipha Mntambo|image=Nandipha Mntambo.jpg|birth_place=Mbabane|birth_date=Firikgong a rogwa ngwaga wa 1982|occupation=Mokapa dinepe Mmetli Motlhamiwa ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego}} '''Nandipha Mntambo''' (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi) ke motaki wa kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] o o tumileng ka ditshwantsho tsa gagwe tse di betlilweng, ditshwantsho tsa motshikhinyego le dinepe <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nandipha Mntambo doesn't take any bull|url=http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/nandipha-mntambo-doesn-t-take-any-bull-1.963593|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> tse di ikaegileng ka mebele ya basadi le sekao sa bone ka go dirisa dilo tsa tlholego, le tsa ditshedi. Mothale o a o dirisang mo botaking o tlhalositswe e le wa go kopanya methale e e farologaneng gape e le ya batho ba bomme le ba borre botlhe . <ref name="Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo">{{Cite web |title=Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo |url=http://www.topbilling.com/articles/Art-museums-across-the-globe-snap-up-the-work-of-Nandipha-Mntambo.html?articleID=3509 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=www.topbilling.com}}</ref> O itsege thata ka ditshwantsho tsa gagwe tse di betlilweng tsa letlalo la kgomo tse di golaganyang sebopego sa motho le tlholego. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandipha Mntambo |url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/nandipha-mntambo/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Zeitz MOCAA |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe le thuto == Nandipha Mntambo o tsholetswe kwa [[Eswatini|Swaziland]], kwa borwa jwa Aforika, ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi. O godile raagwe e le moruti wa kereke ya Methodist mme moragonyana a nna bishopo. Tiro ya ga raagwe e ne ya dira gore ba nne kwa mafelong a a neng a tlwaelesefile ka go nna batho basweu ka nako ya puso ya tlhaolele, se e le karolo ya botshelo jwa gagwe e e nnileng le seabe mo botaking le sekao sa gagwe jaaka motaki . <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art">{{Cite news|title=Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/arts/nandipha-mntambo-artist-cowhide.html|access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref> Pele ga a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya botaki, pele o ne a eleditse go nna ngaka ya kalafi. <ref name="Art museums across the globe snap up the work of Nandipha Mntambo" /> Pele Mtambo o ne a na le keletso ya go bereka e le mosekaseki wa mebele morago ga go tla kwa ga bone a fitlhe dintsa bone di bolaiwa ke motlhotlhomisi, go bona mebele e e suleng ga mo imela. <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandipha Mntambo {{!}} TEDxCapeTown |url=https://tedxcapetown.org/speakers/nandipha-mntambo |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=tedxcapetown.org}}</ref> O ne a aloga ka master's degree ya Fine Art ya ( ka maemo a a kwa godimo ) kwa Sekolong sa Michaelis School of Fine Art kwa Univesrity of Cape Town, ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Nandipha Mntambo |url=https://www.stevenson.info/artists/mntambo.html |access-date=2018-01-03 |website=STEVENSON |language=en}}</ref> Gompieno o nna kwa [[Johannesburg]], South Africa kwa a berekelang teng gape, a nna le morwadie. <ref name="Nandipha Mntambo's Journey From Taxidermy to Art" /> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] == Ditshupo == * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro | Chimera, Everard Read, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi | Agoodjie, Everard Read, Kapa, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi | Transcending Instinct, Southern Guild, Cape Town, Aforika Borwa * Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso | Agoodjie, Everard Read, Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa == Metswedi == 49zi0rxt4fyo82cz7t26wtwbk1ceoki 0 15269 55625 2026-09-25T13:05:14Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321264303|Grace Baxter Fenderson]]" 55625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grace Baxter Fenderson''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola bobedi,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1883) - Go fitlha ka kgwedi Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962 ) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika e bile e le mosadi wa kgwebo ya bosigo ya nno tagi yo o neng a nna kwa Newark,New Jersey . Morutabana kwa Sekolong sa Monmouth Street kwa Newark dingwaga di feta masome a mane , Fenderson e ne e le motlhami-mmogo wa kgaolo ya Newark ya [[:en:NAACP|NAACP]] mme o ne a bereka e le Tautona wa Mokgatlho wa Segopotso sa Lincoln-Douglass. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959), Fenderson o ne a amogela Seetsela sa [[:en:Sojourner_Truth|Sojourner Truth]] go tswa kwa kgaolong ya New Jersey ya Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditlhopha tsa Basadi ba Kgwebo le Bomaitsaanape ba batho Bantsho (National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women's Clubs) (NANBPWC). == Botshelo jwa pele == Grace Baxter o tsholetswe kwa Newark, e le morwadia James Miller Baxter le Pauline Louisa Mars Baxter. Rraagwe e ne e le morutabana yo o tsholetsweng kwa Philadelphia, mme e le mogokgo wa ntlha wa sekolo sa batho Bantsho kwa Newark. Mmaagwe e ne e le sealogane sa ntlha sa motho Montsho wa Sekolo sa Botlhami kwa [[:en:Cooper_Union|Cooper Union .]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Twelfth Annual Report of the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, with the Address of the Graduates and Pupils, to Peter Cooper. Esq., and his Reply, at the Annual Commencement, May 31, 1871 |url=https://cdm16045.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16045coll1/id/27/rec/2 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=cdm16045.contentdm.oclc.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Women |first=Newark |date=2022-03-23 |title=Pauline Louisa Mars Baxter |url=https://newarkwomen.com/pauline-louisa-mars-baxter/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Newark Women |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Local Gossip}}</ref> Morwarraagwe e bong J. Leroy Baxter e ne e le ngaka e e arang ya meno e bile e le moemedi wa molao wa lefatshe la New Jersey. O ne a aloga kwa Sekolong sa Newark Normal ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borataro (1906), a rutetswe go nna morutabana. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=The Women's Project of New Jersey Inc. |date=1997-05-01 |title=Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-6WCBQPZdoC&q=Grace+Baxter+Fenderson&pg=PA137 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |others=Mildred L. Lipscombe (author of entry) |isbn=978-0-8156-0418-1 |pages=137–138 |language=en}}</ref> == Tiro == Fenderson o ne a ruta kwa Sekolong sa Monmouth Street kwa Newark dingwaga di feta masome a mane , <ref name=":0" /> e le mongwe wa barutabana ba ntlha ba batho Bantsho kwa dikolong tsa puso kwa Newark . Dingwaga di le dintsi moragonyana, moithuti mongwe yo feditseng yo o tsholetsweng kwa Poland o ne a gakologelwa mafoko a, "Ke ne ke sa bue lefoko le le lengwe la Seesemane/sekgowa, mme ke ne ke tshogile thata. O ne a tle a re, 'Nna fa fatshe, re tlile go dira tiro e e molemo gompieno.'" O ne a tlatsa ka gore, "O ne a tla kwa ntlong ya me go tla go bona gore a ke ithuta le go tla go ikhutsa. Ga nke ke mo lebala" . <ref>{{Cite news|pages=62}}</ref> Fenderson o tlhamile mokgatlho wa Newark Chapter, [[:en:NAACP|NAACP]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bone (1914); <ref>{{Cite news|date=1959-07-18|title=Women Who Influence NAACP Policy|pages=11|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72258749/women-who-influence-naacp-policy/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> ene le morwarraagwe e bong J. Leroy Baxter ba ne ba na le ditiro tsa boeteledipele mo kgaolong eno, <ref>{{Cite news|date=1937-10-23|title=Newark Scene of Stormy Session as N.A.A.C.P. Meets|pages=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72288901/newark-scene-of-stormy-session-as/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> mme o ne a tlhophiwa go nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya Bakaedi ba bosetšhaba ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borataro (1936). <ref>{{Cite news|date=1936-01-25|title=NAACP Elects Ten New Directors|pages=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72289021/naacp-elects-ten-new-directors/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bobedi (1922) o ne a rulaganya Mogwanto o o neng o le kgatlhanong le go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka kwa Newark. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Noelle Lorraine |date=2020-09-14 |title=The Incredible Legacy of Newark's Black Women Activists |url=https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/09/14/black-women-activists-artists-leadership-newark-new-jersey-archival-records/ideas/essay/ |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=Zócalo Public Square |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940), o ne a tsenelela ditlhopho tsa go nna mo lekgotleng la puso. <ref>{{Cite news|date=1940-05-18|title=Jersey Woman Runs for State Assembly|pages=4|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72332266/jersey-woman-runs-for-state-assembly/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> O ne a le matlhagatlhaga le NAACP ya bosetšhaba le ya selegae go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940) <ref>{{Cite news|date=1948-12-24|title=NAACP Board Elections Set Jan 3|pages=5|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72304445/naacp-board-elections-set-jan-3/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> le ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950). <ref>{{Cite news|date=1956-05-26|title=Mrs. Rosa Parks|pages=14|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72303220/mrs-rosa-parks/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1959-01-15|title=Two Women Elevated to NAACP National Board|pages=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72304671/two-women-elevated-to-naacp-national/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940) Fenderson e ne e le Tautona wa Mokgatlho wa Segopotso sa Lincoln-Douglass. Gape o ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo Newark YWCA, mo Mokgatlhong wa Ditoropo wa New Jersey, <ref>{{Cite news|pages=15}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Boitekanelo jwa Tlhaloganyo wa New Jersey, mo Mokgatlhong wa Thuto wa New Jersey, le mo mokgatlhong wa Basadi ba Sekolo ya Newark. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lurie |first=Maxine N. |date=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of New Jersey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r9Ni6_u0JEC&q=Grace+Baxter+Fenderson&pg=PA269 |last2=Siegel |first2=Michael |last3=Mappen |first3=Marc |publisher=Rutgers University Press |others=Mildred L. Lipscombe (author of entry) |isbn=978-0-8135-3325-4 |pages=269 |language=en}}</ref> O ne a tshegetsa maiteko a go ruta basadi ba batlhophi ba batho Bantsho, <ref>{{Cite news|pages=9}}</ref> go sireletsa bafaladi ba babereki ba dipolase , <ref>{{Cite news|pages=4}}</ref> le go aga sepatela sa banni. <ref>{{Cite news|pages=13}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959), kgaolo ya North Jersey ya Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditlhopha tsa Basadi ba Kgwebo le Bomaitsaanape ba Bathobantsho e ne ya neela Fenderson Seetsele sa bone sa ntlha sa Sojourner Truth Award. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Janice Harris |date=April 2015 |title=Honoring NAACP Women Leaders Travelling the Pathways of Sojourner Truth |url=http://ned-nanbpwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/NED_Newsletter_April.2015.pdf |journal=Northeast District of the National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women's Clubs Newsletter |volume=4 |pages=12}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961), o ne a bulela thulaganyo ya Beke ya ditso tsa batho bantsho kwa kerekeng nngwe kwa Belleville, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite news|pages=2}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Grace Baxter o ne a nyala Walter E. Fenderson ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bosupa (1917). Grace Baxter Fenderson o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962), a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le borobabobedi, kwa Filadelefia. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnson|date=1962-03-31|title=Toki Types|pages=27|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72305225/toki-typestoki-schalk-johnson/}}</ref> Mopalamente Hugh Joseph Adonizio o ne a balela Fenderson tlotlo mo ''Rekotong ya Lekgotla la Dikgotlatsamolao'', ka bonako fela morago ga loso lwa gagwe . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=United States |date=April 2, 1962 |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |others=Hugh J. Addonizio |page=5740 |language=en |chapter=Mrs. Grace Baxter Fenderson |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNeCQmT1_jYC&q=Grace+Baxter+Fenderson&pg=PA5740}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] ii7l4lbtit8eh78rscl6o7gznjj32jx 55626 55625 2026-09-25T13:13:12Z MmaBaggio 11091 55626 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grace Baxter Fenderson''' (O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola bobedi,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1883) - Go fitlha ka kgwedi Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le bongwe, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962 ) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika e bile e le mosadi wa kgwebo ya bosigo ya nno tagi yo o neng a nna kwa Newark,New Jersey . Morutabana kwa Sekolong sa Monmouth Street kwa Newark dingwaga di feta masome a mane , Fenderson e ne e le motlhami-mmogo wa kgaolo ya Newark ya [[:en:NAACP|NAACP]] mme o ne a bereka e le Tautona wa Mokgatlho wa Segopotso sa Lincoln-Douglass. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959), Fenderson o ne a amogela Seetsela sa [[:en:Sojourner_Truth|Sojourner Truth]] go tswa kwa kgaolong ya New Jersey ya Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditlhopha tsa Basadi ba Kgwebo le Bomaitsaanape ba batho Bantsho (National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women's Clubs) (NANBPWC). {{Infobox person|name=Grace Baxter Fenderson|image=GraceBaxterFenderson1936.png|alt=Mosadi wa motho montsho yo o nang le moriri o mokhutshwane, a apere sutu|caption=Grace Baxter Fenderson, go tswa mo Koranteng ya 1936|birth_date=Ngwanatsele 2, 1883|birth_place=[[Newark, New Jersey]], US|death_date={{death date and age|1962|2|21|1883|11|2}}|death_place=[[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], US|occupation=Morutabana, Mosadi wa kgwedo ya Dino|years active=1906–1948|known for=Motlhami wa Mokgatlho wa Newark Chapter, NAACP}} == Botshelo jwa pele == Grace Baxter o tsholetswe kwa Newark, e le morwadia James Miller Baxter le Pauline Louisa Mars Baxter. Rraagwe e ne e le morutabana yo o tsholetsweng kwa Philadelphia, mme e le mogokgo wa ntlha wa sekolo sa batho Bantsho kwa Newark. Mmaagwe e ne e le sealogane sa ntlha sa motho Montsho wa Sekolo sa Botlhami kwa [[:en:Cooper_Union|Cooper Union .]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Twelfth Annual Report of the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, with the Address of the Graduates and Pupils, to Peter Cooper. Esq., and his Reply, at the Annual Commencement, May 31, 1871 |url=https://cdm16045.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16045coll1/id/27/rec/2 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=cdm16045.contentdm.oclc.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Women |first=Newark |date=2022-03-23 |title=Pauline Louisa Mars Baxter |url=https://newarkwomen.com/pauline-louisa-mars-baxter/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Newark Women |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Local Gossip}}</ref> Morwarraagwe e bong J. Leroy Baxter e ne e le ngaka e e arang ya meno e bile e le moemedi wa molao wa lefatshe la New Jersey. O ne a aloga kwa Sekolong sa Newark Normal ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borataro (1906), a rutetswe go nna morutabana. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=The Women's Project of New Jersey Inc. |date=1997-05-01 |title=Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-6WCBQPZdoC&q=Grace+Baxter+Fenderson&pg=PA137 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |others=Mildred L. Lipscombe (author of entry) |isbn=978-0-8156-0418-1 |pages=137–138 |language=en}}</ref> == Tiro == Fenderson o ne a ruta kwa Sekolong sa Monmouth Street kwa Newark dingwaga di feta masome a mane , <ref name=":0" /> e le mongwe wa barutabana ba ntlha ba batho Bantsho kwa dikolong tsa puso kwa Newark . Dingwaga di le dintsi moragonyana, moithuti mongwe yo feditseng yo o tsholetsweng kwa Poland o ne a gakologelwa mafoko a, "Ke ne ke sa bue lefoko le le lengwe la Seesemane/sekgowa, mme ke ne ke tshogile thata. O ne a tle a re, 'Nna fa fatshe, re tlile go dira tiro e e molemo gompieno.'" O ne a tlatsa ka gore, "O ne a tla kwa ntlong ya me go tla go bona gore a ke ithuta le go tla go ikhutsa. Ga nke ke mo lebala" . <ref>{{Cite news|pages=62}}</ref> Fenderson o tlhamile mokgatlho wa Newark Chapter, [[:en:NAACP|NAACP]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bone (1914); <ref>{{Cite news|date=1959-07-18|title=Women Who Influence NAACP Policy|pages=11|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72258749/women-who-influence-naacp-policy/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> ene le morwarraagwe e bong J. Leroy Baxter ba ne ba na le ditiro tsa boeteledipele mo kgaolong eno, <ref>{{Cite news|date=1937-10-23|title=Newark Scene of Stormy Session as N.A.A.C.P. Meets|pages=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72288901/newark-scene-of-stormy-session-as/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> mme o ne a tlhophiwa go nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya Bakaedi ba bosetšhaba ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borataro (1936). <ref>{{Cite news|date=1936-01-25|title=NAACP Elects Ten New Directors|pages=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72289021/naacp-elects-ten-new-directors/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bobedi (1922) o ne a rulaganya Mogwanto o o neng o le kgatlhanong le go bolawa ga batho ka dikgoka kwa Newark. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Noelle Lorraine |date=2020-09-14 |title=The Incredible Legacy of Newark's Black Women Activists |url=https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/09/14/black-women-activists-artists-leadership-newark-new-jersey-archival-records/ideas/essay/ |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=Zócalo Public Square |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940), o ne a tsenelela ditlhopho tsa go nna mo lekgotleng la puso. <ref>{{Cite news|date=1940-05-18|title=Jersey Woman Runs for State Assembly|pages=4|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72332266/jersey-woman-runs-for-state-assembly/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> O ne a le matlhagatlhaga le NAACP ya bosetšhaba le ya selegae go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940) <ref>{{Cite news|date=1948-12-24|title=NAACP Board Elections Set Jan 3|pages=5|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72304445/naacp-board-elections-set-jan-3/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> le ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano (1950). <ref>{{Cite news|date=1956-05-26|title=Mrs. Rosa Parks|pages=14|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72303220/mrs-rosa-parks/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1959-01-15|title=Two Women Elevated to NAACP National Board|pages=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72304671/two-women-elevated-to-naacp-national/|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane (1940) Fenderson e ne e le Tautona wa Mokgatlho wa Segopotso sa Lincoln-Douglass. Gape o ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo Newark YWCA, mo Mokgatlhong wa Ditoropo wa New Jersey, <ref>{{Cite news|pages=15}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Boitekanelo jwa Tlhaloganyo wa New Jersey, mo Mokgatlhong wa Thuto wa New Jersey, le mo mokgatlhong wa Basadi ba Sekolo ya Newark. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lurie |first=Maxine N. |date=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of New Jersey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r9Ni6_u0JEC&q=Grace+Baxter+Fenderson&pg=PA269 |last2=Siegel |first2=Michael |last3=Mappen |first3=Marc |publisher=Rutgers University Press |others=Mildred L. Lipscombe (author of entry) |isbn=978-0-8135-3325-4 |pages=269 |language=en}}</ref> O ne a tshegetsa maiteko a go ruta basadi ba batlhophi ba batho Bantsho, <ref>{{Cite news|pages=9}}</ref> go sireletsa bafaladi ba babereki ba dipolase , <ref>{{Cite news|pages=4}}</ref> le go aga sepatela sa banni. <ref>{{Cite news|pages=13}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959), kgaolo ya North Jersey ya Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditlhopha tsa Basadi ba Kgwebo le Bomaitsaanape ba Bathobantsho e ne ya neela Fenderson Seetsele sa bone sa ntlha sa Sojourner Truth Award. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Janice Harris |date=April 2015 |title=Honoring NAACP Women Leaders Travelling the Pathways of Sojourner Truth |url=http://ned-nanbpwc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/NED_Newsletter_April.2015.pdf |journal=Northeast District of the National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women's Clubs Newsletter |volume=4 |pages=12}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961), o ne a bulela thulaganyo ya Beke ya ditso tsa batho bantsho kwa kerekeng nngwe kwa Belleville, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite news|pages=2}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Grace Baxter o ne a nyala Walter E. Fenderson ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bosupa (1917). Grace Baxter Fenderson o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962), a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le borobabobedi, kwa Filadelefia. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnson|date=1962-03-31|title=Toki Types|pages=27|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72305225/toki-typestoki-schalk-johnson/}}</ref> Mopalamente Hugh Joseph Adonizio o ne a balela Fenderson tlotlo mo ''Rekotong ya Lekgotla la Dikgotlatsamolao'', ka bonako fela morago ga loso lwa gagwe . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=United States |date=April 2, 1962 |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |others=Hugh J. Addonizio |page=5740 |language=en |chapter=Mrs. Grace Baxter Fenderson |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNeCQmT1_jYC&q=Grace+Baxter+Fenderson&pg=PA5740}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] fd2wlxwlz66bwsb3bk7af23etcj73nf 0 15270 55634 2026-09-25T14:11:09Z VNGao 10152 Created page with "[[Setshwantsho:Yvonne-Nelson.jpg|thumb|Yvonne Nelson]] '''[[:en:Yvonne_Nelson|Yvonne Nelson]]''' (o tshotswe kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le lesome le bobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano) ke modiragatsi,mmabontle, motlelara,modiri wa dibaesekopo, mokwadi, mmakgwebo le [[:en:Miss_Ghana|Mmabontle wa pele wa lefatshe la Ghana.]] O tlhageletse mo dibaesekopong di le mokawana go akaretsa [[:en:House_of_Gold_(film)|''House of Gold'']] (ke..." 55634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Yvonne-Nelson.jpg|thumb|Yvonne Nelson]] '''[[:en:Yvonne_Nelson|Yvonne Nelson]]''' (o tshotswe kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le lesome le bobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano) ke modiragatsi,mmabontle, motlelara,modiri wa dibaesekopo, mokwadi, mmakgwebo le [[:en:Miss_Ghana|Mmabontle wa pele wa lefatshe la Ghana.]] O tlhageletse mo dibaesekopong di le mokawana go akaretsa [[:en:House_of_Gold_(film)|''House of Gold'']] (ketepedi le lesome le boraro), Any Other Monday, In April, and Swings, Princess Tyra, le  Playboy. cvrj45o3cnowsa6ekdpfwgkrdfze14h 0 15271 55635 2026-09-25T14:15:05Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370670355|Catherine Ferguson (educator)]]" 55635 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catherine <ref name="Katy">{{Cite journal |last=Hartvik |first=Allen |date=January 1996 |title=Catherine Ferguson: Black founder of a Sunday school |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1996_Jan-Sept/ai_83667139 |url-status=usurped |journal=Negro History Bulletin |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522162513/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1996_Jan-Sept/ai_83667139 |archive-date=May 22, 2005 |via=[[FindArticles]]}}</ref> Ferguson''' (O tshotswe ka ngwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a supa le borobabongwe (1779) – Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e ele lesome le bongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854 ) e ne e le mothusi le morutabana wa Moaforika kwa Amerika yo o neng a tlhoma sekolo sa ntlha sa Sontaga kwa New York City .   <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MAAP {{!}} Place Detail: Catherine Ferguson |url=https://maap.columbia.edu/place/26.html |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=maap.columbia.edu}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele == Ferguson o ne a tsholelwa mo bokgobeng ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a supa le borobabongwe (1779), fa mmaagwe, e bong Katy Williams, a ne a rwalwa go tswa kwa Virginia go ya kwa Toropong ya New York. <ref name="Katy" /> Fa mmaagwe a sena go rekisiwa jaaka lekgoba fa Catherine a le dingwaga di le robedi, ga a ka a tlhola a nna le tshono ya go mmona gape. <ref name="America" /> Ferguson o ne a bua ka mong wa bone, mogolwane wa Presbyterian, fela ka ditlhaka tsa ntlha tsa "RB", gore "a fitlhe gore ke mang" le go thibela go tlhabiwa ke ditlhong. <ref name="Katy" /> Go kgaogana ga gagwe le mmaagwe go ne ga nna tlhotlheletso ya gagwe ya go thusa bana mo botshelong jwa gagwe. <ref name="Katy" /> Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le bone, Catherine o ne a nna mophuthegi wa ntlha wa mmala kwa Kerekeng ya Presbyterian ya Scotland ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga Moruti Dr. John Mitchell Mason, yo a neng a sa tswa go amogela tiro ya boruti jwa kereke morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mason |first=John M. |date=1856 |title=Memoirs of John M. Mason, D.D., S.T.P. : with portions of his correspondence |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/30433525 |publisher=R. Carter |isbn=0-524-08801-2 |oclc=30433525}}</ref> Catherine o ne a tshogile ebile a roroma gore ba lelwapa la ga mong wa gagwe ba itse gore o ne a le teng kwa kerekeng ya gagwe kgotsa gore o ne a batla go bua le ene, le fa go ntse jalo o ne a tsaa tshwetsho ya go tsamaya. Mo potsolotsong e le nngwe fela e e itsiweng ka mafoko a gagwe, e e neng ya neelwa mofedisi wa Amerika Lewis Tappan mme ya gatisiwa mo kgatisong ya kgwedi ya Phatwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854) ya ''American Missionary'' morago ga loso lwa gagwe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wills |first=David W. |last2=Raboteau |first2=Albert J. |date=2006 |title=African-American Religion: A Historical Interpretation with Representative Documents |url=https://aardoc.sites.amherst.edu/Ferguson_1.html |journal=[[University of Chicago Press]]}}</ref> Catherine o ne a bolela gore o ne a letsa tshipi ya gagwe ya kgoro ka letshogo mme fa a e bula, o ne a roroma go tswa tlhogong go ya kwa dinaong, a tshwenyegile gore o tla mo omanya abo a mo kopa. Dr. Mason ga a ka a dira sepe se se ntseng jalo mme go na le moo a mmotsa a re, "A o tlile kwano go tla go bua le nna ka mowa wa gago?" Ka go ikutlwa a tiisitswe moko thata, Catherine o ne a tsena mo legaeng la gagwe mme a "bolelela monna yo o tlotlegang diphiri tsa pelo ya gagwe". Fa a le dingwaga di ka nna lesome le borataro kgotsa lesome le bosupa, Isabella Graham o ne a rekela Ferguson kgololesego ya gagwe ka US$200, madi a a neng a tshwanelwa ke go a duela mo lobakeng lwa dingwaga di le thataro. Mme tumalano ya ntlha e ne ya fetolwa moragonyana: mo boemong jwa go duela madi ao, go ne ga dirwa thulaganyo fa gare ga Graham le Ferguson ya gore wa bofelo o tla direla Graham jaaka "mohumagadi wa toropo" dikgwedi di le lesome le bongwe, e e neng ya lekana le US$100 ka madi. Sephatlo se se setseng se ne sa kgobokangwa ke Divie Bethune, mokgweetsi wa ga Isabella, mogwebi wa kwa New York yo le ene e neng e le leloko la phuthego eo. <ref name="Katy" /> Morago ga moo, Ferguson o ne a nna moapei wa dikuku tse di neng di rekisediwa "manyalo le meletlo". <ref name="Katy" /> <ref name=":0" /> Ferguson o ne a nyala a le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. O ne a tshola bana ba babedi ba ka bobedi jwa bone ba neng ba tlhokafal fa ba sa ntse ba le masea, fela jaaka monna wa gagwe a ne a tlhokafala nako e le nngwe. O ne a bolawa ke [[Letlhatso le Letshololo|kholera]] kwa legaeng la gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854), a le dingwaga di ka nna masome a supa le botlhano. <ref name="Katy2">{{Cite journal |last=Hartvik |first=Allen |date=January 1996 |title=Catherine Ferguson: Black founder of a Sunday school |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1996_Jan-Sept/ai_83667139 |url-status=usurped |journal=Negro History Bulletin |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522162513/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1996_Jan-Sept/ai_83667139 |archive-date=May 22, 2005 |via=[[FindArticles]]}}</ref> == Jaaka morutabana == O ne a dumela gore ngwana mongwe le mongwe o tshwanetse go rutega le go babalesega. Le mororo Ferguson a ne a sa itse go bala le go kwala, o ne a tlhokomela bana ba batho bantsho le ba batho basweu ba ba humanegileng le ba ba ikgatholesitsweng mo tikologong ya gagwe. Sontaga mongwe le mongwe, o ne a tlisa bana bao kwa legaeng la gagwe kwa Warren Street, New York, gore a tle a ba nela thuto ya bodumedi. Go tswa kwa ntlong ya gagwe, le ka kgothatso ya moruti wa lefelo leo, Moruti Dr. John Mitchell Mason wa Kereke ya Associate Reformed, <ref name="Katy" /> Sekolo sa gagwe sa Sontaga se ne sa fudusediwa kwa kamoreng e e kwa tlase ya kereke - kwa go neng go na le phaposi ya go ruta teng <ref name="Katy" /> - mo Murray Street ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le lesome le bone (1814). <ref name="Katy" /> Ka ntlha ya go sa itse go bala le go kwala, Ferguson o ne a sa kgone go kwala ka maitemogelo a gagwe ka Amerika wa pele, ka jalo o ne a umakiwa ka sewelo ke boraditso, mme o ne a tlhalosiwa a tsibogela "dmatlhoki a bahumanegi mo motlheng o bahumanegi ba neng ba tlhokomologilwe thata". <ref name="Katy" /> <ref name="Katy2" /> Moragonyana, sekolo sa gagwe se ne sa itsege e le Sekolo sa Sabata sa Murray Street. <ref name="Katy" /> Sekolo sa ga Catherine se ile sa bidiwa sekolo sa ntlha sa Sontaga se se kwadilweng kwa United States. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greene-Hayes |first=Ahmad |date=2021-01-01 |title=Anti-Commodified Black Studies and the Radical Roots of Black Christian Education |url=https://www.academia.edu/45160080 |journal=Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society}}</ref> Ditaelo tsa ga Ferguson tsa go ruta di ne di akaretsa go tshwara difela le Dikwalo ka tlhogo. Bangwe ba baeng ba ga Ferguson kwa sekolong seo e ne e le Isabella Graham le Moruti Isaac Ferris . <ref name="Katy" /> Kwantle ga maiteko a gagwe a go ruta bana, Ferguson o ne a tshwara gape bokopano jwa thapelo tsa bana le bagolo gabedi ka beke, tiro e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di feta masome a mane . <ref name="Katy2" /> O ne gape a tlhokomela bana ba le masome a mane le borobabobedi ba a neng a ba phuthile "go tswa mo mebileng kgotsa go tswa mo batsading ba ba sa itekanelang" go fitlha a kgona go ba batlela "matlo a siameng". <ref name="America" /> == Temogo == Ferguson o ne a itsege ka selekanyo se se rileng fa a ne a sa ntse a tshela ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe ya go thusa ba ba kobodikhutshwane, jaaka go itshupile ke tsela e babegadikgang ba neng ba mo tlhokomela ka yone fa a tlhokafala. Dikai e ne e le kitsiso e e neng e le ka loso lwa gagwe mo go ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]'' ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854), le kgatiso ya botshelo jwa gagwe e khutshwane e e neng ya gatisiwa ke [[:en:The_New_York_Times|''The Tribune'']] ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854). <ref name="Katy" /> E le go tlotla tiro ya gagwe, Legae la ga Katy Ferguson la bomme ba ba sa nyalwang le ne la tlhongwa kwa New York ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920). Gape Ferguson o ne a akarediwa mo gare ga batho ba le makgolo a mararo le masome a mararo ba ba tumileng mo bukantsweng ya botshelo ya Benson J. Lossing . <ref name="Katy2" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Keyarrah Bell-Flynn, mmogo le Kereke ya Bobedi ya Presbyterian, o ne a dira kopo ya gore lefelo la 95th Street le le fa gare ga Central Park West le Columbus Avenue le bidiwe ka leina la ga Catherine Ferguson go tlotla tiro ya gagwe ya bopelotshweu le diphitlhelelo tsa gagwe tsa botshelo jotlhe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Street Sign at 95th Street & CPW Proposed to Honor Catherine 'Katy' Ferguson, Education Pioneer |url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2023/06/23/street-sign-at-95th-street-cpw-proposed-to-honor-catherine-katy-ferguson-education-pioneer}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 0sjssre06lhbp7ockv7sk850vh07bua 55636 55635 2026-09-25T14:20:14Z MmaBaggio 11091 55636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catherine <ref name="Katy">{{Cite journal |last=Hartvik |first=Allen |date=January 1996 |title=Catherine Ferguson: Black founder of a Sunday school |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1996_Jan-Sept/ai_83667139 |url-status=usurped |journal=Negro History Bulletin |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522162513/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1996_Jan-Sept/ai_83667139 |archive-date=May 22, 2005 |via=[[FindArticles]]}}</ref> Ferguson''' (O tshotswe ka ngwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a supa le borobabongwe (1779) – Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e ele lesome le bongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854 ) e ne e le mothusi le morutabana wa Moaforika kwa Amerika yo o neng a tlhoma sekolo sa ntlha sa Sontaga kwa New York City. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MAAP {{!}} Place Detail: Catherine Ferguson |url=https://maap.columbia.edu/place/26.html |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=maap.columbia.edu}}</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Catherine "Katy" Ferguson|image=Catherine_Ferguson.jpg|birth_date=c. 1779|death_date=Phukwi 11, 1854|known for={{o ne a thaya sekolo sa Sontaga sa ntlha se se neng se kwadilwe kwa United States o ne a tlhokomela bana ba ba tlhokomologilweng}}}} == Botshelo jwa pele == Ferguson o ne a tsholelwa mo bokgobeng ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a supa le borobabongwe (1779), fa mmaagwe, e bong Katy Williams, a ne a rwalwa go tswa kwa Virginia go ya kwa Toropong ya New York. <ref name="Katy" /> Fa mmaagwe a sena go rekisiwa jaaka lekgoba fa Catherine a le dingwaga di le robedi, ga a ka a tlhola a nna le tshono ya go mmona gape. <ref name="America" /> Ferguson o ne a bua ka mong wa bone, mogolwane wa Presbyterian, fela ka ditlhaka tsa ntlha tsa "RB", gore "a fitlhe gore ke mang" le go thibela go tlhabiwa ke ditlhong. <ref name="Katy" /> Go kgaogana ga gagwe le mmaagwe go ne ga nna tlhotlheletso ya gagwe ya go thusa bana mo botshelong jwa gagwe. <ref name="Katy" /> Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le bone, Catherine o ne a nna mophuthegi wa ntlha wa mmala kwa Kerekeng ya Presbyterian ya Scotland ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga Moruti Dr. John Mitchell Mason, yo a neng a sa tswa go amogela tiro ya boruti jwa kereke morago ga loso lwa ga rraagwe. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mason |first=John M. |date=1856 |title=Memoirs of John M. Mason, D.D., S.T.P. : with portions of his correspondence |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/30433525 |publisher=R. Carter |isbn=0-524-08801-2 |oclc=30433525}}</ref> Catherine o ne a tshogile ebile a roroma gore ba lelwapa la ga mong wa gagwe ba itse gore o ne a le teng kwa kerekeng ya gagwe kgotsa gore o ne a batla go bua le ene, le fa go ntse jalo o ne a tsaa tshwetsho ya go tsamaya. Mo potsolotsong e le nngwe fela e e itsiweng ka mafoko a gagwe, e e neng ya neelwa mofedisi wa Amerika Lewis Tappan mme ya gatisiwa mo kgatisong ya kgwedi ya Phatwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854) ya ''American Missionary'' morago ga loso lwa gagwe, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wills |first=David W. |last2=Raboteau |first2=Albert J. |date=2006 |title=African-American Religion: A Historical Interpretation with Representative Documents |url=https://aardoc.sites.amherst.edu/Ferguson_1.html |journal=[[University of Chicago Press]]}}</ref> Catherine o ne a bolela gore o ne a letsa tshipi ya gagwe ya kgoro ka letshogo mme fa a e bula, o ne a roroma go tswa tlhogong go ya kwa dinaong, a tshwenyegile gore o tla mo omanya abo a mo kopa. Dr. Mason ga a ka a dira sepe se se ntseng jalo mme go na le moo a mmotsa a re, "A o tlile kwano go tla go bua le nna ka mowa wa gago?" Ka go ikutlwa a tiisitswe moko thata, Catherine o ne a tsena mo legaeng la gagwe mme a "bolelela monna yo o tlotlegang diphiri tsa pelo ya gagwe". Fa a le dingwaga di ka nna lesome le borataro kgotsa lesome le bosupa, Isabella Graham o ne a rekela Ferguson kgololesego ya gagwe ka US$200, madi a a neng a tshwanelwa ke go a duela mo lobakeng lwa dingwaga di le thataro. Mme tumalano ya ntlha e ne ya fetolwa moragonyana: mo boemong jwa go duela madi ao, go ne ga dirwa thulaganyo fa gare ga Graham le Ferguson ya gore wa bofelo o tla direla Graham jaaka "mohumagadi wa toropo" dikgwedi di le lesome le bongwe, e e neng ya lekana le US$100 ka madi. Sephatlo se se setseng se ne sa kgobokangwa ke Divie Bethune, mokgweetsi wa ga Isabella, mogwebi wa kwa New York yo le ene e neng e le leloko la phuthego eo. <ref name="Katy" /> Morago ga moo, Ferguson o ne a nna moapei wa dikuku tse di neng di rekisediwa "manyalo le meletlo". <ref name="Katy" /> <ref name=":0" /> Ferguson o ne a nyala a le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. O ne a tshola bana ba babedi ba ka bobedi jwa bone ba neng ba tlhokafal fa ba sa ntse ba le masea, fela jaaka monna wa gagwe a ne a tlhokafala nako e le nngwe. O ne a bolawa ke [[Letlhatso le Letshololo|kholera]] kwa legaeng la gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854), a le dingwaga di ka nna masome a supa le botlhano. <ref name="Katy2">{{Cite journal |last=Hartvik |first=Allen |date=January 1996 |title=Catherine Ferguson: Black founder of a Sunday school |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1996_Jan-Sept/ai_83667139 |url-status=usurped |journal=Negro History Bulletin |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522162513/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1157/is_1996_Jan-Sept/ai_83667139 |archive-date=May 22, 2005 |via=[[FindArticles]]}}</ref> == Jaaka morutabana == O ne a dumela gore ngwana mongwe le mongwe o tshwanetse go rutega le go babalesega. Le mororo Ferguson a ne a sa itse go bala le go kwala, o ne a tlhokomela bana ba batho bantsho le ba batho basweu ba ba humanegileng le ba ba ikgatholesitsweng mo tikologong ya gagwe. Sontaga mongwe le mongwe, o ne a tlisa bana bao kwa legaeng la gagwe kwa Warren Street, New York, gore a tle a ba nela thuto ya bodumedi. Go tswa kwa ntlong ya gagwe, le ka kgothatso ya moruti wa lefelo leo, Moruti Dr. John Mitchell Mason wa Kereke ya Associate Reformed, <ref name="Katy" /> Sekolo sa gagwe sa Sontaga se ne sa fudusediwa kwa kamoreng e e kwa tlase ya kereke - kwa go neng go na le phaposi ya go ruta teng <ref name="Katy" /> - mo Murray Street ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le lesome le bone (1814). <ref name="Katy" /> Ka ntlha ya go sa itse go bala le go kwala, Ferguson o ne a sa kgone go kwala ka maitemogelo a gagwe ka Amerika wa pele, ka jalo o ne a umakiwa ka sewelo ke boraditso, mme o ne a tlhalosiwa a tsibogela "dmatlhoki a bahumanegi mo motlheng o bahumanegi ba neng ba tlhokomologilwe thata". <ref name="Katy" /> <ref name="Katy2" /> Moragonyana, sekolo sa gagwe se ne sa itsege e le Sekolo sa Sabata sa Murray Street. <ref name="Katy" /> Sekolo sa ga Catherine se ile sa bidiwa sekolo sa ntlha sa Sontaga se se kwadilweng kwa United States. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greene-Hayes |first=Ahmad |date=2021-01-01 |title=Anti-Commodified Black Studies and the Radical Roots of Black Christian Education |url=https://www.academia.edu/45160080 |journal=Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society}}</ref> Ditaelo tsa ga Ferguson tsa go ruta di ne di akaretsa go tshwara difela le Dikwalo ka tlhogo. Bangwe ba baeng ba ga Ferguson kwa sekolong seo e ne e le Isabella Graham le Moruti Isaac Ferris . <ref name="Katy" /> Kwantle ga maiteko a gagwe a go ruta bana, Ferguson o ne a tshwara gape bokopano jwa thapelo tsa bana le bagolo gabedi ka beke, tiro e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di feta masome a mane . <ref name="Katy2" /> O ne gape a tlhokomela bana ba le masome a mane le borobabobedi ba a neng a ba phuthile "go tswa mo mebileng kgotsa go tswa mo batsading ba ba sa itekanelang" go fitlha a kgona go ba batlela "matlo a siameng". <ref name="America" /> == Temogo == Ferguson o ne a itsege ka selekanyo se se rileng fa a ne a sa ntse a tshela ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe ya go thusa ba ba kobodikhutshwane, jaaka go itshupile ke tsela e babegadikgang ba neng ba mo tlhokomela ka yone fa a tlhokafala. Dikai e ne e le kitsiso e e neng e le ka loso lwa gagwe mo go ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]'' ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854), le kgatiso ya botshelo jwa gagwe e khutshwane e e neng ya gatisiwa ke [[:en:The_New_York_Times|''The Tribune'']] ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854). <ref name="Katy" /> E le go tlotla tiro ya gagwe, Legae la ga Katy Ferguson la bomme ba ba sa nyalwang le ne la tlhongwa kwa New York ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920). Gape Ferguson o ne a akarediwa mo gare ga batho ba le makgolo a mararo le masome a mararo ba ba tumileng mo bukantsweng ya botshelo ya Benson J. Lossing . <ref name="Katy2" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Keyarrah Bell-Flynn, mmogo le Kereke ya Bobedi ya Presbyterian, o ne a dira kopo ya gore lefelo la 95th Street le le fa gare ga Central Park West le Columbus Avenue le bidiwe ka leina la ga Catherine Ferguson go tlotla tiro ya gagwe ya bopelotshweu le diphitlhelelo tsa gagwe tsa botshelo jotlhe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Street Sign at 95th Street & CPW Proposed to Honor Catherine 'Katy' Ferguson, Education Pioneer |url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2023/06/23/street-sign-at-95th-street-cpw-proposed-to-honor-catherine-katy-ferguson-education-pioneer}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 83vyohuxgwewfrzbav69yu83o2c1gkl 0 15272 55640 2026-09-25T14:49:38Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375903044|Alice West Fleet]]" 55640 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alice West Fleet''' (O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe go fitlha ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (1909–2000) e ne e le morutabana wa ntlha wa Moamerika e bile ele ene morutabana wa ntlha wa go badisa wa Moaforika wa Amerika kwa Arlington, Virginia, morago ga gore go kgaoganngwe ga thulaganyo ya dikolo tsa Kgaolo ya Arlington go fele ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola gabedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959). O ne a togela tiro ya go ruta ka ngwaga wa selete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe (1971), morago ga dingwaga di le masome a mararo le bongwe mo tsamaisong ya dikolo tsa Arlington County. <ref name="Arlington Public Library">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Christopher |date=23 April 2025 |title=Sharing the Love: Edmond and Alice Fleet |url=https://library.arlingtonva.us/2025/04/23/sharing-the-love-edmond-and-alice-fleet/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=Arlington Public Library}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Fleet o amogetse dithuto tsa gagwe tsa master's degree kwa Sekolong se setona sa Pennsylvania . <ref name="Arlington Magazine">{{Cite web |last=Blitz |first=Matt |date=October 2018 |title=Alice West Fleet Elementary is Coming |url=https://www.arlingtonmagazine.com/alice-west-fleet-elementary-is-coming/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=Arlington Magazine}}</ref> Moragonyana o ne a dira dithuto tsa bongaka kwa Sekolong se setona sa George Washington, <ref name="Arlington Public Library" /> mme a nna leloko la Mokgatlho wa sekolo wa Basadi ba Amerika . <ref name="Arlington Magazine" /> Fleet le monna wa gagwe, Edmond, ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo go tlhomeng [[:en:YMCA|YMCA]] ya ntlha go neela batho ba kgaolo eo ba Maaforika a Amerika ditshono tsa go itlosa bodutu. Lefelo leno le ne la bulwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro (1953), mme le na le thulaganyo e e neng ya atologa go akaretsa go bina, go bontshiwa dibaesekopo, ditiragalo tsa botsalano le ditiragalo tsa metshameko. Fleet o ne a direla mo khuduthamageng ya bakaedi go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990). <ref name="Arlington Public Library" /> Fleet o ne a bereka e le Tautona wa kgaolo ya baithuti ba nako e e fetileng ba Bokone jwa Virginia Bokone ya mokgatlho wa basadi wa Delta Sigma Theta go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1967-1969). ^[5] Fleet e ne e le Taautona-wa-kakaretso wa Komiti ya Arlington County Democratic . Borra Fleet ba ne ba amogela Lady Bird Johnson kwa legaeng la bone go tla mo tiragalong ya sepolotiki ya kgaisano ya Virginia ya mogolwane wa Mmusi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977), ba tshegetsa mofenyi wa bofelo Chuck Robb. Moragonyana Robb o ne a tlhopha Fleet gore a nne mo Komiting ya Puso ya Virginia ya Maemo a Basadi.. <ref name="Arlington Public Library" /> Mo tirong eo, o ne a buelela ditshwanelo tse di lekanang mo thutong. <ref name="Arlington Magazine" /> Morago ga loso lwa monna wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1983), Fleet o ne a tlhoma letlole la dithuso tsa madi a go ithuta ka leina la gagwe go ema nokeng baithuti ba sekolo ba ba neng ba tlhoka madi. <ref name="Arlington Public Library" /> == Boswa == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), Kgaolo ya Arlington e ne ya bitsa sekolo se se sa tswang go agiwa Sekolo se se Potlana sa Alice West Fleet. Leina la ga Fleet le tlhophilwe ka ntlha ya "ditshwaelo tse di gakgamatsang le tse di nnelang ruri tsa morutabana mo setšhabeng sa rona le mo thutong ya baithuti ba Arlington County." <ref name="Inside Nova">{{Cite web |last=McCaffrey |first=Scott |date=31 May 2017 |title=Educator could be namesake of new Arlington elementary school |url=https://www.insidenova.com/headlines/educator-could-be-namesake-of-new-arlington-elementary-school/article_a9d592d6-4610-11e7-a54c-c3547f81f2e0.html |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=Inside Nova |publisher=Rappahannock Media}}</ref> Moano wa sekolo ke "O se ka wa letla sepe le ope go go thibela," <ref name="Alice West Fleet Elementary School">{{Cite web |title=All About Alice West Fleet |url=https://fleet.apsva.us/all-about-alice-west-fleet/ |access-date=23 September 2025 |website=Alice West Fleet Elementary School |publisher=Arlington Public Schools}}</ref> molaomotheo o Fleet a neng a o gatelela mo botshelong jwa gagwe jotlhe. <ref name="Arlington Public Library" /> == Ditshupiso == 8envbtsrmjeuij35mrlg8hlh0so1fzj 0 15273 55642 2026-09-25T15:21:46Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372343425|Lucy Gamble]]" 55642 wikitext text/x-wiki Lucinda (Lucy) Anneford W. Gamble kana Gambol( O tshotswe ke kgwedi ya Lwetse e robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le botlhano (1875) – Go filtha ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi (1958) ne e le morutabana le '''moeteledipele''' wa banni kwa Omaha, Nebraska '''.''' E ne e le morutabana wa ntlha wa motho montsho wa Dikolo tsa Puso tsa Omaha, a ruta kwa Sekolong sa Dodge le kwa Sekolong sa Cass go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1895) go ya kwa ngwageng wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe (1901). Gamble o tsholetswe kwa Lincoln, Nebraska, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le botlhano, e le wa lotso lwa Bafora ba Canada, Baagedi ba Amerika le Baamerika ba ba tlholego. Rraagwe, William R. Gamble (yo o tlhokafetseng ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome le borataro,ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910 ) o ne a tswa kwa Mobile, Alabama mme a fudugela kwa Lincoln ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa (1870) mme mmaagwe, Evaline, o ne a tsholelwa kwa New Hampshire. Ba ne ba nyalana kwa Lincoln ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le boraro (1873). Lucy e ne e le yo motona mo baneng ba le borobabobedi mme lelwapa la gagwe le ne la fudugela kwa Omaha fa a le dingwaga di le tlhano. O tsene sekolo sa Dodge pele a fudugela kwa sekolong sa Pacific, kwa a alogileng teng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1889), a aloga kwa Sekolong se Segolwane sa Omaha Central ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le boraro mme a aloga kwa sekolong sa barutabana sa Omaha Normal ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano( 1895). <ref name="WPA" /> Mo mosong wa Labone,kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ele masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabaongwe le bongwe (1901), Gamble o ne a nyala Moruti wa Episkopo John Albert Williams . Ba ne ba nna le morwa a le mongwe, Worthington, le barwadi ba le babedi, Catherine le Dorothy E. Dorothy e ne e le sealogane sa ntlha sa motho montsho kwa Sekolong se setona sa Nebraska-Omaha ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola ga tlhano, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bone (1924). Moruti Williams o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya go ema ga pelo ka Matlhatso maitsebowa, kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola gane, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le boraro (1933). <ref name="obit" /> Fa a sena go aloga kwa Sekolong sa Omaha Normal, Gamble o ne a rumiwa go ruta kwa Sekolong sa Dodge, se moragonyana e neng ya nna lefelo la Lephata la Sepodisi. Fa Sekolo sa Dodge se tswalwa, o ne a fudugela kwa Sekolong sa Cass. Tiro ya ga Gamble e ne e sa felele fela mo ntlong ya borutelo. O ne a bereka e le moemedi wa lekgotla la ngwaga le ngwaga la [[:en:Episcopal_Diocese_of_Nebraska|Episcopal Diocese of Nebraska]], o berekile dingwaga di le lesome e le modulasetilo wa khuduthamaga ya Legae la Bagodi la Batho ba Bantsho la Omaha, o ne a le mo khuduthamageng ya kgaolo ya Omaha ya Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala, o ne a le mo khuduthamageng e e laolang ya Letlole la Banni la Omaha. Gape e ne e le leloko le le tumileng la Mokgatlho wa Basadi ba Mmala wa Omaha o neng o eteletswe pele ke Ella Mahammitt . Lucy Gamble Williams o ne a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi (1958), kwa Cleveland,Ohio. == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] ohn470170m1nbpfff5408ogvkqeqi76 55643 55642 2026-09-25T15:32:51Z MmaBaggio 11091 55643 wikitext text/x-wiki Lucinda (Lucy) Anneford W. Gamble kana Gambol <ref>Gamble in newspaper articles cited below, Gambol in Federal Writers' Project documents November 27, 1938. "Mrs. John Albert Williams", ''American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1940.'' U.S. Work Projects Administration, Federal Writers' Project (Folklore Project, Life Histories, 1936–39); Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/wpalh000834/ February 5, 2016. and Federal Writers' Project & Gibson, Paul (illustrator.), The Negroes of Nebraska. United States Work Projects Administration. The Omaha Urban League Community Center (sponsor.), Wooldruff Printing Co. (publisher) 1940</ref>( O tshotswe ke kgwedi ya Lwetse e robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le botlhano (1875) – Go filtha ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi (1958) ne e le morutabana le '''moeteledipele''' wa banni kwa Omaha, Nebraska '''.''' E ne e le morutabana wa ntlha wa motho montsho wa Dikolo tsa Puso tsa Omaha, a ruta kwa Sekolong sa Dodge le kwa Sekolong sa Cass go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1895) go ya kwa ngwageng wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bongwe (1901). {{Infobox person|name=Lucinda Gamble|birth_date=Lwetse 8, 1875|birth_place=[[Lincoln, Nebraska]]|death_date={{death date and age|1958|8|23|1875|9|8}}|death_place=[[Cleveland, Ohio]]|education=[[Omaha Normal School]]|occupation=Morutabana}} Gamble o tsholetswe kwa Lincoln, Nebraska, ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e robabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le botlhano, e le wa lotso lwa Bafora ba Canada, Baagedi ba Amerika le Baamerika ba ba tlholego.<ref name=":1">November 27, 1938. "Mrs. John Albert Williams", ''American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1940.'' U.S. Work Projects Administration, Federal Writers' Project (Folklore Project, Life Histories, 1936–39); Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/item/wpalh000834/ February 5, 2016.</ref> Rraagwe, William R. Gamble (yo o tlhokafetseng ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome le borataro,ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome (1910 )<ref>W. R. Gamble Dies at St. Paul. Omaha World-Herald (Omaha, Nebraska), Friday, April 22, 1910, Page: 14</ref> o ne a tswa kwa [[Mobile, Alabama]] mme a fudugela kwa Lincoln ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa (1870) mme mmaagwe, Evaline, o ne a tsholelwa kwa New Hampshire. Ba ne ba nyalana kwa Lincoln ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le boraro (1873). Lucy e ne e le yo motona mo baneng ba le borobabobedi mme lelwapa la gagwe le ne la fudugela kwa Omaha fa a le dingwaga di le tlhano. O tsene sekolo sa Dodge pele a fudugela kwa sekolong sa Pacific, kwa a alogileng teng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1889), a aloga kwa Sekolong se Segolwane sa Omaha Central ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le boraro mme a aloga kwa sekolong sa barutabana sa Omaha Normal ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le botlhano( 1895). <ref name=":1" /> Mo mosong wa Labone,kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ele masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabaongwe le bongwe (1901), Gamble o ne a nyala Moruti wa Episkopo [[John Albert Williams]] . <ref>Clergyman Takes Wedding Vows, Omaha World-Herald (Omaha, Nebraska), Thursday, June 27, 1901, Page: 1</ref> Ba ne ba nna le morwa a le mongwe, Worthington, le barwadi ba le babedi, Catherine le Dorothy E.<ref name=":2">Rev. J. A. Williams Dead, Omaha World-Herald (Omaha, Nebraska), Sunday, February 5, 1933, Page: 1</ref> Dorothy e ne e le sealogane sa ntlha sa motho montsho kwa Sekolong se setona sa Nebraska-Omaha ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola ga tlhano, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bone (1924). <ref>"Celebrating Black History Month", http://unoalumni.org/unoblackhistory1 accessed December 14, 2015.</ref> Moruti Williams o ne a tlhokafala ka ntlha ya go ema ga pelo ka Matlhatso maitsebowa, kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola gane, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le boraro (1933). <ref name=":2" /> Fa a sena go aloga kwa Sekolong sa Omaha Normal, Gamble o ne a rumiwa go ruta kwa Sekolong sa Dodge, se moragonyana e neng ya nna lefelo la Lephata la Sepodisi. Fa Sekolo sa Dodge se tswalwa, o ne a fudugela kwa Sekolong sa Cass.<ref name=":1" /> Tiro ya ga Gamble e ne e sa felele fela mo ntlong ya borutelo. O ne a bereka e le moemedi wa lekgotla la ngwaga le ngwaga la [[:en:Episcopal_Diocese_of_Nebraska|Episcopal Diocese of Nebraska]], o berekile dingwaga di le lesome e le modulasetilo wa khuduthamaga ya Legae la Bagodi la Batho ba Bantsho la Omaha, <ref>Negro Member of Chest Unit. Omaha World-Herald (Omaha, Nebraska), Friday, July 30, 1948, Page: 8</ref>o ne a le mo khuduthamageng ya kgaolo ya Omaha ya Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Kgatelopele ya Batho ba Mmala, o ne a le mo khuduthamageng e e laolang ya Letlole la Banni la Omaha.<ref>Teacher Recognized. Omaha World-Herald (Omaha, Nebraska), Wednesday, April 21, 1954, Page: 9</ref> Gape e ne e le leloko le le tumileng la Mokgatlho wa Basadi ba Mmala wa Omaha o neng o eteletswe pele ke Ella Mahammitt .<ref>Woman's Club Musicale. Enterprise (Omaha, Nebraska). Saturday, June 19, 1897. Page: 3</ref> Lucy Gamble Williams o ne a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi (1958), kwa Cleveland,Ohio.<ref>"Local Negro Leader Dies; Rites Wednesday for Lucinda Williams," Omaha World-Herald, August 27, 1956. pg 25, column 5.</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 9cp0d7os6g3ngbszfwnr1wba2b8j1gu 0 15275 55645 2026-09-25T16:11:53Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341389691|Sarah J. Garnet]]" 55645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah J. Tompkins Garnet''' ( yo o tshotsweng ka Smith, kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mararo le bongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bongwe (1831) – Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911 ) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika le molweladitshwanelo tsa ditlhopho go tswa kwa New York City yo e neng e le morotloetsi le mogokgo wa sekolo wa mosadi wa Moaforika-Amerika yo o nang le tlhotlheletso mo thulaganyong ya dikolo tsa puso tsa New York City . <ref name="Pioneering Principals">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/nyregion/13fyi.html|title=FYI: Pioneering Principals|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 13, 2010|location=New York, New York}}</ref> <ref name="University of Louisville Women's Center website">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Who Were the Women who made up the Suffrage Movement? |url=http://louisville.edu/womenscenter/suffrage-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510091912/http://louisville.edu/womenscenter/suffrage-history |archive-date=May 10, 2010 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |website=University of Louisville Women's Center website |publisher=University of Louisville}}</ref> <ref name="BlackPast.org">{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Meg Meneghel |date=2007–2009 |title=Garnet, Sarah J. Smith Tompkins (1831–1911) |url=http://www.blackpast.com/?q=aah/garnet-sarah-j-smith-tompkins-1831-1911 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708013029/http://www.blackpast.com/?q=aah/garnet-sarah-j-smith-tompkins-1831-1911 |archive-date=July 8, 2011 |access-date=March 12, 2010 |publisher=[[BlackPast.org]]}}</ref> == Lelapa le botshelo jwa pele == Sarah J. Smith, morwadia Sylvanus le Anne ( Springsteel ) Smith, o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mararo le bongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bongwe, kwa Brooklyn, kwa New York . E ne e le ene yo motona mo baneng ba le lesome le bongwe; batsadi ba gagwe e ne e le balemibarui mme ba ne ba na le lefatshe kwa Queens County, e ka nako eo e neng e le karolo ya Long Island . <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> <ref>{{Cite book |year=1982 |title=Dictionary of American Negro Biography |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |editor-last=Logan |editor-first=Rayford W. |editor-last2=Winston |editor-first2=Michael R.}}</ref> Kgaitsadie Susan McKinney Steward e ne e le mosadi wa ntlha wa Moaforika -Amerika kwa New York State go bona dikirii ya bongaka, mme e le wa boraro kwa United States. <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> O ne a nyala Samuel Tompkins, yo o tlhokafetseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bobedi (1852). Morwadi wa mo lenyalo leo, Serena Jane Tompkins, e ne e le moletsi wa piano le moletsi wa organ yo o nang le bokgoni fa a ne a tlhokafala a le dingwaga di le masome a mane le bosupa ka ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1898). == Morutabana wa matlhagolatsela == Fa Tompkins a ne a simolola go ruta kwa New York City, dikolo tsa puso di ne di kgaogantswe ka lotso . <ref name="Notable Black American Women">{{Cite book |year=1996 |title=Notable Black American Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&q=Notable+Black+Women |publisher=Gale Research Inc |isbn=0-316-10617-8 |editor-last=Smith, Jessie Carney |volume=2 |location=Detroit Michigan |pages=308 |access-date=March 13, 2010}}</ref> O ne a simolola go ruta kwa Sekolong sa Mahala sa Aforika sa Williamsburg ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854), fa Brooklyn e ne e le toropo e tona e e neng e sa ntse e le masomesome a dingwaga go tswa mo go kopanngweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1898) le New York City (e ka nako eo e neng e le kwa Manhattan le Bronx fela). Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a maratato le boraro (1863) leso la tshoganetso la ga Charlotte S. Smith, mogokgo yo o rategang wa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika wa Sekolo sa Manhattan's Colored School No. 7 on West 17th Street le ne la dira gore go nne le diphatlha tsa mmereko. Tompkins o ne a tlhomiwa ka nako eo go nna mogokgo wa sekolo seo, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le borataro ( 1866) khuduthamaga ya Thuto e neng ya se bitsa Colored School No. 4. O ne a ruta baithuti ba le bantsi ba ba tumileng, go akaretsa le seopedi Walter F. Craig . Garnet o ne a tlogela tiro ya sekolo ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe (1900) a sena go bereka e le morutabana le mogokgo dingwaga di le masome a mararo le bosupa. <ref name="School">{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=H. S. |date=May 31, 1900 |title=Personal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPoBAAAAYAAJ&q=Sarah+J.+Garnet&pg=PA142 |journal=School: Devoted to the Public Schools and Educational Interests |location=New York, New York |publisher=The School News Company |volume=11 |pages=319 |access-date=March 1, 2010}}</ref> == Tshwanelo ya go tlhopha == Garnet e ne e le mothei wa mokgatlho wa Brooklyn wa Lekgotla la go Tlhopha le le Lekanang (Brooklyn suffrage organization the [[:en:Equal_Suffrage_League_(Brooklyn,_New_York)|Equal Suffrage League]]) kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi (1880). Gape e ne e le mookamedi wa ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha wa Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Basadi ba Mmala . <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> == Botshelo jwa pele le loso == Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le botlhano (1875), Sarah Tompkins (yo o neng a tlhagelela mo direkotong dingwe e le Thompkins) o ne a nyala Henry Highland Garnet, yo o neng a itsege thata mo go fediseng puso, mme morago ga moo gantsi o ne a bidiwa Sarah Garnet. Moletlo wa bone wa lenyalo kwa Brooklyn o ne wa dirwa ke Amos Noë Freeman moruti yo o neng a amana le go tshaba ga ga Anna Maria Weems mo bokgobeng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le botlhano (1855) mo [[Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe|Seporong sa Kafa Tlase ga Lefatshe]] . Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1881) Tautona James A. Garfield o ne a tlhoma Henry Garnet go nna moemedi kwa [[Liberia]], le fa Sarah Garnet a ne a sa tsamaye le ene mo loetong leo . Henry Garnet o ne a lwala ka bonako fela fa a sena go goroga kwa moseja, mme o ne a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ele lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bobedi (1882), kwa Monrovia . <ref name="Polcino">{{Cite web |last=Polcino |first=Christine Ann |date=Fall 2004 |title=Biography: Garnet, Henry Highland |url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Garnet__Henry_Highland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515221327/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Garnet__Henry_Highland.html |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |website=Literary and Cultural Heritage Map of Pennsylvania Writers |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University}}</ref> Sarah Garnet o ne a na le lebenkele la go roka diaparo kwa Brooklyn go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1883) go ya kwa ngwageng wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911) . <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911) Garnet o ne a tsaya loeto le kgaitsadie Susan McKinney Steward go ya kwa Lontone, kwa Engelane, kwa Bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa Merafe ya Lefatshe Lotlhe, kwa Steward a neng a neela pego ka pampiri ya " Basadi ba Mmala ba Amerika " teng . Bokopano jo bo ne bo tsenetswe gape ke WEB Du Bois . Ka bonako fela fa ba sena go boa kwa Yuropa, Garnet o ne a tlhokafala kwa gae ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911). <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> O fitlhilwe kwa Mabitleng a Green-Wood kwa Brooklyn. == Boswa == Dikolo tse pedi tsa sechaba kwa Toropong ya New York di biditswe Garnet: PS 9 Brooklyn e ne ya bidiwa Sekolo sa Sechba sa Sarah Smith sa 9 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) mme PS 11 kwa Manhattan e ne ya bidiwa Sekolo sa Sarah J. Garnet ka ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022). PS 9 Brooklyn pele e ne e bidiwa ka Teunis G. Bergen ; morago ga tiragalo wa go tlosa leina la Lelwapa la Bergen le le neng le tshwere makgoba mo sekolong se baithuti ba sone ba leng 40% ba leng Maaforika-Amerika, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aponte |first=Claudia Irizarry |date=April 8, 2019 |title=Bye-Bye Bergen: Brooklyn School Sheds Slave-Owner Family Name |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/brooklyn/2019/4/8/21211178/bye-bye-bergen-brooklyn-school-sheds-slave-owner-family-name |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902205649/https://www.thecity.nyc/brooklyn/2019/4/8/21211178/bye-bye-bergen-brooklyn-school-sheds-slave-owner-family-name |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2021 |website=THE CITY |language=en}}</ref> ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi , ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), sekolo se ne sa senola letshwao le le nang le leina le lešha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Brooklyn School Unveils Sign Honoring Suffragist, Displacing Name Synonymous With Slavery |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/education/2022/3/28/23000712/sarah-smith-garnet-brooklyn-school |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328235031/https://www.thecity.nyc/education/2022/3/28/23000712/sarah-smith-garnet-brooklyn-school |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website=[[The City (website)|The City]] |language=en}}</ref> PS 11, e pele e neng e bidiwa ka William T. Harris, e kwa Chelsea, matlo a le mmalwa fela go tswa kwa Sekolong sa pele sa sa Colored School No. 4, kwa Garnet e neng e le mogokgo teng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-07|title=The Push to Landmark the Last-Known 'Colored' School in Manhattan|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/07/realestate/segregated-school-landmark-manhattan.html|accessdate=2023-08-17|last=Gill|first=John Freeman}}</ref> Lebala la Metshameko la Middleton kwa Brooklyn le ne la rewa leina le lešha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe ( 2021) go nna Lebala la Metshameko la Sarah JS Tompkins Garnet jaaka karolo ya letsholo la Diphaka tsa NYC la go fetola leina la diphaka go tlotla batho Bantsho ba ba tumileng ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2021 |title=New York City Naming 16 Parks After Prominent Black Americans |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/06/16/new-york-city-naming-16-parks-after-prominent-black-americans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709172345/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/06/16/new-york-city-naming-16-parks-after-prominent-black-americans/ |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |access-date=June 17, 2021 |website=CBS New York}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n58h998grzyw4jdc5h3xpxkuvj7jx1s 55646 55645 2026-09-25T17:46:26Z MmaBaggio 11091 55646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah J. Tompkins Garnet''' ( yo o tshotsweng ka Smith, kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mararo le bongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bongwe (1831) – Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911 ) e ne e le morutabana wa Moamerika le molweladitshwanelo tsa ditlhopho go tswa kwa New York City yo e neng e le morotloetsi le mogokgo wa sekolo wa mosadi wa Moaforika-Amerika yo o nang le tlhotlheletso mo thulaganyong ya dikolo tsa puso tsa New York City . <ref name="Pioneering Principals">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/nyregion/13fyi.html|title=FYI: Pioneering Principals|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 13, 2010|location=New York, New York}}</ref> <ref name="University of Louisville Women's Center website">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Who Were the Women who made up the Suffrage Movement? |url=http://louisville.edu/womenscenter/suffrage-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510091912/http://louisville.edu/womenscenter/suffrage-history |archive-date=May 10, 2010 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |website=University of Louisville Women's Center website |publisher=University of Louisville}}</ref> <ref name="BlackPast.org">{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Meg Meneghel |date=2007–2009 |title=Garnet, Sarah J. Smith Tompkins (1831–1911) |url=http://www.blackpast.com/?q=aah/garnet-sarah-j-smith-tompkins-1831-1911 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708013029/http://www.blackpast.com/?q=aah/garnet-sarah-j-smith-tompkins-1831-1911 |archive-date=July 8, 2011 |access-date=March 12, 2010 |publisher=[[BlackPast.org]]}}</ref> == Lelapa le botshelo jwa pele == Sarah J. Smith, morwadia Sylvanus le Anne ( Springsteel ) Smith, o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mararo le bongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bongwe, kwa Brooklyn, kwa New York . E ne e le ene yo motona mo baneng ba le lesome le bongwe; batsadi ba gagwe e ne e le balemibarui mme ba ne ba na le lefatshe kwa Queens County, e ka nako eo e neng e le karolo ya Long Island . <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> <ref>{{Cite book |year=1982 |title=Dictionary of American Negro Biography |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |editor-last=Logan |editor-first=Rayford W. |editor-last2=Winston |editor-first2=Michael R.}}</ref> Kgaitsadie Susan McKinney Steward e ne e le mosadi wa ntlha wa Moaforika -Amerika kwa New York State go bona dikirii ya bongaka, mme e le wa boraro kwa United States. <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> O ne a nyala Samuel Tompkins, yo o tlhokafetseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bobedi (1852). Morwadi wa mo lenyalo leo, Serena Jane Tompkins, e ne e le moletsi wa piano le moletsi wa organ yo o nang le bokgoni fa a ne a tlhokafala a le dingwaga di le masome a mane le bosupa ka ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1898).<ref>Certificate and Record of Death, State of New York</ref> == Morutabana wa matlhagolatsela == Fa Tompkins a ne a simolola go ruta kwa New York City, dikolo tsa puso di ne di kgaogantswe ka lotso . <ref name="Notable Black American Women">{{Cite book |year=1996 |title=Notable Black American Women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC&q=Notable+Black+Women |publisher=Gale Research Inc |isbn=0-316-10617-8 |editor-last=Smith, Jessie Carney |volume=2 |location=Detroit Michigan |pages=308 |access-date=March 13, 2010}}</ref> O ne a simolola go ruta kwa Sekolong sa Mahala sa Aforika sa Williamsburg ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le bone (1854), fa Brooklyn e ne e le toropo e tona e e neng e sa ntse e le masomesome a dingwaga go tswa mo go kopanngweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1898) le New York City (e ka nako eo e neng e le kwa Manhattan le Bronx fela). Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a maratato le boraro (1863) leso la tshoganetso la ga Charlotte S. Smith, mogokgo yo o rategang wa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika wa Sekolo sa Manhattan's Colored School No. 7 on West 17th Street le ne la dira gore go nne le diphatlha tsa mmereko. <ref>''Journal of the Board of Education of the City of New York'', 1863</ref> Tompkins o ne a tlhomiwa ka nako eo go nna mogokgo wa sekolo seo, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le borataro ( 1866) khuduthamaga ya Thuto e neng ya se bitsa Colored School No. 4. <ref>''New York Daily Herald'', public notice, “Exhibition of Colored Grammar School No. 4 (formerly No. 7)…,” May 29, 1866</ref> O ne a ruta baithuti ba le bantsi ba ba tumileng, go akaretsa le seopedi Walter F. Craig .<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6980707/musician_who_made_his_mark_the_new/ "Musician who Made his Mark"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214014909/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6980707/musician_who_made_his_mark_the_new/|date=2017-02-14}}, ''[[:en:The_New_York_Age|The New York Age]]'', February 11, 1933, p. 4. Retrieved October 11, 2016.</ref> Garnet o ne a tlogela tiro ya sekolo ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabongwe (1900) a sena go bereka e le morutabana le mogokgo dingwaga di le masome a mararo le bosupa. <ref name="School">{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=H. S. |date=May 31, 1900 |title=Personal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPoBAAAAYAAJ&q=Sarah+J.+Garnet&pg=PA142 |journal=School: Devoted to the Public Schools and Educational Interests |location=New York, New York |publisher=The School News Company |volume=11 |pages=319 |access-date=March 1, 2010}}</ref> == Tshwanelo ya go tlhopha == Garnet e ne e le mothei wa mokgatlho wa Brooklyn wa Lekgotla la go Tlhopha le le Lekanang (Brooklyn suffrage organization the [[:en:Equal_Suffrage_League_(Brooklyn,_New_York)|Equal Suffrage League]]) kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi (1880). Gape e ne e le mookamedi wa ditshwanelo tsa go tlhopha wa Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Basadi ba Mmala . <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> == Botshelo jwa pele le loso == Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le botlhano (1875), Sarah Tompkins (yo o neng a tlhagelela mo direkotong dingwe e le Thompkins) o ne a nyala Henry Highland Garnet, yo o neng a itsege thata mo go fediseng puso, mme morago ga moo gantsi o ne a bidiwa Sarah Garnet. Moletlo wa bone wa lenyalo kwa Brooklyn o ne wa dirwa ke <ref>Certificate of Marriage, State of New York</ref> moruti yo o neng a amana le go tshaba ga ga Anna Maria Weems mo bokgobeng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le botlhano (1855) mo [[Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe|Seporong sa Kafa Tlase ga Lefatshe]] . Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bongwe (1881) Tautona James A. Garfield o ne a tlhoma Henry Garnet go nna moemedi kwa [[Liberia]], le fa Sarah Garnet a ne a sa tsamaye le ene mo loetong leo . Henry Garnet o ne a lwala ka bonako fela fa a sena go goroga kwa moseja, mme o ne a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ele lesome le boraro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bobedi (1882), kwa Monrovia . <ref name="Polcino">{{Cite web |last=Polcino |first=Christine Ann |date=Fall 2004 |title=Biography: Garnet, Henry Highland |url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Garnet__Henry_Highland.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515221327/http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Garnet__Henry_Highland.html |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=March 1, 2010 |website=Literary and Cultural Heritage Map of Pennsylvania Writers |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University}}</ref> Sarah Garnet o ne a na le lebenkele la go roka diaparo kwa Brooklyn go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le boraro (1883) go ya kwa ngwageng wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911) . <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911) Garnet o ne a tsaya loeto le kgaitsadie Susan McKinney Steward go ya kwa Lontone, kwa Engelane, kwa Bokopanong jwa ntlha jwa Merafe ya Lefatshe Lotlhe, kwa Steward a neng a neela pego ka pampiri ya " Basadi ba Mmala ba Amerika " teng . Bokopano jo bo ne bo tsenetswe gape ke WEB Du Bois . Ka bonako fela fa ba sena go boa kwa Yuropa, Garnet o ne a tlhokafala kwa gae ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le bosupa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bongwe (1911). <ref name="BlackPast.org" /> O fitlhilwe kwa Mabitleng a Green-Wood kwa Brooklyn. == Boswa == Dikolo tse pedi tsa sechaba kwa Toropong ya New York di biditswe Garnet: PS 9 Brooklyn e ne ya bidiwa Sekolo sa Sechba sa Sarah Smith sa 9 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) mme PS 11 kwa Manhattan e ne ya bidiwa Sekolo sa Sarah J. Garnet ka ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022). PS 9 Brooklyn pele e ne e bidiwa ka Teunis G. Bergen ; morago ga tiragalo wa go tlosa leina la Lelwapa la Bergen le le neng le tshwere makgoba mo sekolong se baithuti ba sone ba leng 40% ba leng Maaforika-Amerika, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aponte |first=Claudia Irizarry |date=April 8, 2019 |title=Bye-Bye Bergen: Brooklyn School Sheds Slave-Owner Family Name |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/brooklyn/2019/4/8/21211178/bye-bye-bergen-brooklyn-school-sheds-slave-owner-family-name |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902205649/https://www.thecity.nyc/brooklyn/2019/4/8/21211178/bye-bye-bergen-brooklyn-school-sheds-slave-owner-family-name |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2021 |website=THE CITY |language=en}}</ref> ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi , ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), sekolo se ne sa senola letshwao le le nang le leina le lešha. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2022 |title=Brooklyn School Unveils Sign Honoring Suffragist, Displacing Name Synonymous With Slavery |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/education/2022/3/28/23000712/sarah-smith-garnet-brooklyn-school |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328235031/https://www.thecity.nyc/education/2022/3/28/23000712/sarah-smith-garnet-brooklyn-school |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website=[[The City (website)|The City]] |language=en}}</ref> PS 11, e pele e neng e bidiwa ka William T. Harris, e kwa Chelsea, matlo a le mmalwa fela go tswa kwa Sekolong sa pele sa sa Colored School No. 4, kwa Garnet e neng e le mogokgo teng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-07|title=The Push to Landmark the Last-Known 'Colored' School in Manhattan|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/07/realestate/segregated-school-landmark-manhattan.html|accessdate=2023-08-17|last=Gill|first=John Freeman}}</ref> Lebala la Metshameko la Middleton kwa Brooklyn le ne la rewa leina le lešha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe ( 2021) go nna Lebala la Metshameko la Sarah JS Tompkins Garnet jaaka karolo ya letsholo la Diphaka tsa NYC la go fetola leina la diphaka go tlotla batho Bantsho ba ba tumileng ba Amerika. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2021 |title=New York City Naming 16 Parks After Prominent Black Americans |url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/06/16/new-york-city-naming-16-parks-after-prominent-black-americans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709172345/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/06/16/new-york-city-naming-16-parks-after-prominent-black-americans/ |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |access-date=June 17, 2021 |website=CBS New York}}</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0d5g2bfmcwe54xa6h1n1012lebwkmua 0 15276 55647 2026-09-25T19:02:44Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372375552|Ruth Coles Harris]]" 55647 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruth Hortense Coles Harris''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (1928) ke morutabana, moitsaanape le ramatlotlo wa kwa Amerika. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962), o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha wa moAfrika- kwa Amerika mo ditsong tsa Virginia go nna ramatlotlo wa sechaba yo rurufadirsweng ([[:en:Certified_Public_Accountant|Certified Public Accountant]]) (CPA), mme a bereka e le mogolwane kwa sekolong sa Virginia Union University Sydney Lewis School of Business. Lekgotla la bo bo rra/mmamatlotlo ba America ([[:en:American_Accounting_Association|American Accounting Association)]] le ne la tlhalosa Harris jaana "motho yo o simolotseng tiro ya go nna rramatlotlo".." == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Harris o tshotsweka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, kwa Charlottesville kwa Virginia . Rraagwe e ne e le ngaka ya meno mme mmaagwe e ne e le morutabana wa sekolo sa puso. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-09-03 |title=Breaking ground |url=https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/breaking-ground/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Virginia Business |language=en-US}}</ref> Harris o ne a tsena dikolo tsa puso tse di kgaogantsweng fa a sa ntse a le ngwana mme a aloga kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Jefferson Colored. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano, o ne a ikwadisa kwa Sekolong sa lefatshe la Virginia sa Bathobantsho ([[:en:Virginia_State_College_for_Negroes|Virginia State College for Negroes]]) O ne a aloga e le moithuti yo gaisitseng botlhe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi ( 1948). Fa a sena go aloga, o ne a ikwadisa kwa Sekolong se setona sa New York go ya go dira dithuto tsa masters mo Botsamaisi jwa Kgwebo ([[:en:Master_of_Business_Administration|Master of Business Administration]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Knighton |first=Chip |date=April 15, 2022 |title=Honoring a CPA pioneer |url=https://www.vscpa.com/article/honoring-cpa-pioneer |website=Virginia Society of Certified Public Accountants}}</ref> == Tiro == Harris o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya thuto ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe (1949), e le mma matlotlo kwa Sekolong se setona sa Virginia Union. <ref name=":0" /> O ne a nna mogolwane wa sekolo sa kgwebo kwa sekolong se setona se ne se tlhongwa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Theresa A. |date=2003-01-14 |title=A White-Collar Profession: African American Certified Public Accountants since 1921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2v4PjpT2ZvsC&dq=ruth+coles+harris&pg=PA106 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-7494-3 |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962), Harris e ne ya nna mosadi wa ntlha wa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika CPA kwa Commonwealth ya Virginia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Conversation with Ruth Coles Harris: Virginia's First Black Female CPA |url=https://www.cpaacademy.org/webinars/a0D2S00000wHAGvUAO |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.cpaacademy.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black History Resources {{!}} American Accounting Association |url=https://aaahq.org/DEI/Black-History-Resources |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=aaahq.org |language=en}}</ref> O ne a le gareng ga batho ba ntlha ba le lekgolo ba Maaforika a kwa Amerika kwa United States go nna di-CPA. Fa Harris a ne a kwala Tlhatlhobo, lefelo la tlhatlhobo, Virginia Beach, le ne le sena dihotele dipe tse di neng di letla Maaforika a Amerika. <ref name=":1" /> Ka nako ya tiro ya gagwe, Harris o ne a amogela dithuto tsa gagwe tsa bongaka go tswa kwa sekolong sa William &amp;amp; Mary . Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), Harris o ne a berekela mo khuduthamageng ya bakaedi ba Mokgatlho [[:en:Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business|Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]]. Harris o ne a tlogela tiro kwa sekolong se setona ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |date=1997-05-26 |title=Jet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcMDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Ruth+Coles+Harris&pg=PA10 |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref> Fa a sena go tlogela tiro, Harris o ile a nna mo dikhuduthamageng le mo dikomiting tse di farologaneng, go akaretsa le go nna modulasetilo yo o tlhomilweng wa Komiti ya Maphata a a Farologaneng a Puso ya go Tlhoma Ditlhwatlhwa tsa Dikago tsa Bana, <ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |date=1986 |title=Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-Ogne7vXZwC&q=Ruth+Coles+Harris |publisher=Commonwealth of Virginia |language=en}}</ref> leloko la khuduthamaga ya Richmond Urban League, le go nna leloko la komiti ya tshekatsheko ya Lekalana la Rimond Wayter la United Greter. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ruth Coles Harris · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/170 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dietsele le ditlotla == Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998), sekolo se setona sa Virginia Union se ne sa tlotla Harris ka go mo neela tlotla ya bongaka [[:en:Doctor_of_Humane_Letters|Doctor of Humane Letters]] . <ref name=":1" /> Harris o ne a amogelwa ke Lekalana la Amerika la Dibuka tsa Sechaba tse di rurufaditsweng ([[:en:American_Institute_of_Certified_Public_Accountants|American Institute of Certified Public Accountants]]), Mokgatlho wa Virginia wa Dibuka tsa sechaba tse di rurufaditsweng (VSCPA) jaaka Morutuntshi yo o di tlhomileng kwa pele wa Dibuka tsa madi wa Virginia. O ne gape a amogela Distinguished Career in Accounting Award go tswa go VSCPA. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), mokgatlho o ne wa tlhoma Curtis C. Duke le Dr. Ruth Coles Harris Scholarship Fund go tlamela ka tshegetso go baithuti ba ba sa kgoneng mme ba ba batlang go dira CPA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curtis C. Duke and Dr. Ruth Coles Harris Scholarship Fund |url=https://www.vscpa.com/duke-harris |website=Virginia Society of Certified Public Accountants}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), e ne e le moamogedi wa ntlha wa Kabo ya seetsele sa Ruth Coles Harris Advancing Diversity and Inclusion, se se abiwang ngwaga le ngwaga ke VSCPA. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Bokopano jwa Kakaretso jwa Virginia ka bongwefela jwa pelo bo ne jwa fetisa tshwetso e e tlotlang Harris jaaka "morutabana yo o nang le pono le moeteledipele yo o tumileng." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Virginia HJ836 {{!}} TrackBill |url=https://trackbill.com/bill/virginia-house-joint-resolution-836-commending-ruth-coles-harris/1678045/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=trackbill.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJ371: Commending the achievements of Ruth Coles Harris and Curtis C. Duke. |url=https://www.richmondsunlight.com/bill/2023/sj371/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Richmond Sunlight |language=en}}</ref> Lekalana la Boeteledipele la Ruth Coles Harris le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020) kwa Sekolong sa Kgwebo sa Sydney Lewis kwa sekolong se setona sa Virginia Union. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Coles Harris Leadership Institute's Leadership Awards Luncheon slated for Sept.18 |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2021/sep/09/ruth-coles-harris-leadership-institutes-leadership/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=richmondfreepress.com}}</ref> Harris ke moamogedi wa Seetsele sa Boeteledipele jwa Basadi ba Kgwebo le boitsaanape sa Virginia. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), Harris o ne a bidiwa Basadi ba Virginia mo Hisetoring ke Laeborari ya Virginia . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Ditiro == * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DojTNwAACAAJ Mokgwa wa go Sekaseka Thulaganyo, Porokeramo, Thulaganyo ya Tekanyetsokabo ( PPBS )] ,'' 1977 == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] hug2gqvkandiyzxb6s9od0kif9al08a 55683 55647 2026-09-26T03:58:10Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 55683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruth Hortense Coles Harris''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi (1928) ke morutabana, moitsaanape le ramatlotlo wa kwa Amerika. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962), o ne a nna mosadi wa ntlha wa moAfrika- kwa Amerika mo ditsong tsa Virginia go nna ramatlotlo wa sechaba yo rurufadirsweng ([[:en:Certified_Public_Accountant|Certified Public Accountant]]) (CPA), mme a bereka e le mogolwane kwa sekolong sa Virginia Union University Sydney Lewis School of Business. Lekgotla la bo bo rra/mmamatlotlo ba America ([[:en:American_Accounting_Association|American Accounting Association)]] le ne la tlhalosa Harris jaana "motho yo o simolotseng tiro ya go nna rramatlotlo".." == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Harris o tshotsweka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mabedi le borataro, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi, kwa Charlottesville kwa Virginia . Rraagwe e ne e le ngaka ya meno mme mmaagwe e ne e le morutabana wa sekolo sa puso. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-09-03 |title=Breaking ground |url=https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/breaking-ground/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Virginia Business |language=en-US}}</ref> Harris o ne a tsena dikolo tsa puso tse di kgaogantsweng fa a sa ntse a le ngwana mme a aloga kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Jefferson Colored. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano, o ne a ikwadisa kwa Sekolong sa lefatshe la Virginia sa Bathobantsho ([[:en:Virginia_State_College_for_Negroes|Virginia State College for Negroes]]) O ne a aloga e le moithuti yo gaisitseng botlhe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi ( 1948). Fa a sena go aloga, o ne a ikwadisa kwa Sekolong se setona sa New York go ya go dira dithuto tsa masters mo Botsamaisi jwa Kgwebo ([[:en:Master_of_Business_Administration|Master of Business Administration]]). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Knighton |first=Chip |date=April 15, 2022 |title=Honoring a CPA pioneer |url=https://www.vscpa.com/article/honoring-cpa-pioneer |website=Virginia Society of Certified Public Accountants |access-date=September 25, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808193510/https://www.vscpa.com/article/honoring-cpa-pioneer |archive-date=August 8, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tiro == Harris o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya thuto ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe (1949), e le mma matlotlo kwa Sekolong se setona sa Virginia Union. <ref name=":0" /> O ne a nna mogolwane wa sekolo sa kgwebo kwa sekolong se setona se ne se tlhongwa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Theresa A. |date=2003-01-14 |title=A White-Collar Profession: African American Certified Public Accountants since 1921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2v4PjpT2ZvsC&dq=ruth+coles+harris&pg=PA106 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-7494-3 |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962), Harris e ne ya nna mosadi wa ntlha wa Moaforika wa kwa Amerika CPA kwa Commonwealth ya Virginia. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A Conversation with Ruth Coles Harris: Virginia's First Black Female CPA |url=https://www.cpaacademy.org/webinars/a0D2S00000wHAGvUAO |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.cpaacademy.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black History Resources {{!}} American Accounting Association |url=https://aaahq.org/DEI/Black-History-Resources |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=aaahq.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326061739/https://aaahq.org/DEI/Black-History-Resources |archive-date=2023-03-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> O ne a le gareng ga batho ba ntlha ba le lekgolo ba Maaforika a kwa Amerika kwa United States go nna di-CPA. Fa Harris a ne a kwala Tlhatlhobo, lefelo la tlhatlhobo, Virginia Beach, le ne le sena dihotele dipe tse di neng di letla Maaforika a Amerika. <ref name=":1" /> Ka nako ya tiro ya gagwe, Harris o ne a amogela dithuto tsa gagwe tsa bongaka go tswa kwa sekolong sa William &amp;amp; Mary . Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), Harris o ne a berekela mo khuduthamageng ya bakaedi ba Mokgatlho [[:en:Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business|Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]]. Harris o ne a tlogela tiro kwa sekolong se setona ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |date=1997-05-26 |title=Jet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcMDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Ruth+Coles+Harris&pg=PA10 |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref> Fa a sena go tlogela tiro, Harris o ile a nna mo dikhuduthamageng le mo dikomiting tse di farologaneng, go akaretsa le go nna modulasetilo yo o tlhomilweng wa Komiti ya Maphata a a Farologaneng a Puso ya go Tlhoma Ditlhwatlhwa tsa Dikago tsa Bana, <ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |date=1986 |title=Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-Ogne7vXZwC&q=Ruth+Coles+Harris |publisher=Commonwealth of Virginia |language=en}}</ref> leloko la khuduthamaga ya Richmond Urban League, le go nna leloko la komiti ya tshekatsheko ya Lekalana la Rimond Wayter la United Greter. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ruth Coles Harris · Virginia Changemakers |url=https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/170 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=edu.lva.virginia.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dietsele le ditlotla == Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998), sekolo se setona sa Virginia Union se ne sa tlotla Harris ka go mo neela tlotla ya bongaka [[:en:Doctor_of_Humane_Letters|Doctor of Humane Letters]] . <ref name=":1" /> Harris o ne a amogelwa ke Lekalana la Amerika la Dibuka tsa Sechaba tse di rurufaditsweng ([[:en:American_Institute_of_Certified_Public_Accountants|American Institute of Certified Public Accountants]]), Mokgatlho wa Virginia wa Dibuka tsa sechaba tse di rurufaditsweng (VSCPA) jaaka Morutuntshi yo o di tlhomileng kwa pele wa Dibuka tsa madi wa Virginia. O ne gape a amogela Distinguished Career in Accounting Award go tswa go VSCPA. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), mokgatlho o ne wa tlhoma Curtis C. Duke le Dr. Ruth Coles Harris Scholarship Fund go tlamela ka tshegetso go baithuti ba ba sa kgoneng mme ba ba batlang go dira CPA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Curtis C. Duke and Dr. Ruth Coles Harris Scholarship Fund |url=https://www.vscpa.com/duke-harris |website=Virginia Society of Certified Public Accountants}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), e ne e le moamogedi wa ntlha wa Kabo ya seetsele sa Ruth Coles Harris Advancing Diversity and Inclusion, se se abiwang ngwaga le ngwaga ke VSCPA. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Bokopano jwa Kakaretso jwa Virginia ka bongwefela jwa pelo bo ne jwa fetisa tshwetso e e tlotlang Harris jaaka "morutabana yo o nang le pono le moeteledipele yo o tumileng." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Virginia HJ836 {{!}} TrackBill |url=https://trackbill.com/bill/virginia-house-joint-resolution-836-commending-ruth-coles-harris/1678045/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=trackbill.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808193649/https://trackbill.com/bill/virginia-house-joint-resolution-836-commending-ruth-coles-harris/1678045/ |archive-date=2025-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=SJ371: Commending the achievements of Ruth Coles Harris and Curtis C. Duke. |url=https://www.richmondsunlight.com/bill/2023/sj371/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Richmond Sunlight |language=en}}</ref> Lekalana la Boeteledipele la Ruth Coles Harris le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020) kwa Sekolong sa Kgwebo sa Sydney Lewis kwa sekolong se setona sa Virginia Union. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Coles Harris Leadership Institute's Leadership Awards Luncheon slated for Sept.18 |url=http://richmondfreepress.com/news/2021/sep/09/ruth-coles-harris-leadership-institutes-leadership/ |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=richmondfreepress.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723035731/https://richmondfreepress.com/news/2021/sep/09/ruth-coles-harris-leadership-institutes-leadership/ |archive-date=2025-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Harris ke moamogedi wa Seetsele sa Boeteledipele jwa Basadi ba Kgwebo le boitsaanape sa Virginia. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), Harris o ne a bidiwa Basadi ba Virginia mo Hisetoring ke Laeborari ya Virginia . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Ditiro == * ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DojTNwAACAAJ Mokgwa wa go Sekaseka Thulaganyo, Porokeramo, Thulaganyo ya Tekanyetsokabo ( PPBS )] ,'' 1977 == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] aqnz6z6q8gatwr28mkncyosj4rx73f1 0 15277 55648 2026-09-25T19:35:42Z Reagoleboga 10854 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375253881|Poultry feed]]" 55648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chickens_feeding.jpg|right|thumb|Dikoko tse di jang mabele]] [[File:The_Girl_Guides_Association_in_Britain,_1914-1918_Q27912.jpg|thumb|Mosetsana yo o neng a tsamaya le batho a fepa dikoko kwa United Kingdom ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I]] Dijo tsa dikoko, tse gape di itsegeng jaaka dijo tsa dikoko, ke dijo tsa dinonyane tsa mo polaseng, go akaretsa dikoko, matata, digwagwa le dinonyane tse dingwe tsa mo gae. Pele ga lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, dinonyane di ne di tsholwa mo dipolasing tse di tlwaelegileng, mme di ne di ja ditshenekegi, dijo tse di tsholotsweng ke dikgomo le dipitse, le dimela tse di dikologileng polasi. Gantsi seno se ne se okediwa ka dijo tsa dithoro, masalela a dijo tsa mo gae, dikotla tsa calcium tse di jaaka dikgapetla tsa dioyster le matlakala a mo tshingwaneng. Fa temothuo e ntse e nna e e kgethegileng thata, dipolasi di le dintsi di ne tsa nna le metlhape e megolo thata gore e ka fepiwa ka tsela eno, mme go ne ga dirwa dijo tsa dikoko tse di nang le dikotla tse di feletseng. Dijo tsa segompieno tse di fepiwang dikoko di na le dijo tsa dithoro, diporoteine tse di oketsegileng tse di jaaka dijo tsa soya, diminerale tse di oketsegileng le dibithamine tse di oketsegileng. Selekanyo sa dijo le dikotla tse di tlhokegang di ikaegile ka boima le dingwaga tsa dikoko, selekanyo sa go gola ga tsone, selekanyo sa go ntsha mae, maemo a bosa (go tsidifala kgotsa go nna bongola go dira gore go dirisiwe maatla a mantsi), le selekanyo sa dikoko tse di jang dijo tse di di tlhokang. Seno se dira gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo. Go tsenngwa ga dilo tsa selegae tse di tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase go tlisa dipharologano tse dingwe. Dinonyane tse di itekanetseng di tlhoka selekanyo se se lekaneng sa poroteine le dikhabohaetereite, mmogo le dibitamine tse di tlhokegang, dimenerale tsa dijo, le metsi a a lekaneng. Go bedisa dijo ka lactose go ka thusa mo go tlameleng dikoko ka dibitamine le diminerale. Dikoko tse di beelang mae di tlhoka dikilogerama di le 4 tsa calcium ka letsatsi, tse dikilogerama di le 2 tsa tsone di dirisediwang go dira mae. Dikgapetla tsa oyster gantsi di dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa khalsiamo mo dijong. Dijo dingwe gape di tlhoka gore go dirisiwe maje a mannye a a jaaka dikarolwana tsa granite mo dijong. Grit e thusa go sila dijo ka go di sila fa di ntse di feta mo mpeng. Grit ga e tlhokege fa dijo tsa kgwebo di dirisiwa. Calcium iodate e dirisiwa go oketsa iodine. Dijo di tshwanetse go nna di le phepa e bile di omile; dijo tse di kgotletsweng di ka tshwaetsa dinonyane. Dijo tse di bongola di dira gore mouta o gole. Go tshwaediwa ke mycotoxin, jaaka sekai, ke "sengwe sa dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata le tse di sa begiweng thata tse di bakang toxicosis mo dikgomong". Malwetse a ka tilwa ka go tlhokomela dijo tsa diphologolo sentle. Sediriswa sa go fepa ke sediriswa se se tlamelang dikgogo ka dijo. Fa e le ka dikoko tse di godisitsweng ke batho, kgotsa dikoko e le diruiwa tsa mo gae, dijo di ka romelwa ka jeke, ka mogopo kgotsa ka metšhini ya go di fepa ka tšhupu. Tiriso ya dijo tsa dinonyane gape e ka okediwa ka dijo tse di bonwang ka go batla dijo. Mo temothuong ya madirelo, metšhini e dirisiwa go dira gore thulaganyo ya go fepa e dirwe ka tsela e e itirisang, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo le go oketsa bogolo jwa temothuo. Mo temothuong ya dikgogo tsa kgwebo, dijo ke tsona tse di dirang ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa tirego. == Mafoko a a dirisediwang dijo tsa dikoko == * Mash e raya nama ya koko e e feletseng e e nang le dikotla. Eno ke dijo tsa bogologolo tse di feletseng tsa dikoko. *  Di-pellets di dirwa ka mash a a dirilweng ka di-pellets; ke gore, a a gatelelwang a bo a bopiwa gore e nne di-pellets mo motšhineng o o silang di-pellet. Go farologana le mash, e mo go yone ditswammung di ka kgaoganngwang fa di romelwa mme dikgogo di ka tlhopha mo gare ga ditswammung (mo makgetlong a le mantsi ba tlhopha mmidi fela ba bo ba tlogela tse dingwe), ditswammung tse di mo pellet e le nngwe di nna mmogo, mme dikgogo di ja dipellet di feletse. Di-pellets gantsi di kgolo thata mo dinonyaneng tse di sa tswang go thuthuga. * Dithuthuntshwane ke dikgolokwe tse di ileng tsa romelwa ka di-roller go di thuba gore di nne dikgolokwe. Seno gantsi se dirisediwa go fepa dikokwana. * Dithoro tsa mabele (kgotsa dijo tsa mabele) di na le mofuta o le mongwe kgotsa go feta wa dithoro tse di feletseng, tse di phatlogileng kgotsa tse di thetsweng. Go farologana le dijo tse dingwe, tse di fepiwang ka megotswana, ka di-hopper kgotsa ka di-tube feeder, gantsi dithoro tsa scratch di gasagasama mo mmung. Ka jalo, go batlega dikarolwana tse dikgolo. Ka gonne di na le dithoro fela, dithoro tsa scratch ga se dijo tse di feletseng, mme di dirisiwa go tlaleletsa dijo tse di lekalekaneng. == Bona gape == * Cattle feeding * Insects as feed == Metswedi == aarj680s5xgnjb6n8nw6r2oaympyn5v 55651 55648 2026-09-25T19:46:08Z Reagoleboga 10854 added information 55651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chickens_feeding.jpg|right|thumb|Dikoko tse di jang mabele]] [[File:The_Girl_Guides_Association_in_Britain,_1914-1918_Q27912.jpg|thumb|Mosetsana yo o neng a tsamaya le batho a fepa dikoko kwa United Kingdom ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I]] === '''Dijo tsa dikoko''' === Dijo tsa dikoko, tse gape di itsegeng jaaka dijo tsa dikoko, ke dijo tsa dinonyane tsa mo polaseng, go akaretsa dikoko, matata, digwagwa le dinonyane tse dingwe tsa mo gae.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/how-africas-poultry-feed-crisis-could-hatch-youth-enterprises/</ref> Pele ga lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, dinonyane di ne di tsholwa mo dipolasing tse di tlwaelegileng, mme di ne di ja ditshenekegi, dijo tse di tsholotsweng ke dikgomo le dipitse, le dimela tse di dikologileng polasi. Gantsi seno se ne se okediwa ka dijo tsa dithoro, masalela a dijo tsa mo gae, dikotla tsa calcium tse di jaaka dikgapetla tsa dioyster le matlakala a mo tshingwaneng.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/m0031vls</ref> Fa temothuo e ntse e nna e e kgethegileng thata, dipolasi di le dintsi di ne tsa nna le metlhape e megolo thata gore e ka fepiwa ka tsela eno, mme go ne ga dirwa dijo tsa dikoko tse di nang le dikotla tse di feletseng. Dijo tsa segompieno tse di fepiwang dikoko di na le dijo tsa dithoro, diporoteine tse di oketsegileng tse di jaaka dijo tsa soya, diminerale tse di oketsegileng le dibithamine tse di oketsegileng. <ref>https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/rising-costs-falling-prices-push-poultry-farmers-the-brink-4282301</ref>Selekanyo sa dijo le dikotla tse di tlhokegang di ikaegile ka boima le dingwaga tsa dikoko, selekanyo sa go gola ga tsone, selekanyo sa go ntsha mae, maemo a bosa (go tsidifala kgotsa go nna bongola go dira gore go dirisiwe maatla a mantsi), le selekanyo sa dikoko tse di jang dijo tse di di tlhokang. Seno se dira gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo. Go tsenngwa ga dilo tsa selegae tse di tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase go tlisa dipharologano tse dingwe.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/maize-surplus-eases-feed-costs-but-fuel-and-drought-threaten-gains/</ref> Dinonyane tse di itekanetseng di tlhoka selekanyo se se lekaneng sa poroteine le dikhabohaetereite, mmogo le dibitamine tse di tlhokegang, dimenerale tsa dijo, le metsi a a lekaneng. Go bedisa dijo ka lactose go ka thusa mo go tlameleng dikoko ka dibitamine le diminerale. Dikoko tse di beelang mae di tlhoka dikilogerama di le 4 tsa calcium ka letsatsi, tse dikilogerama di le 2 tsa tsone di dirisediwang go dira mae. Dikgapetla tsa oyster gantsi di dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa khalsiamo mo dijong. Dijo dingwe gape di tlhoka gore go dirisiwe maje a mannye a a jaaka dikarolwana tsa granite mo dijong. Grit e thusa go sila dijo ka go di sila fa di ntse di feta mo mpeng. Grit ga e tlhokege fa dijo tsa kgwebo di dirisiwa. Calcium iodate e dirisiwa go oketsa iodine.<ref>https://news.nwu.ac.za/mushroom-product-neutralises-toxins-chicken-feed</ref> Dijo di tshwanetse go nna di le phepa e bile di omile; dijo tse di kgotletsweng di ka tshwaetsa dinonyane. Dijo tse di bongola di dira gore mouta o gole. Go tshwaediwa ke mycotoxin, jaaka sekai, ke "sengwe sa dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata le tse di sa begiweng thata tse di bakang toxicosis mo dikgomong". Malwetse a ka tilwa ka go tlhokomela dijo tsa diphologolo sentle. Sediriswa sa go fepa ke sediriswa se se tlamelang dikgogo ka dijo. Fa e le ka dikoko tse di godisitsweng ke batho, kgotsa dikoko e le diruiwa tsa mo gae, dijo di ka romelwa ka jeke, ka mogopo kgotsa ka metšhini ya go di fepa ka tšhupu.<ref>https://internationalcbc.com/study-finds-cannabis-seed-has-potential-as-poultry-feed/</ref> Tiriso ya dijo tsa dinonyane gape e ka okediwa ka dijo tse di bonwang ka go batla dijo. Mo temothuong ya madirelo, metšhini e dirisiwa go dira gore thulaganyo ya go fepa e dirwe ka tsela e e itirisang, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo le go oketsa bogolo jwa temothuo. Mo temothuong ya dikgogo tsa kgwebo, dijo ke tsona tse di dirang ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa tirego.<ref>https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/poultry-eggs/sector-at-a-glance</ref> == Mafoko a a dirisediwang dijo tsa dikoko == * Mash e raya nama ya koko e e feletseng e e nang le dikotla. Eno ke dijo tsa bogologolo tse di feletseng tsa dikoko. *  Di-pellets di dirwa ka mash a a dirilweng ka di-pellets; ke gore, a a gatelelwang a bo a bopiwa gore e nne di-pellets mo motšhineng o o silang di-pellet. Go farologana le mash, e mo go yone ditswammung di ka kgaoganngwang fa di romelwa mme dikgogo di ka tlhopha mo gare ga ditswammung (mo makgetlong a le mantsi ba tlhopha mmidi fela ba bo ba tlogela tse dingwe), ditswammung tse di mo pellet e le nngwe di nna mmogo, mme dikgogo di ja dipellet di feletse. Di-pellets gantsi di kgolo thata mo dinonyaneng tse di sa tswang go thuthuga. * Dithuthuntshwane ke dikgolokwe tse di ileng tsa romelwa ka di-roller go di thuba gore di nne dikgolokwe. Seno gantsi se dirisediwa go fepa dikokwana.<ref>https://avinews.com/en/soybean-supplies-stabilize-easing-cost-pressure-on-asias-poultry-feed-industry/</ref> * Dithoro tsa mabele (kgotsa dijo tsa mabele) di na le mofuta o le mongwe kgotsa go feta wa dithoro tse di feletseng, tse di phatlogileng kgotsa tse di thetsweng. Go farologana le dijo tse dingwe, tse di fepiwang ka megotswana, ka di-hopper kgotsa ka di-tube feeder, gantsi dithoro tsa scratch di gasagasama mo mmung. Ka jalo, go batlega dikarolwana tse dikgolo. Ka gonne di na le dithoro fela, dithoro tsa scratch ga se dijo tse di feletseng, mme di dirisiwa go tlaleletsa dijo tse di lekalekaneng.<ref>https://www.feedstrategy.com/animal-feed-additives-ingredients/article/15819913/2026-poultry-feed-survey-rising-costs-hpai-challenges</ref> == Bona gape == * Cattle feeding * Insects as feed == Metswedi == 994x935pkbsl864pkykb0o4hs7znb5e 55652 55651 2026-09-25T19:47:38Z Reagoleboga 10854 added information 55652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chickens_feeding.jpg|right|thumb|Dikoko tse di jang mabele]] [[File:The_Girl_Guides_Association_in_Britain,_1914-1918_Q27912.jpg|thumb|Mosetsana yo o neng a tsamaya le batho a fepa dikoko kwa United Kingdom ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I]] === '''Dijo tsa dikoko''' === Dijo tsa dikoko, tse gape di itsegeng jaaka dijo tsa dikoko, ke dijo tsa dinonyane tsa mo polaseng, go akaretsa dikoko, matata, digwagwa le dinonyane tse dingwe tsa mo gae.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/how-africas-poultry-feed-crisis-could-hatch-youth-enterprises/</ref> Pele ga lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, dinonyane di ne di tsholwa mo dipolasing tse di tlwaelegileng, mme di ne di ja ditshenekegi, dijo tse di tsholotsweng ke dikgomo le dipitse, le dimela tse di dikologileng polasi.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/bold-policy-can-turn-poultry-feed-cost-crisis-into-youth-agribusiness/</ref> Gantsi seno se ne se okediwa ka dijo tsa dithoro, masalela a dijo tsa mo gae, dikotla tsa calcium tse di jaaka dikgapetla tsa dioyster le matlakala a mo tshingwaneng.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/m0031vls</ref> Fa temothuo e ntse e nna e e kgethegileng thata, dipolasi di le dintsi di ne tsa nna le metlhape e megolo thata gore e ka fepiwa ka tsela eno, mme go ne ga dirwa dijo tsa dikoko tse di nang le dikotla tse di feletseng. Dijo tsa segompieno tse di fepiwang dikoko di na le dijo tsa dithoro, diporoteine tse di oketsegileng tse di jaaka dijo tsa soya, diminerale tse di oketsegileng le dibithamine tse di oketsegileng. <ref>https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/rising-costs-falling-prices-push-poultry-farmers-the-brink-4282301</ref>Selekanyo sa dijo le dikotla tse di tlhokegang di ikaegile ka boima le dingwaga tsa dikoko, selekanyo sa go gola ga tsone, selekanyo sa go ntsha mae, maemo a bosa (go tsidifala kgotsa go nna bongola go dira gore go dirisiwe maatla a mantsi), le selekanyo sa dikoko tse di jang dijo tse di di tlhokang.<ref>https://avinews.com/en/fruit-processing-waste-finds-new-value-in-broiler-feed/</ref> Seno se dira gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo. Go tsenngwa ga dilo tsa selegae tse di tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase go tlisa dipharologano tse dingwe.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/maize-surplus-eases-feed-costs-but-fuel-and-drought-threaten-gains/</ref> Dinonyane tse di itekanetseng di tlhoka selekanyo se se lekaneng sa poroteine le dikhabohaetereite, mmogo le dibitamine tse di tlhokegang, dimenerale tsa dijo, le metsi a a lekaneng. Go bedisa dijo ka lactose go ka thusa mo go tlameleng dikoko ka dibitamine le diminerale. Dikoko tse di beelang mae di tlhoka dikilogerama di le 4 tsa calcium ka letsatsi, tse dikilogerama di le 2 tsa tsone di dirisediwang go dira mae. Dikgapetla tsa oyster gantsi di dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa khalsiamo mo dijong. Dijo dingwe gape di tlhoka gore go dirisiwe maje a mannye a a jaaka dikarolwana tsa granite mo dijong. Grit e thusa go sila dijo ka go di sila fa di ntse di feta mo mpeng. Grit ga e tlhokege fa dijo tsa kgwebo di dirisiwa. Calcium iodate e dirisiwa go oketsa iodine.<ref>https://news.nwu.ac.za/mushroom-product-neutralises-toxins-chicken-feed</ref> Dijo di tshwanetse go nna di le phepa e bile di omile; dijo tse di kgotletsweng di ka tshwaetsa dinonyane. Dijo tse di bongola di dira gore mouta o gole. Go tshwaediwa ke mycotoxin, jaaka sekai, ke "sengwe sa dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata le tse di sa begiweng thata tse di bakang toxicosis mo dikgomong". <ref>https://news.nwu.ac.za/graduate-publishes-groundbreaking-research-sustainable-feed-indigenous-chickens</ref>Malwetse a ka tilwa ka go tlhokomela dijo tsa diphologolo sentle. Sediriswa sa go fepa ke sediriswa se se tlamelang dikgogo ka dijo. Fa e le ka dikoko tse di godisitsweng ke batho, kgotsa dikoko e le diruiwa tsa mo gae, dijo di ka romelwa ka jeke, ka mogopo kgotsa ka metšhini ya go di fepa ka tšhupu.<ref>https://internationalcbc.com/study-finds-cannabis-seed-has-potential-as-poultry-feed/</ref> Tiriso ya dijo tsa dinonyane gape e ka okediwa ka dijo tse di bonwang ka go batla dijo. Mo temothuong ya madirelo, metšhini e dirisiwa go dira gore thulaganyo ya go fepa e dirwe ka tsela e e itirisang, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo le go oketsa bogolo jwa temothuo. Mo temothuong ya dikgogo tsa kgwebo, dijo ke tsona tse di dirang ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa tirego.<ref>https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/poultry-eggs/sector-at-a-glance</ref> == Mafoko a a dirisediwang dijo tsa dikoko == * Mash e raya nama ya koko e e feletseng e e nang le dikotla. Eno ke dijo tsa bogologolo tse di feletseng tsa dikoko. *  Di-pellets di dirwa ka mash a a dirilweng ka di-pellets; ke gore, a a gatelelwang a bo a bopiwa gore e nne di-pellets mo motšhineng o o silang di-pellet. Go farologana le mash, e mo go yone ditswammung di ka kgaoganngwang fa di romelwa mme dikgogo di ka tlhopha mo gare ga ditswammung (mo makgetlong a le mantsi ba tlhopha mmidi fela ba bo ba tlogela tse dingwe), ditswammung tse di mo pellet e le nngwe di nna mmogo, mme dikgogo di ja dipellet di feletse. Di-pellets gantsi di kgolo thata mo dinonyaneng tse di sa tswang go thuthuga. * Dithuthuntshwane ke dikgolokwe tse di ileng tsa romelwa ka di-roller go di thuba gore di nne dikgolokwe. Seno gantsi se dirisediwa go fepa dikokwana.<ref>https://avinews.com/en/soybean-supplies-stabilize-easing-cost-pressure-on-asias-poultry-feed-industry/</ref> * Dithoro tsa mabele (kgotsa dijo tsa mabele) di na le mofuta o le mongwe kgotsa go feta wa dithoro tse di feletseng, tse di phatlogileng kgotsa tse di thetsweng. Go farologana le dijo tse dingwe, tse di fepiwang ka megotswana, ka di-hopper kgotsa ka di-tube feeder, gantsi dithoro tsa scratch di gasagasama mo mmung. Ka jalo, go batlega dikarolwana tse dikgolo. Ka gonne di na le dithoro fela, dithoro tsa scratch ga se dijo tse di feletseng, mme di dirisiwa go tlaleletsa dijo tse di lekalekaneng.<ref>https://www.feedstrategy.com/animal-feed-additives-ingredients/article/15819913/2026-poultry-feed-survey-rising-costs-hpai-challenges</ref> == Bona gape == * Cattle feeding * Insects as feed == Metswedi == tiyj55agj9nw67girny0k5kfoss888u 55657 55652 2026-09-25T22:33:37Z Dumbassman 6831 55657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chickens_feeding.jpg|right|thumb|Dikoko tse di jang mabele]] [[File:The_Girl_Guides_Association_in_Britain,_1914-1918_Q27912.jpg|thumb|Mosetsana yo o neng a tsamaya le batho a fepa dikoko kwa United Kingdom ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe I]] '''Dijo tsa dikoko''', tse gape di itsegeng jaaka dijo tsa dikoko, ke dijo tsa dinonyane tsa mo polaseng, go akaretsa dikoko, matata, digwagwa le dinonyane tse dingwe tsa mo gae.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/how-africas-poultry-feed-crisis-could-hatch-youth-enterprises/</ref> Pele ga lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga, dinonyane di ne di tsholwa mo dipolasing tse di tlwaelegileng, mme di ne di ja ditshenekegi, dijo tse di tsholotsweng ke dikgomo le dipitse, le dimela tse di dikologileng polasi.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/bold-policy-can-turn-poultry-feed-cost-crisis-into-youth-agribusiness/</ref> Gantsi seno se ne se okediwa ka dijo tsa dithoro, masalela a dijo tsa mo gae, dikotla tsa calcium tse di jaaka dikgapetla tsa dioyster le matlakala a mo tshingwaneng.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/m0031vls</ref> Fa temothuo e ntse e nna e e kgethegileng thata, dipolasi di le dintsi di ne tsa nna le metlhape e megolo thata gore e ka fepiwa ka tsela eno, mme go ne ga dirwa dijo tsa dikoko tse di nang le dikotla tse di feletseng. Dijo tsa segompieno tse di fepiwang dikoko di na le dijo tsa dithoro, diporoteine tse di oketsegileng tse di jaaka dijo tsa soya, diminerale tse di oketsegileng le dibithamine tse di oketsegileng. <ref>https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/rising-costs-falling-prices-push-poultry-farmers-the-brink-4282301</ref>Selekanyo sa dijo le dikotla tse di tlhokegang di ikaegile ka boima le dingwaga tsa dikoko, selekanyo sa go gola ga tsone, selekanyo sa go ntsha mae, maemo a bosa (go tsidifala kgotsa go nna bongola go dira gore go dirisiwe maatla a mantsi), le selekanyo sa dikoko tse di jang dijo tse di di tlhokang.<ref>https://avinews.com/en/fruit-processing-waste-finds-new-value-in-broiler-feed/</ref> Seno se dira gore go nne le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijo. Go tsenngwa ga dilo tsa selegae tse di tlhwatlhwa e e kwa tlase go tlisa dipharologano tse dingwe.<ref>https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/maize-surplus-eases-feed-costs-but-fuel-and-drought-threaten-gains/</ref> Dinonyane tse di itekanetseng di tlhoka selekanyo se se lekaneng sa poroteine le dikhabohaetereite, mmogo le dibitamine tse di tlhokegang, dimenerale tsa dijo, le metsi a a lekaneng. Go bedisa dijo ka lactose go ka thusa mo go tlameleng dikoko ka dibitamine le diminerale. Dikoko tse di beelang mae di tlhoka dikilogerama di le 4 tsa calcium ka letsatsi, tse dikilogerama di le 2 tsa tsone di dirisediwang go dira mae. Dikgapetla tsa oyster gantsi di dirisiwa jaaka motswedi wa khalsiamo mo dijong. Dijo dingwe gape di tlhoka gore go dirisiwe maje a mannye a a jaaka dikarolwana tsa granite mo dijong. Grit e thusa go sila dijo ka go di sila fa di ntse di feta mo mpeng. Grit ga e tlhokege fa dijo tsa kgwebo di dirisiwa. Calcium iodate e dirisiwa go oketsa iodine.<ref>https://news.nwu.ac.za/mushroom-product-neutralises-toxins-chicken-feed</ref> Dijo di tshwanetse go nna di le phepa e bile di omile; dijo tse di kgotletsweng di ka tshwaetsa dinonyane. Dijo tse di bongola di dira gore mouta o gole. Go tshwaediwa ke mycotoxin, jaaka sekai, ke "sengwe sa dilo tse di tlwaelegileng thata le tse di sa begiweng thata tse di bakang toxicosis mo dikgomong". <ref>https://news.nwu.ac.za/graduate-publishes-groundbreaking-research-sustainable-feed-indigenous-chickens</ref>Malwetse a ka tilwa ka go tlhokomela dijo tsa diphologolo sentle. Sediriswa sa go fepa ke sediriswa se se tlamelang dikgogo ka dijo. Fa e le ka dikoko tse di godisitsweng ke batho, kgotsa dikoko e le diruiwa tsa mo gae, dijo di ka romelwa ka jeke, ka mogopo kgotsa ka metšhini ya go di fepa ka tšhupu.<ref>https://internationalcbc.com/study-finds-cannabis-seed-has-potential-as-poultry-feed/</ref> Tiriso ya dijo tsa dinonyane gape e ka okediwa ka dijo tse di bonwang ka go batla dijo. Mo temothuong ya madirelo, metšhini e dirisiwa go dira gore thulaganyo ya go fepa e dirwe ka tsela e e itirisang, go fokotsa ditshenyegelo le go oketsa bogolo jwa temothuo. Mo temothuong ya dikgogo tsa kgwebo, dijo ke tsona tse di dirang ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa tirego.<ref>https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/poultry-eggs/sector-at-a-glance</ref> == Mafoko a a dirisediwang dijo tsa dikoko == * Mash e raya nama ya koko e e feletseng e e nang le dikotla. Eno ke dijo tsa bogologolo tse di feletseng tsa dikoko. *  Di-pellets di dirwa ka mash a a dirilweng ka di-pellets; ke gore, a a gatelelwang a bo a bopiwa gore e nne di-pellets mo motšhineng o o silang di-pellet. Go farologana le mash, e mo go yone ditswammung di ka kgaoganngwang fa di romelwa mme dikgogo di ka tlhopha mo gare ga ditswammung (mo makgetlong a le mantsi ba tlhopha mmidi fela ba bo ba tlogela tse dingwe), ditswammung tse di mo pellet e le nngwe di nna mmogo, mme dikgogo di ja dipellet di feletse. Di-pellets gantsi di kgolo thata mo dinonyaneng tse di sa tswang go thuthuga. * Dithuthuntshwane ke dikgolokwe tse di ileng tsa romelwa ka di-roller go di thuba gore di nne dikgolokwe. Seno gantsi se dirisediwa go fepa dikokwana.<ref>https://avinews.com/en/soybean-supplies-stabilize-easing-cost-pressure-on-asias-poultry-feed-industry/</ref> * Dithoro tsa mabele (kgotsa dijo tsa mabele) di na le mofuta o le mongwe kgotsa go feta wa dithoro tse di feletseng, tse di phatlogileng kgotsa tse di thetsweng. Go farologana le dijo tse dingwe, tse di fepiwang ka megotswana, ka di-hopper kgotsa ka di-tube feeder, gantsi dithoro tsa scratch di gasagasama mo mmung. Ka jalo, go batlega dikarolwana tse dikgolo. Ka gonne di na le dithoro fela, dithoro tsa scratch ga se dijo tse di feletseng, mme di dirisiwa go tlaleletsa dijo tse di lekalekaneng.<ref>https://www.feedstrategy.com/animal-feed-additives-ingredients/article/15819913/2026-poultry-feed-survey-rising-costs-hpai-challenges</ref> == Bona gape == * Cattle feeding * Insects as feed == Metswedi == 7e5cm5l8uc2uk03xmofu3qwwn16pblb 2 15278 55650 2026-09-25T19:44:42Z Tulips.01 12481 Tulips.01 moved page [[Modirisi:Tulips.01/Draft*3]] to [[Tulips.01/Draft*3]]: Moving completed draft to article namespace 55650 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tulips.01/Draft*3]] 2b4f52b0lk45mtft4b1iyuvke8ecuis 0 15279 55654 2026-09-25T21:08:07Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 55654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"Little Foot"''' (Stw 573) ke leina la theto le le fiwang lerapo la masalela a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' le le batlileng le felela le le fitlhetsweng ka 1994 mo thulaganyong ya logaga lwa [[Sterkfontein]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Geggel, Laura (11 December 2018). [https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html "'Miracle' Excavation of 'Little Foot' Skeleton Reveals Mysterious Human Relative"]. ''[[:en:Live_Science|Live Science]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035720/https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html Archived] from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref><ref>Medrano, Kastalia (6 December 2017). [http://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 "Africa: Newly Revealed 3.6 Million-Year-Old Skeleton of Young Girl Fuel Debate Over Where Humans Originated"]. ''[[:en:Newsweek_(magazine)|Newsweek]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160627/https://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 Archived] from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Lerapo le ne la bidiwa "Little Foot" ka 1995 fa marapo a mane a manyenyana mo kokoanyong ya motlobo a ne a lekane go netefatsa gore motho ka bongwe o kgonne go tsamaya a tlhamaletse. Morago ga moo masalela a lerapo a ne a bonwa mo logageng lo go neng go tserwe marapo a manyenyana mo go lone. Ka gonne marapo ano a ne a tsentswe gotlhelele mo lefikeng le le tshwanang le konkoreite, go a ntsha mo go neng go le thata thata e bile go lapisa go ne ga tsaya dingwaga di ka nna lesome le botlhano. Marapo a itshupile e le lerapo le le feletseng go gaisa la losika lwa ntlha lwa [[hominin]] lo lo neng lwa lebisa kwa [[Batho|bathong]], ka 90% ya mmele e e neng ya bonwa.<ref>Protsch von Zieten, R.; Clarke, R. J. (March 2003). "The oldest complete skeleton of an Australopithecus in Africa (StW 573)". ''Anthropologischer Anzeiger''. '''61''' (1): 7–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7|10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5548 0003-5548]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712769 12712769].</ref><ref>[[:en:Little_Foot#CITEREFS%C3%A1ez2019|Sáez 2019]], p.&#x20;33-34.</ref> Go tlhoma letlha la sekai go itshupile go ganetsana, ka diphopholetso tse di simololang ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 go ya go di le 3.67, mme go bewa ga yone mo taxonomic le gone go a ganetsanwa. == Thibololo == [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|thumb|Lefelo le masalela a Little Foot a neng a epiwa mo go lone]] Marapo a mane a manyenyana tsa sekai seno a ne a kokoanngwa ka 1980 mme a ne a sa lemogiwe mo marapong a mangwe a le mantsi a diamusi. Ke fela morago ga 1992, ka maiteko a ga [[Phillip Tobias]], go ne ga thunya lefika le legolo mo logageng le le neng le na le kokoanyo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng. Masalela a a bonweng a ne a tsewa mo logageng mme a sekasekwa ka kelotlhoko ke moithuta-batho ba bogologolo [[Ronald Clarke]].<ref>The description of the history of the find follows a description by [[:en:Donald_Johanson|Donald Johanson]] in the editorial to the ''Newsletter'' of the ''[[:en:Institute_of_Human_Origins|Institute of Human Origins]]'' of [[:en:Arizona_State_University|Arizona State University]] from May 2005 as well as in the description of the find by Clarke from 1998 in the ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]'', vol. 94, p. 460 f.</ref> Ka 1994 fa a ntse a batla mo mabokosong a motlobo a a kwadilweng ‘[[Cercopithecoids]]’ a a nang le dikarolwana tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Ronald Clarke o ne a supa di le mmalwa tse di neng di le tsa batho ka tsela e e sa belaetseng. O ne a bona marapo a le mane a leoto la molema ([[talus]], [[navicular]], [[cuneiform e e fa gare]], le [[metatarsal ya ntlha]]) a go ka diregang thata gore a ne a tswa mo mothong a le mongwe.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (1998). [https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_236 "First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of ''Australopithecus''"]. ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''94''' (10): 460–463. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_236|10520/AJA00382353_236]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353].</ref> Dikarolwana tseno di ne di tswa kwa Silberberg Grotto, legaga le legolo mo gare ga thulaganyo ya legaga la [[Sterkfontein]]. Di ne tsa tlhalosiwa e le tsa mofuta wa ''[[Australopithecus]]'', mme tsa kwalwa jaaka Stw 573.<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Tobias, Phillip V. (28 July 1995). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7624772 "Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid"]. ''Science''. '''269''' (5223): 521–524. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.7624772|10.1126/science.7624772]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624772 7624772].</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a Australopithecus]] [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] 3nm4m4kuwyhq1o17bf48e8lr0mb3y74 55655 55654 2026-09-25T21:18:03Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. 55655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''"Little Foot"''' (Stw 573) ke leina la theto le le fiwang lerapo la masalela a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' le le batlileng le felela le le fitlhetsweng ka 1994 mo thulaganyong ya logaga lwa [[Sterkfontein]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Geggel, Laura (11 December 2018). [https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html "'Miracle' Excavation of 'Little Foot' Skeleton Reveals Mysterious Human Relative"]. ''[[:en:Live_Science|Live Science]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035720/https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html Archived] from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref><ref>Medrano, Kastalia (6 December 2017). [http://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 "Africa: Newly Revealed 3.6 Million-Year-Old Skeleton of Young Girl Fuel Debate Over Where Humans Originated"]. ''[[:en:Newsweek_(magazine)|Newsweek]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160627/https://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 Archived] from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Lerapo le ne la bidiwa "Little Foot" ka 1995 fa marapo a mane a manyenyana mo kokoanyong ya motlobo a ne a lekane go netefatsa gore motho ka bongwe o kgonne go tsamaya a tlhamaletse. Morago ga moo masalela a lerapo a ne a bonwa mo logageng lo go neng go tserwe marapo a manyenyana mo go lone. Ka gonne marapo ano a ne a tsentswe gotlhelele mo lefikeng le le tshwanang le konkoreite, go a ntsha mo go neng go le thata thata e bile go lapisa go ne ga tsaya dingwaga di ka nna lesome le botlhano. Marapo a itshupile e le lerapo le le feletseng go gaisa la losika lwa ntlha lwa [[hominin]] lo lo neng lwa lebisa kwa [[Batho|bathong]], ka 90% ya mmele e e neng ya bonwa.<ref>Protsch von Zieten, R.; Clarke, R. J. (March 2003). "The oldest complete skeleton of an Australopithecus in Africa (StW 573)". ''Anthropologischer Anzeiger''. '''61''' (1): 7–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7|10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5548 0003-5548]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712769 12712769].</ref><ref>[[:en:Little_Foot#CITEREFS%C3%A1ez2019|Sáez 2019]], p.&#x20;33-34.</ref> Go tlhoma letlha la sekai go itshupile go ganetsana, ka diphopholetso tse di simololang ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 go ya go di le 3.67, mme go bewa ga yone mo taxonomic le gone go a ganetsanwa. == Thibololo == [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|thumb|Lefelo le masalela a Little Foot a neng a epiwa mo go lone]] Marapo a mane a manyenyana tsa sekai seno a ne a kokoanngwa ka 1980 mme a ne a sa lemogiwe mo marapong a mangwe a le mantsi a diamusi. Ke fela morago ga 1992, ka maiteko a ga [[Phillip Tobias]], go ne ga thunya lefika le legolo mo logageng le le neng le na le kokoanyo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng. Masalela a a bonweng a ne a tsewa mo logageng mme a sekasekwa ka kelotlhoko ke moithuta-batho ba bogologolo [[Ronald Clarke]].<ref>The description of the history of the find follows a description by [[:en:Donald_Johanson|Donald Johanson]] in the editorial to the ''Newsletter'' of the ''[[:en:Institute_of_Human_Origins|Institute of Human Origins]]'' of [[:en:Arizona_State_University|Arizona State University]] from May 2005 as well as in the description of the find by Clarke from 1998 in the ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]'', vol. 94, p. 460 f.</ref> Ka 1994 fa a ntse a batla mo mabokosong a motlobo a a kwadilweng ‘[[Cercopithecoids]]’ a a nang le dikarolwana tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Ronald Clarke o ne a supa di le mmalwa tse di neng di le tsa batho ka tsela e e sa belaetseng. O ne a bona marapo a le mane a leoto la molema ([[talus]], [[navicular]], [[cuneiform e e fa gare]], le [[metatarsal ya ntlha]]) a go ka diregang thata gore a ne a tswa mo mothong a le mongwe.<ref name=":1">Clarke, R.J. (1998). [https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_236 "First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of ''Australopithecus''"]. ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''94''' (10): 460–463. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_236|10520/AJA00382353_236]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353].</ref> Dikarolwana tseno di ne di tswa kwa Silberberg Grotto, legaga le legolo mo gare ga thulaganyo ya legaga la [[Sterkfontein]]. Di ne tsa tlhalosiwa e le tsa mofuta wa ''[[Australopithecus]]'', mme tsa kwalwa jaaka Stw 573.<ref name=":2">Clarke, Ronald J.; Tobias, Phillip V. (28 July 1995). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7624772 "Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid"]. ''Science''. '''269''' (5223): 521–524. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.7624772|10.1126/science.7624772]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624772 7624772].</ref> Ka ntlha ya go nna mannye ga marapo, a ne a bidiwa "Leoto le lennye". Clarke o ne a fitlhela marapo a mangwe a dinao go tswa mo mothong yono mo dikgetsaneng tse di farologaneng ka 1997, go akaretsa le karolwana e e kafa mojeng ya distal tibia e e neng e kgaotswe sentle mo lerapong lotlhe.<ref name=":2" /> Mo tshimologong ya 1997, baakanyetsi ba babedi ba masalela le bathusi ba ga Clarke, Stephen Motsumi le Nkwane Molefe, ba ne ba romelwa kwa Silberberg Grotto go leka go batla karolwana e e tshwanang ya tibia e sekao sa motlobo se neng se thubilwe go tswa mo go yone. Se se gakgamatsang ke gore, mo malatsing a le mabedi, ba ne ba fitlhela karolo e e setseng ya lerapo e tswa mo lefikeng le le mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya legaga.<ref>[https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html "Fossil Hominids: Little Foot (Stw 573)"]. ''TalkOrigins.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095003/https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ne go bonala fela marapo a maoto ka bobedi, ka gonne a ne a rulagantswe sentle ka popego setlhopha se ne sa fopholetsa gore e ka tswa e le lerapo le le feletseng le le neng le tsentswe sefatlhego se lebile kwa tlase mo letlapeng la kalaka. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, Clarke le bathusi ba gagwe ba babedi ba thusiwa ke hamole le chisele e nnye ba ne ba bipolola marapo a mangwe a dinao. Stephen Motsumi o ne a ribolola masalela a ntlha a mmele o o kwa godimo, lerapo la letsogo le le kwa godimo ka Lwetse a le lesome le motso ka 1998, mme kgabagare tlhogo ya motho yono e ne ya bonwa le yone. E ne e le legata le le neng le golagantswe le motlhagare o o kwa tlase, o o neng o lebile kwa godimo. Tseno di ne tsa itsisiwe bobegadikgang ka 1998, mme tsa felela ka gore bobegadikgang bo di ele tlhoko thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name=":1" /> Ngwaga moragonyana, ka Phukwi le Phatwe 1999, go ne ga bonwa letsogo la molema mmogo le seatla sa molema se se tsamaelanang le lone mme bontlhabongwe jwa lone jwa bipololwa. Tseno di ne di rulagantswe gape ka tsela e e siameng go ya ka popego ya mmele. Tiro e e latelang e ribolotse lerapo le le batlang le feletse, go akaretsa dikarolo tsa letheka, dikgopo le lerapo la mokwatla, humerus e e feletseng le bontsi jwa marapo a maoto a a kwa tlase. Ka nako eo, go ne ga lemogwa gore go ka direga gore e felele thata go feta lerapo le le tumileng la ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'', "[[Lucy]]", go tswa kwa lefelong la [[Hadar]], kwa [[Ethiopia]]. Clarke o begile thibololo e dikgwedi di le thataro moragonyana mme a tlhalosa gore ditshekatsheko tsotlhe tse di fetileng di supile gore mmele wa masalela a ne o lebega o feletse mme go ka direga gore o ne o tshikhinngwa go se kae ke metsamao ya fa fatshe mme gape o ne o sa senngwa ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (1999). "Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old ''Australopithecus'' skeleton from Sterkfontein". ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''95''' (11): 477–480.</ref> Go tsere Clarke le setlhopha sa gagwe dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tse di tletseng go ntsha, go phepafatsa le go sekaseka sekai ka botlalo, tiro e e neng ya wediwa kwa bofelong ka 2017.<ref>McKenzie, David (6 December 2017). [https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html "Ancient human ancestor 'Little Foot' makes public debut"]. ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422231515/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> == Dipharologanyo == == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a Australopithecus]] [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] baaf8q2ooq2hmc53ggfz5t2ia8ykze7 55656 55655 2026-09-25T21:25:39Z KatieKea 10150 ke tsentse ditshwantsho le go oketsa tlhanolo 55656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Litte Foot, Skull.JPG|thumb|Legata la Little Foot (StW 573)]] '''"Little Foot"''' (Stw 573) ke leina la theto le le fiwang lerapo la masalela a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' le le batlileng le felela le le fitlhetsweng ka 1994 mo thulaganyong ya logaga lwa [[Sterkfontein]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Geggel, Laura (11 December 2018). [https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html "'Miracle' Excavation of 'Little Foot' Skeleton Reveals Mysterious Human Relative"]. ''[[:en:Live_Science|Live Science]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035720/https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html Archived] from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref><ref>Medrano, Kastalia (6 December 2017). [http://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 "Africa: Newly Revealed 3.6 Million-Year-Old Skeleton of Young Girl Fuel Debate Over Where Humans Originated"]. ''[[:en:Newsweek_(magazine)|Newsweek]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160627/https://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 Archived] from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Lerapo le ne la bidiwa "Little Foot" ka 1995 fa marapo a mane a manyenyana mo kokoanyong ya motlobo a ne a lekane go netefatsa gore motho ka bongwe o kgonne go tsamaya a tlhamaletse. Morago ga moo masalela a lerapo a ne a bonwa mo logageng lo go neng go tserwe marapo a manyenyana mo go lone. Ka gonne marapo ano a ne a tsentswe gotlhelele mo lefikeng le le tshwanang le konkoreite, go a ntsha mo go neng go le thata thata e bile go lapisa go ne ga tsaya dingwaga di ka nna lesome le botlhano. Marapo a itshupile e le lerapo le le feletseng go gaisa la losika lwa ntlha lwa [[hominin]] lo lo neng lwa lebisa kwa [[Batho|bathong]], ka 90% ya mmele e e neng ya bonwa.<ref>Protsch von Zieten, R.; Clarke, R. J. (March 2003). "The oldest complete skeleton of an Australopithecus in Africa (StW 573)". ''Anthropologischer Anzeiger''. '''61''' (1): 7–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7|10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5548 0003-5548]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712769 12712769].</ref><ref>[[:en:Little_Foot#CITEREFS%C3%A1ez2019|Sáez 2019]], p.&#x20;33-34.</ref> Go tlhoma letlha la sekai go itshupile go ganetsana, ka diphopholetso tse di simololang ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 go ya go di le 3.67, mme go bewa ga yone mo taxonomic le gone go a ganetsanwa. == Thibololo == [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|thumb|Lefelo le masalela a Little Foot a neng a epiwa mo go lone]] Marapo a mane a manyenyana tsa sekai seno a ne a kokoanngwa ka 1980 mme a ne a sa lemogiwe mo marapong a mangwe a le mantsi a diamusi. Ke fela morago ga 1992, ka maiteko a ga [[Phillip Tobias]], go ne ga thunya lefika le legolo mo logageng le le neng le na le kokoanyo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng. Masalela a a bonweng a ne a tsewa mo logageng mme a sekasekwa ka kelotlhoko ke moithuta-batho ba bogologolo [[Ronald Clarke]].<ref>The description of the history of the find follows a description by [[:en:Donald_Johanson|Donald Johanson]] in the editorial to the ''Newsletter'' of the ''[[:en:Institute_of_Human_Origins|Institute of Human Origins]]'' of [[:en:Arizona_State_University|Arizona State University]] from May 2005 as well as in the description of the find by Clarke from 1998 in the ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]'', vol. 94, p. 460 f.</ref> Ka 1994 fa a ntse a batla mo mabokosong a motlobo a a kwadilweng ‘[[Cercopithecoids]]’ a a nang le dikarolwana tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Ronald Clarke o ne a supa di le mmalwa tse di neng di le tsa batho ka tsela e e sa belaetseng. O ne a bona marapo a le mane a leoto la molema ([[talus]], [[navicular]], [[cuneiform e e fa gare]], le [[metatarsal ya ntlha]]) a go ka diregang thata gore a ne a tswa mo mothong a le mongwe.<ref name=":1">Clarke, R.J. (1998). [https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_236 "First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of ''Australopithecus''"]. ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''94''' (10): 460–463. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_236|10520/AJA00382353_236]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353].</ref> Dikarolwana tseno di ne di tswa kwa Silberberg Grotto, legaga le legolo mo gare ga thulaganyo ya legaga la [[Sterkfontein]]. Di ne tsa tlhalosiwa e le tsa mofuta wa ''[[Australopithecus]]'', mme tsa kwalwa jaaka Stw 573.<ref name=":2">Clarke, Ronald J.; Tobias, Phillip V. (28 July 1995). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7624772 "Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid"]. ''Science''. '''269''' (5223): 521–524. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.7624772|10.1126/science.7624772]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624772 7624772].</ref> Ka ntlha ya go nna mannye ga marapo, a ne a bidiwa "Leoto le lennye". Clarke o ne a fitlhela marapo a mangwe a dinao go tswa mo mothong yono mo dikgetsaneng tse di farologaneng ka 1997, go akaretsa le karolwana e e kafa mojeng ya distal tibia e e neng e kgaotswe sentle mo lerapong lotlhe.<ref name=":2" /> Mo tshimologong ya 1997, baakanyetsi ba babedi ba masalela le bathusi ba ga Clarke, Stephen Motsumi le Nkwane Molefe, ba ne ba romelwa kwa Silberberg Grotto go leka go batla karolwana e e tshwanang ya tibia e sekao sa motlobo se neng se thubilwe go tswa mo go yone. Se se gakgamatsang ke gore, mo malatsing a le mabedi, ba ne ba fitlhela karolo e e setseng ya lerapo e tswa mo lefikeng le le mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya legaga.<ref>[https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html "Fossil Hominids: Little Foot (Stw 573)"]. ''TalkOrigins.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095003/https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ne go bonala fela marapo a maoto ka bobedi, ka gonne a ne a rulagantswe sentle ka popego setlhopha se ne sa fopholetsa gore e ka tswa e le lerapo le le feletseng le le neng le tsentswe sefatlhego se lebile kwa tlase mo letlapeng la kalaka. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, Clarke le bathusi ba gagwe ba babedi ba thusiwa ke hamole le chisele e nnye ba ne ba bipolola marapo a mangwe a dinao. Stephen Motsumi o ne a ribolola masalela a ntlha a mmele o o kwa godimo, lerapo la letsogo le le kwa godimo ka Lwetse a le lesome le motso ka 1998, mme kgabagare tlhogo ya motho yono e ne ya bonwa le yone. E ne e le legata le le neng le golagantswe le motlhagare o o kwa tlase, o o neng o lebile kwa godimo. Tseno di ne tsa itsisiwe bobegadikgang ka 1998, mme tsa felela ka gore bobegadikgang bo di ele tlhoko thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name=":1" /> Ngwaga moragonyana, ka Phukwi le Phatwe 1999, go ne ga bonwa letsogo la molema mmogo le seatla sa molema se se tsamaelanang le lone mme bontlhabongwe jwa lone jwa bipololwa. Tseno di ne di rulagantswe gape ka tsela e e siameng go ya ka popego ya mmele. Tiro e e latelang e ribolotse lerapo le le batlang le feletse, go akaretsa dikarolo tsa letheka, dikgopo le lerapo la mokwatla, humerus e e feletseng le bontsi jwa marapo a maoto a a kwa tlase. Ka nako eo, go ne ga lemogwa gore go ka direga gore e felele thata go feta lerapo le le tumileng la ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'', "[[Lucy]]", go tswa kwa lefelong la [[Hadar]], kwa [[Ethiopia]]. Clarke o begile thibololo e dikgwedi di le thataro moragonyana mme a tlhalosa gore ditshekatsheko tsotlhe tse di fetileng di supile gore mmele wa masalela a ne o lebega o feletse mme go ka direga gore o ne o tshikhinngwa go se kae ke metsamao ya fa fatshe mme gape o ne o sa senngwa ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (1999). "Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old ''Australopithecus'' skeleton from Sterkfontein". ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''95''' (11): 477–480.</ref> Go tsere Clarke le setlhopha sa gagwe dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tse di tletseng go ntsha, go phepafatsa le go sekaseka sekai ka botlalo, tiro e e neng ya wediwa kwa bofelong ka 2017.<ref>McKenzie, David (6 December 2017). [https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html "Ancient human ancestor 'Little Foot' makes public debut"]. ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422231515/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> == Dipharologanyo == StW 573 (Leoto le lennye) ke kgetse e e batlang e feletse ya sekai sa namane ya Australopithecus, go akaretsa le legata, se se neelanang ka tshedimosetso e ntsi ka ga mofuta ono o o kileng wa bo o sa tlhaloganyesege o o thusang go tsweletsa pono ka ga tsona.[11] Mo go ribololeng setlhopha sa batshameki, go ne go na le bosupi jwa tiriso ya meno fa e bontshang gore e tlhageletse. Ditshwano di ka gogelwa mo dikgetseng tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo Aforikaborwa, jaaka tsa Australopithecus afarensis.[12] Sekao ke se se namagadi, se se boleele jwa dimitara di le 1.2-1.3, se ditokololo tsa sona tse di kwa tlase di leng maleele go feta ditokololo tsa yona tse di kwa godimo.[13] Dinoka tsa yone ke tsa segompieno mme di kgona go fetisa maatla a magolo go tswa mo maotong a yone, mme diatla tsa yone di dikgolo thata. Mmele wa gagwe o akantsha gore o ne a tsamaya ka dinao tse pedi mme, ka nako e e tshwanang, o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go palama ditlhare. Diponagalo tsa popego ya masaledi a StW 573 ke boleele jo bo feletseng jwa maoto jo bo supang gore StW 573 e ne e eme ka bogodimo jwa dikgato di le 4 le gore e ne e bontsha mefuta ya go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ka ntlha ya boleele jwa maoto a yona.[14] Le fa, StW 573 gape e bontsha ka tsela e e bonalang diponagalo tse dintsi tse ditshwene tse dingwe di nang le tsone jaaka go koba ga sebopego sa S mo lerapo la yone la molaleng mmogo le bara ya mpa.[14] Dikarolwana tse dingwe tsa cast jaaka lebanta la sehuba le tlhogo e e kwa godimo ya magetla a StW 573 di supa gore e ne e na le mmele o o nonofileng o o kwa godimo go tshegetsa bokete jwa yona fa e ne e lepelela mo dikaleng le go palama ditlhare.[14] Ka kakaretso setlhopha seno se bontsha diponagalo tse di fitlhelwang mo bathong le mo diphologolong tse dingwe ka gonne se bontsha matshwao a go tsamaya se tlhamaletse, go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ga ntlha, le go tsamaya mo ditlhareng.[15] == Tlhaloso == Sa ntlha, thibololo (akhaefe No. STW 573) e ne e sa abelwe mofuta ope o o rileng wa mofuta wa Australopithecus. Mo tlhalosong ya ntlha ka Phukwi 1995 go ne ga twe, "Marapo a ka tswa e le tokololo ya ntlha ya Australopithecus africanus kgotsa mofuta o mongwe wa ntlha wa ditshedi tsa batho". Morago ga 1998, fa karolo ya legata e ne e ribolotswe le go ribololwa, Clarke o ne a supa jaanong gore masaledi a ka tswa a ne a amana le mofuta wa Australopithecus, fela o ‘diponagalo tsa ona tse di sa tlwaelegang’ di sa tshwaneng le mofuta ope wa Australopithecus o o tlhalositsweng pele.[16] Clarke jaanong o tshitshinya gore Leoto le lennye ga se la mofuta wa Australopithecus afarensis kgotsa Australopithecus africanus, mme ke la mofuta o o kgethegileng wa Australopithecus o o neng o fitlhelwa pele kwa Makapansgat le Sterkfontein Leloko la Bone, Australopithecus prometheus.[17][1] Le fa go ntse jalo, Martin le ba bangwe. (2025) ba tshitshintse gore Leoto le lennye ga se la setshedi sa tlhogo, le gore A. Morago ga go ribololwa ga sediba sa Australopithecus se se ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2, se se neng se ribolotswe dikilometara di le 15 fela go tswa kwa Sterkfontein mo logageng lwa bokone lwa Malapa ka 2008,[20] go ne ga tsewa gore mogologolwane wa Australopithecus e ka nna sediba. Jaaka ka thibololo nngwe le nngwe e ntšhwa, ka metlha go nna le ngangisano fa gare ga di-lumper le di-splitter.[21] [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 6.jpg|thumb|Marapo a leoto a Little Foot]] == Go baa letlha == Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dikarolo tsa lekgwamolelo mo lefelong leno, go ne go le thata go tlhoma matlha. Letlha le le fopholediwang le ne la gatisiwa ka 1995, le le neng le ikaegile ka letlha le le amanang la ditshwene tsa lefatshe la bogologolo le diphologolo dingwe tse di jang nama.[22] Matlha a ne a simolola ka dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3–3.5, mme e ne e le ka ntlha ya seno gore masaledi a ne a tlhalosiwa jaaka moemedi wa bogologolo go gaisa yo o itsegeng wa di-hominid mo Aforika Borwa.[23] Letlha leno le ne la kgalwa thata ka 1996 mme go ne go akanngwa gore le ne la kwalwa go sa le gale thata. Tshekatsheko ya bobedi e ne ya baya letlha leno mo dingwageng di le dimilione di le 2.5 mme le ne la amogelwa ke batho botlhe. Thutopatlisiso e nngwe ka ga Little Foot e ne ya fitlhelela tshwetso e e tshwanang ka 2002, e boeletsa dingwaga tsa yone ka "e e kwa tlase ga dimilione di le 3".[24] Go bewa ga letlha go go ngangisanang mo masaleding ano go bakilwe thata ke dingwaga tsa go bopega ga matlapa a a neng a dikologile lerapo la lone le le masaledi. Lebaka la go tlhoma dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2.2 le bakwa thata ke dingwaga tsa matlapa a a elelang a a neng a dikologile lerapo. Matlapa ano a a elelang a ne a tlatsa diphatlha go tswa mo kgogolegong ya bogologolo le go phutlhama mme a bopega dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 2.2 tse di fetileng, le fa go ntse jalo go akanngwa gore lerapo leno le kgale.[25][26] Sekao sa Little Foot se se dirilweng ka 2015 se fopholetsa gore se na le dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.67 ka go dirisa mokgwa o mošwa wa radioisotopic.[2][27] Dipholo ka 2014 di fopholeditse gore sekai seno se na le dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 3.3. Maiteko a pele a e beile dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2.2,[25] kgotsa magareng ga dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.03 le 2.04.[28] == Ka fa "Little Foot" a neng a tshela ka teng == Ka 1995, go ne ga gatisiwa tlhaloso ya ntlha ya marapo a mane a dinao a a neng a ribololwa la ntlha. Bakwadi ba ne ba tlhalosa gore sekai seno sa Australopithecus se ne se tsamaya se eme sentle mme gape se ne se kgona go nna mo ditlhareng ka thuso ya go tshwara metsamao. Seno se ne se tla kgonega ka ntlha ya monwana o mogolo o o sa ntseng o ganetsa. Tsela e leoto le agilweng ka yone e farologana go sekae fela le ya chimpanzee. Clarke o ne a bona marapo a dinao a ribolotswe ka 1998 a a netefaditseng tshekatsheko eno ya ntlha. Tlhaloso ya gagwe, go ya ka metlhala ya dinao ya Laetoli e e itsegeng ya Australopithecus le thulaganyo ya marapo a dinao a a ribolotsweng kwa Silberberg Grotto, e bontsha go ikobela melao ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo. Mo tlhalosong ya gagwe ya 1999 ya marapo a masaledi a seatla, Clarke o ne a supa gore boleele jwa seatla mmogo le boleele jwa lerapo la monwana bo ne bo le bokhutshwane thata go feta jwa di-chimpanzee le di-gorilla.[29] Seatla seno se ne se tshwana le sa batho ba segompieno, se se neng se itsege e le se se sa kgethegang thata. Fa a bua ka diphitlhelelo tsa dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe, tse di neng di tshela ka nako ya Australopithecus mo Aforika, Clarke o ne a kopanela le pono ya ga Jordi Sabater yo ka 1997 a neng a nganga gore go robala fa fatshe bosigo go ne go le kotsi thata mo Australopithecus.[30] O ne a dumela gore go ne go lebega go ka direga thata gore Australopithecus e robale mo ditlhareng, e tshwana le di- chimpanzee le di- gorilla tse di tshelang gompieno tse di dirang dintlhaga tse di robalang. Ka ntlha ya diponagalo tsa masaledi, o ne a dumela gape gore go ka direga gore Australopithecus e ne e fetsa dikarolo tsa malatsi a yona e batla dijo mo ditlhareng.[31] Kwa bokhutlong jwa 2008, Clarke o ne a gatisa kagosešwa ya maemo a a neng a letla gore masaledi a nne a bolokilwe sentle ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang go farologana le marapo a mangwe a a fitlhetsweng mo logageng lo lo tshwanang, a go lebegang a ne a tlhatswitswe mo dipakeng tse ditelele mo lefelong la one la bofelo la polokelo. Fosili gape ga e bontshe tshenyo epe ka dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe ka jalo go ka tsewa gore masaledi a ne a sa sutisediwa kwa logageng ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe gore di fepiwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, marapo ka bongwe a a robega, a go ka diregang gore a ka bonwa morago ga tiro ya go epa matlapa mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga. Lesoba le ka bo le thibane ka dilo tse di jaaka matlapa, ka jalo ga go na metsi a a neng a ka tsenelela le go tlhatswa marapo a setopo se se setseng.[32] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a Australopithecus]] [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] 7pxjpx6ypuac9qotrxzkkoer6fnmvj5 55684 55656 2026-09-26T04:11:04Z KatieKea 10150 Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. 55684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Litte Foot, Skull.JPG|thumb|Legata la Little Foot (StW 573)]] '''"Little Foot"''' (Stw 573) ke leina la theto le le fiwang lerapo la masalela a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' le le batlileng le felela le le fitlhetsweng ka 1994 mo thulaganyong ya logaga lwa [[Sterkfontein]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Geggel, Laura (11 December 2018). [https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html "'Miracle' Excavation of 'Little Foot' Skeleton Reveals Mysterious Human Relative"]. ''[[:en:Live_Science|Live Science]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035720/https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html Archived] from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref><ref>Medrano, Kastalia (6 December 2017). [http://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 "Africa: Newly Revealed 3.6 Million-Year-Old Skeleton of Young Girl Fuel Debate Over Where Humans Originated"]. ''[[:en:Newsweek_(magazine)|Newsweek]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160627/https://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 Archived] from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Lerapo le ne la bidiwa "Little Foot" ka 1995 fa marapo a mane a manyenyana mo kokoanyong ya motlobo a ne a lekane go netefatsa gore motho ka bongwe o kgonne go tsamaya a tlhamaletse. Morago ga moo masalela a lerapo a ne a bonwa mo logageng lo go neng go tserwe marapo a manyenyana mo go lone. Ka gonne marapo ano a ne a tsentswe gotlhelele mo lefikeng le le tshwanang le konkoreite, go a ntsha mo go neng go le thata thata e bile go lapisa go ne ga tsaya dingwaga di ka nna lesome le botlhano. Marapo a itshupile e le lerapo le le feletseng go gaisa la losika lwa ntlha lwa [[hominin]] lo lo neng lwa lebisa kwa [[Batho|bathong]], ka 90% ya mmele e e neng ya bonwa.<ref>Protsch von Zieten, R.; Clarke, R. J. (March 2003). "The oldest complete skeleton of an Australopithecus in Africa (StW 573)". ''Anthropologischer Anzeiger''. '''61''' (1): 7–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7|10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5548 0003-5548]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712769 12712769].</ref><ref>[[:en:Little_Foot#CITEREFS%C3%A1ez2019|Sáez 2019]], p.&#x20;33-34.</ref> Go tlhoma letlha la sekai go itshupile go ganetsana, ka diphopholetso tse di simololang ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 go ya go di le 3.67, mme go bewa ga yone mo taxonomic le gone go a ganetsanwa. == Thibololo == [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|thumb|Lefelo le masalela a Little Foot a neng a epiwa mo go lone]] Marapo a mane a manyenyana tsa sekai seno a ne a kokoanngwa ka 1980 mme a ne a sa lemogiwe mo marapong a mangwe a le mantsi a diamusi. Ke fela morago ga 1992, ka maiteko a ga [[Phillip Tobias]], go ne ga thunya lefika le legolo mo logageng le le neng le na le kokoanyo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng. Masalela a a bonweng a ne a tsewa mo logageng mme a sekasekwa ka kelotlhoko ke moithuta-batho ba bogologolo [[Ronald Clarke]].<ref>The description of the history of the find follows a description by [[:en:Donald_Johanson|Donald Johanson]] in the editorial to the ''Newsletter'' of the ''[[:en:Institute_of_Human_Origins|Institute of Human Origins]]'' of [[:en:Arizona_State_University|Arizona State University]] from May 2005 as well as in the description of the find by Clarke from 1998 in the ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]'', vol. 94, p. 460 f.</ref> Ka 1994 fa a ntse a batla mo mabokosong a motlobo a a kwadilweng ‘[[Cercopithecoids]]’ a a nang le dikarolwana tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Ronald Clarke o ne a supa di le mmalwa tse di neng di le tsa batho ka tsela e e sa belaetseng. O ne a bona marapo a le mane a leoto la molema ([[talus]], [[navicular]], [[cuneiform e e fa gare]], le [[metatarsal ya ntlha]]) a go ka diregang thata gore a ne a tswa mo mothong a le mongwe.<ref name=":1">Clarke, R.J. (1998). [https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_236 "First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of ''Australopithecus''"]. ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''94''' (10): 460–463. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_236|10520/AJA00382353_236]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353].</ref> Dikarolwana tseno di ne di tswa kwa Silberberg Grotto, legaga le legolo mo gare ga thulaganyo ya legaga la [[Sterkfontein]]. Di ne tsa tlhalosiwa e le tsa mofuta wa ''[[Australopithecus]]'', mme tsa kwalwa jaaka Stw 573.<ref name=":2">Clarke, Ronald J.; Tobias, Phillip V. (28 July 1995). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7624772 "Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid"]. ''Science''. '''269''' (5223): 521–524. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.7624772|10.1126/science.7624772]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624772 7624772].</ref> Ka ntlha ya go nna mannye ga marapo, a ne a bidiwa "Leoto le lennye". Clarke o ne a fitlhela marapo a mangwe a dinao go tswa mo mothong yono mo dikgetsaneng tse di farologaneng ka 1997, go akaretsa le karolwana e e kafa mojeng ya distal tibia e e neng e kgaotswe sentle mo lerapong lotlhe.<ref name=":2" /> Mo tshimologong ya 1997, baakanyetsi ba babedi ba masalela le bathusi ba ga Clarke, Stephen Motsumi le Nkwane Molefe, ba ne ba romelwa kwa Silberberg Grotto go leka go batla karolwana e e tshwanang ya tibia e sekao sa motlobo se neng se thubilwe go tswa mo go yone. Se se gakgamatsang ke gore, mo malatsing a le mabedi, ba ne ba fitlhela karolo e e setseng ya lerapo e tswa mo lefikeng le le mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya legaga.<ref>[https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html "Fossil Hominids: Little Foot (Stw 573)"]. ''TalkOrigins.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095003/https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ne go bonala fela marapo a maoto ka bobedi, ka gonne a ne a rulagantswe sentle ka popego, setlhopha se ne sa fopholetsa gore e ka tswa e le lerapo le le feletseng le le neng le tsentswe sefatlhego se lebile kwa tlase mo letlapeng la kalaka. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, Clarke le bathusi ba gagwe ba babedi ba thusiwa ke hamole le chisele e nnye ba ne ba bipolola marapo a mangwe a dinao. Stephen Motsumi o ne a ribolola masalela a ntlha a mmele o o kwa godimo, lerapo la letsogo le le kwa godimo ka Lwetse a le lesome le motso ka 1998, mme kgabagare tlhogo ya motho yono e ne ya bonwa le yone. E ne e le legata le le neng le golagantswe le motlhagare o o kwa tlase, o o neng o lebile kwa godimo. Tseno di ne tsa itsisiwe bobegadikgang ka 1998, mme tsa felela ka gore bobegadikgang bo di ele tlhoko thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name=":1" /> Ngwaga moragonyana, ka Phukwi le Phatwe 1999, go ne ga bonwa letsogo la molema mmogo le seatla sa molema se se tsamaelanang le lone mme bontlhabongwe jwa lone jwa bipololwa. Tseno di ne di rulagantswe gape ka tsela e e siameng go ya ka popego ya mmele. Tiro e e latelang e ribolotse lerapo le le batlang le feletse, go akaretsa dikarolo tsa letheka, dikgopo le lerapo la mokwatla, humerus e e feletseng le bontsi jwa marapo a maoto a a kwa tlase. Ka nako eo, go ne ga lemogwa gore go ka direga gore e felele thata go feta lerapo le le tumileng la ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'', "[[Lucy]]", go tswa kwa lefelong la [[Hadar]], kwa [[Ethiopia]]. Clarke o begile thibololo e dikgwedi di le thataro moragonyana mme a tlhalosa gore ditshekatsheko tsotlhe tse di fetileng di supile gore mmele wa masalela a ne o lebega o feletse mme go ka direga gore o ne o tshikhinngwa go se kae ke metsamao ya fa fatshe mme gape o ne o sa senngwa ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (1999). "Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old ''Australopithecus'' skeleton from Sterkfontein". ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''95''' (11): 477–480.</ref> Go tsere Clarke le setlhopha sa gagwe dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tse di tletseng go ntsha, go phepafatsa le go sekaseka sekai ka botlalo, tiro e e neng ya wediwa kwa bofelong ka 2017.<ref>McKenzie, David (6 December 2017). [https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html "Ancient human ancestor 'Little Foot' makes public debut"]. ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422231515/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> == Dipharologanyo == StW 573 (Little Foot) ke kgetse e e batlang e feletse ya sekai sa namane ya Australopithecus e namagadi, go akaretsa le legata, se se neelanang ka tshedimosetso e ntsi ka ga mofuta ono o o kileng wa bo o sa tlhaloganyesege o o thusang go tsweledisa pono ka ga tsone.<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Pickering, Travis Rayne; Heaton, Jason L.; Kuman, Kathleen (21 October 2021). [https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837 "The Earliest South African Hominids"]. ''Annual Review of Anthropology''. '''50''' (1): 125–143. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837|10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570 0084-6570]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239548027 239548027].</ref> Mo go ribololeng masalela, go ne go na le bosupi jwa tiriso ya meno fa e bontshang gore e tlhageletse. Ditshwano di ka gogelwa mo dikgetseng tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo Aforikaborwa, jaaka tsa ''Australopithecus afarensis.''<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Kuman, Kathleen (1 September 2019). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302380 "The skull of StW 573, a 3.67 Ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa"]. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''134''' 102634. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005|10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31446970 31446970]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201209318 201209318].</ref> Sekai ke se se namagadi, se se boleele jwa dimitara di le 1.2-1.3, se ditokololo tsa sone tse di kwa tlase di leng ditelele go feta ditokololo tsa yone tse di kwa godimo.<ref>Crompton, Robin Huw; McClymont, Juliet; Elton, Sarah; Thorpe, Susannah; Sellers, William; Heaton, Jason; Pickering, Travis Rayne; Pataky, Todd; Carlson, Kristian J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Beaudet, Amélie (2021). [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/519723 "StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus: Its Significance for an Australopith Bauplan"]. ''Folia Primatologica''. '''92''' (5–6): 243–275. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1159/000519723|10.1159/000519723]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-5713 0015-5713]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583353 34583353]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238217186 238217186]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220220132435/https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/519723 Archived] from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved Lwetse a le malatsi a masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Mahepapoo a yone ke a segompieno mmea kgona go fetisa maatla a magolo go tswa mo maotong a yone, mme diatla tsa yone di dikgolo thata. Mmele wa gagwe o akantsha gore o ne a tsamaya ka dinao tse pedi mme, ka nako e e tshwanang, o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go palama ditlhare. Diponagalo tsa popego ya masalela a StW 573 ke boleele jo bo feletseng jwa maoto jo bo supang gore StW 573 e ne e eme ka bogodimo jwa dikgato di le nne le gore e ne e bontsha mefuta ya go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ka ntlha ya boleele jwa maoto a yone.<ref name=":3">Polakovic, Gary (20 April 2021). [https://news.usc.edu/little-foot-fossil-analysis-human-ape-evolution-usc-research/ "Analysis of famous fossil helps unlock when humans and apes diverged"]. ''USC News''. Los Angeles, California. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930063601/https://news.usc.edu/little-foot-fossil-analysis-human-ape-evolution-usc-research/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Le fa, StW 573 gape e supa ka tsela e e bonalang diponagalo tse dintsi tse ditshwene tse dingwe di nang le tsone jaaka go koba ga sebopego sa S mo lerapo la yone la molaleng mmogo le bara ya mpa.<ref name=":3" /> Dikarolwana tse dingwe tsa masalela jaaka lebanta la sehuba le tlhogo e e kwa godimo ya magetla a StW 573 di supa gore e ne e na le mmele o o nonofileng o o kwa godimo go tshegetsa bokete jwa yone fa e ne e lepelela mo dikaleng le go palama ditlhare.<ref name=":3" /> Ka kakaretso setlhopha seno se supa diponagalo tse di fitlhelwang mo bathong le mo diphologolong tse dingwe ka gonne se supa matshwao a go tsamaya se tlhamaletse, go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ga ntlha, le go tsamaya mo ditlhareng.<ref>Carlson, Kristian J.; Green, David J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Pickering, Travis R.; Heaton, Jason L.; Beaudet, Amélie; Stratford, Dominic; Crompton, Robin; Kuman, Kathleen; Bruxelles, Laurent; Clarke, Ronald J. (1 September 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724842100035X "The pectoral girdle of StW 573 ('Little Foot') and its implications for shoulder evolution in the Hominina"]. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''158''' 102983. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983|10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888323 33888323]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424072936/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724842100035X Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> == Tlhaloso == Sa ntlha, thibololo (akhaefe No. STW 573) e ne e sa abelwe mofuta ope o o rileng wa mofuta wa Australopithecus. Mo tlhalosong ya ntlha ka Phukwi 1995 go ne ga twe, "Marapo a ka tswa e le tokololo ya ntlha ya Australopithecus africanus kgotsa mofuta o mongwe wa ntlha wa ditshedi tsa batho". Morago ga 1998, fa karolo ya legata e ne e ribolotswe le go ribololwa, Clarke o ne a supa jaanong gore masaledi a ka tswa a ne a amana le mofuta wa Australopithecus, fela o ‘diponagalo tsa ona tse di sa tlwaelegang’ di sa tshwaneng le mofuta ope wa Australopithecus o o tlhalositsweng pele.[16] Clarke jaanong o tshitshinya gore Leoto le lennye ga se la mofuta wa Australopithecus afarensis kgotsa Australopithecus africanus, mme ke la mofuta o o kgethegileng wa Australopithecus o o neng o fitlhelwa pele kwa Makapansgat le Sterkfontein Leloko la Bone, Australopithecus prometheus.[17][1] Le fa go ntse jalo, Martin le ba bangwe. (2025) ba tshitshintse gore Leoto le lennye ga se la setshedi sa tlhogo, le gore A. Morago ga go ribololwa ga sediba sa Australopithecus se se ka nnang dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2, se se neng se ribolotswe dikilometara di le 15 fela go tswa kwa Sterkfontein mo logageng lwa bokone lwa Malapa ka 2008,[20] go ne ga tsewa gore mogologolwane wa Australopithecus e ka nna sediba. Jaaka ka thibololo nngwe le nngwe e ntšhwa, ka metlha go nna le ngangisano fa gare ga di-lumper le di-splitter.[21] [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 6.jpg|thumb|Marapo a leoto a Little Foot]] == Go baa letlha == Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dikarolo tsa lekgwamolelo mo lefelong leno, go ne go le thata go tlhoma matlha. Letlha le le fopholediwang le ne la gatisiwa ka 1995, le le neng le ikaegile ka letlha le le amanang la ditshwene tsa lefatshe la bogologolo le diphologolo dingwe tse di jang nama.[22] Matlha a ne a simolola ka dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3–3.5, mme e ne e le ka ntlha ya seno gore masaledi a ne a tlhalosiwa jaaka moemedi wa bogologolo go gaisa yo o itsegeng wa di-hominid mo Aforika Borwa.[23] Letlha leno le ne la kgalwa thata ka 1996 mme go ne go akanngwa gore le ne la kwalwa go sa le gale thata. Tshekatsheko ya bobedi e ne ya baya letlha leno mo dingwageng di le dimilione di le 2.5 mme le ne la amogelwa ke batho botlhe. Thutopatlisiso e nngwe ka ga Little Foot e ne ya fitlhelela tshwetso e e tshwanang ka 2002, e boeletsa dingwaga tsa yone ka "e e kwa tlase ga dimilione di le 3".[24] Go bewa ga letlha go go ngangisanang mo masaleding ano go bakilwe thata ke dingwaga tsa go bopega ga matlapa a a neng a dikologile lerapo la lone le le masaledi. Lebaka la go tlhoma dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2.2 le bakwa thata ke dingwaga tsa matlapa a a elelang a a neng a dikologile lerapo. Matlapa ano a a elelang a ne a tlatsa diphatlha go tswa mo kgogolegong ya bogologolo le go phutlhama mme a bopega dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 2.2 tse di fetileng, le fa go ntse jalo go akanngwa gore lerapo leno le kgale.[25][26] Sekao sa Little Foot se se dirilweng ka 2015 se fopholetsa gore se na le dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.67 ka go dirisa mokgwa o mošwa wa radioisotopic.[2][27] Dipholo ka 2014 di fopholeditse gore sekai seno se na le dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 3.3. Maiteko a pele a e beile dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2.2,[25] kgotsa magareng ga dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.03 le 2.04.[28] == Ka fa "Little Foot" a neng a tshela ka teng == Ka 1995, go ne ga gatisiwa tlhaloso ya ntlha ya marapo a mane a dinao a a neng a ribololwa la ntlha. Bakwadi ba ne ba tlhalosa gore sekai seno sa Australopithecus se ne se tsamaya se eme sentle mme gape se ne se kgona go nna mo ditlhareng ka thuso ya go tshwara metsamao. Seno se ne se tla kgonega ka ntlha ya monwana o mogolo o o sa ntseng o ganetsa. Tsela e leoto le agilweng ka yone e farologana go sekae fela le ya chimpanzee. Clarke o ne a bona marapo a dinao a ribolotswe ka 1998 a a netefaditseng tshekatsheko eno ya ntlha. Tlhaloso ya gagwe, go ya ka metlhala ya dinao ya Laetoli e e itsegeng ya Australopithecus le thulaganyo ya marapo a dinao a a ribolotsweng kwa Silberberg Grotto, e bontsha go ikobela melao ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo. Mo tlhalosong ya gagwe ya 1999 ya marapo a masaledi a seatla, Clarke o ne a supa gore boleele jwa seatla mmogo le boleele jwa lerapo la monwana bo ne bo le bokhutshwane thata go feta jwa di-chimpanzee le di-gorilla.[29] Seatla seno se ne se tshwana le sa batho ba segompieno, se se neng se itsege e le se se sa kgethegang thata. Fa a bua ka diphitlhelelo tsa dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe, tse di neng di tshela ka nako ya Australopithecus mo Aforika, Clarke o ne a kopanela le pono ya ga Jordi Sabater yo ka 1997 a neng a nganga gore go robala fa fatshe bosigo go ne go le kotsi thata mo Australopithecus.[30] O ne a dumela gore go ne go lebega go ka direga thata gore Australopithecus e robale mo ditlhareng, e tshwana le di- chimpanzee le di- gorilla tse di tshelang gompieno tse di dirang dintlhaga tse di robalang. Ka ntlha ya diponagalo tsa masaledi, o ne a dumela gape gore go ka direga gore Australopithecus e ne e fetsa dikarolo tsa malatsi a yona e batla dijo mo ditlhareng.[31] Kwa bokhutlong jwa 2008, Clarke o ne a gatisa kagosešwa ya maemo a a neng a letla gore masaledi a nne a bolokilwe sentle ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang go farologana le marapo a mangwe a a fitlhetsweng mo logageng lo lo tshwanang, a go lebegang a ne a tlhatswitswe mo dipakeng tse ditelele mo lefelong la one la bofelo la polokelo. Fosili gape ga e bontshe tshenyo epe ka dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe ka jalo go ka tsewa gore masaledi a ne a sa sutisediwa kwa logageng ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe gore di fepiwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, marapo ka bongwe a a robega, a go ka diregang gore a ka bonwa morago ga tiro ya go epa matlapa mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga. Lesoba le ka bo le thibane ka dilo tse di jaaka matlapa, ka jalo ga go na metsi a a neng a ka tsenelela le go tlhatswa marapo a setopo se se setseng.[32] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a Australopithecus]] [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] b4u5qghi3mdtta29wcxn8q9nks9lz4i 55687 55684 2026-09-26T04:29:28Z KatieKea 10150 /* Tlhaloso */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. 55687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Litte Foot, Skull.JPG|thumb|Legata la Little Foot (StW 573)]] '''"Little Foot"''' (Stw 573) ke leina la theto le le fiwang lerapo la masalela a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' le le batlileng le felela le le fitlhetsweng ka 1994 mo thulaganyong ya logaga lwa [[Sterkfontein]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Geggel, Laura (11 December 2018). [https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html "'Miracle' Excavation of 'Little Foot' Skeleton Reveals Mysterious Human Relative"]. ''[[:en:Live_Science|Live Science]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035720/https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html Archived] from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref><ref>Medrano, Kastalia (6 December 2017). [http://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 "Africa: Newly Revealed 3.6 Million-Year-Old Skeleton of Young Girl Fuel Debate Over Where Humans Originated"]. ''[[:en:Newsweek_(magazine)|Newsweek]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160627/https://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 Archived] from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Lerapo le ne la bidiwa "Little Foot" ka 1995 fa marapo a mane a manyenyana mo kokoanyong ya motlobo a ne a lekane go netefatsa gore motho ka bongwe o kgonne go tsamaya a tlhamaletse. Morago ga moo masalela a lerapo a ne a bonwa mo logageng lo go neng go tserwe marapo a manyenyana mo go lone. Ka gonne marapo ano a ne a tsentswe gotlhelele mo lefikeng le le tshwanang le konkoreite, go a ntsha mo go neng go le thata thata e bile go lapisa go ne ga tsaya dingwaga di ka nna lesome le botlhano. Marapo a itshupile e le lerapo le le feletseng go gaisa la losika lwa ntlha lwa [[hominin]] lo lo neng lwa lebisa kwa [[Batho|bathong]], ka 90% ya mmele e e neng ya bonwa.<ref>Protsch von Zieten, R.; Clarke, R. J. (March 2003). "The oldest complete skeleton of an Australopithecus in Africa (StW 573)". ''Anthropologischer Anzeiger''. '''61''' (1): 7–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7|10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5548 0003-5548]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712769 12712769].</ref><ref>[[:en:Little_Foot#CITEREFS%C3%A1ez2019|Sáez 2019]], p.&#x20;33-34.</ref> Go tlhoma letlha la sekai go itshupile go ganetsana, ka diphopholetso tse di simololang ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 go ya go di le 3.67, mme go bewa ga yone mo taxonomic le gone go a ganetsanwa. == Thibololo == [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|thumb|Lefelo le masalela a Little Foot a neng a epiwa mo go lone]] Marapo a mane a manyenyana tsa sekai seno a ne a kokoanngwa ka 1980 mme a ne a sa lemogiwe mo marapong a mangwe a le mantsi a diamusi. Ke fela morago ga 1992, ka maiteko a ga [[Phillip Tobias]], go ne ga thunya lefika le legolo mo logageng le le neng le na le kokoanyo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng. Masalela a a bonweng a ne a tsewa mo logageng mme a sekasekwa ka kelotlhoko ke moithuta-batho ba bogologolo [[Ronald Clarke]].<ref>The description of the history of the find follows a description by [[:en:Donald_Johanson|Donald Johanson]] in the editorial to the ''Newsletter'' of the ''[[:en:Institute_of_Human_Origins|Institute of Human Origins]]'' of [[:en:Arizona_State_University|Arizona State University]] from May 2005 as well as in the description of the find by Clarke from 1998 in the ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]'', vol. 94, p. 460 f.</ref> Ka 1994 fa a ntse a batla mo mabokosong a motlobo a a kwadilweng ‘[[Cercopithecoids]]’ a a nang le dikarolwana tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Ronald Clarke o ne a supa di le mmalwa tse di neng di le tsa batho ka tsela e e sa belaetseng. O ne a bona marapo a le mane a leoto la molema ([[talus]], [[navicular]], [[cuneiform e e fa gare]], le [[metatarsal ya ntlha]]) a go ka diregang thata gore a ne a tswa mo mothong a le mongwe.<ref name=":1">Clarke, R.J. (1998). [https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_236 "First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of ''Australopithecus''"]. ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''94''' (10): 460–463. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_236|10520/AJA00382353_236]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353].</ref> Dikarolwana tseno di ne di tswa kwa Silberberg Grotto, legaga le legolo mo gare ga thulaganyo ya legaga la [[Sterkfontein]]. Di ne tsa tlhalosiwa e le tsa mofuta wa ''[[Australopithecus]]'', mme tsa kwalwa jaaka Stw 573.<ref name=":2">Clarke, Ronald J.; Tobias, Phillip V. (28 July 1995). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7624772 "Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid"]. ''Science''. '''269''' (5223): 521–524. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.7624772|10.1126/science.7624772]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624772 7624772].</ref> Ka ntlha ya go nna mannye ga marapo, a ne a bidiwa "Leoto le lennye". Clarke o ne a fitlhela marapo a mangwe a dinao go tswa mo mothong yono mo dikgetsaneng tse di farologaneng ka 1997, go akaretsa le karolwana e e kafa mojeng ya distal tibia e e neng e kgaotswe sentle mo lerapong lotlhe.<ref name=":2" /> Mo tshimologong ya 1997, baakanyetsi ba babedi ba masalela le bathusi ba ga Clarke, Stephen Motsumi le Nkwane Molefe, ba ne ba romelwa kwa Silberberg Grotto go leka go batla karolwana e e tshwanang ya tibia e sekao sa motlobo se neng se thubilwe go tswa mo go yone. Se se gakgamatsang ke gore, mo malatsing a le mabedi, ba ne ba fitlhela karolo e e setseng ya lerapo e tswa mo lefikeng le le mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya legaga.<ref>[https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html "Fossil Hominids: Little Foot (Stw 573)"]. ''TalkOrigins.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095003/https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ne go bonala fela marapo a maoto ka bobedi, ka gonne a ne a rulagantswe sentle ka popego, setlhopha se ne sa fopholetsa gore e ka tswa e le lerapo le le feletseng le le neng le tsentswe sefatlhego se lebile kwa tlase mo letlapeng la kalaka. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, Clarke le bathusi ba gagwe ba babedi ba thusiwa ke hamole le chisele e nnye ba ne ba bipolola marapo a mangwe a dinao. Stephen Motsumi o ne a ribolola masalela a ntlha a mmele o o kwa godimo, lerapo la letsogo le le kwa godimo ka Lwetse a le lesome le motso ka 1998, mme kgabagare tlhogo ya motho yono e ne ya bonwa le yone. E ne e le legata le le neng le golagantswe le motlhagare o o kwa tlase, o o neng o lebile kwa godimo. Tseno di ne tsa itsisiwe bobegadikgang ka 1998, mme tsa felela ka gore bobegadikgang bo di ele tlhoko thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name=":1" /> Ngwaga moragonyana, ka Phukwi le Phatwe 1999, go ne ga bonwa letsogo la molema mmogo le seatla sa molema se se tsamaelanang le lone mme bontlhabongwe jwa lone jwa bipololwa. Tseno di ne di rulagantswe gape ka tsela e e siameng go ya ka popego ya mmele. Tiro e e latelang e ribolotse lerapo le le batlang le feletse, go akaretsa dikarolo tsa letheka, dikgopo le lerapo la mokwatla, humerus e e feletseng le bontsi jwa marapo a maoto a a kwa tlase. Ka nako eo, go ne ga lemogwa gore go ka direga gore e felele thata go feta lerapo le le tumileng la ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'', "[[Lucy]]", go tswa kwa lefelong la [[Hadar]], kwa [[Ethiopia]]. Clarke o begile thibololo e dikgwedi di le thataro moragonyana mme a tlhalosa gore ditshekatsheko tsotlhe tse di fetileng di supile gore mmele wa masalela a ne o lebega o feletse mme go ka direga gore o ne o tshikhinngwa go se kae ke metsamao ya fa fatshe mme gape o ne o sa senngwa ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (1999). "Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old ''Australopithecus'' skeleton from Sterkfontein". ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''95''' (11): 477–480.</ref> Go tsere Clarke le setlhopha sa gagwe dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tse di tletseng go ntsha, go phepafatsa le go sekaseka sekai ka botlalo, tiro e e neng ya wediwa kwa bofelong ka 2017.<ref>McKenzie, David (6 December 2017). [https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html "Ancient human ancestor 'Little Foot' makes public debut"]. ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422231515/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> == Dipharologanyo == StW 573 (Little Foot) ke kgetse e e batlang e feletse ya sekai sa namane ya Australopithecus e namagadi, go akaretsa le legata, se se neelanang ka tshedimosetso e ntsi ka ga mofuta ono o o kileng wa bo o sa tlhaloganyesege o o thusang go tsweledisa pono ka ga tsone.<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Pickering, Travis Rayne; Heaton, Jason L.; Kuman, Kathleen (21 October 2021). [https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837 "The Earliest South African Hominids"]. ''Annual Review of Anthropology''. '''50''' (1): 125–143. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837|10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570 0084-6570]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239548027 239548027].</ref> Mo go ribololeng masalela, go ne go na le bosupi jwa tiriso ya meno fa e bontshang gore e tlhageletse. Ditshwano di ka gogelwa mo dikgetseng tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo Aforikaborwa, jaaka tsa ''Australopithecus afarensis.''<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Kuman, Kathleen (1 September 2019). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302380 "The skull of StW 573, a 3.67 Ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa"]. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''134''' 102634. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005|10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31446970 31446970]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201209318 201209318].</ref> Sekai ke se se namagadi, se se boleele jwa dimitara di le 1.2-1.3, se ditokololo tsa sone tse di kwa tlase di leng ditelele go feta ditokololo tsa yone tse di kwa godimo.<ref>Crompton, Robin Huw; McClymont, Juliet; Elton, Sarah; Thorpe, Susannah; Sellers, William; Heaton, Jason; Pickering, Travis Rayne; Pataky, Todd; Carlson, Kristian J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Beaudet, Amélie (2021). [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/519723 "StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus: Its Significance for an Australopith Bauplan"]. ''Folia Primatologica''. '''92''' (5–6): 243–275. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1159/000519723|10.1159/000519723]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-5713 0015-5713]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583353 34583353]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238217186 238217186]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220220132435/https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/519723 Archived] from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved Lwetse a le malatsi a masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Mahepapoo a yone ke a segompieno mmea kgona go fetisa maatla a magolo go tswa mo maotong a yone, mme diatla tsa yone di dikgolo thata. Mmele wa gagwe o akantsha gore o ne a tsamaya ka dinao tse pedi mme, ka nako e e tshwanang, o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go palama ditlhare. Diponagalo tsa popego ya masalela a StW 573 ke boleele jo bo feletseng jwa maoto jo bo supang gore StW 573 e ne e eme ka bogodimo jwa dikgato di le nne le gore e ne e bontsha mefuta ya go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ka ntlha ya boleele jwa maoto a yone.<ref name=":3">Polakovic, Gary (20 April 2021). [https://news.usc.edu/little-foot-fossil-analysis-human-ape-evolution-usc-research/ "Analysis of famous fossil helps unlock when humans and apes diverged"]. ''USC News''. Los Angeles, California. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930063601/https://news.usc.edu/little-foot-fossil-analysis-human-ape-evolution-usc-research/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Le fa, StW 573 gape e supa ka tsela e e bonalang diponagalo tse dintsi tse ditshwene tse dingwe di nang le tsone jaaka go koba ga sebopego sa S mo lerapo la yone la molaleng mmogo le bara ya mpa.<ref name=":3" /> Dikarolwana tse dingwe tsa masalela jaaka lebanta la sehuba le tlhogo e e kwa godimo ya magetla a StW 573 di supa gore e ne e na le mmele o o nonofileng o o kwa godimo go tshegetsa bokete jwa yone fa e ne e lepelela mo dikaleng le go palama ditlhare.<ref name=":3" /> Ka kakaretso setlhopha seno se supa diponagalo tse di fitlhelwang mo bathong le mo diphologolong tse dingwe ka gonne se supa matshwao a go tsamaya se tlhamaletse, go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ga ntlha, le go tsamaya mo ditlhareng.<ref>Carlson, Kristian J.; Green, David J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Pickering, Travis R.; Heaton, Jason L.; Beaudet, Amélie; Stratford, Dominic; Crompton, Robin; Kuman, Kathleen; Bruxelles, Laurent; Clarke, Ronald J. (1 September 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724842100035X "The pectoral girdle of StW 573 ('Little Foot') and its implications for shoulder evolution in the Hominina"]. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''158''' 102983. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983|10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888323 33888323]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424072936/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724842100035X Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> == Tlhaloso == Kwa ntlheng, thibololo (polokelo No. STW 573) e ne e sa abelwe mofuta ope o o rileng wa mofuta wa ''Australopithecus''. Mo tlhalosong ya ntlha ka Phukwi 1995 go ne ga twe, "Marapo a ka tswa e le tokololo ya ntlha ya ''Australopithecus africanus'' kgotsa mofuta o mongwe wa ntlha wa ditshedi tsa batho". Morago ga 1998, fa karolo ya legata e ne e bonwa le go ribololwa, Clarke o ne a supa jaanong gore masalela a ka tswa a ne a amana le mofuta wa ''Australopithecus'', fela o ‘diponagalo tsa one tse di sa tlwaelesegang’ di sa tshwaneng le mofuta ope wa ''Australopithecus'' o o tlhalositsweng pele.<ref>{{harvnb|Clarke|1998|p=462}}: "I prefer to reserve judgement on the fossil's exact taxonomic affinities, although it does appear to be a fonn of ''Australopithecus''."</ref> Clarke jaanong o akanyetsa gore Little Foot ga se la mofuta wa ''Australopithecus afarensis'' kgotsa ''Australopithecus africanus'', mme ke la mofuta o o kgethegileng wa ''Australopithecus'' o o neng o fitlhelwa pele kwa Makapansgat le Leloko la Bone la Sterkfontein, ''Australopithecus prometheus''.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (2008). ''[https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v104n11-12/a1510412.pdf "Latest information on Sterkfontein's Australopithecus skeleton and a new look at Australopithecus"]'' (PDF). ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. 104 (11–12): 443–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1590/S0038-23532008000600015|10.1590/S0038-23532008000600015]]. [[:en:EISSN_(identifier)|eISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-7489 1996-7489]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96745|10520/EJC96745]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091954/https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v104n11-12/a1510412.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026. See also [https://witness.co.za/archive/2009/03/20/who-was-little-foot-20150430/ "Who was Little Foot?"] [[:en:The_Witness_(newspaper)|The Witness]], 20 March 2009.</ref><ref>Bower, Bruce (10 August 2013). [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/notorious-bones "Notorious Bones"]. ''[[:en:ScienceNews|ScienceNews]]''. Vol.&#x20;184, no.&#x20;3. p.&#x20;26. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8423 0036-8423]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094848/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/notorious-bones Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, Martin le ba bangwe. (2025) ba akantse gore Little Foot ga se ya ''Australopithecus prometheus'', le gore ''A. prometheus'' e emela lekaelagongwe le lennye la ''Australopithecus africanus''.<ref>Martin, J. M.; Morris-Obst, L.; Leece, A. B.; Baker, S.; Herries, A. I. R.; Strait, D. S. (2025). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12663899 "The StW 573 Little Foot Fossil Should Not Be Attributed to ''Australopithecus prometheus''"]. ''American Journal of Biological Anthropology''. '''188''' (4) e70177. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajpa.70177|10.1002/ajpa.70177]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12663899 12663899]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41316916 41316916].</ref> Morago ga go ribololwa ga ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'' e e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike tse pedi, e e neng e ribolotswe dikilometara di le lesome le botlhano fela go tswa kwa Sterkfontein mo logageng lwa bokone lwa Malapa ka 2008,<ref>{{harvnb|Clarke|2008|p=443}}</ref> go ne ga tsewa gore mogologolwane wa ''Australopithecus'' e ka nna ''sediba''. Jaaka ka thibololo nngwe le nngwe e ntšha, ka metlha go nna le ngangisano fa gare ga di-lumper le di-splitter.<ref>White, Tim (28 March 2003). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1078294 "Early Hominids--Diversity or Distortion?"]. ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''299''' (5615): 1994–1997. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1078294|10.1126/science.1078294]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 6.jpg|thumb|Marapo a leoto a Little Foot]] == Go baa letlha == Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dikarolo tsa lekgwamolelo mo lefelong leno, go ne go le thata go tlhoma matlha. Letlha le le fopholediwang le ne la gatisiwa ka 1995, le le neng le ikaegile ka letlha le le amanang la ditshwene tsa lefatshe la bogologolo le diphologolo dingwe tse di jang nama.[22] Matlha a ne a simolola ka dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3–3.5, mme e ne e le ka ntlha ya seno gore masaledi a ne a tlhalosiwa jaaka moemedi wa bogologolo go gaisa yo o itsegeng wa di-hominid mo Aforika Borwa.[23] Letlha leno le ne la kgalwa thata ka 1996 mme go ne go akanngwa gore le ne la kwalwa go sa le gale thata. Tshekatsheko ya bobedi e ne ya baya letlha leno mo dingwageng di le dimilione di le 2.5 mme le ne la amogelwa ke batho botlhe. Thutopatlisiso e nngwe ka ga Little Foot e ne ya fitlhelela tshwetso e e tshwanang ka 2002, e boeletsa dingwaga tsa yone ka "e e kwa tlase ga dimilione di le 3".[24] Go bewa ga letlha go go ngangisanang mo masaleding ano go bakilwe thata ke dingwaga tsa go bopega ga matlapa a a neng a dikologile lerapo la lone le le masaledi. Lebaka la go tlhoma dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2.2 le bakwa thata ke dingwaga tsa matlapa a a elelang a a neng a dikologile lerapo. Matlapa ano a a elelang a ne a tlatsa diphatlha go tswa mo kgogolegong ya bogologolo le go phutlhama mme a bopega dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 2.2 tse di fetileng, le fa go ntse jalo go akanngwa gore lerapo leno le kgale.[25][26] Sekao sa Little Foot se se dirilweng ka 2015 se fopholetsa gore se na le dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.67 ka go dirisa mokgwa o mošwa wa radioisotopic.[2][27] Dipholo ka 2014 di fopholeditse gore sekai seno se na le dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 3.3. Maiteko a pele a e beile dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2.2,[25] kgotsa magareng ga dingwaga di le dimilione di le 3.03 le 2.04.[28] == Ka fa "Little Foot" a neng a tshela ka teng == Ka 1995, go ne ga gatisiwa tlhaloso ya ntlha ya marapo a mane a dinao a a neng a ribololwa la ntlha. Bakwadi ba ne ba tlhalosa gore sekai seno sa Australopithecus se ne se tsamaya se eme sentle mme gape se ne se kgona go nna mo ditlhareng ka thuso ya go tshwara metsamao. Seno se ne se tla kgonega ka ntlha ya monwana o mogolo o o sa ntseng o ganetsa. Tsela e leoto le agilweng ka yone e farologana go sekae fela le ya chimpanzee. Clarke o ne a bona marapo a dinao a ribolotswe ka 1998 a a netefaditseng tshekatsheko eno ya ntlha. Tlhaloso ya gagwe, go ya ka metlhala ya dinao ya Laetoli e e itsegeng ya Australopithecus le thulaganyo ya marapo a dinao a a ribolotsweng kwa Silberberg Grotto, e bontsha go ikobela melao ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo. Mo tlhalosong ya gagwe ya 1999 ya marapo a masaledi a seatla, Clarke o ne a supa gore boleele jwa seatla mmogo le boleele jwa lerapo la monwana bo ne bo le bokhutshwane thata go feta jwa di-chimpanzee le di-gorilla.[29] Seatla seno se ne se tshwana le sa batho ba segompieno, se se neng se itsege e le se se sa kgethegang thata. Fa a bua ka diphitlhelelo tsa dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe, tse di neng di tshela ka nako ya Australopithecus mo Aforika, Clarke o ne a kopanela le pono ya ga Jordi Sabater yo ka 1997 a neng a nganga gore go robala fa fatshe bosigo go ne go le kotsi thata mo Australopithecus.[30] O ne a dumela gore go ne go lebega go ka direga thata gore Australopithecus e robale mo ditlhareng, e tshwana le di- chimpanzee le di- gorilla tse di tshelang gompieno tse di dirang dintlhaga tse di robalang. Ka ntlha ya diponagalo tsa masaledi, o ne a dumela gape gore go ka direga gore Australopithecus e ne e fetsa dikarolo tsa malatsi a yona e batla dijo mo ditlhareng.[31] Kwa bokhutlong jwa 2008, Clarke o ne a gatisa kagosešwa ya maemo a a neng a letla gore masaledi a nne a bolokilwe sentle ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang go farologana le marapo a mangwe a a fitlhetsweng mo logageng lo lo tshwanang, a go lebegang a ne a tlhatswitswe mo dipakeng tse ditelele mo lefelong la one la bofelo la polokelo. Fosili gape ga e bontshe tshenyo epe ka dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe ka jalo go ka tsewa gore masaledi a ne a sa sutisediwa kwa logageng ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe gore di fepiwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, marapo ka bongwe a a robega, a go ka diregang gore a ka bonwa morago ga tiro ya go epa matlapa mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga. Lesoba le ka bo le thibane ka dilo tse di jaaka matlapa, ka jalo ga go na metsi a a neng a ka tsenelela le go tlhatswa marapo a setopo se se setseng.[32] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a Australopithecus]] [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] kpbjg7q24w3mt92amlhqogvqerldd2i 55690 55687 2026-09-26T04:51:44Z KatieKea 10150 /* Go baa letlha */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. 55690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Litte Foot, Skull.JPG|thumb|Legata la Little Foot (StW 573)]] '''"Little Foot"''' (Stw 573) ke leina la theto le le fiwang lerapo la masalela a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' le le batlileng le felela le le fitlhetsweng ka 1994 mo thulaganyong ya logaga lwa [[Sterkfontein]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Geggel, Laura (11 December 2018). [https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html "'Miracle' Excavation of 'Little Foot' Skeleton Reveals Mysterious Human Relative"]. ''[[:en:Live_Science|Live Science]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035720/https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html Archived] from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref><ref name=":4">Medrano, Kastalia (6 December 2017). [http://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 "Africa: Newly Revealed 3.6 Million-Year-Old Skeleton of Young Girl Fuel Debate Over Where Humans Originated"]. ''[[:en:Newsweek_(magazine)|Newsweek]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160627/https://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 Archived] from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Lerapo le ne la bidiwa "Little Foot" ka 1995 fa marapo a mane a manyenyana mo kokoanyong ya motlobo a ne a lekane go netefatsa gore motho ka bongwe o kgonne go tsamaya a tlhamaletse. Morago ga moo masalela a lerapo a ne a bonwa mo logageng lo go neng go tserwe marapo a manyenyana mo go lone. Ka gonne marapo ano a ne a tsentswe gotlhelele mo lefikeng le le tshwanang le konkoreite, go a ntsha mo go neng go le thata thata e bile go lapisa go ne ga tsaya dingwaga di ka nna lesome le botlhano. Marapo a itshupile e le lerapo le le feletseng go gaisa la losika lwa ntlha lwa [[hominin]] lo lo neng lwa lebisa kwa [[Batho|bathong]], ka 90% ya mmele e e neng ya bonwa.<ref>Protsch von Zieten, R.; Clarke, R. J. (March 2003). "The oldest complete skeleton of an Australopithecus in Africa (StW 573)". ''Anthropologischer Anzeiger''. '''61''' (1): 7–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7|10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5548 0003-5548]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712769 12712769].</ref><ref>[[:en:Little_Foot#CITEREFS%C3%A1ez2019|Sáez 2019]], p.&#x20;33-34.</ref> Go tlhoma letlha la sekai go itshupile go ganetsana, ka diphopholetso tse di simololang ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 go ya go di le 3.67, mme go bewa ga yone mo taxonomic le gone go a ganetsanwa. == Thibololo == [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|thumb|Lefelo le masalela a Little Foot a neng a epiwa mo go lone]] Marapo a mane a manyenyana tsa sekai seno a ne a kokoanngwa ka 1980 mme a ne a sa lemogiwe mo marapong a mangwe a le mantsi a diamusi. Ke fela morago ga 1992, ka maiteko a ga [[Phillip Tobias]], go ne ga thunya lefika le legolo mo logageng le le neng le na le kokoanyo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng. Masalela a a bonweng a ne a tsewa mo logageng mme a sekasekwa ka kelotlhoko ke moithuta-batho ba bogologolo [[Ronald Clarke]].<ref>The description of the history of the find follows a description by [[:en:Donald_Johanson|Donald Johanson]] in the editorial to the ''Newsletter'' of the ''[[:en:Institute_of_Human_Origins|Institute of Human Origins]]'' of [[:en:Arizona_State_University|Arizona State University]] from May 2005 as well as in the description of the find by Clarke from 1998 in the ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]'', vol. 94, p. 460 f.</ref> Ka 1994 fa a ntse a batla mo mabokosong a motlobo a a kwadilweng ‘[[Cercopithecoids]]’ a a nang le dikarolwana tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Ronald Clarke o ne a supa di le mmalwa tse di neng di le tsa batho ka tsela e e sa belaetseng. O ne a bona marapo a le mane a leoto la molema ([[talus]], [[navicular]], [[cuneiform e e fa gare]], le [[metatarsal ya ntlha]]) a go ka diregang thata gore a ne a tswa mo mothong a le mongwe.<ref name=":1">Clarke, R.J. (1998). [https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_236 "First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of ''Australopithecus''"]. ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''94''' (10): 460–463. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_236|10520/AJA00382353_236]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353].</ref> Dikarolwana tseno di ne di tswa kwa Silberberg Grotto, legaga le legolo mo gare ga thulaganyo ya legaga la [[Sterkfontein]]. Di ne tsa tlhalosiwa e le tsa mofuta wa ''[[Australopithecus]]'', mme tsa kwalwa jaaka Stw 573.<ref name=":2">Clarke, Ronald J.; Tobias, Phillip V. (28 July 1995). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7624772 "Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid"]. ''Science''. '''269''' (5223): 521–524. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.7624772|10.1126/science.7624772]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624772 7624772].</ref> Ka ntlha ya go nna mannye ga marapo, a ne a bidiwa "Leoto le lennye". Clarke o ne a fitlhela marapo a mangwe a dinao go tswa mo mothong yono mo dikgetsaneng tse di farologaneng ka 1997, go akaretsa le karolwana e e kafa mojeng ya distal tibia e e neng e kgaotswe sentle mo lerapong lotlhe.<ref name=":2" /> Mo tshimologong ya 1997, baakanyetsi ba babedi ba masalela le bathusi ba ga Clarke, Stephen Motsumi le Nkwane Molefe, ba ne ba romelwa kwa Silberberg Grotto go leka go batla karolwana e e tshwanang ya tibia e sekao sa motlobo se neng se thubilwe go tswa mo go yone. Se se gakgamatsang ke gore, mo malatsing a le mabedi, ba ne ba fitlhela karolo e e setseng ya lerapo e tswa mo lefikeng le le mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya legaga.<ref>[https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html "Fossil Hominids: Little Foot (Stw 573)"]. ''TalkOrigins.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095003/https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ne go bonala fela marapo a maoto ka bobedi, ka gonne a ne a rulagantswe sentle ka popego, setlhopha se ne sa fopholetsa gore e ka tswa e le lerapo le le feletseng le le neng le tsentswe sefatlhego se lebile kwa tlase mo letlapeng la kalaka. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, Clarke le bathusi ba gagwe ba babedi ba thusiwa ke hamole le chisele e nnye ba ne ba bipolola marapo a mangwe a dinao. Stephen Motsumi o ne a ribolola masalela a ntlha a mmele o o kwa godimo, lerapo la letsogo le le kwa godimo ka Lwetse a le lesome le motso ka 1998, mme kgabagare tlhogo ya motho yono e ne ya bonwa le yone. E ne e le legata le le neng le golagantswe le motlhagare o o kwa tlase, o o neng o lebile kwa godimo. Tseno di ne tsa itsisiwe bobegadikgang ka 1998, mme tsa felela ka gore bobegadikgang bo di ele tlhoko thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name=":1" /> Ngwaga moragonyana, ka Phukwi le Phatwe 1999, go ne ga bonwa letsogo la molema mmogo le seatla sa molema se se tsamaelanang le lone mme bontlhabongwe jwa lone jwa bipololwa. Tseno di ne di rulagantswe gape ka tsela e e siameng go ya ka popego ya mmele. Tiro e e latelang e ribolotse lerapo le le batlang le feletse, go akaretsa dikarolo tsa letheka, dikgopo le lerapo la mokwatla, humerus e e feletseng le bontsi jwa marapo a maoto a a kwa tlase. Ka nako eo, go ne ga lemogwa gore go ka direga gore e felele thata go feta lerapo le le tumileng la ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'', "[[Lucy]]", go tswa kwa lefelong la [[Hadar]], kwa [[Ethiopia]]. Clarke o begile thibololo e dikgwedi di le thataro moragonyana mme a tlhalosa gore ditshekatsheko tsotlhe tse di fetileng di supile gore mmele wa masalela a ne o lebega o feletse mme go ka direga gore o ne o tshikhinngwa go se kae ke metsamao ya fa fatshe mme gape o ne o sa senngwa ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (1999). "Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old ''Australopithecus'' skeleton from Sterkfontein". ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''95''' (11): 477–480.</ref> Go tsere Clarke le setlhopha sa gagwe dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tse di tletseng go ntsha, go phepafatsa le go sekaseka sekai ka botlalo, tiro e e neng ya wediwa kwa bofelong ka 2017.<ref>McKenzie, David (6 December 2017). [https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html "Ancient human ancestor 'Little Foot' makes public debut"]. ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422231515/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> == Dipharologanyo == StW 573 (Little Foot) ke kgetse e e batlang e feletse ya sekai sa namane ya Australopithecus e namagadi, go akaretsa le legata, se se neelanang ka tshedimosetso e ntsi ka ga mofuta ono o o kileng wa bo o sa tlhaloganyesege o o thusang go tsweledisa pono ka ga tsone.<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Pickering, Travis Rayne; Heaton, Jason L.; Kuman, Kathleen (21 October 2021). [https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837 "The Earliest South African Hominids"]. ''Annual Review of Anthropology''. '''50''' (1): 125–143. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837|10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570 0084-6570]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239548027 239548027].</ref> Mo go ribololeng masalela, go ne go na le bosupi jwa tiriso ya meno fa e bontshang gore e tlhageletse. Ditshwano di ka gogelwa mo dikgetseng tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo Aforikaborwa, jaaka tsa ''Australopithecus afarensis.''<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Kuman, Kathleen (1 September 2019). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302380 "The skull of StW 573, a 3.67 Ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa"]. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''134''' 102634. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005|10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31446970 31446970]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201209318 201209318].</ref> Sekai ke se se namagadi, se se boleele jwa dimitara di le 1.2-1.3, se ditokololo tsa sone tse di kwa tlase di leng ditelele go feta ditokololo tsa yone tse di kwa godimo.<ref>Crompton, Robin Huw; McClymont, Juliet; Elton, Sarah; Thorpe, Susannah; Sellers, William; Heaton, Jason; Pickering, Travis Rayne; Pataky, Todd; Carlson, Kristian J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Beaudet, Amélie (2021). [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/519723 "StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus: Its Significance for an Australopith Bauplan"]. ''Folia Primatologica''. '''92''' (5–6): 243–275. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1159/000519723|10.1159/000519723]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-5713 0015-5713]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583353 34583353]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238217186 238217186]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220220132435/https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/519723 Archived] from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved Lwetse a le malatsi a masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Mahepapoo a yone ke a segompieno mmea kgona go fetisa maatla a magolo go tswa mo maotong a yone, mme diatla tsa yone di dikgolo thata. Mmele wa gagwe o akantsha gore o ne a tsamaya ka dinao tse pedi mme, ka nako e e tshwanang, o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go palama ditlhare. Diponagalo tsa popego ya masalela a StW 573 ke boleele jo bo feletseng jwa maoto jo bo supang gore StW 573 e ne e eme ka bogodimo jwa dikgato di le nne le gore e ne e bontsha mefuta ya go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ka ntlha ya boleele jwa maoto a yone.<ref name=":3">Polakovic, Gary (20 April 2021). [https://news.usc.edu/little-foot-fossil-analysis-human-ape-evolution-usc-research/ "Analysis of famous fossil helps unlock when humans and apes diverged"]. ''USC News''. Los Angeles, California. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930063601/https://news.usc.edu/little-foot-fossil-analysis-human-ape-evolution-usc-research/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Le fa, StW 573 gape e supa ka tsela e e bonalang diponagalo tse dintsi tse ditshwene tse dingwe di nang le tsone jaaka go koba ga sebopego sa S mo lerapo la yone la molaleng mmogo le bara ya mpa.<ref name=":3" /> Dikarolwana tse dingwe tsa masalela jaaka lebanta la sehuba le tlhogo e e kwa godimo ya magetla a StW 573 di supa gore e ne e na le mmele o o nonofileng o o kwa godimo go tshegetsa bokete jwa yone fa e ne e lepelela mo dikaleng le go palama ditlhare.<ref name=":3" /> Ka kakaretso setlhopha seno se supa diponagalo tse di fitlhelwang mo bathong le mo diphologolong tse dingwe ka gonne se supa matshwao a go tsamaya se tlhamaletse, go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ga ntlha, le go tsamaya mo ditlhareng.<ref>Carlson, Kristian J.; Green, David J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Pickering, Travis R.; Heaton, Jason L.; Beaudet, Amélie; Stratford, Dominic; Crompton, Robin; Kuman, Kathleen; Bruxelles, Laurent; Clarke, Ronald J. (1 September 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724842100035X "The pectoral girdle of StW 573 ('Little Foot') and its implications for shoulder evolution in the Hominina"]. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''158''' 102983. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983|10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888323 33888323]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424072936/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724842100035X Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> == Tlhaloso == Kwa ntlheng, thibololo (polokelo No. STW 573) e ne e sa abelwe mofuta ope o o rileng wa mofuta wa ''Australopithecus''. Mo tlhalosong ya ntlha ka Phukwi 1995 go ne ga twe, "Marapo a ka tswa e le tokololo ya ntlha ya ''Australopithecus africanus'' kgotsa mofuta o mongwe wa ntlha wa ditshedi tsa batho". Morago ga 1998, fa karolo ya legata e ne e bonwa le go ribololwa, Clarke o ne a supa jaanong gore masalela a ka tswa a ne a amana le mofuta wa ''Australopithecus'', fela o ‘diponagalo tsa one tse di sa tlwaelesegang’ di sa tshwaneng le mofuta ope wa ''Australopithecus'' o o tlhalositsweng pele.<ref>{{harvnb|Clarke|1998|p=462}}: "I prefer to reserve judgement on the fossil's exact taxonomic affinities, although it does appear to be a fonn of ''Australopithecus''."</ref> Clarke jaanong o akanyetsa gore Little Foot ga se la mofuta wa ''Australopithecus afarensis'' kgotsa ''Australopithecus africanus'', mme ke la mofuta o o kgethegileng wa ''Australopithecus'' o o neng o fitlhelwa pele kwa Makapansgat le Leloko la Bone la Sterkfontein, ''Australopithecus prometheus''.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (2008). ''[https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v104n11-12/a1510412.pdf "Latest information on Sterkfontein's Australopithecus skeleton and a new look at Australopithecus"]'' (PDF). ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. 104 (11–12): 443–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1590/S0038-23532008000600015|10.1590/S0038-23532008000600015]]. [[:en:EISSN_(identifier)|eISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-7489 1996-7489]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96745|10520/EJC96745]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091954/https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v104n11-12/a1510412.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026. See also [https://witness.co.za/archive/2009/03/20/who-was-little-foot-20150430/ "Who was Little Foot?"] [[:en:The_Witness_(newspaper)|The Witness]], 20 March 2009.</ref><ref>Bower, Bruce (10 August 2013). [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/notorious-bones "Notorious Bones"]. ''[[:en:ScienceNews|ScienceNews]]''. Vol.&#x20;184, no.&#x20;3. p.&#x20;26. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8423 0036-8423]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094848/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/notorious-bones Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, Martin le ba bangwe. (2025) ba akantse gore Little Foot ga se ya ''Australopithecus prometheus'', le gore ''A. prometheus'' e emela lekaelagongwe le lennye la ''Australopithecus africanus''.<ref>Martin, J. M.; Morris-Obst, L.; Leece, A. B.; Baker, S.; Herries, A. I. R.; Strait, D. S. (2025). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12663899 "The StW 573 Little Foot Fossil Should Not Be Attributed to ''Australopithecus prometheus''"]. ''American Journal of Biological Anthropology''. '''188''' (4) e70177. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajpa.70177|10.1002/ajpa.70177]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12663899 12663899]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41316916 41316916].</ref> Morago ga go ribololwa ga ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'' e e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike tse pedi, e e neng e ribolotswe dikilometara di le lesome le botlhano fela go tswa kwa Sterkfontein mo logageng lwa bokone lwa Malapa ka 2008,<ref>{{harvnb|Clarke|2008|p=443}}</ref> go ne ga tsewa gore mogologolwane wa ''Australopithecus'' e ka nna ''sediba''. Jaaka ka thibololo nngwe le nngwe e ntšha, ka metlha go nna le ngangisano fa gare ga di-lumper le di-splitter.<ref>White, Tim (28 March 2003). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1078294 "Early Hominids--Diversity or Distortion?"]. ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''299''' (5615): 1994–1997. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1078294|10.1126/science.1078294]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 6.jpg|thumb|Marapo a leoto a Little Foot]] == Go baa letlha == Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dikarolo tsa lekgwamolelo mo lefelong leno, go ne go le thata go tlhoma matlha. Letlha le le fopholediwang le ne la gatisiwa ka 1995, le le neng le ikaegile ka letlha le le amanang la ditshwene tsa lefatshe la bogologolo le diphologolo dingwe tse di jang nama.<ref>Balter, Michael (9 September 2011). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.333.6048.1374 "Little Foot, Big Mystery]". ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''333''' (6048): 1374. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.333.6048.1374|10.1126/science.333.6048.1374]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075].</ref> Matlha a ne a simolola ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le tharo–tharo le sephatlo, mme e ne e le ka ntlha ya seno gore masalela a ne a tlhalosiwa jaaka moemedi wa bogologolo go gaisa yo o itsegeng wa di-hominid mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>McKee, Jeffrey K. (March 1996). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.271.5253.1301-a "Faunal Evidence and Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of Early Hominid"]. ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''271''' (5253): 1301. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.271.5253.1301-a|10.1126/science.271.5253.1301-a]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8638116 8638116]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091746/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.271.5253.1301-a Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Letlha leno le ne la kgalwa thata ka 1996 mme go ne go akanngwa gore le ne la kwalwa go sa le gale thata. Tshekatsheko ya bobedi e ne ya baya letlha leno mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le pedi le sephatlo mme le ne la amogelwa ke batho botlhe. Thutopatlisiso e nngwe ka ga Little Foot e ne ya fitlhelela tshwetso e e tshwanang ka 2002, e boeletsa dingwaga tsa yone ka "e e kwa tlase ga didikadike di le tharo".<ref>Berger, Lee R.; Lacruz, Rodrigo; De Ruiter, Darryl J. (December 2002). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.10156 "Revised age estimates of ''Australopithecus''-bearing deposits at Sterkfontein, South Africa"]. ''[[:en:American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology|American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]''. '''119''' (2): 192–197. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajpa.10156|10.1002/ajpa.10156]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483 0002-9483]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12237940 12237940].</ref> Go bewa ga letlha mo go ngangisanwang mo masaleleng ano go bakilwe thata ke dingwaga tsa go bopega ga matlapa a a neng a dikologile lerapo la lone le le masalela. Lebaka la go tlhoma dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 le bakwa thata ke dingwaga tsa [[matlapa a a elelang]] a a neng a dikologile lerapo. Matlapa ano a a elelang a ne a tlatsa diphatlha go tswa mo kgogolegong ya bogologolo le go phutlhama mme a bopega dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le 2.2 tse di fetileng, le fa go ntse jalo go akanngwa gore lerapo leno le le letona.<ref name=":5">[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140314111525.htm "Little Foot is oldest complete ''Australopithecus'', new stratigraphic research shows"]. ''[[:en:ScienceDaily|ScienceDaily]]''. [[:en:University_of_Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]]. 14 March 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191103114625/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140314111525.htm Archived] from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref><ref>Balter, Michael (14 March 2014). [https://www.science.org/content/article/little-foot-fossil-could-be-human-ancestor "'Little Foot' Fossil Could Be Human Ancestor"]. ''[[:en:Science.org|Science.org]]''.</ref> Sekao sa Little Foot se se dirilweng ka 2015 se fopholetsa gore se na le dingwaga di le didikadike di le 3.67 ka go dirisa mokgwa o mosha wa radioisotopic.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Gardner, Elizabeth K. (1 April 2015). [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150401133228.htm "New instrument dates old skeleton before 'Lucy'; 'Little Foot' 3.67 million years old"]. ''[[:en:ScienceDaily|ScienceDaily]]''. [[:en:Purdue_University|Purdue University]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190727081754/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150401133228.htm Archived] from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Maduo a 2014 a fopholeditse gore sekai seno se na le dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le 3.3. Maiteko a pele a e beile dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2,<ref name=":5" /> kgotsa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 3.03 le 2.04.<ref>Herries, Andy I.R.; Shaw, John (May 2011). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248410001727 "Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries"]. ''[[:en:Journal_of_Human_Evolution|Journal of Human Evolution]]''. '''60''' (5): 523–539. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001|10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21392817 21392817].</ref> == Ka fa "Little Foot" a neng a tshela ka teng == Ka 1995, go ne ga gatisiwa tlhaloso ya ntlha ya marapo a mane a dinao a a neng a ribololwa la ntlha. Bakwadi ba ne ba tlhalosa gore sekai seno sa Australopithecus se ne se tsamaya se eme sentle mme gape se ne se kgona go nna mo ditlhareng ka thuso ya go tshwara metsamao. Seno se ne se tla kgonega ka ntlha ya monwana o mogolo o o sa ntseng o ganetsa. Tsela e leoto le agilweng ka yone e farologana go sekae fela le ya chimpanzee. Clarke o ne a bona marapo a dinao a ribolotswe ka 1998 a a netefaditseng tshekatsheko eno ya ntlha. Tlhaloso ya gagwe, go ya ka metlhala ya dinao ya Laetoli e e itsegeng ya Australopithecus le thulaganyo ya marapo a dinao a a ribolotsweng kwa Silberberg Grotto, e bontsha go ikobela melao ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo. Mo tlhalosong ya gagwe ya 1999 ya marapo a masaledi a seatla, Clarke o ne a supa gore boleele jwa seatla mmogo le boleele jwa lerapo la monwana bo ne bo le bokhutshwane thata go feta jwa di-chimpanzee le di-gorilla.[29] Seatla seno se ne se tshwana le sa batho ba segompieno, se se neng se itsege e le se se sa kgethegang thata. Fa a bua ka diphitlhelelo tsa dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe, tse di neng di tshela ka nako ya Australopithecus mo Aforika, Clarke o ne a kopanela le pono ya ga Jordi Sabater yo ka 1997 a neng a nganga gore go robala fa fatshe bosigo go ne go le kotsi thata mo Australopithecus.[30] O ne a dumela gore go ne go lebega go ka direga thata gore Australopithecus e robale mo ditlhareng, e tshwana le di- chimpanzee le di- gorilla tse di tshelang gompieno tse di dirang dintlhaga tse di robalang. Ka ntlha ya diponagalo tsa masaledi, o ne a dumela gape gore go ka direga gore Australopithecus e ne e fetsa dikarolo tsa malatsi a yona e batla dijo mo ditlhareng.[31] Kwa bokhutlong jwa 2008, Clarke o ne a gatisa kagosešwa ya maemo a a neng a letla gore masaledi a nne a bolokilwe sentle ka tsela e e sa tlwaelegang go farologana le marapo a mangwe a a fitlhetsweng mo logageng lo lo tshwanang, a go lebegang a ne a tlhatswitswe mo dipakeng tse ditelele mo lefelong la one la bofelo la polokelo. Fosili gape ga e bontshe tshenyo epe ka dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe ka jalo go ka tsewa gore masaledi a ne a sa sutisediwa kwa logageng ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe gore di fepiwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, marapo ka bongwe a a robega, a go ka diregang gore a ka bonwa morago ga tiro ya go epa matlapa mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga. Lesoba le ka bo le thibane ka dilo tse di jaaka matlapa, ka jalo ga go na metsi a a neng a ka tsenelela le go tlhatswa marapo a setopo se se setseng.[32] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a Australopithecus]] [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] ewgscohqqfu6axm2i4durjcm5nglpu6 55691 55690 2026-09-26T05:04:47Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ka fa "Little Foot" a neng a tshela ka teng */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 55691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Litte Foot, Skull.JPG|thumb|Legata la Little Foot (StW 573)]] '''"Little Foot"''' (Stw 573) ke leina la theto le le fiwang lerapo la masalela a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' le le batlileng le felela le le fitlhetsweng ka 1994 mo thulaganyong ya logaga lwa [[Sterkfontein]], [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>Geggel, Laura (11 December 2018). [https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html "'Miracle' Excavation of 'Little Foot' Skeleton Reveals Mysterious Human Relative"]. ''[[:en:Live_Science|Live Science]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425035720/https://www.livescience.com/64275-little-foot-hominin-excavated.html Archived] from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref><ref name=":4">Medrano, Kastalia (6 December 2017). [http://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 "Africa: Newly Revealed 3.6 Million-Year-Old Skeleton of Young Girl Fuel Debate Over Where Humans Originated"]. ''[[:en:Newsweek_(magazine)|Newsweek]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160627/https://www.newsweek.com/hominid-little-foot-million-year-old-skeleton-human-ancestor-southern-africa-739854 Archived] from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Lerapo le ne la bidiwa "Little Foot" ka 1995 fa marapo a mane a manyenyana mo kokoanyong ya motlobo a ne a lekane go netefatsa gore motho ka bongwe o kgonne go tsamaya a tlhamaletse. Morago ga moo masalela a lerapo a ne a bonwa mo logageng lo go neng go tserwe marapo a manyenyana mo go lone. Ka gonne marapo ano a ne a tsentswe gotlhelele mo lefikeng le le tshwanang le konkoreite, go a ntsha mo go neng go le thata thata e bile go lapisa go ne ga tsaya dingwaga di ka nna lesome le botlhano. Marapo a itshupile e le lerapo le le feletseng go gaisa la losika lwa ntlha lwa [[hominin]] lo lo neng lwa lebisa kwa [[Batho|bathong]], ka 90% ya mmele e e neng ya bonwa.<ref>Protsch von Zieten, R.; Clarke, R. J. (March 2003). "The oldest complete skeleton of an Australopithecus in Africa (StW 573)". ''Anthropologischer Anzeiger''. '''61''' (1): 7–17. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7|10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/7]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-5548 0003-5548]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712769 12712769].</ref><ref>[[:en:Little_Foot#CITEREFS%C3%A1ez2019|Sáez 2019]], p.&#x20;33-34.</ref> Go tlhoma letlha la sekai go itshupile go ganetsana, ka diphopholetso tse di simololang ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 go ya go di le 3.67, mme go bewa ga yone mo taxonomic le gone go a ganetsanwa. == Thibololo == [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 19.jpg|thumb|Lefelo le masalela a Little Foot a neng a epiwa mo go lone]] Marapo a mane a manyenyana tsa sekai seno a ne a kokoanngwa ka 1980 mme a ne a sa lemogiwe mo marapong a mangwe a le mantsi a diamusi. Ke fela morago ga 1992, ka maiteko a ga [[Phillip Tobias]], go ne ga thunya lefika le legolo mo logageng le le neng le na le kokoanyo e e sa tlwaelesegang ya masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng. Masalela a a bonweng a ne a tsewa mo logageng mme a sekasekwa ka kelotlhoko ke moithuta-batho ba bogologolo [[Ronald Clarke]].<ref>The description of the history of the find follows a description by [[:en:Donald_Johanson|Donald Johanson]] in the editorial to the ''Newsletter'' of the ''[[:en:Institute_of_Human_Origins|Institute of Human Origins]]'' of [[:en:Arizona_State_University|Arizona State University]] from May 2005 as well as in the description of the find by Clarke from 1998 in the ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]'', vol. 94, p. 460 f.</ref> Ka 1994 fa a ntse a batla mo mabokosong a motlobo a a kwadilweng ‘[[Cercopithecoids]]’ a a nang le dikarolwana tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Ronald Clarke o ne a supa di le mmalwa tse di neng di le tsa batho ka tsela e e sa belaetseng. O ne a bona marapo a le mane a leoto la molema ([[talus]], [[navicular]], [[cuneiform e e fa gare]], le [[metatarsal ya ntlha]]) a go ka diregang thata gore a ne a tswa mo mothong a le mongwe.<ref name=":1">Clarke, R.J. (1998). [https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_236 "First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of ''Australopithecus''"]. ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''94''' (10): 460–463. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00382353_236|10520/AJA00382353_236]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353].</ref> Dikarolwana tseno di ne di tswa kwa Silberberg Grotto, legaga le legolo mo gare ga thulaganyo ya legaga la [[Sterkfontein]]. Di ne tsa tlhalosiwa e le tsa mofuta wa ''[[Australopithecus]]'', mme tsa kwalwa jaaka Stw 573.<ref name=":2">Clarke, Ronald J.; Tobias, Phillip V. (28 July 1995). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7624772 "Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid"]. ''Science''. '''269''' (5223): 521–524. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.7624772|10.1126/science.7624772]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624772 7624772].</ref> Ka ntlha ya go nna mannye ga marapo, a ne a bidiwa "Leoto le lennye". Clarke o ne a fitlhela marapo a mangwe a dinao go tswa mo mothong yono mo dikgetsaneng tse di farologaneng ka 1997, go akaretsa le karolwana e e kafa mojeng ya distal tibia e e neng e kgaotswe sentle mo lerapong lotlhe.<ref name=":2" /> Mo tshimologong ya 1997, baakanyetsi ba babedi ba masalela le bathusi ba ga Clarke, Stephen Motsumi le Nkwane Molefe, ba ne ba romelwa kwa Silberberg Grotto go leka go batla karolwana e e tshwanang ya tibia e sekao sa motlobo se neng se thubilwe go tswa mo go yone. Se se gakgamatsang ke gore, mo malatsing a le mabedi, ba ne ba fitlhela karolo e e setseng ya lerapo e tswa mo lefikeng le le mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya legaga.<ref>[https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html "Fossil Hominids: Little Foot (Stw 573)"]. ''TalkOrigins.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007095003/https://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/littlefoot.html Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ne go bonala fela marapo a maoto ka bobedi, ka gonne a ne a rulagantswe sentle ka popego, setlhopha se ne sa fopholetsa gore e ka tswa e le lerapo le le feletseng le le neng le tsentswe sefatlhego se lebile kwa tlase mo letlapeng la kalaka. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, Clarke le bathusi ba gagwe ba babedi ba thusiwa ke hamole le chisele e nnye ba ne ba bipolola marapo a mangwe a dinao. Stephen Motsumi o ne a ribolola masalela a ntlha a mmele o o kwa godimo, lerapo la letsogo le le kwa godimo ka Lwetse a le lesome le motso ka 1998, mme kgabagare tlhogo ya motho yono e ne ya bonwa le yone. E ne e le legata le le neng le golagantswe le motlhagare o o kwa tlase, o o neng o lebile kwa godimo. Tseno di ne tsa itsisiwe bobegadikgang ka 1998, mme tsa felela ka gore bobegadikgang bo di ele tlhoko thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name=":1" /> Ngwaga moragonyana, ka Phukwi le Phatwe 1999, go ne ga bonwa letsogo la molema mmogo le seatla sa molema se se tsamaelanang le lone mme bontlhabongwe jwa lone jwa bipololwa. Tseno di ne di rulagantswe gape ka tsela e e siameng go ya ka popego ya mmele. Tiro e e latelang e ribolotse lerapo le le batlang le feletse, go akaretsa dikarolo tsa letheka, dikgopo le lerapo la mokwatla, humerus e e feletseng le bontsi jwa marapo a maoto a a kwa tlase. Ka nako eo, go ne ga lemogwa gore go ka direga gore e felele thata go feta lerapo le le tumileng la ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'', "[[Lucy]]", go tswa kwa lefelong la [[Hadar]], kwa [[Ethiopia]]. Clarke o begile thibololo e dikgwedi di le thataro moragonyana mme a tlhalosa gore ditshekatsheko tsotlhe tse di fetileng di supile gore mmele wa masalela a ne o lebega o feletse mme go ka direga gore o ne o tshikhinngwa go se kae ke metsamao ya fa fatshe mme gape o ne o sa senngwa ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (1999). "Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old ''Australopithecus'' skeleton from Sterkfontein". ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. '''95''' (11): 477–480.</ref> Go tsere Clarke le setlhopha sa gagwe dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tse di tletseng go ntsha, go phepafatsa le go sekaseka sekai ka botlalo, tiro e e neng ya wediwa kwa bofelong ka 2017.<ref>McKenzie, David (6 December 2017). [https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html "Ancient human ancestor 'Little Foot' makes public debut"]. ''[[:en:CNN|CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422231515/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/06/africa/human-ancestor-little-foot-unveiled-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le botlhano, 2026.</ref> == Dipharologanyo == StW 573 (Little Foot) ke kgetse e e batlang e feletse ya sekai sa namane ya Australopithecus e namagadi, go akaretsa le legata, se se neelanang ka tshedimosetso e ntsi ka ga mofuta ono o o kileng wa bo o sa tlhaloganyesege o o thusang go tsweledisa pono ka ga tsone.<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Pickering, Travis Rayne; Heaton, Jason L.; Kuman, Kathleen (21 October 2021). [https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837 "The Earliest South African Hominids"]. ''Annual Review of Anthropology''. '''50''' (1): 125–143. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837|10.1146/annurev-anthro-091619-124837]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570 0084-6570]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239548027 239548027].</ref> Mo go ribololeng masalela, go ne go na le bosupi jwa tiriso ya meno fa e bontshang gore e tlhageletse. Ditshwano di ka gogelwa mo dikgetseng tse dingwe tse di fitlhelwang mo Aforikaborwa, jaaka tsa ''Australopithecus afarensis.''<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Kuman, Kathleen (1 September 2019). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248418302380 "The skull of StW 573, a 3.67 Ma Australopithecus prometheus skeleton from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa"]. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''134''' 102634. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005|10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.06.005]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31446970 31446970]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201209318 201209318].</ref> Sekai ke se se namagadi, se se boleele jwa dimitara di le 1.2-1.3, se ditokololo tsa sone tse di kwa tlase di leng ditelele go feta ditokololo tsa yone tse di kwa godimo.<ref>Crompton, Robin Huw; McClymont, Juliet; Elton, Sarah; Thorpe, Susannah; Sellers, William; Heaton, Jason; Pickering, Travis Rayne; Pataky, Todd; Carlson, Kristian J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Beaudet, Amélie (2021). [https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/519723 "StW 573 Australopithecus prometheus: Its Significance for an Australopith Bauplan"]. ''Folia Primatologica''. '''92''' (5–6): 243–275. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1159/000519723|10.1159/000519723]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-5713 0015-5713]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583353 34583353]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238217186 238217186]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220220132435/https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/519723 Archived] from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved Lwetse a le malatsi a masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Mahepapoo a yone ke a segompieno mmea kgona go fetisa maatla a magolo go tswa mo maotong a yone, mme diatla tsa yone di dikgolo thata. Mmele wa gagwe o akantsha gore o ne a tsamaya ka dinao tse pedi mme, ka nako e e tshwanang, o ne a na le bokgoni jo bogolo jwa go palama ditlhare. Diponagalo tsa popego ya masalela a StW 573 ke boleele jo bo feletseng jwa maoto jo bo supang gore StW 573 e ne e eme ka bogodimo jwa dikgato di le nne le gore e ne e bontsha mefuta ya go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ka ntlha ya boleele jwa maoto a yone.<ref name=":3">Polakovic, Gary (20 April 2021). [https://news.usc.edu/little-foot-fossil-analysis-human-ape-evolution-usc-research/ "Analysis of famous fossil helps unlock when humans and apes diverged"]. ''USC News''. Los Angeles, California. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930063601/https://news.usc.edu/little-foot-fossil-analysis-human-ape-evolution-usc-research/ Archived] from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Le fa, StW 573 gape e supa ka tsela e e bonalang diponagalo tse dintsi tse ditshwene tse dingwe di nang le tsone jaaka go koba ga sebopego sa S mo lerapo la yone la molaleng mmogo le bara ya mpa.<ref name=":3" /> Dikarolwana tse dingwe tsa masalela jaaka lebanta la sehuba le tlhogo e e kwa godimo ya magetla a StW 573 di supa gore e ne e na le mmele o o nonofileng o o kwa godimo go tshegetsa bokete jwa yone fa e ne e lepelela mo dikaleng le go palama ditlhare.<ref name=":3" /> Ka kakaretso setlhopha seno se supa diponagalo tse di fitlhelwang mo bathong le mo diphologolong tse dingwe ka gonne se supa matshwao a go tsamaya se tlhamaletse, go tsamaya ka maoto a mabedi ga ntlha, le go tsamaya mo ditlhareng.<ref>Carlson, Kristian J.; Green, David J.; Jashashvili, Tea; Pickering, Travis R.; Heaton, Jason L.; Beaudet, Amélie; Stratford, Dominic; Crompton, Robin; Kuman, Kathleen; Bruxelles, Laurent; Clarke, Ronald J. (1 September 2021). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724842100035X "The pectoral girdle of StW 573 ('Little Foot') and its implications for shoulder evolution in the Hominina"]. ''Journal of Human Evolution''. '''158''' 102983. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983|10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2484 0047-2484]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888323 33888323]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210424072936/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004724842100035X Archived] from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> == Tlhaloso == Kwa ntlheng, thibololo (polokelo No. STW 573) e ne e sa abelwe mofuta ope o o rileng wa mofuta wa ''Australopithecus''. Mo tlhalosong ya ntlha ka Phukwi 1995 go ne ga twe, "Marapo a ka tswa e le tokololo ya ntlha ya ''Australopithecus africanus'' kgotsa mofuta o mongwe wa ntlha wa ditshedi tsa batho". Morago ga 1998, fa karolo ya legata e ne e bonwa le go ribololwa, Clarke o ne a supa jaanong gore masalela a ka tswa a ne a amana le mofuta wa ''Australopithecus'', fela o ‘diponagalo tsa one tse di sa tlwaelesegang’ di sa tshwaneng le mofuta ope wa ''Australopithecus'' o o tlhalositsweng pele.<ref>{{harvnb|Clarke|1998|p=462}}: "I prefer to reserve judgement on the fossil's exact taxonomic affinities, although it does appear to be a fonn of ''Australopithecus''."</ref> Clarke jaanong o akanyetsa gore Little Foot ga se la mofuta wa ''Australopithecus afarensis'' kgotsa ''Australopithecus africanus'', mme ke la mofuta o o kgethegileng wa ''Australopithecus'' o o neng o fitlhelwa pele kwa Makapansgat le Leloko la Bone la Sterkfontein, ''Australopithecus prometheus''.<ref>Clarke, R.J. (2008). ''[https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v104n11-12/a1510412.pdf "Latest information on Sterkfontein's Australopithecus skeleton and a new look at Australopithecus"]'' (PDF). ''[[:en:South_African_Journal_of_Science|South African Journal of Science]]''. 104 (11–12): 443–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1590/S0038-23532008000600015|10.1590/S0038-23532008000600015]]. [[:en:EISSN_(identifier)|eISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-7489 1996-7489]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/EJC96745|10520/EJC96745]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-2353 0038-2353]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091954/https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/sajs/v104n11-12/a1510412.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026. See also [https://witness.co.za/archive/2009/03/20/who-was-little-foot-20150430/ "Who was Little Foot?"] [[:en:The_Witness_(newspaper)|The Witness]], 20 March 2009.</ref><ref>Bower, Bruce (10 August 2013). [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/notorious-bones "Notorious Bones"]. ''[[:en:ScienceNews|ScienceNews]]''. Vol.&#x20;184, no.&#x20;3. p.&#x20;26. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8423 0036-8423]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007094848/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/notorious-bones Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, Martin le ba bangwe. (2025) ba akantse gore Little Foot ga se ya ''Australopithecus prometheus'', le gore ''A. prometheus'' e emela lekaelagongwe le lennye la ''Australopithecus africanus''.<ref>Martin, J. M.; Morris-Obst, L.; Leece, A. B.; Baker, S.; Herries, A. I. R.; Strait, D. S. (2025). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12663899 "The StW 573 Little Foot Fossil Should Not Be Attributed to ''Australopithecus prometheus''"]. ''American Journal of Biological Anthropology''. '''188''' (4) e70177. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajpa.70177|10.1002/ajpa.70177]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12663899 12663899]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41316916 41316916].</ref> Morago ga go ribololwa ga ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'' e e ka nnang dingwaga di le didikadike tse pedi, e e neng e ribolotswe dikilometara di le lesome le botlhano fela go tswa kwa Sterkfontein mo logageng lwa bokone lwa Malapa ka 2008,<ref>{{harvnb|Clarke|2008|p=443}}</ref> go ne ga tsewa gore mogologolwane wa ''Australopithecus'' e ka nna ''sediba''. Jaaka ka thibololo nngwe le nngwe e ntšha, ka metlha go nna le ngangisano fa gare ga di-lumper le di-splitter.<ref>White, Tim (28 March 2003). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1078294 "Early Hominids--Diversity or Distortion?"]. ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''299''' (5615): 1994–1997. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1078294|10.1126/science.1078294]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Sterkfontein Caves 6.jpg|thumb|Marapo a leoto a Little Foot]] == Go baa letlha == Ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dikarolo tsa lekgwamolelo mo lefelong leno, go ne go le thata go tlhoma matlha. Letlha le le fopholediwang le ne la gatisiwa ka 1995, le le neng le ikaegile ka letlha le le amanang la ditshwene tsa lefatshe la bogologolo le diphologolo dingwe tse di jang nama.<ref>Balter, Michael (9 September 2011). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.333.6048.1374 "Little Foot, Big Mystery]". ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''333''' (6048): 1374. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.333.6048.1374|10.1126/science.333.6048.1374]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075].</ref> Matlha a ne a simolola ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le tharo–tharo le sephatlo, mme e ne e le ka ntlha ya seno gore masalela a ne a tlhalosiwa jaaka moemedi wa bogologolo go gaisa yo o itsegeng wa di-hominid mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>McKee, Jeffrey K. (March 1996). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.271.5253.1301-a "Faunal Evidence and Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of Early Hominid"]. ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''271''' (5253): 1301. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.271.5253.1301-a|10.1126/science.271.5253.1301-a]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8638116 8638116]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091746/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.271.5253.1301-a Archived] from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Letlha leno le ne la kgalwa thata ka 1996 mme go ne go akanngwa gore le ne la kwalwa go sa le gale thata. Tshekatsheko ya bobedi e ne ya baya letlha leno mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le pedi le sephatlo mme le ne la amogelwa ke batho botlhe. Thutopatlisiso e nngwe ka ga Little Foot e ne ya fitlhelela tshwetso e e tshwanang ka 2002, e boeletsa dingwaga tsa yone ka "e e kwa tlase ga didikadike di le tharo".<ref>Berger, Lee R.; Lacruz, Rodrigo; De Ruiter, Darryl J. (December 2002). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.10156 "Revised age estimates of ''Australopithecus''-bearing deposits at Sterkfontein, South Africa"]. ''[[:en:American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology|American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]''. '''119''' (2): 192–197. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajpa.10156|10.1002/ajpa.10156]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483 0002-9483]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12237940 12237940].</ref> Go bewa ga letlha mo go ngangisanwang mo masaleleng ano go bakilwe thata ke dingwaga tsa go bopega ga matlapa a a neng a dikologile lerapo la lone le le masalela. Lebaka la go tlhoma dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2 le bakwa thata ke dingwaga tsa [[matlapa a a elelang]] a a neng a dikologile lerapo. Matlapa ano a a elelang a ne a tlatsa diphatlha go tswa mo kgogolegong ya bogologolo le go phutlhama mme a bopega dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le 2.2 tse di fetileng, le fa go ntse jalo go akanngwa gore lerapo leno le le letona.<ref name=":5">[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140314111525.htm "Little Foot is oldest complete ''Australopithecus'', new stratigraphic research shows"]. ''[[:en:ScienceDaily|ScienceDaily]]''. [[:en:University_of_Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]]. 14 March 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191103114625/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140314111525.htm Archived] from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref><ref>Balter, Michael (14 March 2014). [https://www.science.org/content/article/little-foot-fossil-could-be-human-ancestor "'Little Foot' Fossil Could Be Human Ancestor"]. ''[[:en:Science.org|Science.org]]''.</ref> Sekao sa Little Foot se se dirilweng ka 2015 se fopholetsa gore se na le dingwaga di le didikadike di le 3.67 ka go dirisa mokgwa o mosha wa radioisotopic.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Gardner, Elizabeth K. (1 April 2015). [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150401133228.htm "New instrument dates old skeleton before 'Lucy'; 'Little Foot' 3.67 million years old"]. ''[[:en:ScienceDaily|ScienceDaily]]''. [[:en:Purdue_University|Purdue University]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190727081754/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150401133228.htm Archived] from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> Maduo a 2014 a fopholeditse gore sekai seno se na le dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le 3.3. Maiteko a pele a e beile dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.2,<ref name=":5" /> kgotsa magareng ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 3.03 le 2.04.<ref>Herries, Andy I.R.; Shaw, John (May 2011). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248410001727 "Palaeomagnetic analysis of the Sterkfontein palaeocave deposits: Implications for the age of the hominin fossils and stone tool industries"]. ''[[:en:Journal_of_Human_Evolution|Journal of Human Evolution]]''. '''60''' (5): 523–539. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001|10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.09.001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21392817 21392817].</ref> == Ka fa "Little Foot" a neng a tshela ka teng == Ka 1995, go ne ga gatisiwa tlhaloso ya ntlha ya marapo a mane a dinao a a neng a ribololwa la ntlha. Bakwadi ba ne ba tlhalosa gore sekai seno sa ''Australopithecus'' se ne se tsamaya se eme sentle mme gape se ne se kgona go nna mo ditlhareng ka thuso ya go kgona go tshwara. Seno se ne se tla kgonega ka ntlha ya monwana o mogolo o o sa ntseng o ganetsa. Tsela e leoto le agilweng ka yone e farologana go sekae fela le ya chimpanzee. Clarke o ne a bona marapo a dinao a a ribolotsweng ka 1998 a a netefaditseng tshekatsheko eno ya ntlha. Tlhaloso ya gagwe, go ya ka metlhala ya dinao ya Laetoli e e itsegeng ya ''Australopithecus'' le thulaganyo ya marapo a dinao a a ribolotsweng kwa Silberberg Grotto, e bontsha go ikobela melao ka selekanyo se se kwa godimo. Mo tlhalosong ya gagwe ya 1999 ya marapo a masalela a seatla, Clarke o ne a supa gore boleele jwa seatla mmogo le boleele jwa lerapo la monwana bo ne bo le bokhutshwane thata go feta jwa di-[[chimpanzee]] le di-[[gorilla]].<ref>Clarke, Ronald J.; Tobias, Phillip V. (28 July 1995). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7624772 "Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid"]. ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''269''' (5223): 521–524. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.7624772|10.1126/science.7624772]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075 0036-8075]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624772 7624772]. <q>Its foot has departed to only a small degree from that of the chimpanzee.</q></ref> Seatla seno se ne se tshwana le sa batho ba segompieno, se se neng se itsege e le se se sa kgethegang thata. Fa a bua ka diphitlhelelo tsa dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe, tse di neng di tshela ka nako ya ''Australopithecus'' mo Aforika, Clarke o ne a kopanela le pono ya ga Jordi Sabater yo ka 1997 a neng a nganga gore go robala fa fatshe bosigo go ne go le kotsi thata mo ''Australopithecus''.<ref>Sabater Pi, Jordi; Veà, Joaquim J.; Serrallonga, Jordi (December 1997). [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/204682 "Did the First Hominids Build Nests?"]. ''[[:en:Current_Anthropology|Current Anthropology]]''. '''38''' (5): 914–916. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/204682|10.1086/204682]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204 0011-3204].</ref> O ne a dumela gore go ne go lebega go ka direga thata gore ''Australopithecus'' e robale mo ditlhareng, e tshwana le di- chimpanzee le di- gorilla tse di tshelang gompieno tse di dirang dintlhaga tse di robalang. Ka ntlha ya diponagalo tsa masalela, o ne a dumela gape gore go ka direga gore ''Australopithecus'' e ne e fetsa dikarolo tsa malatsi a yone e batla dijo mo ditlhareng.<ref>{{harvnb|Clarke|1999|p=480}}: "I also think it probable that it spent parts of the day feeding in the trees, as do the orangutans and chimpanzees."</ref> Kwa bokhutlong jwa 2008, Clarke o ne a gatisa kagosešha ya maemo a a neng a letla gore masalela a nne a bolokilwe sentle ka tsela e e sa tlwaelesegang go farologana le marapo a mangwe a a fitlhetsweng mo logageng lo lo tshwanang, a go lebegang a ne a tlhatswitswe mo dipakeng tse ditelele mo lefelong la one la bofelo la polokelo. Masalela gape ga a bontshe tshenyo epe ya dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe ka jalo go ka tsewa gore masalela a ne a sa sutisediwa kwa logageng ke dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe gore di fepiwe. Le fa go ntse jalo, marapo ka bongwe a a robega, a go ka diregang gore a ka bonwa morago ga tiro ya go epa matlapa mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bomasome mabedi la dingwaga. Lesoba le ka bo le thibilwe ke dilo jaaka matlapa, ka jalo ga go na metsi a a neng a ka tsenelela le go tlhatswa marapo a setopo se se setseng.<ref>[[:en:Little_Foot#CITEREFClarke2008|Clarke 2008]]</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Masalela a Australopithecus]] [[Karolo:Masalela a mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] rq6wc5jtnt62hdcqr22i7g7pojxjqig 0 15280 55692 2026-09-26T05:18:10Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370997276|Moonchild Sanelly]]" 55692 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanelisiwe Twisha''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1987), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moonchild Sanelly Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio ... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/moonchild-sanelly-mn0003603920 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> yo o itsegeng ka leina la '''Moonchild Sanelly''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=32-year-old Moonchild survives malaria scare |url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/moonchild-survives-malaria-scare-20191205 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=dailysun}}</ref> ke seopedi le motantshi wa Aforika Borwa. O itsege ka moriri wa gagwe o o kgethegilelng wa mmala o motala le mofuta wa gagwe wa mmino o o itlhametseng o o bidiwang "Future ghetto funk". O tlholega kwa [[Port Elizabeth]], seopedi seo se ne sa tlhagelela la ntlha mo lefelong la poko le mmino kwa [[Durban]] pele ga a fudugela kwa [[Johannesburg]], kwa a tsweletseng tiro ya gagwe ya mmino teng . Mmino wa gagwe o fitlheletse bareetsi ba ba kwa ntle ga melelwane ya Aforikaborwa, o tshameka mo meletlong e tshwana SXSW kwa Austin, kwa Texas <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Darangwa|first1=Shingai|title=5 hot African artists to look forward to at SXSW in Texas this year|url=http://livemag.co.za/youth-culture-in-south-africa/music/4-hot-african-artists-sxsw-in-texas-this-year/|accessdate=5 February 2019|agency=Live SA|date=26 February 2016}}</ref> le Primavera Sound kwa [[Barcelona]] . <ref>{{Cite news|last1=OkayAfrica|title=Soaking in the African Acts at Primavera Sound Festival|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/primavera-sound.amp|accessdate=5 February 2019|agency=Okayafrica|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ,ngwaga wa 2018, o ne a ya kwa Yuropa le setlhopha sa mmino [[Hip-hop|wa hip hop]] sa Aforikaborwa [[:en:Die_Antwoord|sa Die Antwoord]] . <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mathaba|first1=Nosipho|title=Moonchild heads for Europe|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2018-07-13-moonchild-heads-for-europe/|accessdate=5 February 2019|agency=Sowetan Live|date=13 July 2018}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Moonchild Sanelly o tsholetswe kwa [[Port Elizabeth]], Aforikaborwa . O tsholetswe mo lelwapeng la mmino, morwarraagwe e le motlhagisi wa [[Hip-hop|mmino wa hip hop]], mmaagwe e le seopedi sa jazz, mme ditsala tsa gagwe e ledibini [[Kwaito|tsa mmino wa kwaito]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Reporter |date=14 December 2014 |title=Singer Moonchild Sanelly reaches for the stars |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-12-04-singer-moonchild-reaches-for-the-stars/?amp |website=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> O ne a fudugela kwa [[Durban]] ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ya go ithuta tsa go diaparo kwa Sekolong sa Botlhami sa Feshene sa Linea (Linea Fashion Design Academy ) mme a nna koo dingwaga di le thataro. <ref name="remember">{{Cite news|last1=Nkoyana|first1=Ayanda|title=As I long as I can remember. I grew up around music – Moonchild Sanelly|url=https://www.w24.co.za/PopCulture/Entertainment/Celebrity-gossip/as-i-long-as-i-can-remember-i-grew-up-around-music-moonchild-sanelly-20180219|accessdate=5 February 2019|agency=W24 Celebs|date=19 February 2018}}</ref> == Tiro == Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Sanelly o ne a simolola go diragatsa mo maitesong kwa sekolong se setona sa Durban ([[:en:Durban_University_of_Technology|Durban University of Technology]])a itebegantse thata le poko le mo hip hop, le fa tota a ne a sa ipitse mmoki ka nako e ntsi go fitlha a lemoga ditsibogo tsa batho. O ne a tlhagelela ka gantsi mo thulaganyong ya mafelo a beke mo seromamoweng sa Gagasi FM, e e bidiwang ''Poetry with King Siso'' . Fa gare ga ngwaga wa 2020, o ne a baa monwana tumalano ya go gatisa le ba ba gatisang ba Transgressive Record. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntsinde |first=Mandisa |date=26 June 2020 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Signs To Transgressive Records, Releases "Bashiri" |url=https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/newmusicfridays-moonchild-sanelly-signs-to-transgressive-records-releases-bashiri/ |publisher=Zkhiphani}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe, ngwaga wa 2015, o ne a ntsha alebamo ya gagwe ya moopelo e bidiang ''Rabulafa!'' le ba Transgresive Records. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabulapha! Moonchild Sanelly |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rabulapha/1529234953 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> ''Rabulafa!'' e ne ya dira gore a tlhophiwe kwa Dikadietseleng ya Mmino tsa Aforika Borwa tsa Ngwaga le Ngwaga tsa bo masome a mabedi le bobedi Alebamo e e Gaisang ya Mmino o Mongwe. Red Bull e ribolotse mmino wa gagwe ka [[:en:Extended_play|EP]] e a neng a tlhagelela mo go yone le DJ Shimza, e e neng ya feleletsa e le karolo ya alebamo ''ya Soul Candi'' . Ka ngwaga wa 2019, Sanelly o ne a tlhagelela mo alebamong ya ga Beyoncé ya [[:en:The_Lion_King:_The_Gift|The Lion King: The Gift]] mo pineng ya "My Power" ga mmgo le Busiswa le Nija. Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2019, o ne a ntsha tiro ya gagwe ya mini alebamo ya dipina di le nne e e bidiwang ''Nude'' EP. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Nude EP |url=https://iminathi.net/moonchild-sanelly-nudes-ep/ |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=iminathi}}</ref> O dirile seabe se se tumileng mo Setsong sa Rona, pina ya ntlha mo alebamong ya ga Zingah ya ngwaga wa 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jabulani |first=John |date=2020-05-02 |title=Zingah features Moonchild Sanelly In "Our Culture" |url=https://www.ubetoo.com/music/zingah-features-moonchild-sanelly-in-our-culture/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Ubetoo}}</ref> Ka ngwag wa 2020, o ne a tlhagelela gape mo alebamong ya [[:en:JazziDisciples|JazziDisciples]], ''0303'' mo pineng ya "Askies" <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Inspires Body Positivity while Promoting New Single Ft JazziDisciples "Askies" |url=https://samusicmag.co.za/2020/04/moonchild-sanelly-inspires-body-positivity-while-promoting-new-single-ft-jazzidisciples-askies/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |website=SA Music Mag}}</ref> mme moragonyana mo pineng ya "With Love to an Ex", go tswa mo alebamong ya bosupa ya setudio ya [[:en:Song_Machine,_Season_One:_Strange_Timez|''Song Machine,Season One: Strange Timez.'']] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jabulani |first=John |date=2020-10-26 |title=Gorillaz enlists Moonchild for "With Love To An Ex" |url=https://www.ubetoo.com/music/gorillaz-enlists-moonchild-for-with-love-to-an-ex/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Ubetoo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-26 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Features On Gorillaz's 'With Love To An Ex' {{!}} Hype Magazine |url=https://hypemagazine.co.za/2020/10/26/moonchild-sanelly-features-on-gorillazs-with-love-to-an-ex/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Hype Magazine}}</ref> Ka di kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2021, pina ya gagwe e le nngwe ya "Yebo Teacher" e ne ya gololwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2021 |title=Moonchild Sanelly releases new single, Yebo Teacher {{!}} JustNje |url=https://justnje.com/moonchild-sanelly-releases-new-single-yebo-teacher/ |website=JustNje}}</ref> O ne a rulaganyeditswe go tshwara lenaneo la Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego ''la Madness Method'' mo BET. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Moonchild Sanelly to host new show |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2021-07-28-moonchild-sanelly-to-host-new-show/ |website=Sowetan LIVE}}</ref> O dirile kitsiso mo maranyaneng a [[:en:Twitter|Twitter]] ka karolo ya gagwe mo pineng ya [[:en:FIFA_2022|FIFA 2022]] . Ka di kgwedi ya Phalane e rogwa ngwaga wa 2021, o ne a itsise ka pina ya gagwe e le nngwe ya "Demon" le Sadnightdynamite. Pina e golotswe ka di kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola gane ngwaga wa 2021, e na le motshameko wa mmino o o tsamayang le yone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shumba |first=Ano |date=2021-10-06 |title=Watch Moonchild Sanelly and Sad Night Dynamite's Demon video {{!}} Music In Africa |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/watch-moonchild-sanelly-and-sad-night-dynamites-demon-video |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2022, Sanelly o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya itlosobodutu jwa bagolo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Moonchild Is Officially Entering Adult Entertainment - ZAlebs |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/moonchild-sanelly/moonchild-is-officially-entering-adult-entertainment |access-date=2022-03-01 |publisher=ZAlebs}}</ref> Mo bofelong jwa kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa 2022, o ne a dira kitsiso ka alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi ''ya Phases'', e e neng e rulaganyeditswe go gololwa ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Moonchild Sanelly Announces New Album 'Phases' Out June 10 / New Single "Strip Club" Out Now - SA Music Magazine |url=https://samusicmag.co.za/2022/03/moonchild-sanelly-announces-new-album-phases-out-june-10-new-single-strip-club-out-now/amp/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |publisher=SA Music Magazine}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2022, pina ya gagwe e le nngwe ya "Cute", e e nang le moopedi wa mmino wa repe wa Borithane [[Trillary Banks]], e ne ya gololwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shumba |first=Ano |date=2022-05-11 |title=SA: Moonchild Sanelly features British rapper Trillary Banks in new single {{!}} Music In Africa |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-moonchild-sanelly-features-british-rapper-trillary-banks-new-single |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> Alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi ya setudio ''ya Phases'' e ne ya gololwa ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome, ngwaga wa 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Releases Her Sophomore Album, 'Phases' |url=https://thenativemag.com/moonchild-sanelly-releases-her-sophomore-album-phases/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=The Native Mag}}</ref> Go ela kwa bofelo jwa kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa 2024, Moonchild o ne a dira kitsiso ka alebamo ya gagwe e e tlang ya setudio ''ya Full Moon'', e e neng ya gololwa ka kgwedi ya HIrikgong e le lesome, ngwaga wa 2025 ke [[:en:Transgressive_Records|Transgressive Records]] . <ref name="musicinafrica">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=SA: Moonchild Sanelly announces new album, UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-moonchild-sanelly-announces-new-album-uk-and-ireland-tour |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref> O ne gape a itsise ka loeto lwa gagwe le le tlang la kwa UK le Ireland, le le rulaganyeditsweng go simolola ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola ga tlhano, ngwaga wa 2025 kwa Manchester. <ref name="musicinafrica" /> == Botaki == Mmino wa gagwe o kopanya dielemente tsa maranyane le tsa ditekeletso , afro-punk le edgy-pop le dintlha tsa botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele gagwe , kwaito e e mashetla, hip hop le jazz. <ref name="in studio" /> Moonchild Sanelly o bonwa e le motho yo o ratang thobalano mme ga a ise a ke a tshabe go bontsha mmele wa gagwe kgotsa go bua ka thobalano. O fa dikgakololo tsa thobalano ka letsatsi la baratani a dirisa ditsebe tsa gagwe tsa maranyane <ref>{{Cite news|title=Moonchild on stardom, sex and having a stalker|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-02-13-moonchild-on-stardom-sex-and-having-a-stalker/|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Mo potsolotsong le Basha Uhuru, o ne a ipitsa "Tautona wa go tlhotlheletsega ga basadi". <ref>{{Cite news|title=Moonchild Sanelly Q&A – Sex positivity, singing in Xhonglish and Die Antwoord|url=http://bashauhuru.co.za/index.php/component/k2/moonchild-sanelly-q-a-sex-positivity-singing-in-xhonglish-and-die-antwoord|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> == Dikgwebo == Moonchild Sanelly o na le letshwao la gagwe la diaparo le le bidiwang Moonchild Cultwear.. O na le lefelo la maetiso la Naked Club  mme o tlhalositse sentle gore ga se lefelo la boaka. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Sanelly ke MoXhosa mme o dirisa [[Sethosa|puo ya Sexhosa]] mo dipineng tse dintsi tsa gagwe. == Dibiosekopo == '''Dialebamo tsa setudio''' * ''Rabulafa!'' (2015) * ''Phases'' (2022) * ''Full Moon'' (2025) == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jw9uzjonyo20p0qhgvijtoiz294153t 55694 55692 2026-09-26T05:37:07Z MmaBaggio 11091 55694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanelisiwe Twisha''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1987), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moonchild Sanelly Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio ... |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/moonchild-sanelly-mn0003603920 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> yo o itsegeng ka leina la '''Moonchild Sanelly''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=32-year-old Moonchild survives malaria scare |url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/moonchild-survives-malaria-scare-20191205 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=dailysun}}</ref> ke seopedi le motantshi wa Aforika Borwa. O itsege ka moriri wa gagwe o o kgethegilelng wa mmala o motala le mofuta wa gagwe wa mmino o o itlhametseng o o bidiwang "Future ghetto funk". <ref>Marunya, Kundai (8 September 2018). "[https://www.herald.co.zw/sa-act-to-headline-shoko-festival/ SA act to headline Shoko Festival".] ''The Herald''. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</ref> O tlholega kwa [[Port Elizabeth]], seopedi seo se ne sa tlhagelela la ntlha mo lefelong la poko le mmino kwa [[Durban]] pele ga a fudugela kwa [[Johannesburg]], kwa a tsweletseng tiro ya gagwe ya mmino teng. {{Infobox musical artist}} Mmino wa gagwe o fitlheletse bareetsi ba ba kwa ntle ga melelwane ya Aforikaborwa, o tshameka mo meletlong e tshwana SXSW kwa Austin, kwa Texas <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Darangwa|first1=Shingai|title=5 hot African artists to look forward to at SXSW in Texas this year|url=http://livemag.co.za/youth-culture-in-south-africa/music/4-hot-african-artists-sxsw-in-texas-this-year/|accessdate=5 February 2019|agency=Live SA|date=26 February 2016}}</ref> le Primavera Sound kwa [[Barcelona]] . <ref>{{Cite news|last1=OkayAfrica|title=Soaking in the African Acts at Primavera Sound Festival|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/primavera-sound.amp|accessdate=5 February 2019|agency=Okayafrica|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ,ngwaga wa 2018, o ne a ya kwa Yuropa le setlhopha sa mmino [[Hip-hop|wa hip hop]] sa Aforikaborwa [[:en:Die_Antwoord|sa Die Antwoord]] . <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mathaba|first1=Nosipho|title=Moonchild heads for Europe|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2018-07-13-moonchild-heads-for-europe/|accessdate=5 February 2019|agency=Sowetan Live|date=13 July 2018}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Moonchild Sanelly o tsholetswe kwa [[Port Elizabeth]], Aforikaborwa . O tsholetswe mo lelwapeng la mmino, morwarraagwe e le motlhagisi wa [[Hip-hop|mmino wa hip hop]], mmaagwe e le seopedi sa jazz, mme ditsala tsa gagwe e ledibini [[Kwaito|tsa mmino wa kwaito]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Reporter |date=14 December 2014 |title=Singer Moonchild Sanelly reaches for the stars |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-12-04-singer-moonchild-reaches-for-the-stars/?amp |website=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> O ne a fudugela kwa [[Durban]] ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ya go ithuta tsa go diaparo kwa Sekolong sa Botlhami sa Feshene sa Linea (Linea Fashion Design Academy ) mme a nna koo dingwaga di le thataro. <ref name="remember">{{Cite news|last1=Nkoyana|first1=Ayanda|title=As I long as I can remember. I grew up around music – Moonchild Sanelly|url=https://www.w24.co.za/PopCulture/Entertainment/Celebrity-gossip/as-i-long-as-i-can-remember-i-grew-up-around-music-moonchild-sanelly-20180219|accessdate=5 February 2019|agency=W24 Celebs|date=19 February 2018}}</ref> == Tiro == Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Sanelly o ne a simolola go diragatsa mo maitesong kwa sekolong se setona sa Durban ([[:en:Durban_University_of_Technology|Durban University of Technology]])a itebegantse thata le poko le mo hip hop, le fa tota a ne a sa ipitse mmoki ka nako e ntsi go fitlha a lemoga ditsibogo tsa batho. O ne a tlhagelela ka gantsi mo thulaganyong ya mafelo a beke mo seromamoweng sa Gagasi FM, e e bidiwang ''Poetry with King Siso'' . <ref>Ferreira, Jonathan (13 July 2017). [https://www.redbull.com/za-en/in-studio-moonchild-sanelly "In Studio: Moonchild Sanelly".] Red Bull. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</ref>Fa gare ga ngwaga wa 2020, o ne a baa monwana tumalano ya go gatisa le ba ba gatisang ba Transgressive Record. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntsinde |first=Mandisa |date=26 June 2020 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Signs To Transgressive Records, Releases "Bashiri" |url=https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/newmusicfridays-moonchild-sanelly-signs-to-transgressive-records-releases-bashiri/ |publisher=Zkhiphani}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe, ngwaga wa 2015, o ne a ntsha alebamo ya gagwe ya moopelo e bidiang ''Rabulafa!'' le ba Transgresive Records. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rabulapha! Moonchild Sanelly |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rabulapha/1529234953 |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> ''Rabulafa!'' e ne ya dira gore a tlhophiwe kwa Dikadietseleng ya Mmino tsa Aforika Borwa tsa Ngwaga le Ngwaga tsa bo masome a mabedi le bobedi Alebamo e e Gaisang ya Mmino o Mongwe. Red Bull e ribolotse mmino wa gagwe ka [[:en:Extended_play|EP]] e a neng a tlhagelela mo go yone le DJ Shimza, e e neng ya feleletsa e le karolo ya alebamo ''ya Soul Candi'' . <ref>Nkoyana, Ayanda (19 February 2018). [https://www.w24.co.za/PopCulture/Entertainment/Celebrity-gossip/as-i-long-as-i-can-remember-i-grew-up-around-music-moonchild-sanelly-20180219 "As I long as I can remember. I grew up around music – Moonchild Sanelly]". W24 Celebs. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2019, Sanelly o ne a tlhagelela mo alebamong ya ga Beyoncé ya [[:en:The_Lion_King:_The_Gift|The Lion King: The Gift]] mo pineng ya "My Power" ga mmgo le Busiswa le Nija. Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2019, o ne a ntsha tiro ya gagwe ya mini alebamo ya dipina di le nne e e bidiwang ''Nude'' EP. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2019 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Nude EP |url=https://iminathi.net/moonchild-sanelly-nudes-ep/ |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=iminathi}}</ref> O dirile seabe se se tumileng mo Setsong sa Rona, pina ya ntlha mo alebamong ya ga Zingah ya ngwaga wa 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jabulani |first=John |date=2020-05-02 |title=Zingah features Moonchild Sanelly In "Our Culture" |url=https://www.ubetoo.com/music/zingah-features-moonchild-sanelly-in-our-culture/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Ubetoo}}</ref> Ka ngwag wa 2020, o ne a tlhagelela gape mo alebamong ya [[:en:JazziDisciples|JazziDisciples]], ''0303'' mo pineng ya "Askies" <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Inspires Body Positivity while Promoting New Single Ft JazziDisciples "Askies" |url=https://samusicmag.co.za/2020/04/moonchild-sanelly-inspires-body-positivity-while-promoting-new-single-ft-jazzidisciples-askies/ |access-date=13 August 2020 |website=SA Music Mag}}</ref> mme moragonyana mo pineng ya "With Love to an Ex", go tswa mo alebamong ya bosupa ya setudio ya [[:en:Song_Machine,_Season_One:_Strange_Timez|''Song Machine,Season One: Strange Timez.'']] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jabulani |first=John |date=2020-10-26 |title=Gorillaz enlists Moonchild for "With Love To An Ex" |url=https://www.ubetoo.com/music/gorillaz-enlists-moonchild-for-with-love-to-an-ex/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Ubetoo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-26 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Features On Gorillaz's 'With Love To An Ex' {{!}} Hype Magazine |url=https://hypemagazine.co.za/2020/10/26/moonchild-sanelly-features-on-gorillazs-with-love-to-an-ex/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Hype Magazine}}</ref> Ka di kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa 2021, pina ya gagwe e le nngwe ya "Yebo Teacher" e ne ya gololwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2021 |title=Moonchild Sanelly releases new single, Yebo Teacher {{!}} JustNje |url=https://justnje.com/moonchild-sanelly-releases-new-single-yebo-teacher/ |website=JustNje}}</ref> O ne a rulaganyeditswe go tshwara lenaneo la Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego ''la Madness Method'' mo BET. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Moonchild Sanelly to host new show |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2021-07-28-moonchild-sanelly-to-host-new-show/ |website=Sowetan LIVE}}</ref> O dirile kitsiso mo maranyaneng a [[:en:Twitter|Twitter]] ka karolo ya gagwe mo pineng ya [[:en:FIFA_2022|FIFA 2022]] . <ref>Adejoy (21 September 2021). [https://fakazanews.com/2021/09/21/moonchild-sanelly-is-featured-on-the-fifa-2022-soundtrack/ "Moonchild Sanelly is featured on the FIFA 2022 soundtrack"]. ''Fakaza News''. South Africa: Fakaza News.</ref> Ka di kgwedi ya Phalane e rogwa ngwaga wa 2021, o ne a itsise ka pina ya gagwe e le nngwe ya "Demon" le Sadnightdynamite. <ref>Bukola (1 October 2021). [https://fakazanews.com/2021/10/01/moonchild-to-drop-new-single-demon/ "Moonchild to drop new single, 'Demon' | Fakaza News".] South Africa: Fakaza News.</ref> Pina e golotswe ka di kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola gane ngwaga wa 2021, e na le motshameko wa mmino o o tsamayang le yone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shumba |first=Ano |date=2021-10-06 |title=Watch Moonchild Sanelly and Sad Night Dynamite's Demon video {{!}} Music In Africa |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/watch-moonchild-sanelly-and-sad-night-dynamites-demon-video |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ngwaga wa 2022, Sanelly o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya itlosobodutu jwa bagolo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Moonchild Is Officially Entering Adult Entertainment - ZAlebs |url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/moonchild-sanelly/moonchild-is-officially-entering-adult-entertainment |access-date=2022-03-01 |publisher=ZAlebs}}</ref> Mo bofelong jwa kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa 2022, o ne a dira kitsiso ka alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi ''ya Phases'', e e neng e rulaganyeditswe go gololwa ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Moonchild Sanelly Announces New Album 'Phases' Out June 10 / New Single "Strip Club" Out Now - SA Music Magazine |url=https://samusicmag.co.za/2022/03/moonchild-sanelly-announces-new-album-phases-out-june-10-new-single-strip-club-out-now/amp/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |publisher=SA Music Magazine}}</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa 2022, pina ya gagwe e le nngwe ya "Cute", e e nang le moopedi wa mmino wa repe wa Borithane [[Trillary Banks]], e ne ya gololwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shumba |first=Ano |date=2022-05-11 |title=SA: Moonchild Sanelly features British rapper Trillary Banks in new single {{!}} Music In Africa |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-moonchild-sanelly-features-british-rapper-trillary-banks-new-single |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> Alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi ya setudio ''ya Phases'' e ne ya gololwa ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le lesome, ngwaga wa 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Moonchild Sanelly Releases Her Sophomore Album, 'Phases' |url=https://thenativemag.com/moonchild-sanelly-releases-her-sophomore-album-phases/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=The Native Mag}}</ref> Go ela kwa bofelo jwa kgwedi ya Phalane, ngwaga wa 2024, Moonchild o ne a dira kitsiso ka alebamo ya gagwe e e tlang ya setudio ''ya Full Moon'', e e neng ya gololwa ka kgwedi ya HIrikgong e le lesome, ngwaga wa 2025 ke [[:en:Transgressive_Records|Transgressive Records]] . <ref name="musicinafrica">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=SA: Moonchild Sanelly announces new album, UK and Ireland tour |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-moonchild-sanelly-announces-new-album-uk-and-ireland-tour |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Music in Africa}}</ref> O ne gape a itsise ka loeto lwa gagwe le le tlang la kwa UK le Ireland, le le rulaganyeditsweng go simolola ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola ga tlhano, ngwaga wa 2025 kwa Manchester. <ref name="musicinafrica" /> == Botaki == [[Setshwantsho:Moonchild Sanelly in motion.jpg|thumb|Moonchild Sanelly mo seraleng ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Mmino wa gagwe o kopanya dielemente tsa maranyane le tsa ditekeletso , afro-punk le edgy-pop le dintlha tsa botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele gagwe , kwaito e e mashetla, hip hop le jazz. <ref name="in studio" /> Moonchild Sanelly o bonwa e le motho yo o ratang thobalano mme ga a ise a ke a tshabe go bontsha mmele wa gagwe kgotsa go bua ka thobalano. O fa dikgakololo tsa thobalano ka letsatsi la baratani a dirisa ditsebe tsa gagwe tsa maranyane <ref>{{Cite news|title=Moonchild on stardom, sex and having a stalker|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-02-13-moonchild-on-stardom-sex-and-having-a-stalker/|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> Mo potsolotsong le Basha Uhuru, o ne a ipitsa "Tautona wa go tlhotlheletsega ga basadi". <ref>{{Cite news|title=Moonchild Sanelly Q&A – Sex positivity, singing in Xhonglish and Die Antwoord|url=http://bashauhuru.co.za/index.php/component/k2/moonchild-sanelly-q-a-sex-positivity-singing-in-xhonglish-and-die-antwoord|access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> == Dikgwebo == Moonchild Sanelly o na le letshwao la gagwe la diaparo le le bidiwang Moonchild Cultwear.<ref>Mathebula, Kwanele (9 March 2018). "[https://www.bona.co.za/5-minutes-moonchild-sanelly/ 5 minutes with Moonchild Sanelly".] Bona. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</ref> O na le lefelo la maetiso la Naked Club  mme o tlhalositse sentle gore ga se lefelo la boaka.<ref>Kekana, Chrizelda (15 November 2018). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-11-15-moonchild-on-naked-club-its-not-a-brothel-theres-no-exchange-of-money-for-sex/ "Moonchild on naked club: It's not a brothel. There's no exchange of money for sex"]. Tshisa Live. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</ref><ref>Khuzwayo, Charles (12 November 2018). [https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/love-sex/sex/moonchild-sanelly-insists-her-naked-club-will-not-be-a-brothel-17866505 "Moonchild Sanelly insists her Naked Club will not be a brothel".] IOL. Retrieved 5 February 2019.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Sanelly ke MoXhosa mme o dirisa [[Sethosa|puo ya Sexhosa]] mo dipineng tse dintsi tsa gagwe. == Dibiosekopo == '''Dialebamo tsa setudio''' * ''Rabulafa!'' (2015) * ''Phases'' (2022) * ''Full Moon'' (2025) == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] [[Karolo:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 02ue27iau6oj19xope0dw6er78sd4ev 0 15281 55693 2026-09-26T05:33:38Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 55693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:6a00d8341bf67c53ef01348157067b970c-320wi.jpg|thumb|Legata la [[Stw 53]], sekai sa holotaepe se se tlhomilweng sa ga Curnoe sa ''Homo Gautengensis'']] '''''Homo gautengensis''''' ke leina la mofuta le le akantsweng ke moithuta-loago [[Darren Curnoe]] ka 2010 la masalela a [[ditshedi]] tsa Aforika Borwa tse ka tsela nngwe di amanang le ''[[H. habilis]]'', ''[[H. ergaster]]'', kgotsa, mo mabakeng mangwe, ''[[Australopithecus]]'' kgotsa ''[[Paranthropus]]''. Masalela a a abetsweng mofuta ono ke Curnoe a akaretsa sebaka se segolo sa nakwana, go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le 1.8 tse di fetileng go ya kwa dingwageng di le didikadike di le 0.8 tse di fetileng, se se rayang gore fa mofuta ono o ka tsewa o le mosola, ''H. gautengensis'' e tla nna mongwe wa mefuta ya ntlha le e e tshedileng lobaka lo loleele thata ya ''[[Homo]]''. Fa e sale ka tlhaloso ya ga Curnoe ya 2010, go lemoga mofuta ono go ntse go lekanyeditswe. Tlhaoloso ya bontsi jwa masalela a a kailweng e le ''H. gautengensis'' e ne e le kganetsano pele ga tlhaloso ya mofuta mme e tswelela go nna kganetsano go fitlha gompieno. [[Baithuta-batho ba bogologolo]] bangwe ba ile ba ya bokgakaleng jwa go bolela gore ga go na lebaka le le kalo la go tsaya ''H. gautengensis'' e le taxon e e utlwalang. == Ditso tsa patlisiso == [[Setshwantsho:Panel 02-SK 847.jpg|left|thumb|[[SK 847]], e leng legata le le kgaoganeng le gantsi le bidiwang ''[[Homo habilis]]'' kgotsa ''[[Homo ergaster]]'', le le bidiwang ''Homo gautengensis'' ke Curnoe .]] Baithuta-batho ba bogologolo ba farologana ka go lemoga ga bona gore ke masaledi afe a hominin a a emelang rekoto ya ntlha ya mofuta wa Homo (le gore mofuta o tshwanetse go akaretsa mofuta ofe wa popego). Bontsi jwa masaledi a a gaisanang ka maemo a a tlhomilwe mo dingwageng tse di fa gare ga dimilione di le 2.4 le 2.1 tse di fetileng, mme go aroganngwa ga tsona go ngangisana thata mo maemong a mofuta. Mmogo le masaledi a a jaaka di-mandible AL 666 go tswa kwa Ethiopia le UR 501 go tswa kwa Malawi (ka bobedi di ka tswa di feta dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2.1 ka dingwaga), legata le le bidiwang Stw 53 le kile la bo le lengwe la bagaisani ba konokono.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFBerger2012|Berger 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Gompieno, masaledi a gantsi a bonwang jaaka sekai sa ntlha sa masaledi a mofuta wa Homo ke LD 350-1, masaledi a motlhaga a a epolotsweng ka 2013 kwa Kgaolong ya Afar kwa Ethiopia, a a nang le dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 2.8.[2] Stw 53 e ribolotswe ka Phatwe 1976 gaufi le Krugersdorp, Teransefala mo Aforika Borwa mme e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 1977 ke baithuta-batho ba bogologolo Alun R. Hughes le Philip V. Tobias jaaka legata le le ka tswang le tswa mo mofuteng wa ntlha wa Homo.[3] Le fa baithuta-batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba lemoga gore masaledi ano a emela mofuta wa Homo, gongwe H. habilis, seno ga se ise se ko se amogelwe lefatshe ka bophara, bontsi bo na le moo ba se bona e le sekai sa Australopithecus africanus.[4] Le fa lefelo la masaledi a kwa tshimologong le ne le le dingwaga di feta dimilione di le 2, tiro go tswa ka 2012 e supa gore lefelo le ne le le nnye thata, ka dingwaga di le dimilione di le 1.78–1.43.[1] Ka 2010, moithuta-loago Darren Curnoe o ne a sekaseka palo e kgolo ya disampole tsa masaledi a hominin go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mme a swetsa ka gore masaledi mangwe a ne a farologane mo go lekaneng le mefuta e mengwe e e amogelwang ya selegae ya Homo (H. habilis le H. ergaster/H. erectus) go emela mofuta o mošwa.[5] Go aroganngwa ga dilo tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng mo Aforika Borwa, ka ntlha ya gore bontsi jwa tsone ke dikarolwana, go ile ga ganetsanwa thata mo hisitoring. Bakanoki ba le mmalwa ba ne ba dumela gore kgaolo eno ga e a boloka mofuta ope wa Homo, ba nganga gore dilo tsa masaledi otlhe e ne e le tsa australopithecines. Ba bangwe ba ne ba dumela gore mofuta o le mongwe o ne o emetswe (H. ergaster) mme ba bangwe ba ne ba amogela go nna teng ga H. ergaster/H ka bobedi. erectus le H. habilis.[4] Pele ga tlhaloso ya ga Curnoe, go ne go setse go tshitshintswe ke baithuta-batho ba bangwe ba bogologolo, jaaka Frederick E. Grine le badirammogo ka 1993 le 1996 gore Stw 53, le legata le lengwe, SK 847, di emela mofuta o mošwa o o amanang gaufi le H.] habilis[] 7. Go ikaegilwe ka diponagalo di le mmalwa mo menong le mo legatleng Curnoue o ne a swetsa ka gore o farologanya magareng ga Stw 53 le SK 847, le maemo a a tlwaelegileng a diponagalo tse mo disampole tsa H. habilis le H. ergaster, Curnoe o ne a bolela gore "jaanong go bonala sentle gore masaledi a a farologaneng a Aforika a a kwa borwa le one a na le morccoda distintic a" mefuta. Ka go nna jalo, Curnoe o ne a aga mofuta o mošwa, H. gautengensis, go di amogela. Leina la mofuta wa gautengensis le tswa kwa porofenseng ya Aforika Borwa ya Gauteng (leina la yona ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe le tswa mo lefokong la Sesotho-Tswana la "lefelo la gauta"), kwa masaledi a a neng a kaya mofuta ono a neng a bonwe teng. Go bapa le Stw 53 (sekao sa holotype) le SK 847, Curnoe o ne a abela disampole tse dintsi tsa masaledi a ditshedi mo mefuteng, a di tlhoma jaaka disampole tsa paratype; 19b/33, 75-79, 80, 84, 151, SK 15, SK 27, 45, SKX 257/258, SKX 267/268, SK1X341. le DNH 70.[8] Gareng ga dipharologano tse dikgolo tse di lemogilweng fa gare ga Stw 53 le H. habilis ke Curnoe e ne e le gore dingwe tsa dikgare tsa meno tsa Stw 53 di ne di le dikgolo go feta dikgare tsa meno tsa palogare tsa H. habilis fa dikgare tse dingwe tsa meno di ne di le ditshesane thata.[9] Temogo ya H. gautengensis e nnile e e lekanyeditsweng, ka go aroganngwa ga masaledi a batho ka bongwe a a kailweng mo mefuteng e e santseng e ganetsanwa mo gare ga baithuta-batho ba bogologolo. Jaaka sekao, SK 847 mo godimo ga H. nov kgotsa H. leakeyi (mofuta o mongwe o o tshitshintsweng o o sa lemogiweng thata). Bontsi jwa masaledi a H. gautengensis gantsi a bonwa jaaka a a emelang masalela a masaledi a H. habilis kgotsa H. ergaster,[10] le fa go se na masaledi a a nang le tshupo e le nngwe, e e dumalanweng lefatshe ka bophara mo maemong a mefuta.[11] Ka 2011, moithuta-batho ba bogologolo Lee R. Berger o ne a ya bokgakaleng jwa go bolela gore "ga go na lebaka le lentsi la go tsaya [H. gautengensis] e le taxon e e utlwalang", a ela tlhoko gore go amanya ga Stw 53 ka boyone le Homo go ne go gwetlhilwe ka mabaka a bobedi a anatomi le a stratigraphic. Go tlhokomelwa, Berger o boletse gore MH1, sekai sa holotype sa Australopithecus sediba, se tshwana thata le Homo ya ntlha go feta Stw 53, a dumela gore ya ntlha ke legata la Australopithecus africanus kgotsa Au. leloko le le tshwanang le africanus la Au. matlakala.[1] H. gautengensis ga se lone fela leina la mofuta le le tshitshinngwang mo hisitoring ya masaledi a a tsewang ke bontsi go emela disampole tsa H. habilis, fa H. rudolfensis (e e kileng ya bo e tshitshinngwa mo setlhopheng sa masaledi a pele a neng a tsewa e le H. habilis) e amogelwa ka bophara,[12] ditshitshinyo tse dingwe tse dintsi, jaaka H. go amogelwa gompieno.[13] Antón le Middleton (2023) ba dirile tshekatsheko e kgolo ya masaledi a batho mme ba swetsa ka gore legata la Stw 53 le ka se abelwe Homo, SK 847 ke H. aff. erectus, mme Stw 80 e tswa mo mofuteng o o sa tlhomamang.[14] == Ditlamorago == Dikao tse di umakilweng ka H. gautengensis ke Curnoe di akaretsa sebaka se segolo sa nako, go tswa mo dingwageng di le dimilione di le ~2 tse di fetileng (kgotsa dingwaga di le dimilione di le 1.78–1.43 go ya ka go bewa ga matlha a bošeng[1]) go fitlha morago ga dingwaga di le dimilione di le 1.26–0.82 tse di fetileng. Fa e le gore e a utlwala, H. gautengensis e tla nna nngwe ya mefuta ya ntlha e e amogetsweng ya Homo (ka gonne masaledi a pele ga dingwaga di le dimilione di le 2 ga se gantsi a abetsweng mo maemong a mefuta) mme gape e le nngwe ya mefuta e e tshelang lobaka lo loleele thata, e e tsayang paka ya nako e e fetang dingwaga di le milione.[15] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Diphologolo tsa mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] [[Karolo:Aforika Borwa wa pele ga ditso]] 8nqt3b7k4k8nvw63seh9sqql0z3zpjf 55695 55693 2026-09-26T06:00:55Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso tsa patlisiso */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 55695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:6a00d8341bf67c53ef01348157067b970c-320wi.jpg|thumb|Legata la [[Stw 53]], sekai sa holotaepe se se tlhomilweng sa ga Curnoe sa ''Homo Gautengensis'']] '''''Homo gautengensis''''' ke leina la mofuta le le akantsweng ke moithuta-loago [[Darren Curnoe]] ka 2010 la masalela a [[ditshedi]] tsa Aforika Borwa tse ka tsela nngwe di amanang le ''[[H. habilis]]'', ''[[H. ergaster]]'', kgotsa, mo mabakeng mangwe, ''[[Australopithecus]]'' kgotsa ''[[Paranthropus]]''. Masalela a a abetsweng mofuta ono ke Curnoe a akaretsa sebaka se segolo sa nakwana, go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le 1.8 tse di fetileng go ya kwa dingwageng di le didikadike di le 0.8 tse di fetileng, se se rayang gore fa mofuta ono o ka tsewa o le mosola, ''H. gautengensis'' e tla nna mongwe wa mefuta ya ntlha le e e tshedileng lobaka lo loleele thata ya ''[[Homo]]''. Fa e sale ka tlhaloso ya ga Curnoe ya 2010, go lemoga mofuta ono go ntse go lekanyeditswe. Tlhaoloso ya bontsi jwa masalela a a kailweng e le ''H. gautengensis'' e ne e le kganetsano pele ga tlhaloso ya mofuta mme e tswelela go nna kganetsano go fitlha gompieno. [[Baithuta-batho ba bogologolo]] bangwe ba ile ba ya bokgakaleng jwa go bolela gore ga go na lebaka le le kalo la go tsaya ''H. gautengensis'' e le taxon e e utlwalang. == Ditso tsa patlisiso == [[Setshwantsho:Panel 02-SK 847.jpg|left|thumb|[[SK 847]], e leng legata le le kgaoganeng le gantsi le bidiwang ''[[Homo habilis]]'' kgotsa ''[[Homo ergaster]]'', le le bidiwang ''Homo gautengensis'' ke Curnoe .]] [[Baithuta-batho ba bogologolo]] ba farologana ka go lemoga ga bona gore ke masalela afe a [[hominin]] a a emelang rekoto ya ntlha ya mofuta wa ''[[Homo]]'' (le gore mofuta o tshwanetse go akaretsa mofuta ofe wa popego). Bontsi jwa masalela a a gaisanang ka maemo a a tlhomilwe mo dingwageng tse di fa gare ga didikadike di le 2.4 le 2.1 tse di fetileng, mme go aroganngwa ga tsone go ngangisanwa thata mo maemong a mofuta. Mmogo le masalela a a jaaka di-mandible [[AL 666]] go tswa kwa Ethiopia le [[UR 501]] go tswa kwa Malawi (ka bobedi di ka tswa di feta dingwaga di le didikadike di le 2.1 ka dingwaga), legata le le bidiwang [[Stw 53]] le kile la bo le le lengwe la bagaisani ba konokono.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFBerger2012|Berger 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Gompieno, masalela a gantsi a bonwang jaaka sekai sa ntlha sa masalela a mofuta wa ''Homo'' ke [[LD 350-1]], masalela a motlhagare a a epolotsweng ka 2013 kwa [[Kgaolo ya Afar|Kgaolong ya Afar]] kwa Ethiopia, a a nang le dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le 2.8.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFVillmoareKimbelSeyoumCampisano2015|Villmoare et al. 2015]], pp.&#x20;1352–1354.</ref> Stw 53 e ribolotswe ka Phatwe 1976 gaufi le [[Krugersdorp]], [[Teransefala]] kwa Aforika Borwa mme e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 1977 ke baithuta-batho ba bogologolo Alun R. Hughes le Philip V. Tobias jaaka legata le le ka tswang le tswa mo mofuteng wa ntlha wa ''Homo''.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFHughesTobias1977|Hughes &#x26; Tobias 1977]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Le fa baithuta-batho ba le bantsi ba ne ba lemoga gore masalela ano a emela mofuta wa ''Homo'', gongwe ''[[H. habilis]]'', seno ga se ise se ko se amogelwe lefatshe ka bophara, bontsi ba bona e le sekai sa ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]''.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFCurnoe2010|Curnoe 2010]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Le fa lefelo la masalela a kwa tshimologong le ne le le dingwaga di feta didikadike di le pedi, tiro go tswa ka 2012 e supa gore lefelo le ne le le nnye thata, ka dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.78–1.43.<ref name=":1" /> Ka 2010, moithuta-loago [[Darren Curnoe]] o ne a sekaseka palo e kgolo ya disampole tsa masalela a hominin go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mme a swetsa ka gore masalela mangwe a ne a farologane mo go lekaneng le mefuta e mengwe e e amogelwang ya selegae ya ''Homo'' (''H. habilis'' le ''[[H. ergaster]]''/''[[H. erectus]]'') go emela mofuta o mosha.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFCurnoe2010|Curnoe 2010]], p.&#x20;152.</ref> Go aroganngwa ga dilo tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng mo Aforika Borwa, ka ntlha ya gore bontsi jwa tsone ke dikarolwana, go ile ga ganetsanwa thata mo ditsong. Bakanoki ba le mmalwa ba ne ba dumela gore kgaolo eno ga e a boloka mofuta ope wa ''Homo'', ba nganga gore dilo tsa masalela otlhe e ne e le tsa ''australopithecines''. Ba bangwe ba ne ba dumela gore mofuta o le mongwe o ne o emetswe (''H. ergaster'') mme ba bangwe ba ne ba amogela go nna teng ga bobedi jwa ''H. ergaster''/''H.erectus'' le ''H. habilis''.<ref name=":2" /> Pele ga tlhaloso ya ga Curnoe, go ne go setse go akantswe ke baithuta-batho ba bangwe ba bogologolo, jaaka Frederick E. Grine le badirammogo ka 1993 le 1996 gore Stw 53, le legata le lengwe, [[SK 847]], di emela mofuta o mosha o o amanang gaufi le ''H.habilis.''<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFGrineDemesJungersCole1993|Grine et al. 1993]], p.&#x20;411.</ref><ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFGrineJungersSchultz1996|Grine, Jungers &#x26; Schultz 1996]], p.&#x20;189.</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka diponagalo di le mmalwa mo menong le mo legateng Curnoue o ne a swetsa ka gore o farologanya magareng ga Stw 53 le SK 847, le maemo a a tlwaelesegileng a diponagalo tse mo disampole tsa ''H. habilis'' le ''H. ergaster'', Curnoe o ne a bolela gore "jaanong go bonala sentle gore masalela a a farologaneng a Aforika a a kwa borwa le one a na le morccoda distintic a" mefuta. Ka go nna jalo, Curnoe o ne a aga mofuta o mošwa, H. gautengensis, go di amogela. Leina la mofuta wa ''gautengensis'' le tswa kwa kgaolong ya Aforika Borwa ya [[Gauteng]] (leina la yone ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe le tswa mo lefokong la [[Sotho-Tswana]] la "lefelo la gauta"), kwa masalela a a neng a kaya mofuta ono a neng a bonwe teng. Go bapa le Stw 53 (sekao sa [[holotype]]) le SK 847, Curnoe o ne a abela disampole tse dintsi tsa masalela a ditshedi mo mefuteng, a di tlhoma jaaka disampole tsa [[paratype]]; SE 255, SE 1508, Stw 19b/33, Stw 75–79, Stw 80, Stw 84, Stw 151, SK 15, SK 27, SK 45, SKX 257/258, SKX 267/268, SKX 339, SKX 610, SKW 3114 le DNH 70.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFCurnoe2010|Curnoe 2010]], p.&#x20;172.</ref> Gareng ga dipharologano tse dikgolo tse di lemogilweng fa gare ga Stw 53 le ''H. habilis'' ke Curnoe e ne e le gore dingwe tsa dikgare tsa meno tsa Stw 53 di ne di le dikgolo go feta dikgare tsa meno tsa palogare tsa ''H. habilis'' fa dikgare tse dingwe tsa meno di ne di le ditshesane thata.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFCurnoe2010|Curnoe 2010]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Temogo ya ''H. gautengensis'' e nnile e e lekanyeditsweng, ka go aroganngwa ga masalela a batho ka bongwe a a kailweng mo mefuteng e e santseng e ganetsanwa mo gare ga baithuta-batho ba bogologolo. Jaaka sekai, SK 847 mo godimo ga ''H. gautengensis'' e gape e nnang e bidiwa ''Australopithecus africanus'', ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'', ''H. habilis'', ''H. ergaster'', ''H.'' sp. nov or ''[[H. leakeyi]]'' (mofuta o mongwe o o akantsweng o o sa lemogiweng thata). Bontsi jwa masalela a ''H. gautengensis'' gantsi a bonwa jaaka a a emelang masalela a ''H. habilis'' kgotsa ''H. ergaster'',<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFDusseldorpLombardWurz2013|Dusseldorp, Lombard &#x26; Wurz 2013]], p.&#x20;46 (1).</ref> le fa go se na masalela a a nang le tshupo e le nngwe, e e dumalanweng lefatshe ka bophara mo maemong a mefuta.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFDusseldorpLombardWurz2013|Dusseldorp, Lombard &#x26; Wurz 2013]], p.&#x20;49 (4).</ref> Ka 2011, moithuta-batho ba bogologolo Lee R. Berger o ne a ya bokgakaleng jwa go bolela gore "ga go na lebaka le lentsi la go tsaya [''H. gautengensis''] e le taxon e e utlwalang", a ela tlhoko gore go amanngwa ga Stw 53 ka boyone le ''Homo'' go ne go gwetlhilwe ka mabaka a bobedi a popego le a stratigraphic. Go tlhokomelwa, Berger o boletse gore MH1, sekai sa holotype sa ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'', se tshwana thata le ''Homo'' ya ntlha go feta Stw 53, a dumela gore ya ntlha ke legata la ''Australopithecus africanus'' kgotsa leloko le le tshwanang le ''Au. africanus'' la ''Au. sediba''.<ref name=":1" /> ''H. gautengensis'' ga se lone fela leina la mofuta le le akanngwang mo ditsong tsa masalela a a tsewang ke bontsi go emela disampole tsa ''H. habilis'', fa ''H. rudolfensis'' (e e kileng ya bo e akanngwa mo setlhopheng sa masalela a pele a neng a tsewa e le ''H. habilis'') e amogelwa ka bophara,<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFStraitGrineFleagle2015|Strait, Grine &#x26; Fleagle 2015]], p.&#x20;2006.</ref> dikakanyo tse dingwe tse dintsi, jaaka ''[[H. microcranous]]'' (eleng masalela a [[KNM-ER 1813]]) ga a amogelwa gotlhelele gompieno.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFAnt%C3%B3n2012|Antón 2012]], p.&#x20;S278.</ref> Antón le Middleton (2023) ba dirile tshekatsheko e kgolo ya masalela a batho mme ba swetsa ka gore legata la Stw 53 le ka se abelwe ''Homo'', SK 847 ke ''H. aff. erectus'', mme Stw 80 e tswa mo mofuteng o o sa tlhomamang.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFAnt%C3%B3nMiddleton2023|Antón &#x26; Middleton 2023.]]</ref> == Ditlamorago == Dikao tse di umakilweng ka ''H. gautengensis'' ke Curnoe di akaretsa sebaka se segolo sa nako, go tswa mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le ~2 tse di fetileng (kgotsa dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.78–1.43 go ya ka go bewa ga matlha a bosheng<ref name=":1" />) go fitlha morago ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le 1.26–0.82 tse di fetileng. Fa e le gore e a utlwala, ''H. gautengensis'' e tla nna nngwe ya mefuta ya ntlha e e amogetsweng ya ''Homo'' (ka gonne masalela a pele ga dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi ga se gantsi a abetsweng mo maemong a mefuta) mme gape e le nngwe ya mefuta e e tshelang lobaka lo loleele thata, e e tsayang paka ya nako e e fetang dingwaga di le sedikadike.<ref>[[:en:Homo_gautengensis#CITEREFCurnoe2010|Curnoe 2010]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Diphologolo tsa mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] [[Karolo:Aforika Borwa wa pele ga ditso]] eyk1q07oya55m28h0b621p654wx63on 0 15282 55696 2026-09-26T06:16:29Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372678755|Peter Mensah]]" 55696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Mensah''' ( yo o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Phatwe masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 1959 ) ke modiragatsi wa Mo-Ghana le Moborithane, yo o nnang kwa Canada . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PETER MENSAH &#124; Jack & Jill |url=https://jackjilltalentagency.com/?model=peter-mensah}}</ref> O itsege thata ka seabe sa gagwe jaaka [[:en:Oenomaus_(rebel_slave)|Oenomaus]] mo motseletseleng wa Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego [[:en:Starz_(TV_channel)|wa Starz]] ''[[:en:Spartacus_(TV_series)|wa Spartacus]]'' (2010–2013). Gape o tlhageletse mo motshamekong e le mentsi e tshwana le wa ''[[:en:Tears_of_the_Sun|Tears of the Sun]], [[:en:Hidalgo_(film)|Hidalgo]], [[:en:The_Incredible_Hulk_(film)|The Incredible Hulk]], [[:en:300_(film)|300]], [[:en:Avatar_(2009_film)|Avatar]] le [[:en:Gladiator_II|Gladiator II]] .'' == Botshelo jwa pele == Mensah o tsholetswe kwa Chiraa, kwa Ghana, mme o tswa mo lelwapeng la barutegi. O tshotswe ke batsadi ba ba tswang kwa Kgaolong ya Brong Ahafo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Starz - Spartacus: Blood and Sand - Peter Mensah |url=http://www.starz.com/originals/spartacus/cast/Doctore/PeterMensah/Pages/PeterMensah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135525/http://www.starz.com/originals/spartacus/cast/Doctore/PeterMensah/Pages/PeterMensah.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2012 |access-date=2012-03-15}}</ref> mme a fudugela kwa Hertfordshire, kwa Engelane, le rraagwe, Peter Osei Mensah, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Donkoh |first=Ebenezer |date=9 November 2017 |title=Hollywood Star Peter Mensah's Father Passes Away in Kumasi - NYDJ Live |url=https://www.nydjlive.com/hollywood-star-peter-mensahs-father-passes-away-kumasi/ |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=nydjlive.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> moenjenere wa mealo ya matlo, mmaagwe, mokwadi, le bokgaitsadie ba babedi ba babotlana fa a sa ntse a le monnye. Mensah o ne a simolola go ikatisetsa motshameko wa ntwa a le dingwaga di le thataro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-12 |title=Slice of SciFi Interview With "The Hulk's" Peter Mensah {{!}} Slice of SciFi |url=http://www.sliceofscifi.com/2008/06/12/slice-of-scifi-interview-with-the-hulks-peter-mensah/ |access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-13 |title=Ghanaian-British actor Peter Mensah in Ghana |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/ghanaian-british-actor-peter-mensah-in-ghana/ |access-date=2020-06-04 |website=MyJoyOnline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Mensah: Movies, TV, and Bio {{!}} Prime Video |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/prime-video/actor/Peter-Mensah/nm0579795/ref=atv_pp_carouselIndex_cardIndex |access-date=2020-06-04 |website=amazon.co.uk}}</ref> [[:en:Avatar_(2009_film)|Le]] fa a ne a dira metshameko kwa sekolong, Mensah o ne a ithuta boenjenere kwa tshimologong, mme a goroga kwa Canada e le moenjenere wa [[:en:British_Gas|British Gas]], a tlhabolola masimo a gase kwa [[:en:Morecambe_Bay|Morecambe Bay .]] == Tiro == Difilimi tsa ga Mensah di akaretsa ''[[:en:Avatar_(2009_film)|Avatar]]'', ''[[:en:300_(film)|300]]'', [[:en:Hidalgo_(film)|''Hidalgo'']], ''[[:en:Tears_of_the_Sun|Tears of the Sun]]'', ''[[:en:Jason_X|Jason X]]'', [[:en:Harvard_Man|''Harvard Man'',]] [[:en:Bless_the_Child|Bless the Child]] le [[:en:The_Incredible_Hulk_(film)|''The Incredible Hulk'']] . Gape o tshameka mo motshamekong e khutshwane ''[[:en:The_Seed_(2006_film)|ya The Seed]]'', e e tlhagisitsweng le go kaelwa ke DJ wa [[:en:Linkin_Park|Linkin Park]] e bong Joe Hahn . O tlhageletse mo Setshwantshong sa motshikinyego mo motshamekong wa ''[[:en:Star_Trek:_Enterprise|Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', ''[[:en:Tracker_(Canadian_TV_series)|Tracker]]'', ''[[:en:Witchblade|Witchblade]]'', ''[[:en:Blue_Murder_(Canadian_TV_series)|Blue Murder]]'', ''[[:en:Relic_Hunter|Relic Hunter]]'', ''[[:en:Earth:_Final_Conflict|Earth:Final Conflict]]'', [[:en:Highlander:_The_Raven|Highlander; The Raven]] , le ''[[:en:La_Femme_Nikita_(TV_series)|La Femme Nikita]]'' . E ne e le leloko la batshameki ba motseletsele wa difilimi tsa [[:en:A&E_Network|A&E Network]] tsa [[:en:A_Nero_Wolfe_Mystery|''A Nero Wolfe Mystery'']] le [[:en:Terminator:_The_Sarah_Connor_Chronicles|''Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles.'']] O ne a ntsha lentswe le go tlamela ka tshwano ya gagwe mo go Sgt. Zach Hammond mo motshamekong wa bidio wa EA's [[:en:Dead_Space_(video_game)|Dead Space]] Mensah o ne a tshameka karolo ya moanelwa [[:en:Oenomaus_(rebel_slave)|Oenomaus]] mo go ''Spartacus'' mme o ne a le mo Phaneleng ya [[:en:Spartacus_(TV_series)|Spartacus]] kwa Kopanong ya Metlae ya ngwaga 2009 le wa 2011 . O ne a nna le seabe se se ipoeletsang mo setlheng sa botlhano sa [[:en:True_Blood|''True Blood'']] . Ke lentswe la ga Predaking, moeteledipele yo o tshwanang le kgogela wa [[:en:List_of_The_Transformers_(TV_series)_characters#Predacons|Di-Predacon]] mo ''[[:en:Transformers:_Prime|Transformers Prime]]'' . == Ditshwantsho == === Filimi === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !Ref. |- |1999 |''Striking Poses'' |Hunky Receptionist | | |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |''Bruiser'' |Skinhead | | |- |''Bless the Child'' |Good Samaritan Janitor | | |- |''The Perfect Son'' |Tall Gay Basher | | |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Harvard Man'' |Cyrill The Butler | | |- |''Jason X'' |Sgt. Brodski | | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Triggerman'' |Boxer | | |- |''Cypher'' |Vault Security Guard | | |- |2003 |''Tears of the Sun'' |Commander Samuel Terwase | | |- |2004 |''Hidalgo'' |Jaffa | | |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''The Seed'' | |Short film | |- |''300'' |Persian Messenger | | |- |2008 |''The Incredible Hulk'' |General Joe Greller | | |- |2009 |''Avatar'' |Horse clan leader Akwey |Cameo | |- |2014 |''300: Rise of an Empire'' |Persian Messenger | | |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''The Second Sound Barrier'' |Thelonious Courage as The Powerhouse |Short film | |- |''Kevin Hart: What Now?'' |African Dictator | | |- |2018 |''The Scorpion King: Book of Souls'' |Nebserek |Direct-to-video | |- |2019 |''Rise'' |Governor Gaddo | | |- |2021 |''Snake Eyes'' |Blind Master | | |- |2022 |''The Devil Conspiracy'' |Archangel Michael | | |- |2024 |''Gladiator II'' |Jubartha | | |- |2025 |''Trust'' |Kroft | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=2024-02-14 |title=Sophie Turner to Star in Thriller 'Trust' for Republic Pictures (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sophie-turner-to-star-in-thriller-1235824572/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes !Ref. |- |1999 |''The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery'' |Mort Erwin |TV movie, pilot for the series ''Nero Wolfe'' | |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |''Enslavement: The True Story of Fanny Kemble'' |Quaka |TV movie | |- |''Relic Hunter'' |Witch Doctor |Episode: "Cross OF Voodoo" | |- |''Deep in The City'' |Lang |Episode: "Gorky Parkette" | |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Blue Murder'' |Marlon Anderson |2 episodes | |- |''A Nero Wolfe Mystery'' |Receptionist, Arthur |Episodes: "The Doorbell Rang", "Over My Dead Body" Pt.1/Pt.2 | |- |2001–02 |''Witchblade'' |Hecter "Moby" Mobius |3 episodes | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Tracker'' |Marak |Episode: "Native Son" | |- |''Conviction'' |T-Bone |TV movie | |- |2005 |''Star Trek: Enterprise'' |Daniel Greaves |2 episodes | |- |2008 |''Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles'' |General Perry |2 episodes | |- |2010 |''Spartacus: Blood and Sand'' | rowspan="3" |Oenomaus / Doctore | rowspan="3" |Main cast | |- |2011 |''Spartacus: Gods of the Arena'' | |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Spartacus: Vengeance'' | |- |''True Blood'' |Kibwe | | |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |''Transformers: Prime'' | rowspan="2" |Predaking (voice) |Recurring role (season 3) | |- |''Transformers Prime Beast Hunters: Predacons Rising'' |TV movie | |- |''Burn Notice'' |Marco Cabral |Episode: "Nature of the Beast" | |- |2015–16 |''Sleepy Hollow'' |Hidden One | | |- |2017–18 |''Midnight, Texas'' |Lemuel Bridger |Main role | |- |2018 |''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' |Qovas |Recurring role (season 5); 6 episodes | |- |2019 |''Departure'' |Levi Hall |Main cast (season 1) | |} === Metshameko ya bidio === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Ngwaga ! Leina ! Seabo ! Tshupiso |- | 2008 | ''Dead Space'' | Zach Hammond | |} == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] dqa0xo6lxgbm321otjtyj4b74rrb96j 55698 55696 2026-09-26T06:20:18Z MmaBaggio 11091 55698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Mensah''' ( yo o tshotsweng ka kgwedi ya Phatwe masome a mabedi le bosupa, ngwaga wa 1959 ) ke modiragatsi wa Mo-Ghana le Moborithane, yo o nnang kwa Canada . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PETER MENSAH &#124; Jack & Jill |url=https://jackjilltalentagency.com/?model=peter-mensah}}</ref> O itsege thata ka seabe sa gagwe jaaka [[:en:Oenomaus_(rebel_slave)|Oenomaus]] mo motseletseleng wa Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego [[:en:Starz_(TV_channel)|wa Starz]] ''[[:en:Spartacus_(TV_series)|wa Spartacus]]'' (2010–2013). Gape o tlhageletse mo motshamekong e le mentsi e tshwana le wa ''[[:en:Tears_of_the_Sun|Tears of the Sun]], [[:en:Hidalgo_(film)|Hidalgo]], [[:en:The_Incredible_Hulk_(film)|The Incredible Hulk]], [[:en:300_(film)|300]], [[:en:Avatar_(2009_film)|Avatar]] le [[:en:Gladiator_II|Gladiator II]] .'' {{Infobox person|name=Peter Mensah|image=Peter Mensah Comic-Con 2009.jpg|caption=ComicCon Spartacus Press Release 2009|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|08|27}}|birth_place=[[Chiraa]], [[Bono Region]], [[Ghana]]|citizenship={{hlist|Ghana|United Kingdom}}|occupation=Modiragatsi|years active=1995&ndash;present}} == Botshelo jwa pele == Mensah o tsholetswe kwa Chiraa, kwa Ghana, mme o tswa mo lelwapeng la barutegi. O tshotswe ke batsadi ba ba tswang kwa Kgaolong ya Brong Ahafo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Starz - Spartacus: Blood and Sand - Peter Mensah |url=http://www.starz.com/originals/spartacus/cast/Doctore/PeterMensah/Pages/PeterMensah.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135525/http://www.starz.com/originals/spartacus/cast/Doctore/PeterMensah/Pages/PeterMensah.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2012 |access-date=2012-03-15}}</ref> mme a fudugela kwa Hertfordshire, kwa Engelane, le rraagwe, Peter Osei Mensah, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Donkoh |first=Ebenezer |date=9 November 2017 |title=Hollywood Star Peter Mensah's Father Passes Away in Kumasi - NYDJ Live |url=https://www.nydjlive.com/hollywood-star-peter-mensahs-father-passes-away-kumasi/ |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=nydjlive.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> moenjenere wa mealo ya matlo, mmaagwe, mokwadi, le bokgaitsadie ba babedi ba babotlana fa a sa ntse a le monnye. Mensah o ne a simolola go ikatisetsa motshameko wa ntwa a le dingwaga di le thataro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-12 |title=Slice of SciFi Interview With "The Hulk's" Peter Mensah {{!}} Slice of SciFi |url=http://www.sliceofscifi.com/2008/06/12/slice-of-scifi-interview-with-the-hulks-peter-mensah/ |access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-13 |title=Ghanaian-British actor Peter Mensah in Ghana |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/ghanaian-british-actor-peter-mensah-in-ghana/ |access-date=2020-06-04 |website=MyJoyOnline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Mensah: Movies, TV, and Bio {{!}} Prime Video |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/prime-video/actor/Peter-Mensah/nm0579795/ref=atv_pp_carouselIndex_cardIndex |access-date=2020-06-04 |website=amazon.co.uk}}</ref> [[:en:Avatar_(2009_film)|Le]] fa a ne a dira metshameko kwa sekolong, Mensah o ne a ithuta boenjenere kwa tshimologong, mme a goroga kwa Canada e le moenjenere wa [[:en:British_Gas|British Gas]], a tlhabolola masimo a gase kwa [[:en:Morecambe_Bay|Morecambe Bay .]] == Tiro == Difilimi tsa ga Mensah di akaretsa ''[[:en:Avatar_(2009_film)|Avatar]]'', ''[[:en:300_(film)|300]]'', [[:en:Hidalgo_(film)|''Hidalgo'']], ''[[:en:Tears_of_the_Sun|Tears of the Sun]]'', ''[[:en:Jason_X|Jason X]]'', [[:en:Harvard_Man|''Harvard Man'',]] [[:en:Bless_the_Child|Bless the Child]] le [[:en:The_Incredible_Hulk_(film)|''The Incredible Hulk'']] . Gape o tshameka mo motshamekong e khutshwane ''[[:en:The_Seed_(2006_film)|ya The Seed]]'', e e tlhagisitsweng le go kaelwa ke DJ wa [[:en:Linkin_Park|Linkin Park]] e bong Joe Hahn . O tlhageletse mo Setshwantshong sa motshikinyego mo motshamekong wa ''[[:en:Star_Trek:_Enterprise|Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', ''[[:en:Tracker_(Canadian_TV_series)|Tracker]]'', ''[[:en:Witchblade|Witchblade]]'', ''[[:en:Blue_Murder_(Canadian_TV_series)|Blue Murder]]'', ''[[:en:Relic_Hunter|Relic Hunter]]'', ''[[:en:Earth:_Final_Conflict|Earth:Final Conflict]]'', [[:en:Highlander:_The_Raven|Highlander; The Raven]] , le ''[[:en:La_Femme_Nikita_(TV_series)|La Femme Nikita]]'' . E ne e le leloko la batshameki ba motseletsele wa difilimi tsa [[:en:A&E_Network|A&E Network]] tsa [[:en:A_Nero_Wolfe_Mystery|''A Nero Wolfe Mystery'']] le [[:en:Terminator:_The_Sarah_Connor_Chronicles|''Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles.'']] O ne a ntsha lentswe le go tlamela ka tshwano ya gagwe mo go Sgt. Zach Hammond mo motshamekong wa bidio wa EA's [[:en:Dead_Space_(video_game)|Dead Space]] Mensah o ne a tshameka karolo ya moanelwa [[:en:Oenomaus_(rebel_slave)|Oenomaus]] mo go ''Spartacus'' mme o ne a le mo Phaneleng ya [[:en:Spartacus_(TV_series)|Spartacus]] kwa Kopanong ya Metlae ya ngwaga 2009 le wa 2011 . O ne a nna le seabe se se ipoeletsang mo setlheng sa botlhano sa [[:en:True_Blood|''True Blood'']] . Ke lentswe la ga Predaking, moeteledipele yo o tshwanang le kgogela wa [[:en:List_of_The_Transformers_(TV_series)_characters#Predacons|Di-Predacon]] mo ''[[:en:Transformers:_Prime|Transformers Prime]]'' . == Ditshwantsho == === Filimi === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !Ref. |- |1999 |''Striking Poses'' |Hunky Receptionist | | |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |''Bruiser'' |Skinhead | | |- |''Bless the Child'' |Good Samaritan Janitor | | |- |''The Perfect Son'' |Tall Gay Basher | | |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Harvard Man'' |Cyrill The Butler | | |- |''Jason X'' |Sgt. Brodski | | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Triggerman'' |Boxer | | |- |''Cypher'' |Vault Security Guard | | |- |2003 |''Tears of the Sun'' |Commander Samuel Terwase | | |- |2004 |''Hidalgo'' |Jaffa | | |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''The Seed'' | |Short film | |- |''300'' |Persian Messenger | | |- |2008 |''The Incredible Hulk'' |General Joe Greller | | |- |2009 |''Avatar'' |Horse clan leader Akwey |Cameo | |- |2014 |''300: Rise of an Empire'' |Persian Messenger | | |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''The Second Sound Barrier'' |Thelonious Courage as The Powerhouse |Short film | |- |''Kevin Hart: What Now?'' |African Dictator | | |- |2018 |''The Scorpion King: Book of Souls'' |Nebserek |Direct-to-video | |- |2019 |''Rise'' |Governor Gaddo | | |- |2021 |''Snake Eyes'' |Blind Master | | |- |2022 |''The Devil Conspiracy'' |Archangel Michael | | |- |2024 |''Gladiator II'' |Jubartha | | |- |2025 |''Trust'' |Kroft | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=2024-02-14 |title=Sophie Turner to Star in Thriller 'Trust' for Republic Pictures (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sophie-turner-to-star-in-thriller-1235824572/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes !Ref. |- |1999 |''The Golden Spiders: A Nero Wolfe Mystery'' |Mort Erwin |TV movie, pilot for the series ''Nero Wolfe'' | |- | rowspan="3" |2000 |''Enslavement: The True Story of Fanny Kemble'' |Quaka |TV movie | |- |''Relic Hunter'' |Witch Doctor |Episode: "Cross OF Voodoo" | |- |''Deep in The City'' |Lang |Episode: "Gorky Parkette" | |- | rowspan="2" |2001 |''Blue Murder'' |Marlon Anderson |2 episodes | |- |''A Nero Wolfe Mystery'' |Receptionist, Arthur |Episodes: "The Doorbell Rang", "Over My Dead Body" Pt.1/Pt.2 | |- |2001–02 |''Witchblade'' |Hecter "Moby" Mobius |3 episodes | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Tracker'' |Marak |Episode: "Native Son" | |- |''Conviction'' |T-Bone |TV movie | |- |2005 |''Star Trek: Enterprise'' |Daniel Greaves |2 episodes | |- |2008 |''Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles'' |General Perry |2 episodes | |- |2010 |''Spartacus: Blood and Sand'' | rowspan="3" |Oenomaus / Doctore | rowspan="3" |Main cast | |- |2011 |''Spartacus: Gods of the Arena'' | |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Spartacus: Vengeance'' | |- |''True Blood'' |Kibwe | | |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |''Transformers: Prime'' | rowspan="2" |Predaking (voice) |Recurring role (season 3) | |- |''Transformers Prime Beast Hunters: Predacons Rising'' |TV movie | |- |''Burn Notice'' |Marco Cabral |Episode: "Nature of the Beast" | |- |2015–16 |''Sleepy Hollow'' |Hidden One | | |- |2017–18 |''Midnight, Texas'' |Lemuel Bridger |Main role | |- |2018 |''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' |Qovas |Recurring role (season 5); 6 episodes | |- |2019 |''Departure'' |Levi Hall |Main cast (season 1) | |} === Metshameko ya bidio === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Ngwaga ! Leina ! Seabo ! Tshupiso |- | 2008 | ''Dead Space'' | Zach Hammond | |} == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] eu74pba9ue6ccxpaiq0imgkjuzg38hd 0 15283 55697 2026-09-26T06:16:40Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 55697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Composite view GD 2 fossil site.jpg|thumb|tebo e e kopantsweng]] [[Setshwantsho:View of the GD 1 Excavations In Progress.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya dipeeletso tsa GD 1 e epolotsweng ka 2003/2004]] '''Logaga lwa Gondolin''' ke thulaganyo ya logaga lwa bogologolo lwa [[dolomitic]] lwa masalela kwa [[Bokone Bophirima|Kgaolong ya Bokone Bophirima]], [[Aforika Borwa]]. Paleocave e e bopilweng mo di-[[dolomite]] tsa Sebopego sa Eccles ([[Setlhophapotlana sa Malmani]], Setlhopha sa Chuniespoort sethala sa lewatle sa sebopego sa tshipi se se nang le carbonate). Gondolin ga jaana ke yone fela lefelo le le tlhalosiwang la [[masalela]] a di-[[hominin]] mo Kgaolong ya Bokonebophirima-karolo ya Lefelo le le tlhomilweng la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] la [[UNESCO]] la [[Boswa jwa Lefatshe]]. Logaga lono lo mo lefatsheng la batho ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi mme ga lo fitlhelelwe ke setšhaba. Jaaka go ntse ka dithulaganyo tse dingwe tsa Aforika Borwa tsa Paleo-cave tse di nang le dipeeletso tsa masalela a [[Pliocene]] le/kgotsa [[Pleistocene]], thulaganyo e ne ya epiwa go bona kalaka ka nako ya tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo wa bomasome mabedi. Ka ntlha ya seo, thulaganyo e tshwenyegile thata mme e na le fela logaga lo lonnye lo lo dirang, motseletsele wa dipeeletso tsa masalela a logaga mo lefelong la lone, le mafelo a a tseneletseng a go latlhela matlakala a a nang le calcium a a tlhagisitsweng ka nako ya ditiro tsa meepo.<ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFWatson1993|Watson 1993.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFMenterKuykendallKeyserConroy1999|Menter et al. 1999.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdams2006|Adams 2006.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFHerriesAdamsKuykendallShaw2006|Herries et al. 2006.]]</ref> == Ditso tsa lefelo le go epa == Ga go na direkoto tsa letlha la ditiro tsa meepo ya kalaka kwa Gondolin, dimmapa kgotsa dinepe tsa logaga pele ga meepo tse di itsegeng gore di teng. Baagi ba nako e telele gaufi le Gondolin ba bega gore thulaganyo e ne e epiwa pele ga dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Logaga lo ne lwa tewa ka J.R.R. Gondolin ya ga Tolkien ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1970.[5][a] Difosele tse di neng di le mo pepeneneng mo thulaganyong ya logaga di ne tsa lemogiwa bonnye go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970[6] mme tsa tlisiwa kwa tlhokomelong ya ga Elisabeth Vrba le David Panagos ba ba neng ba le kwa Musiamong wa Bosetšhaba wa Transvaal Ditsong (o jaanong e leng diphuputso mo tshimologong ya 1979.[1][7][3] Kgato ya ntlha ya go epa e ne e itebagantse le dipeeletso tsa masalela a a feteletseng a a neng a kgomaretse lebota le le kwa bokone la thulaganyo ya logaga (dipeeletso tsa GD 2 sensu[2][8][3]). Go epa ga dibeke di le tharo ka 1979 go ne ga tlosa mo e ka nnang 2 m3 (71 cu ft) ya di-sediment tse di nang le calcium go tswa mo leboteng la logaga le le kwa bokone. Le fa dikgato tse pedi tse di farologaneng tsa matlakala di ne tsa lemogwa ka nako ya go epa ga ntlha,[7] tiro ya moragonyana le diphologolo tsa masaledi le thutafatshe ya dipeeletso tsa GD 2 ga e a bona motheo ope wa dikgato tse dintsi tsa go tlhoma mo teng ga tatelano ya disampole.[4][3] Diboloko tsa sedimente tse di tlositsweng di ne tsa rulaganngwa go nna diboloko/diterei di le 43 mme tsa dirwa ka go dirisa asetiki esiti kwa Musiamong wa Teransefala. Sekgala se se bonalang mo dipatlisisong kwa Gondolin se diragetse ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, ka nako eo diboloko tsotlhe tse di epolotsweng di neng tsa dirwa (mme ga go na disampole tse dingwe tsa in situ kgotsa ex situ tse di itsiweng gore di diragetse). Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya kokoano ya masaledi a dipholo ka 1993 e ne ya tlhalosa ka bontlhabongwe fela disampole di le 4,344 ka bongwe tse di neng di ka abelwa maemo a a rileng a taxonomic (mo disampole tsotlhe di le 90,663 tse di bonweng go tswa mo tirisong ya asetiki esiti ya diterei/diboloko di le 43).[9] Ka 1997 patlisiso ya matlakala kwa Gondolin e ne ya akaretsa go tsaya disampole tsa ntlha tsa dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa matlakala a ex situ kwa lefelong leo ka go dirisa mosele wa teko (Mosele A).[2] Didiriswa tse di tlositsweng mo Mogobeng wa A di ne di akaretsa diboloko tsa breccia tsa masaledi go tswa mo bontsing, fa e se tsotlhe, tsa diyuniti tsa stratigraphic tse di leng teng mo lefelong (mmogo le disampole tsa masaledi a a sa gagamalang tse di sefilweng go tswa mo matlakaleng a a tlhotlhilweng).[4][2][3][10] Go tswa mo sedirisiweng seno se se tserweng sekao (kokoano ya diphologolo tsa GD A), meno a mabedi a a kgaoganeng a hominin (a a emelang batho ba babedi ba ba farologaneng) a ne a bonwa. Ya ntlha, GA 1, ke molar wa molema o o onetseng le o o thubegileng o o sa amanang ka boitshepo le mofuta kgotsa mofuta (mme o tshwana le Homo ka diponagalo dingwe.[2] Go farologana, GA 2 ke m2 e e feletseng ya molema[go tlhokega tlhaloso] e e sa tswang go sekasekwa le go amana le robus large go tswa go Paranthropus ( motho ka bongwe).[2][11][12][b] Dipatlisiso tsa bošeng kwa Gondolin di dirilwe ka 2003 le 2004 go sekaseka dipeeletso tsa GD 1 tse di nang le calcium e ntsi go bapa le molelwane wa bokonebophirima jwa lefelo la Gondolin.[3][10] Paka ya go epa ya dibeke di le nne e tlhagisitse sampole ya disampole tsa masaledi a 4,863 go tswa mo go bokana ka 50 m3 (1,800 cu ft) ya morwalo o o feteletseng wa mmu le di-sediment tse di tlhotlhilweng ka tlhago tse di neng tsa tlhatlhobiwa ka letlowa la 1mm. Ka go tlhotlhomisa, go kopanngwa ga tshedimosetso ya taphonomic le ya geologic go tswa mo diphuputsong tsa GD 1 go supile gore dithulaganyo tse di farologaneng tsa motheo tsa go bopega ga direkoto tsa masaledi di ne di diragala kwa Gondolin ka nako ya go bopiwa ga dikokoano tsa masaledi a GD 1 le GD 2. Sephetho se se tlhagisitse dithulaganyo tse di raraaneng, tse di sa tshwaneng tsa thutafatshe tse di ka tlhotlheletsang go tlhongwa ga masaledi a masaledi le popego ya kokoano mo dithulaganyong tsa magaga a Aforika Borwa ka nako ya Pliocene ya bofelo le Pleistocene ya tshimologo.[4][3][10][9] [[Setshwantsho:A 180 degree panorama of the Gondolin cave system taken in 2004.jpg|center|thumb|1250x1250px|Pono ya 180 degrees ya thulaganyo ya Logaga lwa Gondolin]] == Diphologolo tsa masalela == Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya disampole tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng go tswa mo dipeeletso tsa GD 2 e ne e bua fela ka karolo e nnye ya kokoano.[1] Leino le le lengwe la hominin le kwa tshimologong go neng go akanngwa gore le tswa mo sampoleng ya GD 2 moragonyana le ne la tlhomamisiwa gore ke leino la segompieno la Homo le le tsenelelang.[1] Tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng ya kokoano ya Gondolin GD 2 e e dirilweng go tloga ka 2002 go fitlha ka 2004 e ne ya dira gore go supiwe disampole tsotlhe di le 95,549 ka bongwe (go farologana le disampole di le 90,663 tse di neng tsa lemogiwa kwa tshimologong ka 1993), tse mo go tsone di le 16,477 tsa tsone di supiwang tsa morago ga di-craniod,48. (12 993) ya disampole; ka disampole tse di setseng tsa 79,076 e le dikarolwana tse di sa lemotshegeng (bogolo jang diaphysis ya marapo a maleele).[8][9][3] Sebopeho sa kopano se hlalositsweng ho tswa tshekatshekong ena botjha se fapana ka dintlha tse bohlokwa le tsa tlhaloso ya pele ya 1993, ho kenyeletswa le diphetoho tse kgolo dipalong tsa disampole tse amanang le dihlopha tsa taxonomic ka bomong (ka bobedi dipalo tsa disampole ka bomong le palo e tlase ya disampole ka bomong) le ho tloswa ha di-specipotimus tse mmalwa ( An speciespotimus, An species. australis/ditlhapi, Procavia e e fetang mo lefifing). Tlhaloso e e tlhabolotsweng ya kokoano ya GD 2 gape e tiisitse diponagalo di le mmalwa tse di kgethegileng tsa kokoanyo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe tsa Aforika Borwa tsa morago ga Pliocene le Pleistocene: Bontsi jwa dipalo jwa mefuta e mebedi ya ditshephe tse di sa kopaneng le tsone - klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) le mofuta wa reduncin (Redunca sp.) o o tshwanang le tshephe ya dithaba e e sa ntseng e le teng (Redunca fulvorufula).[9] Tiragalo ya ntlha e e tlhalositsweng ya kolobe e e nyeletseng (Hystrix makapanensis) go tswa mo kokoanong e nngwe kwa ntle ga dipeeletso tsa Leloko la Makapansgat 3 (go akaretsa le tlhogo ya ntlha ya morago ga tlhogo e e amanang le mofuta ono).[13] Tshekatsheko ya ntlha e e tseneletseng ya taphonomic ya kokoano ya Aforikaborwa ya pele ya Pleistocene e e tswang fela mo dipeeletso tsa in situ.[9][3] Sampole e e nonofileng ya masalela a a amanang ka tlhamalalo a tlhogo le a morago ga tlhogo a mefuta e mentsi ya masaledi, go akaretsa le ditlhopha di le mmalwa tsa masaledi a a tlhamaletseng.[9] Go boela ga dielemente tse di bokoa go akaretsa le di-hyoid le masalela a lesea le le sa tswang go tsholwa.[9] Go tlhoka setshedi sepe se se ka supiwang go sa ntse go le mo teng ga kokoano.[9] == Dingwaga tsa dipeeletso == Dipeeletso tsa logaga lwa Gondolin Palaeo di beilwe letlha ka go dirisa kopanyo ya biostratigraphy le paleomagnetism e e supang dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 1.8.[4][11] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] fiqhj7c8a6nc2a74jrfmner11xoo3se 55700 55697 2026-09-26T09:14:09Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso tsa lefelo le go epa */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. 55700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Composite view GD 2 fossil site.jpg|thumb|tebo e e kopantsweng]] [[Setshwantsho:View of the GD 1 Excavations In Progress.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya dipeeletso tsa GD 1 e epolotsweng ka 2003/2004]] '''Logaga lwa Gondolin''' ke thulaganyo ya logaga lwa bogologolo lwa [[dolomitic]] lwa masalela kwa [[Bokone Bophirima|Kgaolong ya Bokone Bophirima]], [[Aforika Borwa]]. Paleocave e e bopilweng mo di-[[dolomite]] tsa Sebopego sa Eccles ([[Setlhophapotlana sa Malmani]], Setlhopha sa Chuniespoort sethala sa lewatle sa sebopego sa tshipi se se nang le carbonate). Gondolin ga jaana ke yone fela lefelo le le tlhalosiwang la [[masalela]] a di-[[hominin]] mo Kgaolong ya Bokonebophirima-karolo ya Lefelo le le tlhomilweng la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] la [[UNESCO]] la [[Boswa jwa Lefatshe]]. Logaga lono lo mo lefatsheng la batho ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi mme ga lo fitlhelelwe ke setšhaba. Jaaka go ntse ka dithulaganyo tse dingwe tsa Aforika Borwa tsa Paleo-cave tse di nang le dipeeletso tsa masalela a [[Pliocene]] le/kgotsa [[Pleistocene]], thulaganyo e ne ya epiwa go bona kalaka ka nako ya tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo wa bomasome mabedi. Ka ntlha ya seo, thulaganyo e tshwenyegile thata mme e na le fela logaga lo lonnye lo lo dirang, motseletsele wa dipeeletso tsa masalela a logaga mo lefelong la lone, le mafelo a a tseneletseng a go latlhela matlakala a a nang le calcium a a tlhagisitsweng ka nako ya ditiro tsa meepo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFWatson1993|Watson 1993.]]</ref><ref name=":2">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFMenterKuykendallKeyserConroy1999|Menter et al. 1999.]]</ref><ref name=":3">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdams2006|Adams 2006.]]</ref><ref name=":4">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFHerriesAdamsKuykendallShaw2006|Herries et al. 2006.]]</ref> == Ditso tsa lefelo le go epa == Ga go na direkoto tsa letlha la ditiro tsa meepo ya kalaka kwa Gondolin, mebepe kgotsa dinepe tsa logaga pele ga meepo di itsege gore di teng. Baagi ba nako e telele gaufi le Gondolin ba bega gore thulaganyo e ne e epiwa pele ga dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Logaga lo ne lwa reelelwa ka ''[[Gondolin]]'' ya ga J[[.R.R. Tolkien]] ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>''Transvaal Museum Bulletin'', Issues 10-22 (1971).</ref> Masalela a a neng a le mo pepeneneng mo thulaganyong ya logaga a ne a lemogiwa bonnye go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970<ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFMacKenzie1994|MacKenzie 1994.]]</ref> mme a tlisiwa kwa tlhokomelong ya ga [[Elisabeth Vrba]] le David Panagos ba ba neng ba le kwa Motlobong wa Transvaal Ditsong (o jaanong e leng Motlobo wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditsong), go epa go simolodisitswe ko tshimologong ya 1979.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFVrba1982|Vrba 1982.]]</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kgato ya ntlha ya go epa e ne e itebagantse le dipeeletso tsa masalela a a feteletseng a a neng a kgomaretse lebota le le kwa bokone la thulaganyo ya logaga (dipeeletso tsa GD 2 sensu<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdamsConroy2005|Adams &#x26; Conroy 2005.]]</ref><ref name=":3" />). Go epa ga dibeke di le tharo ka 1979 go ne ga tlosa mo e ka nnang 2 m3 (71 cu ft) ya di-sediment tse di nang le calcium go tswa mo leboteng la logaga le le kwa bokone. Le fa dikgato tse pedi tse di farologaneng tsa matlakala di ne tsa lemogwa ka nako ya go epa ga ntlha,<ref name=":5" /> tiro ya moragonyana le diphologolo tsa masalela le thutafatshe ya dipeeletso tsa GD 2 ga e a bona motheo ope wa dikgato tse dintsi tsa go tlhoma mo teng ga tatelano ya disampole.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Diboloko tsa sedimente tse di tlositsweng di ne tsa rulaganngwa go nna diboloko/diterei di le masome mane le boraro mme tsa dirwa ka go dirisa esete ya cetic kwa Motlobong wa Teransefala. Sekgala se se bonalang mo dipatlisisong kwa Gondolin se diragetse ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, ka nako eo diboloko tsotlhe tse di epolotsweng di neng tsa dirwa (mme ga go na disampole tse dingwe tsa ''in situ'' kgotsa ''ex situ'' tse di itsiweng gore di diragetse). Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya kokoano ya masalela a maduo ka 1993 e ne ya tlhalosa ka bontlhabongwe fela disampole di le dikete tse nne, makgolo a mararo, masome a mane le bone ka bongwe tse di neng di ka abelwa maemo a a rileng a taxonomic (mo disampole tsotlhe di le dikete tse masome a ferabongwe, makgolo a marataro, masome a marataro le boraro tse di bonweng go tswa mo tirisong ya esete ya acetic ya diterei/diboloko di le masome mane le boraro).<ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdams2010|Adams 2010.]]</ref> Ka 1997 patlisiso ya matlakala kwa Gondolin e ne ya akaretsa go tsaya disampole tsa ntlha tsa dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa matlakala a ex situ kwa lefelong leo ka go dirisa mosele wa teko (Mosele A).[2] Didiriswa tse di tlositsweng mo Mogobeng wa A di ne di akaretsa diboloko tsa breccia tsa masaledi go tswa mo bontsing, fa e se tsotlhe, tsa diyuniti tsa stratigraphic tse di leng teng mo lefelong (mmogo le disampole tsa masaledi a a sa gagamalang tse di sefilweng go tswa mo matlakaleng a a tlhotlhilweng).[4][2][3][10] Go tswa mo sedirisiweng seno se se tserweng sekao (kokoano ya diphologolo tsa GD A), meno a mabedi a a kgaoganeng a hominin (a a emelang batho ba babedi ba ba farologaneng) a ne a bonwa. Ya ntlha, GA 1, ke molar wa molema o o onetseng le o o thubegileng o o sa amanang ka boitshepo le mofuta kgotsa mofuta (mme o tshwana le Homo ka diponagalo dingwe.[2] Go farologana, GA 2 ke m2 e e feletseng ya molema[go tlhokega tlhaloso] e e sa tswang go sekasekwa le go amana le robus large go tswa go Paranthropus ( motho ka bongwe).[2][11][12][b] Dipatlisiso tsa bošeng kwa Gondolin di dirilwe ka 2003 le 2004 go sekaseka dipeeletso tsa GD 1 tse di nang le calcium e ntsi go bapa le molelwane wa bokonebophirima jwa lefelo la Gondolin.[3][10] Paka ya go epa ya dibeke di le nne e tlhagisitse sampole ya disampole tsa masaledi a 4,863 go tswa mo go bokana ka 50 m3 (1,800 cu ft) ya morwalo o o feteletseng wa mmu le di-sediment tse di tlhotlhilweng ka tlhago tse di neng tsa tlhatlhobiwa ka letlowa la 1mm. Ka go tlhotlhomisa, go kopanngwa ga tshedimosetso ya taphonomic le ya geologic go tswa mo diphuputsong tsa GD 1 go supile gore dithulaganyo tse di farologaneng tsa motheo tsa go bopega ga direkoto tsa masaledi di ne di diragala kwa Gondolin ka nako ya go bopiwa ga dikokoano tsa masaledi a GD 1 le GD 2. Sephetho se se tlhagisitse dithulaganyo tse di raraaneng, tse di sa tshwaneng tsa thutafatshe tse di ka tlhotlheletsang go tlhongwa ga masaledi a masaledi le popego ya kokoano mo dithulaganyong tsa magaga a Aforika Borwa ka nako ya Pliocene ya bofelo le Pleistocene ya tshimologo.[4][3][10][9] [[Setshwantsho:A 180 degree panorama of the Gondolin cave system taken in 2004.jpg|center|thumb|1250x1250px|Pono ya 180 degrees ya thulaganyo ya Logaga lwa Gondolin]] == Diphologolo tsa masalela == Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya disampole tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng go tswa mo dipeeletso tsa GD 2 e ne e bua fela ka karolo e nnye ya kokoano.[1] Leino le le lengwe la hominin le kwa tshimologong go neng go akanngwa gore le tswa mo sampoleng ya GD 2 moragonyana le ne la tlhomamisiwa gore ke leino la segompieno la Homo le le tsenelelang.[1] Tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng ya kokoano ya Gondolin GD 2 e e dirilweng go tloga ka 2002 go fitlha ka 2004 e ne ya dira gore go supiwe disampole tsotlhe di le 95,549 ka bongwe (go farologana le disampole di le 90,663 tse di neng tsa lemogiwa kwa tshimologong ka 1993), tse mo go tsone di le 16,477 tsa tsone di supiwang tsa morago ga di-craniod,48. (12 993) ya disampole; ka disampole tse di setseng tsa 79,076 e le dikarolwana tse di sa lemotshegeng (bogolo jang diaphysis ya marapo a maleele).[8][9][3] Sebopeho sa kopano se hlalositsweng ho tswa tshekatshekong ena botjha se fapana ka dintlha tse bohlokwa le tsa tlhaloso ya pele ya 1993, ho kenyeletswa le diphetoho tse kgolo dipalong tsa disampole tse amanang le dihlopha tsa taxonomic ka bomong (ka bobedi dipalo tsa disampole ka bomong le palo e tlase ya disampole ka bomong) le ho tloswa ha di-specipotimus tse mmalwa ( An speciespotimus, An species. australis/ditlhapi, Procavia e e fetang mo lefifing). Tlhaloso e e tlhabolotsweng ya kokoano ya GD 2 gape e tiisitse diponagalo di le mmalwa tse di kgethegileng tsa kokoanyo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe tsa Aforika Borwa tsa morago ga Pliocene le Pleistocene: Bontsi jwa dipalo jwa mefuta e mebedi ya ditshephe tse di sa kopaneng le tsone - klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) le mofuta wa reduncin (Redunca sp.) o o tshwanang le tshephe ya dithaba e e sa ntseng e le teng (Redunca fulvorufula).[9] Tiragalo ya ntlha e e tlhalositsweng ya kolobe e e nyeletseng (Hystrix makapanensis) go tswa mo kokoanong e nngwe kwa ntle ga dipeeletso tsa Leloko la Makapansgat 3 (go akaretsa le tlhogo ya ntlha ya morago ga tlhogo e e amanang le mofuta ono).[13] Tshekatsheko ya ntlha e e tseneletseng ya taphonomic ya kokoano ya Aforikaborwa ya pele ya Pleistocene e e tswang fela mo dipeeletso tsa in situ.[9][3] Sampole e e nonofileng ya masalela a a amanang ka tlhamalalo a tlhogo le a morago ga tlhogo a mefuta e mentsi ya masaledi, go akaretsa le ditlhopha di le mmalwa tsa masaledi a a tlhamaletseng.[9] Go boela ga dielemente tse di bokoa go akaretsa le di-hyoid le masalela a lesea le le sa tswang go tsholwa.[9] Go tlhoka setshedi sepe se se ka supiwang go sa ntse go le mo teng ga kokoano.[9] == Dingwaga tsa dipeeletso == Dipeeletso tsa logaga lwa Gondolin Palaeo di beilwe letlha ka go dirisa kopanyo ya biostratigraphy le paleomagnetism e e supang dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 1.8.[4][11] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] bufq7t8th8su03hkanf51qjo4qga0qu 55702 55700 2026-09-26T09:46:49Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso tsa lefelo le go epa */ Ke okeditse tlhanolo le metswedi. 55702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Composite view GD 2 fossil site.jpg|thumb|tebo e e kopantsweng]] [[Setshwantsho:View of the GD 1 Excavations In Progress.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya dipeeletso tsa GD 1 e epolotsweng ka 2003/2004]] '''Logaga lwa Gondolin''' ke thulaganyo ya logaga lwa bogologolo lwa [[dolomitic]] lwa masalela kwa [[Bokone Bophirima|Kgaolong ya Bokone Bophirima]], [[Aforika Borwa]]. Paleocave e e bopilweng mo di-[[dolomite]] tsa Sebopego sa Eccles ([[Setlhophapotlana sa Malmani]], Setlhopha sa Chuniespoort sethala sa lewatle sa sebopego sa tshipi se se nang le carbonate). Gondolin ga jaana ke yone fela lefelo le le tlhalosiwang la [[masalela]] a di-[[hominin]] mo Kgaolong ya Bokonebophirima-karolo ya Lefelo le le tlhomilweng la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] la [[UNESCO]] la [[Boswa jwa Lefatshe]]. Logaga lono lo mo lefatsheng la batho ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi mme ga lo fitlhelelwe ke setšhaba. Jaaka go ntse ka dithulaganyo tse dingwe tsa Aforika Borwa tsa Paleo-cave tse di nang le dipeeletso tsa masalela a [[Pliocene]] le/kgotsa [[Pleistocene]], thulaganyo e ne ya epiwa go bona kalaka ka nako ya tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo wa bomasome mabedi. Ka ntlha ya seo, thulaganyo e tshwenyegile thata mme e na le fela logaga lo lonnye lo lo dirang, motseletsele wa dipeeletso tsa masalela a logaga mo lefelong la lone, le mafelo a a tseneletseng a go latlhela matlakala a a nang le calcium a a tlhagisitsweng ka nako ya ditiro tsa meepo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFWatson1993|Watson 1993.]]</ref><ref name=":2">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFMenterKuykendallKeyserConroy1999|Menter et al. 1999.]]</ref><ref name=":3">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdams2006|Adams 2006.]]</ref><ref name=":4">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFHerriesAdamsKuykendallShaw2006|Herries et al. 2006.]]</ref> == Ditso tsa lefelo le go epa == Ga go na direkoto tsa letlha la ditiro tsa meepo ya kalaka kwa Gondolin, mebepe kgotsa dinepe tsa logaga pele ga meepo di itsege gore di teng. Baagi ba nako e telele gaufi le Gondolin ba bega gore thulaganyo e ne e epiwa pele ga dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Logaga lo ne lwa reelelwa ka ''[[Gondolin]]'' ya ga J[[.R.R. Tolkien]] ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>''Transvaal Museum Bulletin'', Issues 10-22 (1971).</ref> Masalela a a neng a le mo pepeneneng mo thulaganyong ya logaga a ne a lemogiwa bonnye go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970<ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFMacKenzie1994|MacKenzie 1994.]]</ref> mme a tlisiwa kwa tlhokomelong ya ga [[Elisabeth Vrba]] le David Panagos ba ba neng ba le kwa Motlobong wa Transvaal Ditsong (o jaanong e leng Motlobo wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditsong), go epa go simolodisitswe ko tshimologong ya 1979.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFVrba1982|Vrba 1982.]]</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kgato ya ntlha ya go epa e ne e itebagantse le dipeeletso tsa masalela a a feteletseng a a neng a kgomaretse lebota le le kwa bokone la thulaganyo ya logaga (dipeeletso tsa GD 2 sensu<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdamsConroy2005|Adams &#x26; Conroy 2005.]]</ref><ref name=":3" />). Go epa ga dibeke di le tharo ka 1979 go ne ga tlosa mo e ka nnang 2 m3 (71 cu ft) ya di-sediment tse di nang le calcium go tswa mo leboteng la logaga le le kwa bokone. Le fa dikgato tse pedi tse di farologaneng tsa matlakala di ne tsa lemogwa ka nako ya go epa ga ntlha,<ref name=":5" /> tiro ya moragonyana le diphologolo tsa masalela le thutafatshe ya dipeeletso tsa GD 2 ga e a bona motheo ope wa dikgato tse dintsi tsa go tlhoma mo teng ga tatelano ya disampole.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Diboloko tsa sedimente tse di tlositsweng di ne tsa rulaganngwa go nna diboloko/diterei di le masome mane le boraro mme tsa dirwa ka go dirisa esete ya cetic kwa Motlobong wa Teransefala. Sekgala se se bonalang mo dipatlisisong kwa Gondolin se diragetse ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, ka nako eo diboloko tsotlhe tse di epolotsweng di neng tsa dirwa (mme ga go na disampole tse dingwe tsa ''in situ'' kgotsa ''ex situ'' tse di itsiweng gore di diragetse). Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya kokoano ya masalela a maduo ka 1993 e ne ya tlhalosa ka bontlhabongwe fela disampole di le dikete tse nne, makgolo a mararo, masome a mane le bone ka bongwe tse di neng di ka abelwa maemo a a rileng a taxonomic (mo disampole tsotlhe di le dikete tse masome a ferabongwe, makgolo a marataro, masome a marataro le boraro tse di bonweng go tswa mo tirisong ya esete ya acetic ya diterei/diboloko di le masome mane le boraro).<ref name=":6">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdams2010|Adams 2010.]]</ref> Ka 1997 patlisiso ya matlakala kwa Gondolin e ne ya akaretsa go tsaya disampole tsa ntlha tsa dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa matlakala a ''ex situ'' kwa lefelong leo ka go dirisa mosele wa teko (Mosele A).<ref name=":2" /> Didirisiwa tse di tlositsweng mo Moseleng wa A di ne di akaretsa diboloko tsa breccia tsa masalela go tswa mo bontsing, fa e se tsotlhe, tsa ditlhopha tsa stratigraphic tse di leng teng mo lefelong (mmogo le disampole tsa masalela a a sa gagamalang tse di sefilweng go tswa mo matlakaleng a a tlhotlhilweng).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdamsHerriesConroyKuykendall2007|Adams et al. 2007.]]</ref> Go tswa mo sedirisiweng seno se se tserweng sekao (kokoano ya diphologolo tsa GD A), meno a mabedi a a kgaoganeng a hominin (a a emelang batho ba babedi ba ba farologaneng) a ne a bonwa. Ya ntlha, GA 1, ke molar wa molema o o onetseng le o o thubegileng o o sa amanang ka boitshepo le mofuta kgotsa mofuta (mme o tshwana le ''Homo'' ka diponagalo dingwe<ref name=":2" /> Go farologana, GA 2 ke m2 e e feletseng ya molema^{[go tlhokega tlhaloso]} e e sa tswang go sekasekwa le go amana le ''Paranthropus robustus'' ( fa e tswa mo mothong yo mogolo).<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFHerriesAdams2013|Herries &#x26; Adams 2013.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFGrineJacobsReedPlavcan2012|Grine et al. 2012.]]</ref> Dipatlisiso tsa bosheng kwa Gondolin di dirilwe ka 2003 le 2004 go sekaseka dipeeletso tsa GD 1 tse di nang le calcium e ntsi go bapa le molelwane wa bokonebophirima jwa lefelo la Gondolin.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /> Paka ya go epa ya dibeke di le nne e tlhagisitse sampole ya disampole tsa masalela a le dikete tse nne, makgolo a ferabobedi, masome a marataro le boraro go tswa mo go bokana ka 50 m3 (1,800 cu ft) ya morwalo o o feteletseng wa mmu le di-sediment tse di tlhotlhilweng ka tlhago tse di neng tsa tlhatlhobiwa ka letlowa la 1mm. Ka go tlhotlhomisa, go kopanngwa ga tshedimosetso ya taphonomic le ya geologic go tswa mo diphuputsong tsa GD 1 go supile gore dithulaganyo tse di farologaneng tsa motheo tsa go bopega ga direkoto tsa masalela di ne di diragala kwa Gondolin ka nako ya go bopiwa ga dikokoano tsa masalela a GD 1 le GD 2. Sephetho se se tlhagisitse dithulaganyo tse di raraaneng, tse di sa tshwaneng tsa thutafatshe tse di ka tlhotlheletsang go tlhongwa ga masalela le popego ya kokoano mo dithulaganyong tsa dikgaga tsa Aforika Borwa ka nako ya Pliocene ya bofelo le Pleistocene ya tshimologo.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" /> [[Setshwantsho:A 180 degree panorama of the Gondolin cave system taken in 2004.jpg|center|thumb|1250x1250px|Pono ya 180 degrees ya thulaganyo ya Logaga lwa Gondolin]] == Diphologolo tsa masalela == Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya disampole tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng go tswa mo dipeeletso tsa GD 2 e ne e bua fela ka karolo e nnye ya kokoano.[1] Leino le le lengwe la hominin le kwa tshimologong go neng go akanngwa gore le tswa mo sampoleng ya GD 2 moragonyana le ne la tlhomamisiwa gore ke leino la segompieno la Homo le le tsenelelang.[1] Tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng ya kokoano ya Gondolin GD 2 e e dirilweng go tloga ka 2002 go fitlha ka 2004 e ne ya dira gore go supiwe disampole tsotlhe di le 95,549 ka bongwe (go farologana le disampole di le 90,663 tse di neng tsa lemogiwa kwa tshimologong ka 1993), tse mo go tsone di le 16,477 tsa tsone di supiwang tsa morago ga di-craniod,48. (12 993) ya disampole; ka disampole tse di setseng tsa 79,076 e le dikarolwana tse di sa lemotshegeng (bogolo jang diaphysis ya marapo a maleele).[8][9][3] Sebopeho sa kopano se hlalositsweng ho tswa tshekatshekong ena botjha se fapana ka dintlha tse bohlokwa le tsa tlhaloso ya pele ya 1993, ho kenyeletswa le diphetoho tse kgolo dipalong tsa disampole tse amanang le dihlopha tsa taxonomic ka bomong (ka bobedi dipalo tsa disampole ka bomong le palo e tlase ya disampole ka bomong) le ho tloswa ha di-specipotimus tse mmalwa ( An speciespotimus, An species. australis/ditlhapi, Procavia e e fetang mo lefifing). Tlhaloso e e tlhabolotsweng ya kokoano ya GD 2 gape e tiisitse diponagalo di le mmalwa tse di kgethegileng tsa kokoanyo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe tsa Aforika Borwa tsa morago ga Pliocene le Pleistocene: Bontsi jwa dipalo jwa mefuta e mebedi ya ditshephe tse di sa kopaneng le tsone - klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) le mofuta wa reduncin (Redunca sp.) o o tshwanang le tshephe ya dithaba e e sa ntseng e le teng (Redunca fulvorufula).[9] Tiragalo ya ntlha e e tlhalositsweng ya kolobe e e nyeletseng (Hystrix makapanensis) go tswa mo kokoanong e nngwe kwa ntle ga dipeeletso tsa Leloko la Makapansgat 3 (go akaretsa le tlhogo ya ntlha ya morago ga tlhogo e e amanang le mofuta ono).[13] Tshekatsheko ya ntlha e e tseneletseng ya taphonomic ya kokoano ya Aforikaborwa ya pele ya Pleistocene e e tswang fela mo dipeeletso tsa in situ.[9][3] Sampole e e nonofileng ya masalela a a amanang ka tlhamalalo a tlhogo le a morago ga tlhogo a mefuta e mentsi ya masaledi, go akaretsa le ditlhopha di le mmalwa tsa masaledi a a tlhamaletseng.[9] Go boela ga dielemente tse di bokoa go akaretsa le di-hyoid le masalela a lesea le le sa tswang go tsholwa.[9] Go tlhoka setshedi sepe se se ka supiwang go sa ntse go le mo teng ga kokoano.[9] == Dingwaga tsa dipeeletso == Dipeeletso tsa logaga lwa Gondolin Palaeo di beilwe letlha ka go dirisa kopanyo ya biostratigraphy le paleomagnetism e e supang dingwaga di ka nna dimilione di le 1.8.[4][11] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] 8hggtot6yyjncoz8ct3vi9jdl6f51jr 55703 55702 2026-09-26T10:06:14Z KatieKea 10150 /* Diphologolo tsa masalela */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 55703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Composite view GD 2 fossil site.jpg|thumb|tebo e e kopantsweng]] [[Setshwantsho:View of the GD 1 Excavations In Progress.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya dipeeletso tsa GD 1 e epolotsweng ka 2003/2004]] '''Logaga lwa Gondolin''' ke thulaganyo ya logaga lwa bogologolo lwa [[dolomitic]] lwa masalela kwa [[Bokone Bophirima|Kgaolong ya Bokone Bophirima]], [[Aforika Borwa]]. Paleocave e e bopilweng mo di-[[dolomite]] tsa Sebopego sa Eccles ([[Setlhophapotlana sa Malmani]], Setlhopha sa Chuniespoort sethala sa lewatle sa sebopego sa tshipi se se nang le carbonate). Gondolin ga jaana ke yone fela lefelo le le tlhalosiwang la [[masalela]] a di-[[hominin]] mo Kgaolong ya Bokonebophirima-karolo ya Lefelo le le tlhomilweng la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] la [[UNESCO]] la [[Boswa jwa Lefatshe]]. Logaga lono lo mo lefatsheng la batho ba ba ikemetseng ka nosi mme ga lo fitlhelelwe ke setšhaba. Jaaka go ntse ka dithulaganyo tse dingwe tsa Aforika Borwa tsa Paleo-cave tse di nang le dipeeletso tsa masalela a [[Pliocene]] le/kgotsa [[Pleistocene]], thulaganyo e ne ya epiwa go bona kalaka ka nako ya tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo wa bomasome mabedi. Ka ntlha ya seo, thulaganyo e tshwenyegile thata mme e na le fela logaga lo lonnye lo lo dirang, motseletsele wa dipeeletso tsa masalela a logaga mo lefelong la lone, le mafelo a a tseneletseng a go latlhela matlakala a a nang le calcium a a tlhagisitsweng ka nako ya ditiro tsa meepo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFWatson1993|Watson 1993.]]</ref><ref name=":2">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFMenterKuykendallKeyserConroy1999|Menter et al. 1999.]]</ref><ref name=":3">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdams2006|Adams 2006.]]</ref><ref name=":4">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFHerriesAdamsKuykendallShaw2006|Herries et al. 2006.]]</ref> == Ditso tsa lefelo le go epa == Ga go na direkoto tsa letlha la ditiro tsa meepo ya kalaka kwa Gondolin, mebepe kgotsa dinepe tsa logaga pele ga meepo di itsege gore di teng. Baagi ba nako e telele gaufi le Gondolin ba bega gore thulaganyo e ne e epiwa pele ga dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Logaga lo ne lwa reelelwa ka ''[[Gondolin]]'' ya ga J[[.R.R. Tolkien]] ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1970.<ref>''Transvaal Museum Bulletin'', Issues 10-22 (1971).</ref> Masalela a a neng a le mo pepeneneng mo thulaganyong ya logaga a ne a lemogiwa bonnye go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970<ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFMacKenzie1994|MacKenzie 1994.]]</ref> mme a tlisiwa kwa tlhokomelong ya ga [[Elisabeth Vrba]] le David Panagos ba ba neng ba le kwa Motlobong wa Transvaal Ditsong (o jaanong e leng Motlobo wa Bosetšhaba wa Ditsong), go epa go simolodisitswe ko tshimologong ya 1979.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFVrba1982|Vrba 1982.]]</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kgato ya ntlha ya go epa e ne e itebagantse le dipeeletso tsa masalela a a feteletseng a a neng a kgomaretse lebota le le kwa bokone la thulaganyo ya logaga (dipeeletso tsa GD 2 sensu<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdamsConroy2005|Adams &#x26; Conroy 2005.]]</ref><ref name=":3" />). Go epa ga dibeke di le tharo ka 1979 go ne ga tlosa mo e ka nnang 2 m3 (71 cu ft) ya di-sediment tse di nang le calcium go tswa mo leboteng la logaga le le kwa bokone. Le fa dikgato tse pedi tse di farologaneng tsa matlakala di ne tsa lemogwa ka nako ya go epa ga ntlha,<ref name=":5" /> tiro ya moragonyana le diphologolo tsa masalela le thutafatshe ya dipeeletso tsa GD 2 ga e a bona motheo ope wa dikgato tse dintsi tsa go tlhoma mo teng ga tatelano ya disampole.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Diboloko tsa sedimente tse di tlositsweng di ne tsa rulaganngwa go nna diboloko/diterei di le masome mane le boraro mme tsa dirwa ka go dirisa esete ya cetic kwa Motlobong wa Teransefala. Sekgala se se bonalang mo dipatlisisong kwa Gondolin se diragetse ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, ka nako eo diboloko tsotlhe tse di epolotsweng di neng tsa dirwa (mme ga go na disampole tse dingwe tsa ''in situ'' kgotsa ''ex situ'' tse di itsiweng gore di diragetse). Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya kokoano ya masalela a maduo ka 1993 e ne ya tlhalosa ka bontlhabongwe fela disampole di le dikete tse nne, makgolo a mararo, masome a mane le bone ka bongwe tse di neng di ka abelwa maemo a a rileng a taxonomic (mo disampole tsotlhe di le dikete tse masome a ferabongwe, makgolo a marataro, masome a marataro le boraro tse di bonweng go tswa mo tirisong ya esete ya acetic ya diterei/diboloko di le masome mane le boraro).<ref name=":6">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdams2010|Adams 2010.]]</ref> Ka 1997 patlisiso ya matlakala kwa Gondolin e ne ya akaretsa go tsaya disampole tsa ntlha tsa dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa matlakala a ''ex situ'' kwa lefelong leo ka go dirisa mosele wa teko (Mosele A).<ref name=":2" /> Didirisiwa tse di tlositsweng mo Moseleng wa A di ne di akaretsa diboloko tsa breccia tsa masalela go tswa mo bontsing, fa e se tsotlhe, tsa ditlhopha tsa stratigraphic tse di leng teng mo lefelong (mmogo le disampole tsa masalela a a sa gagamalang tse di sefilweng go tswa mo matlakaleng a a tlhotlhilweng).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdamsHerriesConroyKuykendall2007|Adams et al. 2007.]]</ref> Go tswa mo sedirisiweng seno se se tserweng sekao (kokoano ya diphologolo tsa GD A), meno a mabedi a a kgaoganeng a hominin (a a emelang batho ba babedi ba ba farologaneng) a ne a bonwa. Ya ntlha, GA 1, ke molar wa molema o o onetseng le o o thubegileng o o sa amanang ka boitshepo le mofuta kgotsa mofuta (mme o tshwana le ''Homo'' ka diponagalo dingwe<ref name=":2" /> Go farologana, GA 2 ke m2 e e feletseng ya molema^{[go tlhokega tlhaloso]} e e sa tswang go sekasekwa le go amana le ''Paranthropus robustus'' ( fa e tswa mo mothong yo mogolo).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9">[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFHerriesAdams2013|Herries &#x26; Adams 2013.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFGrineJacobsReedPlavcan2012|Grine et al. 2012.]]</ref> Dipatlisiso tsa bosheng kwa Gondolin di dirilwe ka 2003 le 2004 go sekaseka dipeeletso tsa GD 1 tse di nang le calcium e ntsi go bapa le molelwane wa bokonebophirima jwa lefelo la Gondolin.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /> Paka ya go epa ya dibeke di le nne e tlhagisitse sampole ya disampole tsa masalela a le dikete tse nne, makgolo a ferabobedi, masome a marataro le boraro go tswa mo go bokana ka 50 m3 (1,800 cu ft) ya morwalo o o feteletseng wa mmu le di-sediment tse di tlhotlhilweng ka tlhago tse di neng tsa tlhatlhobiwa ka letlowa la 1mm. Ka go tlhotlhomisa, go kopanngwa ga tshedimosetso ya taphonomic le ya geologic go tswa mo diphuputsong tsa GD 1 go supile gore dithulaganyo tse di farologaneng tsa motheo tsa go bopega ga direkoto tsa masalela di ne di diragala kwa Gondolin ka nako ya go bopiwa ga dikokoano tsa masalela a GD 1 le GD 2. Sephetho se se tlhagisitse dithulaganyo tse di raraaneng, tse di sa tshwaneng tsa thutafatshe tse di ka tlhotlheletsang go tlhongwa ga masalela le popego ya kokoano mo dithulaganyong tsa dikgaga tsa Aforika Borwa ka nako ya Pliocene ya bofelo le Pleistocene ya tshimologo.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":6" /> [[Setshwantsho:A 180 degree panorama of the Gondolin cave system taken in 2004.jpg|center|thumb|1250x1250px|Pono ya 180 degrees ya thulaganyo ya Logaga lwa Gondolin]] == Masalela a diphologolo == Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya disampole tsa masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng go tswa mo dipeeletsong tsa GD 2 e ne e bua fela ka karolo e nnye ya kokoano.<ref name=":1" /> Leino le le lengwe la hominin le kwa tshimologong go neng go akanngwa gore le tswa mo sampoleng ya GD 2 moragonyana le ne la tlhomamisiwa gore ke leino la segompieno la ''Homo'' le le tsenelelang.<ref name=":1" /> Tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng ya kokoano ya Gondolin GD 2 e e dirilweng go tloga ka 2002 go fitlha ka 2004 e ne ya dira gore go supiwe disampole tsotlhe di le dikete tse masome a ferabongwe le botlano, makgolo matlhano, masome mane le boferabongwe ka bongwe (go farologana le disampole di le dikete tse masome a ferabongwe, makgolo a marataro, masome a marataro le boraro tse di neng tsa lemogiwa kwa tshimologong ka 1993), tse mo go tsone di le dikete tse lesome le borataro, makgolo a mane, masome a supa le bosupa tsa tsone di supiwang tsa morago ga di-craniod (3,484) kgotsa postcranial (12 993) ya disampole; ka disampole tse di setseng tsa dikete tse masome a supa le boferabongwe, masome a supa le boferabongwe e le dikarolwana tse di sa lemotshegeng (bogolo jang diaphysis ya marapo a maleele).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /> Sebopego sa kopano se se tlhalositsweng go tswa mo tshekatshekong gape e fapana ka dintlha tsa botlhokwa le tsa tlhaloso ya pele ya 1993, go tsenngwa le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dipalong tsa disampole tse di amanang le ditlhopha tsa taxonomic ka bongwe (ka bobedi dipalo tsa disampole ka bongwe le palo e kwa tlase ya disampole ka bongwe) le go tloswa ga di-specipotimus tse di mmalwa ( ''Hippopotamus'' sp., ''Antidorcas australis/marsupialis'', ''Procavia transvaalensis''). Tlhaloso e e tlhabolotsweng ya kokoano ya GD 2 gape e tiisitse diponagalo di le mmalwa tse di kgethegileng tsa kokoanyo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe tsa Aforika Borwa tsa morago ga Pliocene le Pleistocene: * Bontsi jwa dipalo jwa mefuta e mebedi ya ditshephe tse di sa kopanweng le tsone - klipspringer (''[[Oreotragus oreotragus]]'') le mofuta wa reduncin (''[[Redunca]]'' sp.) o o tshwanang le tshephe ya dithaba e e sa ntseng e le teng (''[[Redunca fulvorufula]]'').<ref name=":6" /> * Tiragalo ya ntlha e e tlhalositsweng ya kolobe e e nyeletseng (''Hystrix makapanensis'') go tswa mo kokoanong e nngwe kwa ntle ga dipeeletso tsa Leloko la boraro la Makapansgat (go akaretsa le tlhogo ya ntlha ya morago ga tlhogo e e amanngwang le mofuta ono).<ref>[[:en:Gondolin_Cave#CITEREFAdams2012|Adams 2012.]]</ref> * Tshekatsheko ya ntlha e e tseneletseng ya taphonomic ya kokoano ya Aforikaborwa ya pele ya Pleistocene e e tswang fela mo dipeeletso tsa i''n situ''.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /> * Sampole e e nonofileng ya masalela a a amanang ka tlhamalalo a tlhogo le a morago ga tlhogo a mefuta e mentsi ya masalela, go akaretsa le ditlhopha di le mmalwa tsa masalela a a tlhamaletseng.<ref name=":6" /> * Go boela ga dielemente tse di bokoa go akaretsa le di-hyoid le masalela a lesea le le sa tswang go tsholwa.<ref name=":6" /> * Go tlhoka setshedi sepe se se ka supiwang go sa ntse go le mo teng ga kokoano.<ref name=":6" /> == Dingwaga tsa dipeeletso == Dipeeletso tsa logaga lwa Gondolin Palaeo di beilwe letlha ka go dirisa kopanyo ya [[biostratigraphy]] le [[paleomagnetism]] e e supang dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le 1.8.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] 20ha9yw39ygmuge915s3rlcvg1vwbo1 0 15284 55699 2026-09-26T09:03:27Z MmaBaggio 11091 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367590394|Joselyn Dumas]]" 55699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joselyn''' Dumas (​​​​​O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mararo le bongwe, ngwaga wa 1980) <ref name="BuzzGhana">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Joselyn Dumas Biography, Daughter, Relationships, Failures And Other Facts |url=https://buzzghana.com/joselyn-dumas-interesting-facts/ |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=BuzzGhana}}</ref> ke motsamaise wa mananeo a Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego le modiragatsi wa Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), o ne a tshameka mo motshamekong wa [[:en:A_Northern_Affair|''A Northern Affair'',]] e leng karolo e e neng ya dira gore a bone Seetsele sa Motshameko wa Ghana le go tlhophiwa go nna Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang wa Seetsele sa African Movei Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gracia |first=Zindzy |date=2018-09-04 |title=Joselyn Dumas bio: family, career and story |url=https://yen.com.gh/114957-joselyn-dumas-bio-family-career-story.html |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=Yen.com.gh}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Dumas o tsholetswe kwa Ghana mme o feditse bontsi jwa nako ya gagwe ya bongwana kwa Accra . O dirile dithuto tsa gagwe tse dipotana kwa Sekolong sa Morning Star mme a tswelela kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Basetsana sa Archbishop Porter, koo a neng a tlhophiwa go nna moeteledipele wa tsa itlosobodutu teng . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Joselyn Dumas, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joselyn-Dumas-3322 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831044234/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joselyn-Dumas-3322 |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> Dumas o ne a tsweledisa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa United States, kwa a neng a bona dikirii ya tsamaiso molao teng . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=Joselyn Dumas Full Biography [Celebrity Bio] |url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/joselyn-dumas-full-biography-celebrity-bio/ |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=GhLinks}}</ref> O ne a bereka e le mothusi wa semolao pele ga a fudugela kwa Ghana go ya go dira tiro ya gagwe ya go nna motho yo o tumileng mo Setshwantshong sa Motshikinyego. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2017-11-24|title=Why I abandoned Law for acting – GHANAIAN ACTRESS JOSELYN DUMAS|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abandoned-law-acting-ghanaian-actress-joselyn-dumas/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-05|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tiro ya bobegakgang == === Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego === Dumas o ne a tlhagelela mo Setshwantshomg sa Motshikinyego e le motshwari wa thulaganyo ya Charter House’s ''Rhythm'', e leng maitiso a itlosobodutu, koo a neng a botsolotsa batho ba le bantsi ba ba tumileng teng. <ref name="BuzzGhana" /> O ne a thapiwa ke [[:en:Viasat_1|ViaSat 1]] go nna motshwari wa lenaneo la bone la ntlha la dipuisano, ''The One Show'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Dumas chosen to host The One Show on VIASAT1 |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/07/16/jocelyn-dumas-to-host-the-one-show-on-viasat-1/ |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Ghana Celebrities}}</ref> le le neng la gasiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome ( 2010) go ya kwa ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). E ne e le motshwari wa thulaganyo ya dipuisano tsa Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego ''ya At Home le Joselyn Dumas,'' e e neng ya gasiwa go ralala Afrika le dikarolo tsa Yuropa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=At Home with Joselyn Dumas Launched! Check out All the Photos |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2013/07/27/at-home-with-joselyn-dumas-launched-check-out-all-the-photos/ |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Ghana Celebrities}}</ref> Dumas ke mothei le Mokhuduthamaga wa Virgo Sun Company Limited, e leng lekalana la tlhagiso le le tlhagisitseng motshameko wa, Love or Something Like That, ''Lorato'', e e neng ya tshegediwa ke [[:en:UNAIDS|UNAIDS]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ezebuiro |first=Peace |date=2017-11-21 |title=Joselyn Dumas Biography, Daughter, Husband, Relationships And More |url=https://buzzghana.com/joselyn-dumas-interesting-facts/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=BuzzGhana - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News |language=en-US}}</ref> O ne a tlhagisa [[:en:V_Republic|''V Republic'',]] e leng motseletsele wa Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego o o neng wa tlhagisiwa ke Sparrow Productions, mme e ne ya tlhagisiwa ke Virgo Sun. <ref name=":2" /> === Filimi === Tiragatso ya ga Dumas mo ''[[:en:The_Perfect_Picture_(2009_film)|The Perfect Pictures]]'' e ne ya dira gore a nne le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa difilimi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talented Joselyn Dumas joins Joy FM - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/talented-joselyn-dumas-joins-joy-fm/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dingwaga di le pedi moragonyana, o ne a tlhagelela mo motseletseleng wa difilimi tsa ga [[:en:Shirley_Frimpong-Manso|Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] ''[[:en:Adams_Apples_(film_series)|tsa Adam's Apples]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Charmaine |date=2021-02-24 |title=Ghana’s finest Actress, TV Host and Producer: Joselyn Dumas - My Afrika Magazine |url=https://myafrikamag.com/ghanas-finest-actress-tv-host-and-producer-joselyn-dumas/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Go tshameka ga gagwe e le Jennifer Adams mo ''filiming ya Adams Apples'' go dirile gore a tlhophiwe go nna Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang Botlhe mo Seabeng sa Moeteledipele, mmogo le modiragatsi wa Hollywood Kimberly Elise, kwa Dietsele tsa Difilimi tsa Ghana tsa 2011 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2011 |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2011 Nomination List |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2011/11/27/ghana-movie-awards-2011-nomination-list-jackie-appiah-lydia-forson-nominated-for-best-actress-but-some-shocking-names-in-others-out/ |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Ghana Celebrities}}</ref> Fa e sa le Dumas a simolola go diragatsa kwa Ghana, o ile a tlhagelela mo difiliming le mo motseletseleng wa Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego e tshwana le Love or Something Like That , ''[[:en:A_Sting_in_a_Tale|A Sting in a Tale]]'', The Perfect Picture, [[:en:A_Northern_Affair|''A Northern Affair'']] le [[:en:Lekki_Wives|''Lekki Wives.'']] <ref name=":0" /> O tshamekile mmogo le badiragatsi ba bangwe ba Aforika, go akaretsa le John Dumelo, Majid Michel le O. C. Ukeje . <ref name=":1" /> Dumas o ne a tshwara Dietsele tsa Golden Movie 2018 ga mmogo le Ayo Makun , tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa [[:en:Mövenpick_Ambassador_Hotel_Accra|Hoteleng ya Movenpick Ambassador]] kwa Accra ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlgola gabedi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018). <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2018 |title=Joselyn Dumas and A.Y Named as Host of 2018 Golden Movie Awards Africa |url=https://www.zionfelix.net/joselyn-dumas-y-named-host-2018-golden-movie-awards-africa/}}</ref> === Mmino === Dumas o ne a tlhagelela jaaka monyadiwa mo setshwantshong sa mmino wa pina ya ga [[:en:Lynxxx|Lynxxx]] ya "Fine Lady" e e neng e na le Wizkid . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2012 |title=Nigerian Rapper Lynxxx Weds Ghanaian Actress Jocelyn Dumas in the Video of his Single "Fine Lady" featuring Wizkid! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/06/22/nigerian-rapper-lynxxx-weds-ghanaian-actress-jocelyn-dumas-in-the-video-of-his-single-fine-lady-featuring-wizkid-all-the-exclusive-on-set-photos-with-dr-sid-waje-sasha-oreka-godis-beverly-nay/ |access-date=28 August 2014 |publisher=Bella Nija}}</ref> == Go thusa batho ka se ba se tlhokang le ditiro tse dingwe == Dumas o ne a tlhoma Mokgatlho wa ga Joselyn Canfor-Dumas (JCDF) go ema nokeng bana ba ba tlhokileng lesego mo sechabeng kwa Ghana. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> JCDF e dirile tiro e e neng e itebagantse le [[Bolwetse jwa Autism|bolwetse jwa autism]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Joselyn Dumas donates CCTV to Korle-Bu Children's Block |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-21st/photos-joselyn-dumas-gives-cctv-to-korle-bu-childrens-block.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522042416/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-21st/photos-joselyn-dumas-gives-cctv-to-korle-bu-childrens-block.php |archive-date=2018-05-22 |website=MyJoyOnline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=Joselyn Dumas Foundation supports children living with autism |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Joselyn-Dumas-Foundation-supports-children-living-with-autism-325404}}</ref> Dumas o ne a nna motlhagisi wa kgaisano ya Mmabontle wa Malaika Ghana go simolola ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi ( 2008) go ya kwa go dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joselyn Dumas |url=http://www.ameyawdebrah.com/joselyn-dumas/ |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=ameyawdebrah.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Our Presenters |url=http://www.viasat1.com.gh/vone/presenters/joselyn-dumas.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161335/http://www.viasat1.com.gh/vone/presenters/joselyn-dumas.php |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Viasat1}}</ref> O kile a nna moemedi wa kgwebo ya [[:en:Range_Rover_Evoque|Range Rover Evoque]] Ghana le Jobberman Ghana, e leng kompone e e bapatsang ditiro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2012 |title=Joselyn Dumas Branded Face of Range Rover Evoque |url=http://www.etvghana.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1461:joselyn-dumas-branded-face-of-range-rover-evoque&catid=140:entertainment-news&Itemid=533 |access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=etvghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2012 |title=Photos+Joselyn Dumas Has Influenced Our Sales Since Making Her 'Face of Evoque'-PHC Motors |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/06/14/photos-joselyn-dumas-has-influenced-our-sales-since-making-her-face-of-evogue-phc-motors/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=Ghana Celebrities}}</ref> <ref name="myjoyonline.com">{{Cite web |title=Talented Joselyn Dumas joins Joy FM |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/talented-joselyn-dumas-joins-joy-fm/ |access-date=2021-02-03 |website=MyJoyOnline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joselyn Dumas outdoored Jobberman Ghana's Brand Ambassador |url=https://ghanacelebrities.com/2014/08/27/joselyn-dumas-outdoored-jobberman-ghanas-brand-ambassador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251024094238/https://ghanacelebrities.com/2014/08/27/joselyn-dumas-outdoored-jobberman-ghanas-brand-ambassador/ |archive-date=2025-10-24 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.ghanacelebrities.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), Dumas le motho yo o tumileng mo bobegakgannyeng Nathan Kwabena Anokye Adisi ba ne ba bidiwa baemedi ba letshwao la kgwebo la GoldBod Jewellery e e leng kompone e e tlaleletsang ya khuduthamaga ya Gold ya Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GoldBod Jewellery appoints Bola Ray and Joselyn Dumas as Brand Ambassadors |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2025/10/goldbod-jewellery-appoints-bola-ray-and-joselyn-dumas-as-brand-ambassadors/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Citinewsroom}}</ref> == Difilimi == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 26541qs1wjzr98c3gx0u2hndymhfcyt 55701 55699 2026-09-26T09:17:26Z MmaBaggio 11091 55701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joselyn''' Dumas (​​​​​O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mararo le bongwe, ngwaga wa 1980) <ref name="BuzzGhana">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-21 |title=Joselyn Dumas Biography, Daughter, Relationships, Failures And Other Facts |url=https://buzzghana.com/joselyn-dumas-interesting-facts/ |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=BuzzGhana}}</ref> ke motsamaise wa mananeo a Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego le modiragatsi wa Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), o ne a tshameka mo motshamekong wa [[:en:A_Northern_Affair|''A Northern Affair'',]] e leng karolo e e neng ya dira gore a bone Seetsele sa Motshameko wa Ghana le go tlhophiwa go nna Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang wa Seetsele sa African Movei Academy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gracia |first=Zindzy |date=2018-09-04 |title=Joselyn Dumas bio: family, career and story |url=https://yen.com.gh/114957-joselyn-dumas-bio-family-career-story.html |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=Yen.com.gh}}</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Joselyn Dumas|image=Jocelyn Dumas (cropped).jpg|caption=Dumas at the [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]|birth_name=Joselyn Canfor Dumas|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1980|08|31|df=y}}|birth_place=Ghana|occupation={{hlist|Actress|television host}}|years active=2009–present|website={{URL|https://www.joselyndumas.net}}}} == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Dumas o tsholetswe kwa Ghana mme o feditse bontsi jwa nako ya gagwe ya bongwana kwa Accra . O dirile dithuto tsa gagwe tse dipotana kwa Sekolong sa Morning Star mme a tswelela kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Basetsana sa Archbishop Porter, koo a neng a tlhophiwa go nna moeteledipele wa tsa itlosobodutu teng . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Joselyn Dumas, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joselyn-Dumas-3322 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831044234/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Joselyn-Dumas-3322 |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}</ref> Dumas o ne a tsweledisa dithuto tsa gagwe kwa United States, kwa a neng a bona dikirii ya tsamaiso molao teng . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-23 |title=Joselyn Dumas Full Biography [Celebrity Bio] |url=https://www.ghlinks.com.gh/joselyn-dumas-full-biography-celebrity-bio/ |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=GhLinks}}</ref> O ne a bereka e le mothusi wa semolao pele ga a fudugela kwa Ghana go ya go dira tiro ya gagwe ya go nna motho yo o tumileng mo Setshwantshong sa Motshikinyego. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Nation|first=The|date=2017-11-24|title=Why I abandoned Law for acting – GHANAIAN ACTRESS JOSELYN DUMAS|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abandoned-law-acting-ghanaian-actress-joselyn-dumas/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-05|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tiro ya bobegakgang == === Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego === Dumas o ne a tlhagelela mo Setshwantshomg sa Motshikinyego e le motshwari wa thulaganyo ya Charter House’s ''Rhythm'', e leng maitiso a itlosobodutu, koo a neng a botsolotsa batho ba le bantsi ba ba tumileng teng. <ref name="BuzzGhana" /> O ne a thapiwa ke [[:en:Viasat_1|ViaSat 1]] go nna motshwari wa lenaneo la bone la ntlha la dipuisano, ''The One Show'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2010 |title=Dumas chosen to host The One Show on VIASAT1 |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2010/07/16/jocelyn-dumas-to-host-the-one-show-on-viasat-1/ |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Ghana Celebrities}}</ref> le le neng la gasiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome ( 2010) go ya kwa ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). E ne e le motshwari wa thulaganyo ya dipuisano tsa Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego ''ya At Home le Joselyn Dumas,'' e e neng ya gasiwa go ralala Afrika le dikarolo tsa Yuropa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2013 |title=At Home with Joselyn Dumas Launched! Check out All the Photos |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2013/07/27/at-home-with-joselyn-dumas-launched-check-out-all-the-photos/ |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Ghana Celebrities}}</ref> Dumas ke mothei le Mokhuduthamaga wa Virgo Sun Company Limited, e leng lekalana la tlhagiso le le tlhagisitseng motshameko wa, Love or Something Like That, ''Lorato'', e e neng ya tshegediwa ke [[:en:UNAIDS|UNAIDS]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ezebuiro |first=Peace |date=2017-11-21 |title=Joselyn Dumas Biography, Daughter, Husband, Relationships And More |url=https://buzzghana.com/joselyn-dumas-interesting-facts/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=BuzzGhana - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News |language=en-US}}</ref> O ne a tlhagisa [[:en:V_Republic|''V Republic'',]] e leng motseletsele wa Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego o o neng wa tlhagisiwa ke Sparrow Productions, mme e ne ya tlhagisiwa ke Virgo Sun. <ref name=":2" /> === Filimi === Tiragatso ya ga Dumas mo ''[[:en:The_Perfect_Picture_(2009_film)|The Perfect Pictures]]'' e ne ya dira gore a nne le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa difilimi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Talented Joselyn Dumas joins Joy FM - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/talented-joselyn-dumas-joins-joy-fm/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dingwaga di le pedi moragonyana, o ne a tlhagelela mo motseletseleng wa difilimi tsa ga [[:en:Shirley_Frimpong-Manso|Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] ''[[:en:Adams_Apples_(film_series)|tsa Adam's Apples]]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Charmaine |date=2021-02-24 |title=Ghana’s finest Actress, TV Host and Producer: Joselyn Dumas - My Afrika Magazine |url=https://myafrikamag.com/ghanas-finest-actress-tv-host-and-producer-joselyn-dumas/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Go tshameka ga gagwe e le Jennifer Adams mo ''filiming ya Adams Apples'' go dirile gore a tlhophiwe go nna Modiragatsi yo o Gaisang Botlhe mo Seabeng sa Moeteledipele, mmogo le modiragatsi wa Hollywood Kimberly Elise, kwa Dietsele tsa Difilimi tsa Ghana tsa 2011 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2011 |title=Ghana Movie Awards 2011 Nomination List |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2011/11/27/ghana-movie-awards-2011-nomination-list-jackie-appiah-lydia-forson-nominated-for-best-actress-but-some-shocking-names-in-others-out/ |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Ghana Celebrities}}</ref> Fa e sa le Dumas a simolola go diragatsa kwa Ghana, o ile a tlhagelela mo difiliming le mo motseletseleng wa Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego e tshwana le Love or Something Like That , ''[[:en:A_Sting_in_a_Tale|A Sting in a Tale]]'', The Perfect Picture, [[:en:A_Northern_Affair|''A Northern Affair'']] le [[:en:Lekki_Wives|''Lekki Wives.'']] <ref name=":0" /> O tshamekile mmogo le badiragatsi ba bangwe ba Aforika, go akaretsa le John Dumelo, Majid Michel le O. C. Ukeje . <ref name=":1" /> Dumas o ne a tshwara Dietsele tsa Golden Movie 2018 ga mmogo le Ayo Makun , tse di neng di tshwaretswe kwa [[:en:Mövenpick_Ambassador_Hotel_Accra|Hoteleng ya Movenpick Ambassador]] kwa Accra ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlgola gabedi, ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018). <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2018 |title=Joselyn Dumas and A.Y Named as Host of 2018 Golden Movie Awards Africa |url=https://www.zionfelix.net/joselyn-dumas-y-named-host-2018-golden-movie-awards-africa/}}</ref> === Mmino === Dumas o ne a tlhagelela jaaka monyadiwa mo setshwantshong sa mmino wa pina ya ga [[:en:Lynxxx|Lynxxx]] ya "Fine Lady" e e neng e na le Wizkid . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2012 |title=Nigerian Rapper Lynxxx Weds Ghanaian Actress Jocelyn Dumas in the Video of his Single "Fine Lady" featuring Wizkid! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/06/22/nigerian-rapper-lynxxx-weds-ghanaian-actress-jocelyn-dumas-in-the-video-of-his-single-fine-lady-featuring-wizkid-all-the-exclusive-on-set-photos-with-dr-sid-waje-sasha-oreka-godis-beverly-nay/ |access-date=28 August 2014 |publisher=Bella Nija}}</ref> == Go thusa batho ka se ba se tlhokang le ditiro tse dingwe == Dumas o ne a tlhoma Mokgatlho wa ga Joselyn Canfor-Dumas (JCDF) go ema nokeng bana ba ba tlhokileng lesego mo sechabeng kwa Ghana. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> JCDF e dirile tiro e e neng e itebagantse le [[Bolwetse jwa Autism|bolwetse jwa autism]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Joselyn Dumas donates CCTV to Korle-Bu Children's Block |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-21st/photos-joselyn-dumas-gives-cctv-to-korle-bu-childrens-block.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522042416/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2018/May-21st/photos-joselyn-dumas-gives-cctv-to-korle-bu-childrens-block.php |archive-date=2018-05-22 |website=MyJoyOnline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2014 |title=Joselyn Dumas Foundation supports children living with autism |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Joselyn-Dumas-Foundation-supports-children-living-with-autism-325404}}</ref> Dumas o ne a nna motlhagisi wa kgaisano ya Mmabontle wa Malaika Ghana go simolola ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi ( 2008) go ya kwa go dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joselyn Dumas |url=http://www.ameyawdebrah.com/joselyn-dumas/ |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=ameyawdebrah.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Our Presenters |url=http://www.viasat1.com.gh/vone/presenters/joselyn-dumas.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161335/http://www.viasat1.com.gh/vone/presenters/joselyn-dumas.php |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=21 August 2014 |publisher=Viasat1}}</ref> O kile a nna moemedi wa kgwebo ya [[:en:Range_Rover_Evoque|Range Rover Evoque]] Ghana le Jobberman Ghana, e leng kompone e e bapatsang ditiro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2012 |title=Joselyn Dumas Branded Face of Range Rover Evoque |url=http://www.etvghana.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1461:joselyn-dumas-branded-face-of-range-rover-evoque&catid=140:entertainment-news&Itemid=533 |access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=etvghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2012 |title=Photos+Joselyn Dumas Has Influenced Our Sales Since Making Her 'Face of Evoque'-PHC Motors |url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/06/14/photos-joselyn-dumas-has-influenced-our-sales-since-making-her-face-of-evogue-phc-motors/ |access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=Ghana Celebrities}}</ref> <ref name="myjoyonline.com">{{Cite web |title=Talented Joselyn Dumas joins Joy FM |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/talented-joselyn-dumas-joins-joy-fm/ |access-date=2021-02-03 |website=MyJoyOnline.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joselyn Dumas outdoored Jobberman Ghana's Brand Ambassador |url=https://ghanacelebrities.com/2014/08/27/joselyn-dumas-outdoored-jobberman-ghanas-brand-ambassador/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251024094238/https://ghanacelebrities.com/2014/08/27/joselyn-dumas-outdoored-jobberman-ghanas-brand-ambassador/ |archive-date=2025-10-24 |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.ghanacelebrities.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), Dumas le motho yo o tumileng mo bobegakgannyeng Nathan Kwabena Anokye Adisi ba ne ba bidiwa baemedi ba letshwao la kgwebo la GoldBod Jewellery e e leng kompone e e tlaleletsang ya khuduthamaga ya Gold ya Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GoldBod Jewellery appoints Bola Ray and Joselyn Dumas as Brand Ambassadors |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2025/10/goldbod-jewellery-appoints-bola-ray-and-joselyn-dumas-as-brand-ambassadors/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Citinewsroom}}</ref> == Difilimi == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ngwaga !Setlhogo !Seabe !mofuta wa motshameko |- |2011 |''Adams Apples'' |Jennifer Adams |Drama |- |2012 |''Peep'' |Detective | |- | rowspan="4" |2014 |''A Northern Affair''<ref name="myjoyonline.com2" /> |Esaba |Romantic film |- |''Lekki Wives'' (season 2)<ref name="myjoyonline.com2" /> |Aisha | |- |''Love or Something Like That'' |Dr. Kwaaley Mettle |Drama |- |''V Republic'' |Mansa |TV series |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Silver Rain''<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRs5ZlKKHtI "Silver Rain the movie"]. ''You Tube''. Silver Rain movie. Retrieved 24 September 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=339372 "WATCH: TRAILER for Juliet Asante's 'Silver Rain' movie".] ''GhanaWeb''. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064344/http://pulse.ng/movies/silverain-movie-gets-amsterdam-premiere-date-id3820446.html "'Silverain' Movie gets Amsterdam premiere date".] ''Pulse Nigeria''. Chidumga Izuzu. 2 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</ref> |Adjoa |Drama |- |''Cartel the Genesis'' |Agent Naana |Action film |- |2016 |''Shampaign'' |Naana Akua Quansah |TV series |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Potato Potahto''<ref>[https://eonlinegh.com/shirley%e2%80%99s-new-movie-%e2%80%98potato-potahto%e2%80%99-starring-joselyn-dumas-chris-attoh-nikki-adjetey-annan-others-to-premiere-in-ghana/ "Shirley's New Movie 'Potato Potahto' Starring Joselyn Dumas, Chris Attoh, Nikki, Adjetey Annan & Others To Premiere In Ghana".] ''E Ghana''. Retrieved 14 June 2019.</ref><ref>Frimpong-Manso, Shirley (15 December 2019), ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6950250/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_4 Potato Potahto]'' (Comedy), O. C. Ukeje, Joselyn Dumas, Joke Silva, Kemi Lala Akindoju, retrieved 3 February 2021</ref> |Lulu |Comedy film |- |''John and John'' | | |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Cold Feet'' |Omoye |Drama |- |''Perfect Picture - Ten Years Later''<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Sparrow-Production-shoots-Perfect-Picture-movie-again-10-years-later-787621 "Sparrow Production shoots 'Perfect Picture' movie again 10 years later".] ''GhanaWeb''. 9 October 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</ref><ref>Frimpong-Manso, Shirley (4 July 2020), ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12058774/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_2 The Perfect Picture - Ten Years Later]'' (Comedy, Romance), Jackie Appiah, Naa Ashorkor Mensa-Doku, Lydia Forson, Adjetey Anang, Sparrow Pictures, retrieved 3 February 2021</ref> |Flora Gaisie |Comedy / romance |- |''Tenants of the House'' |Hon. Elizabeth | |- |2021 |''Chasing Lullaby'' | |Comedy drama |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Glamour Girls''<ref>[[imdbtitle:20604466|''Glamour Girls (2022) - IMDb'',]] retrieved 8 July 2022</ref> |Jemma |Drama |- |''Flawsome'' | |TV series |- |2023 |''Madam'' |Lankai Morgan |} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ngwaga !Seetsele !Karolo !Maduo |- |2011 |Ghana Movie Awards (GMA) |Best Actress in a Leading Role|| {{nom}} |- |2012 |Radio and Television Personality Awards (RTP) |Best Entertainment Host of the Year|| {{won}} |- |2013 |Radio and Television Personality Awards (RTP) | * Radio/TV Personality of the Year * Female Entertainment Host of the Year * Female Presenter of the Year |{{nom}} |- |2013 |4syte TV |Hottest Ghanaian Celebrity|| {{won}} |- |2013 |Ghana Movie Awards (GMA) |Best Supporting Actress|| {{won}} |- |2013 |City People Entertainment Awards | * Stellar Contribution to the Movie and Media Industry in Africa * Tremendous Growth in the Movie Industry | {{won}} |- |2014 |Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) |Best Actress in a Leading Role|| {{nom}} |- |2014 |Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) |Best Actress in a Leading Role|| {{nom}} |- |2014 |All Africa Media Networks |Outstanding Personality in Creative Entrepreneurship|| {{won}} |- |2014 |Ghana Movie Awards |Best Actress in a Lead Role|| {{won}} |- |2015 |Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) |Best Actress in a Drama|| {{nom}} |- |2015 |GN Bank Awards |Best Actress|| {{won}} |- |2015 |Blog Ghana Awards |Best Instagram Page|| {{won}} |- |2016 |Golden Movie Awards |Best Actress, TV Series ''Shampaign''|| {{won}} |- |2016 |Ghana Make-Up Awards |Most Glamorous Celebrity|| {{won}} |- |2016 |Shortlisted |Among Africa's Top 3 Women in Entertainment|| {{won}} |- |2018 |IARA UK |Best Actress|| {{won}} |} == References == <references responsive="1"></references> == Ditshupiso == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 45a06bl3tq7388fh0iql3u43tdfhw87 0 15285 55704 2026-09-26T10:29:37Z KatieKea 10150 Ke simolotse go ranola tsebe e 55704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Kromdraai fossil site|location=[[Gauteng]], [[South Africa]]|map_caption=Location in Gauteng|coordinates={{coord|26|00|00|S|27|45|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|nearest_city=Krugersdorp, [[South Africa]]|established=Incorporated into the Cradle of Humankind 1999|governing_body=Cradle of Humankind and Private Landowner}} '''Kromdraai''' (ka [[Seburu]] go kaya "go retologa mo go sokameng") ke logaga lo lo tletseng ka breccia lo lo tshotseng masalela le le fitlhelwang dikilometara di ka nna pedi (1.2 mi) kwa botlhaba jwa lefelo le le itsegeng thata la Aforika Borwa le le nang le di-hominid la [[Sterkfontein]] le dikilometara di ka nna masome mane le botlhano (28 mi) kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Aforika Borwa]]. E mo teng ga [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] mme ka boyone ke [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045225/http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19150 "9/2/233/0022-001 - Kromdraai Palaeontological Reserve, Kromdraai 71, Krugersdorp District"]. [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Archived from [http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19150 the original] on 15 April 2014. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == [[Setshwantsho:Kromdraai A.jpg|left|thumb|Kromdraai A e lejwa go tswa kwa Borwabophirima ka 2007]] [[Setshwantsho:Kromdraai B.jpg|left|thumb|Kromdraai B e lejwa go tswa kwa Bokonebotlhaba ka 2007]] Ka 1938, lefelo leno le ne la itsisiwe Robert Broom ke mosimane wa sekolo wa lefelo leo yo o bidiwang Gert Terrblanche yo o neng a ribolotse meno a le mmalwa a hominin. Meno a ne a bopa karolo ya legata le le neng le tla nna holotype ya Paranthropus robustus. Broom o ne a simolola go epa mo lefelong leno go go neng go tla tswelela go fitlha mo e ka nnang ka 1947 mme go ne go tla felela ka gore go bonwe masalela a le mantsi a di-hominin. Go ne ga lemogiwa dipeeletso tse pedi le go bidiwa mo lefelong leno — Kromdraai A (KA) le Kromdraai B (KB) — la bofelo e le lefelo le masalela a hominin a neng a bonwa mo go lone.<ref>[[:en:Robert_Broom|Broom, Robert]] (1951). ''[[:en:Kromdraai_fossil_site#:~:text=Mobile%20view-,Broom%2C%20Robert%20(1951).%20Finding%20the%20Missing%20Link%3A%20An%20Account%20of%20Recent%20Discoveries%20Throwing%20New%20Light%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Man.%20London%3A%20C.%20A.%20Watts.|Finding the Missing Link: An Account of Recent Discoveries Throwing New Light on the Origin of Man]]''. London: C. A. Watts.</ref> Ka 1955 C.K. Boboko bo ne jwa simolola tiro gape kwa Kromdraai B mme jwa ribolola masalela a mangwe a mantsi a di-hominin mmogo le diphologolo tse dintsi tse e seng tsa di-hominin.<ref name=":1">Thackeray, J.F.; de Ruiter, D.J.; Berger, L.R.; van der Merve, N.J. (2001). "Hominid fossils from Kromdraai: a revised list of specimens discovered since 1938". ''Annals of the Transvaal Museum''. 38 (4): 43–56.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 Elizabeth Vrba o ne a dira dipatlisiso ka bokhutshwane kwa Kromdraai B gore a kgone go bona disampole tse dingwe tsa tiro ya gagwe mo dipoding tsa Aforika Borwa.<ref>Vrba, E. (1981). "The Kromdraai Australopithecine site revisited in 1980: recent investigations and results". Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 33 (3): 17–60. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00411752_1037|10520/AJA00411752_1037]].</ref> Ka 1993 dipatlisiso di ne tsa bulwa gape ke Francis Thackeray wa Musiamo wa Teransefala le Lee Berger wa Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand mme ga jaana di tsweletse. Thackeray le Berger moragonyana ba ne ba kopanngwa ke ditlhopha go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Harvard le badirisanimmogo ba bangwe.<ref>Berger, L.R.; Menter, C.; Thackeray, F. (1994). "The renewal of excavation activities at Kromdraai, South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''90''' (4): 209–210.</ref> Dipholo tsa botlhokwa tsa tiro eno e nnile go bonwa ga masaledi a mangwe a hominin mmogo le go bona matlha a a nepagetseng thata a lefelo leno. == Masalela a a bonweng == Ntle le sekai sa holotype sa P. robustus, ka nako ya go kwalwa ga athikele e go ne go bonwe disampole di le 29 tsa hominin go tswa kwa Kromdraai B.<ref name=":1" /> Diketekete tse dintsi tsa masaledi a diphologolo le tsone di bonwe go tswa mo Kromdraai A le B. Ka 2014, dikokoano tsa masaledi a Kromdraai B di ne di le disampole di le 6,067.<ref name=":2">Braga, José; Thackeray, John Francis; Bruxelles, Laurent; Dumoncel, Jean; Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste (January 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.03.003|"Stretching the time span of hominin evolution at Kromdraai (Gauteng, South Africa): Recent discoveries"]]. ''Comptes Rendus Palevol''. '''16''' (1): 58–70. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CRPal..16...58B 2017CRPal..16...58B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.03.003|10.1016/j.crpv.2016.03.003]].</ref> === Dingwaga tsa dipeeletso === Kromdraai B e tlhomilwe magareng ga bokana ka 2.0 - 1.6 Ma ka bontsi fa e se masaledi otlhe a Paranthropus robustus a tlhomilwe magareng ga 1.8 le 1.6 Ma.<ref>Herries, Andy I.R.; Hopley, Philip J.; Adams, Justin W.; Curnoe, Darren; Maslin, Mark A. (2010). "Letter to the editor: Geochronology and palaeoenvironments of Southern African hominin-bearing localities-A reply to Wrangham et al., 2009. "Shallow-water habitats as sources of fallback foods for hominins"". ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology''. '''143''' (4): 640–646. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajpa.21389|10.1002/ajpa.21389]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483 0002-9483]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20872806 20872806].</ref> == Thutafatshe == Kromdraai ke logaga lwa dolomite lo lo senang marulelo mo letlhakoreng le le kwa borwa jwa molatswana wa Blaauwbank. Kromdraai e mo teng ga Cradle of Humankind mme e ka nna dikilometara di le 2 (1.2 mi) kwa botlhaba jwa lefelo la masaledi a Sterkfontein. E na le mafelo a mabedi a a nang le masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Kromdraai A (KA) le Kromdraai B (KB). KA e fitlhelwa dimitara di le 30 (98 ft) kwa borwa jwa KB. KB ke polokelo e kgolo ya masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng kwa lefelong la Kromdraai. Melelwane ya mafelo ano ka bobedi e na le dolomite.<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Mafelo a Gauteng]] [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Dikgaga tsa kalaka]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a ngwao a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] 9pe4zu4xw6mp11t5rwcm9rdu6ua11ct 55705 55704 2026-09-26T10:36:56Z KatieKea 10150 /* Ditso tsa dipatlisiso */ ke ranotse karolo e le go tsenya metswedi 55705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area|name=Kromdraai fossil site|location=[[Gauteng]], [[South Africa]]|map_caption=Location in Gauteng|coordinates={{coord|26|00|00|S|27|45|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|nearest_city=Krugersdorp, [[South Africa]]|established=Incorporated into the Cradle of Humankind 1999|governing_body=Cradle of Humankind and Private Landowner}} '''Kromdraai''' (ka [[Seburu]] go kaya "go retologa mo go sokameng") ke logaga lo lo tletseng ka breccia lo lo tshotseng masalela le le fitlhelwang dikilometara di ka nna pedi (1.2 mi) kwa botlhaba jwa lefelo le le itsegeng thata la Aforika Borwa le le nang le di-hominid la [[Sterkfontein]] le dikilometara di ka nna masome mane le botlhano (28 mi) kwa bokonebophirima jwa [[Johannesburg]], [[Aforika Borwa]]. E mo teng ga [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Lefatshe]] la [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] mme ka boyone ke [[Lefelo la Boswa jwa Bosetšhaba la Aforikaborwa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045225/http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19150 "9/2/233/0022-001 - Kromdraai Palaeontological Reserve, Kromdraai 71, Krugersdorp District"]. [[:en:South_African_Heritage_Resources_Agency|South African Heritage Resources Agency]]. Archived from [http://www.sahra.org.za/node/19150 the original] on 15 April 2014. Retrieved Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro, 2026.</ref> == Ditso tsa dipatlisiso == [[Setshwantsho:Kromdraai A.jpg|left|thumb|Kromdraai A e lejwa go tswa kwa Borwabophirima ka 2007]] [[Setshwantsho:Kromdraai B.jpg|left|thumb|Kromdraai B e lejwa go tswa kwa Bokonebotlhaba ka 2007]] Ka 1938, lefelo leno le ne la itsisiwe [[Robert Broom]] ke mosimane wa sekolo wa lefelo leo yo o bidiwang Gert Terrblanche yo o neng a ribolotse meno a le mmalwa a hominin. Meno a ne a bopa karolo ya legata le le neng le tla nna [[holotype]] ya ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]''. Broom o ne a simolola go epa mo lefelong leno mo go neng go tla tswelela go fitlha mo e ka nnang ka 1947 mme go ne go tla felela ka gore go bonwe masalela a le mantsi a di-hominin. Go ne ga lemogiwa dipeeletso tse pedi le go bidiwa mo lefelong leno — Kromdraai A (KA) le Kromdraai B (KB) — la bofelo e le lefelo le masalela a hominin a neng a bonwa mo go lone.<ref>[[:en:Robert_Broom|Broom, Robert]] (1951). ''[[:en:Kromdraai_fossil_site#:~:text=Mobile%20view-,Broom%2C%20Robert%20(1951).%20Finding%20the%20Missing%20Link%3A%20An%20Account%20of%20Recent%20Discoveries%20Throwing%20New%20Light%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Man.%20London%3A%20C.%20A.%20Watts.|Finding the Missing Link: An Account of Recent Discoveries Throwing New Light on the Origin of Man]]''. London: C. A. Watts.</ref> Ka 1955 [[C.K. Brain]] o ne a simolola tiro gape kwa Kromdraai B mme a ribolola masalela a mangwe a mantsi a di-hominin mmogo le diphologolo tse dintsi tse e seng tsa di-hominin.<ref name=":1">Thackeray, J.F.; de Ruiter, D.J.; Berger, L.R.; van der Merve, N.J. (2001). "Hominid fossils from Kromdraai: a revised list of specimens discovered since 1938". ''Annals of the Transvaal Museum''. 38 (4): 43–56.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 [[Elizabeth Vrba]] o ne a dira dipatlisiso ka bokhutshwane kwa Kromdraai B gore a kgone go bona disampole tse dingwe tsa tiro ya gagwe mo dipoding tsa Aforika Borwa.<ref>Vrba, E. (1981). "The Kromdraai Australopithecine site revisited in 1980: recent investigations and results". Annals of the Transvaal Museum. 33 (3): 17–60. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10520/AJA00411752_1037|10520/AJA00411752_1037]].</ref> Ka 1993 dipatlisiso di ne tsa bulwa gape ke [[Francis Thackeray]] wa Motlobo wa Teransefala le [[Lee Berger]] wa [[Yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand]] mme ga jaana di tsweletse. Thackeray le Berger moragonyana ba ne ba kopana le ditlhopha go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Harvard]] le badirisanimmogo ba bangwe.<ref>Berger, L.R.; Menter, C.; Thackeray, F. (1994). "The renewal of excavation activities at Kromdraai, South Africa". ''South African Journal of Science''. '''90''' (4): 209–210.</ref> Maduo a botlhokwa jwa tiro eno e nnile go bonwa ga masalela a mangwe a hominin mmogo le go bona matlha a a nepagetseng thata a lefelo leno. == Masalela a a bonweng == Ntle le sekai sa holotype sa ''P. robustus'', ka nako ya go kwalwa ga lokwalo le go ne go bonwe disampole di le masome mabedi le boferabongwe tsa hominin go tswa kwa Kromdraai B.<ref name=":1" /> Diketekete tse dintsi tsa masalela a diphologolo le tsone di bonwe go tswa mo Kromdraai A le B. Ka 2014, dikokoano tsa masalela a Kromdraai B di ne di le disampole di le dikete tse thataro, masome a marataro le bosupa.<ref name=":2">Braga, José; Thackeray, John Francis; Bruxelles, Laurent; Dumoncel, Jean; Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste (January 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.03.003|"Stretching the time span of hominin evolution at Kromdraai (Gauteng, South Africa): Recent discoveries"]]. ''Comptes Rendus Palevol''. '''16''' (1): 58–70. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CRPal..16...58B 2017CRPal..16...58B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.03.003|10.1016/j.crpv.2016.03.003]].</ref> === Dingwaga tsa dipeeletso === Kromdraai B e tlhomilwe magareng ga bokana ka 2.0 - 1.6 Ma ka bontsi fa e se masalela otlhe a ''[[Paranthropus robustus]]'' a tlhomilwe magareng ga 1.8 le 1.6 Ma.<ref>Herries, Andy I.R.; Hopley, Philip J.; Adams, Justin W.; Curnoe, Darren; Maslin, Mark A. (2010). "Letter to the editor: Geochronology and palaeoenvironments of Southern African hominin-bearing localities-A reply to Wrangham et al., 2009. "Shallow-water habitats as sources of fallback foods for hominins"". ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology''. '''143''' (4): 640–646. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ajpa.21389|10.1002/ajpa.21389]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9483 0002-9483]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20872806 20872806].</ref> == Thutafatshe == Kromdraai ke logaga lwa [[dolomite]] lo lo senang marulelo mo letlhakoreng le le kwa borwa jwa molatswana wa Blaauwbank. Kromdraai e mo teng ga [[Mogope wa tlholego ya motho (Cradle of Humankind)|Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] mme e ka nna dikilometara di le pedi (1.2 mi) kwa botlhaba jwa lefelo la masalela la [[Sterkfontein]]. E na le mafelo a mabedi a a nang le masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng, Kromdraai A (KA) le Kromdraai B (KB). KA e fitlhelwa dimitara di le masome mararo (98 ft) kwa borwa jwa KB. KB ke polokelo e kgolo ya masalela a dilo a a epolotsweng kwa lefelong la Kromdraai. Melelwane ya mafelo ano ka bobedi e na le dolomite.<ref name=":2" /> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Mafelo a Gauteng]] [[Karolo:Dikgaga mo Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Dikgaga tsa kalaka]] [[Karolo:Mafelo a ngwao a Aforika Borwa]] [[Karolo:Mogope wa tlholego ya motho]] r1okd6a2oh3t8gdxirtz60srjxp51kr