Wikipedia tswiki https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlukankulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5824 41674 41667 2026-06-08T18:34:27Z ~2026-33964-02 12800 41674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] '''Xinghezi''' iririmi leri sunguleke ku vulavuriwa e[[England|Nghilandhi]] naswona hirona ririmi leri vulavuriwaka ngopfu ematikweni ya misava.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=English as a Global Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=6 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |accessdate=4 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |laysummary=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |laysource=Library of Congress (sample) |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}</ref> Ririmi le fast Ririmi ra Xinghezi ri akiwe endzeni ka malembe ya kutlula 1,400. Xinghezi xosungula, axivulavuriwa eka malembe-xidzana ya vunthlanu. Xinghezi xale xikarhi xisungule eka lembe-xidzana ravu khume-n'we, loko mavuthu ya Vanomanimata hlula tiko ra Nghilandi, leswi swilandzeriweke hi nhlohlotelo wa xifurhwa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=English as a Global Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=30 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |accessdate=4 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |laysummary=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |laysource=Library of Congress (sample) |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}</ref> Xinghenzi lexilandzeleke xisungule hi lembe-xidzana ra vukhume-nthlanu, loko kuta sunguriwa kutirhisiwa ka michini yo gandlisa tibuku e dorobheni ra Landhani, ku gandlisiwa ka Bhibhele ya Hosi Yakobo, na masungulo ya ku ncinca lokukulu ka ririmi.<ref>{{cite web|title=''How English evolved into a global language''|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753|date=20 December 2010|publisher=BBC|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref> Xinghezi xi hangalake na misava kusukela eka lembe-xidzana ra vukhume-nkombo kuya eka lembe-xidzana ramakume-mbirhi. Hikwalaho ka swihlovo swa manguva lawa swa mahungu na kuthlandluka ka Amerikha tanihi mfumo-nkulu wa misava, ririmi raXinghezi ri sungule kutirhisiwa tanihi ririmi-nkulu ra matiko yo tala ya misava naswona rithlela ritirhisiwa eka tidyondzo ta Sayenzi na ta nawu.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Routes of English |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_6.shtml |date=1 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|ref=harvid|The Routes of English}}}}</ref> Xinghezi iririmi ra vunharhu hivukulu emisaveni, kulandzela ririmi ra Xichayina na Xipanichi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |title=Summary by language size |accessdate=10 February 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |ref={{harvid|Ethnologue|2010}}}}</ref> Hirona ririmi leri dyondzisiwaka ngopfu emisaveni naswona iririmi ximfumo ra matiko ya kwalomu ka makume-ntsevu. Kuna vanhu votala lava dyondzeke ririmi leri kutlula vanhu lavarimameke. Xinghezi iririmi leri vulavuriwaka ngopfu ematikweni ya Nghilandi, Amerikha, Khanada, Ostraliya, Ayilendi na Nyuzilendi, naswona rivulavuriwa ngopfu eswihlaleni swa Kharibhiya, tiko-nkulu ra Afrika na ra Axiya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=English as a Global Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=108–109 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |accessdate=4 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |laysummary=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |laysource=Library of Congress (sample) |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}</ref> iririmi-ximfumo leri tirhisiwaka hi Nhlangano ya Matiko, Vumbano bya Yuropa na minhlangano yin'wana ya matiko ya misava. Ririmi leri rina swiga-ririmi na marito yo tsandza-vahlayi.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=How many words are there in the English language? |work=Oxford Dictionaries Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2015 |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |accessdate=2 April 2015 |archive-date=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130011051/http://oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Algeo |first=John |chapter=Chapter 2:Vocabulary |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=IV: 1776–1997 |editor-last=Romaine |editor-first=Suzanne |pages=57–91 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-26477-8 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003 |ref=harv}}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{reflist|3}} [[Category:Tindzimi]] == Ku hangalasiwa ka ntivo-misava == Ku sukela hi 2016, 400 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu a va ri na Xinghezi tanihi ririmi ra vona ro sungula, naswona 1.1 wa tibiliyoni ta vanhu a va xi vulavula tanihi ririmi ra vumbirhi kumbe ra matiko mambe . Xinghezi i ririmi ra vunharhu hi ku ya hi nhlayo ya vavulavuri va rikwavo, endzhaku ka Ximandarin na [[Xipaniya]] . {{sfn|Ethnologue|2010}} Hambiswiritano, loko ku hlanganisiwa nhlayo ya vavulavuri va ririmi ra rikwavo ni lava nga riki vavulavuri va rikwavo, ku nga ha va, hi ku ya hi swiringanyeto, ku va ririmi leri dumeke swinene emisaveni. {{sfn|McCrum|MacNeil|Cran|2003|pp=9–10}} {{sfn|Crystal|2003a|p=69}} Xinghezi xi vulavuriwa hi miganga hinkwako-nkwako ni le kwalomu ka xihlala xin’wana ni xin’wana lexi tsemakanyaka [[Lwandle|malwandle]] . {{sfn|Crystal|2003b|p=106}} === Swirhendzevutana swinharhu swa matiko lama vulavulaka Xinghezi === Braj Kachru u hambanisa matiko lawa Xinghezi xi vulavuriwaka eka wona hi ku tirhisa modele wa swirhendzevutana swinharhu. {{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=2}} Eka modele lowu, "ring ya le ndzeni" i matiko lama nga na miganga leyikulu ya rixaka ra Xinghezi, "ring ya le handle" i matiko lawa Xinghezi ku nga ririmi ra rikwavo ra vanhu va nga ri vangani ntsena kambe ri tirhisiwa ngopfu eka [[dyondzo]], vuhlanganisi na swikongomelo swin'wana, na "ku andlala." circle" i matiko lawa vanhu votala va dyondzaka Xinghezi. Swirhendzevutana leswi swinharhu swa cinca hi ku famba ka nkarhi. {{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=196}} Matiko lama nga ni miganga leyikulu ya vaaki va kwalaho ma katsa [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom,]] United [[Amerikha|States]], [[Ostraliya|Australia]], [[Khanada|Canada]], [[Ireland|Riphabliki ra Ireland]], na New Zealand, laha vunyingi bya vaaki va vulavulaka Xinghezi, na Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga, laha nhlayo yitsongo leyikulu yi vulavulaka Xinghezi. Matiko lama nga na nhlayo yo tala ya vavulavuri va Xinghezi va rixaka i [[Amerikha|United States]] (kwalomu ka 231 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Ryan|2013|loc=Table 1}} [[United Kingdom]] (60 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Office for National Statistics|2013|loc=Key Points}} {{sfn|National Records of Scotland|2013}} {{sfn|Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|2012|loc=Table KS207NI: Main Language}} [[Khanada|Canada]] (19 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Statistics Canada|2014}} [[Ostraliya|Australia]] (kwalomu ka 17 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Australian Bureau of Statistics|2013}} [[Afrika-Dzonga|Riphabliki ra Afrika-Dzonga]] (4.8 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Statistics South Africa|2012|loc=Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number)}} [[Ireland|Riphabliki ra Ireland]] (4.2 wa timiliyoni), na New Zealand (3.7 wa timiliyoni). {{sfn|Statistics New Zealand|2014}} Ematikweni lawa, vana va vavulavuri va ririmi ra rikwavo va dyondza Xinghezi eka vatswari va vona, kasi lava vulavulaka tindzimi tin’wana kumbe vanhu lava humaka ematikweni mambe hakanyingi va dyondza Xinghezi leswaku va vulavurisana ni vanhu lava va hanyaka na vona. {{sfn|Bao|2006|p=377}} 78zciza6lj6nzvdh2a52e3grixpy5q8 41675 41674 2026-06-08T18:53:51Z NDG 11796 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-33964-02|~2026-33964-02]] ([[User talk:~2026-33964-02|talk]]) to last version by Der-Wir-Ing: reverting vandalism 41667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] '''Xinghezi''' iririmi leri sunguleke ku vulavuriwa e[[England|Nghilandhi]] naswona hirona ririmi leri vulavuriwaka ngopfu ematikweni ya misava.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=English as a Global Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=6 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |accessdate=4 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |laysummary=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |laysource=Library of Congress (sample) |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}</ref> Ririmi leri ri tshyiwe hi rixaka ra Va-Angles, rin'wana ra tinxaka takhale ta maJarimani, leri rhurheleke eBhrithaniya, endhzawini leyi thyiweke, Nghilandhi. Swiga ririmi swarona swihlohloteriwa ngopfu hi tindzimi tin'wana ta xiJarimani, ngopfu-ngopfu Xinirse, Xilatini na Xifurhwa.<ref name="Wolff">{{cite book |last=Finkenstaedt |first=Thomas |author2=Dieter Wolff |title=Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon |publisher=C. Winter |year=1973 |isbn=3-533-02253-6}}</ref> Ririmi ra Xinghezi ri akiwe endzeni ka malembe ya kutlula 1,400. Xinghezi xosungula, axivulavuriwa eka malembe-xidzana ya vunthlanu. Xinghezi xale xikarhi xisungule eka lembe-xidzana ravu khume-n'we, loko mavuthu ya Vanomanimata hlula tiko ra Nghilandi, leswi swilandzeriweke hi nhlohlotelo wa xifurhwa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=English as a Global Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=30 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |accessdate=4 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |laysummary=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |laysource=Library of Congress (sample) |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}</ref> Xinghenzi lexilandzeleke xisungule hi lembe-xidzana ra vukhume-nthlanu, loko kuta sunguriwa kutirhisiwa ka michini yo gandlisa tibuku e dorobheni ra Landhani, ku gandlisiwa ka Bhibhele ya Hosi Yakobo, na masungulo ya ku ncinca lokukulu ka ririmi.<ref>{{cite web|title=''How English evolved into a global language''|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12017753|date=20 December 2010|publisher=BBC|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref> Xinghezi xi hangalake na misava kusukela eka lembe-xidzana ra vukhume-nkombo kuya eka lembe-xidzana ramakume-mbirhi. Hikwalaho ka swihlovo swa manguva lawa swa mahungu na kuthlandluka ka Amerikha tanihi mfumo-nkulu wa misava, ririmi raXinghezi ri sungule kutirhisiwa tanihi ririmi-nkulu ra matiko yo tala ya misava naswona rithlela ritirhisiwa eka tidyondzo ta Sayenzi na ta nawu.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Routes of English |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/programme4_6.shtml |date=1 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|ref=harvid|The Routes of English}}}}</ref> Xinghezi iririmi ra vunharhu hivukulu emisaveni, kulandzela ririmi ra Xichayina na Xipanichi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size |title=Summary by language size |accessdate=10 February 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |ref={{harvid|Ethnologue|2010}}}}</ref> Hirona ririmi leri dyondzisiwaka ngopfu emisaveni naswona iririmi ximfumo ra matiko ya kwalomu ka makume-ntsevu. Kuna vanhu votala lava dyondzeke ririmi leri kutlula vanhu lavarimameke. Xinghezi iririmi leri vulavuriwaka ngopfu ematikweni ya Nghilandi, Amerikha, Khanada, Ostraliya, Ayilendi na Nyuzilendi, naswona rivulavuriwa ngopfu eswihlaleni swa Kharibhiya, tiko-nkulu ra Afrika na ra Axiya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=English as a Global Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=108–109 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |accessdate=4 February 2015 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |laysummary=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |laysource=Library of Congress (sample) |laydate=4 February 2015 |ref=harv}}</ref> iririmi-ximfumo leri tirhisiwaka hi Nhlangano ya Matiko, Vumbano bya Yuropa na minhlangano yin'wana ya matiko ya misava. Ririmi leri rina swiga-ririmi na marito yo tsandza-vahlayi.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=How many words are there in the English language? |work=Oxford Dictionaries Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2015 |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |accessdate=2 April 2015 |archive-date=30 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130011051/http://oxforddictionaries.com/page/howmanywords |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Algeo |first=John |chapter=Chapter 2:Vocabulary |title=Cambridge History of the English Language |volume=IV: 1776–1997 |editor-last=Romaine |editor-first=Suzanne |pages=57–91 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-26477-8 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003 |ref=harv}}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{reflist|3}} [[Category:Tindzimi]] == Ku hangalasiwa ka ntivo-misava == Ku sukela hi 2016, 400 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu a va ri na Xinghezi tanihi ririmi ra vona ro sungula, naswona 1.1 wa tibiliyoni ta vanhu a va xi vulavula tanihi ririmi ra vumbirhi kumbe ra matiko mambe . Xinghezi i ririmi ra vunharhu hi ku ya hi nhlayo ya vavulavuri va rikwavo, endzhaku ka Ximandarin na [[Xipaniya]] . {{sfn|Ethnologue|2010}} Hambiswiritano, loko ku hlanganisiwa nhlayo ya vavulavuri va ririmi ra rikwavo ni lava nga riki vavulavuri va rikwavo, ku nga ha va, hi ku ya hi swiringanyeto, ku va ririmi leri dumeke swinene emisaveni. {{sfn|McCrum|MacNeil|Cran|2003|pp=9–10}} {{sfn|Crystal|2003a|p=69}} Xinghezi xi vulavuriwa hi miganga hinkwako-nkwako ni le kwalomu ka xihlala xin’wana ni xin’wana lexi tsemakanyaka [[Lwandle|malwandle]] . {{sfn|Crystal|2003b|p=106}} === Swirhendzevutana swinharhu swa matiko lama vulavulaka Xinghezi === Braj Kachru u hambanisa matiko lawa Xinghezi xi vulavuriwaka eka wona hi ku tirhisa modele wa swirhendzevutana swinharhu. {{sfn|Svartvik|Leech|2006|p=2}} Eka modele lowu, "ring ya le ndzeni" i matiko lama nga na miganga leyikulu ya rixaka ra Xinghezi, "ring ya le handle" i matiko lawa Xinghezi ku nga ririmi ra rikwavo ra vanhu va nga ri vangani ntsena kambe ri tirhisiwa ngopfu eka [[dyondzo]], vuhlanganisi na swikongomelo swin'wana, na "ku andlala." circle" i matiko lawa vanhu votala va dyondzaka Xinghezi. Swirhendzevutana leswi swinharhu swa cinca hi ku famba ka nkarhi. {{sfn|Kachru|2006|p=196}} Matiko lama nga ni miganga leyikulu ya vaaki va kwalaho ma katsa [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom,]] United [[Amerikha|States]], [[Ostraliya|Australia]], [[Khanada|Canada]], [[Ireland|Riphabliki ra Ireland]], na New Zealand, laha vunyingi bya vaaki va vulavulaka Xinghezi, na Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga, laha nhlayo yitsongo leyikulu yi vulavulaka Xinghezi. Matiko lama nga na nhlayo yo tala ya vavulavuri va Xinghezi va rixaka i [[Amerikha|United States]] (kwalomu ka 231 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Ryan|2013|loc=Table 1}} [[United Kingdom]] (60 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Office for National Statistics|2013|loc=Key Points}} {{sfn|National Records of Scotland|2013}} {{sfn|Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|2012|loc=Table KS207NI: Main Language}} [[Khanada|Canada]] (19 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Statistics Canada|2014}} [[Ostraliya|Australia]] (kwalomu ka 17 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Australian Bureau of Statistics|2013}} [[Afrika-Dzonga|Riphabliki ra Afrika-Dzonga]] (4.8 wa timiliyoni), {{sfn|Statistics South Africa|2012|loc=Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number)}} [[Ireland|Riphabliki ra Ireland]] (4.2 wa timiliyoni), na New Zealand (3.7 wa timiliyoni). {{sfn|Statistics New Zealand|2014}} Ematikweni lawa, vana va vavulavuri va ririmi ra rikwavo va dyondza Xinghezi eka vatswari va vona, kasi lava vulavulaka tindzimi tin’wana kumbe vanhu lava humaka ematikweni mambe hakanyingi va dyondza Xinghezi leswaku va vulavurisana ni vanhu lava va hanyaka na vona. {{sfn|Bao|2006|p=377}} 9j8wnh56dniokoyn8hz6uqc63itdrtb