Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9323 56863 35380 2026-10-20T00:25:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Tlale''' (29 Ferikgong1975) ke motlhami wa mokgabo wa Afrika Borwa. O tsholetswe kwa Vosloorus mo Afrika Borwa. O godisitswe ke mmaagwe yo o sa nyalwang. Tiro ya gagwe e bontshitswe kwa Cape Town Fashion Week, New York Fashion Week, le Paris Fashion Week. Gape o ne a tlhama dilo tse a di rekisang tsa mabenkele ba bagolo jaaka Edgars. Tlale e ne e le motshameki wa makgaolakgang kwa kgaisanong ya Elle talente e ntshwa ya Afrika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 2002. Ka Motsheganong 2003, Tlale o ne a simolola di-studio tsa dipolane kwa Cape Town le Johannesburg.<ref name="dn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/lifestyle/David-Tlale-on-the-business-of-fashion/-/1214/2859234/-/uxv8baz/-/index.html|title=World acclaimed South African designer on the business of fashion|publisher=Daily Nation|date=5 September 2015|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-david-tlale|title=Colouring outside the lines: David Tlale|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326141408/http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-david-tlale|archive-date=2015-03-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/tlales-bridalwear-defies-tradition-1894072|title=Tlale’s bridalwear defies tradition {{!}} IOL|website=IOL|access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> lgf59rb0ceml7a49n51zqms283eahk7 0 9638 56872 36846 2026-10-20T09:05:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|honorific prefix=Dr|name=Purity Ngina|nationality=Kenyan|occupation=Academician|birth_place=Nyeri County|known for=being the youngest P.H.D holders in Kenya|title=Dr|spouse=Germano Richter Mugambi|children=Richter Mugambi; Giannis Mugambi|parents=Lydia Ngina|education=Strathmore University, Doctor of Philosophy in Biomathematics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Egerton University, Master's degree in Applied Mathematics Egerton University, Bachelor's degree in Mathematics and Chemistry|thesis_url=Mathematical Modelling of In Vivo HIV Optimal Therapy Management|thesis_year=2018}} Mme Purity Ngina ke morutegi wa Kenya le motsamaisi wa Patlisiso le Tlhatlhobo kwa [[Zizi Afrique Foundation]]'''.''' Pele a tsenela [[Zizi Afrique Foundation]], Purity e ne e le morutabana kwa [[Strathmore University]] kwa [[Nairobi]]. Fa a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le borababobedi,<ref>[https://businesstoday.co.ke/phd-28-second-chance-changed-dr-purity-nginas-life/ PhD at 28: Second Chance That Changed Dr Purity Ngina’s life] ''Business Today Kenya''. 2018-07-10. Retrieved 2020-06-18.</ref>o ne a nna Ngaka ya Filosofi (Ph.D.) e nnye go gaisa kwa Kenya e e alogileng ka Biomathematics kwa Yunibesithing yone eo<ref>https://face2faceafrica.com/article/meet-29-year-old-purity-ngina-kenyas-youngest-ph-d-holder-in-biomathematics</ref> == Tshimologo le thuto == O tsholetswe kwa [[Nyeri County]] kwa Kenya ka ngwaga wa 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://nairobiwire.com/2018/12/dr-purity-ngina-everything-to-know-about-youngest-phd-holder-in-biometrics.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |archive-date=2020-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215130730/http://nairobiwire.com/2018/12/dr-purity-ngina-everything-to-know-about-youngest-phd-holder-in-biometrics.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ngina o ne a tsenela tlhatlhobo ya Kenya Certificate of Primary Education [[:en:Kenya_Certificate_of_Primary_Education|KCPE]] gabedi ka 2002 le 2003 pele a tsena sekolo se segolwane i mme a aloga ka 2007.<ref>[https://www.nation.co.kehttps//www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/education/meet-kenya-s-youngest-phd-holder--64922 Meet kenya's youngest phd holder] ''Daily Nation''. Retrieved 2020-06-18.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230601093355/https://strathmore.edu/news/meet-purity-ngina-the-youngest-phd-holder-in-biomathematics/ Meet Purity Ngina, the youngest PhD holder in Biomathematics]''Strathmore University''. Retrieved 2020-06-18</ref> Ka 2009, o ne a amogelwa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Egerton]] go ya go dira dikirii ya undergraduate mo thutong ya maranyane a [[Thuto]] le Dipalo, a aloga ka tlotlo ya tlelase ya ntlha ka 2013 pele a ka dira dikirii ya Master's mo thutong ya dipalo tse di diirsiwang kwa yunibesithing e e tshwanang mme a aloga ka 2015.<ref>[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001291288/meet-kenya-s-youngest-phd-holder-in-biomathematics Meet Dr Purity Ngina, Kenya’s youngest PhD holder in Biomathematics] The Standard</ref><ref>[https://www.nation.co.kehttps//www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/education/meet-kenya-s-youngest-phd-holder--64922 Meet kenya's youngest phd holder]''Daily Nation''. Retrieved 2020-06-18.</ref> Ngina o ne a tsenela [[Strathmore University]] jaaka mothusa motlhatlheledi ka 2016. Ka nako ya fa a ne a amogela madi go tswa go The German Academic Exchange Service <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.daad.de/en/ |title=German Academic Exchange Service - DAAD |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260715070413/https://www.daad.de/en/ |archive-date=2026-07-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>go ikwadisetsa PhD ya gagwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230601093355/https://strathmore.edu/news/meet-purity-ngina-the-youngest-phd-holder-in-biomathematics/] "[https://web.archive.org/web/20230601093355/https://strathmore.edu/news/meet-purity-ngina-the-youngest-phd-holder-in-biomathematics/ Meet Purity Ngina, the youngest PhD holder in Biomathematics]". ''Strathmore University''. Retrieved 2020-06-18.</ref> Ka 2018, o ne a dira ditso jaaka motho yo monnye wa kwa Kenya yo o nang le Ph.D mo Biomathematics a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi.<ref name=":1">[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/evewoman/article/2001286941/inspiring-story-of-purity-ngina-failed-kcpe-but-now-a-biometrics-phd-holder-at-only-28-years#google_vignette Inspiring story of Purity Ngina: Failed KCPE but now a Biometrics PhD holder at only 28 years]''www.standardmedia.co.ke''. Retrieved 2020-06-18.</ref> Thesis ya gagwe ya PhD e e nang le setlhogo se se reng: Mathematical Modelling of In Vivo HIV Optimal Therapy Management, e tlhalosa maatla magareng ga HIV le Mathematics.<ref name=":1" /> == Tiro == Ngina ke Motsamaisi wa Patlisiso le Tlhatlhobo kwa Zizi Afrique Foundation. Ngina o ne a kile a dira jaaka motlhatlheledi kwa Yunibesithing ya Strathmore. O ne a ruta baithuti ba ba neng ba ithutela boenjenere jwa tsa ditšhelete, ikonomi ya tsa ditšhelete, le ba ba ithutileng saense ya diakhaonto. <ref name=":1" /> == Lelapa == Ngina le mogolowe ba godisitswe ke mmaabone yo o neng a tlhokafetse ka 2017.<ref name=":1" /> O nyetswe ke Germano Mugambi, motlhatlheledi wa yunibesiti kwa Yunibesithing ya Egerton <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190403154728/https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001314665/kenya-s-youngest-phd-holder-wedded-in-a-sh40-000-gown Kenya's youngest PhD holder wedded in a Sh40,000 gown]''Standard Digital News''. Retrieved 2020-06-18.</ref> == Motswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Bomme ba maranyane]] [[Karolo:Ba ba tshotseng ka 1990]] [[Karolo:Ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Bomme]] [[Karolo:Bomme ba ko Kenya ba maranyane]] [[Karolo:Kenya]] eya2iuugq1nnyvorryr97dhr7jvcrkw 0 10475 56861 39795 2026-10-19T23:40:23Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albania''' (/ælˈbeɪniə, ɔːl-/ c a(w)l-BAY-nee-ə; Sealbania: Shqipëri kgotsa Shqipëria),<ref>pronounced [ʃcipəˈɾi(a)]; Gheg Albanian: ''Shqipni'' or Gheg Albanian: ''Shqipnia'', also Gheg Albanian: ''Shqypni'' or Gheg Albanian: ''Shqypnia''.</ref> semmuso Rephaboliki ya Albania (Sealbania: Republika e Shqipërisë),<ref>pronounced [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾisə]</ref>botlhaba ke naga e e mo Borwa jwa Yuropa. E kwa Balkans, mo Lewatleng la Adriatic le Ionian mo teng ga Lewatle la Mediterranean, mme e na le melelwane ya lefatshe le Montenegro kwa bokonebophirima, Kosovo kwa bokonebotlhaba, Makedonia Bokone kwa botlhaba le Gerika kwa borwa. Ka kgaolo ya 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi), e na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya maemo a tlelaemete, thutafatshe, metsi le popego. Dipopego tsa naga tsa Albania di simolola kwa dithabeng tse di makgwakgwa tse di khurumeditsweng ke kapoko kwa Alps ya Albania le kwa Dithabeng tsa Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus le Ceraunian, go ya kwa dipoa tse di nonneng tsa nagatlase tse di tswang kwa mabopong a lewatle la Adriatic le Ionia. Tirana ke motsemogolo le toropo e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo nageng, mme morago ga moo go latelwe ke Durrës, Vlorë le Shkodër. Mo metlheng ya bogologolo, Ba-Illyria ba ne ba nna kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa bokone le kwa bogareng jwa Albania, fa Ba-Epirote bone ba ne ba nna kwa borwa. Dikoloni di le mmalwa tse di botlhokwa tsa bogologolo tsa Gerika le tsone di ne tsa tlhongwa mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle. Bogosi jwa Illyria jo bo neng bo le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Albania e ne e le jone jo bo neng bo laola pele ga go tsoga ga Makedonia.<ref>Howe, T. (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3_S_swEACAAJ "Plain tales from the hills: Illyrian influences on Argead military development".] In Müller, S.; Howe, Tim; Bowden, H.; Rollinger, R. (eds.). ''The History of the Argeads: New Perspectives''. Wiesbaden. p. 108. ISBN <bdi>978-3447108515</bdi>.</ref> Mo lekgolong la bo2 la dingwaga BC, Rephaboliki ya Roma e ne ya gapa kgaolo eno, mme morago ga go kgaogana ga Mmusomogolo wa Roma e ne ya nna karolo ya Byzantium. Kgosi ya ntlha e e neng e itsiwe ya Albania e e neng e ipusa, e leng Arbanon, e ne ya tlhongwa mo lekgolong la bo12 la dingwaga. Bogosi jwa Albania, Bogosi jwa Albania le Albania Veneta di ne tsa tlhamiwa fa gare ga lekgolo la bo13 le la bo15 la dingwaga mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa naga, mmogo le dikgosana tse dingwe tsa Albania le ditheo tsa sepolotiki. Kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la bo15 la dingwaga, Albania e ne ya nna karolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman. Ka 1912, puso ya segompieno ya Albania e ne ya bolela gore e ipusa. Ka 1939, Italy e ne ya tlhasela Bogosi jwa Albania, jo bo neng jwa nna Albania e Kgolo, mme morago ga moo jwa nna tshireletso ya Jeremane ya Bonasi ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II.<ref>Zolo, D. (27 August 2002). [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780826456564|''Invoking Humanity: War, Law and Global Order''. Continuum International Publishing Group]]</ref> Morago ga ntwa, go ne ga tlhomiwa Repaboliki ya Bososialise ya Batho ya Albania, e e neng ya tswelela go fitlha Diphetogo tsa 1991 di konela ka go wa ga bokomonisi kwa Albania mme kgabagare ga tlhomiwa Repaboliki ya Albania ya gone jaanong. Fa e sa le Albania e bona boipuso ka 1912, e ile ya nna le diphetogo tse di farologaneng tsa sepolotiki, ya fetoga go tswa mo pusong ya segosi go ya kwa pusong ya bokomonisi pele ga e nna repaboliki e e ipusang ya molaotheo wa palamente. E busiwa ke molaotheo o o bayang kwa pele go kgaoganngwa ga dithata, popego ya sepolotiki ya naga e akaretsa palamente, mopresidente wa moletlo, tona-kgolo e e dirang le tatelano ya dikgotlatshekelo. Albania ke naga e e tlhabologang e e nang le ikonomi ya lotseno lo lo kwa godimo le lo lo fa gare e e kgweediwang ke lekala la ditirelo, mme tlhagiso le bojanala le tsone di na le seabe se se botlhokwa. Morago ga go phatlaladiwa ga tsamaiso ya yona ya bokomonisi naga e ne ya tlogela thulaganyo e e kopantsweng go ya kwa ikonoming e e bulegileng ya mmaraka.<ref>Reports: Poverty Decreases in Albania After Years of Growth. Dow Jones Newswires, 201-938-5500 201-938-5500 201-938-5500[http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=200904231403dowjonesdjonline000935&title=reports-poverty-decreases-in-albania-after-years-of-growth .Nasdaq.com]</ref>[1Baagi ba Albania ba na le phitlhelelo ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo ya botlhe le thuto ya mahala ya motheo le ya sekontari. Naga eno ke ntlhopheng wa semmuso wa go nna leloko la Kopano ya Yuropa. == Thuto ya mafoko == Setlhogo se segolo: Maina a Ba-Albania le Albania Tshimologo ya hisitori ya lereo "Albania" e ka latedisiwa go boela kwa Selatineng sa metlha ya bogare, ka metheo ya lone e go dumelwa gore e amana le morafe wa Illyrian wa Albani. Kgolagano e e bona tshegetso e nngwe go tswa mo tirong ya moithutafatshe wa Bogologolo wa Mogerika Ptolemy ka ngwagakgolo wa bo2 AD, kwa a neng a akaretsa bonno jwa Albanopolis jo bo kwa bokonebotlhaba jwa Durrës.<ref>Madrugearu A, Gordon M. The wars of the Balkan Peninsula. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. p. 146.</ref> <ref>Madrugearu A, Gordon M. The wars of the Balkan Peninsula. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. p. 146.</ref>Go nna teng ga lefelo la bonno la metlha ya bogare le le bidiwang Albanon kgotsa Arbanon go supa gore go ka direga gore hisitori e tswelele pele. Kamano e e tlhomameng fa gare ga ditshupiso tseno tsa hisitori le potso ya gore a Albanopolis e ne e tshwana le Albanon e sa ntse e le dikgang tse barutegi ba ngangisanang ka tsone.<ref>The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9|978-0-631-19807-9,]] page 279,"We cannot be certain that the Arbanon of Anna Comnena is the same as Albanopolis of the Albani, a place located on the map of Ptolemy (3.12)"</ref> Rahisitori wa Mo-Byzantium e bong Michael Attaliates, mo pegong ya gagwe ya hisitori ya lekgolo la bo11 la dingwaga, o naya tshupiso ya ntlha e e sa ganediweng ya Ba-Albania, fa a umaka gore ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo go tsuologeleng Constantinople ka 1079.<ref>[[:en:Albania#CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008|Madgearu & Gordon 2008, p. 25]]. "It is still disputed by scholars that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, [Southern Italy], or if they are in fact the Albanoi [a large clan of that belongs to the many clans of Albanians] found in Albanian lands during this time frame."</ref> Gape o supa Ba-Arbanitai e le babusiwa ba ga Mokgosi wa Dyrrachium.<ref>Robert Elsei. ''The Albanian lexicon of Dion Von Kirkman. Earliest reference to the existence of the Albanian language'', pp. 113–122.</ref> Mo Metlheng ya Bogare, Albania e ne e supiwa jaaka Arbëri kgotsa Arbëni ke banni ba yone, ba ba neng ba itlhaola e le Arbëreshë kgotsa Arbëneshë.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191230223257/http://www.pinocacozza.it/ "pinocacozza.it".] ''pinocacozza.it''. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</ref> Ba-Albania ba dirisa mareo Shqipëri kgotsa Shqipëria go kaya setšhaba sa bone, e leng maina a a latedisang tshimologo ya bone ya hisitori go fitlha kwa lekgolong la bo14 la dingwaga.<ref>Matasović, Ranko (2019). ''A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European'' (PDF). Zagreb: Ranko Matasovic. p. 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> Mme ke fela kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo17 le tshimologo ya lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga fa mareo ano a neng a emisetsa Arbëria le Arbëreshë ka iketlo mo Baalbania.<ref>Matasović, Ranko (2019). ''A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European'' (PDF). Zagreb: Ranko Matasovic. p. 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> Dipolelwana tse pedi tse di ranollwa ka bophara go tshwantshetsa "Bana ba Dintsu" le "Lefatshe la Dintsu".<ref>Kristo Frasheri. ''History of Albania (A Brief Overview)''. Tirana, 1964.</ref><ref>Lloshi, Xhevat. "The Albanian Language" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2010.</ref> == Hisetori == Masalela a Tumulus ya Kamenica kwa kgaolong ya Korçë Bonno jwa Mesolithic kwa Albania bo supilwe mo mafelong a le mmalwa a a bulegileng a mo pakeng eo a neng a le gaufi le lebopo la Adriatic le mo mafelong a magaga. Dilo tsa Mesolithic tse di fitlhetsweng mo logageng gaufi le Xarrë di akaretsa dilo tsa flint le jasper mmogo le marapo a diphologolo a a tlhomilweng, fa diphitlhelelo tseo kwa Thabeng ya Dajt di akaretsa didirisiwa tsa marapo le tsa maje tse di tshwanang le tsa setso sa Aurignacian.<ref>F. Prendi, "The Prehistory of Albania", ''The Cambridge Ancient History'', 2nd edn., vol. 3, part 1: [https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA187 ''The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C.'', ed.] John Boardman et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982), 189–90.</ref> Motlha wa Neolithic kwa Albania o simolotse ka bo 7000 BC mme o supiwa mo diphitlhelelong tse di supang go ruiwa ga dinku le dipodi le temothuo e nnye. Karolo ya baagi ba Neolithic e ka tswa e ne e tshwana le baagi ba Mesolithic ba Balkans e e kwa borwa jaaka mo logageng lwa Konispol kwa stratum ya Mesolithic e nnang mmogo le diphitlhelelo tsa Neolithic tsa Pele ga Pottery. Setso sa go dira dipitsa tsa Cardium se tlhagelela kwa Albania e e mo lebopong le go kgabaganya Adriatic morago ga 6500 BC, fa mafelo a bodulo a ka fa gare a ne a tsaya karolo mo dithulaganyong tse di bopileng setso sa Starčevo.<ref>Bunguri, Adem (2014). "Different models for the Neolithisation of Albania". ''Documenta Praehistorica''. '''32'''.</ref> Meepo ya sekontiri ya Albania ya Selenicë e neelana ka bosupi jwa ntlha jwa tiriso e e sa siamang ya sekontiri kwa Yuropa, go simolola ka Late Neolithic Albania (go tloga ka 5000 BC), fa baagi ba selegae ba ne ba e dirisa jaaka mmala wa go kgabisa ka seramiki, go thibela metsi, le sekgomaretsi sa go baakanya dijana tse di thubegileng. Bitumen ya Selenicë e ne e dikologa go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Albania go tloga kwa tshimologong ya sekete sa bo5 sa dingwaga BC. Bosupi jwa ntlha jwa thomelontle ya yona ya kgwebisano kwa moseja bo tswa kwa Neolithic le Bronze Age kwa borwa jwa Italy. Bitumen ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo ya Selenicë e ntse e dirisiwa mo dingwageng tsotlhe tsa hisitori go tloga ka nako ya Late Neolithic go fitlha gompieno.<ref>Connan, J.; Elezi, G.; Engel, M.H.; Zumberge, A. (2024). "Natural asphalt on Late Neolithic (5000 – 4500 BCE) potsherds from southeastern Albania: A geochemical study". ''Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports''. '''53''': 2–3, 11. Bibcode:2024JArSR..53j4343C. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104343. eISSN 2352-4103. ISSN 2352-409X.</ref> Go dira gore Albania e nne ya Indo-Yuropa mo bokaong jwa go dira ga IE ga Balkans e e kwa bophirima go simolotse morago ga 2800 BC. Go nna teng ga di-tumuli tsa Motlha wa Boronse wa Pele mo tikologong ya Apollonia ya moragonyana go simolotse ka 2679±174 calBC (2852-2505 calBC). Dithota tseno tsa phitlho ke tsa tlhagiso ya borwa ya setso sa Adriatic-Ljubljana (se se amanang le setso sa Cetina sa moragonyana) se se neng se tsamaela kwa borwa go bapa le Adriatic go tswa kwa Balkans e e kwa bokone. Setšhaba sone se ne sa aga dithota tse di tshwanang kwa Montenegro (Rakića Kuće) le kwa bokone jwa Albania (Shtoj).<ref>Govedarica, Blagoje (2016). [https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=528608 "The Stratigraphy of Tumulus 6 in Shtoj and the Appearance of the Violin Idols in Burial Complexes of the South Adriatic Region"]. ''Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja'' (45): 22–25. ISSN 0350-0020. Retrieved 7 January 2023.</ref>Phitlhelelo ya ntlha ya boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo e e amanang le IE ya Albania e akaretsa monna yo o nang le lotso lwa Yamnaya lo lo fitlhilweng mo tumulus wa bokonebotlhaba jwa Albania e e simolotseng ka 2663–2472 calBC.<ref>Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". ''Science''. '''377''' (6609): 29. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10064553. <nowiki>PMID 36007055</nowiki>. S2CID 251843620. <q>: Supplementary Materials</q></ref>Ka nako ya Motlha wa Bogare wa Boronse, mafelo a setso sa Cetina le diphitlhelelo di tlhagelela kwa Albania. Setso sa Cetina se ne sa tsamaela kwa borwa go kgabaganya Adriatic go tswa kwa mokgatšheng wa Cetina wa Dalmatia. Kwa Albania, diphitlhelelo tsa Cetina di kokoane go dikologa Letsha la Shkodër le le kwa borwa mme di tlhagelela ka tlwaelo mo mabitleng a a tshwanang le kwa Shkrel le Shtoj le mo dithabeng tse di jaaka Gajtan (Shkodër) mmogo le mafelo a logaga jaaka Blaz, Nezir le Keputa (bogare jwa Albania) le mafelo a letsha la Soravnbajan jaaka'''.<ref>Gori, Maja; Recchia, Giulia; Tomas, Helen (2018). "The Cetina phenomenon across the Adriatic during the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC: new data and research perspectives". ''38° Convegno Nazionale Sulla Preistoria, Protostoria, Storia della Daunia'': 201.</ref>''' '''Bogologolo''' Setlhogo se segolo: Bogologolo kwa Albania E thehilwe lekgolong la bo4 la dilemo BC, motse wa Scodra e ne e le motse-moholo wa mmuso wa Illyria wa Ardiaei le Labeatae . Kgaolo e e akareditsweng ya Albania e ne e agilwe ke batho ba Indo-Yuropa mo hisitoring, gareng ga bone go ne go na le merafe e le mentsi ya Illyria le Epirote. Gape go ne go na le dikoloni di le mmalwa tsa Bagerika. Kgaolo e e bidiwang Illyria e ne e tsamaisana mo e ka nnang le lefelo le le kwa botlhaba jwa Lewatle la Adriatic mo Lewatleng la Mediterranean le le neng le atologela kwa borwa go ya kwa molomong wa Vjosë.[<ref>The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-631-19807-9</nowiki>, page 92, "Appian's description of the Illyrian territories records a southern boundary with Chaonia and Thesprotia, where ancient Epirus began south of river Aoous (Vjose)" also map</ref>Pego ya ntlha ya ditlhopha tsa Illyria e tswa mo go Periplus wa Lewatle la Euxine, mokwalo wa Segerika o o kwadilweng mo lekgolong la bo4 la dingwaga BC.Ba-Bryge le bone ba ne ba le teng kwa bogareng jwa Albania, fa borwa bo ne bo agiwa ke Ba-Chaonia ba Epirote, ba motsemogolo wa bone o neng o le kwa Fonikia. <ref>Wilkes, John (1995). ''The Illyrians''. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 94, 96, 104. ISBN <bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi>.</ref> <ref>Boardman, John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1982). ''The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Six Centuries B.C''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 284. ISBN <bdi>0-521-23447-6</bdi>.</ref> <ref>Lewis, David Malcolm; Boardman, John (1994). ''The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 430, 434. ISBN <bdi>0-521-23348-8</bdi>.</ref>Dikoloni tse dingwe jaaka Apollonia le Epidamnos di ne tsa tlhongwa ke ditoropo-puso tsa Gerika mo lebopong ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 7 BC.<ref>Wilkes, John (1995). ''The Illyrians''. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 94, 96, 104. ISBN <bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi>.</ref> Apollonia e ne e le kolone e e botlhokwa ya Bagerika mo lotshitshing lwa Illyria go bapa le Lewatle la Adriatic e bile e le nngwe ya dintlha tse di kwa bophirima tsa tsela ya Via Egnatia, e e neng e golaganya Roma le Constantinople . Ba-Illyria Taulanti e ne e le morafe o o nonofileng wa Illyria o o neng o le mo gare ga merafe ya ntlha e e kwadilweng mo lefelong leo. Ba ne ba nna mo lefelong le le lekanang le karolo e kgolo ya Albania ya gompieno. Mmogo le mmusi wa Dardan Cleitus, Glaucias, mmusi wa bogosi jwa Taulantian, o ne a lwa kgatlhanong le Alexander yo Mogolo kwa Ntweng ya Pelium ka 335 BC. Fa nako e ntse e feta, mmusi wa Makedonia wa Bogologolo, Cassander wa Makedonia o ne a gapa Apollonia mme a kgabaganya noka ya Genusus (Sealbania: Shkumbin) ka 314 BC. Dingwaga di le mmalwa moragonyana Glaucias o ne a dikaganyetsa Apolonia mme a gapa kolone ya Bagerika ya Epidamnos.<ref>Justin, ''Epitome'', 17.3</ref> Morafe wa Ba-Illyria wa Ardiaei, o o neng o le kwa Montenegro, o ne o busa bontsi jwa kgaolo e e kwa bokone jwa Albania. Bogosi jwa bone jwa Ardiaean bo ne jwa fitlha kwa selekanyong sa jone se segolo ka fa tlase ga ga Kgosi Agron, morwa wa ga Pleuratus II. Agron o ne a atolosa puso ya gagwe mo merafeng e mengwe e e bapileng le yone.<ref>Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Walbank, Frank William (1 January 1972). ''A History of Macedonia: 336–167 B.C.'' Clarendon Press. ISBN <bdi>978-0-19-814815-9</bdi>.</ref>Morago ga loso lwa ga Agron ka 230 BC, mosadi wa gagwe, Teuta, o ne a rua bogosi jwa Ardiaean. Masole a ga Teuta a ne a atolosa ditiro tsa one go ya kwa borwa go ya kwa Lewatleng la Ionian.<ref>Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1 January 1999). [[iarchive:isbn_9791576070917|''Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide''.]] ABC-CLIO. pp. 382–383. ISBN <bdi>978-1-57607-091-8</bdi>.</ref> Ka 229 BC, Roma e ne ya bolela ntwa <ref>''The History of Rome''. D. Appleton & Company. 1 January 1846. p. 259.</ref>mo bogosing ka ntlha ya go thuba dikepe tsa Roma thata. Ntwa e ne ya fela ka go fenngwa ga Illyria ka 227 BC. Teuta o ne a feleletsa a tlhatlhamilwe ke Gentius ka 181 BC. Gentius o ne a thulana le Baroma ka 168 BC, a simolola Ntwa ya Boraro ya Illyria. Ntwa e ne ya felela ka gore Baroma ba fenye kgaolo eno ka 167 BC. Baroma ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo eno ka dikarolo tse tharo tsa tsamaiso.<ref>Marjeta Šašel Kos, "The Illyrian King Ballaeus – Some Historical Aspects", ''Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: Mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes'', ed. Danièle Berranger (Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2007), 127.</ref> '''Dingwaga tsa Bogare''' Setlhogo se segolo: Albania mo Metlheng ya Bogare Motse wa Krujë e ne e le motsemogolo wa Kgosana ya Arbanon mo Metlheng ya Bogare . Mmusomogolo wa Roma o ne wa kgaogana ka 395 fa Theodosius I a swa go nna Mmusomogolo wa Roma wa Botlhaba le wa Bophirima ka bontlhanngwe ka ntlha ya kgatelelo e e neng e oketsega e e neng e bakilwe ke matshosetsi ka nako ya Ditlhaselo tsa Babarbarian. Go tloga ka lekgolo la bo6 la dingwaga go ya kwa lekgolong la bo7 la dingwaga, Ba-Slav ba ne ba kgabaganya Danube mme ba monya thata Bagerika ba naga eo, Ba-Illyria le Ba-Thrace kwa Balkans; ka jalo, Ba-Illyria ba ne ba umakiwa lekgetlo la bofelo mo direkotong tsa hisitori mo lekgolong la bo7 la dingwaga.<ref>Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (24 January 2007). ''Balkans: A Post-Communist History''. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN <bdi>978-1-134-58328-7</bdi>. <q>From AD 548 onward, the lands now known as Albania began to be overrun from the north by ever-increasing ...</q></ref> Mo lekgolong la bo11 la dingwaga, Kgaogano e Kgolo e ne ya dira gore go nne le go kgaogana ga semmuso fa gare ga Kereke ya Orthodox ya Botlhaba le ya Katoliki ya Bophirima e e bonalang kwa Albania ka go tlhaga ga bokone jwa Katoliki le borwa jwa Orthodox. Batho ba Albania ba ne ba nna kwa bophirima jwa Letsha la Ochrida le kwa mokgatšheng o o kwa godimo wa Noka ya Shkumbin mme ba tlhoma Kgosana ya Arbanon ka 1190 ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga Progon wa Kruja.<ref>Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1986). ''Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography''. Variorum Reprints. ISBN <bdi>9780860781905</bdi>.</ref>Bogosi bo ne jwa tlhatlhangwa ke barwa ba gagwe e bong Gjin le Dhimitri. Fa Dhimiter a sena go swa, kgaolo e ne ya nna ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Gregory Kamonas wa Moalbania-Mogerika mme morago ga moo ya nna ka fa tlase ga Golem wa Kruja. Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo 13, bogosi bo ne jwa phatlaladiwa.[ Arbanon e tsewa e le setshwantsho sa ntlha sa naga ya Albania, e e neng ya boloka maemo a a ikemetseng ka nosi jaaka ntlha ya bophirima jwa Mmusomogolo wa Byzantine, ka fa tlase ga Doukai wa Byzantine wa Epirus kgotsa Laskarids wa Nicaea. Setshwantsho sa Sekolo sa Albanesi se se gopolang go dikaganyediwa ga Shkodra. E bontsha Sultan Mehmet II a dikaganyeditse toropo ya Albania ya Scutari, e ka nako eo e neng e le karolo ya Mmusomogolo wa Venetia . Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bo 12 le tshimologo ya lekgolo la bo 13 la dingwaga, Ba-Serbia le Ba-Venetian ba ne ba simolola go gapa kgaolo eno.[50] Ga go tlhomamisege gore Ba-Albania ba ne ba tlhomilwe jang; le fa go ntse jalo, go umakiwa ga ntlha ga Ba-Albania go go sa ganediweng go simolotse mo direkotong tsa hisitori go tloga ka 1079 kgotsa 1080 mo bukeng ya ga Michael Attaliates, yo o neng a bua ka Ba-Albania jaaka ba ba neng ba tsaya karolo mo go tsuologeleng Constantinople.Mo nakong eno Ba-Albania ba ne ba fetogile Bakeresete ka botlalo. Fa Arbanon e sena go phatlaladiwa, Charles wa Anjou o ne a dira tumalano le babusi ba Albania, a ba solofetsa gore o tla ba sireletsa le dikgololesego tsa bone tsa bogologolo. Ka 1272, o ne a tlhoma Bogosi jwa Albania mme a gapa dikgaolo morago go tswa kwa Despotate wa Epirus. Bogosi bo ne jwa batla naga yotlhe ya bogare jwa Albania from Dyrrhachium go bapa le lebopo la Lewatle la Adriatic go ya kwa tlase kwa Butrint. Thulaganyo ya sepolotiki ya Katoliki e ne e le motheo wa dithulaganyo tsa ga mopapa tsa go anamisa Bokatoliki kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Balkan. Leano leno le ne la engwa nokeng gape ke Helen wa Anjou. Dikereke di ka nna 30 tsa Katoliki le matlo a baitlami di ne tsa agiwa ka nako ya puso ya gagwe bogolosegolo kwa bokone jwa Albania.<ref>Etleva, Lala (2008). ''Regnum Albaniae, the Papal Curia, and the Western Visions of a Borderline Nobility'' (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> Dikgaratlho tsa maatla a ka fa gare mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Byzantium mo lekgolong la bo14 la dingwaga di ne tsa dira gore mmusi yo o maatla go gaisa wa Ba-Serbia wa metlha ya bogare, Stefan Dusan, a kgone go tlhoma mmusomogolo wa nako e khutshwane o o neng o akaretsa Albania yotlhe kwa ntle ga Durrës.<ref>Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R., eds. (1994). [http://countrystudies.us/albania/15.htm ""The Barbarian Invasions and the Middle Ages,"] Albania: A Country Study". Retrieved 9 April 2008.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Albania, ca. 1390, kwantle ga Molaodi wa ga Arta Ka 1367, babusi ba Albania ba ne ba tlhoma Puso e e Laolang ya Arta. Ka nako eo, go ne ga tlholwa dikgosi di le mmalwa tsa Albania, segolobogolo Kgosi ya Albania, Kgosi ya Kastrioti, Borena jwa Berat le Kgosi ya Dukagjini. Mo halofong ya ntlha ya lekgolo la bo15 la dingwaga, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne wa tlhasela bontsi jwa Albania, mme Lekgotla la Lezhë le ne la tshwarwa ka fa tlase ga mmusi wa ga Skanderbeg, yo o neng a nna mogaka wa setšhaba wa hisitori ya Albania ya metlha ya bogare . '''Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman''' Setlhogo se segolo: Albania ka fa tlase ga Puso ya Ottoman Bona gape: Go tsuologa ga Albania kgatlhanong le Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman Gjerj Kastrioti Skanderbeg Fa a sena go direla Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le 20, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg o ne a tswa mme a simolola botsuolodi jo bo atlegileng kgatlhanong le mmusomogolo o o neng wa emisa go gatela pele ga Ottoman kwa Yuropa ka dingwaga di le 25 . Ali Pasha Tepelena Ali Pasha Tepelena e ne e le mmusi yo o nonofileng yo o ipusang wa Mo-Ottoman le Mo-Albania, yo o neng a busa Mo-Pashalik wa Yanina . Fa Constantinople e ne e wa, Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman o ne wa tswelela ka nako e telele ya go fenya le go atolosa mme melelwane ya one e ne e ya kwa tengteng kwa Borwabotlhaba jwa Yuropa. Ba ne ba fitlha kwa Lebopong la Lewatle la Ionian la Albania ka 1385 mme ba aga masole a bone go kgabaganya Borwa jwa Albania ka 1415 mme morago ba gapa bontsi jwa Albania ka 1431.<ref>Licursi, Emiddio Pietro (2011). ''Empire of Nations: The Consolidation of Albanian and Turkish National Identities in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1878–1913'' (Thesis). New York: Columbia University. p. 19. hdl:10022/AC:P:10297. <q>By 1415, after a chaotic interregnum, Sultan Mehmet I sent the military to erect the first Ottoman garrisons throughout southern Albania, establishing direct military authority in the region ... l jurisdiction over most of Albania ...</q></ref> <ref>The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism by D. Hupchick, page 110</ref>Diketekete tsa Ba-Albania di ne tsa tshabela kwa Yuropa Bophirima, bogolosegolo kwa Calabria, Naples, Ragusa le Sicily, kwa ba bangwe ba neng ba batla tshireletso kwa Dithabeng tsa Albania tse gantsi di neng di sa fitlhelege. <ref>Gjonça, Arjan (2001). ''Communism, Health and Lifestyle: The Paradox of Mortality Transition in Albania, 1950–1990''. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN <bdi>978-0-313-31586-2</bdi>.</ref>Ba-Albania, jaaka Bakeresete, ba ne ba tsewa e le setlhopha sa batho ba ba kwa tlase, mme ka jalo ba ne ba duedisiwa makgetho a a bokete gareng ga a mangwe ke tsamaiso ya Devshirme e e neng e letla Sultan go kokoanya peresente e e tlhokegang ya basha ba Bakeresete go tswa mo malapeng a bone go tlhama Janissary.<ref>Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (1994). "Albania: A Country Study ("Albanians under Ottoman Rule")". Retrieved 9 April 2008.</ref>Phenyo ya Ottoman gape e ne ya tsamaya le thulaganyo ya ka iketlo ya go dira gore batho ba nne Baiselamo le go agiwa ka bonako ga dimoseke. Go ne ga nna le phetogo e e atlegileng le e e neng e ntse e le teng ka lobaka lo loleele morago ga go tlhomiwa ga Lekgotla la Lezhë go fitlha Shkodër e wa ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, yo ka metlha a neng a fenya masole a magolo a Ottoman a a neng a eteletswe pele ke Ba-Sultan Murad II le Mehmed II. Skanderbeg o ne a kgona go kopanya dikgosi di le mmalwa tsa Albania, gareng ga tsone go ne go na le Ba-Ariani, Ba-Dukagjini, Ba-Zaharia le Ba-Thopia, mme a tlhoma taolo e e kopaneng mo bontsing jwa mafelo a a neng a sa fenngwa, a nna Morena wa Albania. Katoloso ya Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman e ne ya ema ka nako ya fa masole a ga Skanderbeg a ne a gana, mme o tlotlilwe ka go nna lengwe la mabaka a magolo a go diega ga katoloso ya Ottoman kwa Yuropa Bophirima, go naya dikgosi tsa Italy nako e ntsi ya go ipaakanyetsa botoka go goroga ga Ottoman.Le fa go ntse jalo, go palelwa ga bontsi jwa merafe ya Yuropa, kwa ntle ga Naples, go mo ema nokeng, mmogo le go palelwa ga maano a ga Mopapa Pius II a go rulaganya ntwa ya bodumedi e e neng e solofeditswe kgatlhanong le Ba-Ottoman go ne ga raya gore ga go na epe ya diphenyo tsa ga Skanderbeg e e neng ya kgoreletsa Ba-Ottoman ruri go tlhasela Ba-Ottoman. Le fa a ne a le botlhale thata jaaka moeteledipele wa sesole, diphenyo tsa ga Skanderbeg di ne di diegisa fela diphenyo tsa bofelo. Ditlhaselo tsa ka metlha tsa Ba-Ottoman di ne tsa baka tshenyo e kgolo mo Albania, tsa fokotsa palo ya batho thata le go senya metlhape ya leruo le dijalo. Kwantle ga go ineela, go ne go se na tsela epe e e ka kgonagalang e Skanderbeg a neng a ka kgona go emisa ditlhaselo tsa Ba-Ottoman le fa a ne a atlega kgatlhanong le bone. Batho ba gagwe le dithoto tsa gagwe di ne di sa lekana, mme seno se ne sa mo thibela go atolosa maiteko a ntwa le go leleka Ba-Turkey mo melelwaneng ya Albania. Ka jalo Albania e ne e atlholetswe go lebana le motseletsele o o sa feleng wa ditlhaselo tsa Ottoman go fitlha kgabagare e wa dingwaga morago ga loso lwa gagwe.<ref>Fine, John V.A. (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC ''The late medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the late twelfth century to the Ottoman conquest'' (2. print ed.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.] p. 598. ISBN <bdi>9780472082605</bdi>.</ref> Fa Ba-Ottoman ba ne ba ntse ba tlhomama mo kgaolong eo, ditoropo tsa Albania di ne tsa rulaganngwa go nna di- sanjak di le nnè tse dikgolo. Puso e ne ya rotloetsa kgwebo ka go aga kolone e kgolo ya Bajuda ya batshabi ba ba neng ba tshaba pogiso kwa Spain. Motse wa Vlorë o ne wa bona go feta mo boemakepeng jwa one go reka dithoto go tswa kwa Yuropa tse di jaaka di-velvet, dithoto tsa letseta, di-mohair, dikhapete, ditswaiso le letlalo go tswa kwa Bursa le Constantinople. Baagi bangwe ba Vlorë ba ne ba bile ba na le balekane ba kgwebo go ralala Yuropa.<ref>[http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/arnawutluk-COM_0065 "Arnawutluḳ."] in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Second Edition. Brill Online, 2012.</ref> Tiragalo ya go dira gore Ba-Albania ba nne Baiselamo e ne ya anama thata go tloga ka lekgolo la bo17 la dingwaga mme ya tswelela go fitlha ka lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga.<ref>Clayer, Nathalie (2012). "Albania" in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, Rokovet, John Nawas, Everett Rowson (eds.). Brill Online.</ref>Boiselamo bo ne jwa ba naya ditshono tse di lekanang le go gatela pele mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman. Le fa go ntse jalo, maitlhomo a go sokologa a ne a le, go ya ka bakanoki bangwe, a a farologaneng go ikaegile ka bokao le fa go tlhoka tshedimosetso ya motswedi go sa thuse fa go batlisisiwa dikgang tse di ntseng jalo.<ref>Clayer, Nathalie (2012). "Albania" in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, Rokovet, John Nawas, Everett Rowson (eds.). Brill Online.</ref>Ka ntlha ya go gatelelwa ga Bokatoliki go go oketsegang, bontsi jwa Ba-Albania ba Bakatoliki ba ne ba sokologa mo lekgolong la bo17 la dingwaga, fa Ba-Albania ba Orthodox bone ba ne ba latela sekao sa bone segolobogolo mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga. E re ka Ba-Albania ba ne ba tsewa ba le botlhokwa mo go tsa togamaano, ba ne ba dira karolo e kgolo ya sesole le ya puso ya Ottoman. Batho ba le bantsi ba Mamoseleme ba Albania ba ne ba fitlhelela maemo a botlhokwa a sepolotiki le a sesole mme ba thusa ka setso mo lefatsheng le le anameng la Mamoseleme.<ref>Clayer, Nathalie (2012). "Albania" in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, Rokovet, John Nawas, Everett Rowson (eds.). Brill Online.</ref>E re ka ba ne ba itumelela boemo jono jo bo kgethegileng, ba ne ba na le maemo a a farologaneng a a kwa godimo a botsamaisi le Ba-Grand Vizier ba Albania ba ba fetang masome a mabedi. Ba bangwe ba ne ba akaretsa maloko a lelapa le le tlhageletseng la ga Köprülü, Zagan Pasha, Muhammad Ali wa Egepeto le Ali Pasha wa Tepelena. Mo godimo ga moo, di-sultan tse pedi, Bayezid II le Mehmed III, ka bobedi ba ne ba na le bomme ba ba tswang kwa Albania. '''Tora ya Istria''' Dora d'Istria e ne e le mongwe wa babueledi ba bagolo kwa Yuropa ba lebaka la Albania Tsosoloso ya Albania e ne e le nako e e neng ya simolola kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bo18 la dingwaga mme ya tswelela go fitlha kwa lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga, e mo go yone batho ba Albania ba neng ba kokoanya maatla a semoya le a tlhaloganyo gore ba kgone go tshela botshelo jo bo ikemetseng jwa setso le jwa sepolotiki mo teng ga setšhaba se se ikemetseng. Setso sa segompieno sa Albania le sone se ne sa atlega, bogolo jang dikwalo le botsweretshi jwa Albania, mme gantsi se ne se golaganngwa le ditlhotlheletso tsa melaometheo ya Romanticism le ya Sedimo. Pele ga go tlhagelela ga bosetšhaba, balaodi ba Ottoman ba ne ba gatelela go bontsha gope fela ga kutlwano ya bosetšhaba kana segakolodi ga batho ba Albania. Phenyo ya Russia mo Mmusong wa Ottoman morago ga Dintwa tsa Russia le Ottoman e ne ya felela ka go diragadiwa ga Tumalano ya San Stefano e e neng ya abela baagelani ba bone ba Slavic le Bagerika mafatshe a a nang le batho ba Albania. Lefa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya moo, United Kingdom le Mmusomogolo wa Austria le Hungary di ne tsa thibela thulaganyo eno mme tsa dira gore go dirwe Tumalano ya Berlin. Go tloga ka nako eno, Ba-Albania ba ne ba simolola go ithulaganya ka boikaelelo jwa go sireletsa le go kopanya mafatshe a a nang le batho ba Ba-Albania gore e nne setšhaba se se kopaneng, mme seno sa dira gore go tlhomiwe Lekgotla la Prizren. Liki e ne e na le thuso kwa tshimologong ya balaodi ba Ottoman ba boemo jwa bone bo neng bo ikaegile ka kutlwano ya bodumedi ya batho ba Mamoseleme le beng ba naga ba ba neng ba amana le puso ya Ottoman. Ba ne ba rata le go sireletsa kutlwano ya Mamoseleme mme ba kopa gore go sirelediwe mafatshe a Mamoseleme ka nako e le nngwe e leng lebaka la go bitsa Komiti ya liki ya Mamoseleme a Mmatota.<ref>Kopecek, Michal; Ersoy, Ahmed; Gorni, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis; Manchev, Boyan; Trencsenyi, Balazs; Turda, Marius (2006), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Vsjg508EYC&pg=PA349 Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe] (1770–1945)'', vol. 1, Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, p. 348, ISBN <bdi>978-963-7326-52-3</bdi>, <q>The position of the League in the beginning was based on religious solidarity. It was even called ''Komiteti i Myslimanëve të Vërtetë'' (The Committee of the Real Muslims) ... decisions are taken and supported mostly by landlords and people closely connected with Ottoman administration and religious authorities..</q></ref> Mamoseleme a ka nna 300 a ne a tsaya karolo mo kopanong e e neng e bopilwe ke baemedi ba ba tswang kwa Bosnia, motsamaisi wa Sanjak wa Prizren jaaka baemedi ba balaodi ba bogareng mme go se na baemedi ba ba tswang kwa Vilayet ya Scutari.<ref>Kopeček, Michal; Ersoy, Ahmed; Gorni, Maciej; Kechriotis, Vangelis; Manchev, Boyan; Trencsenyi, Balazs; Turda, Marius (2006), "Program of the Albanian League of Prizren", ''Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945)'', vol. 1, Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, p. 347, ISBN <bdi>978-963-7326-52-3</bdi>, retrieved 18 January 2011, <q>there were no delegates from Shkodra villayet and a few Bosnian delegates also participated. Present was also mutasarrif (administrator of sandjak) of Prizren as representative of the central authorities</q></ref> E saenilwe ke batlatsi ba Mamoseleme ba le 47 fela, lekgotla leno le ne la ntsha Kararname e e neng e na le kgoeletso ya gore batho ba ba tswang kwa bokone jwa Albania, Epirus le Bosnia le Herzegovina ba iketleeleditse go sireletsa bothokgami jwa naga ya Mmusomogolo wa Ottoman ka ditsela tsotlhe tse di kgonegang kgatlhanong le masole a Bulgaria, Serbia le.<ref>[[:en:Robert_Elsie|Elsie, Robert.]] "1878 The Resolutions of the League of Prizren". albanianhistory.net. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2011. <q>On 10 June 1878, ... The League of Prizren, Alb. Lidhja e Prizrenit, ... On 13 June 1878, the League submitted an eighteen-page memorandum to Benjamin Disraeli, the British representative at the Congress of Berlin</q></ref> Balaodi ba Ottoman ba ne ba phimola thuso ya bone fa liki, ka fa tlase ga ga Abdyl Frashëri, e ne e tlhoma mogopolo mo go direleng gore Albania e nne le boipuso mme ya kopa go kopanya metse e mene, go akaretsa le Kosovo, Shkodër, Monastir le Ioannina, go nna motse o o kopaneng, e leng Motse wa Albania. Liki eno e ne ya dirisa maatla a sesole go thibela gore go tsewe mafelo a Plav le Gusinje a a neng a abetswe Montenegro. Morago ga dintwa di le mmalwa tse di atlegileng le masole a Montenegro, tse di jaaka Ntwa ya Novšiće, liki eno e ne ya patelesega go boela morago mo dikgaolong tsa yone tse di neng di gaisana. Moragonyana liki e ne ya fenngwa ke sesole sa Ottoman se se neng se rometswe ke sultan.<ref>"Albanian League". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 5 January 2012.</ref> '''Boipuso''' Albania e ne ya bolela boipuso go tswa mo Pusong ya Ottoman ka la bo 28 Ngwanatsele 1912, e patilwe ke go tlhongwa ga Senate le Puso ke Kokoano ya Vlorë ka la bo 4 Sedimonthole 1912.<ref>Giaro, Tomasz (2007). "The Albanian legal and constitutional system between the World Wars". ''Modernisierung durch Transfer zwischen den Weltkriegen''. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vittorio Klosterman GmbH. p. 185. ISBN <bdi>978-3-465-04017-0</bdi>. Retrieved 24 January 2011. <q>From its own members congress elected a senate (Pleqësi), composed of 18 members, which assumed advisory role to the government.</q></ref> <ref>Qemali, Ismail. "Ismail Kemal bey Vlora: Memoirs". Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2011. <q>15th–28th November 1912 ...</q></ref>Bolaodi jwa yone bo ne jwa amogelwa ke Khonferense ya Lontone. Ka la bo 29 Phukwi 1913, Tumalano ya Lontone e ne ya tlhalosa melelwane ya naga le baagelani ba yone, mme ya tlogela batho ba le bantsi ba Albania kwa ntle ga Albania, bontsi jwa bone ba ne ba kgaogantswe fa gare ga Montenegro, Serbia le Gerika.<ref>Elsie, Robert. "1913 The Conference of London". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.</ref> Ntlokgolo ya yone e ne e le kwa Vlorë, Khomišene ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Taolo e ne ya tlhongwa ka la bo 15 Diphalane 1913 go tlhokomela tsamaiso ya Albania go fitlha ditheo tsa yone tsa sepolotiki di nna mo thulaganyong.<ref>Jelavich, Barbara (1999) [1983], "The end of Ottoman rule in Europe", ''History of the Balkans: Twentieth century'', vol. 2, Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge, p. 101, ISBN <bdi>978-0-521-27459-3</bdi>, retrieved 21 January 2011, <q>the International Commission ... had headquarters in Vlorë</q></ref> Gendarmerie ya Boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya tlhongwa e le setheo sa ntlha sa go dira gore molao o diragadiwe sa Kgosana ya Albania. Ka Ngwanatsele, maloko a ntlha a gendarmerie a ne a goroga mo nageng. Kgosana ya Albania Wilhelm wa Wied (Kgosana Vilhelm Vidi) o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka kgosana ya ntlha ya bogosi.<ref>Seton-Watson, R.W.; Wilson, J. Dover; Zimmern, Alfred E.; Greenwood, Arthur (10 January 2004) [1915], "III Germany", ''The War and Democracy'' (1st ed.), London: MacMillan, archived from the original on 13 November 2012, <q>[[Prince William of Wied, the first Prince of Albania]]</q></ref> Ka di 7 tsa Mopitlwe, o ne a goroga kwa motsemogolong wa nakwana wa Durrës mme a simolola go rulaganya puso ya gagwe, a tlhoma Turhan Pasha Përmeti go bopa kabinete ya ntlha ya Albania. Ka Ngwanatsele 1913, masole a Albania a a neng a ema nokeng Ba-Ottoman a ne a neetse tona ya ntwa ya Ba-Ottoman yo o tswang kwa Albania, Ahmed Izzet Pasha, setulo sa bogosi sa Albania.[80] Balemirui ba ba neng ba ema nokeng Ottoman ba ne ba dumela gore puso e ntšhwa e ne e le sedirisiwa sa Dinaga tse dikgolo tse thataro tsa Bokeresete le beng ba lefatshe ba selegae, ba ba neng ba na le halofo ya lefatshe le le ka lengwang.<ref>Jelavich, Barbara (1999) [1983], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC&pg=PA100 History of the Balkans:] Twentieth century'', vol. 2, Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge, p. 103, ISBN <bdi>978-0-521-27459-3</bdi>, retrieved 25 January 2011, <q>peasants..willing listeners to Ottoman propaganda ... attached the new regime as a tool of the beys and Christian powers</q></ref> Ka February 1914, Repaboliki e e Ipusang ya Epirus Bokone e ne ya itsisiwe kwa Gjirokastër ke baagi ba lefelo leo ba Bagerika gore ba kgatlhanong le go tsenngwa mo Albania. Maiteko ano a ne a tsaya lobaka lo lokhutshwane, mme ka 1921 diporofense tse di kwa borwa di ne tsa akarediwa mo Kgosing ya Albania.[82][83] Go sa le jalo, go tsuologa ga balemirui ba Albania kgatlhanong le puso e ntšhwa go ne ga runya ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa setlhopha sa baruti ba Mamoseleme ba ba neng ba kokoane go dikologa Essad Pasha Toptani, yo o neng a ipolela gore ke ene mmoloki wa Albania le Boiselamo.<ref>"The Efforts to settle amputated Albania state". albaniainbrief.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011. <q>Thousands of muslim peasants, ... were exploited by their leaders Haxhi Qamili, Arif Hiqmeti, Musa Qazimi and Mustafa Ndroqi, ... to rebel</q></ref> <ref>Vickers, Miranda (1999). ''The Albanians: a modern history''. I.B. Tauris. p. 81. ISBN <bdi>978-1-86064-541-9</bdi>. <q>He gathered round him a group of discontented Muslim priests ... and proclaimed himself the savior of Albania and the Champion of Islam.</q></ref> '''Go ga Rephaboliki ya Ntlha''' Setlhogo se segolo: Repaboliki ya Ntlha ya Albania Bona gape: Ntwa ya Lefatshe I le Ntwa ya Lefatshe II kwa Albania Fan Noli o ne a nna le seabe se segolo mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga, a buelela boipuso jwa Albania le tsosoloso ya setso, fa gape a ne a direla e le Tonakgolo ka 1924 mme moragonyana e le tlhogo ya Kereke ya Orthodox ya Albania. Paka ya magareng ga dintwa kwa Albania e ne e tshwailwe ke mathata a a tswelelang a ikonomi le loago, go sa tlhomamang ga sepolotiki le ditsereganyo tsa dinaga di sele. <ref>Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). ''Albania country study'' (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</ref>Morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe I, Albania e ne e tlhoka puso e e tlhomameng le melelwane e e amogelwang ke dinaga di sele, mme seno se ne sa dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke ditheo tse di mabapi tse di jaaka Gerika, Italy le Yugoslavia, tse tsotlhe di neng di batla go atolosa tlhotlheletso ya tsone.<ref>Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). ''Albania country study'' (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</ref>Seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le go sa tlhomamisegeng ga dipolotiki, mo go neng ga tlhomololwa ka 1918 fa Khonkerese ya Durrës e ne e batla tshireletso ya Khonferense ya Kagiso ya Paris mme ya ganwa, mme seno sa raraanya boemo jwa Albania le go feta mo seraleng sa boditšhabatšhaba. Dikgotlhang tsa naga di ne tsa gola fa Yugoslavia, segolobogolo Serbia, e ne e batla go laola Albania e e kwa bokone, fa Gerika yone e ne e ikaeletse go laola kwa borwa jwa Albania. Seemo se ne sa nna maswe le go feta ka 1919 fa Ma-Serbia a ne a tlhasela baagi ba Albania, gareng ga ba bangwe kwa Gusinje le Plav, mme seno sa felela ka dipolao tse dintsi le go fudusiwa ga batho ba le bantsi.<ref>Vickers, Miranda (29 November 1999). ''The Albanians: A Modern History''. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 118. ISBN <bdi>978-1-86064-541-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Go sa le jalo, tlhotlheletso ya Italy e ne ya tswelela go atologa mo nakong eno, e kgweediwa ke dikgatlhego tsa ikonomi le dikeletso tsa sepolotiki.<ref>Vickers, Miranda (29 November 1999). ''The Albanians: A Modern History''. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 118. ISBN <bdi>978-1-86064-541-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Fan Noli, yo o neng a itsege ka dikakanyo tsa gagwe, o ne a nna tona-kgolo ka 1924, ka pono ya go tlhoma puso ya molaotheo ya mofuta wa Bophirima, go fedisa puso ya bofeudale, go lwantsha tlhotlheletso ya Italy, le go tokafatsa makala a a botlhokwa, go akaretsa mafaratlhatlha, thuto le tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo. <ref>Vickers, Miranda (29 November 1999). ''The Albanians: A Modern History''. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 118. ISBN <bdi>978-1-86064-541-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref>O ne a lebana le kganetso go tswa go balekane ba gagwe ba pele, ba ba neng ba thusitse mo go tloseng Zog mo pusong, mme a kgaratlha thata go bona thuso ya dinaga di sele go diragatsa lenaneo la gagwe. Tshwetso ya ga Noli ya go tlhoma dikamano tsa bodipolomate le Soviet Union, mmaba wa maemo a a kwa godimo a Serbia, e ne ya tsosa ditatofatso tsa bo-bolshevism go tswa kwa Belgrade.<ref>Vickers, Miranda (29 November 1999). ''The Albanians: A Modern History''. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 118. ISBN <bdi>978-1-86064-541-9</bdi>. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng go tswa kwa Italy mme sa felela ka gore Zog a busediwe mo bolaoding. Ka 1928, Zog o ne a fetola Albania go tswa go repaboliki go ya go puso ya segosi e e neng ya engwa nokeng ke Italy ya Bofasi, mme Zog o ne a tsaya maemo a Kgosi Zog I. Diphetogo tse di botlhokwa tsa molaotheo di ne tsa phatlalatsa Senate mme tsa tlhoma Kokoano Bosetšhaba ya kamore e le nngwe fa a ntse a boloka dithata tsa taolo tsa ga Zog<ref>Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). ''Albania country study'' (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</ref>. Ka 1939, Italy ka fa tlase ga Benito Mussolini e ne ya simolola tlhaselo ya sesole kwa Albania, mme seno sa felela ka gore Zog a lelekwe le go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso ya Italy.Fa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II e ntse e tswelela, Italy e ne e ikaeletse go atolosa puso ya yone ya naga kwa Balkans, go akaretsa le go batla naga mo dikgaolong tsa Gerika (Chameria), Makedonia, Montenegro le Kosovo. Dikeletso tseno di ne tsa thaya motheo wa Greater Albania, e e neng e ikaeletse go kopanya mafelo otlhe a a nang le bontsi jwa batho ba Albania go nna naga e le nngweKa 1943, fa taolo ya Italy e ntse e fokotsega, Jeremane ya Bonasi e ne ya tsaya taolo ya Albania, ya dira gore Ba-Albania ba patelediwe go dira tiro ya pateletso, ba dirisiwe botlhaswa mo ikonoming le go gatelelwa ka fa tlase ga puso ya Jeremane.Lekhubu le ne la fetoga ka 1944 fa masole a Albania, ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga Enver Hoxha le baeteledipele ba bangwe ba bokomonisi, a ne a golola Albania ka katlego mo go gapiweng ke Jeremane.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Albania/Albanian-nationalism "Albanian Nationalism"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</ref> '''Bokomonisi''' Setlhogo se segolo: Bokomonisi kwa Albania Tshedimosetso e nngwe: Go lelekwa ga Ba-Albania ba Ba-Cham Enver Hoxha e ne e le moeteledipele yo o simolotseng Albania ya bokomonisi le mmusi wa yone ka dingwaga di feta masome a manè, a diragatsa puso e e neng e tshwailwe ke bobusaesi le go itlhaola . Go tlhongwa ga Rephaboliki ya Batho ya Albania ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa ga Enver Hoxha e ne e le nako e e botlhokwa mo hisitoring ya segompieno ya Albania. Puso ya ga Hoxha e ne ya amogela dikgopolo tsa ga Marxist–Leninist mme ya diragatsa dipholisi tsa bobusaesi, go akaretsa le go thibela mekgwa ya bodumedi, go thibela thata mesepele, le go fedisa ditshwanelo tsa dithoto tsa poraefete. E ne gape e tlhalosiwa ke mokgwa o o sa kgaotseng wa go phepafatsa, kgatelelo e e tseneletseng, ditiragalo tsa go oka, le bobaba mo ditlhotlheletsong tsa kwa ntle.Mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa kganetso kgotsa go gana puso ya gagwe o ne o kopana le ditlamorago tse di bonako le tse di masisi, jaaka go isiwa botshwarwa mo teng ga naga, go golegwa ka lobaka lo loleele, le go bolawa. Puso e ne ya lebana le dikgwetlho tse dintsintsi, go akaretsa lehuma le le anameng, go sa itse go bala le go kwala, mathata a boitekanelo le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong. Fa a araba, Hoxha o ne a simolola letsholo la go dira dilo tsa segompieno le le neng le ikaeletse go fitlhelela kgololesego ya ikonomi le ya loago le go fetola Albania go nna setšhaba sa madirelo.Puso e ne ya baya kwa pele thata go farologanya ikonomi ka go dira madirelo ka mokgwa wa Soviet, tlhabololo e e akaretsang ya mafaratlhatlha jaaka go tsenngwa ga thulaganyo ya diterena tse di fetolang, go atolosa thuto le ditirelo tsa tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo, go fedisa go sa itse go bala le go kwala ga bagolo, le kgatelopele e e ikaeletsweng mo dikarolong tse di jaaka tsa basadi. ditshwanelo. Go ne ga agiwa di- bunker kwa Albania go thibela ditlhaselo tse di ka tswang di tswa kwa ntle. Ka 1983, dikago di ka nna 173,371 di ne di gasame mo kgaolong ya yone yotlhe. '''Hisitori ya bodipolomate ya Albania''' == Tikologo == '''Thutafatshe''' Setlhogo se segolo: Thutafatshe ya Albania Dithaba tsa Albania ke katoloso mme ka nako e le nngwe ke karolo e e kwa godimo ya dithaba tsa Dinaric Alps. Albania e bapile le Lewatle la Mediterranean mo Setlhaketlhakeng sa Balkan kwa Borwa le Borwabotlhaba jwa Yuropa, mme e na le bogolo jwa 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi).E bapilwe ke Lewatle la Adriatic kwa bophirima, Montenegro kwa bokonebophirima, Kosovo kwa bokonebotlhaba, Makedonia Bokone kwa botlhaba, Gerika kwa borwa le Lewatle la Ionia kwa borwabophirima. E fa gare ga latitšhutu ya 42° le 39° N le boleele jwa 21° le 19° E. Ditekanyetso tsa thutafatshe di akaretsa Vërmosh kwa 42° 35' 34" latitšhutu ya bokone jaaka ntlha e e kwa bokone thata, Konispol kwa 39° 40' 0" latitšhutu ya bokone1. 16' 50" boleele jwa botlhaba jaaka jo bo kwa bophirima thata, le Vërnik ka 21° 1' 26" boleele jwa botlhaba jaaka jo bo kwa botlhaba thata.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163040/http://www.instat.gov.al/graphics/doc/downloads/publikime/Tregues%20sipas%20qarqeve2006.pdf "Tregues Sipas Qarqeve Indicators by Prefectures"] (PDF). Instituti i Statistikës (INSTAT). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2020.</ref> Thaba ya Korabe, e e tlhatlogang ka bogodimo jwa dimetara di le 2 764 kwa godimo ga Adriatic, ke yone e e kwa godimo thata, fa Lewatle la Mediterranean, le le kwa tlase thata. Naga eno e atologa dikilometara di le 148 go tswa kwa botlhaba go ya kwa bophirima le dikilometara di ka nna 340 go tswa kwa bokone go ya kwa borwa. Albania e na le naga e e farologaneng le e e farologaneng e e nang le dithaba le dithota tse di kgabaganyang tshimo ya yone go ya kwa matlhakoreng a a farologaneng. Naga eno e na le dithaba tse dintsintsi, go akaretsa le Dithaba tsa Albania kwa bokone, Dithaba tsa Korab kwa botlhaba, Dithaba tsa Pindus kwa borwabotlhaba, Dithaba tsa Ceraunian kwa borwabophirima le Dithaba tsa Skanderbeg kwa bogareng. Kwa bokonebophirima go na le Letsha la Shkodër, e leng letsha le legolo go gaisa otlhe kwa Yuropa Borwa.<ref>Bolevich, Maria (3 January 2017)[https://www.newscientist.com/article/2116873-largest-lake-in-southern-europe-under-threat-from-eco-resort/ . "Largest lake in southern Europe under threat from "eco-resort"".] ''New Scientist''.</ref> Go ya kwa borwabotlhaba go tlhagelela Letsha la Ohrid, le lengwe la makadiba a bogologolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng a a tswelelang go nna teng. Kgakala kwa borwa, lefelo leno le le bulegileng le akaretsa Letsha le legolo le le lennye la Prespa, e leng mangwe a makadiba a a kwa godimo thata a kwa Balkan. Dinoka di tlhatloga thata kwa botlhaba mme di elela mo Lewatleng la Adriatic le la Ionian.<ref>"Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region". UNESCO. pp. UNESCO. <q>Situated on the shores of Lake Ohrid, the town of Ohrid is one of the oldest human settlements in Europe; Lake Ohrid is a superlative natural phenomenon, providing refuge for numerous endemic and relict freshwater species of flora and fauna dating from the tertiary period. As a deep and ancient lake of tectonic origin, Lake Ohrid has existed continuously for approximately two to three million years.</q></ref> Noka e telele go gaisa mo nageng, fa e lekanngwa go tswa kwa molomong go ya kwa motsweding, ke Drin, e e simololang kwa ditlhogong tsa yone tse pedi di kopanang teng, e leng Black and White Drin. Se se tshwenyang thata ke Vjosë, nngwe ya dithulaganyo tsa bofelo tsa dinoka tse dikgolo tse di sa senyegang tsa Yuropa. Kwa Albania khurumetso ya sekgwa e ka nna 29.% ya kgaolo yotlhe ya lefatshe, e e lekanang le diheketara di le 788,900 (ha) tsa sekgwa ka 2020, go tswa go diheketara di le 788,800 (ha) ka 1990. ditshupo tsa tiro ya batho) mme go ka nna 0% ya kgaolo ya sekgwa e ne ya fitlhelwa mo teng ga mafelo a a sireleditsweng. Mo ngwageng wa 2015, 97% ya kgaolo ya sekgwa e begilwe e le ka fa tlase ga mong wa puso, 3% ya mong wa poraefete le 0% ka mong o o kwadilweng jaaka o mongwe kgotsa o o sa itsiweng. '''Tlelaemete''' Setlhogo se segolo: Tlelaemete ya Albania Gjipe e mo lefelong le Lewatle la Adriatic le la Ionia di kopanang mo go lone, mo Riviera ya Albania . Tlelaemete ya Albania e bontsha maemo a a tlhaolegileng a go farologana le go farologana ka ntlha ya dipharologano tsa latitšhutu, boleele le bogodimo.Albania e itemogela tlelaemete ya Mediterranean le ya Kontinente, e e tlhaolwang ke go nna teng ga dipaka di le nne tse di farologaneng. Go ya ka tlhaolo ya Köppen, Albania e akaretsa mefuta e le metlhano ya tlelaemete ya konokono, e e simololang kwa Mediterranean le subtropical mo halofong ya bophirima go ya kwa lewatleng, kontinente le subarctic mo halofong e e kwa botlhaba jwa naga. Dikgaolo tse di fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle go bapa le Lewatle la Adriatic le Ionian kwa Albania di amogelwa jaaka mafelo a a bothitho go gaisa, fa dikgaolo tsa bokone le botlhaba tse di akaretsang Albanian Alps le Dithaba tsa Korab di amogelwa jaaka mafelo a a tsididi go gaisa mo nageng.<ref>"The First National Communication of the Republic of Albania to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)" (PDF). Tirana: Ministry of Environment of Albania. pp. 33 –&#32, 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</ref> Ngwaga otlhe, palogare ya dithemphoritšhara tsa kgwedi le kgwedi e a fetogafetoga, go simolola ka −1 °C (30 °F) mo dikgweding tsa mariga go ya go 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) mo dikgweding tsa selemo. Go lemotshega gore, themphereitšha e e kwa godimo e e kwadilweng ya 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) e ne ya lemogiwa kwa Kuçovë ka la bo 18 Phukwi 1973, fa themphereitšha e e kwa tlase thata ya −29 °C (−20 °F) e ne ya kwalwa kwa Shtyllë, Librazhd ka la bo 9 Ferikgong 20141. Albania e amogela bontsi jwa pula mo dikgweding tsa mariga mme e amogela go le gonnye mo dikgweding tsa selemo.<ref>"The First National Communication of the Republic of Albania to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)" (PDF). Tirana: Ministry of Environment of Albania. pp. 33 –&#32, 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</ref> Palogare ya pula e ka nna dimilimitara di le 1,485 (diintšhe di le 58.5).<ref>Alban Kuriqi. "Climate and climate change data for Albania" (PDF). ''drinkadria.fgg.uni-lj.si''. Tirana. pp. 3–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</ref> Palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e fa gare ga dimilimitara di le 600 le 3,000 (24 le 118 inches) go ikaegile ka lefelo.<ref>Alban Kuriqi. "Climate and climate change data for Albania" (PDF). ''drinkadria.fgg.uni-lj.si''. Tirana. pp. 3–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</ref>Dithaba tsa bokonebophirima le borwabotlhaba di amogela pula e e tseneletseng, fa dithaba tsa bokonebotlhaba le borwabophirima mmogo le Dithaba tsa Bophirima di amogela pula e e lekanyeditsweng.<ref>Alban Kuriqi. "Climate and climate change data for Albania" (PDF). ''drinkadria.fgg.uni-lj.si''. Tirana. pp. 3–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</ref> Dithaba tsa Albania tse di kwa bokone jo bo kgakala jwa naga di tsewa e le dingwe tsa dikgaolo tse di bokgola thata tsa Yuropa, di amogela bonnye pula ya dimilimitara di le 3 100 (122.0 in) ka ngwaga.<ref>Alban Kuriqi. "Climate and climate change data for Albania" (PDF). ''drinkadria.fgg.uni-lj.si''. Tirana. pp. 3–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</ref> Dikgapetla di le nne mo teng ga dithaba tseno di ne tsa bonwa kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimitara di le 2 000 (6 600 ft), e leng selo se se sa tlwaelegang thata mo latitude e e ntseng jalo e e kwa borwa. '''Mefutafuta ya ditshedi''' Setlhogo se segolo: Mefutafuta ya ditshedi tsa Albania Bona gape: Dikgaolo tsa tikologo kwa Albania Ntsu ya gauta ke letshwao la bosetšhaba le phologolo ya kwa Albania Albania e le lefelo le le nang le mefutafuta ya ditshedi, mme e na le mefutafuta e e humileng thata ya ditshedi e e farologaneng ka ntlha ya ya lefelo la yone la thutafatshe mo bogareng jwa Lewatle la Mediterranean le pharologano e kgolo mo maemong a yone a tlelaemete, a thutafatshe le a metsi. Ka ntlha ya go nna kgakala, dithaba le dithota tsa Albania di na le dikgwa, ditlhare le bojang jo bo botlhokwa mo matshelong a diphologolo tse di farologaneng, gareng ga tse dingwe mefuta e mebedi e e mo kotsing thata ya go nyelela ya naga eo, e leng golden jack le brown bear, mmogo le katse e khibidu ya naga, jax e khibidu, phiri e e pududu . ntsu, ya bofelo e bopa phologolo ya bosetšhaba ya naga. Dinoka tsa noka, mafelo a a metsi le makadiba di botlhokwa thata mo di-flamingo tse dikgolo, di-pygmy cormorant le nonyane e e sa tlwaelegang thata mme gongwe e le nonyane e e tumileng thata ya naga, e leng dalmatian pelican.Se se botlhokwa thata ke seal sa moitlami sa Mediterranean, khudu ya lewatle ya loggerhead le khudu ya lewatle e tala e e neng e tlwaetse go dira sentlhaga mo metsing a lebopo la naga le mo mabopong. Mabapi le thutafatshe ya dimela, Albania ke karolo ya Bogosi jwa Boreal mme e anama ka tlhamalalo mo teng ga porofense ya Illyria ya Kgaolo ya Circumboreal le Mediterranean. Kgaolo ya yona e ka kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolo di le nne tsa lefatshe tsa lefatshe la Palearctic e leng mo teng ga dikgwa tsa matlhare a Illyria, dikgwa tse di tlhakaneng tsa Balkan, dikgwa tse di tlhakaneng tsa Dithaba tsa Pindus le dikgwa tse di tlhakaneng tsa Dithaba tsa Dinaric. Mefuta e ka nna 3,500 e e farologaneng ya dimela e ka fitlhelwa kwa Albania e e kayang thata semelo sa Mediterranean le Eurasia. Naga eno e boloka ngwao e e matlhagatlhaga ya go dirisa ditlhare le kalafi. Bonnye dimela di le 300 tse di golang mo lefelong la gaeno di dirisiwa mo go baakanyeng ditlhatshana le melemo.Ditlhare tse di mo teng ga dikgwa ke bogolo jang fir, oak, beech le phaene. == Tshomarelo == Ditlhaketlhake tsa Ksamil di mo Phakeng ya Bosetšhaba ya Butrint Albania e nnile motsayakarolo yo o matlhagatlhaga mo ditumalanong le ditumalanong di le mmalwa tsa boditšhabatšhaba tse di ikaeletseng go nonotsha boineelo jwa yone mo go somareleng le go laola mefutafuta ya ditshedi ka tsela e e tswelelang pele. Go tloga ka 1994, naga eno ke karolo ya Tumalano ya Mefutafuta ya Ditshedi (CBD) le Diporothokholo tsa yone tsa Cartagena le Nagoya tse di amanang le yone <ref>"Country Profiles: Albania – Main Details". Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</ref> Go tshegetsa maitlamo a, e tlhamile le go tsenya tirisong Leano le Tiro la Bosetšhaba la Mefutafuta ya Ditshedi le le akaretsang (NBSAP).<ref>"Country Profiles: Albania – Main Details". Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Albania e tlhomile tirisanommogo le Mokgatlho wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Tshomarelo ya Tlhago (IUCN), e tsweletsa pele maiteko a yone a tshomarelo mo maemong a bosetšhaba le a boditšhabatšhaba. Ka go kaelwa ke IUCN, naga e dirile kgatelopele e e bonalang mo motheong wa mafelo a a sireleditsweng mo teng ga melelwane ya yona, e e akaretsang diphaka tsa bosetšhaba di le 12 gareng ga tse dingwe Butrint, Karaburun-Sazan, Llogara, Prespa le Vjosa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122722/https://qbz.gov.al/alfresco/api/-default-/public/alfresco/versions/1/nodes/9bdebcfb-5b0f-4d93-9854-5183906bd793/content?attachment=true&alf_ticket=TICKET_e8d425ce36bd2eaf13017ada30e7b7e30a4a8a93 "Për miratimin e ndryshimit të statusit dhe të sipërfaqes së ekosistemeve natyrore park kombëtar (kategoria ii) të zonave të mbrojtura mjedisore".] ''Qendra e Botimeve Zyrtare''. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2023.</ref> Jaaka mosaeni wa Tumalano ya Ramsar, Albania e neetse kamogelo e e kgethegileng mo mafelong a le mane a a metsi, e a tlhoma jaaka Mafelo a a Metsi a Botlhokwa jwa Boditšhabatšhaba, go akaretsa Buna-Shkodër, Butrint, Karavasta le Prespa.<ref>"Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Albania" (PDF). Ramsar Convention. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</ref>Boineelo jwa naga mo tshireletsong bo atologela go ya pele mo lephateng la Neteweke ya Lefatshe ya Dipolokelo tsa Ditshedi tsa UNESCO, e e dirang mo teng ga letlhomeso la Lenaneo la Monna le Lefelo la Ditshedi, le le supiwang ke go nna le seabe ga yona mo Polokelo ya Ditshedi ya Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary. Ho feta moo, Albania e amohela Mafelo a mabedi a tlhaho a Boswa ba Lefatshe, a kenyeletsang sebaka sa Ohrid le Noka ya Gashi le Rrajca ka bobedi e le karolo ya Dikgwa tsa Beech tsa Boholo-holo le tsa Pele tsa Carpathians le Dibaka tse ding tsa Yuropa.<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133 "Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe"]. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.</ref> '''Mafelo a a sireleditsweng''' Setlhogo se segolo: Mafelo a a sireleditsweng a Albania Letsha la Karavasta mo teng ga Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Divjakë-Karavasta Mafelo a a sireleditsweng a Albania ke mafelo a a tlhomilweng le go laolwa ke puso ya Albania. Go na le diphaka tsa bosetšhaba di le 12, mafelo a le 4 a ramsar, lefelo le le 1 la polokelo ya ditshedi le mefuta e mengwe e le 786 ya dipolokelo tsa tshomarelo kwa Albania.E le kwa bokone, Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Albania, e e nang le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Theth le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Valbonë Valley, e dikologilwe ke ditlhoa tse di kwa godimo tsa Albania Alps. Kwa botlhaba, dikarolo tsa Dithaba tse di makgwakgwa tsa Korab, Nemërçka le Shebenik di bolokilwe mo teng ga melelwane ya Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Fir ya Hotovë-Dangëlli, Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Shebenik le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Prespa, mme ya bofelo e akaretsa karolo ya Albania ya Makadiba a Magolo le a Mannye a Prespa. Kwa borwa, Dithaba tsa Ceraunian di tlhalosa Lebopo la Lewatle la Ionian la Albania, di bopa naga ya Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Llogara, e e atologelang kwa Setlhaketlhakeng sa Karaburun, e bopa Phaka ya Lewatle ya Karaburun-Sazan. Go ya kwa borwa go na le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Butrint, e e mo setlhaketlhakeng se se dikologilweng ke Letsha la Butrint le Mosele wa Vivari. Kwa bophirima, e e anameng go bapa le Lebopo la Lewatle la Adriatic la Albania, Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Divjakë-Karavasta e ipelafatsa ka Letsha le legolo la Karavasta, le lengwe la dithulaganyo tse dikgolo thata tsa matsha mo Lewatleng la Mediterranean. Se se tlhomologileng ke gore, paraka ya ntlha ya bosetšhaba ya Yuropa ya noka e e tlhaga, e leng Vjosa National Park, e sireletsa Noka ya Vjosa le melatswana ya yone e megolo, e e simololang kwa Dithabeng tsa Pindus mme e elela kwa .Lewatle la Adriatic. Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Thaba ya Dajti, Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Thaba ya Lurë-Dejë le Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Thaba ya Tomorr di sireletsa lefelo le le dithaba la bogare jwa Albania, go akaretsa le Dithaba tsa Tomorr le Skanderbeg. '''Dintlha tsa tikologo''' Setlhogo se segolo: Mathata a tikologo kwa Albania Phetogo ya themperetšha kwa Albania, bara nngwe le nngwe e emela themperetšha mo ngwageng. Dintlha tsa tikologo kwa Albania di akaretsa kgotlhelo ya mowa le metsi, ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete, ditlhaelo tsa taolo ya matlakala, tatlhegelo ya mefutafuta ya ditshedi le botlhokwa jwa tshomarelo ya tlhago.[ Phetogo ya tlelaemete e bonelapele go nna le ditlamorago tse di bonalang mo boleng jwa botshelo kwa Albania.Albania ke nngwe ya dinaga tsa Yuropa tse di mo kotsing thata le tse di ka tlhaselwang ke masetlapelo a tlholego.Masetlapelo a tlholego, jaaka merwalela, melelo ya dikgwa, le go relela ga lefatshe, di a oketsega kwa Albania ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete, mme di baka tshenyo e kgolo.[168][169] Go tlhatloga ga maemo a lewatle go solofetswe go ama baagi ba ba mo mabopong le intaseteri ya bojanala ka tsela e e sa siamang. Ka 2023 Albania e ne ya ntsha ditone di le dimilione di le 7.67 tsa digase tsa sethopo, tse di lekanang le ditone di le 2.73 ka motho, mme seno se dira gore e nne naga e e ntshang digase tse di kwa tlase. Albania e solofeditse phokotso ya 20.9% ya mesi ya GHG ka 2030, le lefela la nete ka 2050. Naga e na le tiragatso e e magareng le e e tokafalang mo Tshupaneng ya Tiragatso ya Tikologo ka maemo ka kakaretso a dinaga di le 62 mo go tse 180 ka 2022.Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a Albania a fokotsegile fa e sa le e bewa kwa godimo mo maemong a bo 15 mo Tshupaneng ya Tiragatso ya Tikologo ya 2012. == Dipolotiki == Setlhogo se segolo: Dipolotiki tsa Albania Tonakgolo Fa e sa le Albania e bolela boipuso ka 1912, e itemogetse phetogo e e bonalang ya sepolotiki, e kgabaganya dipaka tse di farologaneng tse di neng di akaretsa puso ya segosi, puso ya bokomonisi le go tlhongwa ga thulaganyo ya temokerasi kwa bofelong.Ka 1998, Albania e ne ya fetoga go nna repaboliki e e ipusang ya molaotheo wa palamente, e leng selo se se botlhokwa thata mo go fetogeng ga yone mo dipolotiking.[ Sebopego sa yona sa puso se dira ka fa tlase ga molaotheo o o dirang jaaka tokomane e kgolo ya naga.Molaotheo o theilwe mo molaomotheong wa kgaoganyo ya dithata, ka matsogo a mararo a puso a a akaretsang lekgotla la peomolao le le mo Palamenteng, khuduthamaga e e eteletsweng pele ke Moporesitente jaaka tlhogo ya puso ya moletlo le Tonakgolo jaaka tlhogo e e dirang ya puso, le boatlhodi jo bo akaretsang mmogo le dikgotlatshekelo tse dintsi tsa boikuelo le tsa tsamaiso. Tsamaiso ya semolao ya Albania e rulagantswe go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa batho ba yone tsa sepolotiki, go sa kgathalesege gore ke ba morafe ofe, puo efe, morafe ofe, kgotsa bodumedi bofe.Go sa kgathalesege melaometheo eno, go na le matshwenyego a magolo a ditshwanelo tsa batho kwa Albania a a batlang go tlhokomelwa.Matshwenyego ano a akaretsa dintlha tse di amanang le boipuso jwa boatlhodi, go tlhoka lekala la bobegakgang le le gololesegileng le bothata jo bo tswelelang jwa bonweenwee mo teng ga ditheo tse di farologaneng tsa puso, ditheo tsa tiragatso ya molao le ditheo tse dingwe.Jaaka fa Albania e ntse e tswelela ka tsela ya yone ya go nna leloko la EU, go dirwa maiteko a a matlhagatlhaga a go fitlhelela ditokafatso tse di bonalang mo dikarolong tseno go tsamaisana le ditlhokego le maemo a EU. '''Dikamano le dinaga di sele''' Setlhogo se segolo: Dikamano le dinaga di sele tsa Albania Ka thuso ya dipuso tsa Kosovo le Albania, go baakanngwa kopo ya semmuso ya go akaretsa batho ba Arbëreshë mo lenaaneng la Boswa jwa Setso jo bo sa Tshwaregeng jwa UNESCO.[ E tlhagile mo masomesomeng a dingwaga a go itlhaola ka nako ya bokomonisi, Albania e amogetse tlwaelo ya pholisi ya dinaga di sele e e ikaegileng ka tirisanommogo e e matlhagatlhaga le go nna le seabe mo mererong ya boditšhabatšhaba. Mo moding wa dipholisi tsa dinaga di sele tsa Albania go na le maikaelelo a le mantsi, a a akaretsang boineelo jwa go sireletsa boipuso jwa yone le bothokgami jwa kgaolo, go tlhagolela dikamano tsa bodipolomate le dinaga tse dingwe, go buelela gore batho ba Kosovo ba amogelwe ke dinaga di sele, go rarabolola matshwenyego a batho ba AlsuroA E Chalan go kopanngwa le go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa Ba-Albania kwa Kosovo, Gerika, Italy, Montenegro, Makedonia Bokone, Serbia le kwa dinageng tse dingwe.<ref>Aydın, Abdurrahim F.; Progonati, Erjada (May 2011). "Albanian foreign policy in the post-communist era" (PDF). ''Unisci Discussion Papers''. '''26'''. doi:10.5209/REV_UNIS.2011.V26.37824. S2CID 154016018.</ref> Merero ya kwa ntle ya Albania e gatelela boineelo jwa naga mo go tlhomameng ga kgaolo le go kopanngwa mo ditheong tse dikgolo tsa boditšhabatšhaba.<ref>"Albania in the region". Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</ref> Albania e ne ya nna leloko la Ditšhabakopano (UN) ka 1955, ka bonako fela morago ga go tswa mo pakeng ya go itlhaola ka nako ya bokomonisi.Naga e fitlheletse phitlhelelo e kgolo mo pholising ya yona ya dinaga di sele ka go nna leloko la NATO ka 2009. Fa e sa le naga eno e bona maemo a ntlhopheng ka 2014, gape e simolotse lenaneo le le tseneletseng la diphetogo go itebaganya le maemo a go tsena mo Kopanong ya Yuropa (EU), ka maikaelelo a go nna naga e e leng leloko la EU. Albania le Kosovo di boloka botsalano jwa bokaulengwe jo bo nonotshiwang ke dikamano tsa tsone tse dikgolo tsa setso, lotso le hisitori.<ref>"Relations with Regional Countries". Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</ref> Dinaga ka bobedi di rotloetsa dikamano tsa bodipolomate tse di nnelang ruri, mme Albania e tshegetsa ka tlhagafalo tlhabololo ya Kosovo le maiteko a kopano ya boditšhabatšhaba.<ref>"Relations with Regional Countries". Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</ref> Seabe sa yona sa motheo mo tseleng ya Kosovo ya go bona boipuso se gatelelwa ke go amogela ga yona boipuso jwa Kosovo go sa le gale ka 2008. Ho feta moo, mebuso ka bobedi e tshwara dikopano tse kopanetsweng tsa selemo le selemo, tse bontshitsweng ke kopano ya pele ka 2014, e sebetsang e le sebaka sa semmuso sa ho ntlafatsa tshebedisano mmoho ya dinaha tse pedi le ho matlafatsa boitlamo ba bona bo kopanetsweng dipholising tse kgothaletsang botsitso le katleho ya sebaka se seholo sa Albania.<ref>"Relations with Regional Countries". Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</ref> '''Sesole''' Setlhogo se segolo: Masole a a Tlhometseng a Albania Masole a kwa Albania kwa Porofenseng ya Kandahar, kwa Afghanistan Masole a a Hlometseng a Albania a na le Masole a Lefatshe, Mowa le a Lewatle mme a bopa mabotho a sesole le a sesole sa naga. Di eteletswe pele ke molaodi-mogolo ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya Lefapha la Tshireletso le ke Moporesidente jaaka molaodi yo mogolo ka nako ya ntwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka dinako tsa kagiso dithata tsa yona di diragadiwa ka Tonakgolo le Tona ya Tshireletso.<ref>[http://www.osce.org/albania/41888 "Article 169, Section 1".] Constitution of Albania. 28 November 1998. Retrieved 6 July 2016.</ref> Maikaelelo a magolo a masole a a tlhometseng a Albania ke go sireletsa boipuso, boipuso le bothokgami jwa kgaolo ya naga, mmogo le go tsaya karolo mo ditirong tsa go thusa batho, tsa ntwa, tse di seng tsa ntwa le tsa tshegetso ya kagiso.<ref>"Article 169, Section 1". Constitution of Albania. 28 November 1998. Retrieved 6 July 2016.</ref> Tirelo ya sesole ke ya boithaopo fa e sale ka 2010 ka dingwaga di le 19 e le dingwaga tse di kwa tlase tsa semolao tsa tiro.<ref>"Albania to end conscription by 2010". ''wri-irg.org''. 22 August 2008.</ref> Albania e itlamile go oketsa go tsaya karolo mo ditirong tsa ditšhabatšhaba.Fa e sa le ka go wa ga bokomonisi, naga eno e nnile le seabe mo dithomong di le thataro tsa boditšhabatšhaba mme e le thomo e le nngwe fela ya Ditšhabakopano kwa Georgia, kwa e neng ya romela balebeledi ba le bararo ba sesole gone. Fa e sale ka Tlhakole 2008, Albania e ntse e tsaya karolo semmuso mo Tirong ya NATO ya Maiteko a a Tlhagafetseng kwa Lewatleng la Mediterranean. E ne ya lalediwa go tsenela NATO ka 3 Moranang 2008, mme ya nna leloko le le tletseng ka 2 Moranang 2009. Albania e fokoditse palo ya masole a a tlhagafetseng go tswa go 65,000 ka 1988 go ya go 14,500 ka 2009.[Gone jaanong sesole se na le setlhotshwana se sennye sa difofane le dikepe tsa lewatle. Go oketsa tekanyetsokabo ya sesole e ne e le nngwe ya maemo a botlhokwa thata a go kopanngwa ga NATO. Go tloga ka 1996 tiriso ya madi a sesole e ne e le 1.5% ya GDP ya naga, mme ya fitlha kwa setlhoeng ka 2009 ka 2% mme ya wela gape go 1.5% == Dikarolo tsa botsamaisi == Setlhogo se segolo: Dikarolo tsa tsamaiso tsa Albania Albania e tlhalosiwa mo teng ga lefelo la kgaolo ya dikilometara di le 28 748 (disekwerekilometara di le 11 100) mo Setlhaketlhakeng sa Balkan. E arotswe ka tsela e sa tlwaelehang ka dikgaolo tse tharo, Dikgaolo tsa Leboya, Bohareng le Borwa. Fa e sa le Albania e ne ya Bolela Boipuso ka 1912, e ile ya fetola thulaganyo ya yone ya mo teng makgetlo a le 21. Ga jaana, diyuniti tsa tsamaiso tsa motheo ke dikgaolo tse di lesomepedi tse di bopang (qarqe/qarqet), tse di nang le maemo a a lekanang ka fa tlase ga molao.[ Dikgaolo di ne di dirisitswe mo nakong e e fetileng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950 mme tsa tlhamiwa sešwa ka la bo 31 Phukwi 2000 go kopanya dikgaolo di le 36 (rrathë/rrathët) tsa nako eo. Kgaolo e kgolo go gaisa mo Albania ka palo ya batho ke Tirana County e e nang le batho ba feta 800 000. Kgaolo e nnye go gaisa, ka palo ya batho, ke Kgaolo ya Gjirokastër e e nang le batho ba feta 70 000. Kgaolo e kgolo go gaisa, ka bogolo, ke Kgaolo ya Korçë e e akaretsang disekwerekilometara di le 3 711 (1 433 sq mi) tsa borwabotlhaba jwa Albania. Kgaolo e nnye go gaisa tsotlhe, ka bogolo, ke Kgaolo ya Durrës e e nang le bogolo jwa disekwerekilometara di le 766 kwa bophirima jwa Albania. Dikgaolo di dirilwe ka dikarolo di le 61 tsa maemo a bobedi tse di itsegeng jaaka bommasepala (bashki/bashkia).Bommasepala ke maemo a ntlha a puso ya selegae, a a rwalang maikarabelo a ditlhokego tsa selegae le tiragatso ya molao. Ba kopantse le go nolofatsa tsamaiso ya pele ya bommasepala ba ditoropo le ba metseselegae kgotsa dikompone (komuna/komunat) ka 2015. Mo dintlheng tse dinnye tsa pusoselegae, bommasepala ba rulagantswe ka diyuniti tsa tsamaiso di le 373 (njësia/njësitë tsa tsamaiso). Gape go na le metse e le 2980 (fshatra/fshatrat), mafelo a boagisani kgotsa diwoto (lagje/lagjet), le mafelo a a neng a dirisiwa pele jaaka diyuniti tsa tsamaiso. == Ikonomi == Tirana ke setsi sa moruo sa naha. Ke legae la dikhamphani tse dikgolo tsa selegae le tsa kwa ntle tse di dirang mo nageng. Albania e tsweletse go tlhabolola ikonomi ya yone e e tlhakaneng, e fitlhelela maemo a lotseno lo lo kwa godimo le lo lo magareng jaaka lo tlhaotswe ke Banka ya Lefatshe. Ka 2022, GDP ya naga ka tlhogo e ne ya begwa e le $8,575.20. Seelo sa botlhokatiro se bone go fetogafetoga mo dingwageng tsa bošeng jaana. Mo kotareng ya boraro ya 2024, seelo sa botlhokatiro se ne se le kwa go 10.5%, e leng phokotsego go tswa go 10.7% mo kotareng e e fetileng. Go lemotshega gore, seelo sa botlhokatiro mo bathong ba dingwaga di le 15 go ya go 29 se fokotsegile go ya go 19.1% mo kotareng ya bone ya 2024, go tswa go 21.2% mo pakeng e e tshwanang ya 2023. Italy e santse e le molekane yo mogolo wa kgwebisano wa Albania, e e dirang 49.5% ya diromelwantle ka 2022. Balekane ba bangwe ba ba botlhokwa ba thomelontle ba akaretsa Serbia (10.2%), Montenegro (7.9%), Gerika (6.8%), Makedonia Bokone (5.5%), le Spain (4.4%).United States gape ke molekane yo o tlhomologileng wa kgwebisano, mme Albania e tshegetsa botsalano jwa kgwebisano jo bo akaretsang dithoto tse di farologaneng. Dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng tsa kwa ntle (FDI) di bontshitse tlwaelo e e siameng. Go ya ka tshedimosetso ya ntlha go tswa kwa Bankeng ya Albania, dipoelo tsa FDI ka 2022 di fetile $1.44 bilione, ka dipeeletso tse di tsepamisitsweng mo madirelong a go epa le mo maatleng.[216] Kwa bokhutlong jwa 2023, setoko sa FDI go tswa kwa dinageng tsa Kopano ya Yuropa kwa Albania se ne sa fitlha go mo e ka nnang €6 bilione. '''Lekala la motheo''' Setlhogo se segolo: Temothuo kwa Albania Diterebe kwa Berat. Ka ntlha ya tlelaemete ya Mediterranean, beine, ditlhware le maungo a dinamune di tlhagisiwa thata kwa Borwa jwa Albania. Temothuo mo nageng e ikaegile ka diyuniti tse dinnye go ya go tse di magareng tse di gasameng tsa malapa. E ntse e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea moruo oa Albania. E thapa 41% ya baagi, mme bokana ka 24.31% ya lefatshe le dirisediwa maikaelelo a temothuo. Nngwe ya mafelo a ntlha a temothuo kwa Yuropa e fitlhetswe kwa borwabotlhaba jwa naga. Jaaka karolo ya thulaganyo ya pele ga go tsena ga Albania mo Kopanong ya Yuropa, balemirui ba thusiwa ka matlole a IPA go tokafatsa maemo a temothuo a Albania. Albania e ntsha maungo a mantsi thata (diapole, ditlhware, merara, dinamune, dilemone, diapolekote, diperekisi, ditšheri, difeige, ditšheri tse di botlha, di- plum le di- strawberry), merogo (ditapole, ditamati, mmidi, dieiye le korong), di- sugar beet tsa setso, tobacco, dimela. Ho feta moo, naha ke mohlahisi ya bohlokwa wa lefatshe ka bophara wa salvia, rosemary le gentian e tshehla. Go nna gaufi ga naga eno le Lewatle la Ionian le Lewatle la Adriatic go dira gore intaseteri ya go tshwara ditlhapi e e sa tlhabologang e nne le bokgoni jo bogolo. Boraikonomi ba Banka ya Lefatshe le Setšhaba sa Yuropa ba bega gore, intaseteri ya go tshwara ditlhapi ya Albania e na le bokgoni jo bo siameng jwa go dira madi a thomelontle ka gonne ditlhwatlhwa mo mebarakeng e e gaufi ya Gerika le Italy di kwa godimo makgetlo a le mantsi go feta tsa mmaraka wa Albania. Ditlhapi tse di leng teng kwa mabopong a naga ke carp, trout, sea bream, di-mussel le di-crustacean. Albania e na le nngwe ya ditiragalo tse ditelele go gaisa tsa Yuropa tsa temo ya merara. Kgaolo ya gompieno e ne e le nngwe ya mafelo a le mmalwa a morara o neng o lengwa mo go one ka tlhago ka nako ya aese. Dipeo tsa bogologolo tse di fitlhetsweng mo kgaolong e di na le dingwaga di le 4,000 go ya go 6,000. Ka 2009, setšhaba se ne sa tlhagisa ditone di ka nna 17,500 tsa beine. '''Lekala la sekontari''' Bona gape: Setlhopha:Meepo kwa Albania Feme ya Antea kwa Fushe-Krujë Lekala la bobedi la Albania le nnile le diphetogo tse dintsi le go nna le dilo tse di farologaneng fa e sa le puso ya bokomonisi e phutlhama. E farologane thata, go tswa mo dilong tsa ileketeroniki, tsa go dira dilo, matsela, go ya kwa dijong, samente, meepo, le maatla. Polante ya Samente ya Antea kwa Fushë-Krujë e tsewa e le nngwe ya dipeeletso tse dikgolo tsa madirelo tsa naga. Oli le gase ya Albania ke nngwe ya dikarolo tse di solofetsang thata, le fa gone di laolwa thata, tsa ikonomi ya yone. Albania e na le dipolokelo tsa oli tsa bobedi tse dikgolo mo pheninsuleng ya Balkan morago ga Romania, le dipolokelo tse dikgolo tsa oli kwa Yuropa. Khamphani ya Albpetrol ke ya puso ya Albania mme e beha leihlo ditumellano tsa mmuso tsa peterole naheng. Intaseteri ya matsela e bone katoloso e kgolo ka go atamela dikhamphani tse di tswang kwa Kopanong ya Yuropa (EU) kwa Albania. Go ya ka Setheo sa Dipalopalo (INSTAT), go tloga ka 2016, tlhagiso ya matsela e nnile le kgolo ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya 5.3% le thekiso ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya di-euro di ka nna dibilione di le 1.5. Albania ke motlhagisi yo mogolo wa diminerale mme e mo maemong a a kwa pele mo lefatsheng mo batlhagising ba chromium le baromelantle.Setšhaba seno gape ke motlhagisi yo o tlhomologileng wa kopore, nikele le magala.Moepo wa Batra, wa Bulqizë le wa Thekna ke mengwe ya meepo e e amogelwang thata ya kwa Albania e e sa ntseng e dira. '''Lekala la thuto e kgolwane''' Bona gape: Banka, Ditlhaeletsano ka Megala, le Bojanala kwa Albania Ditlhaketlhake tsa Ksamil, tse di kwa borwa jwa Lebopo la Lewatle la Ionia la Albania Lekala la thuto e kgolwane le emela lekala le le golang ka bonako la ikonomi ya naga. 36% ya baagi ba bereka mo lephateng la ditirelo le le nang le seabe mo go 65% ya GDP ya naga. Fa e sa le kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo 20, intaseteri ya dibanka ke karolo e kgolo ya lekala la thuto e kgolwane mme e santse e le mo maemong a a siameng ka kakaretso ka ntlha ya go dira gore dikhamphani di nne tsa poraefete le pholisi e e akgolegang ya madi. Pele e ne e le nngwe ya dinaga tse di kgaoganeng le tse di laolwang thata mo lefatsheng, intaseteri ya tlhaeletsano ka megala e emela mo malatsing ano e nngwe e e nang le seabe se segolo mo lephateng leno. E ne ya tlhabologa thata ka go dira gore e nne ya poraefete le go beeletsa morago ga moo ke babeeletsi ba selegae le ba dinaga di sele.Eagle, Vodafone le Telekom Albania ke batlamedi ba ba eteletseng pele ba ditirelo tsa tlhaeletsano ka megala mo nageng. Bojanala bo amogelwa jaaka intaseteri ya botlhokwa jwa bosetšhaba mme bo ntse bo oketsega ka iketlo fa e sale ka tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo wa bo21. E ne e le 8.4% ya GDP ka tlhamalalo ka 2016 le fa go akaretsa dikabelo tse di sa tlhamalalang go kgarameletsa karolo go 26%.Mo ngwageng oo, naga e ne ya amogela baeng ba ka nna dimilione di le 4.74 bontsi jwa bone ba tswa kwa Yuropa yotlhe le kwa United States. Koketsego ya baeng ba dinaga di sele e nnile e e gakgamatsang. Albania e ne e na le baeng ba le 500 000 fela ka 2005, mme go fopholediwa gore ka 2012 go ne go na le baeng ba le dimilione di le 4,2, e leng koketsego ya diperesente di le 740. Ka 2015, bojanala jwa selemo bo oketsegile ka diperesente di le 25 go tswa ka 2014, go ya ka setheo sa bojanala sa naga. Ka 2011, Lonely Planet e ne ya bitsa Albania jaaka lefelo le le kwa godimo la maeto,e ne ya palelwa ke go netefatsa] fa The New York Times e ne ya baya Albania jaaka lefelo la bojanala la lefatshe ka bophara ka 2014. Bontsi jwa intaseteri ya bojanala bo kokoantswe go bapa le Lewatle la Adriatic le la Ionian kwa bophirima jwa naga. Mme Albanian Riviera e e kwa borwabophirima e na le mabopo a lewatle a a kgatlhang thata le a a sa senngwang; lebopo la yone le na le boleele jo bogolo jwa dikilometara di le 446 (dimaele di le 277).Lebopo le na le semelo se se tlhaolang, le humile ka mefuta e e farologaneng ya mabopo a lekgarebe, di-cape, di-cove, di-bay tse di khurumeditsweng, matsha, mabopo a mannye a letlapa, magaga a lewatle le dipopego tse dintsi tsa naga. Dikarolo dingwe tsa lebopo leno di phepa thata mo ikholojing, go akaretsa le mafelo a a sa tlhotlhomisiwang, a a sa tlwaelegang thata mo gare ga Mediterranean. Dikgogedi tse dingwe di akaretsa mafelo a a dithaba a a jaaka Alps ya Albania, Dithaba tsa Ceraunian le Dithaba tsa Korab mme gape le ditoropo tsa hisitori tsa Berat, Durrës, Gjirokastër, Sarandë, Shkodër le Korçë. == Dipalangwa == Setlhogo se segolo: Dipalangwa kwa Albania Dipalangwa kwa Albania di laolwa mo teng ga ditiro tsa Lefapha la Mafaratlhatlha le Maatla le ditheo tse di jaaka Bothati jwa Ditsela jwa Albania (ARRSH), jo bo nang le maikarabelo a go aga le go tlhokomela ditsela tse dikgolo le ditsela tse dikgolo kwa Albania, mmogo le Bothati jwa Difofane jwa Albania jo bo gokaganyang (AAC), jo bo nang le naga. Boemafofane jwa boditšhabatšhaba jwa Tirana ke kgoro e e kwa godimo ya difofane go tsena mo nageng, mme gape ke lefelo le legolo la sefofane sa bosetšhaba sa Albania se se rwalang folaga, Air Albania. Boemafofane bo ne bo rwala bapalami ba feta dimilione di le 3.3 ka 2019 ka dikgolagano le mafelo a mantsi kwa dinageng tse dingwe go dikologa Yuropa, Aforika le Asia. Naga e rulaganya go oketsa palo ya maemelafofane ka iketlo bogolosegolo kwa borwa ka mafelo a a ka nnang teng kwa Sarandë, Gjirokastër le Vlorë. Ditsela tse dikgolo le ditsela tse dikgolo tsa kwa Albania di tlhokometswe sentle mme gantsi di sa ntse di agiwa le go tlhabololwa. Autostrada 1 (A1) ke phaseje e e botlhokwa ya dipalangwa le tsela e telele go gaisa tsotlhe mo nageng. Go rulagantswe go golaganya Durrës mo Lewatleng la Adriatic go kgabaganya Pristina kwa Kosovo le Phaseje ya X ya Yuropa yotlhe kwa Serbia. Autostrada 2 (A2) ke karolo ya Phaseje ya Adriatic–Ionian mmogo le Phaseje ya Yuropa yotlhe ya VIII mme e golaganya Fier le Vlorë.[245] Autostrada 3 (A3) e ntse e agiwa mme morago ga go wediwa ga yone e tla golaganya Tirana le Elbasan le Phaseje ya Pan-Yuropa VIII. Fa diphaseje tseno tsotlhe tse tharo di sena go wediwa, Albania e tla bo e na le tsela e kgolo e e fopholediwang go nna dikilometara di le 759, e e tla e golaganyang le dinaga tsotlhe tse di bapileng. Durrës ke boemakepe jo bo tlhanaselang le jo bogolo go gaisa mo nageng, mme bo latelwa ke Vlorë, Shëngjin le Sarandë. Ho tloha ka 2014, ke e le e 'ngoe ea boema-kepe bo boholo ka ho fetisisa bapalami ka Leoatle la Adriatic, le selemo le selemo bapalami bophahamo ba modumo ba ka bang 1.5 milione. Boemakepe jo bogolo bo dirisa thulaganyo ya dikepe tse di golaganyang Albania le ditlhaketlhake le ditoropo tse di fa lotshitshing lwa lewatle kwa Croatia, Gerika le Italy. Marangrang a terene a tsamaiswa ke khamphani ya naha ya terene ya Hekurudha Shqiptare, e ileng ya kgothaletswa haholo ke Hoxha. Go nnile le koketsego e kgolo ya go nna le dikoloi tsa poraefete le tiriso ya dibese fa tiriso ya terena e fokotsegile fa e sale bokomonisi bo fela. Go rulaganngwa gore go dirwe seporo se sesha go tswa kwa Tirana le kwa boemelafofaneng jwa yone go ya kwa Durrës. Lefelo la seporo seno, se se golaganyang mafelo a ditoropo tse di nang le batho ba le bantsi kwa Albania, le dira gore e nne porojeke e e botlhokwa ya tlhabololo ya ikonomi. == Mafaratlhatlha == Thuto Kwa Albania, thutotion ke ya lefatshe, e e gololesegileng, e e patelediwang, mme e ikaegile ka maemo a le mararo.Ngwaga wa dithuto o kgaogantswe ka disemesetara tse pedi, tse di simololang ka Lwetse kgotsa Diphalane mme di felela ka Seetebosigo kgotsa Phukwi. Se-Albania ke puo e e dirisiwang thata mo ditheong tsa thuto tsa naga eno.Thuto ya puo ya ntlha ya batswantle e a tlamega mme e rutwa gantsi kwa dikolong tsa poraemari le tsa dipuo tse pedi.Dipuo tse di rutwang kwa dikolong ke Seesemane, Sentadiana, Sefora le Sejeremane. Albania e na le tsholofelo ya botshelo jwa sekolo jwa dingwaga di le 16 le seelo sa go kgona go bala le go kwala sa 98.7%, ka 99.2% ya banna le 98.3% ya basadi. Thuto ya poraemari e e patelediwang e kgaogantswe ka maemo a mabedi, sekolo se se potlana le se segolwane, go tswa mo mophatong wa ntlha go ya go wa botlhano le wa borataro go ya go wa borobongwe, ka go latelana.Baithuti ba tshwanetse go tsena sekolo go tloga ka dingwaga di le thataro go fitlha ba nna le dingwaga di le 16. Fa ba sena go wetsa thuto ya poraemari ka katlego, baithuti botlhe ba na le tshwanelo ya go tsena dikolo tse dikgolwane, ba itsege mo lephateng lengwe le lengwe, go akaretsa le botsweretshi, metshameko, dipuo, saense, le thekenoloji. Thuto ya thuto e kgolwane ke ya boikgethelo mme e dirile phetogo e e tseneletseng le go rulaganngwa sešwa go tsamaelana le melaometheo ya Thulaganyo ya Bologna. Go na le palo e e bonalang ya ditheo tsa thuto e kgolwane tsa poraefete le tsa puso mo ditoropong tse dikgolo tsa Albania. Thuto ya yunibesithi e rulagantswe ka maemo a le mararo a a latelana, e leng bachelor, master le doctorate. == boitekanelo == Setlhogo se segolo: Boitekanelo kwa Albania Dijo tsa Albania tse di tswang kwa Mediterranean, tse di tlhaolwang ka tiriso ya maungo, merogo le oli ya motlhware, di thusa mo phepong e e siameng ya baagi ba naga Molaotheo wa Albania o netefaletsa baagi ba yone tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo e e lekanang, e e sa duelelweng, le ya lefatshe lotlhe. Tsamaiso ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo e rulagantswe go nna tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo ya motheo, ya bobedi, le ya boraro, mme e mo thulaganyong ya go tlhabololwa le go tlhabololwa.Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng fa motho a tsholwa kwa Albania ke dingwaga di le 77.8, e le mo maemong a bo 37 mo lefatsheng mme e feta dinaga di le mmalwa tse di tlhabologileng.Palogare ya botshelo jo bo itekanetseng ke dingwaga di le 68.8, e le mo maemong a bo 37 mo lefatsheng. Seelo sa dintsho tsa masea mo nageng se ne se fopholediwa go nna 12 mo maseeng a le 1,000 a a tsholwang a tshela ka 2015. Ka 2000, naga e ne e na le tiragatso ya bo 55 e e gaisang mo lefatsheng ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo, jaaka e tlhalosiwa ke Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo (WHO). Bolwetse jwa pelo le methapo ke jone jo bogolo jo bo bakang dintsho kwa Albania, mme bo dira 52% ya dintshoDikotsi, dikgobalo, malwetse a a kotsi le a go hema ke dilo tse dingwe tse di bakang dintsho. Bolwetse jwa methapo ya tlhaloganyo le jone bo oketsegile ka ntlha ya diphetogo tsa bošeng tsa palo ya batho, loago le ikonomi mo nageng. Ka 2009, Albania e ne e na le tlamelo ya maungo le merogo ya digerama di le 886 ka motho ka letsatsi, e leng tlamelo ya botlhano e e kwa godimo mo Yuropa. Fa go bapisiwa le dinaga tse dingwe tse di tlhabologileng le tse di tlhabologang, Albania e na le seelo se se kwa tlase sa go nona, gongwe ka ntlha ya dijo tsa Mediterranean.Go ya ka tshedimosetso ya WHO ya 2016, 21.7% ya bagolo mo nageng ba na le boima jo bo feteletseng jwa mmele, ka maduo a Body mass index (BMI) a le 25 kgotsa go feta. '''Mafolofolo''' Ka ntlha ya lefelo la yone le ditsompelo tsa tlholego, Albania e na le metswedi e e farologaneng ya maatla, go simolola ka gase, oli, le magala go ya go phefo, letsatsi, metsi, le metswedi e mengwe e e ntšhwafadiwang.Go ya ka Tshupane ya Phetogo ya Maatla ya 2023 ya Foramo ya Ikonomi ya Lefatshe (ETI), naga e mo maemong a bo 21 lefatshe ka bophara, e e tlhagisang kgatelopele mo lenaneong la yona la phetogo ya maatla. Ga jaana, lekala la tlhagiso ya motlakase la Albania le ikaegile ka motlakase wa metsi, le le mo maemong a botlhano mo lefatsheng ka diperesente. Dikotsi tse di oketsegang tsa merwalela ya dinoka le komelelo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete go solofetswe go tsenya tlhagiso ya motlakase mo kotsing. Drin, kwa bokone, e na le diteišene di le nne tsa motlakase wa metsi, go akaretsa Fierza, Koman, Skavica le Vau i Dejës. Diteišene tse dingwe tse pedi tsa motlakase, jaaka Banjë le Moglicë, di bapile le Devoll kwa borwa. Albania e na le dipeeletso tse dintsi tsa oli. E na le dipolokelo tsa oli tsa bo 10 tse dikgolo kwa Yuropa le ya bo 58 mo lefatsheng. Dipolokelo tse dikgolo tsa peterolo tsa naga eno di dikologa Lebopo la Lewatle la Adriatic la Albania le Lebala la Myzeqe mo teng ga Dithaba tsa Bophirima, kwa go nang le polokelo e kgolo ya naga eno gone. Patos-Marinza, le yona e leng mo teng ga lefelo leno, ke lefelo le legolo la oli le le mo lefatsheng kwa Yuropa.[Peipi ya Trans Adriatic (TAP), e leng karolo ya Phaseje ya Gase ya Borwa e e rulagantsweng, e tsamaya dikilometara di le 215 go kgabaganya kgaolo ya Albania pele ga e tsena mo Lebopong la Lewatle la Adriatic la Albania mo e ka nnang dikilometara di le 17 kwa bokonebophirima jwa Fier27. Metswedi ya metsi ya Albania e mentsi thata mo dikgaolong tsotlhe tsa naga mme e akaretsa makadiba, dinoka, metswedi, le di-aquifer tsa metsi a a kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Palogare ya metsi a a phepa a a leng teng mo nageng eno e fopholediwa go dikhubikimitara di le 129.7 (4,580 cubic feet) ka moagi ka ngwaga, e leng nngwe ya dikelo tse di kwa godimo thata kwa Yuropa.[Go ya ka tshedimosetso e e tlhagisitsweng ke Lenaneo le le Kopanetsweng la Tlhokomelo ya Tlamelo ya Metsi le Kgeleloleswe (JMP) ka 2015, bokana ka 93% ya baagi botlhe ba naga ba ne ba kgona go fitlhelela kgeleloleswe e e tokafaditsweng. '''Bobegakgang''' Mabala a pele a ntlokgolo ya Radio Tirana kwa motsemogolong wa Tirana. Radio ya Thelebišene ya Shqiptar (RTSH) e ne ya tlhongwa kwa tshimologong e le Radio ya Tirana ka 1938 pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe II . Kgololesego ya bobegadikgang le puo, le tshwanelo ya go tlhagisa maikutlo ka kgololesego di netefaditswe mo molaotheong wa Albania. Albania e ne e le mo maemong a bo 84 mo Tshupaneng ya Kgololesego ya Bobegadikgang ya 2020 e e kokoantsweng ke Babegadikgang ba ba Senang Melelwane, mme maduo a yone a ntse a fokotsega ka iketlo fa e sale ka 2003.Le fa go ntse jalo, mo pegelong ya 2020 ya Kgololesego mo Lefatsheng, Freedom House e ne ya tlhaola dikgololesego tsa bobegadikgang le tsa puo kwa Albania jaaka tse di sa tsenelelweng ke dipolotiki le go dirisiwa ka tsela e e sa siamang. Radio ya Thelebišene ya Shqiptar (RTSH) ke koporasi ya bosetšhaba ya kgaso ya Albania e e tsamaisang diteišene di le dintsi tsa thelebišene le tsa radio mo nageng. Dikoporase tse tharo tse kgolo tsa poraefete tsa kgaso ke Top Channel, Televizioni Klan le Vizion Plus tseo dikahare tsa tsona di phatlaladitsweng ho pholletsa le Albania le ka ntle ho sebaka sa yona Kosovo le dibaka tse ding tse buang Sealbania. Baesekopo ya kwa Albania e simolotse mo lekgolong la bo20 la dingwaga mme e ne ya tlhamiwa morago ga go itsisiwe ga naga eo .ya boipuso. Lefelo la ntlha la dibaesekopo le le neng le diretswe fela go bontsha ditshwantsho tse di tsamayang le ne la agiwa ka 1912 kwa Shkodër.Ka nako ya Rephaboliki ya Batho ya Albania, difilimi tsa Albania di ne tsa tlhabologa ka bonako fa go ne go tlhongwa Setudio sa Difilimi sa Shqipëria e Re kwa Tirana. Ka 1953, go ne ga gololwa filimi ya epic ya Se-Albania le Soviet, e e bidiwang Motlhabani yo Mogolo Skanderbeg, e e neng e kwala ka botshelo le ntwa ya mogaka wa Mo-Albania wa metlha ya bogare e bong Skanderbeg. E ne ya tswelela pele go gapa sekgele sa boditšhabatšhaba kwa Moletlong wa Difilimi wa Cannes wa 1954. Ka 2003, go ne ga tlhomiwa Moletlo wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa Tirana, e leng moletlo o mogolo go gaisa wa difilimi mo nageng. Durrës Amphitheatre ke moamogedi wa Moletlo wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Difilimi wa Durrës, e leng moletlo wa bobedi o mogolo wa difilimi. '''Thekenoloji''' Diathikele tse dikgolo: Thekenoloji le Ditlhaeletsano ka Megala kwa Albania Morago ga go wa ga bokomonisi ka 1991, batho ba ba berekang mo go tsa saense le thekenoloji kwa Albania ba ile ba fokotsega thata. Go ya ka dipegelo tse di farologaneng, ka 1991 go ya go 2005 mo e ka nnang 50% ya baporofesara le borasaense ba diyunibesithi le ditheo tsa saense mo nageng ba dule kwa Albania. Ka 2009, puso e amogetse Leano la Bosetšhaba la Saense, Thekenoloji le Boitshimololedi kwa Albania le le akaretsang paka ya 2009 go ya go 2015. E ikaelela go menaganya tiriso ya madi a setšhaba mo dipatlisisong le tlhabololong gararo go fitlha go 0.6% ya GDP le go oketsa karolo ya GDE go tswa mo metsweding ya dinaga di sele, go akaretsa mananeo a letlhomeso la dipatlisiso a Kopano ya Yuropa, go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e akaretsang 40% ya tiriso ya madi a patlisiso, gareng ga tse dingwe. Albania e ne e le mo maemong a bo 84 mo Tshupaneng ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Boitshimololedi ka 2024. Tlhaeletsano ka megala e emela nngwe ya makala a a golang ka bonako le a a fetogang kwa Albania.Vodafone Albania, Telekom Albania le Albtelecom ke batlamedi ba bararo ba bagolo ba difouno tsa selula le inthanete kwa Albania. Go ya ka Bothati jwa Ditlhaeletsano tsa Eleketeroniki le Poso (AKEP) ka 2018, naga e ne e na le badirisi ba ba ka nnang dimilione di le 2.7 ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba difouno tsa selula le ba ba ka nnang dimilione di le 1.8 ba ba ikwadisitseng ba broadband.Vodafone Albania e le nosi e ne e direla badirisi ba difouno tsa selula ba ba fetang 931 000, Telekom Albania e ne e na le badirisi ba ka nna 605 000 mme Albtelecom e ne e na le badirisi ba ba fetang 272 000.Ka Ferikgong 2023, Albania e ne ya simolola disatelaete tsa yone tsa ntlha tse pedi, Albania 1 le Albania 2, mo modikologong, mo go se se neng se tsewa e le maiteko a a botlhokwa a go ela tlhoko kgaolo ya naga le go lemoga ditiro tse di seng ka fa molaong.Moenjenere wa Mo-Albania le Moamerika e bong Mira Murati, yo e leng Motlhankedi yo Mogolo wa Thekenoloji wa mokgatlho wa patlisiso wa OpenAI, o ne a nna le seabe se segolo mo go tlhameng le go simolola ditirelo tsa botlhale jwa maitirelo tse di jaaka ChatGPT, Codex le DALL-E. Ka Sedimonthole 2023, Tonakgolo Edi Rama o ne a itsise maano a tirisanommogo magareng ga puso ya Albania le ChatGPT, e e neng ya tlhofofadiwa ke dipuisano le Murati. Rama o ne a gatelela maikaelelo a go lolamisa go tsamaisana ga melao ya Albania le melawana ya Kopano ya Yuropa, ka boikaelelo jwa go fokotsa ditshenyegelo tse di amanang le thanolo le ditirelo tsa semolao. == Temokerafi == Dipalopalo tsa temokerafi tsa Albania, jaaka di senotswe ke palobatho ya 2023 e e dirilweng ke Setheo sa Dipalopalo (INSTAT), di supile palo ya batho ba le 2,402,113, ka phokotsego e e bonalang go tswa go 2,821,977 e e kwadilweng mo palong ya batho ya 2011.Go fokotsega ga baagi go simolotse morago ga go phatloga ga puso ya bokomonisi kwa Albania mme go amana le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo teng ga popego ya sepolotiki, ikonomi le loago ya Albania.Ntlha e kgolo mo phetogong e e akaretsa phokotsego ya dikelo tsa tsalo mmogo le koketsego ya go fuduga, ka bobedi di na le seabe mo diphetogong tse di tswelelang tsa temokerafi le dikgwetlho.Go bonelapele gore palo ya batho e tla tswelela go ngotlega mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang bonnye, go ikaegile ka dikelo tsa nnete le maemo a go fuduga.Ga jaana, kitlano ya baagi ba Albania e lekanyediwa go baagi ba le 83.6 ka sekwere sa kilometara ka kabo e e farologaneng ya baagi go ralala dikgaolo tse di farologaneng.[ Dikgaolo tsa Tirana le Durrës di bontsha batho ba le bantsi, ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang 41% ya palo yotlhe ya batho ba Albania, ka 32% e e nnang kwa Tirana le 9% kwa Durrës.Go farologana le seo, dikgaolo tse dintsi tse di kwa thoko le tsa kwa magaeng tse di jaaka Gjirokastër le Kukës di na le kitlano e e kwa tlase thata ya batho, mme nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e thusa 3% mo bathong botlhe. Go ya ka hisitori, batho ba Albania ba ile ba tlhoma merafe e le mmalwa mo dikgaolong di le dintsi go ralala Yuropa Borwa. Diaspora tsa Albania di bopilwe go tloga ka bofelo jwa Metlha ya Bogare, fa ba ne ba fuduga go tshaba mathata a a farologaneng a loago le sepolotiki kgotsa phenyo ya Ottoman ya Albania. Morago ga go wa ga bokomonisi, batho ba le bantsi ba kwa Albania ba ile ba fudugela kwa dinageng tse di jaaka Australia, Canada, Switzerland, United Kingdom le United States. Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa Ba-Albania di teng mo dinageng tse di mabapi mafelo a a jaaka bophirima jwa Makedonia Bokone, borwabotlhaba jwa Montenegro, Kosovo ka botlalo le dikarolo tsa borwa jwa Serbia. Fa di kopanngwa tsotlhe, go fopholediwa gore palo ya batho ba morafe wa Albania ba ba nnang kwa dinageng tse dingwe e feta palo yotlhe ya batho ba ba nnang mo teng ga Albania. Go ka nna nngwetharong ya ba ba tsholetsweng mo melelwaneng ya naga eno jaanong ba nna kwa ntle ga yone, mme seno se dira gore Albania e nne nngwe ya dinaga tse di nang le seelo se se kwa godimo sa batho ba ba fudugang fa e bapisiwa le baagi ba yone mo lefatsheng. Ka 2022 seelo sa matsalo se ne se le kwa tlase ka 20% go na le ka 2021, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya go fuduga ga batho ba dingwaga tsa go tshola bana. '''Diaparo''' Setlhogo se segolo: Diaparo tsa setso tsa kwa Albania Fustanella e tlhomilwe jaaka seaparo sa bosetšhaba sa Albania se se nang le bokao jo bogolo jwa setso mo setsong sa Albania Diaparo tsa setso tsa Albania, ka dipharologano tsa tsona tse di farologaneng tsa Ba-Albania ba Gheg ba bokone le ba Tosk ba borwa, ke bosupi jwa hisitori ya Albania, pharologano ya setso le boitshupo jwa lotso. Banna ba Gheg ba apara hempe e e mmala o o botlhofo e e kopantsweng le marokgo a a bulegileng a a sa gagamalang a a bidiwang Tirq. Marokgo ano a bofilwe sentle ke lebanta le le bulegileng le le logilweng, e leng Brez. Karolo e e botlhokwa ya diaparo tsa bone ke Xhamadan, vest e khibidu ya velvet ya boboa e e kgabisitsweng ka ditshwantsho tsa setso le diphethene tsa gauta.Gape ba rwala hutshe e e tlhaolang e e bopegileng jaaka dome e e bidiwang Qeleshe, e e dirilweng ka boboa, e e simolotseng kwa Illyrians.Go farologana le seo, banna ba Tosk ba tlhopha Fustanella, seaparo se se fitlhang mo lengoleng se se tlhomilweng jaaka seaparo sa bosetšhaba, se gantsi se leng sesweu se se nang le diphuka, se se tsamayang le hempe e tshweu. Gape ba apara Xhamadan ya beige kgotsa e e botala jo bo fifetseng e e gopotsang diaparo tsa Gheg. Go feleletsa diaparo tsa bone, banna ba rwala dikausu tse di fitlhang kwa mangoleng tse di bidiwang Çorape le ditlhako tsa letlalo tse di bidiwang Opinga. Diaparo tsa basadi ba Gheg le Tosk di tumme ka phalete ya tsona e ruileng ya mebala le dintlha tse rarahaneng tsa filigree, tse bontshitsweng ho pholletsa le dikarolo tse fapaneng ho kenyeletsa mekgabiso ya tsebe, masale a menwana, dithaere, dithapo tsa lebanta le dikonopo. Dikarolo tsa botlhokwa di akaretsa hempe e telele, e e botlhofo e e kopantsweng le apron, gantsi e tsamaya le kobo ya boboa kgotsa ya felt e e bidiwang Xhoka. Diaparo tse dingwe tse di kwa godimo, tse di jaaka Dollama kgotsa Mintan, di ka nna tsa tsenngwa ka dikarolo, mmogo le sekhafo sa tlhogo se se bidiwang Kapica kgotsa Shall. Pharologano e e tlhaolang e akaretsa para ya di-apron, go akaretsa le Pështjellak kwa morago le Paranik kwa pele. Se se botlhokwa mo diaparo tsa setso tsa basadi ba Gheg ke Xhubleta ya bogologolo.Go dirilwe maiteko a a ineetseng go somarela le go rotloetsa moaparo ono, go amogelwa botlhokwa jwa one jaaka letshwao la boswa jwa Albania. Jaaka bosupi jwa botlhokwa jwa yona, Xhubleta e kwadilwe mo Lenaaneng la Boswa jwa Setso jo bo sa Tshwaregeng jwa UNESCO. Seaparo se se tlhaolang se se bopegileng jaaka tshipi se dirilwe ka mmala o montsho mme se humisitswe ka ditshwantsho tse di logilweng tsa merafe ya Albania, se se bontshang botsweretshi jo bo gakgamatsang jwa bokone jwa Albania. Thulaganyo ya yone ya go dira dilo ka diatla e akaretsa dikgato tse dintsi tse di raraaneng, tse di akaretsang go baakanyetsa letsela la shajak le mekgwa e e tlhomameng ya go sega. '''Botaki le boagi''' Diathikele tse dikgolo: Botaki le boagi jwa kwa Albania Butrint e ntse e akarediwa mo lenaaneng la UNESCO la Mafelo a Boswa jwa Lefatshe fa e sale ka 1992 Hisitori ya botaki ya Albania e tlhotlheleditswe thata ke bontsintsi jwa batho ba bogologolo le ba metlha ya bogare, dingwao le ditumelo. E akaretsa mefuta e e anameng ka didirisiwa le dirutwa tse di akaretsang botaki, go dira dipitsa, go betla, diseramiki le boagi tsotlhe di supa mefuta e e farologaneng e kgolo ka setaele le popego, mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng le mo pakeng. Go tlhagelela ga Mmusomogolo wa Byzantine le Ottoman mo Metlheng ya Bogare go ne ga tsamaya le kgolo e e tsamaelanang le botaki jwa Bokeresete le jwa Boiselamo mo mafatsheng a Albania jo bo bonalang mo dikaong tsa boagi le ditshwantsho tsa ditshwantsho go ralala naga. Makgolokgolo a dingwaga moragonyana, Tsosoloso ya Albania e ne ya itshupa e le botlhokwa mo go gololeng setso sa segompieno sa Albania mme ya bona ditlhabololo tse di iseng di ko di nne teng mo mafapheng otlhe a dikwalo le botaki fa bataki bone ba ne ba batla go boela kwa dikakanyo tsa Impressionism le Romanticism. Le fa go ntse jalo, Onufri, Kolë Idromeno, David Selenica, Kostandin Shpataraku le Bakaulengwe ba ga Zografi ke baemedi ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba botaki jwa kwa Albania. Boagi jwa Albania bo bontsha boswa jwa ditlhabologo tse di farologaneng tse di simololang kwa metlheng ya bogologolo. Ditoropo tse dikgolo kwa Albania di fetogile go tswa mo teng ga kago ya phemelo go akaretsa matlo, dikago tsa bodumedi le tsa kgwebo, ka go nna go tlhamiwa sešwa ga dikwere tsa toropo le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya go aga. Mo malatsing ano, ditoropo le ditorotswana di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya dikago. Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo 20, dikago tse dintsi tsa hisitori mmogo le tse di boitshepo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso ya bogologolo di ne tsa thubiwa ka nako ya bokomonisi. Dikago tsa bogologolo di fitlhelwa go ralala Albania mme di bonala thata kwa Byllis, Amantia, Fonikia, Apollonia, Butrint, Antigonia, Shkodër le Durrës. Fa ba akanya ka nako e telele ya puso ya Mmusomogolo wa Byzantine, ba ne ba tlhagisa dikago tsa phemelo, dikago tsa phemelo, dikereke le matlo a baitlami a a nang le khumo e e tlhomologileng ya ditshwantsho tse di bonalang mo dipopegong le ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo dipopegong tsa dipota. Gongwe dikai tse di itsegeng thata di ka bonwa kwa ditoropong tse di kwa borwa jwa Albania le mo tikologong ya Korçë, Berat, Voskopojë le Gjirokastër. Go akaretsa go tlhagisiwa ga boagi jwa Ottoman go ne ga nna le tlhabololo ya dimoseke le dikago tse dingwe tsa Boiselamo, tse di bonweng segolobogolo kwa Berat le Gjirokastër. Boitumelo, setshwantsho se se setilweng sa tshipi e e sa rusegeng se se dirilweng ke motaki wa segompieno e bong Helidon Xhixha. Paka e e nang le matswela ya Hisitori, Art Nouveau le Neoclassicism e ne ya kopana go tsena mo lekgolong la bo19 la dingwaga, e e neng ya bontshiwa sentle mo go Korçë. Lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga le ne la tlisa t mefuta e mesha ya go aga jaaka mokgwa wa segompieno wa Italy, o o leng teng kwa Tirana jaaka Skanderbeg Square le Ditona. E teng gape kwa Shkoder, Vlorë, Sarandë le Durrës. Mo godimo ga moo, metse e mengwe e ne ya bona tebego ya yone e e tlhomologileng ya gompieno ya Albania ka ntlha ya ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa setso kana tsa ikonomi. Bososialise jwa bogologolo bo ne jwa goroga ka nako ya bokomonisi kwa Albania morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya Bobedi. Ka nako e go ne ga agiwa dikago tse dintsi tsa setaele sa bososialise, ditsela tse di bulegileng le difeme, fa dikwere tsa toropo di ne tsa tlhamiwa sešwa mme dikago tse dintsi tsa hisitori le tsa botlhokwa di ne tsa thubiwa. Dikai tse di tlhomologileng tsa setaele seo di akaretsa Sekwere sa ga Mme Teresa, Piramiti ya Tirana, Ntlo ya Bogosi ya Dikhonkerese jalo le jalo. Mafelo a mararo a boepi jwa dilo tsa bogologolo a kwa Albania a akareditswe mo lenaaneng la Mafelo a Boswa jwa Lefatshe Lotlhe a UNESCO. Tseno di akaretsa masalela a bogologolo a Butrint, Ditheo tsa Hisitori tsa metlha ya bogare tsa Berat le Gjirokastër, le Boswa jwa Tlhago le Setso jwa lefelo la kgaolo ya Ohrid le le abelanwang le Makedonia Bokone fa e sale ka 2019.[ Mo godimo ga moo, mabitla a segosi a Illyria, masalela a Apollonia, Amphitheatre ya bogologolo ya Durrës le Kago ya Phemelo ya Bashtovë di ile tsa akarediwa mo lenaaneng la nakwana la Albania. '''Dijo''' Setlhogo se segolo: Dijo tsa kwa Albania Bukë misri (borotho jwa mmidi) ke sejo se segolo mo tafoleng ya kwa Albania . Ho pholletsa le makgolo a dilemo, dijo tsa Albania di ile tsa susumetswa haholo ke setso sa Albania, thutafatshe le nalane, mme kahoo, dikarolo tse fapaneng tsa naha di thabela dijo tse itseng tsa lebatowa. Dingwao tsa go apaya di farologana thata magareng ga bokone le borwa, ka ntlha ya go farologana ga popego ya lefatshe le tlelaemete tse di nang le seabe mo maemong a a gaisang a kgolo ya mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhatshana, maungo le merogo.[380] Batho ba Albania ba ntsha le go dirisa mefuta e le mentsi ya maungo a a tshwanang le dilemone, dinamune, difeige, mme segolobogolo, ditlhware, tse gongwe e leng tsone tse di botlhokwa thata mo go apeeng ga Ba-Albania. Ditswaiso le ditlhatshana tse dingwe tse di jaaka basil, lavender, mint, oregano, rosemary le thyme di dirisiwa thata, fela jaaka merogo e e jaaka kaliki, dieiye, pepere, ditapole, ditamati, mmogo le dinawa tsa mefuta yotlhe. Ka lebopo le le bapileng le Adriatic le Ionian mo Lewatleng la Mediterranean, ditlhapi, di- crustacean le dijo tsa lewatle ke dijo tse di ratwang thata e bile ke karolo e e botlhokwa ya dijo tsa Ba-Albania. Ho seng jwalo, nku ke nama ya setso bakeng sa matsatsi a phomolo a fapaneng le mekete ya bodumedi bakeng sa Bakreste le Mamoseleme, le ha nama ya kgoho, ya kgomo le ya kolobe le tsona di le ngata. Speca të fërguar (dipepere tse di gadikilweng) e jewa ka pite, e leng phae e e tlwaelegileng e e tlhageletseng ya kwa Albania e e nang le dikarolo . Tavë kosi ("casserole ya mashi a a bodila") ke sejo sa bosetšhaba sa Albania, se se nang le nku le raese e e bakilweng ka fa tlase ga lesire le lekima, le le botlha la yoghurt. Fërgesë ke dijo tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, tse di dirilweng ka dipepere, ditamati le tšhisi ya cottage. Pite le yone e a ratwa, e leng dikuku tse di bakilweng tse di tladitsweng ka motswako wa sepinashe le gjizë (curd) kgotsa mish (nama e e sitsweng). Petulla, tlhama e e gadikilweng ya setso, le yona ke sejo se se ratwang thata, mme e jewa ka sukiri e e phofshwana kgotsa tšhisi ya feta le mefuta e e farologaneng ya dijeme tsa maungo. Flia e na le dikarolo tse ngata tse kang crêpe tse borashetsweng ka tranelate mme di sebediswa ka tranelate e bolila. Krofne, e e tshwanang le di- donut tsa Berliner, e tladiwa ka jeme, kgotsa tšhokolete mme gantsi e jewa ka nako ya mariga. Kofi ke karolo e e botlhokwa thata ya botshelo jwa Ba-Albania. Naga e na le matlo a kofi a mantsi ka tlhogo go feta naga epe e nngwe mo lefatsheng. Gape go itumelelwa teye kwa gae kgotsa kwa ntle kwa dikhefing, kwa dibareng kgotsa kwa diresetšhurenteng. Çaj Mali (tee ya Sideritis) e ratiwa thata, mme ke karolo ya thulaganyo ya letsatsi le letsatsi ya bontsi jwa Ba-Albania. E jalwa go ralala Borwa jwa Albania mme e itsege ka dithoto tsa yona tsa kalafi. Teye e ntsho le yone e a ratwa. Veine ya Albania le yona e tlwaelegile go ralala naga, mme e ntse e lengwa dingwaga di le diketekete. Albania e na le hisitori e telele le ya bogologolo ya tlhagiso ya beine, mme ke ya Lefatshe la Bogologolo la dinaga tse di tlhagisang beine. '''Mmino''' Iso-polyphony ya Se-Albania e tlhomilwe jaaka Tiro ya Botswerere ya UNESCO ya Boswa jwa Molomo le jo bo sa Tshwaregeng jwa Batho. Mmino wa setso wa Albania ke karolo e e tlhageletseng ya boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, mme o tswelela go nna le seabe se segolo mo mminong wa Albania ka kakaretso. Mmino wa setso o ka arolwa ka dihlopha tse pedi tsa setaele, haholoholo mefuta ya Gheg e ka leboya, le mefuta ya Lab le Tosk e ka borwa. Dingwao tsa bokone le tsa borwa di farologanngwa ke modumo o o makgwakgwa go tswa kwa bokone, le mofuta wa mmino o o iketlileng wa borwa. Dipina tse dintsi di bua ka ditiragalo tse di tswang mo hisitoring le mo setsong sa Albania, go akaretsa le ditlhogo tsa setso tsa tlotlo, kamogelo ya baeng, boferefere le go ipusolosetsa. Pokello ya ntlha ya mmino wa setso wa Albania e ne ya dirwa ke diopedi tse pedi tsa Himariot, e bong Neço Muka le Koço Çakali, kwa Paris, ka nako ya fa ba ne ba dira le mmino wa soprane wa Mo-Albania e bong Tefta Tashko-Koço. Dikokoanyo di le mmalwa tsa dikeramofone di ne tsa gatisiwa ka nako eo ke bataki ba bararo, mme seno se ne sa feleletsa se dirile gore iso-polyphony ya Albania e amogelwe jaaka Boswa jwa Setso jo bo sa Tshwaregeng jwa UNESCO. Moletlo wa Këngës ke wa setso wa A .kgaisano ya pina ya lbania e e rulagantsweng ke mogasi wa bosetšhaba wa Radio ya Thelebišene ya Shqiptar (RTSH). Moletlo o ketekiwa ngwaga le ngwaga fa e sale o tlhongwa ka 1962 mme o simolotse ditiro tsa bangwe ba diopedi tse di atlegileng thata tsa Albania go akaretsa Vaçe Zela le Parashqevi Simaku. Ke haholo tlhodisano 'mino har'a Albania badiragatsi hlahisa unreleased lipina ka premiere, e hlophisitsoeng ke bangodi ba Albania le boutelwa ke dijuri kapa ke setjhaba. Bataki ba segompieno Rita Ora, Bebe Rexha, Era Istrefi, Dua Lipa, Ava Max, Bleona, Elvana Gjata, Ermonela Jaho, le Inva Mula ba fitlheletse kamogelo ya boditšhabatšhaba ka ntlha ya mmino wa bone, fa moopedi wa soprano Ermonela Jaho a tlhalosiwa ke bangwe jaaka "moopedi yo o tumileng go gaisa botlhe mo lefatsheng". Seopedi sa opera sa Albania Saimir Pirgu o ne a tlhophelwa Sekgele sa Grammy sa 2017. 6gp2zj1ma3gcl3a5juxcplzybd30a57 0 10566 56864 50956 2026-10-20T00:35:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:General William T. Sherman (4190887790) (cropped).jpg|thumb|General William T. Sherman, yo o neng a ntsha taolo ya tshimologo ya diekere le mmoulo.]] '''Diekere tse masome a mane le mmoulo''' di kaya karolo ya botlhokwa ya '''Special Field Orders, No. 15''' '''(motseletsele wa 1865)''', taelo ya nako ya ntwa e e neng ya goelediwa ke mojenerale wa Union William Tecumseh Sherman ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro, 1865, ka nako ya Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, go abela malapa mangwe a a golotsweng lefatshe, mo dipolotong tsa lefatshe tse di sa feteng diekere tse masome a mane.<ref>[http://www.freedmen.umd.edu/sfo15.htm Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi] E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> Moragonyana Sherman o ne a laela sesole gore se adime meboulo go dira maiteko a go fetola temothuo. Ditaelo tse di ne tsa latela motseletsele wa dipuisano magareng ga Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Edwin M. Stanton le bafedisi ba Rephaboliki Charles Sumner le Thaddeus Stevens<ref name=":8">[[:en:Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr.|Gates, Henry Louis Jr.]] (7 January 2013). [https://www.theroot.com/the-truth-behind-40-acres-and-a-mule-1790894780 "The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule'"]. ''The Root''. E nopotswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ka 2025.</ref> morago ga go kgoreletsega ya motheo wa bokgoba o o neng o tsositswe ke Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika. Ba ne ba dira gore go tsewe diekere di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a marataro tsa lefatshe go bapa le lotshitshi la Atlantic la South Carolina, Georgia, le Florida le go le kgaoganya go nna dikarolo tse di sa feteng diekere tse masome a mane,<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |url=http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0099&node=waro0099%3A2&view=image&seq=62&size=100 |title=O.R. Series 1, Volume 47, Part 2, 60–62 |access-date=2025-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914041758/https://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0099&node=waro0099%3A2&view=image&seq=62&size=100 |archive-date=2024-09-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> tse mo go tsone go neng go tshwanetse ga agiwa malapa a mangwe a a ka nnang dikete tse lesome le boferabobedi a batho ba bantsho ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelo leo. Batho ba le bantsi ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba dumela, morago ga go bolelelwa ke batho ba ba farologaneng ba dipolotiki, gore ba na le tshwanelo ya go nna le lefatshe le ba neng ba pateleditswe go le bereka jaaka makgoba mme ba ne ba tlhoafaletse go laola dithoto tsa bone. Batho ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba solofetswe thata go batla diekere di le masome mane tsa lefatshe ka fa molaong.<ref>Foner, Eric (2014). Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863–1877. Harper. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0062035868|978-0062035868]]. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/877900566 877900566].^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citing_sources|page needed]]]}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, motlhatlhami wa ga Abraham Lincoln jaaka tautona, e bong Andrew Johnson, o ne a leka go busetsa morago boikaelelo jwa Taelo ya ga Sherman ya nako ya ntwa ya bolesome le botlhano le dipeelo tse di tshwanang tse di akareditsweng mo melaong ya bobedi ya Lekala la Freedmen. Go abiwa gape ga lefatshe gongwe go ne ga dirwa kafa tlase ga taolo ya sesole ka nako ya ntwa le ka lobaka le lekhutshwane morago ga moo. Le fa go ntse jalo, molao wa puso le wa puso ya kgaolo ka nako ya Kagosesha e ne e gatelela tiro e e duelwang, e seng go nna le lefatshe, mo bathong ba bantsho. Mo e ka nnang lefatshe lotlhe le le neng la abiwa ka nako ya ntwa le ne la busediwa kwa beng ba lone ba basweu ba pele ga ntwa.<ref>fultonk (6 January 2013). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/the-truth-behind-40-acres-and-a-mule/ "The Truth Behind '40 Acres and a Mule' | African American History Blog"]. ''The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross''. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bone ka 2025.</ref> Ditshaba di le mmalwa tsa batho bantsho di ne di nna di laola lefatshe la tsone, mme malapa mangwe a ne a bona lefatshe le lesha ka go nna mo magaeng. Go nna le lefatshe la batho bantsho go ne ga oketsega thata kwa Mississippi, segolobogolo mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Puso e ne e na le lefatshe le lentsi le le sa tlhabololwang le le kwa tlase (lefatshe le le kwa tlase la alluvial gaufi le noka) ka fa morago ga mafelo a a fa thoko ga noka a a neng a lemilwe pele ga ntwa. Bontsi jwa batho bantsho ba ne ba bona lefatshe ka ditirisano tsa makala a ikemetseng, ka bong jwa lefatshe bo ne bo fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa diekere di le didikadike di le lesome le botlhano (diheketara di le didikadike di le thataro le motso) kgotsa ~23,000 square miles ka 1910, pele ga kwelotlase e e atolositsweng ya matlole e baka mathata a a neng a felela ka tatlhegelo ya dithoto mo go ba le bantsi.^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|citation needed]]]} === Tsholofetso ya Lefatshe le go Itshetsa === Taelo e e kgethegileng ya lefatshe ya ga Mojenerale William Tecumseh Sherman No. 15, e e neng ya ntshiwa ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro, 1865, e ne e le karabo e e tlhamaletseng ya ditlhokego le dikeletso tsa ka bonako tsa batho ba le diketekete ba ba kileng ba bo ba le makgoba ba ba neng ba setse mophato wa gagwe morago go ralala Georgia le Carolinas. Taelo eno e ne ya tlhopha lefatshe le le tserweng la Dikgaolo Tse di Kopaneng, bogolo jang go bapa le lotshitshi go tswa kwa Charleston, kwa Carolina Borwa, go ya kwa Jacksonville, kwa Florida, gore malapa ao a a sa tswang go gololwa a nne mo go lone. E ne ya abela ka tlhamalalo ditsha tsa '''"diekere tse di sa feteng masome a mane tsa lefatshe le le ka lengwang"''' go lelwapa lengwe le lengwe, ka tsholofelo ya gore le bone ba tla amogela mmoulo wa sesole, le fa dimmoulo di ne di sa nne teng ka tlhomamo. Taelo e ne ya neela "ditlhogo tsa go nna le lefatshe" ka tlhamalalo, ka maikaelelo a go tlamela ka motheo wa semolao wa go nna le go lema.<ref>''Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877''. pp. 70–73.</ref> Mo bathong ba ba golotsweng, tsholofetso e e ne e le ya phetogo; e ne e sa emele fela go ikemela ka nosi mo itsholelong mme gape e ne e le mofuta o o bonalang wa tshiamiso le motheo wa go itlhophela morago ga dikokomana tsa go patelediwa go dira tiro e e bokete le go sa duelwe sepe. E ne ya godisa tsholofelo e e tseneletseng ya thulaganyo e ntsha ya loago le itsholelo kwa Borwa, kwa makgoba a pele a neng a tla nna beng ba lefatshe go na le go boela kwa seemong sa go ikaega.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-40-acres-and-mule/ "The Reconstruction Era: The Promise of 40 Acres and a Mule"].</ref><ref>[https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/special-field-orders-no-15 "National Archives: Special Field Orders, No. 15"]</ref> == Tshimologo == Maaforika a Amerika a ne a lebane le kgethololo e e masisi mme a ne a tsholwa jaaka setlhopha se se tlhaolegileng sa "semorafe" ke melao e e neng e tlhoka kgaogano ya semorafe le go thibela go tlhaolwa ga merafe e e farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]], p. xv</ref> Pele ga Ntwa ya Selegae, bontsi jwa Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng a ne a nna kwa Bokone, kwa bokgoba bo neng bo fedisitswe gone. Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng gantsi a ne a tsewa e le matshosetsi a go utswa ditiro mo setshabeng ka gonne gantsi ba ne ba iketleeleditse go berekela dituelo tse di kwa tlase go feta batho basweu. Mo godimo ga moo, ba ne ba tsewa e le tlhotlheletso e e kotsi mo bathong ba ba neng ba santse ba le makgoba. Ka ntlha ya se, makgoba a a golotsweng a ne a sa amogelesege mo mafelong a le mantsi a Amerika.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]], pp. xvi–xviii</ref> Kwa Borwa, melao ya go tsamayatsamaya e ne e letleletse dikgaolo go pateletsa Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng go bereka mme ka dinako tse dingwe go ba rekisa go nna makgoba.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]], pp. xxiiv–xxiv</ref><ref name=":0">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]], pp. xli–xlii</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng go ralala kgaolo a ne a dira ditiro tse di farologaneng, go akaretsa le palo e nnye e e neng e na le dipolase tse di atlegileng le go di tsamaisa.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]], pp. xxxvi, xlii–xlii</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba nna kwa Canada e e kwa Godimo (e jaanong e leng Borwa jwa Ontario), e leng kwa bokhutlong jwa [[Seporo sa ka fa tlatse ga lefatshe|Seporo sa Kafa Tlase ga Lefatshe]], le kwa Nova Scotia.<ref name=":0" /> Go farologana le bokone jwa Amerika kwa Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng a neng a kgona go bona ditsha tse dintsi, motheo wa bokgoba kwa borwa jwa Amerika o ne wa amoga dikokomana tse dintsi tsa Maaforika a Amerika tshono ya go nna le lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]], pp. xx, xxxviii–xl</ref> Ka fa molaong, makgoba a ne a sa kgone go nna le sepe. Mme mo tirisong, ba ne ba bona matlotlo.<ref name=":1">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFMitchell2001|Mitchell 2001]], pp. 523–524</ref> Fa bokgoba jo bo kafa molaong bo ntse bo fela, batho basweu ba ne ba sa dumalane ka tsela e makgoba a a golotsweng a tshwanetseng go tshwarwa ka yone. Bangwe ba ne ba tshegetsa gore masimo a makgoba a a golotsweng a neng a a lemile kwantle ga pusetso a tshwanetse go tsewa mo go beng ba one ba pele mme a newe bone.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFFoner1988|Foner 1988]], p. 277: "Unlike freedmen in other countries, however, American blacks emerged from slavery convinced both that they had a ''right'' to a portion of their former owner's land, and that the national government had committed itself to land distribution."</ref> Ba bangwe, ka go tshaba go tlhakanngwa ga "letso" go go neng go tla tlisa go ba letla go nna kwa U.S., ba ne ba batla gore ba romelwe "go sele". Dithulaganyo tsa kolone ya makgoba a a golotsweng di simolotse ka 1801 fa James Monroe a ne a kopa Tautona Thomas Jefferson go thusa go tlhama kolone ya kotlhao ya batho bantsho ba ba tsuologang.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFDyer1943|Dyer 1943]], p. 54</ref><ref>Lacy K. Ford (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xEC9K7quBoEC&pg=PA62 Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South]''. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN <bdi>978-0-19-975108-2</bdi>.</ref> Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika (ACS) o ne wa tlhamiwa ka 1816 go lebagana le kgang ya Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng ka go nna (e seng go nna gape) kwa mafatsheng a sele.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWoodson1925|Woodson 1925]], pp. xl–xli</ref> Le mororo go ne go tlotliwa ka go ba nna mo lefatsheng lengwe le le sa tlhabololwang mo mafelong a masha a bophirima kana go ba thusa go fudugela kwa Canada kana kwa Mexico, ACS e ne ya swetsa ka gore e ba romele kwa Afrika. Ba ne ba tlhopha setsha se se gaufi thata se se neng se le teng, ka jalo ba fokotsa ditshenyegelo tsa dipalangwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, go dira bokolone go ne go le bonya e bile go tura mme go ne go sa kgatlhegelwe ke bontsi jwa Maaforika a Amerika a a neng a se na kamano le Aforika kgotsa a a kgatlhegela. Bangwe ba pele ba neng ba le makgoba ba ne ba tlhagisa gore ga se Maaforika go feta Maamerika a masweu a ne a le Maborithane.^{[<nowiki/>[[:en:Wikipedia:Citation_needed|citation needed]]]} Magareng ga 1822 le Ntwa ya Selegae ya Amerika, Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika o ne o fuduseditse Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng a ka nna dikete tse lesome le botlhano kwa Liberia.<ref>[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/liberian-independence-proclaimed "July 26, 1847 Liberian independence proclaimed"], This Day In History, History website.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, palo eo e ne e emela karolo e nnye fela ya batho ba le didikadike di le supa le sephatlo ba ba neng ba dirilwe makgoba ba ba neng ba tloga ba gololesega. Ka kgololo ya bontsi e ne e le gaufi, go ne go sena tumalano ka ga gore go dirwe eng ka makgoba a bantsho a a neng a tloga a gololwa.<ref name=":16">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBonekemper1970|Bonekemper 1970]], pp. 171–172</ref><ref name=":2">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBonekemper1970|Bonekemper 1970]], pp. 171–172</ref> Kgang e e ne e sa bolo go itsege mo balaoding ba basweu jaaka "Bothata jwa Bantsho".<ref name=":2" /><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFDyer1943|Dyer 1943]], p. 53</ref> Go naya setlhopha sotlhe sa batho thebolelo ya lefatshe e ne e se selo se se sa tlwaelesegang mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabobedi le la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Go ne go na le lefatshe le lentsi mo e leng gore gantsi le ne le newa mongwe le mongwe yo o ratang go le lema mahala. Sekai, Thomas Jefferson o ne a akaretsa mo moalong wa gagwe wa molaomotheo wa phetogo wa Virginia ka 1776 kakanyo ya go newa diekere di le masome matlhano go monna mongwe le mongwe yo o gololesegileng yo o neng a sa ntse a se na madi ao.<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/jeffcons.asp "Draft Constitution of Virginia"]. 1776.</ref> Morago ga moo, Molao wa Preemption wa 1841, o o neng wa latelwa ke Melao e le mmalwa ya Homestead e e neng ya fetisiwa magareng ga 1862 le 1916, ka go farologana e ne ya neela magareng ga diekere di le lekgolo le masome a marataro le makgolo a marataro le masome a mane (karolo ya kotara go ya go karolo e e tletseng) ya lefatshe. Le fa go ntse jalo, Maaforika a Amerika a a gololesegileng ka kakaretso a ne a sa tshwanelwa go nna le magae ka gonne e ne e se baagi. Se se ne sa fetoga ka go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesome le bone ka 1868 e e neng ya neela "batho botlhe ba ba tsetsweng kgotsa ba ba tsetsweng mo Amerika" boagi. Se se ne sa nonotshiwa gape ke go fetisiwa ga Tlhabololo ya Bolesometlhano ka 1870 e e neng ya naya baagi botlhe, go sa kgathalesege "letso, mmala, kgotsa maemo a pele a botlhanka", tshwanelo ya go tlhopha. == Ntwa == Congress e ne ya fetisa Molao wa go Tseela Dithoto wa 1861, o o neng o letla Sesole sa Kopano go tsaya dithoto ka fa molaong ka nako ya fa e ne e lwa le Borwa. Molao o o ne o naya masole tetla ya go gapa dithoto tsa ditsuolodi, go akaretsa le lefatshe le makgoba. Tota e bile, e ne e bontsha boammaaruri jo bo neng bo atologa ka bonako jwa dikampa tsa batshabi tsa batho bantsho tse di neng di tlhagile go dikologa Sesole sa Kopano. Diponagalo tseo tse di bonalang tsa "Bothata jwa Bantsho" di ne tsa tsosa kganetsano mo gare ga maloko a le mantsi a maemo a a kwa godimo a Union, mme seo sa dira gore go tlhokege boeteledipele jo bo eteletsweng pele ke badiredi.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFEngs1979|Engs 1979]], p. 26. "The North, unprepared for war, was even more unprepared for the burden of caring for thousands of fleeing bondsmen. The only organization which could perform this monumental task was the Union army. But to most army men, freedmen were at best a nuisance. At worst, they were representatives of the despised race for whom Northern white men were being asked to kill or be killed."</ref> === Kampa e kgolo ya dithoto tse di thibetsweng === Morago ga go ikgaoganya, Union e ne ya nna e laola Fort Monroe kwa Hampton kwa lotshitshing lwa Virginia Borwa. Makgoba a a neng a tshaba a ne a itlhaganelela kwa lefelong leo, a solofetse gore a tla sirelediwa ke Sesole sa Confederate. (Le ka bonako le go feta, baagi ba basweu ba toropo ba ne ba tshabela kwa Richmond.)<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBonekemper1970|Bonekemper 1970]], p. 169</ref> Moeteledi Benjamin Butler o ne a tlhoma sekao sa masole a Union ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone, 1861, fa a ne a gana go neela makgoba a a tshabetseng kwa Confederates ba ba neng ba re ke beng ba bone. Butler o ne a bolela gore makgoba a thibetswe ke ntwa mme a ba letla go nna le Sesole sa Kopano.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFJackson1925|Jackson 1925]], p. 133. "Nevertheless, shady though some of his tactics may have been in the opinion of some, Butler is to be rated as famous for the stand he took on that morning of the twenty-fourth of May when he declared that the escaped slave who stood before him should not be returned to his master but that he and all others who so came were to be regarded as contraband of war. From this time forward all escaped and abandoned slaves in the South were frequently known as 'contrabands.'"</ref> Ka Phukwi 1861, go ne go na le makgoba a le makgolo a mararo a "dithoto tse di thibetsweng" a a neng a berekela dijo kwa Fort Monroe. Kwa bokhutlong jwa Phukwi go ne go na le ba le makgolo a ferabongwe, mme Moeteledi Butler o ne a tlhoma Edward L. Pierce go nna Molaodi wa Merero ya Bantsho.<ref name=":3">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBonekemper1970|Bonekemper 1970]], p. 170</ref> Batlhasedi ba Kopano ka fa tlase ga Moeteledi John B. Magruder ba ne ba fisa toropo e e gaufi ya Hampton, Virginia ka Phatwe a supa, 1861, mme batho bantsho ba ba "thibetsweng" ba ne ba nna mo matlotleng a yone.<ref name=":3" /> Ba ne ba tlhoma motse wa mekhukhu o o neng o itsege e le Kampa e kgolo ya dithoto tse di thibetsweng. Ba le bantsi ba ne ba berekela Sesole ka selekanyo sa $10.00 ka kgwedi, mme dituelo tseno di ne di sa lekane gore ba kgone go dira ditokafatso tse dikgolo mo matlong. Maemo mo Kampeng a ne a nna maswe le go feta, mme ditlhopha tsa Bokone tsa thuso ya batho di ne tsa batla go tshereganya mo boemong jwa baagi ba yone ba le dikete tse masome marataro le bone.<ref name=":4">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBonekemper1970|Bonekemper 1970]], p. 171. "Nevertheless, the housing situation was so desperate that complaints emanated from the Reverend Lockwood, the A.M.A. and the just-organized National Freedmen's Relief Association and led to investigation by the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission, appointment of Captain C. B. Wilder of Boston to protect the blacks' interests and the construction of large buildings in which the Negroes could live."</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFJackson1925|Jackson 1925]], p. 135</ref> Mokapotene C. B. Wilder o ne a tlhomiwa go rulaganya tsibogo.<ref name=":4" /> Mathata a a neng a lemogiwa a botho a ka tswa a ne a fefosa maano a ga Lincoln a go dira Île-à-Vache kolone.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBoyd1959|Boyd 1959]], p. 49 "The distress of the six thousand Negroes at Fort Monroe, Virginia, may have influenced Lincoln to proceed despite the Senator's misgivings. A report by Quakers in December, 1862, described the refugees quartered in small rooms, sometimes containing ten to twelve persons each, with insufficient fuel and clothing to keep warm throughout the winter month."</ref> Leano le le tlhamilweng ka Lwetse 1862 le ka bo le ne la fuduseditse batshabi ka bontsi kwa Massachusetts le kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe tsa bokone.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFVoegeli2003|Voegeli 2003]], p. 767</ref> Leano le—le le simolotsweng ke John A. Dix mme la engwa nokeng ke Mokapotene Wilder le Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Stanton—le ne la gogela ditsibogo tse di sa siamang go tswa mo go MaRephaboliki a a neng a batla go tila go golaganya go fudugela ga batho bantsho kwa bokone le Kgoeletso e e sa tswang go itsisiwe ya Kgololesego.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFVoegeli2003|Voegeli 2003]], p. 769</ref> Go tshaba kgaisano ya badiri ba bantsho, mmogo le go tlhaola batho ka letso ka kakaretso, go ne ga dira gore tsholofelo ya batshabi ba bantsho e se ka ya itumedisa boradipolotiki ba Massachusetts.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFVoegeli2003|Voegeli 2003]], pp. 776–777</ref> Ka tshegetso ya ditaelo go tswa go Moeteledi Rufus Saxton, Moeteledi Butler le Mokapotene Wilder ba ne ba tswelela ka ditiro tsa go fudusetsa batho bantsho mo lefelong la bone, ba tlamela bontsi jwa batho bantsho kwa Hampton ka diekere di le pedi tsa lefatshe le didirisiwa tse ba ka dirang ka tsone.<ref name=":2" /> Ba bangwe ba ne ba abelwa ditiro tsa go nna batlhanka kwa Bokone.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFEngs1979|Engs 1979]], pp. 38–39</ref> Go ne ga tlhamiwa dikampa tse di farologaneng tse dinnye le dikoloni, go akaretsa le Koloni ya Freedmen ya Setlhaketlhake sa Roanoke. Hampton e ne e itsege thata jaaka nngwe ya dikampa tsa ntlha le tse dikgolo tsa batshabi tsa Ntwa, mme e ne ya dira jaaka mofuta wa sekao sa mafelo a mangwe a bonno.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFEngs1979|Engs 1979]], pp. 3–4, 25. "During the Civil War, the groups which would shape the post-bellum life of black Hampton came together for the first time. Over that same period, the issues that would inform black and white approaches to freedom, in Hampton and in the South as a whole, crystallized. [...] In these unstable circumstances, Northern whites and Southern blacks had their first large-scale encounter of the war."</ref> === Ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle === Sesole sa Kopano se ne sa gapa Ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle morago ga Ntwa ya Port Royal ya Ngwanaatsele 1861, mme sa tlogela masimo a mantsi a letseta a lefelo leo go balemibarui ba bantsho ba ba neng ba bereka mo go one. Kgololosego ya pele ya batho bantsho ba Setlhaketlhake sa Lewatle, le go tlhokafala mo go sa tlwaelesegang ga beng ba pele ba basweu, go ne ga tsosa kgang ya gore Borwa bo ka rulaganngwa jang morago ga go wa ga bokgoba. Lincoln, ga akgela jalo motlhankedi wa Lephata la Naga Adam Gurowski, "o tshositswe ke katlego kwa South Carolina, ka gonne go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe katlego eno e tla tswakanya kgang ya bokgoba."<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 18–19</ref><ref>[[:en:Adam_Gurowski|Adam Gurowski]] (1862). ''[[openlibrary:books/OL7135658M/Diary_...|Diary: from March 4, 1861, to November 12, 1862]]''. Boston: Lee and Shepard. p. [https://archive.org/stream/diary01degu#page/120/mode/2up 121]. [[:en:OL_(identifier)|OL]] [[openlibrary:books/OL7135658M|7135658M]]. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ka 2025.</ref> Mo malatsing a ntlha a go gapiwa ke puso, masole a ne a tshwara baagi ba setlhaketlhake se bosula, mme a ne a tlhasela mabeelo a tshimo a dijo le diaparo. Modiredi mongwe wa Union o ne a tshwarwa a ipaakanyetsa go isa setlhopha sa batho bantsho kwa Cuba ka sephiri, gore a kgone go ba rekisa jaaka makgoba.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 20. "The rapid change in their status was not working to the advantage of many Sea Island Negroes, and their obvious hardship since the Federal invasion was embarrassing to the government. The army had made free use of plantation food stores, leaving many slave communities with little to eat. [...] Having no place to turn, they flocked to the neighborhood of the army camps. There, they were as often treated badly as offered employment and help. The New York ''Tribune's'' correspondent reported that one enterprising and unscrupulous officer was caught in the act of assembling a cargo of Negroes for transportation and sale in Cuba [...]".</ref> Dikgokgontsho tsa masole a Union di ne tsa tswelela le morago ga gore puso e e tlhomameng e tlhomiwe.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 240. "Violent examples of race hatred could be found wherever Northern troops came into contact with numbers of freedmen. Even at Port Royal, where Saxton's benevolent protectorate should have deterred overt demonstrations, there were appalling clashes. As late as February 1863 unruly parties from several regiments, including the 9th New Jersey, the 100th New York, known as 'Les Enfants Perdus', and the 24th Massachusetts, went berserk and terrorized St. Helena Island. They killed and stole livestock, took money from the Negroes, and culminated their outrages in burning all the Negro cabins on the Daniel Jenkins plantations. They beat Negro men and attempted to rape the women, and when the superintendents intervened the soldiers threatened to shoot them."</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Gullah s carolina 1790.jpg|thumb|Makgoba a Gullah a ne a lemile Ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle ka dikokomane di le mmalwa.]] Mokwaledi wa Lephata la Matlotlo Salmon P. Chase o ne a rometse Mokolonele William H. Reynolds ka Sedimonthole go phutha le go rekisa letseta lengwe le lengwe le le ka tsewang mo masimong a Setlhaketlhake sa Lewatle.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 19</ref> Ka bonako morago ga foo, Chase o ne a romela Edward Pierce (morago ga nako ya gagwe e khutshwane kwa Kampeng e kgolo ya dithoto tse di thibetsweng) go sekaseka seemo kwa Port Royal.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 421</ref> Pierce o ne a bona tshimo e e neng e laolwa thata ke Sesole, a duela dituelo tse di kwa tlase thata go ka kgona go ikemela ka nosi mo itsholelong; o ne gape a kgala molao wa Sesole ya go romela letseta kwa Bokone gore le tlhotlhorwe.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 24–25</ref> Pierce o begile gore badiri ba bantsho e ne e le baitseanape mo temothuong ya letseta mme ba ne ba tlhoka batsamaisi ba basweu "go diragatsa kotlhao ya borre". O ne a akantsha gore go tlhomiwe setlhopha sa balemi barui ba bantsho se se okametsweng go baakanyetsa badiri maikarabelo a boagi—le go dira jaaka sekao sa dikamano tsa tiro tsa morago ga bokgoba kwa Borwa.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 29</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:Edward_L._Pierce|Edward L. Pierce]] (1862). ''The Negroes at Port Royal: Report of E. L. Pierce, Government Agent, to the Hon. Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury''. Letter dated 3 February 1862. Boston: R. F. Walcutt. <q>The laborers themselves, no longer slaves of their former masters, or of the Government, but as yet in large numbers unprepared for the full privileges of citizens, are to be treated with sole reference to such preparation.</q></ref> Lephata la Matlotlo le ne le batla go kokoanya madi mme mo mabakeng a le mantsi le ne le setse le hirisetsa bokapitale jwa Bokone mafelo a a neng a gapilwe gore ba a laole ka go ikemela. Kwa Port Royal<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 32. "The government would undoubtedly take steps to put the cotton lands under cultivation, but Pierce was well aware that there was a plan alternative to his own that had very serious backing. While he was asking the government to gamble on the success of a novel agricultural experiment, Colonel Reynolds proposed leasing the plantations and the laborers to a private organization. Reynolds' plan had the merit of simplicity and much better prospects of immediate revenue to the government."</ref> Mokolonele Thomas o ne a setse a baakantse thulaganyo ya mofuta ono; mme Pierce o ne a gatelela gore Port Royal e ne e naya tshono ya go "rarabolola potso e kgolo ya loago": e leng, gore a "fa ba rulagantswe sentle, le ka maikaelelo a a siameng a a beilweng fa pele ga bone, [bantsho] ba tla nna matlhagatlhaga jaaka morafe mongwe le mongwe wa banna o ka nna mo maemong ano."<ref name=":5" /><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 32–33</ref> Tautona Chase o ne a romela Pierce go ya go bona Lincoln. Jaaka fa Pierce a ne a tlhalosa kopano eo moragonyana:<blockquote>Rre Lincoln, yo ka nako eo a neng a tlhotlhorega ka fa tlase ga khutsafalo e e neng e solofetswe, o ne a reetsa metsotso e le mmalwa, mme morago a re, ka go tlhoka bopelotelele go sekae, gore o ne a sa akanye gore o tshwanetse go tshwenyega ka dintlha tse di ntseng jalo, gore go ne go lebega go na le go babega go tsenya batho bantsho mo meleng ya rona; e ke neng ka e araba ka gore batho ba bantsho bao ba ne ba le mo teng ga bone ka taletso ya ga ope, ba ne ba nna koo pele ga re simolola go gapa. Morago ga moo Tautona o ne a kwala le go nnaya karata e e latelang :</blockquote><blockquote>Ke tla tlamega fa Mokwaledi wa Lephata la Matlotlo ka kakanyo ya gagwe a ka naya Rre Pierce ditaelo tse di ntseng jalo malebang le dilo tse di thibetsweng tsa Port Royal tse di ka lebegang di le botlhale. A. LINCOLN.</blockquote>Pierce o ne a amogela taelo eno e e sa rateng, mme o ne a tshaba gore "go ineela mo go sa itumediseng" go ka nna ga senya leano la gagwe la go dira gore batho bantsho ba nne baagi.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 34. "The young lawyer undoubtedly had hoped to hear some reassuring word from Lincoln about the future status of the Negroes at Port Royal. This was a point that had disturbed many prospective supporters of the educational work, for they feared that after being treated as freemen and trained to support themselves the Negroes might become the victims of 'some unhappy compromise.'"</ref> ==== Tekeletso ya Port Royal ==== Setlhopha seo se ne sa tlhongwa mme sa itsege jaaka Teko ya Port Royal: sekao se se ka nnang teng sa tiro ya itsholelo ya batho bantsho morago ga bokgoba. Tekeletso e ne ya ngoka tshegetso go tswa go batho ba Bokone jaaka moitseanape wa itsholelo Edward Atkinson, yo o neng a solofetse go supa kgopolo ya gagwe ya gore tiro e e gololesegileng e tla nna le matswela go feta tiro ya makgoba.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 37–38</ref> Batho ba bangwe ba ba neng ba fedisa bokgoba jaaka Maria Weston Chapman le bone ba ne ba akgola leano la ga Pierce. Ditlhopha tsa baagi jaaka Mokgatlho wa Barongwa ba Amerika di ne tsa thusa ka matlhagatlhaga.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 40</ref> Batho bao ba ba kutlwelobotlhoko ba kwa Bokone ba ne ba thapa ka bonako sekepe se se tletseng (masome a matlhano le boraro se se neng se tlhophilwe mo letangwaneng la bakopatiro ba ba neng ba feta makgetlho a le mmalwa) sa Dialogane tsa Ivy League le tsa sekolo sa bomodimo tse di neng tsa simolola go ya kwa Port Royal ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a mararo, 1862.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 43–44</ref> Baagi ba Port Royal ka kakaretso ba ne ba galefetse batlhasedi ba sesole le ba ba sa tlhaselwang, ba ba neng ba bontsha bogolo jwa bosemorafe ka ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tlhagelela.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 64–66, 159–160</ref> Boitumelo bo ne jwa fetoga kutlobotlhoko fa, ka Motsheganong masole a le lesome le bobedi a Union a goroga go kwadisa banna botlhe ba bantsho ba ba nonofileng ba ba neng ba golotswe pele ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro, 1862, ke Mojenerale David Hunter yo o neng a bolela gore bokgoba bo fedisitswe kwa Georgia, South Carolina, le Alabama.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 144–146</ref> Hunter o ne a boloka mophato wa gagwe le fa Lincoln a sena go busetsa morago kgoeletso eno ya kgololesego ya dinaga tse tharo; mme a e phatlalatsa mo e ka nnang yotlhe fa a sa kgone go goga dituelo go tswa kwa Lephateng la Ntwa.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 189</ref> Balemibarui ba bantsho ba ne ba rata go jala merogo le go tshwara ditlhapi, fa barongwa (le basweu ba bangwe mo ditlhaketlhakeng) ba ne ba rotloetsa go jala letseta e le nngwe jaaka sejalo sa madi.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 196]]4, p. 226</ref> Mo kakanyong ya morago, tlhabologo e ne e tla tsweletswa pele ka go akaretsa batho bantsho mo itsholelong ya bareki e e neng e laolwa ke tlhagiso ya Bokone.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 226–228. "It is this exclusive preoccupation with cotton that has given most support to the idea that the planter-missionaries were pure economic imperialists [...]. Their vision of the freed people as agricultural peasants devoted to a single-crop economy and educated to a taste for consumer goods supplied by Northern factories fulfils the classic pattern of tributary economics the world over. It is important to remember that at this early time there seemed nothing conspiratorial about this."</ref> Go sa le jalo, go ne ga tsoga dikgotlhang tse di farologaneng mo gare ga barongwa, Sesole, le bagwebi ba Chase le Reynolds ba neng ba ba laleditse kwa Port Royal gore ba kgone go tsaya tsotlhe tse di neng di ka rekisiwa.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 66–67</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, fa go lekalekanngwa, baetleetsi ba basweu ba Tekeletso ba ne ba lemogile diphelelo tse di molemo; rakgwebo John Murray Forbes ka Motsheganong 1862 o ne a e bitsa "katlego e e tlhomameng", a itsise gore Bantsho ba tla bereka ka nnete go ananya dituelo.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 141</ref> Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Edwin M. Stanton o ne a tlhoma Mojenerale Rufus Saxton go nna mmusi wa sesole wa Port Royal ka Moranang 1862, mme ka Sedimonthole Saxton o ne a tlhotlheletsa gore batho bantsho ba laole lefatshe leo ka bosakhutleng. O ne a bona tshegetso go tswa go Stanton, Chase, Sumner, le Tautona Lincoln, mme a kopana le kganetso e e tswelelang go tswa go khuduthamaga ya lekgetho e e neng e batla go rekisa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 428</ref> Saxton gape o ne a amogela tetla ya go katisa sesole sa batho bantsho, se se neng sa nna semmuso Baithaopi ba ntlha ba South Carolina ka Ferikgong 1, 1863, fa [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]] e ne e dira gore se nne teng semolao.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 191–194</ref> ==== Go nna le lefatshe kwa ditlhaketlhakeng tsa lewatle ==== Jaaka gongwe le gongwe, badiri ba bantsho ba ne ba ikutlwa thata gore ba na le tshwanelo ya go batla mafatshe a ba a berekang. Molao wa go Tseelwa Dithoto wa 1862 o ne wa letla Lephata la Matlotlo go rekisa ditsha tse dintsi tse di neng di gapilwe ka ntlha ya go sa duele makgetho. Fa di kopanngwa tsotlhe, puso jaanong e ne ya batla diekere di le 76,775 tsa lefatshe la Setlhaketlhake sa Lewatle.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 8</ref> Badupi ba ne ba goroga kwa Port Royal mme ba simolola go sekaseka ditsha tse jaanong di neng di nna batho bantsho le barongwa.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 200–204</ref> Dikotsi di ne di le kwa godimo: thobo ya letseta la Sea Island e ne e emetse thoto e e nang le poelo e babeeletsi ba Bokone ba neng ba ka e laola.<ref name=":6">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWilliamson1965|Williamson 1965]], p. 56</ref> Bontsi jwa basweu ba ba neng ba amega mo porojekeng e ba ne ba ikutlwa gore go nna beng ba lefatshe ke batho bantsho e tshwanetse go nna ditlamorago tsa yone tsa bofelo. Saxton—mmogo le babegadikgang go akaretsa le morulaganyi wa Free South James G. Thompson, le barongwa go akaretsa le moruti wa Methodist Mansfield French—ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa thata gore lefatshe le abelwe beng ba bantsho.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWilliamson1965|Williamson 1965]], p. 55</ref> Ka Firikgong 1863, Saxton o ne a emisa thekiso ya lekgetho ya Lephata la Matlotlo ka ntlha ya tlhokego ya sesole.<ref name=":6" /> Balaodi ba lekgetho ba ne ba dira palabalo go sa kgathalesege, ba rekisa diekere di le dikete di le lesome tsa lefatshe.<ref name=":7">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 9</ref> Masimo a le lesome le bongwe a ne a ya kwa setlhopheng ("Tshwenyego ya Boston") se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Edward Philbrick, yo o neng a rekisa lefatshe ka 1865 go balemibarui ba bantsho.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 212–213, 298.</ref> Setlhopha sengwe sa balemibarui ba bantsho se ne sa feta babeeletsi ba kwa ntle, sa duela palogare ya $7.00 ka ekere ya tshimo ya 470 e ba neng ba setse ba nna le go dira mo go yona.<ref name=":7" /> Ka kakaretso, bontsi jwa lefatshe le ne la rekisediwa babeeletsi ba Bokone mme la nna ka fa tlase ga taolo ya bone.<ref name=":6" /> Ka Lwetse 1863, Lincoln o ne a itsise ka leano la go rekisa ka palobalo diekere di le dikete tse masome marataro lefatshe la South Carolina mo dikarolong tsa diekere di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi—a beela kwa thoko diekere di le dikete tse lesome le borataro tsa lefatshe go "ditlhogo tsa malwapa a morafe wa Aforika", ba ba neng ba ka bona ditsha tsa diekere di le masome mabedi tse di rekisiwang ka $1.25/ekere (e e lekanang le $32 ka 2024).<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 272</ref> Molaodi wa Lekgetho William Brisbane o ne a bona ka leitlho la mogopolo go kopanngwa ga merafe mo ditlhaketlhakeng, ka beng ba masimo a magolo ba thapa batho bantsho ba ba senang lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 281</ref> Mme Saxton le French ba ne ba tsaya gore lefelo le le bolokilweng la diekere di le dikete tse lesome le borataro ga le a lekana, mme ba laela malwapa a batho bantsho go dira dikopo le go aga matlo mo diekereng tsotlhe di le dikete tse masome marataro tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 281</ref> French o ne a ya kwa Washington ka Sedimonthole 1863 go ya go ngoka gore leano leno le netefadiwe semolao.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 284</ref> Ka go rotloediwa ke French, Chase le Lincoln ba ne ba naya malapa a Sea Island (le basadi ba masole a a neng a le nosi mo Sesoleng sa Union) tetla ya go batla ditsha tsa diheketara di le 40. Batho ba bangwe ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 21 ba ne ba tla letlwa go kopa diheketara di le 20. Ditsha tseno di ne di tla rekwa ka $1.25 ka heketara, ka 40% e e duelwang kwa pele mme 60% e e duelwang moragonyana. Ka tlhokego ya go nna dikgwedi di le thataro pele ga bonno, taelo e ne ya lekanyetsa bonno go batho bantsho, barongwa, le ba bangwe ba ba neng ba setse ba amega mo Tekong.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWilliamson1965|Williamson 1965]], p. 57</ref> Dikopo tsa go nna ka fa tlase ga leano le lesha di ne tsa simolola go goroga ka bonako, fela Molaodi Brisbane o ne a di tlhokomologa, a solofetse gore tshwetso e tla busediwa morago gape kwa Washington.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 287</ref> Chase o ne a busetsa boemo jwa gagwe morago ka Tlhakole, a busetsa leano la thekiso ya lekgetho.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 290</ref> Thekiso e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa Tlhakole, ka lefatshe le le rekisiwang ka tlhwatlhwa e e magareng ya go feta $11/acre (e e lekanang le $221 ka 2024).<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 294</ref> Thekiso e ne ya tsosa selelo sa batho ba ba golotsweng ba ba neng ba setse ba batla lefatshe go ya ka taelo ya ga Chase ya Sedimonthole.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 295 "There were ample signs of impending trouble. A group of superintendents returning to St. Helena from the sale of February 26 were met near Land's End by a crowd of freed people, who surrounded them clamoring for information and 'complaining that their land—that they had pre-empted—had been sold away from them, and declaring that they wouldn't work for the purchaser.'"</ref> ==== "Bathobantsho ba Savannah" ==== "Mogwanto wa go ya kwa Lewatleng" wa ga Major General William Tecumseh Sherman o ne wa tlisa mophato o mogolo wa Sesole sa Kopano kwa lotshitshing lwa Georgia ka Sedimonthole 1864. Ba ba neng ba tsamaya le Sesole go ne go na le batshabi ba bantsho ba ba fopholediwang go nna dikete di le lesome, ba pele e neng e le makgoba. Setlhopha se se ne se setse se tshwerwe ke tlala le malwetse.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFByrne1995|Byrne 1995]], p. 109</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFDrago1973|Drago 1973]], p. 363</ref> Bontsi jwa makgoba a pele ba ne ba swabisitswe ke Sesole sa Kopano, ka gonne ba ne ba thubelwa, ba betelelwa le go sotlwa ka tsela e nngwe.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFDrago1973|Drago 1973]], pp. 369–371</ref> Ba gorogile kwa Savannah "morago ga megwanto e meleele le go tlhoka dilo tse dintsi, ''ba lapile, ba bolawa ke tlala, ba lwala, e bile ba batla ba sa apara sepe''.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFDrago1973|Drago 1973]], p. 372; quoting the Augusta ''Daily Constitutionalist'', 29 January 1865.</ref> Ka Sedimonthole a le lesome le boferabongwe, Sherman o ne a romela bontsi jwa makgoba ao kwa Hilton Head, setlhaketlhake se se neng se setse se dira jaaka kampa ya batshabi. Saxton o ne a bega ka Sedimonthole a le masome mabedi le bobedi " kago le ntlo nngwe le nngwe mo setlhaketlhakeng se e tletse ebile e a penologa—ke na le ba ka nna dikete tse lesome le botlhano." Ba bangwe ba le makgolo a supa ba ne ba goroga ka Keresemose.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFByrne1995|Byrne 1995]], p. 110</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le motso, 1865, Mokwaledi wa Ntwa Edwin Stanton o ne a goroga kwa Savannah le Molaodimogolo wa Dikotara Montgomery C. Meigs le badiredibagolo ba bangwe. Setlhopha seo se ne sa kopana le Bajenerale Sherman le Saxton go tlotla ka mathata a batshabi. Ba ne ba swetsa, ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go buisana le baeteledipele go tswa mo setshabeng sa Bantsho sa selegae mme ba ba botse: "Lo batlela batho ba lone eng?" Go ne ga rulaganngwa kopano ka tshwanelo.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFJames1954|James 1954]], p. 127</ref> Ka nako ya boferabongwe mo bosigong jwa Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi, 1865, Sherman o ne a kopana le setlhopha sa batho ba le masome a mabedi, bontsi jwa bone e ne e le makgoba bontsi jwa matshelo a bone. Bantsho ba Savannah ba ne ba tsere tshono ya kgololesego go nonotsha metheo ya morafe wa bone, mme ba ne ba na le maikutlo a a nonofileng a sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFByrne1995|Byrne 1995]], pp. 99–102</ref> Ba ne ba tlhopha mmueledi a le mongwe: Garrison Frazier, yo e kileng ya bo e le moruti wa Baptist ya Boraro ya Aforika wa dingwaga di le masome marataro le bosupa. Mo bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1850, o ne a rekile kgololesego ya gagwe le mosadi wa gagwe ka $1,000 .<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFByrne1995|Byrne 1995]], p. 106</ref> Frazier o ne a buisane le batshabi mmogo le baemedi ba bangwe. O ne a raya Sherman a re: "Tsela e re ka itlhokomelang ka yone ke go nna le lefatshe, le go le fetola le go le lema ka maatla a rona." Frazier o ne a akantsha gore makau a tla direla puso mo go lwantsheng ditsuolodi, mme ka jalo "basadi le bana le banna ba bagolo" ba tla tshwanelwa ke go bereka lefatshe leo. Mo e ka nnang botlhe ba ba neng ba le teng ba ne ba dumalana go kopa dikabo tsa lefatshe tsa merafe ya bantsho e e ipusang, ka mabaka a gore letlhoo la semorafe le tla thibela kgatelopele ya itsholelo ya bantsho mo mafelong a a tlhakaneng.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 429</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120715135308/http://www.nps.gov/fopu/forteachers/upload/Resources.pdf#page=16 "Negroes of Savannah"] (PDF). ''New York Daily Tribune''. (Copy of the Daily Tribune article held by the US National Archives and transcribed by the National Park Service. According to Adjutant General [[:en:Edward_D._Townsend|Edward D. Townsend]], the formal exchange represents a verbatim account of the meeting.). 13 February 1865. Archived from [http://www.nps.gov/fopu/forteachers/upload/Resources.pdf#page=16 the original] (PDF) on 15 July 2012. <q>I do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and faithful report of the questions and answers made by the colored ministers and church members of Savannah in my presence and hearing, at the chambers of Major-Gen. Sherman, on the evening of Thursday, Jan 12, 1865. The questions of Gen. Sherman and the Secretary of War were reduced to writing and read to the persons present. The answers were made by the Rev. Garrison Frazier, who was selected by the other ministers and church members to answer for them. The answers were written down in his exact words, and read over to the others, who one by one expressed his concurrence or dissent as above set forth.</q></ref> ==== Ditaelo tse di kgethegileng tsa lefatshe tsa ga Sherman, No. 15 ==== Ditaelo tse di Kgethegileng tsa lefatshe tsa ga Sherman, No. 15, tse di ntshitsweng ka Firikgong a le lesome le borataro, 1865, di ne tsa laela badiredi go baya batshabi bao kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Lewatle le mo lefatsheng le le mo teng: diekere di le dikete tse makgolo a mane tse di kgaogantsweng ka ditsha tsa diekere di le masome mane.<ref name=":8" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081220070031/http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/sfo15.htm "Order by the Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi"]. Archived from [http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/sfo15.htm the original] on 20 December 2008. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2025.</ref> Le fa dimmoulo (diphologolo tsa morwalo tse di dirisiwang go lema) di ne di sa umakwe,<ref name=":8" /> bangwe ba bajaboswa ba yone ba ne ba di amogela go tswa mo sesoleng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090906084359/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/40acres/ps_so15.html "Reconstruction ... Forty Acres and a Mule"]. ''American Experience''.</ref> Ditsha tse di jalo di ne di itsege ka puo ya tlwaelo jaaka "Blackacres". Ditaelo tsa ga Sherman di ne tsa abelwa ka tlhamalalo "ditlhaketlhake go tswa kwa Charleston, kwa borwa, masimo a raese a a tlogetsweng go bapa le dinoka dimmaele di le masome a mararo go boela kwa morago go tswa kwa lewatleng, le lefatshe le le bapileng le Noka ya St. Johns, Florida." Taelo eo e thibela basweu ka tlhamalalo go nna mo lefelong leo. Saxton, yo, le Stanton, ba neng ba thusa go kwala mokwalo, o ne a tlhatlhosiwa go nna mojenerale yo mogolo mme a rwesiwa maikarabelo a go okamela lefelo le lesha la bonno.<ref>Buescher, John. [http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24170 "Forty Acres and a Mule"]. ''Teachinghistory.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728064744/http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24170 Archived] from the original on 28 July 2011. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2025.</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le gararo, Saxton o ne a bua kwa kopanong e kgolo ya batho ba ba golotsweng kwa Second African Baptist, a itsise taelo le go tlhalosa dipaakanyo tsa bonno jo bosha.<ref>James (1954). ''Sherman at Savannah''. p. 135.</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFByrne1995|Byrne 1995]], pp. 111–112</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 1865, batho ba ka nna dikete tse makgolo a mane ba ba golotsweng ba ne ba nna mo diekereng di le dikete tse makgolo a mane le masome a mararo le botlhano (dihekere di le dikete tse lekgolo le masome a ferabobedi) kwa Ditlhaketlhakeng tsa Lewatle.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 330</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFByrne1995|Byrne 1995]], pp. 112–113</ref> Ditaelo tse di kgethegileng tsa lefatshe di ne tsa ntshiwa ke Sherman, e seng puso ya federal mabapi le makgoba otlhe a pele, mme o ne a ntsha tse di tshwanang "mo letsholong lotlhe go netefatsa kutlwano ya tiro mo lefelong la ditiro."<ref>[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA252324.pdf "'Harmony of Action" ' – Sherman as an army group commander"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118190642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA252324&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2012.</ref> Go ne ga bolelwa ke bangwe gore mafelo ao a ne go sa ikaelelwa gore a nnele ruri. Le fa go ntse jalo, seo ga se ise se ko se tlhaloganngwe ke baagi—le fa e le sa ga Mojenerale Saxton, yo o neng a re o ne a kopa Sherman go phimola taelo eo ntle le fa e ne e diretswe go nna ya sennelaruri.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 429. "But the freedmen quite naturally anticipated permanent possession; and Saxton later testified that he had begged not to be charged with carrying out Sherman's order if the freedmen's expectations were once again to be broken, and that he had received assurances from Secretary Stanton that the Negroes would retain possession of the land."</ref> Mo tirisong, mafelo a lefatshe le le neng le agilwe a ne a farologana thata. James Chaplin Beecher o lemogile gore "tsela e e bidiwang diekere di le masome mane e farologana ka bogolo go tswa go diekere di robabobedi go ya go (450) makgolo a le mane le masome a matlhano."<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFSaville1994|Saville 1994]], pp. 19–20</ref> Mafelo mangwe a ne a agiwa ke ditlhopha: Setlhaketlhake sa Skidaway se ne sa dirwa kolone ke setlhopha sa batho ba feta sekete, go akaretsa le Moruti Ulysses L. Houston.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFByrne1995|Byrne 1995]], p. 113</ref> ==== Botlhokwa ==== Porojeke ya Ditlhaketlhake tsa Lewatle e ne e bontsha molao wa "diekere di le masome mane le mmoulo" jaaka motheo wa itsholelo ya morago ga bokgoba. Segolobogolo ka 1865, sekao se e se tlhomileng se ne se bonala thata mo bathong ba bantsho ba ba sa tswang go gololesega ba ba batlang lefatshe la bone.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWilliamson1965|Williamson 1965]], pp. 54–55<blockquote>'Forty acres and a mule', that delightful bit of myopic mythology so often ascribed to the newly freed in the Reconstruction period, at least in South Carolina during the spring and summer of 1865, represented far more than the chimerical rantings of the ignorant darkies, irresponsible soldiers", and radical politicians. On the contrary, it symbolized precisely the policy which the government had already given and was giving mass application in the Sea Islands. Hardly had the troops landed, in November, 1861, before liberal Northerners arrived to begin a series of ambitious experiment in the reconstruction of Southern society. One of these experiments included the redistribution of large landed estates to the Negroes. By the Spring of 1865, this program was well underway, and after August any well-informed intelligent observer in South Carolina would have concluded, as did the Negroes, that some considerable degree of permanent land division was highly probable.</blockquote></ref> Batho ba ba golotsweng go tswa kwa kgaolong yotlhe ba ne ba thologela kwa lefelong leo go batla lefatshe.<ref name=":9">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], pp. 47–48 "By summer of 1865, word of Sherman's Special Field Order, No. 15 had spread throughout the states covered by the order as well as to neighboring states. So great was the desire for land that blacks poured into the reservation in search of their forty-acre plots."</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFWebster1916|Webster 1916]], pp. [https://archive.org/stream/operationfreed01websrich#page/94/mode/2up 94]–95</ref> Phelelo e ne e le dikampa tsa batshabi tse di neng di tshwerwe ke malwetse le go tlhaela ga dithoto.<ref name=":9" /><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 332</ref> Bogolo jang morago ga Ditaelo tsa ga Sherman, mafelo a a neng a le mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle a ne a dira gore batho ba tlhoafalele setshaba se sesha se se neng se tla emisetsa tsamaiso ya makgoba. Mmegadikgang mongwe o ne a bega jaana ka Moranang 1865: "E ne e le kolone ya Plymouth e e neng e ipoeletsa. Ba ne ba dumalana gore fa ba bangwe ba ka tla go kopana nabo, ba tshwanetse go nna le ditshiamelo tse di lekanang. Ka jalo go thunya Mayflower kwa Lebopong la Atlantic Borwa."<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 331</ref> === Tsamaiso ya badiri ba ba duelwang === Go simolola kwa Louisiana e e neng e gapilwe ka fa tlase ga Mojenerale Nathaniel P. Banks, sesole se ne sa dira thulaganyo ya go duela tiro ya go lema mafelo a magolo a lefatshe. Tsamaiso eo—e e neng ya simolola go dira ka tshegofatso ya ga Lincoln le Stanton ka bonako fela fa [[Kitsiso ya Kgololesego]] e dira gore dikonteraka le batho ba ba golotsweng di nne kafa molaong—e ne ya naya batho ba ba golotsweng dikonteraka tsa ngwaga o le mongwe tse di tlhomameng tsa tshipi. Konteraka e ne e solofetsa $10/kgwedi mmogo le dijo le tlhokomelo ya kalafi. Go ise go ye kae tsamaiso eno e ne ya amogelwa ke Mojenerale Lorenzo Thomas kwa Mississippi.<ref name=":10">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBelz2000|Belz 2000]], pp. 45–46</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe lefatshe le ne le nna ka fa tlase ga taolo ya badiredibagolo ba Lephata la Matlotlo. Go ne ga runya dikgotlhang tsa taolo fa gare ga Lephata la Matlotlo le sesole.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 425 "Disposition of lands and indirectly of Negro labor through Treasury agents to northern lessees brought forth even greater condemnation than direct military supervision. [...] The investigations of James E. Yeatman for the Western Sanitary Commission late in 1863 revealed shocking exploitation and abuse of freedmen working the leased plantations. Attempts during 1864 to remedy those abuses resulted in confusion and conflict of authority between army officers and Treasury agents."</ref> Go nyatsa Lephata la Matlotlo le le neng le dira dipoelo ke Mojenerale John Eaton le babegadikgang ba ba neng ba bona mofuta o mosha wa tiro ya masimo go ne ga tlhotlheletsa maikutlo a setshaba kwa Bokone mme ga gatelela Congress go tshegetsa taolo e e tlhamaletseng ya lefatshe ke batho ba ba golotsweng.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], pp. 425–426 "There can be no doubt that these varied wartime experiences, together with the criticism and publicity they evoked, affected the Freedmen's Bureau legislation. They make clear what the framers of its final version were attempting to avoid, namely, government plantation operation, exploitation of Negro labor by northern speculators, abuse and rigorous control of freedmen by southern planters whether in violation of military directives or in collusion with military personnel, even the minute paternalistic regulations drawn to safeguard the freedmen that might lead to a permanent 'pupilage'."</ref> Lephata la Matlotlo, segolobogolo fa Mokwaledi Chase a ne a ipaakanyetsa go batla go tlhophiwa ke Rephaboliki ka 1864, o ne a latofatsa sesole ka go tshwara batho ba ba golotsweng ka tsela e e senang setho.<ref name=":10" /> Lincoln o ne a swetsa go dumalana le taolo ya sesole go na le ya Lephata la Matlotlo, mme tsamaiso ya tiro e e duelwang e ne ya tlhongwa thata.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBelz2000|Belz 2000]], p. 47</ref> Ba ba neng na sa dumalane le go fedisa bokgoba ba ne ba ganetsana le molao o ba ne ba o bitsa o o seng botoka go feta botlhanka.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBelz2000|Belz 2000]], pp. 52–53</ref> === Davis Bend === Nngwe ya diporojeke tse dikgolo tsa go nna le lefatshe la batho bantsho e ne ya diragala kwa Davis Bend, kwa Mississippi, lefelo la masimo la diekere di le dikete tse lesome le motso le e neng e le la ga Joseph Davis le morwarraagwe yo mmotlana yo o tumileng e bong Jefferson, tautona wa Kgolagano. Ka go tlhotlhelediwa ke dikarolo dingwe tsa bojammogo jwa ga Robert Owen, Joseph Davis o ne a tlhomile Tshimo ya Dikgwanyape ya diekere di le dikete tse nne ka 1827 kwa Davis Bend.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFHermann1981|Hermann 1981]], pp. 3–9 "The reformer was criticized not so much for his practical failures as for his open rejection of orthodox religion and the institution of marriage. Although Davis did not agree with these radical ideas, he continued to admire the Scottish utopian for his innovative theories. However, the new planter proposed to adopt only the elements of Owen's philosophy that would promote his goal of an efficient, prosperous plantation community."</ref> Davis o ne a letla makgoba a le makgolo a le mmalwa go ja dijo tse di nang le dikotla, go nna mo matlong a a agilweng sentle, go bona tlhokomelo ya kalafi, le go rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa bone mo kgotlatshekelong ya beke le beke ya "Hall of Justice". Moono wa gagwe e ne e le: "Fa batho ba sa busiwe thata, ba tla ikobela go laolwa motlhofo."<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFHermann1981|Hermann 1981]], pp. 11–16</ref> Davis o ne a ikaegile thata ka bokgoni jwa botsamaisi jwa ga Ben Montgomery, lekgoba le le rutegileng sentle le le neng le dira bontsi jwa kgwebo ya tshimo. Ntwa ya Shiloh e ne ya simolola paka ya tlhakatlhakano (1862–1863), kwa Davis Bend, le fa baagi ba yone ba bantsho ba ne ba tswelela go lema. Tshimo e ne e tserwe ke dikhamphani tse pedi tsa masole a bantsho a Union ka Sedimonthole 1863. Ka fa tlase ga taolo ya ga Colonel Samuel Thomas, masole ano a ne a simolola go nonotsha lefelo le. Mojenerale Ulysses S. Grant o ne a tlhagisitse keletso ya go dira masimo a Davis "paradaese ya batho bantsho." Thomas o ne a simolola go hirisetsa bahiri ba bantsho lefatshe ka paka ya dijalo ya 1864.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFHermann1981|Hermann 1981]], pp. 38–47</ref><ref>Foner (2011). ''Reconstruction''. p. 59.</ref> Batshabi ba bantsho ba ba neng ba kokoane kwa Vicksburg ba ne ba fudugela ka bontsi kwa Davis Bend ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya Lephata la ga Freedman (setheo se se neng se tlhamilwe ke sesole pele ga tetla ya Congress ya "Freedmen's Bureau", e e tla tlotliwang fa tlase).<ref name=":12">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 17</ref> Davis Bend o ne a tshwarwa mo gare ga ntwa ya turf fa gare ga sesole le Lephata la Matlotlo. Ka Tlhakole 1864, Lephata la Matlotlo le ne la tsaya gape diekere di le dikete tse pedi tsa Davis Bend, la di busetsa kwa beng ba basweu ba ba neng ba ikanne boikanyegi.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFHermann1981|Hermann 1981]], p. 39</ref> Gape e ne ya hira diekere di le sekete le makgolo a mabedi go babeeletsi ba Bokone.<ref name=":11">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFHermann1981|Hermann 1981]], p. 50</ref> Le fa Thomas a ne a gana ditaelo tsa go thibela batho bantsho ba ba gololesegileng go lema, Mojenerale Eaton o ne a mo laela gore a ikobele ditaelo tse. Eaton gape o ne a laela Thomas go tsaya didirisiwa tsa temothuo tse di neng di tshwerwe ke batho bantsho, ka mabaka a gore—ka gonne molao wa Mississippi o ne o thibela makgoba go nna le dithoto—ba tshwanetse ba bo ba utswile dithoto tse di ntseng jalo.<ref name=":11" />Lephata la Matlotlo le ne la batla go duedisa badiri ba masimo madi a go dirisa bojalwa ja cotton.<ref name=":12" /> Baagi ba Davis Bend ba ne ba ganetsa dikgato tseo ka natla. Mo boikuelong jo bo saenilweng ke balemibarui ba le masome matlhano le borataro (go akaretsa le Montgomery) mme jwa gatisiwa ke New Orleans Tribune:<ref>29 July 1865; quoted in [[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#cite_note-114|Oubre 1978]], p. 27</ref><blockquote>Kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa rona wa ga jaana, tshimo e e ne, ka go latela taelo ya Molaodi wa rona wa Poso, e amogilwe dipitse, dimmoulo, dikgomo le didirisiwa tsa temothuo tsa tlhaloso nngwe le nngwe, tse bontsi jwa tsone di neng di gapilwe le go tlisiwa mo meleng ya Union ke yo o saenileng fa tlase; ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dilo tseo, re ne ra fokodiwa go tlhoka go reka sengwe le sengwe se se tlhokegang mo temothuong, mme ka go fitlha jaanong re atlegile go dira karolo e e turang thata le e e lapisang thata ya tiro ya rona, re ipaakanyeditse go wetsa tiro ya rona e e turang thata le e e lapisang, re ipaakanyeditse go wetsa tiro ya go tlhotlha, go gatelela, go kala, go tshwaya, go romela, jalo le jalo mo go tshwanang ga kgwebo ga re letelelwa go dira jalo.</blockquote> == Lekalana la Babagolotsweng == Go tloga ka 1863 go ya go 1865, Congress e ne ya ganetsana ka gore ke melao efe e e ka di dirisang go rarabolola dikgang tsa loago tse di neng di tla lebana le Borwa morago ga ntwa. Mokgatlho wa Thuso wa Freedmen o ne wa kgaratlhela gore go nne le "Lekalana la Kgololesego" go thusa mo phetogong ya itsholelo go tswa mo bokgobeng. E dirisitse Port Royal jaaka bosupi jwa gore batho bantsho ba ka tshela le go bereka ka bobone.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], pp. 336–338</ref> Go ne go buiwa ka phetolo ya lefatshe gantsi, le fa bangwe ba ne ba ganetsa gore go tla tlhokega matlotlo a mantsi thata go netefatsa katlego ya balemibarui ba bantsho.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFDu_Bois1935|Du Bois 1935]], pp. [https://archive.org/stream/blackreconstruc00dubo#page/222/mode/2up 222]–223</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome mararo le motso, 1865, Ntlo ya Baemedi e ne ya amogela [[Phetolo ya molaomotheo wa kwa United States ya lesome le boraro]], e e thibelang bokgoba le go nna makgoba jo bo sa ithaopelweng kwantle ga fa go otlhaiwa. Khonkerese e ne ya tswelela go ngangisana ka maemo a ikonomi le loago a baagi ba ba gololesegileng, ka phetolothefosano ya lefatshe e e neng ya supiwa e le botlhokwa go fitlhelela kgololesego ya bantsho.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 413 "Only a few weeks earlier the members of Congress by their approval of the Thirteenth Amendment had agreed that henceforth the Negro was to be a free man, never again a slave; now they took action to put him on the road to economic independence of the type traditional to free men in the 19th-century agrarian Republic, namely, ownership of the land that he tilled."</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFRose1964|Rose 1964]], p. 339 "With the approval of the Thirteenth Amendment, Congress had put its blessing on the free status of Negro Americans; the land provision of the Bureau Act was the natural response of a nation of small farmers to set the black man on the road to economic freedom. The purpose of the Bureau itself was to assure a reasonable and temporary protection for the Negro as he passed into his new condition."</ref> Molaokakanyetso o o neng wa kwalwa mo komiting ya bokopano go tlamela ka lefatshe le le lekanyeditsweng ya ngwaga o le mongwe fa o ntse o letla tlhokomelo ya sesole ya batho ba ba golotsweng o ne wa ganwa kwa Senateng ke bafedisi ba ba neng ba akanya gore ga o direle batho ba ba golotsweng tshiamiso.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 417 "The chief spokesmen for the Republican opposition were James W. Grimes of Iowa, Henry S. Lane of Indiana, and John P. Hale of New Hampshire, all antislavery men who feared that the supervision provided for the freedmen might lead to their abuse. As the New York ''Herald'' reported with some satisfaction, the Freedmen's Bureau bill 'was killed by its friends,' a display of independence towards Sumner which the paper found 'quite refreshing.'"</ref> Komiti ya batho ba le barataro e ne ya kwala ka bonako "molaokakanyetso o mosha gotlhelele" o o neng wa oketsa thata tsholofetso ya one mo bathong ba ba golotsweng.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 418 Cox quotes "an entirely new bill" from the ''[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=069/llcg069.db&recNum=637 Congressional Globe]''. 3 March 1865. p. 1042.</ref> Mofuta ono o o nonofileng wa molaokakanyetso ono o ne wa fetisiwa ke matlo ka bobedi ka Mopito a le malatsi a mararo, 1865. Ka molaokakanyetso ono, Congress e ne ya tlhoma Lekala la Batshabi, Batho ba ba Gololesegileng le Mafatse a a Tlogetsweng ka fa tlase ga Lephata la Ntwa. Lekala le ne le na le taolo ya go tlamela batshabi ka dilwana—le taelo e e sa tlamelweng ka madi ya go aba lefatshe gape, ka diphuthelwana tse di ka fitlhang go diekere di le masome a mane:<ref name=":13">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], pp. 20–21</ref><blockquote>Karolo 4. ''Mme go tsenngwe molao gape'', Gore molaodi, ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya ga Tautona, o tla nna le taolo ya go kgaoganya, go dirisiwa ke batshabi ba ba ikanyegang le batho ba ba gololesegileng, dikarolo tse di ntseng jalo tsa lefatshe mo teng ga dikgaolo tse di tsuologetseng tse di tla bong di tlogetswe, kgotsa tse Amerika o tlaa nna le setlhogo se se bonweng ka go gapiwa kana ka go rekiwa, ka jang fela, mme go monna ope fela moagi, e ka twa ele motshabi kana a gololesegile, jaaka go boletswe fa godimo, go tla abelwa diekere tse di sa feteng masome a mane tsa lefatshe leo, mme motho yo le neng le abetswe jalo o tla sirelediwa mo tirisong le mo go itumeleleng lefatshe ka lobaka lwa dingwaga di le tharo ka rente ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e sa feteng diperesente di le thataro tsa boleng jwa lefatshe leo mo go lone. ngwaga wa makgolo a le lesomerobedi le masome a marataro, ka maikaelelo a go duedisa lekgetho, mme fa go ka se bonwe tshekatsheko e e ntseng jalo, gona rente e tla ikaega ka boleng jo bo fopholediwang jwa lefatshe mo ngwageng o o boletsweng, go netefadiwa ka mokgwa o molaodi a ka o laelang ka molawana. Kwa bokhutlong jwa paka e e boletsweng, kgotsa ka nako nngwe le nngwe mo pakeng e e boletsweng, batho ba ba nnang mo diphuthelwaneng dipe tse di abetsweng jalo ba ka reka lefatshe mme ba amogela setlhogo sa lone se Amerika e ka se fetisang, fa ba duela ka jalo boleng jwa lefatshe, jaaka bo netefaditswe le go tlhomamisiwa ka maikaelelo jwa go tlhomamisa rente ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e umakilweng fa godimo.</blockquote>Ka jalo molaokakanyetso o ne wa tlhoma tsamaiso e mo go yone batho bantsho ba Borwa ba neng ba ka hira lefatshe le le tlogetsweng le le tserweng, ka rente ya ngwaga le ngwaga ka 6% (kgotsa kwa tlase) ya boleng jwa lefatshe (e e sekasekilweng go duela lekgetho ka 1860). Morago ga dingwaga di le tharo, ba ne ba tla nna le kgetho ya go reka lefatshe le ka tlhwatlhwa e e tletseng. Lekala le le neng le okametse, le le neng la itsege jaaka Lekala la Babagololesegileng, e ne ya bewa ka fa tlase ga tlhokomelo e e tswelelang ya sesole ka gonne Congress e ne e solofetse tlhokego ya go sireletsa mafelo a bonno a batho bantsho mo Basweung ba Borwa.<ref name=":13" />Molaokakanyetso o ne o laela gore batho bantsho ba nne le lefatshe le le tshwanang le le neng le ikaegile ka tiro ya bone e e sa duelweng pele.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFCox1958|Cox 1958]], p. 413 "Implicit in the decision was the acceptance of the fact that the freedmen would not be colonized abroad, as Lincoln and many others less concerned with the Negro's welfare had wished, nor even colonized in designated areas within the home boundaries, but that he should remain a basic economic and social element in his southern homeland."</ref> Fa Lincoln a sena go bolawa, Andrew Johnson o ne a nna tautona. Ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le boferabongwe, 1865, Johnson o ne a ntsha kgoeletso ya go itshwarela baagi ba ba tlwaelesegileng ba ba kwa Borwa ba ba neng ba ikana gore ba tla ikanyega, a sa solofetse fela gore ba tla sirelediwa mo dipolotiking mme gape o tla busediwa dithoto tse di tserweng. (Kgoeletso ya ga Johnson e ne e sa akaretse boradipolotiki ba Confederate, badiredi ba sesole, le beng ba lefatshe ba ba nang le dithoto tse di fetang $20,000.) Mojenerale O. O. Howard, mookamedi wa Lekala la Babagololesegileng, o ne a kopa tlhaloso go tswa go Mmueledi Mogolo James Speed ​​malebang le kafa kgoeletso eno e neng e tla ama ka gone taelo ya Lekala la Babagololesegileng. Speed ​​o ne a araba ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi, 1865, gore Molaodi wa Lekala:<ref name=":14">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 31</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFMcFeely1994|McFeely 1994]], p. 99</ref><ref>Andrew Johnson (29 May 1865). [https://www.nytimes.com/1865/05/30/news/president-johnson-s-amnesty-proclamation-restoration-rights-property-except.html "Amnesty Proclamation"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>James Speed (22 June 1865). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224444/http://www.drbronsontours.com/bronsonattorneygeneraljamesspeedopinionondutyofcommissionerofthefreedmensbureaujune221865.html "Opinion on Duty of the Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau"]. Archived from [http://www.drbronsontours.com/bronsonattorneygeneraljamesspeedopinionondutyofcommissionerofthefreedmensbureaujune221865.html the original] on 8 May 2014. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borataro ka 2025.</ref> ... o na le ''taolo'', ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya ga Tautona, go kgaoganya tiriso ya batshabi ba ba ikanyegang le batho ba ba golotsweng mafatshe a go buiwang ka one; mme o ''tlhokiwa'' go abela monna mongwe le mongwe wa setlhopha seo sa batho, e seng go feta diekere di le masome a mane tsa mafatshe a a ntseng jalo. === Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro === Howard o ne a tsaya kgato ka bonako go ikaegilwe ka tetlelelo go tswa kwa go Speed, a laela lenaane la mafatshe a a leng teng go ka abiwa gape le go gana maiteko a basweu ba Borwa a go batla dithoto gape.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFMcFeely1994|McFeely 1994]], pp. 100–101</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 32</ref> Ka setlhoa sa lone ka 1865, Lekala la Babagololesegileng le ne le laola dekere di le dikete tse makgolo a ferabobedi go ya go dile makgolo a ferabongwe tsa masimo a pele e neng e le a beng ba makgoba.<ref>[[:en:Dalton_Conley|Dalton Conley]] (Fall 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816220552/https://files.nyu.edu/dc66/public/pdf/contexts_reparations.pdf "Forty Acres and a Mule: What if America Pays Reparations?"] (PDF). ''Contexts''. '''1''' (3). Archived from [https://files.nyu.edu/dc66/public/pdf/contexts_reparations.pdf the original] (PDF) on 16 August 2011. E nopotswe Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ka 2025.</ref> Lefelo le le ne le emetse 0.2% ya lefatshe kwa Borwa; kwa bofelong kitsiso ya ga Johnson e ne ya tlhoka gore Lekala le abele beng ba lone ba pele bontsi jwa yone gape.<ref name=":14" /> Ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi, 1865, Howard o ne a ntsha "Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro", taelo mo teng ga Lekala la Babagololesegileng go ntsha lefatshe go isa kwa batshabing le batho ba ba golotsweng. Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro o laetse baemedi ba Lekala ka tlhamalalo go baya taelo ya Lekgotla la Dipuso ya go aba lefatshe kwa pele go na le kgoeletso ya ga Johnson ya itshwarelo. Karolo ya yone ya bofelo e ne ya tlhalosa jaana: "Itshwarelo ya ga Tautona ga e kitla e tlhaloganngwa e le go neela dithoto tse di tlogetsweng kgotsa tse di tserweng tse ka molao di 'tlhometsweng Batshabi le Bagololesegi'".<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFMcFeely1994|McFeely 1994]], pp. 104–105</ref><ref>O. O. Howard (28 July 1865). "Circular no. 13". ''National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 105, Entry 24, No. 139 Asst Adjutant General Circulars 1865–1869, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, Pp. 14–15; Transcribed from Original by John Soos in August, 2003''.</ref> Ka Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro, kabosesha ya lefatshe e ne e le molao wa semmuso wa Borwa jotlhe, mme e ne e tlhaloganngwa jalo ke badiredi ba sesole.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFMcFeely1994|McFeely 1994]], p. 105 "From July 28, 1865, until the circular order was rescinded in September, region-wide redistribution of abandoned and confiscated lands in the South was the stated policy of an agency of the United States government. It was so understood (if not put into practice) by army officers in the South. Had it been implemented, every freedman would not have gotten forty acres of land, but 20,000 Negro families in all sections of the South would have gotten a start on their own farms."</ref> Fa a sena go ntsha Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro, le fa go ntse jalo, Howard, yo go neng go lebega a sa itse gore ditaelo tsa gagwe di ka nna botlhokwa le go baka dikganetsano go le kana kang, o ne a tswa kwa Washington go ya go ikhutsa kwa Maine.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFMcFeely1994|McFeely 1994]], pp. 108–109 "It does not seem altogether improbable that Howard was not fully aware of the implications of his Circular. As happened more than once during Reconstruction, the compelling needs of the Negroes drew more radical moves from conservative hands. That the Commissioner was asking the President of the United States to acquiesce to a revolutionary principle of dividing large holdings."</ref> Tautona Johnson le ba bangwe ba ne ba simolola go ganetsa Circular mo e ka nnang ka yone nako eo. Morago ga gore Johnson a laele Biro go busetsa boswa jwa mong wa masimo wa Tennessee yo o neng a ngongorega, Mogenerale Joseph S. Fullerton o ne a akantsha bonnye motlhankedi a le mongwe yo o ka fa tlase ga gagwe gore Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro "ga e kitla e tlhokomelwa mo nakong eno".<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFHahnMillerO'DonovanRodrigue2008|Hahn et al. 2008]], p. 401 "Complaints from aggrieved landowners about the refusal of Freedmen's Bureau officials to relinquish abandoned property soon reached President Johnson, who effectively nullified not only Howard's circular but also the intentions of Congress as expressed in the land provisions of the law creating the bureau. On August 16, intervening on behalf of a pardoned Confederate from his home state of Tennessee, Johnson ordered the bureau to restore the man's estate without delay. 'The same action will be had in all similar cases', he added."</ref> Fa Howard a boela kwa Washington, Johnson o ne a mo laela gore a kwale Mokwalo o mosha o o neng o tla tlotla molao wa gagwe ya go busetsa lefatshe. Johnson o ne a gana mokwalo wa ga Howard mme a kwala mofuta wa gagwe, o a neng a o ntsha ka Lwetse a le lesome le bobedi jaaka Mokwalo wa #lesome le botlhano—go akaretsa le leina la ga Howard.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFHahnMillerO'DonovanRodrigue2008|Hahn et al. 2008]], pp. 402–403, document transcribed, pp. 431–432</ref> Mokwalo wa #lesome le botlhano se tlhomile dikelo tse di gagametseng tsa go tlhoma thoto jaaka "e e tserweng semmuso" mme e ne ya nna le ditlamorago mo mafelong a le mantsi tsa go fedisa kabosesha ya lefatshe gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 38 "The new circular made the possession of land so uncertain that many bureau agents discontinued their policy of assigning land to the freedmen."</ref> Segolobogolo mo pakeng ya dibeke di le thataro magareng ga Mokwalo wa #lesome le boraro le Mokwalo wa #lesome le botlhano, ‘diekere di le masome mane le mmoulo’ (mmogo le ditlamelo tse dingwe tse di tlhokegang mo temothuong) di ne di emela tsholofetso e e tlwaelesegileng ya baemedi ba Lekala la Babagololesegileng. Clinton B. Fisk, Mothusa Molaodi wa Lekala la Babagololesegileng ya Kentucky le Tennessee, o ne a itsisitse kwa kopanong ya sepolotiki ya batho bantsho: "Ga ba a tshwanela go nna le kgololesego fela mme ba tshwanetse go nna le matlo a bone, diekere di le masome a mararo kgotsa di le masome a mane, le dimmoulo, matlo a bonno, le matlo a sekolo jalo jalo." Motsamaisi mongwe wa Lekala kwa Virginia o ne a akantsha gore lelapa lengwe le lengwe le hirise setsha sa diekere di le masome mane, le dimmoulo, dithotse, kolotsana, didirisiwa, dipeo le dijo. Lelapa le ne le tla duelela dilwana tse morago ga go jala dijalo le go di rekisa.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 79</ref> === Melao ya bantsho === Baemedi ba Lekala ba ne ba kopana le mathata a semolao mo go abeleng batho ba ba golotsweng lefatshe ka ntlha ya "Melawana ya Bantsho" e e neng ya fetisiwa ke makgotla a molao a Borwa kwa bokhutlong jwa 1865 le 1866. Mengwe ya melao e mesha e ne e thibela batho bantsho go nna le lefatshe kgotsa go le hirisa. Lekala la Babagololesegileng ka kakaretso le ne le tshwara Melao ya batho bantsho jaaka e e sa berekeng, go ikaegilwe ka molao wa puso. Le fa go ntse jalo, Biro e ne e sa kgone go gapeletsa tlhaloso ya yone ka metlha morago ga gore Sesole sa Kopano se tswe mo sesoleng.<ref name=":17">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], pp. 191–192</ref> == Bokolone le go nna le magae == Ka nako ya ntwa le morago ga yone, boradipolotiki, bajenerale le ba bangwe ba ne ba akanya ka maano a a farologaneng a bokoloniale a a ka bong a neetse malapa a batho bantsho ditsha. Le fa Mokgatlho wa Bokoloniale wa Amerika o ne o ntse o dira batho ba le bantsi kwa Liberia le go amogela meneelo e mentsi (mo e ka nnang didolara di le milione o le mongwe ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850), o ne o sena bokgoni jwa go tsibogela kgololo ya bontsi.<ref name=":16" /> Thutopatlisiso ya 2020 e ne ya bapisa ka katlego ya kabo ya lefatshe la mahala go makgoba a pele mo Morafeng wa Cherokee le go palelwa ke go naya makgoba a pele lefatshe la mahala kwa Confederacy. Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore le fa maemo a go tlhoka tekatekano ka 1860 a ne a tshwana mo Morafeng wa Cherokee le mo Confederacy, makgoba a pele a batho bantsho a ne a atlega mo Morafeng wa Cherokee mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Morafe wa Cherokee o ne o na le maemo a a kwa tlase a go tlhoka tekatekano ga merafe, lotseno lo lo kwa godimo lwa batho bantsho, dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go itse go bala le go kwala mo bathong bantsho, le dikelo tse di kwa godimo tsa go tsena sekolo mo bathong bantsho.<ref>Miller, Melinda C. (26 June 2019). [[doi:10.1162/rest_a_00842|""The Righteous and Reasonable Ambition to Become a Landholder": Land and Racial Inequality in the Postbellum South"]]. ''The Review of Economics and Statistics''. '''102''' (2): 381–394. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1162/rest_a_00842|10.1162/rest_a_00842]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6535 0034-6535.]</ref> === Dithulaganyo tsa bokolone jwa mafatshe a sele === Lincoln o ne a sa bolo go tshegetsa bokoloniale jaaka tharabololo e e utlwalang ya bothata jwa bokgoba, mme a latela maano a bokoloniale mo nakong yotlhe ya boporesidente jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFLockett1991|Lockett 1991]], p. 430 "Lincoln held the strong belief that colonization would accomplish a twofold objection: rid the nation of racial strife by ridding the nation of its freedmen, which in effect would render America a white man's country (Richardson, 1907, p. 153)."</ref><ref name=":18">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFMagnessPage2011|Magness & Page 2011]], pp. 3–4</ref> Ka 1862, Congress e ne ya amogela $600,000 go duelela leano la ga Lincoln la go dira batho bantsho bokolone "mo maemong a a ba siametseng", mme ya naya Lincoln dithata tse di anameng tsa bokhuduthamaga go rulaganya bokolone.<ref name=":18" /><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFLockett1991|Lockett 1991]], pp. 431–432 "This act made Lincoln the sole authority on all plans involving government-financed colonization, as well as on how the money would be spent. It pushed Lincoln far ahead in the field of those who had dedicated themselves to the colonization of the Negro, reaching back to Thomas Jefferson."</ref> Lincoln o ne a tlhama Ofisi ya Bofaladi ka bonako mo teng ga Lephata la Merero ya Selegae mme a laela Lephata la Kgaolo go tsaya lefatshe le le tshwanetseng.<ref name=":18" /> Leano la ntlha le legolo le le neng la akanyediwa le ne le tla bo le rometse batho bantsho ba ba neng ba thapilwe ba ba sa duelelweng go nna baepi ba magala kwa Kgaolong ya Chiriquí, kwa Panama (e ka nako eo e neng e le karolo ya Gran Colombia). Baithaopi ba ne ba solofediwa diekere di le masome mane tsa lefatshe le tiro mo meepong; Senator Samuel C. Pomeroy, yo Lincoln a neng a mo tlhomile gore a okamele thulaganyo e, le ene o ne a rekile dimmoulo, dijokwe, didirisiwa, dikolotsana, dipeo le dilo tse dingwe go tshegetsa kolone e e neng e ka nna teng. Pomeroy o ne a amogela batho ba le makgolo a matlhano mo go ba le dikete tse lesome le boraro le makgolo a supa ba ba neng ba dira kopo ya tiro eo. Le fa go ntse jalo, leano leno le ne la phimolwa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga, ka ntlha ya go ribololwa ga gore magala a Chiriquí a ne a le a boleng jo bo kwa tlase.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 4</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFLockett1991|Lockett 1991]], p. 433</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFPage2011|Page 2011]]</ref> Fela jaaka Liberia, setshaba se se ikemetseng sa bantsho, Haiti le yone e ne e tsewa e le lefelo le le siameng la go dira bokolone jwa batho ba ba golotsweng go tswa kwa U.S.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFLockett1991|Lockett 1991]], p. 432 "Because Haiti and Liberia were black independent republics with climatic and topographical features favorable for Black people, Lincoln considered the two countries prime sites for establishing colonies ([[:en:Nicolay_&_Hay|Nicolay & Hay]], 1890, Vol. 6, p. 168)."</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFPage2011|Page 2011]], p. 314</ref> Fa leano la Chiriquí le ntse le tswelela pele ka 1862, Lincoln o ne a dira leano le lengwe la go dira setlhaketlhake se sennye sa Île à Vache gaufi le Haiti kolone.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFPage2011|Page 2011]], p. 313 "In fact, the president had those two projects under consideration concurrently during late 1862 and early 1863—and even the 'second wave' of imperial schemes should be understood more in reference to their longer life than to the date of their initiation. Personally, Lincoln was keen to experiment with several options and to see what worked best."</ref> Lincoln o ne a dira tumalano le rakgwebo Bernard Kock, yo o neng a bone ditshwanelo tsa go hirisa setlhaketlhake go lema le go rema dikgong.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFLockett1991|Lockett 1991]], p. 436</ref> Palogotlhe ya Bantsho ba le makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano le boraro, bontsi jwa bone e le makau go tswa kwa kgaolong ya Tidewater go dikologa Hampton, Virginia e e neng e gapilwe, ba ne ba ithaopela go dira setlhaketlhake seo kolone.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBoyd1959|Boyd 1959]], p. 51</ref> Ka Moranang a le lesome le bone, 1863, ba ne ba tswa kwa Fort Monroe ka "Motlhokomedi wa Lewatle".<ref name=":19">[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFLockett1991|Lockett 1991]], pp. 438–439</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFDyer1943|Dyer 1943]], pp. 60–61</ref> Kock o ne a tsaya madi otlhe a bakolone ba neng ba na le one mme a se ka a ba duela dituelo.<ref name=":19" /> Dipego tsa ntlha di ne di akantsha gore maemo a ne a le maswe thata, le fa gone moragonyana go ne ga ganetsanwa ka one. Palo ya bakoloni ba ne ba swa mo ngwageng wa ntlha.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBoyd1959|Boyd 1959]], p. 54</ref> Bafalodi ba le makgolo a mabedi le masome a ferabongwe le bobedi go tswa mo setlhopheng sa ntlha ba ne ba sala mo setlhaketlhakeng mme ba le masome a supa le boraro ba ne ba fudugetse kwa Aux Cayes; bontsi bo ne jwa busediwa kwa U.S. ke thomo ya Sesole sa Lewatle ka Tlhakole 1864.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFLockett1991|Lockett 1991]], p. 441</ref><ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 5</ref> Congress e ne ya phimola taolo ya bokolone ya ga Lincoln ka Phukwi 1863.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFBoyd1959|Boyd 1959]], p. 56</ref> Lincoln o ne a tswelela go latelela maano a go dira bokolone, segolobogolo kwa British West Indies, mme ga go epe e e neng ya ungwa. Mokgatlho wa Bokolone wa Amerika o ne wa nna le batho ba le makgolo a le mmalwa kwa Liberia ka nako ya ntwa, le ba bangwe ba le dikete di le mmalwa mo dingwageng di le tlhano tse di latelang.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], p. 6</ref> === Dithulaganyo tsa selegae tsa bokolone === Mojenerale wa Kopano Nathan Bedford Forrest o ne a akantse ka 1865 pele ga bokhutlo jwa ntwa go thapa masole a mantsho le batho ba ba golotsweng mo go ageng seporo sa Kompone ya Seporo sa Memphis le Little Rock, a ba duela ka $1 (~$21.00 ka 2024)/letsatsi le mola wa lefatshe go bapa le seporo.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFOubre1978|Oubre 1978]], pp. 73–75</ref> Kakanyo eo moragonyana e ne ya amogelwa ke Sherman, Howard, Johnson le Mmusi wa Arkansas e bong Isaac Murphy.<ref>[[:en:Forty_acres_and_a_mule#CITEREFHahnMillerO'DonovanRodrigue2008|Hahn et al. 2008]], pp. 402, document transcribed, pp. 410–411</ref> Howard o ne a tsamaisa batho ba ba golotsweng ba le makgolo a le mmalwa go tswa kwa Alabama go ya kwa Arkansas go ya go dira mo moleng. O ne a tlhoma Edward Ord go okamela porojeke le go sireletsa batho ba ba golotsweng mo Forrest.<ref name=":17" /> === Molao wa Borwa wa go nna le lefatshe === == Metswedi == 03f1yg8wuh7sm5by5u6mxxfpydwjbs9 0 10643 56865 40602 2026-10-20T01:43:59Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Esther Standford-Xosei|birth_date=pele ga ngwaga wa 1974|birth_place=Borwa jwa London, kwa England|nationality=British|education=University ya kent (molao) University ya Chichester|occupation=Mogakolodi wa tsa molao, molweladitshwanelo tsa go busediwa tse di latlhegetseng batho ka nako ya bokgoba, mmueledi wa setshaba|organizations=Maangamizi Educational Trust International network of scholars and activists for African Reparations|known for=Mongwe wa ba ba simolotseng lekgotla la bokopano kwa Europe la go busetsa batho ba Aforika se se ba latlhegetseng. Mosimolodi wa emisa Maangamizi}} '''Esther Stanford-Xosei''' (o o tshotsweng pele ga ngwaga wa 1974) ke moitseanape wa tsa molao wa kwa Britain, ebile e le mmueledi wa go bopagana ga [[Aferika|Aforika]] o lentswe la gagwe le utlwetseng thata ka letsholo la mafatshefatshe la go duela dikokomane tsa batho ba Aforika. Seabe sa gagwe se setona se akaretsa go thusa go tlhama bokopano jwa dituelo tsa mafatshe a Aforika kwa Europe, jo bo bidiwang (PARCOE) ka ngwaga wa 2001, le go tsamaisa go dirwa ga setlhopha sa diphathi tsotlhe mo go duelweng ga Aforika kwa palamenteng ya [[United Kingdom]] ka 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://roape.net/2022/03/10/afrika-and-reparations-activism-in-the-uk-an-interview-with-esther-stanford-xosei/ "Afrika and reparations activism in the UK – an interview with Esther Stanford-Xosei"]. ''Review of African Political Economy''. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Ka fa a godileng ka teng le thuto ya gagwe == A tsholetswe kwa borwa jwa London ke batsadi ba ba tswang kwa Caribbean kwa Barbados le Guyana, go tsibogela sepolotiki ga ga Standford-Xosei go simolotse a santse a le mošha ka letsholo la go nna kgatlhanong le tlhaolele. A le dingwaga di le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 1987, o ne a supa talente ya tsa thuto le polotiki ka go fenya kgaisano ya go kwala ya bakwadi ba bašha ba mmala o montsho, ka tlhamo e e neng e bidiwa "e seng tekatekano fela, le tshiamelo", e e neng e bua ka go fedisa tlhaolele.<ref name=":0" /> Loeto lwa thutego ya gagwe lo mo isitse kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro sa University of Kent go ya go ithuta tsa molao, kwa a kopaneng le letsholo la critical Legal studies. Standford-Xosei gone jaana o dira dipatlisiso kwa University ya Chichester, a itebagantse le letsholo la go duela mafatshe a Aforika a remeletse mo Britain.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20251123103239/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/csis/events-and-projects/csis-barriers-black-academia/speaker-bios/ "Speaker Bios]". ''University of Liverpool''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Tsa pereko le bubueledi == === Boitseanape jwa molao === Standford-Xosei ka pereko ke mogakolodi wa semolao, a itebagantse le go diragatsa molao wa kgotlatshekelo. O supa tiro ya gagwe e e sa tlwaelesegang e le ya mmueledi wa mafatshefatshe, wa Aforika o o kopaneng, o o berekang jaaka moithuti wa molweladitshwanelo mo setšhabeng, mo go tsa molao.<ref name=":0" /> === Tshimololo ya PARCOE === Ngwaga wa 2001, o tshwaya go berekisana le ba batlang Aforika o o kopaneng ba kwa Ghana (Kofi Mawuli Klu le Kwame Adofo Sampong) ga ga Standford-Xosei, mo go tlhameng lekgotla la bokopano jwa kwa Europe mo dituelong tsa mafatshe a Aforika otlhe. Lekgotla le le ne le tlhamelwa go mekamekana le se Standford-Xosei a se bitsang go tlhokafala ga buelelwa ga dituelo tsa mafatshe a Aforika mo polotiking ya Europe. <ref>"[https://www.inosaar.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/timeline/pan-afrikan-reparations-coalition-europe Pan-Afrikan Reparations Coalition in Europe]". ''INOSAAR''. 2001. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Letsholo la Maangamizi === Standford-Xosei o simolotse ebile o eteletse pele letsholo la go emisa Maangamizi le gore go beilwe tlhwatlhwa mo kganyaolong. Lefoko Manangamizi le le tswang mo puong ya Swahili le ya go bopaganag ga Aforika, le tlhalosa maiteko a go fedisa batho ba Aforika le ditsela tsotlhe tsa go itshupa o le mo Aforika, mo go supiwang ka metseletsele ya bokgoba jwa dithoto, go laolwa ke mafatshe a sele le go tlontlololwa.<ref>[https://stopthemaangamizi.com/2021/10/20/ourstory-continues-to-be-made-appg-on-african-reparations-appgar-established-today/ "Ourstory continues to be made: APPG on African Reparations (APPGAR) established today"]. ''Stop the Maangamizi''. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Boeteledipele jwa thuto === Jaaka moeteledipele wa lekgotla la Maangamizi la thuto, Standford-Xosei o okametse bontlha jwa thuto jwa letsholo la go emisa Maangamizi. Maikaelelo a lekgotla le ke go tsibosa batho ka dikgang tsa dituelo le go ja boswa ga ngwao ya Aforika.<ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/in/esther-xosei?originalSubdomain=uk "Esther Xosei - Executive Director]". ''LinkedIn''. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> === Go tsaya karolo mo palamenteng === Standford-Xosei o ne a na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhameng setlhopha sa diphathi tsotlhe tsa palamente go lwela dituelo tsa Aforika tsa bokgoba, kwa makgotleng a palamente ya United Kingdom a a itebagantseng le go netefatsa gore Aforika o duelelwa ditshenyegelo tsa bokgoba.<ref>"[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmallparty/211117/afrikan-reparations.htm All-Party Parliamentary Group for African Reparations]". ''UK Parliament''. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2025.</ref> == Motheo wa kakanyo le mokwa wa tuelo == === mofuta o o tseneletseng wa dituelo === Standford-Xosei o rotloetsa mofuta wa dituelo o eseng wa madi fela. mofuta wa gagwe o akaretsa: == Thotloetso mo lefatsheng ka bophara le dikatlego tsa gagwe == === Tsa thuto === Standford-Xosei o itlhomile kwa pele jaaka moithuti wa molweladitshwanelo a ithuta ka tsa molao le tsa ditso. O tsere karolo mo bokopanong jwa dipatlisiso tsa thuto tse di itebagantseng le dituelo, ka go ikopanya le mafarafatlha a baithuti le malweladitshwanelo tsa dituelo tsa Aforika.<ref>"[https://www.inosaar.llc.ed.ac.uk/en/principles-participation Principles of participation]". ''INOSAAR''. Retrieved 19 June 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == pqfr285n960jva1adtbzbg0o7862w9y 0 10754 56868 41123 2026-10-20T03:48:09Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56868 wikitext text/x-wiki Kganyaolo ya kwa [[Rwanda]], e e itsegeng gape e le kganyaolo kgatlhanong le batho ba Tutsi, e diragetse ka Moranang a le malatsi a supa go tsena ka Phukwi a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa 1994 ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae ya Rwanda.<ref>Barnett, Michael (2015). ''Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda'' (Afterword ed.). Cornell University Press. pp. 1, 15, 131–132. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3883-7|978-0-8014-3883-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Mo lobakeng lwa malatsi a le lekgolo, maloko a morafe wa Tutsi, le ba bangwe ba merafe ya Hutu le Twa ba ne ba bolawa ke masole a Hutu. Fa molaomotheo wa Rwanda o supa gore batho ba feta sedikadike babolailwe, dikakanyetso tsa baithuti di supa fa batho ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a matlhano le dikete di le makgolo a marataro, masome a marataro le bobedi ba morafe wa Tutsi batlhokafetse, bontsi e le banna.<ref>[[:en:Luc_Reydams|Reydams, Luc]] (2020). [https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320 "'More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide".] ''Review of African Political Economy''. '''48''' (168): 235–256. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]][https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320 :10.1080/03056244.2020].1796320. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/72340986a7c8fbf2b0ea94e8f28a71ac029eee48 225356374.] <q>The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously.</q></ref><ref>Guichaoua, André (2 January 2020). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 "Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections".] ''Journal of Genocide Research''. '''22''' (1): 125–141. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329]. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1462-3528 1462-3528.] S2CID [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Counting-the-Rwandan-Victims-of-War-and-Genocide%3A-Guichaoua/7c10747dfbd38c45fa4b1f7766715e09a6c16325 213471539]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220217170428/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329 Archived] from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</ref><ref>McGreal, Chris (29 March 2004). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/mar/29/rwanda.chrismcgreal "'It's so difficult to live with what we know']". ''The Guardian''. [[:en:ISSN|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1756-3224 1756-3224.]</ref>Kganyaolo e e ne ya diragala ka pogiso e e feteletseng, batswasetlhabelo gantsi ba bolawa ke ba ba mabapi le bone, le tiriso dikgoka mo tlhakanelong dikobo mo go neng go aname, ka basadi ba ka nna dikete tse di makgolo mabedi, masome a matlhano go tsena kwa diketeng di le makgolo a matlhano ba dirisitswe dikgoka mo tlhakanelong dikobo.<ref>[[:en:Gérard_Prunier|Prunier, Gérard]] (1995). ''The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide'' (1st ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1850652434|978-1850652434]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Nowrojee, Binaifer (1996). ''[https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath]''. New York: [[:en:Human_Rights_Watch|Human Rights Watch]]. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-208-1|978-1-56432-208-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161218190358/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1996/Rwanda.htm Archived] from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</ref> Kganyaolo e e ne e le ka ntlha ya dikgogakgogano tsa merafe tse di tswang kgakala, go tswa mo phetogong ya Rwanda Hutu go tswa ka 1959 go tsena 1962, mo go neg ga baka batho ba Rwanda ba morafe wa Tutsi gore ba tshabele kwa Uganda ka ntlha ya pogisego ya semorafe e e neng e diragetse. Dintwa di ne tsa gakadiwa ke ntwa ya selegae ya Rwanda e e simologileng ka ngwaga wa 1990 fa phathi ya polotiki ya Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) setlhopha se se neng se tletse ditsuolodi tsa Tutsi se ne se tlhasela Rwanda go tswa kwa Uganda. Ntwa e ne ya fela ka kagiso ka ngwaga wa 1993. Le fa go ntse jalo, polao ya ga tautona Juvenal habyarimana ka Moranang a le malatsi a marataro ngwagawa 1994 ene ya tsosolosa kganyaolo, ka batho ba Hutu ba bafeteletsang dilo ba ne ba dirisa nonofo e e seng ya sepe go lebagana le baeteledipele ba Tutsi le ba se kae ba Hutu.<ref>Sullivan, Ronald (7 April 1994). [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/juvenal-habyarimana-57-ruled-rwanda-for-21-years.html "Juvenal Habyarimana, 57, Ruled Rwanda for 21 Years".] ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] 0362-4331. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230613184943/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/juvenal-habyarimana-57-ruled-rwanda-for-21-years.html Archived] from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2025</ref> Le ntswa kganyaolo e e diragetse ka bokete, mafatshefatshe a ne a retelelwa ke go emisa dipolao tse.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-01.htm "Ignoring Genocide (HRW Report – Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)".] ''www.hrw.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230613184943/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/07/obituaries/juvenal-habyarimana-57-ruled-rwanda-for-21-years.html Archived] from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</ref> Phathi ya RPF e ne ya tseledisa ditiro tsa sesole go tsibogela kganyaolo, ba felela ba fenya masole a puso ba fedisa kganyaolo ka go gapa dikgaolo tsotlhe tse di neng di laolwa ke puso. Se se ne sa baka go tshaba ga batho ba ba neng ba ganyaola le batho ba morafe wa Hutu go ya Zaire (kwa jaanong e leng [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]), se sa baka go tlhoka go itshetlela ga kgaolo le go baka ntwa ya ntlha ya Congo ka ngwaga wa 1996. Serodumo sa kganyaolo se santse se le maleba kwa Rwanda. Lefatshe leo le tlhomile malatsi a boitapoloso go ipelela tiragalo le go fetisa melao e e dirang kganyaolo tlolo molao le go kgaoganya batho.<ref>Sullo, Pietro (2018). "Writing History Through Criminal Law: State-Sponsored Memory in Rwanda". ''The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945''. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–85. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95306-6|978-1-349-95306-6]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Yakaré-Oulé, Jansen (11 April 2014). [https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol12/iss2/3/ "Denying Genocide or Denying Free Speech? A Case Study of the Application of Rwanda's Genocide Denial Laws".] ''Northwestern Journal of Human Rights''. '''12''' (2): 192. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190616173200/https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol12/iss2/3/ Archived] from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Banni ba pele ba kwa e le Rwanda gompieno ke ba morafe wa Twa, setlhopha sa batho ba bakhutshwane ka lotso ba e neng e le batsomi ebile e le baphuthi ba ba thibeletseng kwa lefelong leo dingwaga di le sekete se ferabobedi le dikete tse tharo, ba ntse ba teng kwa Rwanda gompieno.<ref>Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History]''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-34-4|978-1-890951-34-4]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210159/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ Archived f]rom the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</ref><ref name=":0">[[:en:Mahmood_Mamdani|Mamdani, Mahmood]] (2002). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC&redir_esc=y When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda]''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10280-1|978-0-691-10280-1]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210201/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</ref> Gareng ga dingwaga di le makgolo a supa le sekete le makgolo a matlhano morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, palo ya ditlhopha tsa batho ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba fudugela kwa Rwanda, ba simolola go tlhagola sekgwa go dira masimo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History]''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN <bdi>978-1-890951-34-4</bdi>. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2025.</ref> Baitseanape ba ditso ba na le dikakanyetso di le dintsi ka phudugo ya batho ba merafe ya Bantu: kakanyetso ya ntlha ke gore bathibeledi ba ntlha ke ba morafe wa Hutu, mme ba Tutsi ba ne ba thibelela morago ba tlhama setlhopha sa morafe wa Cushit.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Gérard_Prunier|Prunier, Gérard]] (1999). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide]'' (2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-9970-02-089-8|978-9970-02-089-8]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210201/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2025</ref> Kakanyo e nngwe ke gore phudugo e ne e le bonya ebile e itshetletse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di mabapi, ka ditlhopha tse di neng di goroga di tshwana ka tshika le tse di ntseng di le teng,<ref>Luis, J. R.; et al. (2004). [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1182266/ "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations".] ''American Journal of Human Genetics''. '''74''' (3): 532–44. doi:[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707618709?via%3Dihub 10.1086/382286]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]] [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1182266/ 1182266]. PMID [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14973781/ 14973781.]</ref> le gore bane ba kopana le bone go na le go ba fenya.<ref name=":0" /> Ka kakanyo e, pharologanyo ya merafe ya Hutu le Tutsi e tsile morago ebile e ne e se ya semorafe, mme e le ya maemo, mo batho ba morafe wa Tutsi ba neng ba disa dikgomo fa ba Hutu ba lema ditshimo. Batho ba merafe ya Tutsi, Hutu le Twa ba Rwanda ba bua puo e le nngwe, botlhe fa ba kopane ba bidiwa Banyarwanda.<ref name=":0" /> [[Setshwantsho:Mémorial Rwanda, Genève 8 avril 2019-17.jpg|thumb|Segopotso sa kganyaolo ya kwa Rwanda kwa Geneva, Switzerland]] Batho ba ne ba kopane, pele ka ditso,<ref name=":1" /> mme morago ka 1700 ba kgaogana go nna magosi a robabobedi.<ref name=":1" /> Bogosi jwa Rwanda jo bo neng bo laolwa ke ba morafe wa Tutsi wa lotso lwa Nyiginya, ba ne ba nna bogosi jo bo kwa godimo go tswa ka lekgolo la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi,<ref name=":1" /> ba ne ba gola ka go gapa batho ba ba tsenya mmo setshabeng, ba bo ba fitlhelela setlhoa ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Kgosi Kigeli rwabugiri ka ngwaga wa 1853 go tsena 1895. Rwabugiri o ne a godisa bogosi kwa bophirima le kwa bokone,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> a dira diphetogo tsa tsamaiso mo go neng ga baka kgotlhang gareng batho ba Hutu le ba Tutsi. Diphetogo tse di ne di akaretsa ''uburetwa,'' e leng tsela ya go pateletsa batho go bereka e batho ba Hutu ba neng ba go dira gore ba bone lefatshe le le neng le tserwe mo go bone,<ref>Pottier, Johan (2002). ''R[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=iRz_QzoVdJcC&redir_esc=y e-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-2873-3|978-0-5215-2873-3]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240116051404/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRz_QzoVdJcC Archived] from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2025.</ref> le ''ubuhake,'' e ka yone batho ba Tutsi ba neng ba neela bareki ba Tutsi le Hutu dikgomo gore ba ba berekela kgotsa ba bone itsholelo e e botoka.<ref name=":2" /> Le ntswa batho ba Hutu le Tutsi ba ne ba tshwarwa ka mo go farologaneng, ba ne ba bua puo e le nngwe, le ngwao ya bone e tshwana, maina a ditso tsa bone a tshwana, dikao tsa losika di ne di ba kopanya.<ref name=":3">[[:en:Samuel_Totten|Samuel Totten]]; William S. Parsons (2009). ''Century of Genocide, Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts''. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. p. 421. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99085-1|<bdi>978-0-415-99085-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Lefatshe la Rwanda le le le bapileng le lolne la Burundi a ne a neelwa Germany kwa bokopanong jwa Berlin jwa 1884,<ref>Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&redir_esc=y Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1]'' (Illustrated ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9|<bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2025.</ref> lefatshe la Germany le ne la supa boleng teng jwa lone kwa lefatsheng leo ka ngwaga wa 1897 ka go aga botsalano le kgosi.<ref name=":4">Carney, J.J. (2013). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=lKFpAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era]''. Oxford University Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780199982288|9780199982288]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230701074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=lKFpAgAAQBAJ Archived] from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2025.</ref> Molao wa Germany e ne e le go etelela pele leaftshe ka bogosi jwa Rwanda; tsamaiso e e ne e siame ka e ne e letla bokolone ka palo potlana ya mephato ya sesole sa kwa Europe.<ref name=":2" /> Ba ba dirang bokolone ba Germany ba ne ba rata batho ba morafe wa tutsi go na le ba Hutu fa ba tlhopha maemo a tsamaiso, ba dumela fa e le batswakwa ba Ethiopia ka jalo ba le kwa godimo ka lotso.<ref>Bruce D. Jones, ''Peacemaking'', S. 17 f; Carsten Heeger, ''Die Erfindung'', S. 23–25.</ref> Kgosi wa Rwanda o ne a amogela ma Jeremane a dirisa nonofo ya bone ya sesole go oketsa puso ya gagwe. Masole a Belgium a ne a tsaya taolo ya Rwanda le Burundi ka ntwa ya ntlha ya mafatshe ka ngwaga wa 1917, <ref name=":2" />mme ka ngwaga wa wa 1926 ba simolola molao wa bokolone.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Batho ba Belgium ba ne ba ntšhafatsa itsholelo ya Rwanda, mme batho ba Tutsi ba ne ba tswelela ba etelela pele, ba tlogela ba morafe wa Hutu ba se na ditshwanelo dipe.<ref name=":2" /> Ka dingwaga tsa 1930 di simologa, lefatshe la Belgium le ne la simolola kgaogano ya sennela ruri ya batho ka go kaoganya batho ba Rwanda ka merafe, ba morafe wa Hutu ba le masome a robabobedi le bone mo lekgolong la batho, ba Tutsi ba le lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong, fa ba Twa ba ne ba le bongwe mo lekgolong. Dikarata tsa tshupo gore o mang di ne tsa neelwa batho di supa (ka fa tlase ga setlhogo sa morafe le lotso) gore motho mongwe le mongwe a ke wa morafe wa Tutsi kgotsa Hutu kgotsa Twa kgotsa ke o o amogetseng boagedi. Fa go en go kile ga kgonagala gore bahumi bangwe ba morafe wa Hutu ba nne batho ba Tutsi ba ba tlotlegang, dikarata tsa tshupo di ne tsa iletsa go kgabaganya morafe mo gareng ga ditlhopha tseo, tsa bo tsa dira gore ditlhopha<ref name=":5">Gourevitch, Philip (2000). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=8OiMfpTiApQC&redir_esc=y We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families]'' (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Picador. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-330-37120-9|978-0-330-37120-9]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210200/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OiMfpTiApQC Archived] from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2025.</ref> tse di neng di amana ka tsa itsholelo di nne ditlhopha tse di tsepameng tsa ditso.<ref>Kamusella, Tomasz (19 July 2022). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/ethnicity-and-estate-the-galician-jacquerie-and-the-rwandan-genocide-compared/6BE393A65E77C1E2BECC4D17ACF8E3D8 "Ethnicity and Estate: The Galician Jacquerie and the Rwandan Genocide Compared".] ''Nationalities Papers''. '''50''' (4): 684–703. [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi:]][https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/ethnicity-and-estate-the-galician-jacquerie-and-the-rwandan-genocide-compared/6BE393A65E77C1E2BECC4D17ACF8E3D8 10.1017/nps.2021.12]. hdl:[https://web.archive.org/web/20250811225913/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/23154 10023/23154]. [[:en:Semantic_Scholar#S2CID|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8349f6b05f59cc0b45486f37483c0c2ac957f0b0 235573417]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210606082928/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/ethnicity-and-estate-the-galician-jacquerie-and-the-rwandan-genocide-compared/6BE393A65E77C1E2BECC4D17ACF8E3D8 Archived] from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021 – via Cambridge University Press.</ref> Ditso tsa batho ba Hutu le Tutsi di ne tsa agiwa sešha ke ba ba neng ba dira lefatshe leo kolone.<ref name=":3" /> barongwa ba BaKeresete kwa rwanda ba ne ba rotloetsa kakanyo ya kgaogano ya tshimologo ya bogosi boo, ba bo ba supa dipopego tsa Ethiopia mo bathong ba Tutsi, ka jalo e le batswakwa.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Linden, Ian (1977). ''Church and Revolution in Rwanda''. Manchester: Manchester University Press.</ref> Dikakanyetso tse di bopa kgomo ya mmopa ya go sa eme le batho ba morafe wa Tutsi ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref name=":3" /> Kakanyetso ya Tutsi ya re kgosi wa pele Kanyarwanda o ne a na le bana ba basimane ba le bantsi, ba akaretsa Gatutsi le Gahutu, bagolwagolwane ba Tutsi le Hutu ba ka jalo e leng motho le monnawe. Kakanyets ya Hutu ya re Kigwa (mogolwagolwane wa Ruhanga le mo Tutsi wa ntlha) o o ole mo loaping awela mo lefatsheng le le neng le nna batho ba Hutu.<ref>Vansina, Jan (1985). ''[https://archive.org/details/oraltraditionash0000vans/mode/2up?q=tutsi Oral tradition as history]''. Internet Archive. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10213-5|978-0-299-10213-5]]</bdi>.</ref> === Phetogo le botsalano jwa Hutu le Tutsi morago ga boipuso === Morago ga ntwa ya bobedi ya lefatshe, letsholo la go fetoga ga Hutu le ne la simolola go gola kwa Rwanda,<ref name=":2" /> le tlhotlhelediwa ke kilo ya phetogo ya dintwa tsa selegae, le kutlwelobotlhoko e e neng e oketsega mo bathong ba Hutu mo kerekeng ya Katoliki.<ref name=":2" /> Barongwa ba kereke ya Katoliki ba ne ba ipona e le bone ba leng phoso go nonotsha batho ba ba humanegileng ba Hutu e seng bahumi ba Tutsi, se se baka go tlhamiwa ga babereki le barutegi ba Hutu mo go neng ga baka tekatekano ya tsamaiso ya sepolotiki.<ref name=":2" /> Bogosi le batho ba tlhwatlhwa ba Tutsi ba ne ba lemoga thotloetso e e golelang pele ya batho ba Hutu, ba simolola go gwetlha boipuso go ya ka fa ba bo batlang ka teng.<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1957, setlhopha sa baithuti ba Hutu ba ne ba kwala maitlamo wa BaHutu. E e ne e le mokwalo wa ntlha go supa fa batho ba Tutsi le Hutu e le merafe e e sa tshwaneng, wa bo wa kopa go neelwa matla ga batho ba Hutu go tswa kwa go ba Hutsi, se ba neng ab se bitsa molao wa dipalo.<ref name=":2" /> [[Setshwantsho:Africa addio (1966) - Rwandan revolution 2.png|left|thumb|Batho ba Tutsi ba bolailwe ke ba sesole sa Hutu ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1964.]] Ka Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa 1959, Dominique Mbonyumutwa, kgosana ya morafe wa Hutu, o ne a tlhaselwa gautshwane le kwa lolwapeng lwa gagwe kwa Byimana,<ref name=":4" /> ke ba ema nokeng ba Tutsi. Mbonyumutwa o ne a falola, mme magatwe a ne a anama a gore o bolailwe.<ref name=":5" /> balweladitshwanelo ba Hutu ba ne ba tsiboga ka go bolaya batho ba morafe wa Tutsi, ba maemo le batho fela, se sa simolola phetogo ya Rwanda.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tutsi ba ne ba tsiboga ka ditlhaselo tsa bone, mme ka nako e batho ba Hutu ba ne ba enngwe nokeng ke batsamaisi ba Belgium ba ba neng ba batla go ntsha ba Tutsi mo setilong.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Ka dingwaga tsa 1960 di simologa, batho ba Belgium ba ne ba tsaya maemo a bontsi jwa dikgosi tsa Tutsi ba a neela batho ba Hutu, mme ba rulaganya ditlhopho tsa gare ga ngwaga tse di neng tsa itemogela go welesega ga batho ba Hutu ba le bantsi.<ref name=":2" /> Kgosi o ne a thankgolwa, ga dirwa lefatshe le le eteletsweng pele ke batho ba morafe wa Hutu, lefatshe la tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa 1962. Jaaka phetogo e ne e tswelela pele, batho ba morafe wa Tutsi ba ne ba simola go tswa mo lefatsheng go tshaba go tlosiwa ke batho ba Hutu, ba thibelela mo mafatsheng a mane a a mabapi ebong Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania le Zaire.<ref name=":0" /> Go tshaba mo, go ne ga dira gore ba bonwe e le batshabi kwa mafatsheng a ba neng ba gorogela kwa go one,<ref name=":2" /> go sa tshwane le Banyarwanda ba baneng ab fudugile ka nako ya bokolone le pele ga bokolone, ba simolola go batla go boela kwa Rwanda ka ponyo ya leitlho.<ref name=":2" /> Ba ne ba dira ditlhopha tse di tshotseng dibetsa tse di neng tsa tlhasela Rwanda, ba ne ba retelelwa, mme ba baka polao ya batho ba Tutsi ba le dikete di le lesome, le go tshaba mo go oketsegileng ga batho ba Tutsi.<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1964, batho ba morafe wa Tutsi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo ba ne ba tshabile, mme ba patelesega go nna mo botshwareng dingwaga tse di masome mararo tse di latelang.<ref name=":2" /> Gregoire Kayibanda o ne a etelela pele lefatshe la Hutu mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang, a dirisa molao wa kgatelelo o o tshwanang le wa bogosi jwa pele ga phetogo.<ref name=":2" /> O ne a thankgolwa ka ngwaga wa 1973, mo go neng ga baya tautona Juvenal Habyarimana mo pusong. Go rata batho ba Hutu le go nna kgatlhanong le ba Tutsi go ne ga tswelela kwa Rwanda, le ntwa tlhaselo ya batho ba Tutsi e ne e wetse tlase ka tsela nngwe.<ref name=":6">Prunier 1999, pp. 74–76.</ref> Habyarimana o ne a tlhama letsholo la puso ya batho ka batho le tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1975, a dira molaomotheo o mosha ka 1978, a dira lefatshe leo go nna la phathi e nngwefela, mo moagi mongwe le mongwe e neng e le leloko la phathi eo.<ref>Twagilimana, Aimable (2007). ''Historical dictionary of Rwanda''. Scarecrow Press. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5313-3|978-0-8108-5313-3]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/title/141852090 141852090].</ref> Ka banni ba le makgolo a mane le borobabobedi mo khilomithareng e le nngwe, palo ya batho ba Rwanda ke nngwe ya tse di kwa godimo thata mo Aforika. Palo ya batho ba Rwanda e oketsegile go tswa kwa go sedikadike se le sengwe le dikete di le thataro ka ngwaga wa 1934 go ya kwa go didikadike di supa le sekete se le sengwe ka 1989, se se baka go lwela lefatshe. Baitseanape ba ditso jaaka Gerard Prunier ba dumela gore kganyaolo ya 1994 e ka amanngwa le palo e ntsi ya batho ba koo.<ref name=":2" /> === Ntwa ya selegae ya Rwanda === [[Setshwantsho:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|Paul Kagame, moeteledipele wa Rwanda Patrioic Front ka nako ya ntwa ya selegae]] Ka dingwaga tsa 1980, setlhopha sa batshabi ba Rwanda ba le makgolo matlhano kwa [[Uganda]], ba eteletswe pele ke Fred Rwigyema ba ne ba lwantsha ditsuolodi tsa National Resistance Army (NRA) kwa ntweng ya sekgwa ya Uganda, kwa go neng ga thankgolwa Milton Obote ke Yoweri Museveni.<ref>[[:en:Stephen_Kinzer|Kinzer, Stephen]] (2008). ''A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It''. London: Wiley Books. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12015-6|978-0-470-12015-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Masole a a ne a sala mo sesoleng sa Uganda morago ga go tlhomiwa semmuso ga ga Museveni go nna tautona ya lefatshe la Uganda, mme ka nako e le nngwe ga baakanyediwa go tlhasela lefatshe la Rwanda.<ref name=":7">[[:en:Linda_Melvern|Melvern, Linda]] (2004). ''[[iarchive:conspiracytomurd00melv|Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide]]''. London and New York: [[:en:Verso_Books|Verso.]] [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-588-2|978-1-85984-588-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1990, Rwigyema o ne a etelela pele sesole sa ditsuolodi le dikete di le nne go tswa kwa Uganda, ba tsena mo Rwanda dikhilomithara di le masome a marataro, ka sekao sa Rwanda Patriotic Front.<ref name=":2" /> Rwigyema o ne a bolawa ka letsatsi la boraro la tlhaselo, mafatshe a France le Zaire a romela masole go ema nokeng masole a Rwanda, ba kgona go emisa tlhaselo.<ref name=":2" /> Mothusa Rwigyema Paul kagame o ne a tsaya taolo ya sesole, a rulaganya go boela morago go fetwa ka Uganda go ya dithabeng tsa vrunga, lefelo le le makgwakgwa kwa bokone jwa Rwanda. Go tswa koo, o ne a baakanya sesole a se neela dibetsa, a dira kgobokanyo ya madi le go thapa sešha mo tikologong ya Tutsi.<ref name=":2" /> Kagame o ne a simolola ntwa gape ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1991, ka tlhaselo e e makaditseng batho kwa bokone jwa toropo ya Ruhengeri. RPF e ne ya gapa toropo, ka ba nen ba gakgamaditse batho, ba e tshwara letsatsi le le lengwe pele ga ba boela kwa sekgweng. Ngwaga o o latelang, RPF e ne ya dira ntwa ya go tlhasela ba bo ba tshaba, ba gapa melelwane mengwe mme ba sa dire sepe se se kalo mo sesoleng sa Rwanda. Ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa 1992, morago ga go dira phathi e nngwe fela e e kopantseng tse dingwe kwa Kigali, RPF e ne ya supa fa e digile dibetsa ba simolola go buisana le puso ya Rwanda kwa Arusha Tanzania. Ka ngwaga ya 1993 e simologa, ditlhopha tsa Hutu di ne tsa tlhamiwa tsa simolola go bolotsa matsholo a tlhaselo kgatlhanong le ba Tutsi.RPF e ne ya fetola ka go nama e emisitse dipuisano tsa kagiso ya dira tlhaselo e kgolo, ya fenya lefatshe le letona kwa bokone jwa lefatshe.<ref name=":2" /> Dipuisano tsa kagiso le thokgamo di ne tsa tswelela kwa Arusha; ditumalano tse di neng tsa dirwa di ne tsa bewa monwana ka Phatwe ngwaga wa 1993, go fiwa RPF maemo mo pusong e ntsha le mo sesoleng sa lefatshe.<ref name=":2" /> Letsholo la United Nations la go thusa Rwanda, le ne la romela setlhopha sa kagiso le thokgamo kwa lefatsheng leome RPF ya neelwa phatlha kwa palamenteng kwa Kigali, go e dirisa fa e tlhoma puso.<ref>[[:en:Roméo_Dallaire|Dallaire, Roméo]] (2005). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y ''Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda''.] London: [[:en:Random_House|Arrow Books]]. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-09-947893-5|978-0-09-947893-5]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230701074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ Archived] from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2025</ref> === Letsholo la go nonotsha Hutu === Mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa puso ya ga Habyarimana, go ne go na le tswelelo pele ya itsholelo le phpkotsego ya dintwa kgatlhanong le batho baorafe wa Tutsi.<ref name=":2" /> Bontsi jwa batho ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le batho ba Tutsi ba ne ba ntse ba le teng, ba akaretsa lolwapa lwa ga mohumagadi wa ga tautoma ebong Agathe Haryarimana, ba ba neng ba itsege ka akazu kgotsa clan se Madame,<ref name=":2" /> le tautona o ne a ikaegile ka bone go tshegetsa puso ya gagwe.<ref name=":7" /> Fa RPF e tlhasela ka Phalane ngwaga wa 1990, Habyarimama le batho ba ba kgatlhanong ba ne ba tlhasela letshogo la batho ka go tsweledisa go nna kgatlhanong le morafe wa Tutsi mo go neng ga itsewe jaaka maatla a Tutsi. Batho ba Tutsi ba ne ba lebiwa ka pelaelo, thulaganyo e ne ya dirwa ka Phalane a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa 1990 kwa kgaolong ya Gisenyi, kwa go neng ga bolawa batho ba Tutsi ba le makgolo mararo masome a robabobedi le boraro.<ref>Guichaoua, André (2015). ''From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994''. University of Wisconsin Press. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0299298203|978-0299298203]]</bdi>.</ref> Setlhopha sa sesole le maloko a puso ba ne ba simolodisa pampiri ya dikgang e bidiwa Kangura e e neng ya itsege lefatshe lotlhe. Go nna kgatlhanong le batho ba Tutsi mo go kwadilweng go akaretsa melao e e lesome ya Hutu, melawana ya tlhaolele e akaretsa go bitsa batho ba Hutu ba ba nyetseng ba Tutsi batsietsi. Ka ngwaga wa 1992, ba ba kgatlhanong ba ne ba dira bokopano jwa go sireletsa phathi ya tshireletso lefatshe ya Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR), e e neng e amana le phathi e e busang Mme e sokametse kwa mojeng, ebile e rotloetsa lenaane le le neng le kgalela tautona go nna boleta mo bathong ba RPF.<ref name=":6" /> Go dira ntwa ya itsholelo, setho le polotiki gore e lebege e le ya semorafe, ba ba tsamayang le tautona ba akaretsa sesole ba ne ba simolola matsholo a go bola dikgomo tsa mmopa ka mathata a semorafe a a bakilweng ke Tutsi le RPF. Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhalosiwa e le polotiki ya seipone kgotsa go akela motho mo seiponeng,<ref>Des Forges, Alison (1999). [https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/rwanda0399.htm Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda] (Report). New York: [[:en:Human_Rights_Watch|Human Rights Watch.]] ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-56432-171-1|1-56432-171-1]]</bdi>. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2025.</ref> mo motho a peng motho o dirile sengwe e le se ene a batlang go se dira.<ref>THE PROSECUTOR VERSUS JEAN-PAUL AKAYESU Case No. ICTR-96-4-T at paras. 99–100</ref> Morago ga tumalano ya 1992 ya go emisa ntwa, palo ya ba ba ratang go tseela dilo kgakala ba puso ya Rwanda le masole ba ne ba simolola go logela tautona segole, ba tshwenyegile ka kgonagalo ya go tsenya batho ba Tutsi mo pusong.<ref name=":2" /> Habyarimana o ne a leka go ntsha batho ba ba ratang go dira dilo tse di thata mo maemong a a kwa godimo a sesole, mme o ne a kgona bontlha bongwe fela, ba ba berekisanang le akazu ebong Augustin Ndindiliyimana le Theoneste Bagosora ba ne ba sala mo maemong a a kwa godimo, ba tlogelela lolwapa lwa ba ba ratang go dira dilo tse di thata kamano ya nonofo. Mo ngwageng wa 1992 otlhe, batho ba ba ratang go dira dilo thata ba ne ba dira matsholo a go bolaya batho ba Tutsi, mo go neng ga ya magoletsa ka Firikgong ngwaga wa 1993, mo batho ba Hutu ba neng ba bolaya batho ba le makgolo a mararo. Fa ba RPF ba tsweledisa dintwa ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa 1993, ba ne ba supa fa dipolao tse e le tsone di gwetlhileng tlhaselo e, mme ditlamorago tsa yone e ne e le go oketsa kemo nokeng ya batho ba ba ratang go dira dilo tse di thata mo morafeng wa Hutu. Go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1993 o le fa gare, letsholo la go nonotsha morafe wa Hutu le ne le emetse maatla a boraro mo polotiking ya Rwanda, fa godimo ga puso ya ga Habryarimana le ba ba kgathlanong ba se kae. Kwa ntle ga CDR, go ne go sena phathi e nngwe e e neng e le bontlha jwa letsholo le. == Metswedi == fk7n5wzs3yo8j05zsohr7u9nxhtfo34 0 11899 56862 45126 2026-10-20T00:15:49Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chafika Meslem''' (o tshotswe ka Phalane a thola bobedi (2) ka ngwaga wa 1934 abo a thokafala ka Phukwi ngwaga wa 2000) e ne e le mmadipolotiki le morutabana wa Algeria. == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Chafika Meslem o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phalane e thola bobbedi(2) ka ngwaga wa 1934, kwa Belouizdad, e ka nako eo e neng e itsege jaaka [[Belcourt]], kgaolo ya [[Algiers.]] O goletse koo le bomonnawe le bokgaitsadie ba batlhano. O ne a tswa mo lelapeng le le humanegileng thata: rraagwe e ne e le modiri wa dikepe mme mmaagwe e ne e le modiri wa diaparo.<ref>"Première femme diplomate de l'Algérie indépendante (1re partie)". ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20191111142759/https://www.elwatan.com/pages-hebdo/histoire/premiere-femme-diplomate-de-lalgerie-independante-1re-partie-20-03-2016 elwatan.com]''</ref> O ne a tsena sekolo sa poraemari le sa sekontari kwa Algiers. Dithuto tsa gagwe tsa yunibesithi tsa dibuka le tsa saense ya sepolotiki di ne tsa kgaupediwa ke go runya ga ntwa ya Algeria ya boipuso. E le karolo ya moloko wa balweladiphetogo wa ngwaga wa 1954, o ne a tsaya karolo mo mokgatlhong wa go lwela kgololosego ya Algeria. O ne a tshwarwa kwa tshimologong ya ngwaya wa 1957 mme morago ga moo a atlholelwa, o ne a tshwanelwa ke go tswa mo nageng go fitlhela naga e bona boipuso ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaga wa 1962.<ref>Mathiason, John R. (2006). ''The Long March to Beijing: the United Nations and the Women's Revolution'' (PDF). Vol. I: The Vienna Period.[https://web.archive.org/web/20250221040910/http://intlhum.cipa.cornell.edu/Readings/Long%20March%20Part%20One.pdf]</ref> Chafika o ne a setse a le matlhagatlhaga thata mo bongwaneng jwa gagwe jwa pele jaaka a ne a tsaya karolo mo ditirong di le dintsi jaaka di-scouts, conservatory ya masepala le go ya kwa dikampeng tsa selemo tse di bopileng botho jwa gagwe le go nna le mogopolo o o bulegileng. Fa a ne a le dingwaga di le 8, ka nako ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe II fa morutabana wa gagwe a ne a le gaufi le go mo tsenya mo setlhopheng sa Bajuda ba a neng a tsena le bone mo tlelaseng, o ne a ema a nitame mme a bolela gore ke wa naga ya gaabo e bile ga se motswakwa. Ke ene mosadi wa ntlha go nna le maemo a go nna Tona e e nang le dithata kwa Algeria.<ref>"Chafika MESLEM, première femme diplomate de l'Algérie indépendante". ''radiodessansvoix.org''. Retrieved 2019-11-[https://web.archive.org/web/20200212001236/http://www.radiodessansvoix.org/2016/11/23/chafika-meslem-premiere-femme-diplomate-de-lalgerie-independante/ 13]</ref> == Loso le boswa == Chafika Meslem o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2000 kwa Zurich mme o fitlhilwe kwa Divonne-Les-Bains kwa Fora.<ref>André, Marc (2016), "Sympathies", ''Femmes dévoilées : Des Algériennes en France à l’heure de la décolonisation'', Sociétés, Espaces, Temps (in French), Lyon: ENS Éditions, ISBN <bdi>978-2-84788-842-3</bdi>, retrieved 2024-10-[https://books.openedition.org/enseditions/7287 23]</ref> == Metswedi == 37cyw6ops41ybu0kvi6r7j3h1086ipd 0 12100 56875 45297 2026-10-20T10:45:51Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56875 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Towela Kaira 04.jpg|thumb|Towela performing]] '''Towela Kaira''' (o belegwe ka 9 Sedimonthole 1993) ke moopedi, mokwadi wa dipina le motshameki wa mmino wa kwa Zambia,^{[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct72cn <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]}^{[https://pickwap.net/towela-kaira-baby/ <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>]} yo o itsegeng ka leina la Towela. ^{[https://www.zambianmusicpromos.co/towela-biography/ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]} O itsege ka go ntsha lentswe la gagwe ka tsela e e amang maikutlo le go fetofetoga le maemo go kgabaganya Afro-fusion, R&B, le pop, mme o tlhageletse jaaka mongwe wa batho ba ba eteletseng pele mo mmileng wa mmino wa segompieno wa Zambia. Mo godimo ga tiro ya gagwe ya mmino, o ne a tlhagelela mo thelebišeneng ya motseletsele wa Mungoma, a tshameka karolo ya Chichi. Towela o amogetse tlotlo e kgolo, go akaretsa le Kwacha Music Award for Best Female Artist.^{[https://mdundo.com/news/31404 <nowiki>[ 6]</nowiki>]} Kaira o simolotse go dira jaaka modiri wa porofeshenale ka ngwaga wa 2019 ka pina ya gagwe ya "Gold", mme a itsege ka go kopanya mmino wa Afro-pop le wa R&B. Morago ga katlego ya gagwe ya kwa tshimologong, o ne a saena le Nexus Music Entertainment ka 2020,^{[https://afrikalyrics.com/artist/towela-kaira <nowiki>[7]</nowiki>]} a golola dipina tse di jaaka "No Drama", "Delay", le "Lover", tse di neng tsa amogelwa ke babegadikgang.^{[https://tgzmag.com/towela-kaira-takes-the-zambian-music-scene-by-storm/ <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>]} Tirisanommogo ya gagwe le baopedi ba ba itsegeng ba Zambia, segolo bogolo bomonnawe Macky 2 le Chef 187[https://lusakastar.com/entertainment/towela-kaira-blows-with-delay ,^{<nowiki>[8]</nowiki>}] ba ne ba oketsa maemo a gagwe mme ba mo thusa go tiisa maemo a gagwe mo intasetering ya mmino. ^{[https://mdundo.com/news/36095 <nowiki>[9]</nowiki>]} ^{[https://zambiaprofiles.com/towela-kaira-biography-career-education-songs-personal-life/ <nowiki>[10]</nowiki>]} Tiro ya gagwe e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo thulaganyong ya BBC ya This Is Africa ka 2025, koo a neng a bua ka botaki jwa gagwe le dikgwetlho tsa gagwe tsa loago. ^{[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct72cn <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]} Ka kwa ntle ga mmino, Kaira o ne a buelela go bonale ga basadi le ditshono tsa bona mo go tsa boitlosobodutu, a dirisa sethala sa gagwe go rotloetsa le go maatlafatsa bataki ba basadi ba ba golang kwa Zambia. Tshusumetso ya gagwe mo setsong sa setso sa Zambia e lemogilwe ka bophara, mme a bewa jaaka motho wa botlhokwa mo mminong wa segompieno wa Seaforika. ^{[https://www.facebook.com/kilamaid/posts/towela-kaira-biography-music-career-family-and-relationships-towela-kaira-was-bo/357510922576517 <nowiki>[12]</nowiki>]} == Motswedi == [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct72cn <nowiki>[1] "BBC World Service - This Is Africa, Zambia Ku Chalo: Part three</nowiki>]". BBC. Retrieved 28 July 2025. [2] pickwap (22 February 2023). [https://pickwap.net/towela-kaira-baby/ "Towela Kaira – Baby | Pickwap Music"]. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [3] Morgan (7 September 2021). [https://www.zambianmusicpromos.co/towela-biography/ "Towela || Biography".] Zambianmusicpromos. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [https://zambianplay.com/towela-kaira-baby/ <nowiki>[4] "Towela Kaira - Baby Mp3 Download - Zambianplay</nowiki>]". zambianplay.com. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [5] Mwakamui, Namwaka (14 August 2021). [https://tgzmag.com/towela-kaira-takes-the-zambian-music-scene-by-storm/ "TOWELA KAIRA TAKES THE ZAMBIAN MUSIC SCENE BY STORM"]. The Global Zambian Magazine. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [https://mdundo.com/news/31404 <nowiki>[6] "Towela Kaira Biography, Music Career, Family, Relationships and Net Worth</nowiki>]". Mdundo. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [https://afrikalyrics.com/artist/towela-kaira <nowiki>[7] "Towela Kaira Lyrics, Biography and Albums | AfrikaLyrics"</nowiki>]. Afrika Lyrics. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [8] Chileshe, Musonda (13 January 2020). [https://lusakastar.com/entertainment/towela-kaira-blows-with-delay "TOWELA KAIRA BLOWS WITH 'DELAY'"]. Lusaka Star. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [https://mdundo.com/news/36095 <nowiki>[9]"Macky 2, Chef 187 & Towela Kaira Thrill Zambia with First-ever Joint Performance ⚜ Latest music news online"</nowiki>]. mdundo.com. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250916005409/https://zambiaprofiles.com/towela-kaira-biography-career-education-songs-personal-life/ <nowiki>[10] "Towela Kaira Biography"</nowiki>]. Zambia Profiles. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [https://diggers.news/lifestyle/2023/12/16/towela-esther-pompi-shine-at-ngoma-awards-as-yo-maps-bags-hattrick/ <nowiki>[11] "Towela, Esther, Pompi shine at Ngoma Awards as Yo Maps bags hattrick"</nowiki>]. Zambia: News Diggers!. Retrieved 24 July 2025. [https://www.facebook.com/kilamaid/posts/towela-kaira-biography-music-career-family-and-relationships-towela-kaira-was-bo/357510922576517 <nowiki>[12] "Towela Kaira Biography, Music Career, Family and Relationships</nowiki>]". Facebook. Retrieved 24 July 2025. 4o40agzuotgqo7hqrkb2k2wx8d4sfrw 0 12165 56866 45626 2026-10-20T01:57:03Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Flora Suya''' ke motshameki wa mo Malawi. O ne a tlhophiwa jaaka motshameki yo o gaisang wa mosadi kwa moletlong wa 6th le [[:en:9th_Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards|9th Africa Movie Academy Awards]]. == Tiro == Mmogo le [[:en:Tapiwa_Gwaza|Tapiwa Gwaza]], Suya o ne a tshameka karolo ya go etelela pele mo go Seasons of a Life (2010), e e tlhalosang mathata a mosetsana wa mo Afrika yo o neng a betelelwa ke mookamedi wa gagwe, yo o neng a gana go mo fa ngwana wa gagwe. O ne a amogela [[:en:Africa_Movie_Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Leading_Role|Africa Movie Academy Award ya Best Actress]] in a Leading Role ka ntlha ya seabe sa gagwe mo filiming e. Ka 2013, o ne a tshameka mo [[:en:Shemu_Joyah|Shemu Joyah]], Last Fishing Boat, mo a neng a le moratiwa wa mojanala le mosadi wa monna yo o nyetseng basadi ba le mmalwa, karolo e e neng ya mo dira gore a tlhophiwe jaaka motshameki yo o gaisang wa sesadi kwa [[:en:AMAA|AMAA]] awards. Ka 2014, o ne a dira karolo ya gagwe mo filiming ya kwa Zambia, Chenda, e e buang ka mathata a basadi ba ba sa kgoneng go tshola bana ba nang le one le tsela e banna ba Maaforika ba tsibogelang seemo sa bone ka teng. Filimi e simolotswe ka Sedimonthole 2014, mme ya gololwa ka 2015. ^{[https://web.archive.org/web/20190710134451/http://mwnation.com/flora-suyas-zambian-movie-launched/ <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]} Ka 2016, filimi ya gagwe, My Mothers Story e ne ya itsisiwe jaaka nngwe ya difilimi tse di bulang kwa [[:en:Silicon_Valley_African_Film_Festival|Silicon Valley African Film Festival]] kwa United States.^{[https://malawi24.com/2016/10/13/flora-suya-off-to-usa-to-premiere-her-film/ <nowiki>[7]</nowiki>]} filimi e e bua ka mathata a basadi ba a itemogelang go sireletsa legae la bona ntle le thuso ya monna. Mo filiming e, o tshameka Tadala, mmè yo o sa nyalwang mo maemong a bong le a setso a Afrika. O ne a le motshameki wa konokono mo filiming ya metsotso e le masome a robongwe e e neng ya bontshiwa kwa Lilongwe ka Motsheganong, mme gape o ne a akaretsa [[:en:Tapiwa_Gwaza|Tapiwa Gwaza]] le Miriam Mwazimva.^{[https://www.nyasatimes.com/new-malawi-movie-premier-may-28-flora-suyas-my-mothers-story/ <nowiki>[ 9]</nowiki>]} Fa Flora Suya a ne a dira filimi ya gagwe ya 2018, Pen Pal e e buang ka mosadi yo o tsiediwang gore a nyale motho yo o sa tshwanelang mme moragonyana a kopana le tsala ya gagwe ya go kwalela. Suya gape o ne a thapa Tapiwa Gwaza, mo lekgetlhong leno e le ene motshameki yo mogolo.^{[ [https://rootflix.com/Film/Detail/dear-pen-pal <nowiki>10]</nowiki>]} Ka 2020 o ne a boela kwa Zambia go tlhagelela mo mananeong a mararo a sesepa sa letsatsi le letsatsi, Zuba. ^{[https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawian-actress-flora-suya-premiers-in-zuba-on-zambezi-magic/ <nowiki>[11]</nowiki>]} Ka 2025 o ne a ema go nna Moporesidente wa Mokgatlho wa Filimi wa Malawi mme o ne a fenngwa ke rakgwebo Dorothy Kingston.^{[https://malawi24.com/2025/04/29/over-100-days-later-flora-suya-concedes-fama-presidency-defeat/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=lobV5fq7q6t7hWqqsBi0zrVyIXBR6zAMyPWHNKI9h_I-1764521396-1.0.1.1-BEV4xnSzA.Oc9dC2fSKhZRxJf42cbYHU8RJrH_SHEn0 <nowiki>[ 12]</nowiki>][[https://times.mw/kingston-fama-position-sparks-mixed-reactions/ <nowiki>13]</nowiki>]} == Mwtswedi == [http://www.indiewire.com/2012/08/artmattan-productions-adds-award-winning-malawian-film-seasons-of-a-life-to-library-143391/ <nowiki>[1] "ArtMattan Productions Adds Award-Winning Malawian Film 'Seasons of a Life' To Library</nowiki>]". Indiewire. Retrieved November 1, 2017. [https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/15554/amaa-2010-malawis-flora-suya-in-top-race-for-best-actress.html <nowiki>[2] "AMAA 2010: Malawi's Flora Suya in top race for Best Actress award".</nowiki>] Nigeria Voice. March 26, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2017. [http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawian-new-film-the-last-fishing-boat-hits-the-market-this-month/ <nowiki>[3] "Malawian new film 'The Last Fishing Boat' hits the market this month"</nowiki>]. nyasatimes.com. December 2, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2017. [https://ynaija.com/amaa-2013-rita-dominic-yvonne-okoro-flora-suya-who-becomes-africas-queen-of-the-screen/ <nowiki>[4] "AMAA 2013: RITA DOMINIC , YVONNE OKORO, FLORA SUYA… WHO BECOMES AFRICA'S QUEEN OF THE SCREEN?</nowiki>]". YNaija. April 20, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2017. [5] Ngiwira, Robert (July 21, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710081331/http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/07/malawian-actress-flora-suya-to-feature-in-zambian-movie/ "MALAWIAN ACTRESS, FLORA SUYA TO FEATURE IN ZAMBIAN MOVIE"]. Face of Malawi. Retrieved November 1, 2017. [6] reporter (December 11, 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710134451/http://mwnation.com/flora-suyas-zambian-movie-launched/ "Flora Suya's Zambian movie launched"]. MW Nation. Retrieved November 1, 2017. [7]Maulidi, Frank (October 13, 2016). [https://malawi24.com/2016/10/13/flora-suya-off-to-usa-to-premiere-her-film/ "Flora Suya off to USA to premiere her film"]. Malawi 24. Retrieved November 1, 2017. [8] Bisani, Luke (May 31, 2016). [https://malawi24.com/2016/05/31/flora-suya-plays-single-mother-new-movie/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=34NTeh0WzYs5jUTgUthOlLrjJTeplWGarehxtafCWYk-1764521202-1.0.1.1-T._S8xping.lfnar4bKMANsgnDNnMghnup_NmUSTDDg "Flora Suya plays single mother in new movie]". Malawi 24. Retrieved November 1, 2017. [https://www.nyasatimes.com/new-malawi-movie-premier-may-28-flora-suyas-my-mothers-story/ <nowiki>[9] "New Malawi movie premier May 28: Flora Suya's 'My mother's story' - Malawi Nyasa Times".</nowiki>] www.nyasatimes.com. 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2025-04-02. [https://rootflix.com/Film/Detail/dear-pen-pal <nowiki>[10] "DEAR PEN PAL | ROOTFLIX®"</nowiki>]. DEAR PEN PAL | ROOTFLIX. Retrieved 2025-04-02. [https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawian-actress-flora-suya-premiers-in-zuba-on-zambezi-magic/ <nowiki>[11] "Malawian actress Flora Suya premiers in Zuba on Zambezi Magic - Malawi Nyasa Times".</nowiki>] www.nyasatimes.com. 2021-01-01. Retrieved 2025-04-02. [12] Nzangaya, Archangel (2025-04-29). "[https://malawi24.com/2025/04/29/over-100-days-later-flora-suya-concedes-fama-presidency-defeat/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=lobV5fq7q6t7hWqqsBi0zrVyIXBR6zAMyPWHNKI9h_I-1764521396-1.0.1.1-BEV4xnSzA.Oc9dC2fSKhZRxJf42cbYHU8RJrH_SHEn0 Over 100 days later: Flora Suya concedes FAMA presidency defeat Malawi 24 | Latest News from Malawi"]. Malawi 24. Retrieved 2025-04-29. [13] News, Times (2025-01-07). "[https://times.mw/kingston-fama-position-sparks-mixed-reactions/ Kingston Fama position sparks mixed reactions".] The Times Group. Retrieved 2025-04-29. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) qpmfx6kqzmrmc65vdpzpx8igpwcn5ez 0 12233 56867 56478 2026-10-20T03:34:03Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamogelo Matona''' o bonwe ka 29 Ngwanatsele 1999<ref>https://www.news24.com/drum/news/cassper-nyovest-and-kamo-mphela-to-headline-cape-towns-first-formula-1-experience-20251128-0669</ref>, yo o itsegeng ka seporofešenale jaaka '''Kamo Mphela''', ke motantshi le seopedi [[Amapiano|sa amapiano]] sa [[Aforika Borwa]]. O nnile motho yo o tumileng mo inthaneteng morago ga gore a tsenye bidio ya gagwe ya go bina mo akhaontong ya gagwe ya media wa botsalano.<ref>[https://briefly.co.za/86953-kamo-mphela-bags-awesome-ambassadorship-shows-bagging-face.html "Kamo Mphela bags awesome ambassadorship and shows off her bagging face"]. briefly.co.za. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020</ref> == Botshelo le thuto == Mphela o goletse kwa toropong ya Emdeni, [[Soweto]]. O ne a ithuta Media kwa Boston Media House, ngwaga o le mongwe.<ref>[https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/kamogelo-mphela-is-the-new-dancing-queen-in-town-38162227 "Kamogelo Mphela is the new dancing queen in town"]. iol.co.za. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020</ref> == Tiro == Kgatlhego ya gagwe ya go bina e simolotse a sa le monnye, fa a ne a tsamaya le rraagwe yo a neng a dira kwa [[YFM]] le kwa ditiragalong tse a neng a tla dira mo seraleng le go bina mo go neng ga felela go dirile gore a tlhagelele thata ka go tshameka dipina tse di tshelang.<ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-11-15-listen--kamo-mphela-if-youre-doing-normal-things-people-wont-see-you-as-different/ "Kamo Mphela: If you're doing normal things people won't see you as different"]. Times Live. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020</ref> Moragonyana o ne a tuma ka go tsenya dibidio mo [[Instagram]] koo a neng a bontsha bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go bina. Pele a simolola tiro ya gagwe ya go bina o ne a kile a leka go tshameka motshameko wa go tshameka mme a nna le tshono ya go nna moanelwa mo seraleng sa thelebišene sa [[Isibaya]], mme moragonyana o ne a lemoga gore se ne se sa mo tshwanela mme a simolola go tshameka jaaka motantshi kwa dikonsarateng. Bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go bina kgabagare bo ne jwa dira gore a bidiwe "Kgosigadi ya Amapiano".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200924120732/https://www.zkhiphani.co.za/the-rise-of-kamo-mphela/ "The Rise Of Kamo Mphela – The Girl WIth A Thousand Faces".] Zkhiphani. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020</ref> Ka 2019, o ne a saena le Major League Music mme a golola [[EP]] ya gagwe e e bidiwang, Twentee ka fa tlase ga label.<ref>[https://www.dailysun.co.za/Celebs/major-league-djs-signed-kamo-mphela-20191116 "Major League DJs Signed Kamo Mphela!"]. Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 16 November 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2020</ref> O ile a boela a lokolla dipina tse kang "Suka Emabozeni" le "Menemene" mme o ile a sebedisana le sebini sa Afrika Borwa [[Busiswa]] ka e le nngwe "Sbwl"<ref>[https://www.okayafrica.com/busiswa-and-kamo-mphela-single-sbwl/ Busiswa and Kamo Mphela Summon The Summer in New Visuals for Their Single 'SBWL'"]. Okay Africa. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020</ref> mme o ile a hlahiswa ka MFR Soulz le le leng "Amanikiniki" Ranked # 1 ka Good Hope FM ya SA House Music Top 10 Chart.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201014075804/https://justnje.com/mfr-souls-release-amanikiniki-music-video-featuring-kamo-mphela-bontle-smith-and-major-league-djz/ "MFR Souls release Amanikiniki music video, featuring Kamo Mphela, Bontle Smith and Major League DJz". Just Nje]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200920043826/http://www.goodhopefm.co.za/sabc/home/goodhopefm/charts/details?id=234dbb34-3cc4-4ab0-bf06-6ff8018cb66d&title=The%20SA%20House%20Chart SA House Chart"]. goodhopefm.co.za. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020</ref>. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</ref> O ne a tshameka le go dira le baopedi ba selegae jaaka [[Nadia Nakai]] le [[Killer Kau]]. O ne a tlhagisiwa jaaka moopedi le motantshi mo dipineng tsa amapiano jaaka "Sukendleleni" le "Labantwana Ama Uber". Ntle le amapiano, o bile a bina le mefuta e mengwe ya mmino o o tumileng wa Afrika Borwa go akaretsa [[Gqom|gqom]], [[kwaito]] le [[Pantsula|pantsula]]. "Dalie" le Tyler ICU le Khalil Harrison ba na le Baby S.O.N e golotswe ka 11 Diphalane 2023. Pina e ne ya nna ya ntlha mo dinageng di le tharo Malawi, Zimbabwe, Afrika Borwa mme ya nna ya bo 11 mo lefatsheng ka bophara mo Shazam charts.[ 10] Mo godimo ga moo pina e ne ya kgobokanya dimilione di le 2 tsa diphatlha tsa dijithale mo malatsing a le 4 mme ya netefadiwa ka gauta mo Aforika Borwa.[ 11][12] Pina eno e ne ya bona Platinum certification.[ Mo potsolotsong ya Tlhakole 2024, Kamo o ne a re o batlile a tlogela Amapiano ka ntlha ya mathata a botsogo jwa tlhaloganyo. == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] 2z5hg9dj5ksvtf4430epms5gaxjn95j 0 12538 56871 52290 2026-10-20T07:02:43Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56871 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monique Séka''' o tshotswe ka di 22 Ngwanatsele, 1965.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190708171142/https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/directory/monique-s%25C3%25A9ka ^{[1<nowiki>]</nowiki>}] O ne a bidiwa mohumagadi wa mmino wa Afro-zouk mme ke moopedi go tswa kwa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast Ivory Coast]. Mmino wa Afro-zouk wa ga Monique Seka o itsege thata kwa mafelong a a jaaka Ivory Coast, Afrika, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean Caribbean] le Indian Ocean.[https://web.archive.org/web/20250220043405/http://abidjantv.net/art-et-culture/la-diva-de-la-musique-ivoirienne-monique-seka-se-confie-jai-peur-des-hommes-ses-raisons/ [ 3<nowiki>]</nowiki>] == kitso ka gagwe == Séka o ne a simolola go kgatlhegela mmino a sa le monnye. Ke leloko la boraro la lelapa la mmino wa kwa Ivory Coast. Seka ke morwadia Seka Okoi, moopedi wa kwa Ivory Coast yo o neng a tumile thata ka bo1970. Seka o ne a rutwa ke rraagwe pele a tsenela RTI Orchestra. E ne e le ka yone nako eo a neng a simolola go leka go kopanya mmino wa zouk le morethetho go dira Afro Zouk, e leng motswako o o gakgamatsang le go gogela barati ba mmino ka nako e le nngwe. Mo magareng a bo1980, mmino wa kwa Caribbean o ne wa tsena mo mebarakeng ya lefatshe. Seka o ne a tsena mo mokgweng ono mme a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha "Tantie Affoué" ka 1985. Ka ngwaga wa 1989, o ne a saena tumalano ya go dira mmino wa gagwe le seopedi sa Cape Verdian, Manu Lima mme a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya "Missounwa". Motswako ono wa mmino wa zouk le morethetho wa Seaforika o ne wa fitlha le kwa ntle ga melelwane ya Afrika, mme o ne wa amogelwa ke babegadikgang le metswedi ya tshedimosetso. Kwa bokhutlong jwa 1992, o ne a kopana le Dominique Richard, mongwe wa batlhami ba Radio Sun, seteishene sa radio sa ntlha sa Afro-Caribbean se se neng sa bulwa kwa Lyon ka Phukwi 1993. Dominique o ne a nna motlhami le mogwebi wa gagwe. Ba ne ba nyalana ka March 31, 1995, mme morago ga go ntsha dialebamo di le mmalwa ba ne ba nna le ngwana wa mosetsana Carolyn Richard, yo o tshotsweng ka February 9, 1998. Ka 1994, o ne a boela gape kwa go Manu Lima go rulaganya alebamo ya gagwe e ntšha mme a boela mo nageng ka alebamo ya "Okaman". Dialbamo tsa gagwe tse di latelang di akaretsa "Adéba" ka 1997, "Yélélé" ka 1999 le "best of" tse dintsi tse di nang le ditlhogo tse dintšhwa: "Anthology" ka 1999, "15 years 15 success" ka 2003, "Obligada" ka 2005, jj. Katlego ya gagwe e dirile gore a tshegediwe ke baopedi ba le bantsi ba ba tswang kwa dikarolong tse di farologaneng tsa mmino jaaka "Yaye Demin", pina e e neng ya atlega le Meiway.[http://news.abidjan.net/h/446788.html [ 2<nowiki>]</nowiki>][https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/directory/monique-s%C3%A9ka [1<nowiki>]</nowiki>] == Dipina tsa gagwe == '''diAlobums''' *1986 : Tantie affoué *1989 : Missounwa, Éditions C.B.H. *1995 : Okaman, Déclic *1997 : Adeba *1999 : Yelele, Sony Music *2000 : Anthologie *2003 : Best of Album, Créon Music *2005 : Obligada == Metswedi == [https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/directory/monique-s%C3%A9ka [1<nowiki>]</nowiki>"Monique Séka"]. Music in Africa. Retrieved November 24, 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190820071252/http://news.abidjan.net/h/446788.html [2<nowiki>]</nowiki>"Hommage à feu Okoua Séka Athanase : Monique Séka en attraction à Assuédji"]. Abidjan.net. Retrieved November 24, 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250220043405/http://abidjantv.net/art-et-culture/la-diva-de-la-musique-ivoirienne-monique-seka-se-confie-jai-peur-des-hommes-ses-raisons/ [3<nowiki>]</nowiki>"La diva de la musique ivoirienne Monique Séka se confie : " J'ai peur des hommes "ses raisons | AbidjanTV.net"]. AbidjanTV.net. April 22, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017. i98njm3lyqmddrxw25bv6ozgg8a7lv2 0 12598 56873 46674 2026-10-20T09:06:45Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Rahmatou Keita.jpg|thumb|Keïta ]] Rahmatou Keïta ke mmegadikgang, mokwadi le motsamaisi wa difilimi wa kwa Nigeria, yo tiro ya gagwe ya difilimi e simolotseng ka 1990. O ne a gapa [[:en:7_d'or|7 d'or]] ^(fr) ka L'Assiette anglaise ^(fr) (2005) le [[:en:Sojourner_Truth|Sojourner Truth]] Award ka Al'lèèssi..., e leng filimi ya gagwe ya ntlha.[https://web.archive.org/web/20201022045057/https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/wedding-ring-niger <nowiki>[ 1]</nowiki>] == Botshelo le tiro ya gagwe == Rahmatou Keïta yo o tsholetsweng kwa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger Niger], ke setlogolo sa ga [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundiata_Ke%C3%AFta Sundiata Keïta]. O ne a tlhalosa gore o emela se tota dinaga tsa Sahel di leng sone, e re ka a tswa mo lotsong lwa Ba-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani Fulani], Ba-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_proper Songhai] le Ba-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people Mandingo]. Morago ga go ithuta filosofi le thutapuo kwa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris Paris], o ne a simolola tiro ya gagwe kwa Fora. Pele ga a nna motsamaisi wa dibaesekopo, o ne a itirela leina ka go nna mmegadikgang mo dithelebisheneng tsa kwa Yuropa. O ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya setso L'Assiette anglaise (fr) mo [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_2 France 2]. O ne a tsamaisa difilimi tse dikhutshwane mme a tlhama motseletsele wa thelebišene wa Femmes d'Afrique (Basadi ba ba tswang mo Afrika) (26 x 26 metsotso ya dikgaolo-1993- 1997),[https://web.archive.org/web/20201027053941/https://iffr.com/en/persons/rahmatou-ke%C3%AFta <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] e e neng ya bontshiwa mo dithelebisheneng tsa bosetšhaba mo Afrika. Keïta le ditsala tsa gagwe ba ne ba simolola [https://www.sonrhayempire.org/ Sonrhay Empire Productions] go dira difilimi "tse di sa tlwaelegang". Ka 2005, filimi ya gagwe ya ntlha, [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0478549/ Al'lèèssi]..., ka babulatsela ba dibaesekopo tsa Afrika jaaka [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalika_Souley Zalika Souley], e ne ya tlhophiwa kwa [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival Cannes Film Festival] mme ya gapa Sojourner Truth Award. Al'lèèssi... e ne ya gapa dikgele di le mmalwa, go akaretsa le Sekgele sa Terama e e Molemolemo kwa Montreal le kwa FIFAI. Keïta ke leloko la Pan African Association for Culture mme o tsaya karolo mo dipuisanong tsa ditso le ditso tse di farologaneng. Ka 2016, filimi ya gagwe [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine Zin'naariyâ]! (The Wedding Ring) e ne ya gololwa. Morwadie [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] ke motshameki le mokaedi.[https://www.letemps.ch/culture/fardeau-couleur-peau-0 <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] == Metswedi == [https://www.goldenglobes.com/articles/wedding-ring-niger <nowiki>[1] "The Wedding Ring (Niger)"</nowiki>]. www.goldenglobes.com. Retrieved 10 September 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201027053941/https://iffr.com/en/persons/rahmatou-ke%C3%AFta <nowiki>[2] "Rahmatou Keïta at IFFR".</nowiki>] International Film Festival Rotterdam. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020. [3] Arnaud, Megan (18 March 2019). [https://www.letemps.ch/culture/fardeau-couleur-peau-0 "Le fardeau de la couleur de peau"]. Le Temps (in French). Retrieved 4 October 2020. ni0e8kpugx2ki0x5vt6lstuwj57a4nm 0 13805 56869 51806 2026-10-20T04:55:37Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:ISS012-E-17842 - View of Burundi (cropped Lake Cyohoha North).jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa letsha la Cyohoha North se se tserweng ka sathalaete]] '''Letsha la Cyohoha North''' le le itsegeng gape jaaka '''Letsha la Cyohoha''' le kwa Kgaolong ya Bugesera, kwa motsaneng wa Botlhaba ya [[Rwanda]]. <ref>[https://rw.geoview.info/lac_cyohoha_nord,202320 "Lac Cyohoha Nord lake, Eastern Province, Rwanda".] ''rw.geoview.info''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Dipopego tsa lefatshe == Letsha la Cyohoha Bokone le kwa bokone jwa Letsha la Cyohoha Borwa (Letsha la Cohoha). Metsi a elela go tsena mo letsheng go tswa kwa Murago Wetlands mme a elela go ya kwa bophirima go tsena mo Nokeng ya Akanyaru.<ref name=":0">Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). ''[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf A Directory of African Wetlands]'' (PDF). [[:en:IUCN|IUCN.]] pp. 199–210. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/2-88032-949-3|2-88032-949-3]]</bdi>. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> <ref>[https://www.dw.com/fr/burundi-s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9-alimentaire-et-r%C3%A9conciliation/a-15639531 "Burundi : sécurité alimentaire et réconciliation – DW – 01/01/2012".] ''dw.com'' (in French). Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260617224152/https://africafantastic.bi/index.php/explore/12-lac-cohoha "Lac Cohoha"]. ''africafantastic.bi''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, metsi a letsha la Cyohoha North a fokotsegile thata, mo e leng gore fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, letsha leno ga le tlhole le na le metsi. Bogodimo jwa metsi a a setseng ke 0.56 km2.<ref>Vanden Bossche, J.P.; Bernacsek, G.M. (1990). "Rwanda"[https://www.fao.org/3/T0473E/T0473E07.htm#ch15 . ''Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa: 1''.] CIFA Technical Paper. Vol. 18. Rome: [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization.]] ISBN <bdi>92-5-102983-0</bdi>. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref>[https://waterportal.rwb.rw/index.php/catchment-level-1/25 "Akanyaru Catchment (NAKN)"]. ''Rwanda Water Portal''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref>Pele ga moo, ka nako ya merwalela, e ne e le 12 km2. Letsha leno le le seng boteng le ne le le boleele jwa dikilometara di le lesome le bobedi le bophara jwa kilometara di le nngwe. <ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://fr.getamap.net/cartes/rwanda/kigali/_cyohohanord_lac/ "Lac Cyohoha Nord (Cyohohanord Lac) Carte (Plan), Photos et la meteo - (Rwanda): lac - Latitude:-2.24444 and Longitude:30.1283".] ''fr.getamap.net''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Dimela le diphologolo == Mefuta ya dimela tse di tlhaselang tse di fitlhelwang mo letsheng di akaretsa hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), curled pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) le lotus ya naledi (Nymphaea nouchali). Water hyacinth gape e bakile mathata a a masisi a tikologo mo letsheng, e ama ditiro tsa go thaya ditlhapi le selekanyo sa metsi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240215223507/https://www.rema.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Effectiveness_and_Sustainability_of_Aquatic_Invasive_Plants_Management_in_Lake_Cyohoha_North.pdf "Effectiveness and Sustainability of Aquatic Invasive Plants Management in Lake Cyohoha North"] (PDF). ''Rwanda Environment Management Authority''. December 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/rwanda_launches_project_to_rid_its_freshwater_lakes_of_suffocating_weed/ "Rwanda launches project to rid its freshwater lakes of suffocating weed".] ''Earth Island Journal''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Ditlhapi tsa teng di akaretsa tilapia, catfish ya Afrika e e nang le meno a a bogale le lungfish ya Afrika. == Go tsosolosa tikologo == fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi , Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) e ne ya tsenya tirisong tiro ya go tlosa water hyacinth e e neng e lebagane le diheketara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borataro tsa letsha mo kgatong ya ntlha. Maiteko a a tsosoloso e ne e le karolo ya maiteko a magolo go samagana le dimela tsa metsi tse di tlhaselang tse di neng di hupetsa ditikologo tsa metsi a a foreshe go ralala Rwanda. <ref>[https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/rwanda_launches_project_to_rid_its_freshwater_lakes_of_suffocating_weed/ "Rwanda launches project to rid its freshwater lakes of suffocating weed"]. ''Earth Island Journal''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Letsha le ntse le le ka fa tlase ga ditiro tsa tirisanommogo ya boditšhabatšhaba le Burundi tse di neng di netefaditswe mo go tsosoloseng letsha le go itshokelana le maemo a bosa, go lemoga botlhokwa jwa tikologo ya kwa moseja ga melelwane. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240613042105/https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/case-studies/africa/wacdep-lake-cyohoha-case-study.pdf "Lake Cyohoha North Case Study"] (PDF). ''Global Water Partnership''. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> Dithuto tsa bosheng tsa go lekola boleng jwa metsi di dirilwe go lekola boitekanelo jwa tikologo ya letsha le mafelo a mangwe a a bongola kwa botlhaba jwa Rwanda. <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383017813_Measurement_of_Eastern_Rwanda's_Wetlands_to_Assess_the_Water_Quality_Case_of_Lake_Cyohoha_North "Measurement of Eastern Rwanda's Wetlands to Assess the Water Quality Case of Lake Cyohoha North"]. ''ResearchGate''. 2024. Retrieved 6 April 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == 5p1q1vbjmgoxs5q2w1x3e6i3jyw6egj 0 14773 56870 53580 2026-10-20T06:50:03Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botswana Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals''' (BSPCA) ke mokgatlho o o sa direng poelo mo Botswana o o ineetseng go sireletsa diphologolo tsa Botswana.<ref>[https://english.news.cn/20220720/66afbb34a7734ebf9d83c4d77cfbcdfc/c.html (Hello Africa) Botswana nursery provides welfare for neglected animals-Xinhua".] ''english.news.cn''. Retrieved 27 October 2024.</ref><ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2022-07/19/content_78331232.htm Feature: Botswana nursery provides welfare for neglected animals - China.org.cn".] ''www.china.org.cn''. Retrieved 27 October 2024.</ref> BSPCA e ikgapile mo go tlhokomeleng le go netefatsa boitekanelo jwa diphologolo tsa mo ditoropong jaaka dintša le dikatse tse di latlhegileng.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20260730015725/https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/272625391/feature-botswana-nursery-provides-welfare-for-neglected-animals "Feature: Botswana nursery provides welfare for neglected animals".] ''Big News Network.com''. Retrieved 23 January 2025.</ref><ref>[https://rr-africa.woah.org/app/uploads/2019/11/animal_welfare_summary.pdf "ANIMAL WELFARE IN OIE MEMBER COUNTRIES & TERRITORIES IN THE SADC REGION Summaries of baseline country assessments"] (PDF).</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.pressreader.com/vietnam/viet-nam-news/20220731/281779927879632. Retrieved 29 January 2025 &#x2013; via PressReader</ref>BSPCA e na le ntlokgolo kwa [[Gaborone,]] motsemogolo wa naga.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://wfa.org/appdev/directory/entry/14706 "World Federation for Animals"]. ''wfa.org''. Retrieved 27 October 2024.</ref><ref name=":2">International, Animal-Kind (17 December 2022). [https://www.animal-kind.org/post/botswana-spca-completes-their-grant-project "Botswana SPCA successfully completes their grant project!"]. ''AKI''. Retrieved 23 January 2025</ref>Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), mookamedi wa yona wa bosetšhaba ke Kenneth Ditshweu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == b9dmrdz4ionllzxn1qs5eit78hgh9ne 0 15598 56874 56625 2026-10-20T10:28:26Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 56874 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lemorago == Tsheole o tsholetswe kwa Mochudi mo Botswana. O dirile lekwalo la Bachelor of Social Sciences kwa [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|Yunibesithing ya Botswana]] le di Masetase tsa Kgwebo mo mmarakeng wa tsa madi kwa Yunibesithing ya Rhodes kwa Aforika Borwa. Gape o na le di Masetase tsa Botsamaisi jwa Kgwebo go tswa kwa Sekolong sa Dialogane sa Kgwebo kwa [[Yunibesiti ya kapa|Yunibesithing ya Motsekapa]] mme gape o dirile mananeo a le mmalwa a mebaraka ya madi go akaretsa le Lenaneo la Tlhabololo ya Boeteledipele kwa Sekolong sa Kgwebo sa Yunibesithi ya Stellenbosch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thapelo Tsheole |url=https://www.gsb.uct.ac.za/ |website=UCT GSB Ideas Exchange}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2013 |title=UCT alumnus rides high |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/facultyofcommerce/alumninews/uctalumnusrideshigh.html |website=www.ru.ac.za}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Stock Exchange appoints UCT GSB graduate &#124; MBA.co.za |url=https://www.mba.co.za/infocentrearticle.aspx?s=48&c=105&a=5167&p=3 |website=www.mba.co.za}}</ref> Tsheole o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ka 2003 mo [[Polokelo ya madi ya Botswana|Bankeng ya Botswana]] e le Morekisi mo Mebarakeng ya Forex le ya Madi mme a tlogela ka 2007 go ya go simolola kwa Botswana Stock Exchange e le Motsamaisi wa Tlhabololo ya Dikhumo go fitlhelela ka 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Thapelo Tsheole, CEO of Botswana Stock Exchange |url=https://www.theceomagazine.com/executive-interviews/finance-banking/thapelo-tsheole/ |website=The CEO Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2017 |title=Thapelo Tsheole: Revitalizing Botswana's Stock Market |url=https://www.thegazette.news/features/thapelo-tsheole-revitalizing-botswanas-stock-market/}}</ref> Tsheole o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mothusa tautona wa Botswana Stock Exchange Limited ka 2014. Morago a tlhomiwa go nna Tautona ka Hirikgong 2016 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Thapelo Tsheole &#124; World Investment Forum |url=https://worldinvestmentforum.unctad.org/speaker/mr-thapelo-tsheole?event=66 |website=worldinvestmentforum.unctad.org}}</ref> Ka 2017 o ne a nna lelolko la Komiti e Kopantsweng ya go Bega ya Aforika, e e leng letsholo le le kopanetsweng magareng ga Mokgatlho wa Pan African wa Babalamatlotlo le Banka ya Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2022 |title=Mr. Thapelo Tsheole, Chief Executive Officer, Botswana Stock Exchange Limited (BSEL) Named InstinctBusiness "CEO OF THE WEEK" - Instinct Business Magazine |url=https://instinctbusinessmag.com/mr-thapelo-tsheole-chief-executive-officer-botswana-stock-exchange-limited-bsel-named-instinctbusiness-ceo-of-the-week/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2022 |title=Tsheole urges companies to invest in 'attractive' Botswana |url=https://businessweekly.co.bw/news/tsheole-urges-companies-to-invest-in-attractive-botswana}}</ref> Ka 2020, Tsheole o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mothusa tautona <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2021 |title=BSE CEO, THAPELO TSHEOLE RE-ELECTED VICE PRESIDENT OF AFRICAN SECURITIES EXCHANGES ASSOCIATION |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/bse-ceo-thapelo-tsheole-re-elected-vice-president-of-african-securities-exchanges-association/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adamson |first=Kabelo |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Tsheole's stock on the rise » TheVoiceBW |url=https://thevoicebw.com/tsheoles-stock-on-the-rise/}}</ref> wa Mokgatlho wa Diphapanyetsano tsa Dipabalesego wa Aforika mme morago a nna tautona ka 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=REPORTER |first=BG |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Tsheole elected President of ASEA |url=https://guardiansun.co.bw/news/tsheole-elected-president-of-asea/news |website=Guardian Sun}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Mr. Thapelo Tsheole - African Securities Exchanges Association |url=https://african-exchanges.org/staff/mr-thapelo-tsheole/ |access-date=October 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811020518/https://african-exchanges.org/staff/mr-thapelo-tsheole/ |archive-date=August 11, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka 2023 o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Global PSSL jaaka mogakolodi wa togamaano le motlhatlhobi wa UN Pathways. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SFT |first=Securities Finance Times reporter |title=Global PSSL appoints Thapelo Tsheole as strategic advisor |url=https://www.securitiesfinancetimes.com/securitieslendingnews/article.php?article_id=226052 |website=www.securitiesfinancetimes.com}}</ref> Gape ke leloko la Setheo sa Mebaraka ya tsa Madi ya Aforikaborwa le Setheo sa Bakaedi kwa Aforikaborwa. Tsheole o simolodisitse Matlole a ntlha mo Botswana a dituelo (ETF) mme ka Lwetse 2018, o ne a akgolwa ka Sekgele sa ga tautona sa Tirelo e e Botlhokwa se a neng a se abelwa ke tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaGovernment/posts/the-presidential-order-of-meritorious-service-thapelo-tsheolecongratulations-are/1876626579086658/ |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2018 |title=Tsheole, To Be Awarded The Presidential Order Of Meritorious Service |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/business/tsheole-to-be-awarded-the-presidential-order-of-meritorious-service/news |website=Mmegi Online}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFSIC - Investing in Africa |url=https://www.afsic.net/business-leader/thapelo-tsheole/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=AFSIC 2024 - Investing in Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref> bxh7edk1ktu83fuc4096v2zipzt60d7 0 15603 56860 56800 2026-10-19T14:30:33Z Dumbassman 6831 56860 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katlego Abel Mphela''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 1984) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa pele wa South Africa yo o tlogetseng tiro. O ne a tshameka e le motshamiki wa kwa pele . == Tiro ya gagwe ya Ditlhopha == Mphela, e le sealogane sa Jomo Cosmos, o tshamekile kwa lefatsheng la France mo setlhopheng sa RC Strasbourg Alsace le sa Stade de Reims, ditlhopha tse di neng mme di sa atlega thata. Fa a sena go boela mo gae o ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa SuperSport United mo setlheng sa 2007–08 pele ga a tshamekela [[Mamelodi Sundowns FC|Mamelodi Sundowns]] mo setlheng se se latelang. Morago ga moo o ne a fetsa setlha sa 2009–10 ka dinno di le lesome le bosupa mo metshamekong e le masome a mararo. Se se ne sa dira gore e nne motshwara dino yo o gaisitseng wa leki eo.. O ne a fenyasetlhako sa Gauta sa ga Lesley Manyathela mme a tlhophiwa go nna motshameki yo o gaisitseng wa setlha seo mo leking ya PSL . Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi a sa tshameke, Mphela yo ne a le dingwaga di le masome a mararo le bone o ne a bolela gore o tla tlogela tiro ka bogolo ka kgwedi ya Phatwe, ka ngwaga wa 2019. O ne gape a bolela, fa a tlaa simolola tiro ya bokatisi, mme a setse a katisa batshameki ba kgwele ya dinao ba banana. == Tiro ya gagwe kwa mafatsheng a sele == Mphela o ne a amogela pitso ya gagwe ya ntlha mo setlhopheng sa sechaba sa South Africa ka sejana ya COSAFA ka ngwaga wa 2005.O ne a tshameka motshameko wa gagwe wa ntlha mo setlhopheng sa sechaba kgatlhanong le Seychelles ka Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2005. O ne a nosa dinno tse pedi mo motshamekong oo. O ne a oketsa dinno tsa gagwe ka go nosa nno ya boraro mo motshamekong wa boditšhabatšhaba mo letsatsing le le latelang fa ba ne ba fenya Mauritius ka dinno tse pedi go lefela. O ne a nna motshameki wa ntlha wa mo Aforika Borwa go kgona go nosa dinno mo metshamekong ya gagwe ya ntlha e mebedi ya boditšhabatšhaba. Morago ga moo o ne a tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya makgaola kgang ya sejana sa lefatshe sa FIFA sa 2006 kgatlhanong le Ghana. Ba ne ba fenngwa ke lefatshe la Ghana ka dinno tse pedi go lefela.O ne gape a tshameka mo motshamekong wa botsalano kgatlhanong le Senegal, o o neng wa felela ka maleka a nno setlhopha. ctqy06t1nkgq0avu5jzaf43chmbsrf6 0 15610 56855 56614 2026-10-19T13:42:35Z Kh0.t4ts0 13278 ke tsentse lebokoso la tshedimosetso 56855 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nkosinathi Mankayi''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1982 ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro), yo o itsegeng ka leina la '''Nathi''', ke seopedi le mokwadi wa dipina wa {{Infobox musical artist|Landscape=<!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->|Birth_name=Nkosinathi Mankayi|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|12|23}}|birth_place=[[Mthatha]], Eastern Cape, South Africa|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) -->|Genre=[[afro pop music|Afropop]], [[afrosoul]]|Occupations=Singer-songwriter|instruments=Vocals|Years_active=2000–present|Label=[[Ghetto Ruff]]/Muthaland<br>[[Gallo Record Company]]|Associated_acts=Vusi Nova}} [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.news24.com/news24/Live/Entertainment/Music/my-life-changed-this-year-nathi-on-prison-the-arts-2016-20151223|title=My life changed this year – Nathi on prison, the arts & 2016|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> O ne a tlhagelela thata fa a ne a ntsha pina ya gagwe e e tumileng e e bidiwang " Nomvula " mo alebamong ya gagwe ya ntlha ''ya Buyelekhaya e'' e neng ya gapa dimpho gararo . Moragonyana o ne a ntsha alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi e e bidiwang ''Umbulelo Wam'' ka ngwaga wa 2016 ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi. Gompieno o tsene mo tumalanong le kompone ya Gallo Record. Ka ngwaga wa 2025 o ne a ntsha pina ya gagwe e e bidiwang "Bhunguza lam" le Lazola le ba bangwe. == Botshelo jwa go sale gale == '''Nkosinathi Mankayi''' o tshotswe mo gare ga bana ba le batlhano fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya mme [[Mthatha]], ba nna mo torotswana kwa [[Eastern Cape|Kapa Botlhaba]], [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]] . <ref name="mutha">{{Cite web |date= |title=Nathi – Buyelekhaya |url=http://muthalandentertainment.co.za/nathi-buyelekhaya/ |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=Muthaland Entertainment}}</ref> O goletse kwa [[Maclear, Kapa Botlhaba|Maclear]], Kapa Botlhaba, Aforika Borwa kwa a neng a tsena sekolo a bo a nna le kgatlhego mo kopelo le mo ditshwantshong. Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Nathi o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le borobabobedi kwa kgolegelong ka ntlha ya molato o amanang le go senya le go thuba ka ngwaga wa 2002. Le fa go ntse jaalo, o ne a gololwa morago ga go dira dingwaga di le 4. [[Karolo:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] tr3197d40jb7vp24fc5fr3l66zlfazj 56856 56855 2026-10-19T13:50:15Z Kh0.t4ts0 13278 ke tsweledisa tsebe 56856 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nkosinathi Mankayi''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1982 ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro), yo o itsegeng ka leina la '''Nathi''', ke seopedi le mokwadi wa dipina wa {{Infobox musical artist|Landscape=<!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->|Birth_name=Nkosinathi Mankayi|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|12|23}}|birth_place=[[Mthatha]], Eastern Cape, South Africa|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) -->|Genre=[[afro pop music|Afropop]], [[afrosoul]]|Occupations=Singer-songwriter|instruments=Vocals|Years_active=2000–present|Label=[[Ghetto Ruff]]/Muthaland<br>[[Gallo Record Company]]|Associated_acts=Vusi Nova}} [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.news24.com/news24/Live/Entertainment/Music/my-life-changed-this-year-nathi-on-prison-the-arts-2016-20151223|title=My life changed this year – Nathi on prison, the arts & 2016|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> O ne a tlhagelela thata fa a ne a ntsha pina ya gagwe e e tumileng e e bidiwang " Nomvula " mo alebamong ya gagwe ya ntlha ''ya Buyelekhaya e'' e neng ya gapa dimpho gararo . Moragonyana o ne a ntsha alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi e e bidiwang ''Umbulelo Wam'' ka ngwaga wa 2016 ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi. Gompieno o tsene mo tumalanong le kompone ya Gallo Record. Ka ngwaga wa 2025 o ne a ntsha pina ya gagwe e e bidiwang "Bhunguza lam" le Lazola le ba bangwe. == Botshelo jwa go sale gale == '''Nkosinathi Mankayi''' o tshotswe mo gare ga bana ba le batlhano fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya mme [[Mthatha]], ba nna mo torotswana kwa [[Eastern Cape|Kapa Botlhaba]], [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]] . <ref name="mutha">{{Cite web |date= |title=Nathi – Buyelekhaya |url=http://muthalandentertainment.co.za/nathi-buyelekhaya/ |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=Muthaland Entertainment}}</ref> O goletse kwa [[Maclear, Kapa Botlhaba|Maclear]], Kapa Botlhaba, Aforika Borwa kwa a neng a tsena sekolo a bo a nna le kgatlhego mo kopelo le mo ditshwantshong. Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Nathi o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le borobabobedi kwa kgolegelong ka ntlha ya molato o amanang le go senya le go thuba ka ngwaga wa 2002. Le fa go ntse jaalo, o ne a gololwa morago ga go dira dingwaga di le 4. == Tiro == Ngwaga wa 2004 go ya kwa go wa 2014: Kwa Tshimologong K akeletso e a neng a na le yone ya go aga tiro ka go opela, Rre Nathi o ne a tsenelela dikgaisano tsa boopedi mo lefelong le a neng [[Karolo:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] kkgk58y0ahatoc49kc7aw2b1qiztkpk 56857 56856 2026-10-19T14:29:03Z Dumbassman 6831 56857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nkosinathi Mankayi''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1982 ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro), yo o itsegeng ka leina la '''Nathi''', ke seopedi le mokwadi wa dipina wa {{Infobox musical artist|Landscape=<!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank -->|Birth_name=Nkosinathi Mankayi|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|12|23}}|birth_place=[[Mthatha]], Eastern Cape, South Africa|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) -->|Genre=[[afro pop music|Afropop]], [[afrosoul]]|Occupations=Singer-songwriter|instruments=Vocals|Years_active=2000–present|Label=[[Ghetto Ruff]]/Muthaland<br>[[Gallo Record Company]]|Associated_acts=Vusi Nova}} [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://m.news24.com/news24/Live/Entertainment/Music/my-life-changed-this-year-nathi-on-prison-the-arts-2016-20151223|title=My life changed this year – Nathi on prison, the arts & 2016|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> O ne a tlhagelela thata fa a ne a ntsha pina ya gagwe e e tumileng e e bidiwang " Nomvula " mo alebamong ya gagwe ya ntlha ''ya Buyelekhaya e'' e neng ya gapa dimpho gararo . Moragonyana o ne a ntsha alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi e e bidiwang ''Umbulelo Wam'' ka ngwaga wa 2016 ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi. Gompieno o tsene mo tumalanong le kompone ya Gallo Record. Ka ngwaga wa 2025 o ne a ntsha pina ya gagwe e e bidiwang "Bhunguza lam" le Lazola le ba bangwe. == Botshelo jwa go sale gale == '''Nkosinathi Mankayi''' o tshotswe mo gare ga bana ba le batlhano fa tlase ga tlhokomelo ya mme [[Mthatha]], ba nna mo torotswana kwa [[Eastern Cape|Kapa Botlhaba]], [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]] . <ref name="mutha">{{Cite web |date= |title=Nathi – Buyelekhaya |url=http://muthalandentertainment.co.za/nathi-buyelekhaya/ |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=Muthaland Entertainment}}</ref> O goletse kwa [[Maclear, Kapa Botlhaba|Maclear]], Kapa Botlhaba, Aforika Borwa kwa a neng a tsena sekolo a bo a nna le kgatlhego mo kopelo le mo ditshwantshong. Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Nathi o ne a atlholelwa dingwaga di le borobabobedi kwa kgolegelong ka ntlha ya molato o amanang le go senya le go thuba ka ngwaga wa 2002. Le fa go ntse jaalo, o ne a gololwa morago ga go dira dingwaga di le 4. == Tiro == Ngwaga wa 2004 go ya kwa go wa 2014: Kwa Tshimologong K akeletso e a neng a na le yone ya go aga tiro ka go opela, Rre Nathi o ne a tsenelela dikgaisano tsa boopedi mo lefelong le a neng [[Karolo:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] lywq0wmapwxfzm3lrrmp3nxxcdz2w2u 0 15628 56854 56667 2026-10-19T13:28:52Z Kh0.t4ts0 13278 ke tsentse lebokoso la tshedimosetso 56854 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rapelang Rabana''' (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1983 ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola malatsi a matlhano) ke rasaense wa dikhomphiutha, mma kgwebo, le sebui sa konokono. Gompieno ke {{Infobox person|image=IMF Annual Meeting 2017 Washington.jpg|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1983|11|05}}|birth_place=[[Gaborone, Botswana]]|education=[[University of Cape Town]] (BS, MS)|occupation={{hlist | Computer Scientist | Entrepreneur | Businesswoman}}|employer=Imagine Worldwide}} mookamedi-mmogo wa [https://www.imagineworldwide.org/ Imagine Worldwide], e leng mokgatlho o e seng wa puso wa maranyane a thuto o o tlamelang ka thuto ya go bala le go kwala le dipalo mo mafatsheng a a malwa a Aforika a a kwa Borwa jwa Sahara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imagine Worldwide - The Future of Learning |url=https://www.imagineworldwide.org/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Imagine Worldwide |language=en-US}}</ref> Pele ga a tsenelela Imagine Worldwide, Rapelang e ne e le modiri le mookamedi wa Rekindle Learning, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rekindle Learning {{!}} micro-learning for sales, compliance, digital skills |url=https://rekindlelearning.com/ |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=Rekindle Learning |language=en}}</ref> kompone ya maranyane ya go ithuta; mme mo nakong e e fetileng e ne e le motlhami-mmogo wa [[Yeigo Communications]], motlamedi wa ditirelo tsa ntlha tsa mogala wa letheka tsa VoIP tsa mahala tsa [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Tom |date=April 1, 2015 |title=Rekindle Learning aims to be at centre of African education in 10 years |url=http://disrupt-africa.com/2015/04/rekindle-learning-aims-to-be-at-centre-of-african-education-in-10-years/ |access-date=July 4, 2015 |website=Disrupt-africa.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Palet |first=Laura Secorun |date=14 May 2014 |title=A Plan to Turn Africa's Mobile Phones Into Classrooms |url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/rapelang-rabana-african-tech-trailblazer/31366 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114172215/http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/rapelang-rabana-african-tech-trailblazer/31366 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |website=ozy.com}}</ref> O tlhagisitswe mo letlhareng la ntlha la buka ya ''ForbesAfrica'', a lemogiwa e le mogodisi wa di kompone wa senatla, a bidiwa Mogwebi wa Lefatshe ke ''Foramo ya Mafatshe otlhe ya DIkgwebo'' mme ebile a lemogiwa e le Moeteledipele wa monana wa mafatshe ke ''[https://www.weforum.org/people/rapelang-rabana/ Foramo ya Itsholelo ya Mafatshe otlhe]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana {{!}} Technology Entrepreneur {{!}} Speaker {{!}} Thought Leader |url=http://rapelang.com/page/home-copy-2b/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822231237/http://rapelang.com/page/home-copy-2b/ |archive-date=22 August 2018 |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=Rapelang Rabana {{!}} Technology Entrepreneur {{!}} Speaker {{!}} Thought Leader}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa ntlha le thuto == Rabana o tsholetswe kwa [[Gaborone]], Botswana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana |url=http://whoswho.co.za/rapelang-rabana-71005 |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=whoswho.co.za}}</ref> O simolotse dithuto tsa gagwe kwa Gaborone kwa [https://www.thornhillprimary.ac.bw/ sekolong se se potlana sa Thornhill] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Media Magazines |url=http://mags.capemedia.co.za/bbq/71/html5/index.html?page=1 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=mags.capemedia.co.za}}</ref> pele fa a fudugela kwa [[Johannesburg]] kwa a neng a tsena sekolo sa Roedean . <ref name="soetan">{{Cite web |last=Soetan |first=Folake |date=25 August 2012 |title=Exclusive Interview With The Quintessential Rapelang Rabana, Founding Partner, Yeigo |url=http://venturesafrica.com/exclusive-interview-with-the-quintessential-rapelang-rabana-founding-partner-yeigo/ |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=venturesafrica.com}}</ref> Rapelang o alogile ka tlotla kwa [[Yunibesiti ya kapa|Mmmadikolo wa Cape Town]] ka ngwaga wa 2005 ka setlankana sa bachelor ya Saense ya Kgwebo e e nang le bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng jwa Saense ya Dikhomphiutha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/rapelang-rabana |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=weforum.org}}</ref> mme moragonyana a tsaya dikirii ya maemo ya Saense kwa go sone sekolo seo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana |url=https://wsa-global.org/person/3517/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |language=en}}</ref> Rapelang o ne a boela kwa Mmmadikolo ya Cape Town go ya go neela [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZwxGhCG26w puo ya tshimologo] ka ngwaga wa 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana, guest speaker at Law and Humanities graduation ceremony |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-04-12-rapelang-rabana-guest-speaker-at-law-and-humanities-graduation-ceremony |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 7jn0zck77qeew2cyhb1y3hp64c1jifr 56858 56854 2026-10-19T14:29:20Z Dumbassman 6831 56858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rapelang Rabana''' (yo o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa 1983 ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola malatsi a matlhano) ke rasaense wa dikhomphiutha, mma kgwebo, le sebui sa konokono. Gompieno ke {{Infobox person|image=IMF Annual Meeting 2017 Washington.jpg|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1983|11|05}}|birth_place=[[Gaborone, Botswana]]|education=[[University of Cape Town]] (BS, MS)|occupation={{hlist | Computer Scientist | Entrepreneur | Businesswoman}}|employer=Imagine Worldwide}} mookamedi-mmogo wa [https://www.imagineworldwide.org/ Imagine Worldwide], e leng mokgatlho o e seng wa puso wa maranyane a thuto o o tlamelang ka thuto ya go bala le go kwala le dipalo mo mafatsheng a a malwa a Aforika a a kwa Borwa jwa Sahara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imagine Worldwide - The Future of Learning |url=https://www.imagineworldwide.org/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Imagine Worldwide |language=en-US}}</ref> Pele ga a tsenelela Imagine Worldwide, Rapelang e ne e le modiri le mookamedi wa Rekindle Learning, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rekindle Learning {{!}} micro-learning for sales, compliance, digital skills |url=https://rekindlelearning.com/ |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=Rekindle Learning |language=en}}</ref> kompone ya maranyane ya go ithuta; mme mo nakong e e fetileng e ne e le motlhami-mmogo wa [[Yeigo Communications]], motlamedi wa ditirelo tsa ntlha tsa mogala wa letheka tsa VoIP tsa mahala tsa [[Aforika Borwa|Aforika borwa]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Tom |date=April 1, 2015 |title=Rekindle Learning aims to be at centre of African education in 10 years |url=http://disrupt-africa.com/2015/04/rekindle-learning-aims-to-be-at-centre-of-african-education-in-10-years/ |access-date=July 4, 2015 |website=Disrupt-africa.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Palet |first=Laura Secorun |date=14 May 2014 |title=A Plan to Turn Africa's Mobile Phones Into Classrooms |url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/rapelang-rabana-african-tech-trailblazer/31366 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114172215/http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/rapelang-rabana-african-tech-trailblazer/31366 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |website=ozy.com}}</ref> O tlhagisitswe mo letlhareng la ntlha la buka ya ''ForbesAfrica'', a lemogiwa e le mogodisi wa di kompone wa senatla, a bidiwa Mogwebi wa Lefatshe ke ''Foramo ya Mafatshe otlhe ya DIkgwebo'' mme ebile a lemogiwa e le Moeteledipele wa monana wa mafatshe ke ''[https://www.weforum.org/people/rapelang-rabana/ Foramo ya Itsholelo ya Mafatshe otlhe]'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana {{!}} Technology Entrepreneur {{!}} Speaker {{!}} Thought Leader |url=http://rapelang.com/page/home-copy-2b/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822231237/http://rapelang.com/page/home-copy-2b/ |archive-date=22 August 2018 |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=Rapelang Rabana {{!}} Technology Entrepreneur {{!}} Speaker {{!}} Thought Leader}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa ntlha le thuto == Rabana o tsholetswe kwa [[Gaborone]], Botswana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana |url=http://whoswho.co.za/rapelang-rabana-71005 |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=whoswho.co.za}}</ref> O simolotse dithuto tsa gagwe kwa Gaborone kwa [https://www.thornhillprimary.ac.bw/ sekolong se se potlana sa Thornhill] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Media Magazines |url=http://mags.capemedia.co.za/bbq/71/html5/index.html?page=1 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=mags.capemedia.co.za}}</ref> pele fa a fudugela kwa [[Johannesburg]] kwa a neng a tsena sekolo sa Roedean . <ref name="soetan">{{Cite web |last=Soetan |first=Folake |date=25 August 2012 |title=Exclusive Interview With The Quintessential Rapelang Rabana, Founding Partner, Yeigo |url=http://venturesafrica.com/exclusive-interview-with-the-quintessential-rapelang-rabana-founding-partner-yeigo/ |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=venturesafrica.com}}</ref> Rapelang o alogile ka tlotla kwa [[Yunibesiti ya kapa|Mmmadikolo wa Cape Town]] ka ngwaga wa 2005 ka setlankana sa bachelor ya Saense ya Kgwebo e e nang le bokgoni jo bo kgethegileng jwa Saense ya Dikhomphiutha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/rapelang-rabana |access-date=23 November 2016 |website=weforum.org}}</ref> mme moragonyana a tsaya dikirii ya maemo ya Saense kwa go sone sekolo seo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana |url=https://wsa-global.org/person/3517/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |language=en}}</ref> Rapelang o ne a boela kwa Mmmadikolo ya Cape Town go ya go neela [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZwxGhCG26w puo ya tshimologo] ka ngwaga wa 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapelang Rabana, guest speaker at Law and Humanities graduation ceremony |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2019-04-12-rapelang-rabana-guest-speaker-at-law-and-humanities-graduation-ceremony |access-date=2020-01-20 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref> [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] 64108qmtoqalg7zlqhg8ywig2mqg07v 0 15660 56859 56832 2026-10-19T14:29:52Z Dumbassman 6831 56859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wouter Kellerman''' (Yoo o tshotsweng ka Seetebosigo a tlhola masome a mabedi le borataro ) ke mofenyi wa dietsele di le tharo tsa dikgaisano tsa Grammy.<ref>https://www.grammy.com/artists/wouter-kellerman/18528/</ref> Ke motshamiki mogolo wa seletso sa fulutu, motlhami wa ditshwantsho, motlhami wa dipina gape ele mothusi wa mo Aforika Borwa, yoo fentseng dikgele di le boferabongwe tsa dikgaisano tsa moopelo tsa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_Kellerman#cite_note-2 </ref> Ke moitseanape wa moopelo wa classic.Thata thata o tshameka moopelo wa, "world", "roots", le "New"age". == Botshelo == [[Setshwantsho:Wouter Kellerman 2018.jpg|thumb|Wouter Kellerman]] Kellerman o tsholetswe kwa [[Johannesburg]] ka ngwaga wa 1961. Ke ngwana wa ga Pieter Van Ellewee Kellerman le Susanna Petronnela Greef.<ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_Kellerman#cite_note-Mav01-3</ref> Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome , ene le batsalwa le ene ba ne ba kgatlhegela moopelo wa classic ha ba le ko khonsateng ya Symphony orchestra.<ref name=":1" /> Batsadi ba gagwe ba ne ba ba letlelela go kgethela seletso se ba neng ba eletsa go tshameka ka sone<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_Kellerman#cite_note-Kh01-4</ref> mme Kellerman a ikgethela fulutu ele sone seletso sa gagwe, mme batsadi ba gagwe ba ba thapela diletso ba bo ba ba thapela dithuto tse di rulgantsweng ke ba [[Randburg music center]].<ref name=":1" />Morago ga go aloga mo sekolong sa materiki ka maduo a ko godimodimo a dipalo, moopelo le maranyane a dikhomphutara, batsadi ba gagwe ba ne ba palelwa ke go mo duelela dithuto tsa moopelo wa [[classic.]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouter_Kellerman#cite_note-For01-5</ref> O ne a fiwa basari ke ba [[Anglo-American]], mme a ithuta boenjeneere jwa motlakase kwa unibesithing ya [[Johannesburg]]<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Wouter Kellerman }} bai2engwn9hrgoyvmkggd5ih1ev3cci