Wikipedia tswiki https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlukankulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2783 41974 39264 2026-08-13T22:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} Hosi '''Mdungazwe Nghunghunyana Nxumalo''' ''(ca [[1850]] - † 26 [[N'wendzamhala]] [[1906]])''<ref name=Lipschutz>{{Cite book |last=Lipschutz |first=Mark R. |title=Dictionary of African Historical Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark |last2=Rasmussen |first2=R. Kent |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780520066113 |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark/page/79 79] |language=English}}</ref>, a kuri hosi ya mfumo wa le kaGaza( e [[Mozambique|mozambhiki]]) laha a fumeke kusukela hi lembe ra 1884 kuya e ka lembe ra 1895. Mdungazwe i hosana ya muti wa ka Dlamini. Nghonyama ya Gaza (tani hi leswi a a tivewa ha kona) yi yi kote ku tiyisa mfumo wa kaGaza, hi ku tirhisa mano na vutsila bya vuthu rakwe ra nyimpi nkarhi wo ringana malembe yo tlulanyana makume nkombo-nthlanu (75) a nga si khotsiwa hi ka ntsikelelo wa maphutukezi. Kutani eku heteleleni u hluriwile, naswona u bohiwile a yisiwa e tikweni ra maphutukezi e ntsindza wa kona kunga [[Lisbon]]. U tekiwe na vasati vakwe va nkombo; n'wana, malume wakwe na swirho swin'wana swa vuthu rakwe. Endzhaku ko tshama xinkadyana e lisbon, u rhurhiseriwe e xihlaleni xa [[Azore]], laha a tshameke kona kufikela loko a khinsama ra makumu endzhaku ka malembe ya khume-nw'e a ri mubohiwa e azore. ==Malembe ya vutomi bya yena== ===Kutswariwa na rixaka=== '''Mdungazwe''' kumbe ''Mudungazi'' loyi a tlakuseriwe e xiluvelweni xa vukosi bya le kaGaza hi lembe ra 1884, u tswariwile e vukosini hi lembe ra 1850 kun'wana e xikarhi ka nambu wa [[Zambezi river|Zambhezi]] na nambu wa [[Incomati River|Nkomati]], naswona swinga endleka leswaku u tswaleriwe kunwana kusuhi na ribuwa ra Limpopo laha ntsindza wa mfumo wale kaGaza a wu simekiwe kona. Mdungazi i n'wana wa [[Mzila|Hosi Mzila Nxumalo]] (loyi a fumeke kusukela hi lembe ra 1861 kuya e ka lembe ra 1884) na Yosiwo, loyi a tshuriweke vito ra Umpebekecana endzhaku ka rifu rakwe. Kokwa wakwe a a ri n'wana wa Hosi Soshangane '''Manukosi''' Nxumalo, murhangheri wa Vangoni lava va tsutsumeke nyimpi e tikweni ra kaZulu hi nkarhi wa [[Umfecane|Matiwana]](Kumbe Mfecane), naswona a aka mfumo wa le kaGaza. ===Malembe ya vunthswa (1850-1864)=== Mdungazwe u kule enkarhini lowu madzolonga na ku chava a ku hlasele tiko hinkwaru. Kokwa wakwe Manukosi a a ha ku rhurhela en'walungu wa tiko ku suka etikweni ra kaZulu, a a rhangele vuthu leri chavekaka ra Vangoni ( Va-angune kumbe Vatuwa hikuya hi maphutukezi) hinkarhi wa tinyimpi ta mpisana kwalomu ka lembe ra 1820. Manukosi u simeke mfumo wa le kaGaza (Vito ra Kokwa wakwe Gaza), lowu a wu aname hi 56 000 km² naswona u lange muganga wa [[Chayimeti]] tani hi ntsindza wa mfumo. Hi xona xiyimo lexi Mdungazi loyi a a tava '''Nghunghunyani''' ''Nghonyama ya Gaza'' a tswaleriweke e hansi ka xona, n'wana wa Hosi Mzila waka Nxumalo, Hosana ya muti wa ka Dlamini. U kule a dyondza nyimpi naswona a a hoxa xandla eka tinyimpi leti ntsongo to ndlandlamuxa mfumo leti a ti lulamisiwa hi kokwa wakwe, ndzhaku tata wakwe lembe ni lembe. Nghunghunyani a a akekele kulwa, naswona a nga hlwelanga ku twisisa ndlela ya nyimpi leyi sunguriweke hi kokwa wakwe Manukosi na Hosi Shaka. ===Mfumo wa Hosi Mzila (1864-1884)=== Endzhaku ka ku khinsama ka Soshangane ra makumu, ku sung ule nyimpi yo lwela vukosi e xikarhi ka [[Mawewe]] na [[Mzila]], naswona hambi leswi Manukosi a a lange Mzila tani hi mudyandzhaka wa yena, Mawewe u tekile vukosi. Mzila u hlurile makwavo hi ku pfuniwa hi maphutukezi hi lembe ra 1864 naswona u sungurile ku kurisa vukosi bya kwe e mfun'weni hinkwawo wa tiko ra le ka Gaza. Hi nkarhi lowu, Mdungazwe a a sungula ku tolovela ehubyeni ya Mzila. Loko tata wa kwe a khinsama ra makumu, Mafemani a ari yena mudyanzhaka tani hi leswi mana wakwe a kuri yena Nsati-nkulu (Nkosikazi), kambe Mdungazi u sungele nyimpi yo lwela vukosi naswona u dlayile mafemani leswaku a kuma xiluvelo xa vukosi bya le kaGaza. Leswi swi bohe Hanyani na Mafabazi leswaku va ya e vuchavela-hwahwa. Hikwalaho hi lembe ra 1884, Mdungazwe u hlambanyisiwe tani hi mufumi wa le kaGaza naswona a ti tshula vito ra '''Nghunghunyana''' n'wana wa Mzila wa ka Nxumalo ''Nghonyama ya Gaza''. ===Hosi Nghunghunyana (1884 -1895)=== [[Image:Ngungunhane Gungunhana.jpg|thumb|right|Hosi Nghunghunyana hi lembe ra 1885]] U ku sunguleni ka ku fuma kakwe, mfumo wa le kaGaza a nase wu ndlandlamuke kufikela kwalomu ka 90 000 km² hi ku anama naswona a wuri na va aka tiko va kwalomu ka nthanu wa madzana-dzana ( 500 000 ). Nghunghunyani a rhurherise ntsindza wa mfumo wakwe ku suka e Chayimeti naswona a wusimeka e Mandhlakazi (Manjacaze) hi rona lembe rero. A ri na ma lembe ya makume-nharhu mune (34), u sungule ku fuma e nkarhini lowu kotlaneke na [[Berlin Conference|ntsombano wa le Berlin]] ( Hi 15 Nhlangula (October) 1884 ku ya ka 26 Nhlangula 1885 ) laha Afrika yi aviweke hi matiko lamakulu ya [[Europe|Yuropa]]. Xikan'we-kan'we huvo ya hosi nghunghunyani yi rhumerile pfhumba hi n'hweti ya Sunguti e ka muyimeri wa mfumo wa ma phutukezi e dorobeni ra ka Xiluvani, leswaku va yisa nyiko ya vunghana no tivisa mufumi lontshwa. Murhangeri wa rhavi [[Agostinho Coelho]] e ka Xiluvani narona ri hlamule hi ku rhumela muyimeri wa rona eka huvo ya nghunghunyana e xikarhi ka lembe ra 1885. Muyimeri loyi a langiweke a ku ri [[Casaleiro Jose de Alegria Rodrigues]], loyi a hatleke a xiximeka e hubyeni leyi. Ku hlawuriwa ka Casaleiro ku haxe mbewu ya makwanga e xikarhi ka vayimeri va maphutukezi lava a va ri eka xiluvani, naswona leswi swi vange ma dzolonga lama landzeleke. Casaleiro u nyikiwe ntirho wo tsundzuxa hosi nghunghunyana hi ta ntwanano wa lembe ra 1861 lowu a wu ri kona e xikarhi ka Maputukezi na tata wa kwe Hosi Mzila wa ka Nxumalo, lowu a nase a wu rivariwile. Nghunghunyana u pfumerile ntwanano wolowo ivi ku vumbiwa phfumba ra vukosi leswaku ri ya yimela Hosi Nghunghunyana (Hikwalaho kaswiyilana leswi a swi sivela vanhu vale vukosini ku tluta lwandle) hale ka malwadle e tikweni ra Maphutukezi, e mahlweni ka Hosi Louis wosungula. Pfhumba leri a ri akiwa hi vavanuna vambirhi lava a vari e hubweni ya Hosi Nghunghunyana, kunga Mathanda-Konke (60 wamalembe hi vu khale) na Maphinda (60 wamalembe hi vu khale). Pfhumba leri ri fike eDorobeni ra Lisbon naswona vahlangana na Hoi hi 18 September 1885.{{Kulaveka vumbhoni}} Hambileswi pfhumba leri ari kanakanisa e mahlweni ka huvo ya Hosi Louis, vasayinile ntwanano wa vunghana e xikarhi ka Hosi Nghunghunyana wa mfumo wa le kaGaza na Hosi Louis wosungula wa mfumo wa maphutukezi hi siku ra 12 October?? 1885, leswi kandziyisiweke eka Gazzete ya xifundza xa Mozambhiki hi siku ra 9 Sunguti 1886. Ntwanano a wu tiyisekisa vukona bya maphutukezi e tikweni ra mfumo wa le kaGaza nawona wu pfumelela ku famba-famba na ku fambisa mabindzu, hi hala thlelo wu nyika hoi nghunghunyani mfanelo ya ku rhangela ntlawa wa vumbhirhi wa vuthu ra maphutukezi naswona yena navuthu rakwe va nyikiwa Unifomo ya mavuthu ya maphutukezi. Ntwanano lowu a wu amukeriwanga kahle hikwalaho ka ku kanakanisa ka pfhumba leri rhumeriweke na nhlohlotelo lowu Casaleiro a a hleketeriwa ku va nawona. Pfhumba ra vumbirhi ri rhumiwile hi hosi nghunghunyani kuya e ka hosi Louis wo sungula hi lembe ra 1887, laha ku rhumiweke N'Tonga wa yindlu ya Mandlakazi na Udaka wa yindlu ya Udengo. pfhumba leri ri antswine ngopfu ku tlula lero sungula. Ri amukeriwe Hi Hosi Louis na nghamu yakwe, naswona va memeriwe eka rendzo ra ximfumo ro hlahluva mavuthu na swibalesa swa mfumo. Hambiswiritano xiboho xa ntsombano wa Berlin wo aviwa ka Afrika xi vule leswaku maphutukezi a ma boheka ku tiyisisa vukolongi bya mfumo wa vona e mozambhiki. Nghunghunyana u sungule ku xunghetiwa hi vafiki lava kunga maphutukezi na maghezi tanihileswi a a swivona leswaku va lwetana hi ku lava ku lawula tiko ra yena. leswi swi sungule ku byala mano yobiha hi huvo ya yena na hi vamakwavo lava a va rile vuchavela-whawha. ==Minkombo ya le handle== *[http://www.vidaslusofonas.pt/ngungunhane.htm Ngungunhane] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217064251/http://www.vidaslusofonas.pt/ngungunhane.htm |date=2010-02-17 }} *[http://www.fmsoares.pt/arquivo_biblioteca/CronoXX/popup_biografias_id.asp?registo=69 Nota biográfica de Gungunhana.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224025532/http://www.fmsoares.pt/arquivo_biblioteca/CronoXX/popup_biografias_id.asp?registo=69 |date=2008-02-24 }} *[http://www.macua.org/gungunhana/ Gungunhana no seu reino.] *[http://maschamba.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/2004_05.html#108420 O último discurso de Gungunhana.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028021315/http://maschamba.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/2004_05.html#108420 |date=2008-10-28 }} *[http://www.macua.org/livros/VIII.htm O império de Gaza.] == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Tihosi ta Gaza}} {{Lifetime|1850|1906|Nghunghunyani}} [[Category:Vanhu]] [[Category:Tihosi]] eufuohv9hiqqjq9f5q28qjdnbdhn12c 0 4072 41950 36303 2026-08-13T21:59:49Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox disease | name = Xitsongwatsongwana xa vuvabyi bya Ebola | image = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | caption = Xifaniso xa 1976 xa vaongori vambirhi lava va yimeke emahlweni ka [[Mayinga N’Seka|Mayinga N.]], na munhu loyi a nga na xitsongwatsongwana xa vuvabyi bya Ebola; u love ntsena endzhakunyana ka masiku ma nga ri mangani hikwalaho ka ku humetela ngati endzeni | DiseasesDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|065.8}} | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} '''Xitsongwatsongwana xa vuvabyi bya Ebola''' ('''EVD''') kumbe '''Dari ya ku humesa ngati ''' ('''EHF''') i vuvabyi bya vanhu lebyi vangiwaka hi [[xitsongwatsongwana xa Ebola]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> swikombiso hi ntolovelo swi sungula ku tikomba masiku mambirhi ku ya eka mavhiki yanharhu endzhaku ko khomiwa hi xitsongwatsongwana, hi [[dari]], swirhumbana enkolweni, [[ku vava ka tinyama]], na [[ku pandza ka tihloko]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> swikombiso [[ku hlamba timbilu]], ku hlanta, na [[ku chuluka]] ku landzela swirhumbana, ku fambisana na [[xivindzi]] na ti[[yinswo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Eka nkarhi lowu, vanhu van'wana va sungula ku va na swiphiqo[[swo huma ngati]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause and Diagnosis--> Xitsongwatsongwana xi nga kumeka hi ku hlangana na [[ngati]] kumbe swi[[xihalaki swa miri]] wa xiharhi lexi khomiweke(hi xitalo tinkawa kumbe ti[[mangadyana ta mihandzu]])<ref name=WHO2014/> ku hangalasiwa hi moya a swi si tsariwa eka tindhawu ta ntumbuluko.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729034008/http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Timangadyana ta mihandzu ku pfumeriwa leswaku ti rhwala na ku hangalasa xitsongwatsongwana handle ko khumbeka.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Xikan'wekan'we loko ku va na ku tluleriwa ka vanhu, vuvabyi byi nga ha hangalasiwa na le exikarhi ka vanhu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Vaxinuna lava ponaka va nga swi kota ku tluleta vuvabyi hi[[xipeme]] ku tshinela eka tin'hweti timbirhi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> ku kota ku hlahluva vuvabyi, hi ntolovelo mavabyi man'wana lawa ya nga na swikombiso swo fana na [[malariya]], [[kholera]] na [[xitsongwatsongwana xa dari ro huma ngati]]<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> -->Ku tiyisisa ku hlahluva vuvabyi swikombiso swa ngati swi kamberiwa switsongwatsongwana [[masocha ya miri]], switsongwatsongwana [[RNA]], kumbe xitsongwatsongwana ha xoxe.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention --> Ku sivela ku katsa ku hunguta ku hangalaka ka vuvabyi ku sukela eka tinkawa leti tluletiweke na tinguluve ku ya eka vanhu <!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Leswi swi nga endliwa hi ku kambela swihari swoleswo eka ku tluleta na ku dlaya na ku cukumetiwa kahle ka mintsumbu loko vuvabyi byi kumiwile.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ku sweka nyama yi vupfa hi ku hetiseka na ku ambala swiambalo swo sirhelela loko u khoma nyama naswona swi nga pfuna,<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> tanihi loko hi ambala swiambalo swo ti sirhelela na [[ku hlamba swandla]] loko u ri kusuhi na munhu loyi a nga na vuvabyi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Swikambelo swa swihalaki swa miri na misiha leyintsongo kusuka eka vanhu lava nga ni vuvabyi swi fanele ku hlayisiwa hi vukheta.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Treatment, Prognosis and Epidemiology--> A ku na vutshunguri byo kongoma eka vuvabyi lebyi; matshalatshala yo pfuna vanhu lava tluletiweke ya katsa ku nyika ku nga ha va [[matshungulelo yo nyika mati]] ( mati yo nyanganya na ku va na munyu ku va va nwa) kumbe [[swihalaki leswi nghenisiwaka hi tidiripi]].<ref name=WHO2014/>Vuvabyi byi na nhlayo ya le henhla ya [[rifu hi xitalo]]: byi tala ku dlaya exikarhi ka 50% na 90% ta lava va tluletiweke xitsongwatsongwana.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> EVD yi boxiwe ro sungula e [[Sudan]] na le [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Vuvabyi hi ntalo byi humelela hi ntungu hi xihatla eka swifundza hisa swa [[ Sub-Saharan Afrika]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Kusukela 1976( loko byi boxiwile ro sungula) ku fika 2013, vanhu va le hansi ka 1000,00 va tluletiwile hi lembe.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Ntungu lowukulu ku fika sweswi wu ya emahlweni [[ntungu wa Ebola wa le Vupeladyambu bya Afrika wa2014]], lowu khumbaka [[Guinea]], [[Siera Leone]], [[Liberia]] ku nga va na le [[Nigeria]].<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Ku sukela hi Mhawuri 2014 ku tlula 1600 wa swiviko swi boxiwile.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014|archive-date=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6UJCrmDvn?url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Matshalatshala yo [[nsawutiso]] ya ya emahlweni; hambiswiritano, a ku si kumeka na wun'we.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Ku yelanisa== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; Nongonoko wa matsalwa {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Klenk|first=Hans-Dieter|title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology)|url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse|date=January 1999|publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-540-64729-4|ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book|first1=Hans-Dieter|last1=Klenk|first2=Heinz|last2=Feldmann|title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology|url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC|format=Limited preview|year=2004|publisher=Horizon Bioscience|location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK|isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7|ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004}} * {{Cite book|last=Kuhn|first=Jens H.|title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C|format=Limited preview|year=2008|publisher=SpringerWienNewYork|location=Vienna|isbn=978-3-211-20670-6|ref=CITEREFKuhn2008}} * {{Cite book|last1=McCormick|first1=Joseph|last2=Fisher-Hoch|first2=Susan|others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan|title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C|format=Limited preview|origyear=1996|edition=Updated [3rd]|year=1999|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5|ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999|month=June}} * {{Cite book|last=Pattyn|first=S. R.|title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever|year=1978|url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/|format=Full free text|edition=1st|publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=0-444-80060-3|ref=CITEREFPattyn1978|access-date=2014-08-29|archive-date=2010-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211083855/http://www.itg.be/ebola/|dead-url=yes}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ryabchikova|first1=Elena I.|last2=Price|first2=Barbara B.|title=Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy|year=2004|publisher=Battelle Press|location=Columbus, Ohio|isbn=978-1-57477-131-2|ref=CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} {{Refend}} ==Linki ya le handle== {{Refbegin}} * [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] * [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola |date=2014-08-08 }} * [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature |date=2014-08-19 }} * [http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223245/http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ |date=2014-08-16 }} {{Refend}} {{Mavabyi}} [[Category:Mavabyi]] 0hm29i571pyncbvsizp0ihrqt4b8g28 0 4519 41980 39553 2026-08-13T22:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kingdomhall.jpg|thumb|''Tiholo ta Mfumo'']] [[File:Centrum Kongresowe Sosnowiec.jpg|thumb|Timbhoni Ta Yehovha]] '''Timbhoni ta Yehovha''' i vukhongeri bya xikreste lebyi nga pfumeriki e ka vunharhu-vun'we ku hambana na vukhongeri bya [[vukreste]] lebyi tolovelekeke.<ref>Sources for descriptors:<br> •&nbsp;''Millenarian'': {{Cite book|last=Beckford|first=James A.|authorlink=James A. Beckford|title=The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses|url=https://archive.org/details/trumpetofprophec0000beck_n6m6|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|year=1975|isbn=0-631-16310-7|ref=harv|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumpetofprophec0000beck_n6m6/page/118 118]–119, 151, 200–201}}</ref> Ntlawa lowu wu vika vulandzeri bya misava hinkwayo bya kwalomu ka 8.683.117 miliyoni ta vahuweleri,<ref name="yb2017"><cite class="citation web">[https://www.jw.org/ts/"Jehovah's Witnesses Official Media Web Site: Our History and Organization: Membership"]. </cite></ref> kwalomu ka 15 wa timiliyoni wa lava kumekaka e mitsombanweni, na kwalomu ka 20.919.041 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu lava veke kona e Xitsundzuxweni.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Guided by God's Spirit|journal=Awake!|date=June 2008|page=32|accessdate=2012-06-16|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102008215}}</ref> Timbhoni ta Yehovha ti rhangeriwa hi Huvo leyi Fumaka, kunga ntlawa wa vakulu e Warwick, lowu simekaka tidyondzo hikwato ta vona <ref>{{Cite book|last=Beckford|first=James A.|authorlink=James A. Beckford|title=The Trumpet of Prophecy: A Sociological Study of Jehovah's Witnesses|url=https://archive.org/details/trumpetofprophec0000beck_n6m6|publisher=Basil Blackwell|location=Oxford|year=1975|isbn=0-631-16310-7|ref=harv|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumpetofprophec0000beck_n6m6/page/221 221]|quote=Doctrine has always emanated from the Society's elite in Brooklyn and has never emerged from discussion among, or suggestion from, rank-and-file Witnesses.}}</ref> kuya hi tinhlamuselo ta [[Bhibhele]] .<ref name="The Columbia Encyclopedia">{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2011|chapter=Jehovah's Witnesses|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Jehovahs_Witnesses.aspx#3|quote=The Witnesses base their teaching on the Bible.|isbn=978-0-7876-5015-5}}</ref> Vatirhisa ngopfu Bhibhele ya vona leyi tiviwaka hi , Vuhundzuluxeri bya matsalwa bya Misava leyintshwa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=Linda|title=A Brief Guide to Beliefs|url=https://archive.org/details/briefguidetobeli0000unse|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2001|location=Louisville, Kentucky|pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefguidetobeli0000unse/page/438 438]|isbn=0-664-22259-5|quote=The Jehovah's Witnesses' interpretation of Christianity and their rejection of orthodoxy influenced them to produce their own translation of the Bible, ''The New World Translation''.}}</ref> hambi leswi tibuku tavona ti tshahaka vuhundzuluxeri byin'wana .<ref>{{Cite journal|title=When Was Ancient Jerusalem Destroyed?—Part One|journal=The Watchtower|date=October 1, 2011|page=26|quote=Jehovah's Witnesses produce a reliable Bible translation known as the ''New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures''. However, if you are not one of Jehovah’s Witnesses, you may prefer to use other translations when considering Bible subjects. This article quotes from a number of widely accepted Bible translations.}}</ref> Vupfumela leswaku kuherisiwa ka mafambiselo ya sweswi ya misava e Armageddon kutshinele, naswona leswaku ku simekiwa ka Mfumo wa [[Xikwembu]] laha misaveni, hi xona ntsena xintshuxo xa swirhalanganya hikwaswo leswi languteke vanhu hikwavo.<ref name="Britannica Concise Encyclopedia">{{Cite book|title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/britannicaconcis0000unse|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|year=2007|chapter=Jehovah's Witness|isbn=978-1-59339-293-2}}</ref> Ntlawa lowu wusukela eka Swichudeni swa Bhibhele, kunga ntlawa lowu simekiweke kwalomu ka malembe ya 1870 hi Charles Taze Russell loyi a sunguleke Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, naswona vathlela va cinca mafambisele na tidyondzo ta vona e hansi ka vurhangeri bya Joseph Franklin Rutherford.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Embryonic State of a Religious Sect's Development: The Jehovah's Witnesses|journal=Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain|editor=Michael Hill|year=1972|issue=5|pages=11–12|quote=Joseph Franklin Rutherford succeeded to Russell's position as President of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, but only at the expense of antagonizing a large proportion of the Watch Towers subscribers. Nevertheless, he persisted in moulding the Society to suit his own programme of activist evangelism under systematic central control, and he succeeded in creating the administrative structure of the present-day sect of Jehovah's Witnesses.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leo P. Chall|title=Sociological Abstracts|volume=26|issue=1–3|journal=Sociology of Religion|year=1978|page=193|quote=Rutherford, through the Watch Tower Society, succeeded in changing all aspects of the sect from 1919 to 1932 and created Jehovah's Witnesses—a charismatic offshoot of the Bible student community.}}</ref> Vito ra ''Timbhoni ta Yehovha''<ref>Based on Isaiah 43:10–12 - [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+43%3A10-12&version=ASV Isaiah 43:10-12]</ref> riamukeriwile hi ntlawa lowu hi lembe ra 1931 leswaku wutihambanisa na mintlawa yin'wana ya Swichudeni swa Bhibhele leswi sukaka e tidyondzweni ta  Russell.<ref name="name1">{{Cite book|author=Rogerson, Alan|title=Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses|url=https://archive.org/details/millionsnowlivin0000alan|publisher=Constable|location=London|year=1969|page=[https://archive.org/details/millionsnowlivin0000alan/page/55 55]|quote=In 1931, came an important milestone in the history of the organisation. For many years Rutherford's followers had been called a variety of names: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', or 'Millennial Dawners'. In order to distinguish clearly his followers from the other groups who had separated in 1918 Rutherford proposed that they adopt an entirely new name—''Jehovah's witnesses''.}}</ref><ref name="name2">James A. Beckford, ''The Trumpet of Prophecy'', 1975, page 30, "The new title symbolized a break with the legacy of Russell's traditions, the instigation of new outlooks and the promotion of fresh methods of administering evangelism."</ref><ref name="name3">{{Cite journal|journal=The Watch Tower|title=A New Name|date=October 1, 1931|page=291|quote=Since the death of Charles T. Russell there have arisen numerous companies formed out of those who once walked with him, each of these companies claiming to teach the truth, and each calling themselves by some name, such as "Followers of Pastor Russell", "those who stand by the truth as expounded by Pastor Russell," "Associated Bible Students," and some by the names of their local leaders. All of this tends to confusion and hinders those of good will who are not better informed from obtaining a knowledge of the truth.}}</ref> Timbhoni ta yehovha titiveka ngopfu hi kuchumayela ka muti-hi-muti, kuhangalasa tibuku tavona leti vuriwaka ''Xihondzo xo Rindza'' na ''Xalamuka!'', ku ala Vusocha na kucheriwa ka ngati. Vatshemba leswaku iswa nkoka ku tirhisa vito ra Yehova eku khongeleni. Va ala Vunharhu-vun'we, Kupona ka moyaxiviri, na ndzilo wa tihele, leswi va vulaka swi hambana na matsalwa. Ava tlangeri Khisimusi, Gudu, Masiku yo tswariwa kumbe tiholide na swihenwa leswi va vulaka swi huma eka vukhongeri bya Vujagana naswona swihambana na Vukreste.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Franz, Raymond|title=In Search of Christian Freedom|publisher=Commentary Press|year=2007|pages=274–5|isbn=0-914675-16-8}}</ref> Valandzeri vantlawa lowu va vula tidyondzo ta vona "Ntiyiso" naswona vativona vari "entiyisweni".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singelenberg|first=Richard|title=It Separated the Wheat From the Chaff: The 1975 Prophecy and its Impact Among Dutch Jehovah's Witnesses|journal=Sociological Analysis|volume=50|issue=Spring 1989|pages=23–40, footnote 8|year=1989|quote='The Truth' is Witnesses' jargon, meaning the Society's belief system.|doi=10.2307/3710916}}</ref> Va vona vanhu van'wana lava naga ehandle ku vupfumeri lebyi tani hi lava hombolokeke naswona vari e hansi ka nhlohlotelo wa Sathana, naswona va hunguta ku tihlanganisa na vona.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Penton|first=M.J.|authorlink=James Penton|title=Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses|url=https://archive.org/details/apocalypsedelaye0000pent|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1997|isbn=0-8020-7973-3|ref=harv|pages=[https://archive.org/details/apocalypsedelaye0000pent/page/280 280]–283|quote=Most Witnesses tend to think of society outside their own community as decadent and corrupt ... This in turn means to Jehovah's Witnesses that they must keep themselves apart from Satan's "doomed system of things." Thus most tend to socialize largely, although not totally, within the Witness community.}}</ref> Vuxupuri bya nhlengeletano/vandla byi hlanganisa ''Kususiwa'' kunga rito ravona leri hlamuselaka ku hlongoriwa no bakanyiwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chryssides|first=George D.|authorlink=George Chryssides|title=Exploring New Religions|publisher=Continuum|year=1999|location=London|pages=5|isbn=0-8264-5959-5|quote=The Jehovah's Witnesses are well known for their practice of 'disfellowshipping' wayward members.}}</ref> Vanhu lava susiweke vanga ha thleriseriwa loko va voniwa va hundzukile.<ref name="shepherd">{{Cite book|title=Shepherd the Flock of God|page=119|publisher=Watch Tower Society|quote=The committee should be careful to allow sufficient time, perhaps many months, a year, or even longer, for the disfellowshipped person to prove that his profession of repentance is genuine.}}</ref> Vuyimo bya vukhongeri leyi mayelana na ku ala [[vusocha]] na ku hlonipha mujeko, byi va vangele madzolonga na Mifumo ya matiko yo hlaya. Hiswona leswi vangeleke leswaku, van'wana va Timbhoni ta Yehovha va xanisiwa naswona vukhongeri byavona byi arisiwa ematikweni man'wana. Kuphikelela ka vona e tihuveni ta milawu swi hlohlotele [[timfanelo ta ximunhu]] ematikweni yohlaya.<ref>Gary Botting, ''Fundamental Freedoms and Jehovah's Witnesses'' (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1993), pg 1–13.</ref> Nhlangano lowu wu thlele wu soriwa ngopfu eka timhaka leti hlanganisaka Vuhundzuluxeri bya vona bya Bhibhele, Tidyondzo ta vona, Makhomele ya ti mhaka taku xanisa himasangu, na kuhlohlotela no chavisa valandzeri vavona. Mixungeto leyi yi ariwile hi varhangeri vavona naswona yinwana yi kanetiwile etihuveni ta milawu. * [https://www.jw.org/ts/ Timbhoni Ta Yehovha (jw.org)] ==Mintshaho== {{Reflist|group=note}} {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Vukhongeri]] 0qwh6vh8plv7m279iucvhgnt2adl379 0 4523 41960 38506 2026-08-13T22:04:34Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41960 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gold Christian Cross no Red.svg|thumb|392x392px|Xifaniso xa "''Xikwembu Tatana"'' xitekiwe eka mpfapfarhuto was ''Hosi Davida na vakulu va 24, lava langutiseke Xikwembu Tatana'' hi Johann Jakob Zeiller (1744-48).]] '''Xikwembu''' xitekiwa kuri Xivumbiwa xale henhla ka swivumbiwa hinkwaswo la misaveni, matilweni nile hansi ka [[misava]]. Xi tshama henhla-henhla ematilweni laha Xi tshamaka henhla ka xitulu xa Xona lexi hlayisiwaka hi tintsumi ta xona hiku hambana-hambana. I mutumbuluxi wa misava ni swilo hinkwaswo leswi swinga kona la misaveni,naswona vanhu va veka ripfumelo ra vona eka xona.<ref name="Swinburne">Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995.</ref>  Vukwembu byi hlamuseriwa hi vadyondzi va swa taripfumelo, byi hlanganisa lexi tivaka hinkwaswo, xa matimba hinkwawo, lexi nga kona hinkwako naswona lexi veke kona kusukela e kusunguleni. Xikwembu hakanyingi xi vona xi ri hava miri wa nyama,<ref name="Swinburne">Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995.</ref>,hambiswiritano nhlamuselo ya ku tumbuluxa misava <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Lang|first1=David|title=Why Matter Matters: Philosophical and Scriptural Reflections on the Sacraments|url=https://archive.org/details/whymattermatters0000lang|year=2002|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor|location=Chapter Five: Why Male Priests?|isbn=978-1931709347|first2=Peter|last2=Kreeft}}</ref> yi vangele leswaku xikwembu xihlamuseriwa hi vununa hikuva i Tanana wa Hina. Xikwembu xina mavito yo tala kuya hi ku hambana hambana ka vukhongeri. E [[Gibita]] ya khale, xikwembu a xi vitiwa Aten,<ref>Jan Assmann, ''Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies'', Stanford University Press 2005, p.59</ref> loyi a a tshembiwa leswaku i mutumbuluxi lonkulu.<ref>M. Lichtheim, ''Ancient Egyptian Literature'', Vol.2, 1980, p.96</ref> E Bhibheleni ra xiyuda xivuriwa, "Loyi anga Yena", naswona hi tetragrammaton YHWH (Yaweh) (Xiheberu&#x3A;<span> </span><span dir="rtl" lang="he">יהוה</span>&#x200E;&#x200E;, leswinge: "Ndzi loyi ndzinga Yena"; "Loyi anga kona") ma tirhisiwa tani hi mavito ya Xikwembu, kasi Yahweh na Yehovah ma tirhisiwa tani hi mavito ya xikwembu. Eka [[vukreste]] bya vunharhu-vun'we, xikwembu xi tiviwa tani hi Xikwembu - Tatana, Xikwembu-N'wana na Xikwembu-Moya wo kwetsima. Eka vukhongeri bya Xiyuda, swi tolovelekile ku vita Xikwembu hi Elohim kumbe Adonai.<ref name="freud">Freud, S. (1939). </ref><ref>Gunther Siegmund Stent, ''Paradoxes of Free Will''. </ref><ref>Jan Assmann, ''Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism''. </ref><ref>N. Shupak, ''The Monotheism of Moses and the Monotheism of Akhenaten''. </ref><ref>William F. Albright, ''From the Patriarchs to Moses II. ''</ref> Eka vukhongeri bya Xisurumani, ku tirhisiwa vito Allah, "Al-El", kumbe "Al-Elah", tani hi vito ra Xikwembu. Mavonele yo hambana hambana ya tumbuluxe vukhongeri lebyi pfumelaka leswaku vukhongeri hinkwabyo byi khongela xikwembu xin'we hambi leswi byin'wana na byin'wana byi xi twisisaka hi ndlela yo hambana.<ref>''Christianity and Other Religions'', by John Hick and Brian Hebblethwaite. 1980. </ref> == References == {{Reflist|group=note}} {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Vukhongeri]] 6npakcs9c2t68cltn5lplk9x0kmxtnl 0 4530 41975 36304 2026-08-13T22:15:29Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gutenberg_Bible,_Lenox_Copy,_New_York_Public_Library,_2009._Pic_01.jpg|thumb|250px|Xifaniso xa Bhibhele ya Gutenberg, Bhibhele yo sungula ke kandziyisiwa.]] '''Bibele''' (Kusuka eka xiGriki τὰ βιβλία, ''tà biblía'', "Ti buku"<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bible: the making and impact on the Bible a history.|url=https://archive.org/details/biblehistorymaki0000mill_v9q4|edition=|last=Miller & Huber|first=Stephen & Robert|year=2003|publisher=Lion Hudson|location=England|isbn=0-7459-5176-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/biblehistorymaki0000mill_v9q4/page/21 21]}}</ref> ) i nxaxamelo wa matsalwa yo kwetsima ya xiyuda na vukreste. I nxaxamelo ya matsalwa la ma tsariweke hi minkarhi yo hambana hambana, hi vatsari vo hambana hambana, e ti ndzhawini to hambana hambana. Mayuda na Vakreste vateka tibuku leti nge Bibeleni tani hi rhekhodo ya nkoka leyi sukaka eka xikwembu leyi hlamuselaka vuxaka exikarhi ka vanhu na Xikwembu. Ti Bibele leti kandziyisiweke ta hambana nyana hi kuya hi vuhundzuluxeri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bible: A Very Short introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/bibleveryshortin0000rich|edition=|last=Riches|first=John|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-285343-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bibleveryshortin0000rich/page/7 7]–8}}</ref> Testamende ya khale ya Xikreste yi yelana na Bibele ya Xiheveru, kasi Testamende leyintshwa yi yelana na Septuagint ya xigriki; Bibele ya xiheveru eka vukhongeri bya xiyuda yi vitiwa Tanakh. Kuna mavonele na matitwele yo hambana hambana exikarhi ka mintlawa ya vukreste mayelana na Bibele. Varhoma Katolika, Va Anglikani na Va Vuotodoksi va tshikelela ku twanana na ntikelo wa Bibele ku ri mukhuva wo kwetsima, kasi Maphrotestanti ma tshikelela leswaku Bibele yiri yoxe ntsena hi yona yinga ya nkoka eka vukhoneri bya vukreste. Ku ringanisiwa leswaku ku xavisiwe kwalomu ka 5 wa tibiliyoni ta ti Bibele, leswi endlaka yiva buku leyi xaviweke ngopfu ya nkarhi hinkwawo.<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/best-selling-book-of-non-fiction "Best selling book of non-fiction"]. </cite></ref><ref><cite class="citation web">Ryken, Leland. </cite></ref> ku xavisiwa kwalomu ka tikhopi ta 100 wa timiliyoni hi lembe,<ref><cite class="citation news">[http://www.economist.com/node/10311317?story_id=10311317&CFID=3289446&CFTOKEN=a87381115ea0752-5130AD65-B27C-BB00-012B3B9A581DD567 "The battle of the books"]. </cite></ref><ref name="RussellAsh">{{Cite book|author=Ash, Russell|authorlink=Russell Ash|title=Top 10 of Everything 2002|url=https://archive.org/details/top10ofeverythin00ashr|year=2001|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=0-7894-8043-3}}</ref> naswona yi na nhlohlotelo lowu kulu eka vutsari na matimu, ngopfu ngopfu e vupela-dyambu laha Bibele ya Gutenberg yi veke buku buku yo sungula ku gandlisiwa hi xitalo. == Swyelanisi == {{Reflist|group=note}} {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} * [https://www.jw.org/ts/layiburari/bibele/ Bibele] [[Category:Vukhongeri]] c5n0lfxxlvem1tuf4eaesnunps81714 0 4534 41958 37753 2026-08-13T22:03:59Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khisimusi''' i nkhuvo wo tlangela ku tswariwa ka Yesu Kreste, ka lembe na lembe,<ref>yelanisii yiye[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/christmas mas], ''Merriam-Webster''. </ref><ref name="CathChrit">Martindale, Cyril Charles.[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm "]</ref> naswona nkhuvo lowu wu khomiwa hi siku ra vu 25 eka N'wendzamhala<ref name="Jan7"><cite class="citation web">Ramzy, John. </cite></ref><ref name="altdays">Several branches of Eastern Christianity that use the Julian calendar also celebrate on December 25 according to that calendar, which is now January 7 on the Gregorian calendar. </ref><ref name="4Dates"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/bethlehem-christmas "Christmas in Bethlehem"].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristmas&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+Bethlehem&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fisrael%2Fbethlehem-christmas&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook">&nbsp;</span> </ref> naswona wu tlangeriwa hi kwalomu ka tibiliyoni ta vanhu emisaveni hinkwayo.<ref name="NonXiansUSA"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.gallup.com/poll/113566/us-christmas-not-just-christians.aspx "In the U.S., Christmas Not Just for Christians"]. </cite></ref><ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/ "The Global Religious Landscape | Christians"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Gallup122410"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.gallup.com/poll/145367/christmas-strongly-religious-half-celebrate.aspx "Christmas Strongly Religious For Half in U.S. Who Celebrate It"]. </cite></ref> Evu pela-dyambu, nkhuvo lowu wu tlangeriwa masiku ya 12 kunga si fika siku ravu 25, naswona.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite book|last=Forbes|first=Bruce David|title=Christmas: A Candid History|url=https://archive.org/details/christmascandidh0000forb|date=October 1, 2008|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=9780520258020|page=[https://archive.org/details/christmascandidh0000forb/page/27 27]|quote=In 567 the Council of Tours proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or what the English called Christmastide. On the last of the twelve days, called Twelfth Night, various cultures developed a wide range of additional special festivities. The variation extends even to the issue of how to count the days. If Christmas Day is the first of the twelve days, then Twelfth Night would be on January 5, the eve of Epiphany. If December 26, the day after Christmas, is the first day, then Twelfth Night falls on January 6, the evening of Epiphany itself. After Christmas and Epiphany were in place, on December 25 and January 6, with the twelve days of Christmas in between, Christians gradually added a period called Advent, as a time of spiritual preparation leading up to Christmas.}}</ref> Siku ra khisimusi i siku rohumula e matikweni yo tala,<ref>[http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/jfa-ha/index-eng.cfm Canadian Heritage – Public holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124102246/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/jfa-ha/index-eng.cfm |date=2009-11-24 }} – ''Government of Canada''.</ref><ref>[http://www.opm.gov/Operating_Status_Schedules/fedhol/2009.asp 2009 Federal Holidays] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116140821/http://www.opm.gov/Operating_Status_Schedules/fedhol/2009.asp |date=2013-01-16 }} – ''U.S. Office of Personnel Management''.</ref><ref>[http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_073741 Bank holidays and British Summer time] – ''HM Government''. </ref> naswona ritlangeriwa na hi vanhu votala lava vangariki vakreste,<ref name="nonXians">[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/entertainment/scripts/multifaith_christmas.pdf Christmas as a Multi-faith Festival]—BBC News. </ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1100842/Why-I-celebrate-Christmas-worlds-famous-atheist.html Why I celebrate Christmas, by the world's most famous atheist] – ''Daily Mail''. </ref><ref>[http://www.siouxcityjournal.com/lifestyles/leisure/article_9914761e-ce50-11de-98cf-001cc4c03286.html Non-Christians focus on secular side of Christmas] – ''Sioux City Journal''. </ref> hambi leswi swiyenge swin'wana swa vukreste swi nga fambisaniki na nkhuvo lowu. E matikweni man'wana siku leri thlandlamiwaka hi ra Khisimusi, ri tlangeriwa hi ku nyikana tinyikona ku tsakela swakudya swa ndyangu. Hambileswi siku na n'weti ya tswariwa ka Yesu yinga tiviwiki, hi lembe-xidzana ra vumune, Kereke ya vukreste ya vupela-dyambu yi simekile siku ra ti 25 ta N'wendzamhala tani hi siku ro tswariwa,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Sourcebook_for_Sundays_Seasons_and_Weekd.html?id=kQWbWCXMGQgC] Sourcebook for Sundays, Seasons, and Weekdays 2011: The Almanac for Pastoral Liturgy by Corinna Laughlin, Michael R. Prendergast, Robert C. Rabe, Corinna Laughlin, Jill Maria Murdy, Therese Brown, Mary Patricia Storms, Ann E. Degenhard, Jill Maria Murdy, Ann E. Degenhard, Therese Brown, Robert C. Rabe, Mary Patricia Storms, Michael R. Prendergast – LiturgyTrainingPublications, March 26, 2010 – page 29</ref> siku leri rivuye ri amukeriwa nale vuxa-dyambu.<ref name="Chrono354">[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_12_depositions_martyrs.htm The Chronography of 354 AD.]</ref><ref name="SusanKOrigins">Roll, Susan K., ''[https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=6MXPEMbpjoAC&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133&dq=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Toward the Origins of Christmas]'', (Peeters Publishers, 1995), p.133.</ref> Namunthla, vakreste votala va tlangela siku leri. Hambiswiritano, tikereke tin'wana tale vuxa-dyambu byi tlangela siku leri hikuya hi Alimanaka ya khale, naswona kunga siku ravu 7 eka Sunguti. Kuhambana loku ku vangiwa hi kutirisa ti Alimanaka to hambana. Siku leri swinga endleka leswaku ri yelana na kuhela ka tin'weti ra nkaye kusuka eka siku leri vakreste vakhale va tshembeke leswaku angava a xurhiwile harona.<ref name="bib-arch.org"><cite class="citation web">McGowan, Andrew. </cite></ref><ref name="Touchstone">{{Cite journal|last1=Tighe|first1=William J.|title=Calculating Christmas|journal=[[Touchstone (magazine)|Touchstone]]|year=2003|volume=16|issue=10|url=http://touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=16-10-012-v}}</ref><span class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-27" rel="dc:references"></span> == Swiyelanisi == {{Reflist|group=note}} {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Vukhongeri]] k2znn2hdj6go4hd3xn1zpbg3no8er4h 0 4656 41947 36203 2026-08-13T21:59:08Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41947 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:François_Louis_Jaques_Paysans_fribourgeois_au_bistrot.jpg|thumb|Xifaniso xa François Jaques: ''vavanuna va tsakela kunwa byala ebarheni ra Fribourg'' (Switzerland, 1923)]] '''Byala''' i muxaka wa xitimula-torha lexingana [[ xihoko]] xa khale lexi tivekaka emisaveni<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Alchemy of Culture: Intoxicants in Society|first=Richard|last=Rudgley|isbn=978-0714117362|year=1993|publisher=British Museum Press;|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/originhistoryofb0000arno|first=John P|last=Arnold|isbn=0-9662084-1-2|year=2005|publisher=Reprint Edition by BeerBooks|location=Cleveland, Ohio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SHh-4M_QxEsC&pg=PA10&dq=oldest+beverage&q=oldest%20beverage|title=World's Best Beers: One Thousand ... - Google Books|publisher=books.google.com|accessdate=2010-08-07|isbn=9781402766947|date=2009-10-06}}</ref> naswona lexi nwiwaka ngopfu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Volume of World Beer Production|work=European Beer Guide|url=http://www.europeanbeerguide.net/eustats.htm#production|accessdate=17 October 2006}}</ref>; xithela xi va xitimula-torha xavunharhu hi kurhandziwa, kulandzela [[Mati]] na [[Tiye]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6xul0O_SI1MC&pg=PA1&dq=most+consumed+beverage|title=The Barbarian's Beverage: A History of Beer in Ancient Europe|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-31121-7|page=1|author=Max Nelson}}</ref> Kusweka ka byala swihlanganisa kuvirisa hi comela na chukela, hi kutirhisa vudangwana bya mavele kumbe rhayisi.<ref name="Barth 2014">Barth, Roger. </ref> Byala bya manguva lawa bya nadzihisiwa hi kutirhisa matsavu yo karhi kumbe muhandzu. Matsalwa yakhale lama tiviwaka, mahlamusela maswekele na vuphakeri bya byala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beer Before Bread|work=Alaska Science Forum #1039, Carla Helfferich|url=http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1039.html|accessdate=13 May 2008|archive-date=9 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121452/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1039.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Xikhongelo xa xikwembu xa byala xa vaMesopotamiya, axitirhisiwa kuhlayisa maswekele ya byala eka ndhzavuko wa vona.<ref name="Nin-kasi">{{Cite web|title=Nin-kasi: Mesopotamian Goddess of Beer|work=Matrifocus 2006, Johanna Stuckey|url=http://www.matrifocus.com/SAM06/spotlight.htm|accessdate=13 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="sumer">{{Cite book|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy A.|last2=Cunningham|first2=Graham|last3=Robson|first3=Eleanor|authorlink3=Eleanor Robson|date=2004|title=The literature of ancient Sumer|url=https://archive.org/details/literatureofanci0000unse_t7d8|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-926311-6}}</ref> == Matimu == Maswekele ya byala masukela kwalomu ka malembe ya  9500 BC, loko vanhu va sungula ku byala mavele, naswona a byi tiviwa kuya hi matimu ya [[Iraki]] na [[Gibita]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-66615/beer|title=Beer|publisher=Britannica.com}}</ref> Va hlahluvi va Swityelwa swa matimu va pfumela leswaku byala byi ngava na xandla eku simekeni ka mindzhavuko ya vanhu. Kwalomu ka 5000 wa malembe lamahundzeke, vatirhi va dorobha ra Uruk (Leringa Iraki namunthla) avahakeriwa hi majomela ya byala.<ref>George, Alison (June 22, 2016). </ref> Hinkarhi wa ku akiwa ka tiPhiramidi ta Giza, e Gibita, mutirhi un'wana na un'wana a a hakeriwa hi mindzheko ya nthlanu ya byala hi siku.<ref>Tucker, Abigail (August 2011). </ref> == Mintsaho == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Byala]] [[Category:Byala bya Xichangana]] d4ysdtx8ryxdyfhgpmwdhem0nldk0qe 0 4686 41982 36838 2026-08-13T22:22:15Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nsinya | name = Ximuwu | title = | image = [[File:Baobab and elephant, Tanzania.jpg||200px]] | caption = | Mbanzu = [[Swimuwu]] | Switirhisiwa = [[Swakudya]]{{·}}[[Vutshunguri]]{{·}}[[Mati]] }} [[File:Adansonia digitata 0013.jpg|thumb|right|Bulomo ra Ximuwu]] [[File:Baobab Frucht.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Swimuwu]] '''Ximuwu ''' i nsinya lowu kumekaka ngopfu-ngopfu e ndzhawini yo hisa ya mananga.<ref name=wick>{{cite book |last1=Wickens |first1=Gerald E. |last2=Lowe |first2=Pat |title=The baobabs pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia |date=2008 |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media, B.V |location=New York |isbn=9781402064319 |pages=31-}}</ref> Ku kula ka nsinya lowu, ku fambisana na vukona bya mati ya le hansi ka misava kumbe vukona bya timpfula,<ref name=hank>{{cite web |last1=Hankey |first1=Andrew |title=Adansonia digitata A L. |date=February 2004 |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantab/adansondigit.htm |website=plantzafrica |accessdate=28 November 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063017/http://plantzafrica.com/plantab/adansondigit.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=wood>{{cite web |last1=Woodborne |first1=Stephan, Dr. |title=Dating Africa's giants reveals far more than just age |url=http://ntww1.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002/PTL0002_PGE013_MEDIA_REL?MEDIA_RELEASE_NO=7523503 |website=CSIR |accessdate=25 November 2015 |archive-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126055210/http://ntww1.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002/PTL0002_PGE013_MEDIA_REL?MEDIA_RELEASE_NO=7523503 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> naswona nsinya lowu wunga hanya malembe ya kwalomu ka magidi ya malembe.<ref name=red>{{cite journal |last1=Grové |first1=Naas |title=Redaksionele Kommentaar |journal=Dendron |date=November 2011 |issue=43 |page=14 |url=http://www.dendro.co.za/uploads/2/8/2/1/2821110/dendron-digital.pdf |accessdate=25 November 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035821/http://www.dendro.co.za/uploads/2/8/2/1/2821110/dendron-digital.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Nsinya lowu wu tshembiwa ngopfu tani hi xihlovo xa swakudya, mati, vutshunguri na vundzhawu byo tsama kona wu thlela wu va na swiyilana swo hambana-hambana.<ref name=hank/> == Nhlamuselo == Nsinya wa Ximuwu wu kumeka hi xitalo eka xifundzankulu xa [[Limpopo]] na [[Mpumalanga]]. Nsinya lowu wa kula swinene na ku tlhela wu va na vutomi byo leha swinene kumbe ku hanya malembe lamo tala swinene. Ximuwu xi tswala mihandzu leyi vuriwaka swimuwu. Mihandzu ya murhi lowu yi na muhlovo wa ribungu ehandle ka yona, yi tlhela yi va na voya. Mihandzu ya ximuwu a yi fayeki hi ku olova handle ko tirhisa ribye kumbe nchumu wo tsindzihela. Ximuwu xi na mapa yo basa na tinyungu na tintambu to lala to basa endzeni ka xikhwakhwa xa kona.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=MALAMULE|first=R.J|date=2015|title=Mathyelo ya mavito ya minsinya yo tshungula mavabyi eka Skhukhuza, eMpumalanga: Maendlelo ya Onomasitiki|url=http://ul.netd.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10386/1771/malamule_rj_2015.pdf?sequence=1|journal=University of Limpopo|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> == Matirhisele == Vanhu va dya mapa ya mihandzu ya murhi wa ximuwu na ku munyunga tinyungu ta kona na ku kampfunya kunene. Vanhu va teka masi ya homu loko ma ha ku sengiwa, va chela eka mihandzu ya ximuwu va dya. Swilo leswi swi nandziyela vanhu lava va swi dyaka swinene. Mapa lawa ya kumekaka eka mbewu ya kona na wona ma nandziha swinene, kambe a ya twali chukele ro dzungelanyana. Murhi wa ximuwu wu hlawulekile eka misinya yo tala swinene hikokwalaho wu fanekerile ku hlayisiwa swinene. Matluka, marhavi na mahanti ya kona swi tirhisiwa ku tshungula vuvabyi byo hambanahambana eka vanhu.<ref name=":0" /> ku swekiwa matluka ya xitshopana na mihandzu ya kona kutani ku nwiwa. Matluka na mihandzu leyi loko swi swekiwile, swi tshungula vuvabyi bya mukhuflwana, nchuluko na ku hisaka miri. Vanhu va leVupeladyambu va tirhisa matluka na mahanti ku tshungula vuvabyi bya mitsakamiso na nchuluko. Matluka va ma tirhisa ku tshungula mukhuhlwana kasi vanhu va le tlhelo ra Dzonga va omisa mihandzu kutani va yi kandza ku endla mapa, va chela eka mukapu wa vana va dya. Mahanti ya nsinya lowu ya omisiwa ma rhumeriwa etindhawini to fana na Yuropa ku kota ku tshungula vuvabyi loko swi tikile laha va swi vulaka hi vito ra “cortex to cinchona bark”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Medicinal plants of South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/medicinalplantso0000vanw_g4k9|last=Van Wyk|first=BE|publisher=Briza publications|year=1997|isbn=1875093095|location=Pretoria|pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicinalplantso0000vanw_g4k9/page/30 30]}}</ref> Murhi lowu wu tirhisiwa ngopfu eka ku tshungula vana lavantsongo va ku fana na lavo velekiwa va biwile kumbe va ri na xa le nhlokweni kutani va ondza hikokwalaho ko xanisiwa hi vuvabyi lebyi. Ku phaphiwa mahanti ma hlanganisiwa na makhambakutani ma lovekiwa ma heta masikunyana ematini. Endzhaku ka masiku mambirhi kumbemanharhu, mati yalawa ma va ma cincile muhlovo ma va yo tshwuka. Kutani manana wa muti u pfuka na mixo swinene, a humesa xikhuwana lexi a nga lovekela mahanti na matluka a xi veka enyangweni laha a humaka hi kona, kutani a hluvula nwana loyi a vabyaka tinguvu hinkwato. Nwana u hlambisiwa miri hinkwawo a langutisisiwe evuxeni bya nyangwa wa yindlu. Loko nwana a hlambisiwa a nga fanelanga ku khoma nhloko kumbe ku hlambisiwa ni nhloko hikuva u ta va na nhloko leyikulu loko a kula.<ref name=":1" /> Nsinya wa ximuwu a wu tirhisiwi ku tshivela ndzilo hi wona swa yila. mahanti na matluka swi tshungula vuvabyi bya malariya, nchuluko na mitsakamisi yo hisa. Valavisisi vo tala va vula leswaku murhi lowu wu tshungula vuvabyi byo tala hi ku hambana ka byona.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sappi tree spotting: Lowveld, including Kruger National Park|last=Grant|first=R|publisher=Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd|year=2006|isbn=978177009237|location=Pretoria|pages=85}}</ref> == Swiyelanisi == {{Reflist}} {{Minsinya hi Xitsonga}} [[Category:Minsinya hi Xitsonga]] [[Category:Minsinya]] a0usmcdk0va06o37y6xz0h8ipps9hse 0 4696 41966 30751 2026-08-13T22:08:59Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nsinya | name = Nhlangula | title = | image = [[File:Euclea crispa, habitus, b, Uniegeboutuine.jpg||200px]] | caption = | Mbanzu = | Switirhisiwa = [[Vutshunguri]] }} [[File:Euclea crispa00.jpg|thumb|right|Swiluva swa Nhlangula]] [[File:Euclea crispa, loof en vrugte, Nkwe.jpg|thumb|right|Mihandzu ya Nhlangula]] '''Nhlangula''' i nsinya lowu milaka etlhelo ka milambu laha ku kumekaka mati hixitalo.<ref name = palmer>{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Eve |authorlink=Eve Palmer |title=A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetotree0000palm |pages = [https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetotree0000palm/page/282 282]-284 | year=1977 |publisher=Collins |location=London, Johannesburg |isbn=0-620-05468-9}}</ref> Mihandzu ya murhi lowu yi khiwa hi ku olova hi varisi hikuva a wu kuli wu ya ehenhla naswona a wu na mitwa yo tlhava. Mihandzu ya kona yi vuriwa tinhlangula yi tlhela yi kumeka hi xichocho. Loko mihandzu leyi yi ri yimbisi yi na muhlovo wa rihlaza kasi loko yi vupfile yi na muhlovo wa ntima bya tintshuguri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=MALAMULE|first=R.J|date=2015|title=Mathyelo ya mavito ya minsinya yo tshungula mavabyi eka Skhukhuza, eMpumalanga: Maendlelo ya Onomasitiki|url=http://ul.netd.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10386/1771/malamule_rj_2015.pdf?sequence=1|journal=University of Limpopo|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> == Nhlamuselo == Mihlangula yi rhandziwa ngopfu hi varisi, vana lavantsongo na misinya swa nhova hikuva ya nandziha swinene kasi matluka ma dyiwa hi swiharhi swa nhova na swifuwo swa le kaya. Murhi lowu a wu byariwi ekaya hikuva a wu na ndzhuti. Mihlangula ya hambana ku ya hi tindhawu leti yi kumekaka kona. Ku na nhlangula lowukulu na nhlangula lowuntsongo. Marhavi ya kona ma rhandziwa ngopfu hi vavasati hikuva ma pfurha swinene loko va tshivela ndzilo.<ref name=":0" /> == Matirhisele == === Ntirho wa Matluka ya Nhlangula: === Matluka ya nhlangula ma lovekiwa ematini, ma cheriwa exipeyitini kutani ku peyitiwa munhu loyi a nga dyiwa hi xikuna.<ref name=":0" /> === Ntirho wa timintsu ta Nhlangula: === Timitsu ta nhlangula ti horisa vuvabyi bya chukela, switshetshela, ku boheka endzeni na vuvabyi bya swimungwamungwana. Mapa ya timitsu loko ma kandziwile, ma tshungula vuvabyi bya meno loko ma vava kasi timitsu ti tirhisiwa ku hlantswa meno na ku tshungula vuvabyi bya maxinini. Marhavi ya kona loko ma swekiwile ma tshungula vuvabyi bya marhambu, mukhuhlwana na muthundagazi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Sappi tree spotting: Lowveld, including Kruger National Park|last=Grant|first=R|publisher=Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd|year=2000|isbn=|location=Pretoria|pages=151}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist}} {{Minsinya hi Xitsonga}} [[Category:Minsinya hi Xitsonga]] [[Category:Minsinya]] kldgbavws5d0joige0ubks0yhp2zrtm 0 4762 41988 29637 2026-08-13T22:26:33Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Measuring_Tape_Inch+CM.jpg|thumb|right|200x200px|Theyipi ya ku pima, loko yi yeanisiwa na tipeni.]] '''Mpimo''' i ku yelanisa nomboro eka xilo kumbe xiendlakalo loko swi ringanisiwa na swilo kumbe swiendlakalo swin'wana.<ref name=pedhazur>{{cite book |last1 = Pedhazur |first1 = Elazar J. |last2 = Schmelkin |first2 = Liora Pedhazur | title = Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach |url = https://archive.org/details/measurementdesig0000pedh | edition=1st |publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |location = Hillsdale, NJ |year = 1991 |isbn = 0-8058-1063-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/measurementdesig0000pedh/page/15 15]–29}}</ref><ref name = bipm>{{cite book | title = International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM) | year = 2008 | edition = 3rd | publisher = International Bureau of Weights and Measures | url = http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf | page = 16}}</ref>  Xihlawulekisi xa mpiwo xiya hileswi swi pimiwaka, kungahava ku anama, kuleha kumbe ku enta, kumbe nkarhi lowu hundzaka. <ref name=pedhazur /><ref name = "Koch 2008">{{cite book| editor-last = Kirch | editor-first = Wilhelm | title = Level of measurement | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Public Health | volume = 2 | pages = 81 | publisher = Springer | date = 2008 | isbn = 0-321-02106-1 | accessdate = }}</ref> Mpimo i xisekelo xa kuxaviselana, Sayensi, Thekinoloji na tidyondzo tin'wana ta le henhla. Hi kuya hi matimu, tindlela to pima at titirhisiwa kusukela ka khale, naswona vanhu ava ringa nisa ma pimele ya swilo vathlela vatwanana hi tindlela leti va pimaka ha tona. == Mintshaho == {{reflist}} [[Category:Mpimo]] 8yhgw5sr6u8ccs07xc3bk0tyzbd9sv6 0 4777 41970 35286 2026-08-13T22:11:43Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2019 Democracy index.svg|thumb|400px|]] [[File:Election_MG_3455.JPG|thumb|235x235px|Wansati a haxa vhoti ya yena eka nhlawulo wale Furhwa wa 2007.]] '''Demokhrasi''' (Kumbe ''δημοκρατία, dēmokratía'' hi xigriki, leswivulaka "Mfumo wa vanhu"), i xiyimiso xa [[hulumendhe]] laha va akatiko va hlawulaka vayimeri vavona leswaku va aka mfumo na Phalamendhe.<ref>[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary Oxford English Dictionary]: ''Democracy''.</ref> Mfumo wa xidhemokhrasi wu tiviwa tani hi "mfumo wa ntalo wa vanhu".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy|title=Democracy – Definition of Democracy by Merriam-Webster|publisher=}}</ref> Hindlela yin'wana mfumo wa xidemokhrasi i xiyimiso xofuma lava mintlimbo naku ololoxiwa ka yona swititshege eka leswi vanhu vaswi endlaka, kambe kuri hava loyi anga na matimba, kumbe mbuyelo yakona. Leswi endla leswaku mintlawa hinkwayo yi phikizana ku fuma.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Przeworski|first1=Adam|title=Democracy and the Market|url=https://archive.org/details/democracymarketp0000prze|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democracymarketp0000prze/page/10 10]–14}}</ref> Hikuya hi N'wa tipolitiki Larry Diamond, Demokhrasi yina swiyenge swa mune: (a) Xiyimiso xatipolitiki xo langha no cinca hulumendhe hi ku tirhisa nhlawulo lowu ntshuxekeke; (b) Kunghenelela ka va akatiko eka swatipoliki na vutomi bya vanhu; (c) Kusirhelela [[timfanelo ta ximunhu]] ta vaakatiko hinkwavo, kuhlanganisa na (d) Mfumo wa nawu, laha nawu na vulandzeleri bya wona byi endliwaka hi ku ringana eka vanhu hinkwavo.<ref>Diamond, L., Lecture at Hilla University for Humanistic Studies January 21, 2004: [http://web.stanford.edu/~ldiamond/iraq/WhaIsDemocracy012004.htm "What is Democracy"]; Diamond, L. and Morlino, L., The quality of democracy (2016). </ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Hulumendhe]] [[Category:Politiki]] [[Category:Nawu]] fwfh2ahmdsf5r3ab56hljrqomw7yesv 0 4785 41971 40197 2026-08-13T22:12:10Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG|thumb|Vana va xikolo ehansi ka ndzhuti, kusuhi na Gardez, e Afghanistan]] '''Tidyondzo''' i xiyimiso xa vuleteri na ku dyondza, kumbe ku hlengeleta vutivi, vutshila na mitnolovelo. Tindlela ta vuleteri ti hlanganisa tu thya migaringani, kubula, kudyondzisa, kuletela na ku lavisisa. Tindyondzo ti kongomisiwa hi valeteri, kambe na vadyondzi va nga swikota ku tidyondzisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dewey|first=John|title=Democracy and Education|url=https://archive.org/details/democracyeducati00dewe|publisher=The Free Press|date=1944|orig-year=1916|pages=[https://archive.org/details/democracyeducati00dewe/page/1 1]–4|isbn=0-684-83631-9}}</ref> Tdyondzo ti hambanisiwa hi ndlela leyi landzelaka, Dyondzo yo sungula/yatincece, Xikolo xa lehansi, Xikolo yale makarhi na tidyondzo tale henhla. Mfanelo yo dyondza, yi amukeriwe hi tihulumedhe tin'wana emisaveni hinkwayo, hi kya hi ndzimana ya vu 13 ya vumbiwa ra Matiko lama hlanganeke.<ref name="ICESCR-art13.1">''ICESCR'', Article 13.1</ref> Eka tindzhawu tin'wana, dyondzo ixikolokolo ku fikela eka malembe yo karhi. == Nhlamuselo == Rito "dyondzo" ri huma eka marito ya Xilatini {{Lang|la|educare}}, leswi vulaka "ku kurisa" na {{Lang|la|educere}}, leswi vulaka (ku tswala". Nhlamuselo ya dyondzo yi kambisisiwile hi vativi va tidyondzo to hambanahambana. Vo tala va vona va pfumela leswaku dyondzo i ntirho lowu nga ni xikongomelo lowu kunguhateriweke ku fikelela swikongomelo swo fana na ku hundzisela [[vutivi]], vuswikoti na timfanelo ta vumunhu ku suka eka munhu un'we ku ya eka wun'wana. Ku ni njhekanjhekisano lowu anameke lowu rhendzeleke xivumbeko xa yona ku tlula swivumbeko leswi.Ndlela yin'wana yi languta dyondzo tanihi endlelo leri humelelaka hi nkarhi wa swiendlakalo swo fana na xikolo,ku dyondzisa na ku dyondza. Langutelo rin'wana ri twisisa dyondzo ku nga ri endlelo kambe tanihi xiyimo xa mihleketo ni malangutelo ya vanhu lava dyondzekeke lama vangiwaka hi endlelo leri.Ku engetela kwalaho rito leri ri nga ha tlhela ri komba xiyenge xa dyondzo lexi dyondzaka tindlela, maendlelo na minhlangano ya vanhu leyi katsaka ku dyondzo na ku dyondzisa. Ku va ni mianakanyo ya ku twisisa ya leswi rito leri ri vulaka swona i swa nkoka loko u ringeta ku vona swilo swa dyondzo, ku pima ku humelela ka dyondzo, na ku antswisa maendlelo ya dyondzo. == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|35em}} [[Category:Hulumendhe]] [[Category:Nawu]] [[Category:Tidyondzo]] maqle815cac2ffpmnui518ektnlw92z 0 4790 41957 34135 2026-08-13T22:03:12Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Vana lava ntsongo vatlanga bolo na swona vati olola.]] '''Tamintlangu''' ti hlanganisa minxaka hikwayo ya mintlangu ya ku phikizana ka [[vanhu]] laha,<ref name="sportaccord">{{cite web|publisher=SportAccord|url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881|title=Definition of sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028112912/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881|archivedate=28 October 2011}}</ref> hi kutirhisa kululamisa, kutirhisa, na ku lota vuswikoti bya [[miri]] naswona va tsakisa vahlaleri.<ref name="council">{{cite web|last=Council of Europe|title=The Europien sport charter|url=https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=206451|accessdate=5 March 2012}}</ref> Hakanyingi ntlangu wuva exikarhi ka mathlelo ma mbirhi, naswona thlelo rin'wana ri ringeta ku hlula rin'wana. Kuna mintlangu yotala leyi hlanganisaka vatlangi votala hinkarhi wun'we. Mintlangu yi lawuriwa hi milawu yo hambana hambana, kumbe swikholwa-kholwana, leswi endliweke ku kondlotela mphikizano lowu lulameke, naswona yi kondlotela ku avanyisa muhluri un'we eka ntlangu. Hi kuya hi A.T. Kearney, yi hlamusela leswaku Ntlawa wa tamintlangu wu endla kwalomu ka $620 wa tibhiliyonihi lembe ra 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/news/international/21585012-sportswomen-are-beginning-score-more-commercial-goalsbut-they-still-have-lot-ground|title=Women in sport: Game, sex and match|work=The Economist|date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Ntlangu wa ta majatu hiwona ntlangu lowu tolovelekeke ngopfu , wu landzelriwa hi ntlangu wa bolo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finn|first1=Adharanand|title=Running with the Kenyans|url=https://archive.org/details/runningwithkenya0000finn_o9u3|date=2012|page=chapter 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mangan|first1=J A|title=Sport in Latin American Society: Past and Present|date=2014|page=93}}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Mintlangu]] c00jzpyppcak0zlcc1bd0zxdwl10us3 0 4794 41989 38445 2026-08-13T22:27:09Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41989 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Kaaba]] e [[Mecca]] ithlelo ra xikhongelo na pfumba ra ripfumelo ra Masurumani]] '''Vusurumani''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|s|l|ɑː|m}}) i vukhongeri lebyi pfumelaka leswaku kuna [[xikwembu]] xin'we ntsena lexinga ringanisiwiku na swikwembu swin'wana, kunga ([[Allah]])<ref>'''quran.com''': ''[http://quran.com/2/255]''</ref> naswona [[Muhammad]] i murhumiwa wo hetelela wa Xikwembu.<ref>{{cite book|author=John L. Esposito|title=Islam. Overview|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0383|subscription=yes|quote=Profession of Faith [...] affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God, the last and final prophet.}}</ref><ref name="OEIW-allah">{{cite book|author=F. E. Peters|title=Allāh|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0383|subscription=yes|quote=the Muslims’ understanding of Allāh is based [...] on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of humankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses, Jesus, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the “Peoples of the Book.”}}</ref> Vukhongeri lebyi i ba vumbirhi emisaveni hikuya hi mandlandlamukele ya vukhongeri <ref name="landscape">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=18 December 2012|publisher=Pew Forum}}</ref> naswona hibyona lebyi kulaka ku tlula vukhongeri byin'wana,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burke|first1=Daniel|title=The world's fastest-growing religion is ...|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/|accessdate=18 April 2015|agency=CNN|date=April 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lippman">{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god|title=No God But God|author=Lippman, Thomas W.|quote=''Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.''|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=2008-04-07|accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithtoday.html PBS - Islam: Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today].</ref> hi kwalomu ka 1.8 wa tibhiliyoni ta valandzeri emisaveni,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/|title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group|date=2017-04-06|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2017-05-11|language=en-US}}</ref> lava vuriwaka [[Masurumani]].<ref>According to [http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/muslim Oxford Dictionaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729005309/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/muslim |date=2016-07-29 }}, "Muslim is the preferred term for 'follower of Islam,' although Moslem is also widely used."</ref> Masurumani ma tata vunyingi bya nhlayo wa vakatiko ematikweni ya kwalomu ka 49 emisaveni.<ref name="landscape" /> Vusurumani bydyondzisa leswaku Xikwembu xina ntwela-vusiwana, xina matimba hinkwawo, xihlawulekile,<ref>{{cite book|editor=Juan E. Campo|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA34|publisher=[[Facts on File]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|page=34|chapter=Allah|title=Encyclopedia of Islam}}</ref> naswona xikongomisa vanhu hi kutirhisa vaprofeta, hlavutelo wa matsalwa na swikombiso swa ntumbuluko.<ref name="OEIW-allah" /><ref>{{cite book|author=İbrahim Özdemir|title=Environment|editor=Ibrahim Kalin|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199812578.001.0001/acref-9780199812578-e-237|subscription=yes|quote=When Meccan pagans demanded proofs, signs, or miracles for the existence of God, the Qurʾān’s response was to direct their gaze at nature’s complexity, regularity, and order. The early verses of the Qurʾān, therefore, reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth, and everything that can be seen in the environment [...] The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God (āyah), inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator.}}</ref> Matsalwa ya vukhongeri lebyi i [[Kurani]], leyi tekiwaka tani hi rito raxikwembu, na tidyondzo to fanisa (leti vuriwaka ''sunnah'', kuhlanganisa na mintokoto leyi tsariweke kunga ''hadith'') ta Muhammad (Exikarhi ka 570–8 Xixika 632 CE). Masurumani ma pfumela leswaku Vusurumani ivukhongeri lebyi heleleke lebyi hlavuteriweke eka vaprofeta vofana na Adamu, Abrahama, Moxe na Yesu.<ref name="People-of-the-Book">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html|title=People of the Book|work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2010-12-18}}</ref><ref>Reeves, J. C. (2004). </ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/living/yom-kippur-muslims/index.html, retrieved 10-1-2016</ref> Kasi Kurani yona vatshemba leswaku i hlavutelo lowu heteleleke wa Xikwembu. Vukhongeri lebyi nabyona byi dyondzisa leswaku kutava na kuavanyisa kamakumu, laha lavo lulama vangata ya e Paradeyisini, kasi vadyohi vona vaya e Tiheleni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2 |access-date=2017-07-28 |archive-date=2014-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423115519/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588?_hi=1&_pos=2 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Minsiya ya vukhongeri lebyi yihlanganisa Minsinya ya nthlanu ya Vusurumani, leyi nga mfanelo wa vukhongeri,  na kulandzelerisa nawu wa vusurumani, lowu khumbaka swiyenge hinkwaso swa vutomi na [[nhlangano wa vanhu]], kusukela eka kuveka mali na swa tarihanyo, kuya eka Vavasati na mbangu. Madorobha ya Mecca, Medina na Jerusalema i madorobha yo kwetsima eka Vusurumani.<ref name="Trofimov">{{Cite book|last=Trofimov|first=Yaroslav|title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine|url=https://archive.org/details/siegeofmecca19790000trof|year=2008|pages=|page=[https://archive.org/details/siegeofmecca19790000trof/page/79 79]|place=New York|language=|isbn=0-307-47290-6}}</ref> == Minthsaho == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Vukhongeri]] km27u1zvfr4gtzdwtye3gzwlggdz0ix 0 4797 41963 38064 2026-08-13T22:07:24Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41963 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aum Om navy blue circle coral.svg|thumb|200x200px|Mfungo wa vukhongeri bya Vuhindu]] [[File:Shiva_Bangalore_.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Xifaniso xa xikwembu Shiva.]] '''Vuhindu''' i vukhongeri, kumbe ndlela ya vutomi, leyi landzeleriwaka etikweni-nkulu ra Indiya. Vuhindi byi vuriwa vukhongeri bya khale kutlula hinkwabyo emisaveni,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kurien | first=Prema | title=Multiculturalism and American Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans| journal=Social Forces | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | volume=85 | issue=2 | year=2006 | pages=723–741 | doi=10.1353/sof.2007.0015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=FL Bakker| title= Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments| journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|year=1997| volume=Deel 153, 1ste Afl.|pages= 15–41|publisher= Brill|jstor= 27864809}}</ref> naswona vadyondzeki van'wana va byi vula ''Sanātana Dharma'', "Ndzhavuko wa hilaha kunga heriki," kumbe "Ndlela ya hilaha kunga heriki," kumbe hala ka matimu ya vanhu. Van'wana vadyondzeki va vona vuhindu byiri mfanganyo wa mindzhavuko yo hambana hambana ya xi Indiya, leyi ngana timintsu leti rharhanganeke. Hambileswi vuhindi byi ngana tifilosofi to hambana hambana, byi hlanganisiwa hi tindlela to fana, minkhuvo yo fana, ntivo tinyeleti, mapfumba yo ya eka tindhawu to kwetsima. Matsalwa ya vuhindu mahleriwe hi Shruti ("Lama twiwaka") na Smriti ("Lama tsundzukiwaka"). Matsalwa lawa ma hlahluva Vukhongeri, Filosofi, Switori swa khale, vutiolori, ku encisa na ku aka titempele ta vukhongeri. Matsalwa lama kulu mahlanganisa Vedas na Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, na Agamas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Survey of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0791470824|edition=3rd|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos/page/46 46]–52, 76–77|quote=|via=}}</ref> Swihlovo swa vulawuri na mintiyiso ya laha kunga heriki, matlanga xiyenge lexi hlawulekeke, hambileswi kungana ndzavuko lowu tiyeke wo kanetana na vulawuri, leswaku va entisa kutwisisa mintiyiso no dnlandlamuxa ndzhavuko. Tidyondzo-nkulu eka vupfumeri bya vuhindu byi hlanganisa ma Puruṣārthas ya mune, minkutlunya ya vutomi, kunga Dharma (Matikhomele/Vutihlamuleri), Artha (Kuhumelela/Ntirho), Kama (Kunavela/Kunyanyuka) na Moksha (Ku kutsula/Ntshuxeko/Kuponisiwa);<ref name="Bilimoria 2007 p. 103">{{Cite book|title=Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges|last=|first=|publisher=|year=2007|isbn=|editor-last=Bilimoria et al.|location=|pages=103|quote=|via=}}</ref> karma (Swiendlo, xikongomelo na mbuyelo), samsara (Ndzendzeleko wa ku tswariwa nakambe), na Yoga (Tindlela kumbe maendlelo yo kuma moksha). minkhuvo ya vuhindi yi hlanganisa puja (vugandzeri) na swivulavuleri, kuehleketisisa, mindzhavuko ya muti yo kurisa vana, minkhuvo ya lembe, na mapfumba yo hambana hambana. Vahindu van'wana va sukela vutomi bya vona na swilo swavona, leswku va sungula eka Sannyasa (vugandzeri bya ximunhu) bya vutomi bya vona hinkwabyo leswaku va kuma Moksha. Vuhindu byi lava vutihlamuleri bya hilaha kunga heriki, kufana na kuvulavula ntiyiso, kunga vavisi swilo leswi hanyaka (ahimsa), kulehisa mbilu, kutikhoma, na ntwela vusiwana eka vanhu van'wana. Vuhindu ivukhongeri bya vunharhu hi vukulu emisaveni, naswona byina kwalomu ka biliyoni ya valandzeri lava tiviwaka hi vahindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx|title=The Global Religious Landscape - Hinduism|last=|first=|date=|publisher=Pew Research Foundation|work=A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010|accessdate=31 March 2013|archive-date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506104814/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="gordonconwell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact|publisher=gordonconwell.edu|date=January 2015|accessdate=2015-05-29|archive-date=2017-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Vahindi va tata nhlayo ya va aka tiko va le matikweni ya Indiya, Nepal, Morixiyasi na xihlala xa Bali e Indonexiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/|title=Hindus|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=14 February 2015}}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Vukhongeri]] bny8qfw93vm9248p2a17zgmkrb57npk 0 4815 41969 38292 2026-08-13T22:11:20Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chvojnica_hills_near_Unin.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Nsimu yale Záhorie (Slovakiya)]] [[File:Sheep_and_cow_in_South_Africa.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Tinyimpfu na tihomu tiri karhi tidya swin'we e [[Afrika-Dzonga|Afrika Dzonga]]]] '''Vurimi''' kumbe kurima i kuhlakula swimilana na ku fuwa swiharhi leswkau switadyiwa, kutirhisiwa eka swiambalo, mafurha, vutshunguri naswin'wana swilo leswitirhisiwaka ku hlayisa vutomi bya vanhu.<ref name="Office1999">{{cite book|title=Safety and health in agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtBa6XIW_aQC&pg=PA77|year=1999|publisher=International Labour Organization|isbn=978-92-2-111517-5|pages=77–|accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref> Vurimi tlange xiyege xa nkoka swinene eku humeleriseni nhlangano na nhluvuko wa vanhu, laha ku fuwa swiharhi ku vangeke ntalo wa swakudya hithlelo swi hlohlotela nhluvuko wa vanhu. Tidyondzo ta vurimi titiviwa hi Sayensi ya Vurimi. Matimu ya vutivi bya vurimi, ya sukela ekule ngopfu naswona vutivi lebyi byi khumbiwe ngopfu hi tinguva leti hambaneke, [[Ndzhavuko|mindzhavuko]] leyi hambaneke na [[Thekinoloji|tithekinoloji]] leti hambaneke. Vurimi bya manguva lawa byi katsa kurima hikuya hintalo wa swimilana, kuhlanganisa ka timbewu, kutirhisiwa ka mirhi yo kurisa swimilana, mirhi yo tshungula swifuwo na kuya mahlweni ka tithekinoloji tin'wana, swi pfune ku tlakusa ntshovelo, kambe hila thlelo swivanga mavambyi na ku onha mbangu. Kutirhisa mbewu leyi khotsiweke, swisungula ku tala ngopfu, hambi leswi swinga yirisiwa ematikweni man'wana. Ntshovelo wa swakudya na matirhisele ya mati iswin'wana swiphiqo leswikulu emisaveni. Kwalomu ka un'we eka vanhu vanharhu emisaveni, vathoriwe no tirha eka vukorhokeri bya vurimi, naswona kulandzela ntirho wa vukorhokeri, hambi leswi kungana ku hunguteka ka vatirhi va tavurimi ematikweni ya vupela dyambu. == Masungulo == Rito ''vurimi (agriculture)'' impfangayo ma marito ya Xilatina (''agricultūra)'', kusuka eka ''ager'', "nsimu", na ''cultūra'', "kuhlakula" kumbe "kukurisa".<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/14 14]|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7|editor=Chantrell, Glynnis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-863121-9}}</ref> Vurimi hakanyingi byi hlamusela ntirho lowu endliwaka hi vanhu, hambileswi ntirho lowu wuxiyiweke eka swiharhi swofana na Vusokoti, muhlwa na swin'wana.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626 |title=The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=36 |pages=563–95|date=December 2005 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626 |author1=Ulrich G. Mueller |author2=Nicole M. Gerardo |author3=Duur K. Aanen |author4=Diana L. Six |author5=Ted R. Schultz }}</ref> Kurima swivula kutirhisa switirhisiwa swa ntumbuluko ku "hlakula no kurisa minchumu leyi hlayisaka vutomi, kuhlanganisa swakudya, vungoti, timhadzi na swin'wana leswi thsoveriwaka." Hlamuselo lowu wu hlanganisa ku rima na ku fuma swiharhi na ku kurisa mirhi.<ref name="Maine">{{cite web|url=http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html|title=Definition of Agriculture|publisher=State of Maine|accessdate=6 May 2013|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323075557/http://www.maine.gov/education/aged/definition.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Minkarhi yin'wana kuhambanisiwa vurimi na ku byala mirhi ya timhadzi, hikwalaho ka leswi mirhi yatimhadzi yitekaka malembe ku kula. Hambiswiritano kupfumerowa leswaku kuna kufana kokarhi eka mintirho leyi.<ref>{{cite book|pages=15–16|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VMw9VcLT-FYC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15 |title=Forestry Research: A Mandate for Change |author=Committee on Forestry Research, National Research Council<!--that's one body--> |publisher=National Academies Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-309-04248-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80364e/80364E04.htm#Agro-forestry%20and%20forest%20laws,%20policies,%20and%20customs |chapter=Applicability of agro-forestry systems |author=Budowski, Gerardo |publisher=United Nations University |title=Agro-forestry in the African Humid Tropics |editor=MacDonald, L.H. |year=1982 |isbn=92-808-0364-6 |accessdate=17 March 2016}}</ref> == Minthsaho == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Vurimi]] [[Category:Sayensi]] km7rba8x50amzpum1yct9scl5tn3c10 0 4880 41968 37409 2026-08-13T22:10:12Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} Hosi '''Soshanghana ka Zikode''' ''('''Manukosi/Manukuza''')'' ''(ca 1790 - † 11 Nhlangula 1859<ref name="hp0">{{Cite book|last=Bonner|first=P|title=Kings,Commoners and Concessionaires|url=https://archive.org/details/kingscommonersco0000bonn|year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=UK|isbn=0-52124270-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/kingscommonersco0000bonn/page/96 96]}}</ref><ref name=Lipschutz>{{Cite book |last=Lipschutz |first=Mark R. |title=Dictionary of African Historical Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark |last2=Rasmussen |first2=R. Kent |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780520066113 |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark/page/223 223] |language=English}}</ref> )'', a kuri hosi na musimeki wa mfumo wa Gaza, lowu emanembeleleni ya wona awu fuma ndzonga ra tiko ra [[Muzambhiki]], kufikela eka nambu wa Limpopo. Soshanghana u fumile e Gaza kusukela hi lembe ra 1825 kufikela loko a lova hi lembe ra 1858. Manukosi,<ref>http://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_shangaan_tsonga.html</ref> na mavuthu ya yena ya nyimpi valwe nyimpi na Janse van Rensburg na va valangi vakwe va mabhunu, laha vadlayiweke hikwavo, kusala vana vambirhi ntsena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/johannes-jacobus-janse-lang-hans-van-rensburg-leader-one-early-voortrekker-treks%C2%A0-born-s |access-date=2017-08-22 |archive-date=2014-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219003745/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/johannes-jacobus-janse-lang-hans-van-rensburg-leader-one-early-voortrekker-treks%C2%A0-born-s |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Matimu yo sungula == Soshanghana u tswariwe kwalomo ka lembe ra 1790 endzhawini leyi namunthla yi vitiwaka KwaNongoma, eKwaZulu Natala naswona tata wakwe akuri Zikode ka Gasa, ndhuna ya rhavi leri tsongo ra rixaka raka Ndwandwe. Ndzisana yakwe akuri Mhlabawadabuka. Vaka Gasa ava tshama e ndzhawini ya Mkuze ethlelweni ra ntshava yale eTshaneni (Ntshava ya Swipuku) kasi rhavi ra muti lerikulu ehansi ka Zwide ari ake eMagudu ekusuhi na nkova wa Pongola. Hinkarhi lowufanaka vaka Ndwandwe ava rikarhi va kula eka matimba ya vona ya tinyimpi, naswona Zwide tlakukele eka vuhosi bya ka Ndwandwe-Nxumalo, endzhaku ka kulova ka tata wakwe Langa KaXaba. == Tinyimpi ta va Ndwande na maZulu == Hiwona nkarhi lowu Zwide a ringeteke ku ndlandlamuxa mfumo wa yena, naswona hi lembe ra 1818 u hlurile mfumo wa ka Mthethwa, endzhaku ka loko a dlele hosi ya vona Dingiswayo ka Jobe. Zwide na mavuthu ya yena ya va Ndwandwe, vatshovile no hlula mfumo wa ka Khumalo lowu ava akelanile na wona vathlela va dlaya hosi ya wona Mashobana ka Mangete hi ku pfuniwa hi N'wahosi Ntombazi, nyanga na nsati wa ka Langa ka Xaba. Mzilikazi Nw'ana wa Mashobana na mudyandzhaka wa mfumo lowu, u tshutshumile aya luvela eka hosi Shaka, loyi a tiyiseke masalela ya rixaka ra ka Mthethwa ehansi ka kwe. maNdwandwe na maZulu, va tlumbanile ro sungula eka nyimpi ya Tshuna ra Gqokli laha Zwide na mudyandzhaka wakwe Nomahlanjana va rhangeleke mavuthu ya va Ndwandwe, hambileswi ku nga hava loyi a hluleke eka nyimpi leyi, mavuthu lawa amata thlela ma tlumbana nakambe. Hi 1820, mavuthu ya ka Ndwandwe lawa ama rhangeriwe hi Soshanghana ka Gasa ehansi ka hosi Zwide, mahlaseriwe hi mavuthu ya ma Zulu loko varikarhi va tlula nambu wa Mhlatuze, laha vahluriweke kona hambi leswi mavuthu hamambirhi ma lahlekeriweke hi nhlayo leyi kula ya masocha. Endzhaku ka kuhluriwa, Soshanghana urhangele masalela ya mavuthu yakwe na vanhu vaka Ndwandwe en'walungu vatsutsuma mfumo wa Shaka. == Kusimekiwa ka mfumo wa Gaza == [[File:The_natives_of_British_Central_Africa_(1906)_(14802780733).jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Mavuthu ya vaNgoni, lava vanga masalela ya rixaka ra Zwangendaba,<ref name="flem">{{cite web|last1=Fleming|first1=C. J. W.|title=The Zwangendaba Succession|url=https://allthingsngoni.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/the-zwangendaba-succession/|website=The Ngoni People of Africa|publisher=Blog at WordPress.com|accessdate=10 August 2016}}</ref> xifaniso xitekiwe eku heleni ka lembe-xidzana ra vu 19.]] Soshanghane u tsutsumile na valandzeri vakwe ari na ndzisana yakwe Mhlabawadabuka, va kongoma e vuxeni bya Tintshava ta Rivombo (Lebombo), va ololoka vakala va fika enambyini wa Tembe. Kwalomu ka 1825, Soshanghana ufikile etikweni rale xikarhi ka Matsolo na nambu wa Nkomati, laha akumeke Zwangendaba Hlatswayo wa rixaka ra Jele, loyi akuri khale ka ndhuna ya va Ndwandwe. Vumbirhi bya vona byi fikelele xipfumelelwano xo fumisana, kambe Soshanghana anga anetiseki hikuva a a lava ku tivatlela mfumo wakwe. Endzhaku ka ku hambana exikarhi ka Soshanghana na ndzisana yakwe Mhlabawadabuka, Zwangendaba na valandzeri vakwe va sukile vakongoma etikweni ra vaVhenda, exikarhi ka milambu ya Limpopo (Vembe) na Levubu (Ribvubye), naswona va valandzeriwa hi Mhlaba. Zwangendaba utshamile kona xinkarhana, angase rhurhela en'walungwini e tikweni ra Varozwi, kusuhi na Bulawayo wa namunthla, laha a hluleke Vashona. Kusuka kona Zwangendaba usukile akongoma etikweni ra Manyika en'walungu bya vuxa laha a hlanganeke na Soshanghana ekusunguleni ka malembe ya 1830. Zwangendaba utsutsumile atlula nambu wa Zambezi, a bhaleka Soshanghana hi lembe ra 1835, loko va hambanile na Mhlabawadabuka hi lembe ra 1834. Hi lembe ra 1825 Nxaba Msane, un'wana wa khale ka ndhuna ya mavuthu ya va Ndwandwe uxikile enkaveni ya Mozambhiki, exifundzheni xa Sofala, laha a fumeke kufikela malembe ya khume, exikarhi ka 1825 na 1835. Hi lembe ra 1835 Soshanghana u hlurile Nxaba, hi loko Nxaba a kongoma e zambiya. Soshanghana utshamile xinkarhana eMusapa e Zimbabwe, endzhaku ka ku hlula Nxaba, naswona uhlurile Vandawu na Vamanyika. Kusuka kwalano Soshanghana usungule ku aka mfumo wakwe waku vutla wa vangoni lowu tiviweke hi mfumo wa Gaza, lowu a wuthyeke hi vito ra kokwa wakwe Gasa ka Langa, lowu ndlandlamukeke kufunengeta ndzhawu ya dzonga bya tiko ra Mozambhiki wa namunthla, na swiyenge swa nambu wa Limpopo ekusuhi na Mandlakazi. Mfumo wa Gzaa, awusimekiwe hi kuhlula hi tinyimpi, laha wuhluleke na ku khonzisa  Vahlengwe, Vadjonga, Vahlave na VaNdawu, lava veke va akatiko va mfumo lowu wa Vangoni. Soshanghana uthlele a sungula tsima ro tumbuluxa ririmi na ndhavuko wuntswa lowu awu thyeke hi vito rakwe. Uthlele a sungula na kuavanyisa mfumo hikuya hi swiyenge swa mfumo wakwe. VaNdawu, Vakhosa, na Vahlave lava vahluriweke ava aka xiyenge na mavuthu ya Mavulandlela, naswona vadyondzisiwe tindlela to lwa ta xingoni. Hi lembe ra 1828, Shaka urhumele phumba ra mavuthu yo xupula, leswaku vaya herisa nava rakwe leri nge en'walungu, kambe hikwalaho ka mavabyi bya Dzedzedze na ndlala, va hluriwile hi Soshanghana. Mavuthu ya Soshangana ma tlumbanile na vafiki va maphutukezi eribuweni ra Delagowa, e Nyembane na Sena, naswona uhlengeletile swibhalo eka vafiki lava vamaphutukezi. Soshanghana i un'wana wa tindhuna ta nyimpi leti nga tiveka ngopfu hinkarhi wa tinyimpi ta Matiwana (Mfecane).<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica</ref><ref>1820 in South Africa:Port Elizabeth, 1820 Settlers, Battle of Mhlatuze</ref><ref>The Washing of the Spears</ref> == Mintshaho == {{reflist}} {{Tihosi ta Gaza}} {{Lifetime|1790|1859|Soshanghana}} [[Category:Vanhu]] [[Category:Tihosi]] 6deho3qb7oipg4cgbxkb758lbdlzazj 0 4883 41990 37407 2026-08-13T22:27:32Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Africa-bio-stub}} ---- {{Bio}} Hosi '''Mzila Nxumalo''' (''Nyamande''<ref name=Liesegang>{{Cite journal |last=Liesegang |first=Gerhard |date=17 April 2012 |title=Nguni praise poems for Muzila (r. 1860-1884) and Magudzu Khosa (r. ca. 1855-1884): Recited and explained by Masukesuke Chavangu in 1969 and 1971 in Southern Mozambique, compared with G. Macavi´s version of 1927: views on protagonists of the Gaza war of succession of 1859-1862 and on a special case of orally transmitted composed texts. |url=https://www.academia.edu/7549675/Four_nineteenth_century_praise_poem_from_Magude_and_Gaza_10 |journal=International Conference on Historical Sources in African Languages written in Arabic (ajami) or Latin characters |via=Academia}}</ref>) ''(ca 1825 - † ca 1884)''<ref name=Lipschutz>{{Cite book |last=Lipschutz |first=Mark R. |title=Dictionary of African Historical Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark |last2=Rasmussen |first2=R. Kent |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780520066113 |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark/page/167 167] |language=English}}</ref>, akuri n'wana wa Soshanghana ka Zikode, musimeki wa mfumo wa Gaza, lowu emanembeleleni matimba ya wona, a wu funengeta kusukela e dzongeni bya Mozambhiki kufikela eka nambu wa Limpopo. Uhlurile makwavo Mawewe ka Soshangane hilembe ra 1861 hi kupfuniwa hi mabhunu leswaku a tlakukela eka mfumo wa Gaza laha a fumeke kusukela eka lembe ra 1861 kuya eka 1885<ref name=Liesegang/>. A ari tata wa Hosi [[Nghunghunyana]] loyi a hluriweke hi mfumo wa vukolonyi wa Maphutukezi. Ufumile eka mfumo wa ka Gaza, lowu a wuthyiwe hi vito ra kokwana-xindhuwe wakwe Gasa. Mfumo wakwe akuri mfumo lowu a wutirhisa vutshila bya malwele ya tinyimpi lawa masunguriweke hi Shaka. A ari na vasati vanharhu, MaNdiweni loyi a a ri nkosikazi wakwe naswona ari mana wa Nghunghunyana. kasi lowa vumbirhi a a suka eka muti wa ka Skosana naswona yena anga tswari n'wambuyangwana leswi endleke leswaku ahlekuriwa. Nsati wavunharhu akuri n'wana wa hosi Mambo yale n'walungu laha kunga Zimbabwe namunthla, loyi an'witekeke ku aka vuxaka, lebyi n'wipfuneke loko a tsutsuma nyimpi ya maphutukezi, naswona laha a loveke kona no latiwa eMusapa. Kufikela namunthla, sirha ra Mzila aritiviwi, hikwalaho kaleswi a cinceke xivongo xakwe kuva Mililo loko atava a tsutsumele e vuchavela-whawha evukweni byakwe byaka Mambo, naswona hinkwavo vana vakwe lava tswariweke le n'walungu vateke xivongo xaka Mlilo. == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Tihosi ta Gaza}} {{Lifetime|1825|1884|Mzila}} [[Category:Vanhu]] [[Category:Tihosi]] 8q4n89py3yv1rdr6kgs07ghmc7j3szz 0 4884 41967 37507 2026-08-13T22:09:28Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Africa-bio-stub}} ---- {{Bio}} Hosi '''Mawewe''' (kumbe '''Maueva)''' ''(ca 1820 - † ca 1879)''<ref name=Mathebula>{{Cite book |last=Mathebula |first=Mandla |title=800 years of Tsonga history |publisher=Sasavona |year=2013 |isbn=9780620295673 |edition=1st |pages=74 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=Lipschutz>{{Cite book |last=Lipschutz |first=Mark R. |title=Dictionary of African Historical Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark |last2=Rasmussen |first2=R. Kent |publisher=University of California Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780520066113 |edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofafri0000mark/page/140 140] |language=English}}</ref>, akuri hosi ya mfumo wa Gaza lowu awukumeka endzhawini ya Mozambhiki wa namunthla, naswona u fumile kusukela hi lembe ra 1858 kuya eka 1864. U landzerile tata wakwe Manukosi, kambe hluriwile hi makwavo wakwe Mzila loyi a a pfuniwa hi mabhunu na ma phutukezi, eka nyimpi ya xin'wana manana yo lwela mfumo leyi sunguleke hi lembe ra 1861 naswona yihela hi 1864.<ref name=Liesegang>{{Cite journal |last=Liesegang |first=Gerhard |date=17 April 2012 |title=Nguni praise poems for Muzila (r. 1860-1884) and Magudzu Khosa (r. ca. 1855-1884): Recited and explained by Masukesuke Chavangu in 1969 and 1971 in Southern Mozambique, compared with G. Macavi´s version of 1927: views on protagonists of the Gaza war of succession of 1859-1862 and on a special case of orally transmitted composed texts. |url=https://www.academia.edu/7549675/Four_nineteenth_century_praise_poem_from_Magude_and_Gaza_10 |journal=International Conference on Historical Sources in African Languages written in Arabic (ajami) or Latin characters |via=Academia}}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Tihosi ta Gaza}} {{Lifetime|1820|1879|Mawewe}} [[Category:Vanhu]] [[Category:Tihosi]] oted1vfavci67wmcqyoio78buwghdul 0 4885 41977 30206 2026-08-13T22:16:06Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Dzedzedze | image = Malaria.jpg | caption = Xivungwana xa ''Plasmodium'' eka marha ya vusuna bya xisati | pronounce = | DiseasesDB = 7728 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|54||b|54}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|084}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000621 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 221134 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = D008288 }} '''Dzedzedze''' i vuvabyi lebyi khomaka vanhu na swiharhi swinwana, byi vangiwaka hi tinsuna leti ngana xitsongwatsongwana xa dzedzedze. Dzedzedze wu vanga swikombiso swofana na kuhisa ka miri, muzototo, kukarhala, kuhlanta na kuvava ka nhloko. Loko wunyanyile ngopfu, wunga thlela wu vanga nhlonge ya xitshopana, kutiluma, khoma kumbe rifu. Swikombiso swi tala ku vonakala endzhaku ka masiku ya 10 kuya eka 15 yo lumiwa hi tinsuna. Loko byinga tshunguriwanga kahle, byithlela byi hambeta nakambe endzhaku ka tin'wheti to hlaya. Eka lava vahaku hulukaka mavabyi lawa, kuthlela valumiwa swi tisa swikombiso swo antswanyana. Kusihalala loku kuya ku hunguteka loko munhu anga ha lumiwi hitinsuna eka enkarhi woleha.<ref name="Caraballo 2014">{{cite journal |author=Caraballo H |title=Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus |journal=Emergency Medicine Practice |year=2014 |volume=16 |issue=5 |url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Vuvabyi byi hundzisiwa hi nsuna ya xisati, naswona byi ngena hi marha ya nsuna maya engatini loku yiluma. Xitsongwatsongwana xiya exivindzini, laha xifikaka xikula no tswalana. Kuna minxaka ya nthlanu ya xitsongwatsongwana lexi vangaka vuvabyi lebyi naswona lebyi hundzelaka eka vanhu. Dzedzedze yihahluviwa hi ku kambela ngati, kumbe hi ku tirhisa murhi wa xisivela. Ndlela yo tirhisa DNA ku hlahluva vuvabyi lebyi, ya tiviwa kambe ayi tirhisiwi ngopfu hikuva ya durha.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal |author=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |title=Malaria: An update for physicians |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=2}}</ref> Vuvabyi lebyi byinga siveriwa hi ku tirhisa swilwisani na switsongwatsongwani, ku pfala miri wa wena hi swiambalo, tinete ta tinsuna , na ku susa mati lawa ya yimeke laha tinsuna titswalaka kona. Kuna mirhi yo tala yo sivela Dzedzedze eka vachaki lava yaka etindzhawini leti ngana xitsongwatsongwana lexi. Hakanyingi murhi wa  sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine wa tirhisiwa eka tincece kumbe vavasati lava tikeke kutlula tin'weti tinharhu, etindzhawini leti ngana xitsongwatsongwana lexi. Kuhava nthlavelo lowu tirhaka eka vuvabyi lebyi lowu tiviwaka. Vutshunguri lebyi khutaziwaka byi hlanganisa mpfangano wa mirhi yo tshungula ku katsa na artemisinin. Murhi wa vumbirhi wungava mefloquine, lumefantrine, kumbe sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000unse|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154792-5|page=ix|edition=2nd}}</ref> Quinine kuhlanganisa na doxycycline yinga tirhisiwa loko artemisinin yiherile. Kuna swibumabumelo leswaku vuvabyi lebyi byi tiyisisiwa eka muvabyi, kungasitirhisiwa mirhu eka tindzawu leti vuvabyi lebyi byi tolovelekeke, leswaku ku siveriwa ntolovelo wa mirhi. Switsongwatsongwana swin'wana swi sungule ku tolovela mirhi yotala, hixikombiso chloroquine yitsandzeka ku dlaya xivungu xa ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' lexi vangaku dzedzedze etindzhawini to tala, artemisinin yikumana na thlonthlo wo hetisa switsongwatsongwana etindzhawini tin'wana ta ledzongeni bya vuxa wa Axiya.<ref name="WHO2014">{{cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903002027/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> Vuvabyi lebyi byi hangalakile ematikweni yalexikarhi ya misava laha kuhisaka ngopfu. Matiko lawa mahlanganisa matiko yale Dzongeni bya Afrika, [[Axiya]], na Amerika wale Dzongeni. Hi lembe ra 2015, akurina 296 wa timiliyoni ta swiviko swa vuvabyi lebyi emisaveni hinkwayo leswi vangeke kwalomu ka 731,000 wa mafu. Kwalomu ka 90% wa swiviko na mafu swi endleke e Afrika.<ref name="WHO15">{{cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|publisher=WHO|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref> Swiviko swa vuvabyi lebyi swi sungule ku chika hikwalomu ka 37% kusukela hi lembe ra 2000 kuya eka 2015, kambe hi lembe ra 2014 kuve na kutlakuka loko kulu laha kuveke na swiviko swa kwalomu ka 198 wa timiliyoni swa vuvabyi lebyi.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> Dzedzedze hakanyingi yi fambisana na vusiwana naswona yina nhlohlotelo eka nhluvuko wa ikhonomi hi kukongoma. E tikweni-nkulu ra Afrika, kulahleka kwalomu ka US$12 wa tibhiliyoni hikwalaho ka nstengo wa swa tarihanyo, ku tsandzeka ku tirha, na ku hunguteka ka vaendzi e tikweni. == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|2}} {{Mavabyi}} [[Category:Mavabyi]] lxgo5i8xw9xdozcbq5953lwwfb182y4 0 4886 41946 38671 2026-08-13T21:58:43Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Mukhuhlwana | image = EM of influenza virus.jpg | caption = Xitsongwatsongwana xa mukhuhlwana. | pronounce = | DiseasesDB = 6791 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|J|11.1}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|487}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000080 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 219557 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = D007251 }} '''Mukhuhlwana''', i vuvabyi lebyi tlulelanaka lebyi vangiwaka hi xitsongwatsongwana xa influenza. == '''Swikombiso swa mukhuhlwana''' == Swikombiso swa hambanahambana,<ref name="CDC2014Key">{{cite web|title=Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine|url=http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=26 November 2014|date=9 September 2014}}</ref> kambe swi katsa: kuhisa ka miri, ku huma marhimila ma mati, ku vava ka mikolo, ku vava ka misiha, ku vava ka nhloko, ku khohlola, na ku karhala ka miri. Swikombiso leswi swi sungula endzhaku ka masiku mambirhi yo tluleriwa naswona swi nga ha va kona kufikela ku hela vhiki. Ku khohlola kona ku nga ha va kona ku ringana mavhiki mambirhi ni ku tlula. Eka vana, swikombiso swi katsa nsululwana na ku hlanta.<ref name="Dub2011">{{cite book|last1=Duben-Engelkirk|first1=Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet|title=Burton's microbiology for the health sciences|date=2011|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781605476735|page=314|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaVKCQI75voC&pg=PA355}}</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=mukhuhlwana&oq=mukhuhlwana&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIJCAEQABgNGIAEMgkIAhAAGA0YgAQyCQgDEAAYDRiABDIICAQQABgNGB4yBggFEEUYPDIGCAYQRRg8MgYIBxBFGDzSAQkxMzc2NmowajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8</ref> == '''Mavabyi man'wana lama nyanyisiwaka hi mukhuhlhwana''' == Mavabyi man'wana lama nyanyisiwaka hi mukhuhlwana ma katsa Nyumoniya, Mavabyi ya ku pfaleka ka tinhompfu, Vuvabyi bya Xifuva kumbe vuvabyi bya mbilu.<ref name="CDC2014Key" /><ref name="Harr2012" /> == '''Tinxaka ta switsongwatsongana swa mukhuhlwana''' == Ku na tinxaka tinharhu ta xitsongwatsongwana xa mukhuhlwana, ku nga rixaka ra A, B, na rixaka ra C.<ref name="Harr2012">{{cite book|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.|title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071748872_2|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780071748896|edition=18th|chapter=187: Influenza}}</ref> Hakanyingi, xitsongwatsongwana lexi xi hangalaka na moya loko munhu a khohlola kumbe ku entshemula. Leswi swi endleka eka [[mpfhuka]] wutsongo.<ref name="Brankston2007">{{cite journal |author=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M |title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–65 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17376383 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}</ref> Xitsongwatsongwana lexi xi nga tlhela xi hangalasiwa hi ku khumba swilo leswi tluleriweke ivi u khumba nomu kumbe matihlo.<ref name="CDC2014Key" /><ref name="Brankston2007" /> Munhu a nga hangalasa xitsongwatsongwana lexi nahambi loko swikombiso swi nga si humelela. Xitsongwantsongwana lexi xi nga tiyisisiwa hi ku kambela nkolo, xikhohlola, kumbe tinhompfu. Ku na mihlahluvo yo hambanahambana ya xihatla, kambe ndlela leyi tiyisekeke ya ku hlahluva vuvabyi lebyi i ku tirhisa xikambelo xa polymerase lexi paluxaka xitsongwatsongwana lexi hi ku komba RNA ya xona.<ref name="Harr2012" /> == '''Leswi nga hungutaka ku tluleriwa hi mukhuhlwana''' == [[File:Pharmaceutical drug.jpg|thumb|Tiphilisi ta mukhuhlwani]] Ku hlamba mavoko, nkarhi ni nkarhi swi hunguta ntlulelo wa xitsongwatsongwana tani hileswi xisibi xi dlayaka xitsongwatsongwana lexi.<ref name="Jeff2011">{{cite journal |author=Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, etal |title=Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=7 |pages=CD006207 |year=2011 |pmid=21735402|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4}}</ref> Ku ambala lapi leri sivaka tinhompfu na nomu, naswona swa pfuna. Ntlhavelo wa mukhuhlwana lembe na lembe wa bumabumeriwa hi nhlangano wa ta rihanyo wa [[misava]]. Ntlhavelo lowu hakanyingi wa tirha eka tinxaka tinharhu kumbe mune ta xitsongwatsongwana xa mukhuhlwana.  Hambiswiritano, a wu bumabumeriwi eka vanhu lava nga na rihanyo lerinene, naswona ku hava mpfuno eka vanhu lava nga na mavabyi man'wana yo yelana.<ref name="Ebe2013">{{cite journal|last=Ebell|first=MH|author2=Call, M |author3=Shinholser, J |title=Effectiveness of oseltamivir in adults: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished clinical trials.|journal=Family practice|date=April 2013|volume=30|issue=2|pages=125–33|pmid=22997224|doi=10.1093/fampra/cms059}}</ref> Mukhuhlwana wa hangalaka lembe na lembe, naswona wu vangela kwalomu ka ntlhanu wa timiliyoni ta swiviko ku na kwalomu ka 250,000 ku ya eka 500,000 wa mafu.<ref name="WHO2014">{{cite web|title=Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211|website=who.int|accessdate=25 November 2014|date=March 2014|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/}}</ref> En'walungwini na le Dzongeni wa misava, ku hangalaka ka mukhuhlwana ku endleka hi nguva ya xixika. Vana na vanhu lava pfumalaka rihanyo lerinene, hi vona lava talaka ku lova hikwalaho ka vuvabyi lebyi. Eka malembexidzana ya va20, ku ve na mitungu yinharhu ya mukhuhlwana: Mukhuhlwana wa Xipaniya hi 1918 (~50 wa timiliyoni ta mafu), Mukhuhlwana wa [[Axiya]] hi 1957 (Timiliyoni timbirhi ta mafu), na Mukhuhlwana wa Hong Kong hi 1968 (Miliyoni yin'we ya mafu).<ref name="TenThings">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=14 October 2005|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=26 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008223707/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=8 October 2009}}</ref> Nhlangano wa swa Rihanyo wa matiko ya misava, wu tivise ntungu wa Mukhuhlwana wa A/H1N1 hi Khotavuxika bya 2009.<ref>World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html</ref> Mukhuhlwana wu nga tlulela swiharhi swin'wana, ku katsa na tinguluve, tihanci na tinyenyana.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=S. R.|title=Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control|date=2011|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford u.a.|isbn=9780198570028|page=332|edition=2.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S90mOwgdz9kC&pg=PA332}}</ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=mukhuhlwana&oq=mukhuhlwana&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIJCAEQABgNGIAEMgkIAhAAGA0YgAQyCQgDEAAYDRiABDIICAQQABgNGB4yBggFEEUYPDIGCAYQRRg8MgYIBxBFGDzSAQkxMzc2NmowajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8<ref>https://www.google.com/search?q=mukhuhlwana&oq=mukhuhlwana&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIJCAEQABgNGIAEMgkIAhAAGA0YgAQyCQgDEAAYDRiABDIICAQQABgNGB4yBggFEEUYPDIGCAYQRRg8MgYIBxBFGDzSAQkxMzc2NmowajeoAgCwAgA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8</ref> <ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmv.26990?casa_token=s20wf-wkx4IAAAAA:IkfC8PMQ_PhGoq8Sx7UScpdvRkzGmAXSP-taG9gsnZmWkHnU-ZCgsV6Iy0kWb-RVGQL76ZZT5K6e6Ys</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|2}} {{Mavabyi}} [[Category:Mavabyi]] 0he6svynovhnzisbl3vp74hmgt7nqxl 0 4890 41978 38882 2026-08-13T22:17:00Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = HIV/AIDS | image = Red Ribbon.svg | caption = Xilapani xo tshuka imfungo wo seketela vanhu lava hankyaka na vuvabyi bya HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/life-course/news/events/world-aids-day/en/|title=World AIDS Day|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=June 16, 2015}}</ref> | pronounce = | DiseasesDB = 5938 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|20||b|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|042}} • {{ICD9|043}} • {{ICD9|044}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000594 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 783434 | eMedicine_mult = | MeshID = D000163 }} '''HIV/AIDS''' i nxaxamelo wa swikombiso swa vuvabyi lebyi vangiwaka hi xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV.<ref name="pmid11396444">{{Cite journal|author=Sepkowitz KA|title=AIDS—the first 20 years|journal=N. Engl. J. Med.|volume=344|issue=23|pages=1764–72|date=June 2001|pmid=11396444|doi=10.1056/NEJM200106073442306}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=editors|first1=Alexander Krämer, Mirjam Kretzschmar, Klaus Krickeberg,|title=Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health|date=2010|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9780387938356|page=88|edition=Online-Ausg.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Di0_5x82HykC&pg=PA88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Wilhelm Kirch|title=Encyclopedia of public health|date=2008|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=9781402056130|pages=676–677|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&pg=PA676}}</ref> Endzhaku ko tluleriwa, munhu anga vona angarina swikombiso, kumbe avona swikombiso swo fana na swa vuvabyu bya mukhuhlwana. Hakanyingi nkarhi wo tluleriwa, wu landzela hi nkarhi woleha kuri hava swikombiso swa vuvabyi.<ref name="CDC21015Bas">{{cite web|title=About HIV/AIDS|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html|website=CDC|accessdate=11 February 2016|date=December 6, 2015}}</ref> Loko vuvabyi byi karhi byi kula, byi kavanyeta masocha ya miri, naswona byi kurisa marhengu yo hlaseriwa hi mavabyi man'wana lama fanaka na vuvabyi bya xifuva (TB), swirhangana na marhumba, kukatsa na man'wana mavabyi lama tsongo. Swikombiso leswi swo hetelela swivuriwa vuvabyi bya AIDS. Xiyenge lexi xa vuvabyi xifambelana na ku ondza emirini. Xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV hakanyingi xitlulelana loko vanhu va hlanganela timhaka ta masangu vanga tirirhisi swisirheleri, kumbe ku cheriwa ngati leyi ngana xitsongwatsongwana lexi, kumbe ku tirhisa nayithi leyi ngana xitsongwatsongwana lexi, kumbe kutluletiwa ka nyimba hi manana loyi atikeke, kuhlanganisa na kuveleka kumbe ku mamisa.<ref name="TransmissionM2007">{{cite book|last=Markowitz|first=edited by William N. Rom ; associate editor, Steven B.|title=Environmental and occupational medicine|year=2007|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-6299-1|page=745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4Sv9XY296oC&pg=PA745|edition=4th}}</ref> Swilo swo fana na marha kumbe mihloti ya munhu aswi tluleti xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV.<ref name="CDCtransmission">[http://www.cdc.gov/HIV/pubs/facts/transmission.htm HIV and Its Transmission]-[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]-2003</ref> Tindlela to sivela vuvabyi lebyi tihlanganisa kuhlanganela masangu loku sirhelelekeke, kunga tirhisi tinayithi ta swarihanyo na van'wana, kutshungula lava tluletiweke, na ku yimba ka vaxinuna.<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Vuvabyi eka vana byi nga siveriwa hi ku nyika manana na n'wana mirhi ya vuvabyi lebyi.<ref name="WHO2015Fact">{{cite web|title=HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=11 February 2016|date=November 2015}}</ref> Kuhava nthlavelo kumbe nthsungulo wa vuvabyi lebyi, hambi swiritano kuna mirhi leyi kotaka ku antswisa swikombiso swa vuvabyi lebyi, naswona yi endla leswaku munhu ahanya vutomi byo antswa.<ref name="CDC21015Bas" /><ref name="UN2012Vac">{{cite news|title=The quest for an HIV vaccine|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|date=May 18, 2012|author=UNAIDS|access-date=August 25, 2017|archive-date=May 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524051113/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/may/20120518vaccinesday/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kububumabumeriwa leswaku vanhu va sungula kudya mirhi endzhaku ka ku tiyisisa leswaku vana vuvabyi lebyi.<ref name="WHO2015Tx">{{cite book|title=Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV.|date=2015|publisher=WHO|isbn=9789241509565|page=13|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Handle ka mirhi ya vutshunguri, vanhu lava tluleriweke hixitalo vahanya kwalomu ka hansi ka malembe ya khume-n'we.<ref name="UNAIDS2007">{{cite web|author=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]]|date=December 2007|title=2007 AIDS epidemic update|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|accessdate=March 12, 2008|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201701/http://data.unaids.org/pub/EPISlides/2007/2007_epiupdate_en.pdf|archivedate=May 27, 2008|df=}}</ref> Hi lembe ra 2016 akuri na kwalomu ka 36.7 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu lava hanyaka na xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV naswona kulove kwalomu ka 1 wa timiliyoni.<ref name="UNAIDS2016">{{cite web|title=Fact sheet - Latest statistics on the status of the AIDS epidemic {{!}} UNAIDS|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|website=www.unaids.org|accessdate=21 July 2017|archive-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713205307/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Xitalo xa vanhu lava ava kumeka e ndzongeni ra tiko-nkulu wa [[Afrika]].<ref name="WHO2015Fact" /> Kusukela loko vuvabyi lebyi byi tiviwa kuta fika eka lembe ra 2014,  AIDS yi vangele kwalomu ka mafu ya 39&#x20;&#x77;&#x61;&#x20;&#x74;&#x69;miliyoni emisaveni hinkwayo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Statistics|url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/statistics.html|website=CDC|accessdate=11 February 2016|date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> HIV/AIDS yi voniwa tanihi ntungu - kunga vuvabyi lebyi vaka e tindzhawini to tala naswona byi yaka byi kula.<ref name="Kallings">{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|year=2008|volume=263|issue=3|pages=218–43|title=The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS|author=Kallings LO|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x|pmid=18205765|url=http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01910.x}}</ref> Ku ehleketwa leswaku xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV xingava xi tumbulukile evuxeni byale xikarhi ka tiko-nkulu ra Afrika eka malembe-xidzana ya vu 19 na 20.<ref name="Orgin2011">{{cite journal|last=Sharp|first=PM|author2=Hahn, BH|title=Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic|journal=Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine|date=September 2011|volume=1|issue=1|pages=a006841|pmid=22229120|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006841|pmc=3234451}}</ref> AIDS yi tiyisiwile ro sungula hi Ndzawulo ya vulawuri na vusirheleri bya mavabyi (CDC) yale [[Amerikha]] hi lembe ra 1981, kasi xivangelo xa vuvabyi lebyi - xitsongwatsongwana xa HIV xitiyisiwile eka malembe lama landzeleke.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gallo RC|title=A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years|journal=Retrovirology|volume=3|page=72|year=2006|pmid=17054781|doi=10.1186/1742-4690-3-72|url=http://www.retrovirology.com/content/3//72|pmc=1629027|issue=1}}</ref> HIV/AIDS yi vange nsusumeto wukulu eka nhlangano wavanhu, tanihi hi vuvyi byo kariha na xivangelo xa xihlahu-hlawu.<ref name="UNAIDS2006Ch4">[http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH04_en.pdf The impact of AIDS on people and societies] - [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]] - 2006</ref> Vuvabyi lebyi byi thlela byi vangela ntshikelelo eka timhaka ta ikhonomi ya misava.<ref name="UNAIDS2006Ch4" /> Kuna mavonelo yo tala lama hoxekeke mayelana na vuvabyi lebyi, kufana na leswaku vuvabyi lebyi byinga tlulelana hi ku khumba munhu kunene.<ref>{{cite web|title=Myth Busters|url=http://austintexas.gov/page/myth-busters|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Vuvabyi lebyi byi vange minjhekanjhekisano ya vukhongeri kuhlanganisa na xiboho xa Vukhongeri bya vu Katolika byo ala ku seketela kutirhisiwa ka ti khondhomu eku sirheleleni vuvabyi lebyi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McCullom|first1=Rob|title=An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS previousnext An African Pope Won't Change the Vatican's Views on Condoms and AIDS|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/02/an-african-pope-wont-change-the-vaticans-views-on-condoms-and-aids/273535/|website=The Atlantic|accessdate=14 February 2016|date=26 Feb 2013}}</ref> Byi kokele kutekeriwa enhlokweni hi tindzawulo ta vutshunguri na Tipoliki ta misava, kuhlanganisa na ku seketeriwa hi timali ka migingiriko yo lwisana na byona kusukela loko byi hlavuteriwa hi malembe ya va 1980.<ref name="isbn1-59797-294-0">{{cite book|author=Harden, Victoria Angela|title=AIDS at 30: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/aidsat30history0000hard|publisher=Potomac Books Inc|location=|year=2012|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aidsat30history0000hard/page/324 324]|isbn=1-59797-294-0|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|2}} {{Mavabyi}} [[Category:Mavabyi]] q1zi7ko2onibvl8g2y5qg9x2lz0nmyu 0 4904 41962 37261 2026-08-13T22:06:49Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41962 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" style="float: right;" ! style="text-align: center" colspan="2"| Mavala |- ! style="background: rgb(255, 0, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |<span style="color:red;">...........</span> ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tshwuka]] |- ! style="background: rgb(255, 102, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |<br> ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Tshopi]] |- ! style="background: rgb(255, 255, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |<br> ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Xitshopana]]/[[Halandi]] |- ! style="background: rgb(0, 128, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |<br> ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Rihlaza]] |- ! style="background: rgb(0, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |<br> ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Wasi-lwandle]] |- ! style="background: rgb(0, 0, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |<br> ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Wasi]] |- ! style="background: rgb(128, 0, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%;" |<br> ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Vhangazi]] |} '''Muvala''' i xihlawulekisi xa ku vona ka matihlo ya munhu lexi hambanisaka leswivoniwaka, hi ku hambanisa mavala hi maviti yo fana na muvala wo tshwuka, wa wasi, wa xitshopani, wa rihlaza, wa tshopi, wa vhangazi kumbe wa [[ntima]]. Mavala ma endliwa hi miseve ya [[Rivoningo|rivoningo]] leyi thlerisiwaka yiya nghena e matihlweni.<ref name="Wyszecki">{{cite book|first=Günther|last=Wyszecki|author2=Stiles, W.S.|year=1982|title=Colour Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae|url=https://archive.org/details/colorscienceconc0000wysz_m6n7|edition=2nd|pages=|publisher=Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics|location=New York|isbn=0-471-02106-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=R. W. G. Hunt|year=2004|title=The Reproduction of Colour|url=https://archive.org/details/reproductionofco0000hunt|edition=6th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/reproductionofco0000hunt/page/11 11]–12|publisher=Wiley–IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology|location=Chichester UK|isbn=0-470-02425-9}}</ref> == Minthsaho == {{reflist|30em}} [[Category:Mavala]] 32s8h13x81xp7d3dl2ok5hy3rylqhy5 0 4941 41955 36912 2026-08-13T22:02:07Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Swikandza swo hambana hambana swa minthlaveko ya vumunhu - hi J. Pass, 1821, endzhaku ka Charles Le Brun]] '''Minthlaveko''' i ntokoto wun'wana na wun'wana <ref>{{cite book|last1=Panksepp|first1=Jaak|title=Affective neuroscience : the foundations of human and animal emotions|url=https://archive.org/details/affectiveneurosc0000pank|date=2005|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=0-19-509673-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/affectiveneurosc0000pank/page/9 9]|edition=[Reprint]|quote=Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is little more than a conceptual embarrassment}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Damasio|first1=AR|title=Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system.|journal=Brain research. Brain research reviews|date=May 1998|volume=26|issue=2-3|pages=83-6|pmid=9651488}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=edited by Paul Ekman, Richard J.|title=The Nature of emotion : fundamental questions|date=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195089448|pages=291–93|quote=Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.}}CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ([//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list link]) [[Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list]]</ref> wa vumunhu lowu fambisanaka na matirhele lama tlakukeke ya miehleketo wuthlela wu fambelana na ntsako kumbe gome.<ref>Cabanac, Michel (2002). "What is emotion?" ''Behavioural Processes'' 60(2): 69-83. "[E]motion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure)."</ref> Minhlahluvo yaSayensi, yahava ntwanano eka nhlamuselo ya minthlaveko ya munhu. Minthlaveko hakanyingi yi yelana na matitwele, matshamelo ya munhu, mboyamelo na swisusumeti swa vumunhu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologytopics/a/theories-of-emotion.htm|title=Theories of Emotion|publisher=Psychology.about.com|date=13 September 2013|accessdate=11 November 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017213239/http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologytopics/a/theories-of-emotion.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Eka tidyondzo tin'wana, miehleketo yi hlohlotela ngopfu minthlaveko ya vumunhu. Vanhu lava va endlaka swilo hi kuya hi minthlaveko ya vona, vanga ha tikomba vangari ku ehleketeni, hambi swiritano m'ehleketo ya vona yi teka xiphemu eka swiboho swa vona. Hixikombiso, ku twisisa leswaku hi ngava hiri ekhombyeni ku hlanganisa na kutlakuka ka mintirho ya hina ya miri (Ku thlakuka ka kuba ka mbilu na ku hefemula, nyuku, na ku tiya ka misiha), iswilaveko leswi fambisanaka na ku chava. Tidyondzo tin'wana ti xungeta leswaku minthlaveko yinga pfuka handle ka miehleketo yo karhi. Minthlaveko yi rharhanganile. Hikuya hi mindzavisiso yo xungeta, kuna matitwele yo karhi lawa mavangaka ku cinca ka mathsamele kumbe miehleketo leyi yithelaka yi hlohlotela mahanyele ya hina.<ref name="Schacter">{{cite book|last=Scirst=Daniel L.|title=Psychology Second Edition|year=2011|publisher=Worth Publishers|location=41 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010|isbn=978-1-4292-3719-2|page=310}}</ref> Tidyondzo ta minthlaveko to yelanisa minthlaveko na switwi swa miri leswi swi kotaka kutwa kuya hi minthlaveko leyi hinga eka yona. Minhtlaveko yi thlela yi fambelana na mahanyelo na mintolovelo ku ya hi munhu na munhu. Vanhu lava pfumalaka tingana vakota ku phofula minthlaveko ya vona hi ku olova, kasi vanhu lavangana tingana va tala ku tumbeta minthlaveko ya vona eka vanhu kulori. Hakanyingi minthlaveko yi hlohlotela no susumeta munhu, kungava nsusumeto wo biha kumbe lowunene.<ref name="Gaulin 6">Gaulin, Steven J. C. and Donald H. McBurney. Evolutionary Psychology. Prentice Hall. 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-13-111529-3}}, Chapter 6, p 121-142.</ref> Hikuya hi mavonele man'wana, minthlaveko ayi vangi mahanyelo kumbe swiboho swokarhi eka munhu, kambe yova swikombiso ntsena swa vumunhu, leswi hlanganisaka nsusumeto, matitwele, matikhomele, na tindlela tin'wana to ehleketa, kambe hinkwaswo leswi a swi endli minthlaveko.<ref name="Barrett & Russell">Barrett, L.F. and Russell, J.A. The psychological construction of emotion. Guilford Press. 2015. {{ISBN|978-1462516971}}.</ref> Eka malembe ya khume mbirhi lama hundzeke, kuvonakele ku engeteleka ka mindzavisiso eka minthlaveko ya vumunhu, leyi ndlandlvuxeke vutivi eka tidyondzo ta mahanyele ya [[vanhu]], matirhele ya byongo, Vutshunguri, Matimu na Sayensi ya tikhompuyuta. Tidyondzo leti ti ringeta ku hlamusela masungulo, matirhele na muxaka wa minthlaveko. Tindyondzo ta manguva lawa ti lavisisa matirhele ya minthlaveko naswona ti hlanganisa na ku tumbuluxa minchumu leyi nga tirhisiwaka ku vangela minthlaveko. Ku engetela kwalano ku tirhisiwa ka ti PET scans na ti fMRI scans swipfuna ku lavisisa matirhele ya yi byongo kuya hi minthlaveko.<ref>Cacioppo, J.T & Gardner, W.L (1999). Emotion. "Annual Review of Psychology", 191.</ref> "Minthlaveko yinga ha hlamuseriwa tani hi ntokoto lowu nene kumbe lowo biha lowu yelanaka na mintirho yokarhi ya mi ehleketo." Minthlaveko yi vangela kucinca eka mahanyelo na maendlele ya swilo eka munhu. Ntirho wa minthlaveko ekusunguleni akuri ku hlohlotela kumbe ku susumeta munhu ku hanya no endla swilo hindlela yo karhi leswaku a sirheleleka. Minhtlaveko yi vangiwa hi ku cinca ko karhi kalendzeni kumbe kale handle ka switwi swa miri.<ref>Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., Wegner, D. M., & Hood, B. M. (2011). Psychology (European ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> == Minthsaho == {{Reflist|3}} [[Category:Minthlaveko]] [[Category:Matitwele]] [[Category:Vumunhu]] 92r7ypf470jv5sqxm8qaczszgomngmk 0 4951 41951 37543 2026-08-13T22:00:18Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:A_frontal_outline_and_a_profile_of_faces_expressing_anger._E_Wellcome_V0009398.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Xifaniso xa swikandza swa vukarhi.]] '''Vukarhi''' kumbe  '''kukariha''' i nthlaveko lowu ngana matimba eka munhu. I [[Minthlaveko|nthlaveko]] lowu nga tsakisiki naswona wu  hlanganisa kuhlamula siringiwa, kuvaviseka kumbe ku xungetiwa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing|url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatricmenta0000vide_m6b0|edition=3rd|last=Videbeck|first=Sheila L.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2006}}</ref> Vukarhi byi nga vangiwa hi loko munhu atitwa a ngheneriwe mindzelakano. Van'wana vahambeta ku hlamula vukarhi hi vukarhi tani hindlela yo tisirhelela. Raymond Novaco wale Univhesithi ya California Irvine, loyi a tsaleke hi vukarhi ku sukela hi 1975, u hambanise vukarhi hi swiyenge swinharhu: Vukarhi byo tshinya, Vukarhi bya matitwele, vukarhi byo ti hambanisa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978148319968950002X|title=Advances in the Study of Aggression|last=Novaco|first=Raymond W.|date=|publisher=Academic Press|year=1986|isbn=9781483199689|editor-last=Blanchard|editor-first=Robert J.|volume=2|location=|pages=1–67|chapter=Anger as a Clinical and Social Problem|doi=10.1016/b978-1-4831-9968-9.50002-x|oclc=899004162|quote=|editor-last2=Blanchard|editor-first2=D. Caroline|via=}}</ref> William DeFoore, loyi a tsaleke hi ku kongomisa no hunguta vukarhi, u hlamusele vukarhi tani hi mukapa lowu phyaphyarhaka: hinga khoma vukarhi bya hina kufikela nkarhi wokarhi laha byi bulukaka.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anger : Deal with It, Heal with It, Stop It from Killing You|url=https://archive.org/details/angerdealwithith00defo|edition=1st|last=DeFoore|first=William|publisher=Health Communications, Inc.|year=1991}}</ref> Vukarhi i nthlaveko lowu khumbaka miri. Munhu loyi a kariheke uthlela ava na kuba ka mbilu loku tlakukeke, ku tlakuka ka ndzendzeleko wa ngati, na kutlakuka ka adrenaline na noradrenaline.<ref>{{cite book|encyclopedia=Medicine.net|title=Anger definition|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33843|accessdate=2008-04-05|edition=|publisher=|volume=|location=|id=|doi=|pages=|quote=|archive-date=2014-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123014235/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=33843|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Van'wana va vona vukarhi tani hi nthlaveko lowu pfuxaka ku hlamula ka miehleketo ka kulwa kumbe ku tsutsuma.<ref>Harris, W., Schoenfeld, C. D., Gwynne, P. W., Weissler, A. M.,''Circulatory and humoral responses to fear and anger'', The Physiologist, 1964, 7, 155.</ref> Vukarhi byi thlela byi tirhisiwa ku tumbeta ku chava, kutwisiwa kuvava kumbe ku tsemeka nhlana. Vukarhi i nthlaveko lowu tarhisiwaka hakanyingi ku loko munhu a teka goza ro sivela nxungeto wa khombo lwu vangiwaka hi munhu kumbe swilo swin'wana.<ref>Raymond DiGiuseppe, Raymond Chip Tafrate, ''Understanding Anger Disorders'', Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 133–159.</ref>  Xikombiso xa vukarhi xivoneka exikandzeni, maendlele ya miri, kasi minkarhi yin'wana hi maendlelo yo chavisa.<ref name="OxfDic">Michael Kent, ''Anger'', The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-262845-3}}</ref> Swiharhi swin'wana, hixikombiso, swi ba huwa, swiringeta ku ti kukumuxa, swi kombisa meno, kumbe ku xondzolota. Swiendlo leswi fambelanaka na vukarhi swi endla ku tsundzuxa vaxungeti leswaku va tshika swi endlo leswi xungetaka. Aswitalangi ku kuma nyimpi a xikarhi ka vanhu kumbe swiharhi swi mbirhi, ku nga sungulanga hi ku komba vukarhi.<ref name="Primate">Primate Ethology, 1967, Desmond Morris (Ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson Publishers: London, p.55</ref> Hambileswi vanhu votala lava kombeke vukarhi hikwalaho ka leswi "endliweke eka vona", va n'wa mihleketo va komba leswaku munhu loyi akariheke angaha endla swihoxo hikwalaho ka leswi vukarhi byi hungutaka matimba ya ku ti hlahluva.<ref name="EncPsy">Raymond W. Novaco, ''Anger'', Encyclopedia of Psychology, [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press Oxford University Press], 2000</ref> Van'wa mihleketo va vona vukarhi tani hi nthlaveko lowu twalaka naswona lowu twiwaka hi vanhu hinkwavo hi minkarhi yo hambana hambana, naswona wuri wa nkoka ku tisirhelela. Vukarhi byi pfuneta ku komba munhu un'wana leswaku kuna xihoxo lexi lavaka ku lulamisiwa. Vukarhi byi pfuna ku teka magoza yo ololoxa swihoxo. Vukarhi lebyi pfumalaka nkongomiso, byi nga khumba munhu kumbe hanyelo rakwe hindlela yobiha<ref name="Ethics">John W. Fiero, ''Anger'', Ethics, Revised Edition, Vol 1</ref> naswona byi khumba na vanhu van'wana. A swi olovi ku va ekusuhi na munhu loyi a kariheke naswona swi nga vangela madzolonga loko byi nga lawuriwi. Hambileswi va filisofa na vatsari votala va tsundzuxeke mayelana na vukarhi lebyi nga kongomisiwiku byi nga vanga madzolonga, kambe vathlela va komba nkoka wa vukarhi. Ku kongomisa no lawula vukarhi imhaka leyi vafilosofa na vatsari vakhale va tsaleke hayona, hambi swiritano van'wa Miehleketo va komba switandzhaku leswi  biheke swa ku khoma vukarhi endzeni. == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Minthlaveko]] [[Category:Matitwele]] 5ou6efl4zi80xuod7bfbxjgert54o6c 0 4953 41949 36902 2026-08-13T21:59:26Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Heart icon red hollow.svg|thumb|Mfungo wa nthlaveko wa rirhandzu]] [[File:1873_Pierre_Auguste_Cot_-_Spring.jpg|thumb|Pierre Auguste Cot (1873)]] '''Rirhandzu''' i nxaxamelo wa [[minthlaveko]] na xiyimo xa miehleketo, leyi hakanyingi yinga na matimba, kusukela eka vunakulori lebyi enteke kufikela eka ntsako lowu tolovelekeke. Xikombiso xa nxaxamelo wa minthlaveko ya rirhandzu hileswaku rirhandzu ra manana rahambana eka rirhandzu exikarhi ka mpatswa rithlela rihambana na rirhandzu ra swakudya. Hiku olova, rirhandzu i nthlaveko wa nkokelo wa matitwele ya matimba na ku twanana exikarhi ka vanhu.<ref name="oxford">''Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary'' (1998) + ''Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary'' (2000)</ref> Rirhandzu ringa thlela riva mfanelo ya vumunhu leyi yimelaka vunene, ntwela-vusiwana, na ntwanano - "Kutshembeka na kunavelela un'wana leswinene".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/love|title=Love - Definition of love by Merriam-Webster|work=merriam-webster.com}}</ref> Ringathlela ri hlamusela kutwela na kutsakela vanhu van'wana, munhu hixiyexe kumbe swiharhi.<ref name="Fromm, Erich 1956">Fromm, Erich; ''The Art of Loving'', Harper Perennial (1956), Original English Version, {{ISBN|978-0-06-095828-2}}</ref> Vafilosofa va Vagriki vakhale vahlamusele minxaka ya mune ya rirhandzu: Rirhandzu ra munti (''storge'' hi xigriki), Rirhandzu ra vunghana(''philia hi xigriki)'', Rirhandzu ra rimbewu (''eros''), rirhandzu ra vukwembu (''agape''). Vatsari va manguva lawa vathlela va hlamisela yin'wana mixaka ya rirhandzu: Rirhandzu ra kunavela, Kutirhandza, rirhandzu ro xixima.<ref>[[Liddell and Scott]]: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfili%2Fa φιλία]</ref><ref name="Gita">{{cite book |last= Mascaró |first=Juan |title=The Bhagavad Gita |url= https://archive.org/details/bhagavadgita0000unse_r9w2 |publisher=Penguin|series=Penguin Classics |year=2003 |isbn=0-14-044918-3}} (J. Mascaró, translator)</ref> Rirhandzu rithlela riva na tinhlamuselo ta vukhongeri na vumoya. Matirhisele lawa yotala ma komba kunonoha ka ku hlamusela nthlaveko wa rirhandzu kuhambana na minthlaveko yin'wana. Rirhandzu hikuya hi mixaka ya rona ri pfuna ku aka vuxaka exikarhi ka vanhu, naswona ritlanga xiphemu lexi kulu eka swa [[vutshila]] na vupfapfarhuti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article On Love|url=http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love|accessdate=13 September 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530043739/http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love|archivedate=30 May 2012|df=}}</ref> Rirhandzu ringa twisiseka tanihi nchumu lowu khomanisaka vanhu naswona wu pfuna ku yisa mahlweni nhlayo ya vona.<ref name="Fisher">Helen Fisher. ''Why We Love: the nature and chemistry of romantic love''. 2004.</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|3}} [[Category:Minthlaveko]] [[Category:Matitwele]] [[Category:Vumunhu]] 4ms7ls5rmq63xjj3r4e1f18nd39yp6r 0 5863 41972 41618 2026-08-13T22:13:19Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{featured article}} {{Bio|caption=Marivate hi lembe ra 1920}} '''Daniel Cornel Marivate''' (Kumbe '''D.C Marivate''') (''18 [[Nyenyenyani]] 1897''<ref name="Marivate1"> "[http://digilibrary.unisa.ac.za/digital/collection/MPMD/id/4/rec/43 Sunday at home programme during autumn 1931: Application for Passport]" - Page 7 - ''Marivate Papers Repository (UNISA)''. Retrieved 02 November 2018</ref> – ''† 30 [[Nhlangula]] 1989'' ),<ref name=":1">"[http://christinelucia.co.za/sites/christinelucia.co.za/files/composing_towardsagainst_whiteness-_the_african_music_of_mohapeloa.pdf Unsettling Whiteness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419020029/http://christinelucia.co.za/sites/christinelucia.co.za/files/composing_towardsagainst_whiteness-_the_african_music_of_mohapeloa.pdf |date=2016-04-19 }}" (2014) ''Lucy Michael and Samantha Schulz'' - ''Inter-Disciplinary Press''. Retrieved 31 October 2018</ref><ref name="Huskisson 1">{{cite book|last= Huskisson|first=Y |title=Black Composers of Southern Africa|url= https://archive.org/details/blackcomposersof0000husk|year=1992|publisher=uman Sciences Research Council|isbn=0796912521|page=[https://archive.org/details/blackcomposersof0000husk/page/17 17]& 66}}</ref><ref name="Ubisi">{{cite thesis |type= |last=Ubisi|first=L.L |date=2013 |title=[http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1446 Nkucetelo wa vukriste eku vumbeni ka swimunhuhatwa swa vavasati eka matsakwa ya Sasavona hi D.C. MARIVATE na Rixile hi S.B. NXUMALO)]|publisher=University of Limpopo}}</ref> a kuri mufundhisi, mufambisi wa khwayere, muqambhi wa vunanga, xirho xa mfumo wa Gazankulu naswona a thlela a tiveka ngopfu tani hi mutsari wa novhele yo sungula ya ririmi ra Xitsonga (leyi gandlisiweke hi Swiss Mission press e[[Joni]]), [[Sasavona]], hi lembe ra 1938. Marivate loyi a dyondzeke eValdezia, athlela aya hetisela tidyondzo tale henhla eLemana Institute, ukorhokele ririmi ra Xitsonga swonghasi, kuhlanganisa na kuqambha vunanga na swiphato, a thlela a tsala no hundzuluxela [[Vutsari_bya_Xitsonga|matsalwa ya Xitsonga]], ku fikela loko ata hundza emisaveni hi lembe ra 1989. Xikolo xa DC ''Marivate Junior Secondary School'' eSoshanguve, Afrika Dzonga, kuhlanganisa na patu leri kumekaka e Saulville, ePitori, swi thyiwe hi vito ra yena == Tavutomi byakwe == === Malembe yosungula na tidyondzo: 1904–1931 === Marivate i n’wana wo sungula wa Cornel Maxangete Maringa na Makhanani Annah Ximambana naswona u velekiwe eximutanini xa Valdezia hi lembe ra 1897.<ref name="Ubisi" /> Marivate ukulele athlela anghena xikolo eValdezia primary school (lexi akiweke hi lembe ra 1888) ekusuhi na Louis Trichardt eNorthern Transvaal (laha namunthla kunga xifundzha xa Limpopo) hi lembe ra 1904. Ximutanini xa [[Valdezia]] xisimekiwe hi lembe ra 1875 hi Varhumiwa va Vukhongeri bya vu [[Kereke_ya_Evangheli_ya_vu_Presbethari_e_Afrika_Dzonga|Phresbethari]], naswona vutomi bya ximutana lexi abyi kongomisiwa no hlohloteriwa hi ripfumelo ra vukreste. Marivate uhetile tidyondzo takwe ta xikolo xale hansi hi lembe ra 1908. Kusukela kona, u thlele aya dyondza vuvatli, kuhlayisa swirhapa, Xinghezi na Tidyondzo ta tinhlayo, ari karhi a leteriwa hi Mufundhisi Paul Rosset, kona kwale xitichini xa kereke eValdezia exikarhi ka malembe ya 1909 kuya eka 1912.<ref name="Huskisson 2">{{cite book|last= Huskisson|first=Y |title=The Bantu composers of Southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/bantucomposersof00husk/page/100|year=1969|publisher=South African Broadcasting Corp.|isbn=0869651218|page=101-103}}</ref> Kusukela hi khotavuxika bya lembe ra 1912 kuya eka xixika xa 1915, Marivate unghenele athlela a hetisa tidyondzo tavuthicara eLemana Training Institute. Kusuka kona uyile a ya dyondzisa exikolweni xa Manabele, endzhaku ka tinwhetinyana athoriwa kuya sungula xikolo lexintshwa e Mambedi, ekusuhi na ximutana xa Valdezia. Xikolo lexi xikote kukula swonghasi endzeni ka malembe ya mune, laha xiheleleke xikuma mathicara mambirhi ku engetela eka Marivate. Vana vaxikolo na mathicara, vapfunetanile ku bhaka switina leswaku va aka tiyindlu to dyondzisela eka tona. Varhumiwa na vakongomisi va xikolo na Kereke eximutanini lexi, ava tiyisisa leswaku vaaka tiko vale Valdezia vahanya hikuya hi vutomi bya vukreste, naswona ava aleriwa kutihlanganisa na vaaka tiko vavahedeni (Kumbe lava avangari vakhongeri). Hilembe ra 1915, Marivate loyi a ari thicara wa xikolo xa Valdeziya, xikan'we na thicara un'wana wa muntima, vatikume va tsemiwile eka kereke ya ximutana, kuringana tin'wheti tinharhu, hikwalaho kaleswi vayeke [[Xivala|exivaleni]] xamuganga kuya hlalelaa ncino wamakhwaya.<ref name="Chabalala">{{cite thesis |type= |last=Chabalala Masumbe |first=BM. |date=2002 |title=[http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/695 The Swiss Missionaries' management of Social transformation in SOuth Africa (1873-1976)]|publisher=UNISA}}</ref> Hilembe ra 1924, Marivate uyisile tidyondzo takwe tavuthicara emahlweni loko ata nghenela xikolo xa Lovedale, laha a kumeke xitifiketi-tsongo xa vuthicara hi lembe ra 1925. Kusuka kona uvekiwe tani hi nhloko ya xikolo xa Valdezia hi lembe ra 1926, naswona u tirhile kona kufikela eka lembe ra1929. Marivate uthlele a thlelela exikolweni xa Lovedale, laha a hetiseke tidyondzo takwe tavuthicara, hinkarhi wolowo uthlele a hetisa tidyondzo takwe ta vuqambhi bya vunanga na xikolo xa ''London Music College'', athlela arhwexiwa Diploma yo tsala vunanga (tonic-solfa) exikarhi ka malembe ya 1930 na 1931. === Vutsari na maphepha-hungu: 1931–1937 === {{Quote box|width=35em|align=left|quote="Muyuropa anga hluriwi hi mathlarhi kumbe hiswibhakela kambe hi kutirhisa tidyondzo... Loko ndziri etikweni-nkulu ra Yuropa, ndzivone vayuropa votala lava avari exiyimweni xale hansi eka mina hinhluvuko... Loko hina vantima hilava kufikelela mahanyele yalehenhla yavona, hifanela ku byarha vutihlamuleri byo tihluvukisa, hiti hlengeletela tidyondzo na mahanyele yohluvuka, hibasisa no sasekisa miti yahina leswaku switava nonohwela ku hi tekela ehansi".|source=— '''Marivate''', 1934 }} Marivate uve muhleri wa phephahungu ra muganga, ra The Valdezia Bulletin/Light (leri ri thyiweke "''The light'': Ku Vonakala ka Vatsonga"),<ref name="Maluleke">{{cite thesis |type= |last=Maluleke |first=MJ. |date=2017 |title=[http://scholar.ufs.ac.za:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11660/6600/MalulekeMJ.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y The role of Bible translation in enhancing Xitsonga cultural identity]|publisher=University of the Free State}}</ref> xikan'we na E.A. Tlakula na A.E. Mpapele. Marivate utirhise phepha-hungu leri kuyisa emahlweni xikongomela xo hluvukisa rixaka ra rikwavo, naswona a thlela a haxa mhungu ya muganga na tiko hiku angarha. Migandliso yo sungula ya phephahungu leri a yitsariwe hi voko, ivi kuya hinkarhi vasungula ku tirhisa michini yo tsala, kufikela laha rigandlisiweke. Marivate uthlele ava mutsari eka phephahungu ra xikolo xa Lemana, eka malembe yo sungula leswaku a titoloveta kutsala no hlela phephahungu. Phephahungu lere ri gandlisiwe no haxiva kwalomu ka malembe ya nkombo kusukela hi lembe ra 1931 kuya eka 1937, naswona ari tsariwa hi ririmi ra Xinghezi na Xitsonga. Marivate utirhile tani hi muhleri na muhumelerisi wa phepha-hungu leri kusukela loko risimekiwa, kufikela loko rita yimisiwa<ref name=":1" /> === Vukorhokeri eka African Boy Scouts: 1934–1956 === Marivate u vitaniwe ku nghenela nhlangano wa African Boys Scouts, naswona a ya leteriwa eka vutshila bya ti ''Scoutse Gilwell Park'', kusuhi na Chingford e dorobheni ra Landhani, hi lembe ra 1934. Loko ari kwalomo, kusungule nyimpi ya vumbirhi ya misava hi lembe ra 1939, leswi vangeleke leswaku machudeni ya ti Scouts, marhurheriwa kusuka e dorobheni ra Landhani kuya e Bridgewater, laha va takeke mayendzo ya siku na siku hi bhazi, kuya hetisisa tidyondzo ta vona e xidorobhaneni xa Taunton. Marivate u tirhisie nkarhi lowu ku endzela tindzawu ta matimu totala e tikweni ra Nghilandi, ku hlanganisa na tiko ra Furhwa na Switselandi.<ref name="Huskisson 1" /> Hilembe rero ra 1939, utekile rendzo ro vuyela ekaya, ehenhla ka ntsikelelo wa nyimpi. Xikepe xa vona xi vhikavhike swikepe swo famba e hansi kalwandle ra Atlanthiki, kuringana mavhiki manharhu ku kondzo loko xita fika e Kapa, eku heteleni ka n'wheti ya hukuri. Hi lembe leri landzeleke ra 1940, uthoriwile hi va ''Scout South Africa'', leswaku a letela no olorisa majaha ya ''Boy Scouts of South Africa'', ya vantima, no tsarisa majaha mantshwa. Marivate u tirhe ntirho lowu hi ku tshembeka na ku tikarhata, kufikela loko a ta tshika ntirho hi Khotavuxika bya lembe ra 1959, loko ata nghenela tidyondzo ta vufundhisi.<ref name="Huskisson 1" /> === Vufundhisi na Bhibhele ya Xitsonga: 1956–1989 === Marivate uvekiwe kuva mupfuni wa Mufundhisi Malale, xikan'we na Joshua Marule na Frank Hlaise.{{kulaveka vumbhoni}} Marivate a a tsakela ku nghenela tidyondzo ta vudokodela, naswona u tsarisile kudyondza ari ekaya, kambe uve a sindziseka ku tshika tidyondzo takwe, loko mativula yakwe Charley a ta sungula tidyondzo takwe ta vudokodela e yunivhesithi ya Natala. Endzhaku ka xinkadyana, kereke ya Swiss Mission yi n'wirhambe ku nghenela tidyondzo ta vufundhisi ta mahala. Uleteriwile eka swa vufundhisi ku ringana malembe ya nthlanu loko ata rhwexiwa vufundhisi hi lembe ra 1956. Endzhaku ka swona, usungule ku rhangela [[Kereke_ya_Evangheli_ya_vu_Presbethari_e_Afrika_Dzonga|kereke ya ''Swiss Mission'']] e Atteridgeville (e Pitori), laha a rhangeleke kereke ku hlanganisa na mavandla ya 29 ya kereke.<ref name="Huskisson 1" /> Marivate u rhambiwe hi nhlangano ya Bhibhele ya laha Afrika Dzonga (''Bible Society'' – ''South Africa'') kuva xiyenge xa komiti yo hundzuluxa Bhibhele ya Xitsonga. Komiti leyi a yi rhangeriwa hi Mufundhisi Théophile Robert Schneider loyi a tirheke exikarhi ka vatsonga kwalomu ka 40 wa malembe. Van'wana lava va rhambiweke a kuri Mufundhisi Elias F.C. Mashava wa Kereke ya Swiss Mission, Mukhacani Jackson Makhuvele; Manana Ann K Manyike na Phurofesa Charlotte P.N. Nkondo.<ref name="Maluleke" /> Komiti yi hetile ku hundzuluxela hi lembe ra 1976, ivi Bhibhele yi kandziyisiwe ximfumo hi lembe ra 1989 e hansi ka nhlokomhaka "BIBELE Mahungu Lamanene".{{kulaveka vumbhoni}} === Vukati na Vana === Marivate a a tekane na [[Bertha Marivate]] naswona a va katekisiwe hi majaha ya ntsevu na ntombhi yin'we<ref name="Chabalala" /> kunga: # [[Cornelius Tennyson Daniel Marivate]] (''Mativula'') – ''Phurofesa'' wa tidyondzo ta ririmi e yunivhesithi ya Afrika Dzonga (1927), # [[Russel Marivate]] – ''Dokodela'' (1930), # [[Cecil Roy Marivate]] – ''Thicara'' (1933), # [[Martin Marivate]] – ''Dokodela'' (1934), # [[Maseve Richard Marivate]] – ''Thicara'' wa tidyondzo ta Tinhlayo, loyi a thlomiweke tinsiva to hlaya (1936), # [[Desiree N'wamhamba Marivate]] – ''Nese'', # [[Charles Marivate]] – ''Dokodela'' (1942), == Vuqambhi bya vunanga == Marivate a a thlela ava muqambhi wa vunanga bya Xitsonga, a thlela a tsala vunanga bya makhwaya, hiririm ra Xitsonga. Leswi aswiri xihlamariso lexi kulu hi nkarhi wolowo, naswona hi lembe ra 1931, khampani ya Singer Gramophone ya vunanga ya Eric Gallo yi rhumele Marivate na ntlawa wakwe e dorobheni ra Landhani, leswaku vaya rhekhoda vunanga bya Xitsonga na XiVhenda.<ref name="Chabalala" /><ref name="Huskisson 2" /> Nxaxamelo wa vunanga lebyi abyi qambheke: :*'''Xinkanka (N'wheti ya september nineteenthirtynine)'''<ref>[http://www.musicanet.org/old_content/images/17/92940.gif Xinkanka] - Musical notes (1939)- ''Marivate D.C''</ref><ref>"[http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/10619/MCL7_2.pdf Xinkanka (A cheetah)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919201406/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/10619/MCL7_2.pdf |date=2021-09-19 }}" - Translation (1939) -''DC Marivate''. Retrieved 02 November 2018</ref> – 1939: ''Department of Education, South Africa''. :* '''Tinsimbi ta Valungu'''<ref>"[http://samap.ukzn.ac.za/tinsimbi-ta-valungu-east-african Tinsimbi ta Valungu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922181644/http://samap.ukzn.ac.za/tinsimbi-ta-valungu-east-african |date=2021-09-22 }}" (1951) ''song recording'' - Composer: DC Mativate - ''South African Music Archive Project''. Retrieved 02 November 2018</ref> – 1951: ''International Library of African Music''. Muqambhi athlela a yimbelela. :* '''Serululu'''<ref>"[http://samap.ukzn.ac.za/serulurulu-east-african Serululu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808143034/http://samap.ukzn.ac.za/serulurulu-east-african |date=2020-08-08 }}" (1951) ''song recording'' - Composer: DC Mativate - ''South African Music Archive Project''. Retrieved 02 November 2018</ref> – 1951: ''International Library of African Music''. Muqambhi athlela a yimbelela. :* '''Ben, Ben, Ben'''<ref>"[http://samap.ukzn.ac.za/ben-benben-east-african Ben, Ben, Ben] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805090129/https://samap.ukzn.ac.za/ben-benben-east-african |date=2020-08-05 }}" (1954) ''song recording'' - Composer: DC Mativate - ''South African Music Archive Project''. Retrieved 02 November 2018</ref> – 1954: ''International Library of African Music''. Muqambhi athlela a yimbelela. :* '''Mbuti ya Shidzwele'''<ref name=":2">"[http://digilibrary.unisa.ac.za/digital/collection/MPMD/id/1/ Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville : record of activities 1968-1969]" (1968) ''Songs composition notes'' - Composer: DC Mativate - ''Marivate Papers Repository (UNISA)''. Retrieved 02 November 2018</ref> – 1968–1969: ''Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville''. :* '''Xidzedze'''<ref name=":2" /> – 1968–1969: ''Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville''. :* '''Kaya'''<ref name=":2" /> – 1968–1969: ''Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville''. :* '''Phelindhaba'''<ref name=":2" /> – 1968–1969: ''Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville''. :* '''Homu yo basa'''<ref name=":2" /> – 1968–1969: ''Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville''. :* '''Yingisani'''<ref name=":2" /> – 1968–1969: ''Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville''. :* '''Vamakweru!'''<ref name=":2" /> – 1968–1969: ''Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville''. :* '''Xinyenyani'''<ref name=":2" /> – 1968–1969: ''Tsonga Presbyterian Church Attridgeville''. == Vutsari na vuhundzuluxi == {{Quote box|width=35em|align=right|quote="Xitsonga xa ka hina xi nadziha ngopfu, naswona xi na marito lawa yo tala ngopfu ni mavulavulele ya xilo xin'we hi tindlela leto tala ngopfu. <br><br> N'wina hinkwenu lava nga ta tsala tibuku endzhaku ka mina ringetani ku kuma mavulavulele ya Xitsonga ku nga ri ku tsala hi miehleketo ya xilungu, swi bihisa ririmi ra hina na ku pingula eka lava va switwaka."|source=— '''Marivate''', ''Valdezia, 5th Nyenyenyani'' 1938 }} Marivate tsarile no hundzuluxa tibuku to hlaya ta xitsonga, kuhlanganisa na leti landzelaka. :* '''Sasavona'''. 1938. Johannesburg: ''Swiss Mission in South Africa''. :* '''David Livingstone'''. 1941. Johannesburg: ''Swiss Mission in South Africa''. :* '''Xiloyiloyi'''. 1984. Johannesburg: ''Sasavona''. :* '''Xitsonga Hymnary, Tinsimu ta Vakriste'''. 1989. 8th edition, revised. ''Braamfontein Sasavona Publishers''. :* '''Xitsonga Bible translation'''. 1989. Cape Town: ''The Bible Society of South Africa'' (Xirho xa ntlawa wa vahundzuluxi) == Vurhangeri na ku tinyiketela == Marivate akuri munhu wotinyiketela naswona ari murhangeri eka swiyenge swotala evutomini byakwe. Utinyiketele naswona akorhokela swivangelo leswi landzelaka: * Mutshama-xitulu wa rhavi ra n'walungu ra nhlangano wa mathicara rale Zoutpansberg, kutlula malembe ya khume. * Mukamberi wa nhlangano ya mathicara ya vantima yale Transvaal, kwalomu ka malembe mambirhi, athlela ava xandla xa murhangeri wa nhlangano leyi, kwalomu ka lembe. * Mutshama-xitulu wa komiti ya swikolo swa Atteridgeville, athlela ava xandla xa mutshama-xitulu xa bhodo ya ya swikolo swa Atteridhgeville. * Xandla xa mulanguteri wa vuleteri bya Scout Masters, naswona ava muleteri wa ''Atteridgeville Scout Troop''. == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Vanhu]] {{Lifetime|1897|1989|Daniel Cornel Marivate}} [[Category: Vatsari]] [[Category: Vatsari va Xitsonga]] [[Category: Mathicara]] [[Category: Tinqambhi]] 0mfpc1aamxp2s2tytm2l75xkx86h70a 0 6003 41986 34181 2026-08-13T22:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41986 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 200px;" |+ <big>Muvala wo Tshwuka</big> |- | style="color:red; background: red;" | muvala wo tshwuka |- |{{Photomontage|position=right|photo1a=Strawberries.jpg|photo1b=Cardinal.jpg|photo2a=Cardinal Théodore Adrien Sarr 2.JPG|photo2b=Magdalena Frackowiak.jpg|photo3a=Chinese honor guard in column 070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG}} |} [[File:Crimson sunset.jpg|thumb|right|Mapapa yo tshwuka ni ndzhenga]] Muvala wo '''Tshwuka''' i [[muvala]] lowunge makumu ka nxaxamelo wa magandlati ya rivoningo naswona wule kusuhi na gandlati ra [[rivoningo]] ra muvala wa Tshopi. Muvula lowu i muvala waxisimeko eka nkongomiso wa mavala wa RGB na CMYK. Kuna mindzhuti yo hambana hambana kusukela eka muvala wo tshwuka wu vangama kuyelana na [[xitshopana]], kuya eka muvala wo tshwuka wu rhomba kuyelana na [[xitshopi]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of color|last=Maerz|first=A|last2=Paul|first2=M. R.|date=1930|publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Co.|isbn=|location=New York|pages=|language=English|oclc=1150631}}</ref> Muvala wo tshwuka lowu vonakalaka empfhukeni hi nkarhi wa ndzhenga, wu vangiwa hi ku hangalaka ka miseve ya dyambu, kasi muvala wa misava yo tshwuka ya tintshava wu vangiwa hi muxaka wa maribye ya tsumani. Muvala wa ngati wuvangiwa hi swiaki swa hemoglobin, kasi muvala wo tshwuka wa mihandzu wu vangiwa swiaki swa anthocyanins.<ref name="tree1044">{{cite journal|last1=Archetti|first1=Marco|last2=Döring|first2=T. F.|last3=Hagen|first3=S. B.|last4=Hughes|first4=N. M.|last5=Leather|first5=S. R.|last6=Lee|first6=D. W.|last7=Lev-Yadun|first7=S.|last8=Manetas|first8=Y.|last9=Ougham|first9=H. J.|displayauthors=3|year=2011|title=Unravelling the evolution of autumn colours: an interdisciplinary approach|url=|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=24|issue=3|pages=166–73|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2008.10.006|pmid=19178979|via=|last10=Schaberg|first10=Paul G.|last11=Thomas|first11=Howard}}</ref> Muvala wotshwuka lowu kumekaka eka sava ra tsumani awu tirhisiwa ngopfu eka vupfapfarhuti bya khale bya mabaku. Va Egipta vakhale na va Maya, ava tsala swikandza swa vona hi muvala wotshwuka loko vari na minkhuvo; varhangeri va mavuthu ya nyimpi ya varhoma ava hlamisiwa miri yavon yi va ya muvala wotshwuka leswaku va tlangela ku hlula e nyimpini. Muvala lowu a wudume ngopfu e tikweni ra Chayina, laha a wutirhisiwa kutsala swibye swa vumba kuhlanganisa na mavati na marhangu ya miti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Chinese red|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesered0000yanc|last=Chunling|first=Y.|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2008|isbn=9787119045313|location=Beijing|oclc=319395390}}</ref> Hinkarhi wa nhluvuko na kuvonikeriwa e tikweni-nkulu ra [[Yuropa]], muvala lowu awurhandziwa hi vanhu lava fuweke. Muvala lowu wuthlela wu tiveka tani hi mfungo wa nhlungo; Tiko ra [[Russia|Rhaxiya]] ri langhe muvala lowu leswaku wuva mujeko wa tiko enzdhaku ka nhlungo wa 1917, enzdhaku ka swona ku landzele matiko ya Chayina, Viyetinamu na man'wana matiko ya vukhomanisi. Leswi muvala wotshwuka wunga wa ngati, wu talka ku ringanisiwa na magandzelo, madzolonga na vurhena. E matikweni ya Yuropa na le Amerikha, muvala wo tshwuka wu ringanisiwa na kuhisa, ku korhoka, kunyanyuka, ku kariha, rirhandzu na ntsako. E tikweni ra [[China|Chayina]] na [[India|Indiya]], kuhlanganisa na matiko yale vuxa-dyambu, muvala lowu wu yelanisiwa na ntsako na tinjombo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques|last=Heller|first=Eva|date=1948|publisher=Pyramid|isbn=9782350171562|location=Paris|pages=|oclc=470802996}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Mavala]] an7f164qo6yzuc75w8ohplg3b5fhq4t 0 6015 41965 36472 2026-08-13T22:08:00Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FF_The_Tempest_title.jpg|thumb|Tsalwa ra Shakespeare ra ''The Tempest'' hi lembe 1623.]] '''Mutsari''' i munhu loyi a tirhisaka marito lama tsariweke hi vutshila byo hambana-hambana ku hundzisa makungu yakwe. Vatsari va tumbuluxa matsalwa yo hambana-hambana kuhlanganisa [[novhele|tinovhele]], [[xitori xokoma|switori swokoma]], [[vuthlokovetseri]], [[mintlangu]] kuhlanganisa na swiviko swa mahungu leswi nga tsakeriwaka hi xitshungu. Vatsari lava ngana ntokoto naswona lava kotaka ku tirhisa ririmi hundzisa makungu na marungula, hakanyingi va nyikela xandla e ku akeni [[ndzhavuko]] wa [[nhlangano wa vanhu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Magill |first1=Frank N.|title=Cyclopedia of World Authors|edition=revised |volume=vols. I, II, III |year=1974 |publisher=Salem Press |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |isbn= |pages=1–1973}} [A compilation of the bibliographies and short biographies of notable authors up to 1974.]</ref> Riviti "Mutsari" rithlela ritirhisiwa hi tindlel tin'wana eka swa [[Vutshila]] – ku hlanganisa na mutsari wa vunanga – hambi swiritano riviti "Mutsari" ritirhisiwa ku hlamusela ntumbuluko wa ku tsala. Kasi vatsari van'wana va tirhisa ndzhavuko wa ku vulavula. Vatsari vanga tumbuluxa matsalwa eka swiyenge swo hlaya, ku hlanganisa na matsalwa ya xiviri na lawa yo vhumbhiwa. Van'wana vatsari vatirhisa swifaniso na vupfapfarhuti leswaku va entisa mahundzisele ya makungu yavona. Eka minkarhi ya swesi, vahlayi na vanhu lava tirhelaka ti hulumendhe va tskela ku hlaya matsalwa ya switori lawa ma hlavutelaka ti mhaka ta vutshila na sayensi hi ndlela leyi twakalaka. Van'wana vatsari vanga ha tirhisa vunanga lebyi pfanganisiweke na marito ku hundzisa marungula na makungu ya vona.<ref>Nobel prize winner ''Rabindranath Tagore'' is an example.</ref> A henhla ko tsala matsalwa, vatsari va thlela vatsala hi tindlela ta vutsari;<ref name=Nicolson1>{{cite book|last=Nicolson|first=Adam|title=When God Spoke English: The Making of the King James Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/whengodspokeengl0000nico|year=2011|publisher=Harper Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-00-743100-7}}</ref> swivangelo;<ref name=Blythe>See, for example, {{cite book|title=Why I write: thoughts on the practice of fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/whyiwritethought0000unse|year=c. 1998|publisher=Little, Brown|location=Boston|isbn=0316102296|editor=Will Blythe}}</ref> vathlela va xopaxopa matsalwa ya va'nwana.<ref>''Jonathan Franzen'', for example, criticised ''John Updike'' for being "exquisitely preoccupied with his own literary digestive processes ..." and his "lack of interest in the bigger postwar, postmodern, socio-technological picture" {{cite journal|last=Franzen|first=Jonathan|title=Franzen on Kraus: Footnote 89|journal=The Paris Review|date=6 September 2013|issue=206|url=https://medium.com/slush-pile/franzen-on-kraus-footnote-89-92335fb9c2e?postPublishedType=initial|accessdate=11 September 2013|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423133400/https://medium.com/slush-pile/franzen-on-kraus-footnote-89-92335fb9c2e?postPublishedType=initial|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Vatsari va thoriwa leswaku vatsala, kasi van'wana va sungula ku hakeriwa ntsena loko matsalwa ya vona ma gandlisiwile. <br /> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Vatsari]] csqbn00kw60pdxd3wyc6cnzxdvnhp3g 0 6063 41984 34363 2026-08-13T22:24:26Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = Ku pima ntikelo ku ringanisiwa na ku pima vunyingi-swilo | image1 = Weegschaal-1.jpg | width1 = 125 | image2 = Bascula_9.jpg | width2 = 220 | footer = Left: Ximatsi: Xikalo xi pima ntikelo, hi kulangutisa laha nchumu wu kokaka xipiringi ha kona. E n'wetini nchimu lowu fanaka wu nga pima ntsongo lowu tsongo wa ntikelo. Xinene: xikalo xo ringanisa xi pima ntalo-swilo wa nchumu hi ku ringanisa na cnhumu wun'wana lowu ntsengo wa wona wu tiviwaka. E n'wetini xikalo lexi xi ta pima mpimo woringana tana hi leswi minchumu ynga ta vevuka hi kuringana.}} '''Ntikelo''' wu hlamuseriwa eka [[sayensi]] na [[vunjhiniyera]] kuri ntsengo wa matimba lawa ma kongomisiwaka eka xilo xokarhi, hi kwalaho ka ma timba-nkokelo ya [[misava]], kumbe ku hambana na matimba lawa ma xikhomeke e ndzhawini yin'we.<ref name="Morrison">{{cite journal |title=Weight and gravity - the need for consistent definitions |author=Richard C. Morrison |journal=[[The Physics Teacher]] |volume=37 |page=51 |date=1999 |doi=10.1119/1.880152 |bibcode = 1999PhTea..37...51M }}</ref><ref name="Galili">{{cite journal |title=Weight versus gravitational force: historical and educational perspectives |author=Igal Galili |journal=International Journal of Science Education |volume=23 |page=1073 |date=2001 |doi=10.1080/09500690110038585 |bibcode = 2001IJSEd..23.1073G }}</ref><ref name="Gat">{{cite book |title=Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice – ''second volume'' |editor=Richard Alan Strehlow |date=1988 |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |isbn=978-0-8031-1183-7 |chapter=The weight of mass and the mess of weight |last=Gat |first=Uri |pages=45–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoB5w9Km0mUC&pg=PA45}}</ref> Tibuku tin'wana ta vuleteri<ref name='Knight'>{{Cite book |author=Knight, Randall D.|year=2004 |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: a Strategic Approach|location=San Francisco, USA|publisher=Addison–Wesley |isbn=0-8053-8960-1 |pages=100–101}}</ref> ti hlamusela ntikelo kuri ntsengo wa matimba-nkokelo lawa ma kongimisiwaka eka nchumu wokarhi. Tin'wana tibuku<ref name='Bauer-and-Westfall'>{{Cite book |author=Bauer, Wolfgang and Westfall, Gary D.|year=2011 |title=University Physics with Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000baue|location=New York|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-336794-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000baue/page/103 103]}}</ref><ref name='Serway-and-Jewett'>{{Cite book |author=Serway, Raymond A. and Jewett, John W. Jr.|year=2008 |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0000serw_u6w5|location=USA|publisher=Thompson|isbn=978-0-495-11245-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0000serw_u6w5/page/106 106]}}</ref><ref name='Hewitt'>{{Cite book |author=Hewitt, Paul G.|year=2001 |title=Conceptual Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3|location=USA|publisher=Addison–Wesley |isbn=0-321-05202-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159 159]}}</ref> tihlamusela ntikelo wuri ntsengo wa matimba lawa ma lavekaka ku endla chumu wun'wana na wun'wana leswaku wu tshama eka ndzhawu yokarhi. Hikwalaho, loko chumu wun'wana na wun'wana wuri eka weni handle ko siveriwa, wuva wuri hava ntikelo. Hi marito man'wana chumu wun'wana na wun'wana lowu ngana vunyingi-swilo wu nga bakanya matimba-nkokelo kumbe ku sihalala ka moya loko wuri ku wena ivi wuva wuri hava ntikelo, Apula leri hlaleriweke hi [[Isaac Newton]], riri kuweni kusuka e nsinyeni naswona ri wela e hansi, ari ri karhi ri hava ntikelo eka xinkarhana xexo. Mpimo wa ntikelo wa nchumu i ntsengo wa matimba lawa ma kongomisiwaka naswomna ma pimiwa hi ku tirhisa nstengo [[Nyuthoni]]. Hi xikombiso nchumu lowu ngana vunyingi-swilo bya khilogiramu yin'we laha e misaveni wu na ntikelo wa 9.8 wa ti nyuthoni, kasi ntsengo lowu wu hunguteka swonghasi loko chumu lowu fanaka wu pimiwa ntikelo e n'wetini. ==Mintshaho== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Matematiki]] [[Category:Vupimi]] 5yampz3cdjzwmfogahm6aqo89i5du9w 0 6091 41981 36186 2026-08-13T22:21:04Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Burning-Bush-1.gif|thumb|300x300px|Nhova leyi tshwaka i mfungolowu tirhisiwaka ngopfu e tikerekeni ta Vu Presbethari; lowu imfungo wa kereke ya Vu Presbethari ya le Ireland.<ref>[https://archive.is/20130618032809/http://www.presbyterianireland.org/about-us/historical-information/burning-bush]</ref> Marito ya xilatini lama tsariweke ma hundzuluxeriwa ku vula "Yatshwa kambe yihluketile".Eka Vu Presbethari, matsalele man'wana mari "Yitshwa kambe a yiherisiwanga".]] '''Vu Presbethari''' i xiyenge xa ndzhavuko lowu hundzuluxiweke endzeni ka vupfumeri bya vu [[Phurostentanti]], lebyi simekiweke kusukela e [[Nghilandi]], ngopfungopfu e [[Scotland]]. Tikereke ta vu Presbethari ti tekelela vito ra tona eka mafumele ya kereke ya Vu Presbethari, kumbe huvo ya vakulu leyi fumaka. Tikereke to tala leti hundzuluxiweke ti lulamisiwe hi ndlela leyi, kambe loko rito Presbethari ri tirhisiwa ngopfu eka tikereke leti sukaka eka kereke ya Scotland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brimbankpc.org.au/fileadmin/filemount/PDF_s/Pres_History.pdf|title=Presbyterian Church History Outlined|last=Ward|first=Rowland|publisher=Brimbrank Presbyterian Church|language=English|accessdate=10 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404090538/http://www.brimbankpc.org.au/fileadmin/filemount/PDF_s/Pres_History.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> na mintlawa yin'wana yo kaneta leyi vumbiweke hi nkarhi wa [[nyimpi ya xin'wana manana ya manghiza]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Benedict |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Benedict |title=Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism |url=https://archive.org/details/christschurchesp0000bene |location=New Haven |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0300105070 |page=xiv}}</ref> Vu Presbethari swi kandziyisa nkoka wa vuhosi bya xikwembu, matimba ya matsalwa, na xilaveko xa musa hi ripfumelo eka kreste. Mfumo wa kereke ya Vu Presbethari wu tiyisiwe hi milawu ya nhlangano hi lembe ra 1707,<ref>{{cite web|title=Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Act 1707|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707/6|work=The National Archives|publisher=United Kingdom|accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> leyi vumbeke mfumo wa Brithani. Kutiyisa kwalano, va Presbethari votala lava va akeke e Nghilandi va komba timintsun ta vona e tikweni ta Scotland, naswona vukhongeri lebyi byi yisiwe e Amerikha, ngopfungopfu hi varhurhi vopfa e tikweni ra Scotland. Vupfumeri bya vu Presbethari e tikweni ra Scotland byi khomelele eka [[ntivo-vukwembu]] lebyi hundzuluxiweke hi [[John Calvin]] na vadya-ndzhaka lava n'wilandzeleke, hambileswi kungana mavonele yohambanahambana ya ntivo-vukwembu eka Vu Presbethari bya manguva lawa. Tikereke ta vu Presbethari ti vumbiwa hi marhavi manharhu, kunga Kereke ya muganga, Ntlawa wa Vafundhisi va xifundza, Huvo leyi fumaka ya kereke. Timintsu ta Vu Presbethari ti sukela eka hundzuluxo wa malembe-xidzana xa vu 16, laha xikombiso xa John Calvin wa tiko ra Geneva, a ari na nhlohlotelo lowu kulu. Eka malembe-xidzana ya vu 20, va Presbethari va tlange xiphemu xo hlawuleka eka [[nhlangano wa vukhongeri bya vukreste]], kuhlanganisa na [[huvo ya tikereke ta misava]]. Tikereke ta vu Presbethari byotala ti kume tindlela to tirhisiana na tikereke tin'wana leti hundzuriweke na vakreste va mindzhavuko yo hambanahambana, ngopfungopfu eka [[Vukwetsimi bya ti kereke ta misava leti hundzulukeke]]. Tikereke tin'wana ta vu Presbethari nghenele nhlangano na tikereke tin'wana, to fana na [[Vu Vandla]], [[Vu Luthere]], [[Vu Anglikheni]] na [[Vu Methodisi]]. Vu Presbethari e tikweni ra [[Amerikha]] byi fike na varhurhi vo suka e tikweni ra Scotland, na va aki vale New England, lava ava vir va pfumeri va vukreste bya vuvandla, naswona va cinceke hikwalaho ka pfumba ro hlanganisa swifundza-nkulu swa Amerikha hi 1801.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark J Englund-Krieger|title=The Presbyterian Mission Enterprise: From Heathen to Partner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Llz6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|year=2015|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|pages=40–41|isbn=9781630878788}}</ref> Xikan'we na va Episkopali, va Presbethari vatala kuva vanhu lava fuweke<ref name="THE EPISCOPALIANS">{{cite news|first=B. Drummond, Jr. |last=Ayres |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/28/us/the-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html |title=The Episcopalians: An American Elite with Roots Going Back to Jamestown |newspaper=New York Times |date=28 April 1981 |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref> naswona vadyondzekile kutlula mintlawa yin'wana ya vukhongeri,<ref>Irving Lewis Allen, "WASP—From Sociological Concept to Epithet," ''Ethnicity,'' 1975 154+</ref> naswona vakumeka ngopfu eka ntlawa wa van'wa mabindzu,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Hacker |title=Liberal Democracy and Social Control |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |year=1957 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1009–1026 [p. 1011] |jstor=1952449 |doi=10.2307/1952449 }}</ref> Vabi va milawu na van'wa tipolitiki e Amerikha.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baltzell |title=The Protestant Establishment |url=https://archive.org/details/protestantestabl00baltrich |year=1964 |page=[https://archive.org/details/protestantestabl00baltrich/page/9 9] }}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Vu Presbethari]] [[Category:Vukhongeri]] [[Category:Vukhongeri bya Vukreste]] nzlz16tqh69izf43iouii8df6jj5i0e 0 6134 41952 36903 2026-08-13T22:00:43Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wedding_rings.jpg|thumb|Mpatswa wa swingwavila swa mucato.]] '''Vukati''' i vuxaka lebyi akiwaka e xikarhi xa [[vanhu]], lava vuriwaka mpatswa kumbe vatekani, lebyi akaka timfanelo na vutihlamuleri e xikarhi ka vona, na vana va vona, na maxaka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haviland |first1=William A. |last2=Prins |first2=Harald E.L. |last3=McBride |first3=Bunny |last4=Walrath |first4=Dana |year=2011 |title=Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge |url=https://archive.org/details/culturalanthropo0000havi_j8a3 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-81178-7 |edition=13th}}</ref> Nhlamuselo ya vukati ya hambana hi kuya hi matiko ya [[misava]], hi kuya hi [[ndzhavuko]], [[vukhongeri]] na vundzhawu. Hintolovelo, vukati byi katekisa vuxaka bya rimbewu exikarhi ka vanhu va mbirhi. Eka mindzhavuko yo karhi, vukati i xiboho xo sungula naswona lexi languteriweke leswaku vanhu va hlanganela vuxaka bya masangu hi kuya hi nawu. Vukati loko byi hlamuseriwa hi ku angarhela , byi voniwa tani hi xisungulo xa mindzhavuko hinkwayo. Xirhapa xa vu 16 xa Timfanelo ta vumunhu emisaveni, xi vika leswaku "Wanuna na n'wansati lava tiyeleke, vana mfanelo yo aka ndyangu wa vona, handle ka ku siveriwa hikwalaho ka nhlonge, vutiko kumbe vukhongeri. Vana timfanelo leti ringanaka kunghenela vukati, evukatini na kudlaya vukati. Vukati byi ngheneriwa ntsena hi vanhu lava vantshuxekeke naswona hi ku tirhandzela na ku pfumelelana."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ | title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights | publisher=United Nations | accessdate=26 December 2013}}</ref> Vanhu votala va nghenela vukati hikwalaho ka swivangelo swo tala,leswi hlanganisaka nawu, xiyimo, switwi, minthlaveko, rifuwo kumbe swivangelo swa vukhongeri. Malanghele ya munghana wa vukati ma nga ha hlohloteriwa hi rimbewu, swi yilana swo teka makwavo, milawu leyi fambisaka matekanele ya vukati, ku rhandza ka vatswari kumbe ku navela ka munhu hi yexe. E tindzhawini tin'wana ta misava, vukati byo lulamiseleriwa, vukati byo teka vana lava tsongo, vukati bya tshengwe naswona minkarhi yin'wana vukati byo sindzisiwa, byi nga va byi kuceteriwa hi kuya hi ndzhavuko.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008], Vol. 1, p. 1353, US Department of State.</ref> Hambiswiritano, tinxaka teleto ta vukati a tile nawini naswona e tinzhawini to tala e misaveni tani hi laha ti voniwaka tani hi nxaniso wa vavasati kumbe vana kumbe hi kwalaho ka nawu wa misava. Kuve na mapfhumba yo hambana hambana yo hlohlotela ku ringana ka timfanelo eka va vasati endzeni ka vukati ku hlanganisa na ku pfumelela hi nawu ka vukati e xikarhi ka vanhu va vukhongeri byo hambana, va nhlonge yo hambana, na va rimbewu le ri fanaka. == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|3}} [[Category:Vukati]] [[Category:Ndyangu]] po8gjk2nynemhke2m8azvu7cszgzj58 0 6147 41959 39175 2026-08-13T22:04:25Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41959 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png|thumb|Xikombiso xa nhlamuselo ya ku hanyanya hi Robert Fludd, dokodela wa munghezi]] '''Vuhanyanyi''' hi ku olovisa nhlamuselo, swivula “vutivi bya vukona bya vuhandle na vundzeni” bya [[vanhu|munhu hi xiyexe]].<ref name="consciousness">{{cite dictionary|title=consciousness|dictionary=Merriam-Webster|accessdate=June 4, 2012|url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consciousness}}</ref> Hambi leswi ku hundzeke madzana-dzana ya malembe ya vulavisisi, tinhlamuselo, na mimphikamakaneta exikarhi ka va n'wavutivi, vuhanyanyi bya swivumbiwa abyi twisisiwi,<ref name="van_Gulick2004">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Robert van Gulick |year=2004 |title=Consciousness |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness/|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University }}</ref> hambi leswi ku nga xisekelo xa vutomi bya swivumbiwa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Susan Schneider |author2=Max Velmans |year=2008 |chapter=Introduction |editor=Max Velmans |editor2=Susan Schneider |title=The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-75145-9|author2-link=Max Velmans}}</ref> Ntsena hinkwerhu hi pfumelelana leswaku ha hanyanya.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Searle |year=2005 |editor=Honderich T |title=The Oxford companion to philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f5n3 |chapter=Consciousness |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7|author-link=John Searle }}</ref> Kuna mavonele yo hambana hambana eka leswi faneleke ku lavisisiwa leswaku hi kota ku twisisa vuhanyanyi. Minkarhi yi n'wana vuhanyanyi byi twisisiwa kuri "ku kota ku ehleketa" kumbe yiyenge xo karhi xa mihleketo. Khale ka khaleni vuhanyanyi a byi twisisiwa kuri "vutomi bya vundzeni bya munhu", xivandla xa vuti anakanyi, kumbe xa mihleketo ya xihundla.<ref name="JJ3">{{cite book |last=Jaynes |first=Julian |authorlink=Julian Jaynes |title=The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |orig-year=1976 |year=2000 |isbn=0-618-05707-2 |url=http://s-f-walker.org.uk/pubsebooks/pdfs/Julian_Jaynes_The_Origin_of_Consciousness.pdf |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-date=2019-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807100304/http://s-f-walker.org.uk/pubsebooks/pdfs/Julian_Jaynes_The_Origin_of_Consciousness.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Eka vulavisisi bya manguva lawa bya ma tirhele ya byongo, vuhanyanyi byi hlanganisa ntokoto wun'wana na wun'wana, kutwisisa, vutitwi na mavonele ya munhu.<ref name="Rochat 2003 717–731">{{cite journal|last=Rochat|first=Philippe|title=Five levels of self-awareness as they unfold early in life|journal=Consciousness and Cognition|year=2003|volume=12|issue=4|pages=717–731|url=http://psychology.emory.edu/cognition/rochat/Five%20levels%20.pdf|doi=10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00081-3|pmid=14656513|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=2022-10-09|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://psychology.emory.edu/cognition/rochat/Five%20levels%20.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> kungava ku twisisa, kumbe kutwisisa vutwisisi bya wena n'winyi, kumbe ku titwisisa. Kunga va kuri na mimpimo yo hambana ya vuhanyanyi,<ref name=Carruthers2011>{{cite web|author1=Peter Carruthers|title=Higher-Order Theories of Consciousness|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=31 August 2014|date=15 Aug 2011}}</ref> kumbe mahanyanyele yo hambana hambana.<ref name=Antony2001>{{cite journal |author=Michael V. Antony |title=Is ''consciousness'' ambiguous? |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |volume=8 |year=2001 |pages=19–44}}</ref> Swin'wana swi vutiso swi hlanganisa na leswaku, xana swiharhi swina vutivi bya vuhanyanyi bya swona n'wini, kumbe kova vanhu ntsena. Kuhambana hambana ka mindzavisiso eka mhaka leyi, swi tisa ku kanakana leswaku swivutiso leswi vutisiwaka hileswi faneleke kumbe ee.<ref name=Hacker2012>{{cite journal |author-link= Peter Hacker |last= Hacker |first= P.M.S. |url= http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/scr/hacker/docs/ConsciousnessAChallenge.pdf |title= The Sad and Sorry History of Consciousness: being, among other things, a challenge to the "consciousness-studies community" |journal= Royal Institute of Philosophy | volume=supplementary volume 70 |date= 2012 }}</ref> Swikombiso swa tihlamuselo eka mhaka leyi swi hlanganisa na: ku xalamuka, vutitwi bya munhu hi yexe kumbe ku valanga moya-xiviri hi "kutilangutisa vundzeni"; kumbe xifanekiso xa nxaxamelo wa timhaka, kumbe matshamele ya mihleketo, matirhele ya mihleketo; vuxopaxopi kumbe ndzhawu yo kongomisa mihleketo.<ref name=Farthing1992Psychology>{{cite book| title=The Psychology of Consciousness | url=https://archive.org/details/thepsychologyofc0000fart |author=Farthing G |year=1992 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-728668-3}}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{reflist|30em}} [[Category:Mihleketo]] bk8o7w0rnsu3sop0twegz1424j8mqqn 0 6596 41985 35829 2026-08-13T22:25:22Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bio}} '''Daniel Canodoise "Can" Themba''' (Khotavuxika 1924 - 8 [[Ndzhati]] 1967)<ref>Gaylard, Robin Peter, [https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4361 "Can Themba"]. ''The Literary Encyclopedia''. 20 August 2009.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Langa|first=Phumlani S.|title=Can Themba: The man in the suit|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/can-themba-the-man-in-the-suit-20180912|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Citypress|language=en}}</ref> a a ri mutsari wa switori swo koma wa Afrika Dzonga. == Masungulo ya vutomi == Themba u velekiwe le Marabastad, ekusuhi ni le dorobeni ra Pitori, kambe u tsale ntirho wakwe wo tala le Sophiatown, e [[Joni]], eAfrika Dzonga. Malabrastad. Doroba leri ri mbundzumuxiwile ehansi ka Nawu wa Mintlawa ya Rixaka wa nkarhi wa xihlawuhlawu, lowu a wu avela mintlawa ya tinxaka ku ya etindhawini letintshwa. A a ri xichudeni le Fort Hare College, laha a kumeke digri ya Xinghezi (hi risiva) na diploma ya vudyondzisi. Endzhaku ko rhurhela edorobeni ra Sophiatown, u ringete ku tsala switori swokoma. Themba u nghenele mphikizano wo sungula wa switori swo koma wa Drum (ku nga magazini wa vantima va le madorobeni lowu vulavulaka ngopfu hi vukambisisi hi swifaniso), laha a hluleke. Hi ku famba ka nkarhi u tirhe eka Drum, laha a veke un'wana wa "Majaha ya Drum," kun'we na Henry Nxumalo, Bloke Modisane, Todd Matshikiza, Stan Motjuwadi na Casey Motsisi. Hi ku famba ka nkarhi va hlanganisiwe na Lewis Nkosi na Nat Nakasa. Ntlawa lowu a wu hi xivuvulelo lexi nge: "Hanya hi xihatla, lova wa ha ri ntsongo naswona u ri ni ntsumbu wosaseka."<ref name="A good-looking corpse">{{cite book |author=Mike Nicol |title=A Good-Looking Corpse |url=https://archive.org/details/goodlookingcorps0000nico |publisher=Secker & Warburg |location=London |year=1991 |isbn=0-436-30986-6 }}</ref> Xiphemu lexi a xi hlawulekisa Drum a kuri vuswikoti byo kambisisa. Xin'wana xa swikongomelo swa kona a ku ri ku paluxa ntiyiso na kupfumaleka ka kuringana e hansi ka mfumo wa xihlawuhlawu. Themba u endle xiboho xo vona ndlela leyi tikereke to basa a ti ta angula ha yona loko a ya etikerekeni to vona, tani hi leswi a a ri munhu wa ntima.   == Ku rhurela e Swazini == Ku karhateka loku kulaka hi swipimelo swa xihlawuhlawu, ku n'wi vangele leswaku a rhurhela eSwazini laha a tirheke kona tanihi mudyondzisi. Hi 1966, u vuriwe "mukomanisi ximfumo, " hikwalaho ka swona mintirho yakwe yi yirisiwile eAfrika Dzonga. Tibuku takwe ti sungule kumeka hi xitalo eka malembe ya va - 1980 hi ku humesiwa ka tibuku timbirhi leti nga - The Will to Die (1972) na The World of Can Themba (1985). Eka switori swakwe, u hlamusele ku karhateka ka vanhu va vantima la va dyondzeke e yunivhesiti na swona vahanya e madorobheni; naswona va tsandzeka ku humelerisa vuswikoti bya vona hi kwalaho ka swipimelo swo ya hi nghohe swa mfumo wa xihlawuhlawu, na swona va thlela va ringeta ku ringanisa vutomi bya le dorobhen na byale ma tiko xikaya. == Rifu == U lovile hikwalaho ka vuvabyi bya mbilu eka kaya rakwe ra le Mazini hi 8 Ndhzati 1967.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stuart|first=Donald|title=The will to die|url=https://archive.org/details/willtodie00cant|last2=Holland|first2=Roy|publisher=Heinemann Educational books|year=1972|isbn=0435901044|location=London|pages=132}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Thlela u vona == * The suit, xitori xokoma hi Can Themba. * The suit (Xifaniso xa filimi hi 2016), xifaniso xo koma xa filimi lexi tsariweke hi kuya hi xitori xo koma xa Can Themba, na swona xitsariwe no kongomisiwa hi Jarryd Coetsee. == Kuthlomiwa tinsiva == * Risiva ra Ikhamanga ra le Afrika Dzonga hi silivere, hikwalaho ka "Ku humelela loku xiyekaka ka vutsari, ku hoxa xandla eka xivandla xa vutsari bya vukambisisi ni ku lwela vandla ro lulama ni ra xidemokrati eAfrika Dzonga." (Uthlomiwe risiva endzhaku ka ku lova)<ref name='Award'>{{cite news | title=Profile of Canodoise Daniel Themba | publisher=S A National Orders | url =http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/orders_list.asp?show=335 | accessdate = 26 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070330084219/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/orders_list.asp?show=335 |archive-date = 30 March 2007}}</ref> == Tibuku == * ''Deep Cuts'': Switori swo hambana - hambana swa Can Themba, Alex la Guma & Bessie Head / Mululamisi: Betty Napper; muhleri: Peter Esterhuysen, Maskew Miller, Longman, 1993, ISBN 0-636-01896-2 * ''The Suit hi Can''Themba; Hi ku pfumelelana na Chris van Wyk; Vufanisi Renée Koch. Viva Books, 1994. {{ISBN|1-874932-14-X}}[[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/1-874932-14-X|1-874932-14-X]]. * The Will to Die / Can Themba; Yi hlawuriwe hi Donald Stuart na Roy Holland, Heinemann, 1972. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-435-90104-4|0-435-90104-4]] * World of Can Themba: matsalwa la mahlawuriweke hi Can Themba, leyi lulamisiweke hi Essop Patel, Ravan Press, 1985. {{ISBN|0-86975-145-X}}[[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-86975-145-X|0-86975-145-X]] * Requiem for Sophiatown. London: Penguin, 2006. {{ISBN|9780143185482}}[[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780143185482|9780143185482]] == Mintshaho == {{Reflist}} == Swihlovo == ** Mike Nicol, ''Good-looking Corpse: World of Drum – Jazz and Gangsters, Hope and Defiance in the Townships of South Africa'', Secker & Warburg, 1991, {{ISBN|0-436-30986-6}} ** Anthony Adams & Ken Durham (eds), ''Writing from South Africa'', Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-43572-2}}, contains "Mob Passion" by D. Can Themba. == Tindhawu ta le handle == * Xana Tiko Ra Themba Ri Nga Swi Kota Ku Teka Goza? * " Ku tihungasa a hi ku vulavurisana ka manguva lawa ka" vhidiyo ehenhleni ka "Ku ntsena " na Peter Xikwembu na Andrew Dickson, The Guardian, 25 May 2012." [[Category:Vanhu]] {{Lifetime|1924|1967|Can Themba}} [[Category:Vatsari]] juukksshd9wsq1mjuc9wx8t7kc7krst 0 6791 41979 37150 2026-08-13T22:17:49Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Masques BaKongo.JPG|thumb|right|Swivatliwa swamikwembu]] '''Vukhongeri bya xintu''' ivukhongeri na maendlele ya vanhu va ntima valaha tikwein-nkulu ra Afrika, naswona bya hambana hambana kuya hi rixaka.<ref name="mol">Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) [[Molefi Kete Asante]]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ndlovu|first=Tommy Matshakayile|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34114180|title=Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele|date=1995|publisher=Mambo Press|others=Doris Ndlovu, Bekithemba S. Ncube|isbn=0-86922-624-X|location=Gweru,GasiyaZimbabwe|oclc=34114180}}</ref> Vukhongeri lebyi byi titshege eka ndzhavuko naswona byi hangalasiwa hikuya hi ndzhavuko wa kuvulavula hinomo, laha byi hundzisiwka kusuka eka rixaka rakhale kuya eka rin'wana, hi kutirhisa mitsheketo , tinsimu na minkhuvo ya ndzhavuko.<ref>{{cite book | last=Juergensmeyer | first=Mark | title=The Oxford handbook of global religions | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_i0h0 | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=2006 | isbn=0-19-513798-1 | oclc=64084086}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Mbiti | first=John S. | title=Introduction to African religion | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoaf0000mbit_a2y5 | publisher=Heinemann Educational Books | publication-place=Oxford [England] | date=1991 | isbn=0-435-94002-3 | oclc=24376978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nweke |first=Kizito Chinedu |date=2022-12-25 |title=Responding to new Imageries in African indigenous Spiritualties |url=https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/Religious/article/view/20246 |journal=Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=271–282 |doi=10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.20246 |s2cid=255213985 |issn=2528-7249}}</ref> Vukhongeri bya Vantima i ku loko vanhu va lava va hundzuka swikwembu leswi gandzeriwaka hi lava nga sala erixakeni rero. Ku vuriwa leswaku i vakokwana wa kokwana lava hanyisaka na ku hlayisa rixaka rero. Ku endliwa magandzelo laha va gandzeriwaka kona, ku akeriwa nsinya wo karhi kumbe ku akeriwa xikhumbani ku funengetiwa xikhuwani.<ref name=Baloyi>{{Cite journal |last=Nkhensani Molina |first=Baloyi |date=18 May 2019 |title=Nxopaxopo wa switandzhaku swa " globalisation" eka ririmi ra Xitsonga |url=https://univendspace.univen.ac.za/handle/11602/1357 |journal=University of Vhenda |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref> Loko ku va ni makhombo emutini ku vuriwa leswaku va le hansi va hlundzukile va fanele ku phahliwa. Ku ta famba ku hlahluveriwa lomuya tin’angeni leswaku ku ta phahlisiwa ku yini, i mani a nga ta phahla, ku laveka yini na yini swo phahla hi swona. Ku nga va huku yo basa na mbuti yo basa kumbe ya ntima na homu yo tshwuka kumbe ya ntima na minceka yo fana na njeti, palu, na rigadawo na masindza. Ku vandzekeriwa byalwa loko byi vupfile va rixaka rero va ta phahliwa, va tshama etlhelo ka gandzelo, ku dlayiwa xifuwo lexi lavekaka ku halatiwa ngati kwalahaya egandzelweni kutani ku cheriwa fole na byalwa ehansi. Loyi a phahlaka u va a ri karhi a vulavulela a hlaya mavito ya vanhu va rixaka rero lava nga lova khale leswaku ku komberiwa ntsako na ku rhula va dya no dzaha va siyerisana a kha a nwa byalwa a byi fundza enonweni kutani a haxa vanhu lava nga kwala tlhelo ka gandzelo hi byona. Vanhu lava nga kwalano na vona va va ri karhi va hlavelela va ba na mavoko va ku tsika, tsika. Ku suka kwalaho ku pfumeriwa leswaku swilo hinkwaswo swi ta famba kahle erixakeni rero. Lavo vabya va ta hola mafu na makhombo swi ta fambela ekule, ku tlhela ku va na ku humelela eka rixaka rero.<ref name=Baloyi/> Swilo swin’wana na swin’wana leswi endliwaka emutini swo fana na mitlangu a swi endliwi ku nga rhangangi ku sumeriwa va le hansi. Nkarhi wun’wana ku rhanga ku ya hlahluveriwa en’angeni leswaku ntlangu wu ta fambisa ku yini. Loko kuriku ku ta va ni mpfilumpfilu n’anga yi nyika vanhu valavo murhi wo boha ntlangu leswaku wu famba kahle.<ref name=Baloyi/> Loko ku rimiwile masimu swilo leswi nga byariwa loko se swi vupfile ku rhanga ku vikeriwa va le hansi mi nga si swi dya n’wina mi nga swi byala. Loko mi tshika mi dlayile xifuwo mi rhanga mi ya suma kwale gandzelweni mi chela ngati ya kona.<ref name=Baloyi/> Loko n’wana a ha ku velekiwa u ya a ya sumiwa kwale gandzelweni leswaku a ta hlayiseka a tlhela a yisiwa en’angeni yi ya n’wi thusa leswaku loko o tshuka a tlakuriwile hi valoyi a nga tlhaveki u fanele a bohiwa na xitshungulu xo n’wi tiyisa. Hi ndhavuko munhu ufanele ku yisiwa en’angeni a ya tlhaveriwa a bohiwa na xitshungulo xo n’wi sirhelela eka valoyi. Miti na yona ve ri ya biyiwa leswaku valoyi va nga ngheni. Ku laviwa n’anga yi ta celela mirhi kwala mutini leswaku valoyi va nga koti ku nghena loko va lava ku mi hlasela. Loko munhu a tshuka a hundzile emisaveni ku vuriwa leswaku swi nge endleki a fa ntsena a nga loyiwangi, ku famba ku halhluveriwa etin’angeni leswaku a nga va a dlayiwile hi yini. Loko va swi kumile leswaku i mani va tirhelela esirheni leswaku loyi a nga n’wi loya na yena a fa. Loko munhu a lovile wa vikiwa eka va le hansi leswaku va n’wi amukela va n’wi hlayisa kwale va nga kona.<ref name=Baloyi/> Vantima lava ha tirhisaka vukhongeri lebyi i nhlayo ya le hansi swinene. Sweswi loko u tirhisa byona veri u muhedeni. == Mintshaho == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Vukhongeri]] c1ieiiuoovnel7yhd8ikzmlqea31utq 0 6806 41973 37218 2026-08-13T22:14:04Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41973 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:The_10,000_Hookworm_Family.jpg|alt=Outdoor scene of a man and woman seated on chairs in front of a group of ten children of varying ages, barefoot and wearing simple clothing|thumb|Ndyangu lowu wa valungu lava nga evusiwaneni va humaku Alabama wu tivisiwile hi 1913 tanihi "vanhu lava nga duma" hikuva va baleke ku tsanisa tshikelela bya vuvabyi bya switsongwatsongwana, swin`we na pellagra a byi tolovelkile exikarhi ka valungu lava pfumalaka eDzongeni hikwalaho ka mbhasiso lowu nga nyawuriki na nchumu wo hlamarisa wa "ku dya vumba" kumbe "ku dya msava." (geophagia).]] '''Tyhaka ra munhu wo basa''' i rito ri tirhisiwaka ku tekela ehansi rixaka na xiyimo xa munhu lexi tirhisiwaka eka Xinghezi xa le Amerika la swi languta eka valungu lava nga swisiwana, ngopfu-ngopfu tindhawini ta le makaya ya le dzongeni wale US. Lebulu leyi yi komba tlilasi ya ntshamiso a ndzeni ka ntalo wa valungu naswona ngopfu-ngopfu xiyimo xa vutomi lexi nga pfuneki nchumu. Ri tirhisiwa hi ndlela yo hambanisa lava "hloniphaku na lava tirhaku ngopfu" "swisiwana swo lunga" ka lava lolohaku, va nga yingiseku, va nga hlonipheku na lavo nyenyetsa" "swisiwana swo biha". ku tirhisa ka vito leri swi nyika valungu va swiyimo swa le xikarhi na le henhla, vati hlukanisa ka lava swisiwana na lava nga ri hava matimba eka valungu va swisiwana, lava nga koteku ku tiphina hi malunghelo, tanihi i ndlela yo lahla ku vona ka mahanyelo.<ref name="Drinkard">{{cite book |last=Drinkard |first=Allyson |editor1-last=Coleman |editor1-first=M.J. |editor2-last=Ganong |editor2-first=L.H. |title=The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia, Volume 3 |date=2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-8615-0 |pages=1452–3 |chapter='White Trash' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3VpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1452 |quote=Simply put, people labeled as white trash are judged to be inappropriately different than 'normal whites.' The white trash slur probably originated in African American slave slang, but middle- and upperclass whites ultimately made it part of the American class structure, first as 'lubbers' then as 'crackers.'}}</ref> Rito leri ri tirhisiwe eka vanhu lava tshamaka ehandle ka nawu wa vanhu, lava va langutiwaka va ri ni khombo hikuva va nga ha va va ri vugevenga, va nga tiveki, naswona va nga xiximi vulawuri bya tipolitiki, nawu, kumbe mahanyelo.[4] Hambileswi rito leri ri tirhisiwaka ngopfu hi valungu va le madorobeni ni va le xikarhi tanihi xikombiso xa ntlawa,[5] vatlangi van'wana va valungu va tivitana "thyaka ro basa", va ri teka ri beji ya ku xiximiwa, naswona va valungu lava nga xiximiwaka hi vanhu va xiyimo xa le hansi.<ref name=Drinkard/><ref name="Carroll">{{cite book |last1=Carroll |first1=Hamilton |title=Affirmative Reaction: New Formations of White Masculinity |url=https://archive.org/details/affirmativereact0000carr |date=2011 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-82-234948-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/affirmativereact0000carr/page/102 102]–103}}</ref> == Mintshaho== {{reflist}} gjgoh3bj4m47bcowhc6as3maeqb1fti 0 6852 41961 38447 2026-08-13T22:05:36Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41961 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shaka's_Empire_map.svg|thumb|250x250px|Mepe lowu kombisaka ku humelela ka Mfumo wa Zulu ehansi ka Shaka (1816 Tian1828) eAfrika Dzonga ra manguva lawa. Ku tlakuka ka Mfumo wa Zulu swi sindzise tindhuna tin'wana na mindyangu ku baleka eka ndhawu leyikulu ya le dzongeni wa Afrika.]] '''Mfumo wa Zulu''' (/ˈzuːluː/, Zulu: KwaZulu), a ku ri mfumo wa le Dzongeni wa Afrika. Hi malembe ya 1810, Shaka u simeke vuthu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?|url=https://www.historynet.com/shaka-zulu-africas-napoleon.htm|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|date=2017-03-14|website=HistoryNet|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |url=https://archive.org/details/fortunesofafrica0000mere|title=The Fortunes of Africa : a 5000-year history of wealth, greed, and endeavour |date= |publisher=Public Affairs |others= |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61039-459-8 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fortunesofafrica0000mere/page/237 237]-238 |language=en}}</ref> leri hlanganiseke mintlawa leyi phikizanaka na rona kutani a aka valandzeri vo tala lava a va fuma xiphemu lexikulu xa [[Afrika-Dzonga|Afrika Dzonga]] lexi a xi famba eribuweni ra Lwandle ra [[Indiya]] ku suka eNambyeni wa Tukela edzongeni ku ya eNambyeni wa Pongola en'walungwini. Nyimpi ya xin'wana-manana yo chavisa exikarhi ka lembe-xidzana ra vu-19 yi tlhekekile leyi heteleleke hi Nyimpi ya Ndondakusuka ya 1859 exikarhi ka vamakwavo Cetshwayo na Mbuyazi. Mintlawa leyi balekeke endhawini ya nyimpi ya Zulu a yi katsa [[Soshanghana|Soshangane]], Zwangendaba, Ndebele, Hlubi, [[ESwatini|Ngwane]] na Mfengu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mfecane |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> Mintlawa yo hlaya yi khomiwile exikarhi ka Mfumo wa Zulu na Voortrekkers na Mfumo wa Britain wo fana na Xhosa. Evuxeni bya ndhawu ya rihlaza a ku ri tiko ra Mpondo ehansi ka hosi ya vona Faku na rixaka ra makwavo wa vona Mpondomise. Faku u vumbe Tiko ra Munhu la nga riki na munhu tanihi xisirhelelo exikarhi ka mfumo wa yena na Zulu. Hi 1879, vuthu ra Manghezi ri hlasele mfumo wa Zulu. Endzhaku ka ku hlula ko sungula ka Zulu eNyimpini ya Isandlwana hi sunguti, Manghezi ma hlanganile nakambe kutani ma hlula Zulu hi July hi nkarhi wa Nyimpi ya Ulundi, ku herisa nyimpi. Endzhaku ka swona, mfumo lowu wu ve xiphemu xa Tiko re mpatswa wa Afrika Dzonga. ==Mintshaho== {{reflist}} [[Category:Former countries in Africa]] [[Category:African Kingdoms]] 6v0vuokevfqs0s24mji8kfekgjm70l5 0 7215 41976 38681 2026-08-13T22:15:49Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tiko|conventional_long_name=Oriental Republic of Uruguay|common_name=Uruguay|native_name={{native name|es|República Oriental del Uruguay}}|image_flag=Flag of Uruguay.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Uruguay.svg|national_motto={{native phrase|es|Libertad o Muerte|paren=off}}<br />"Freedom or Death"|national_anthem={{native phrase|es|Himno Nacional de Uruguay|paren=off}}<br />"[[National Anthem of Uruguay]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:United_States_Navy_Band_-_National_Anthem_of_Uruguay_(short_with_intro).ogg]]}}|other_symbol=[[File: Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Uruguay.svg |90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]|other_symbol_type={{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Crow|first=John A. |title=The Epic of Latin America|edition=4th|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley |year=1992|isbn=978-0-520-07723-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow|page=457|quote=In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the ″sun of May″ which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|url=https://archive.org/details/centralsouthamer0000kopk|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4291-2251-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/centralsouthamer0000kopk/page/5 5]|quote=The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the Sun through cloudy skies on May 25, 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence.}}</ref>|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|(Sun of May)}}|image_map=URY orthographic.svg|map_width=220px|map_caption={{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=South America |region_color=none }}|capital=[[Montevideo]]|coordinates={{Coord|34|53|S|56|10|W|type:city}}|largest_city=capital|languages_type=[[Official language]]|languages={{hlist|[[Rioplatense Spanish|Spanish]]{{efn|Spanish has never been proclaimed the official language of Uruguay by either constitution or any decree. However, it is ''[[de facto]]'' official in all forms of government and society.}}|[[Uruguayan Sign Language]]{{efn|It has ''[[de jure]]'' official status as of 2001.<ref>{{cite act |type=Law |index= |date=25 July 2001 |article= |article-type= |legislature= |title=Ley N° 17378 |trans-title=Law #17378 |page= |url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/17378-2001 |language=es }} {{Cite web |url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/17378-2001 |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104508/https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/17378-2001 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name=LSU>{{Cite journal|last1=Meyers|first1=Stephen|last2=Lockwood|first2=Elizabeth|date=2014-12-06|title=The Tale of Two Civil Societies: Comparing disability rights movements in Nicaragua and Uruguay|url=https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/3845|journal=Disability Studies Quarterly|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|doi=10.18061/dsq.v34i4.3845|issn=2159-8371|doi-access=free|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627084811/https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/3845|url-status=live}}</ref>}}}}|religion={{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 60.8% [[Christianity]] {{tree list/end}} | 38.0% [[Irreligion in Uruguay|no religion]] | 1.2% other / unspecified }}|religion_ref=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ine.gub.uy/encuesta-continua-de-hogares1 | title=Encuesta Continua de Hogares (ECH) – Instituto Nacional de Estadística | access-date=15 August 2022 | archive-date=8 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208034043/https://www.ine.gub.uy/encuesta-continua-de-hogares1 | url-status=dead }}</ref>|demonym=[[Uruguayans|Uruguayan]]|government_type=[[Presidential system|Unitary presidential republic]]|leader_title1=[[President of Uruguay|President]]|leader_name1=[[Luis Lacalle Pou]]|leader_title2=[[Vice President of Uruguay|Vice President]]|leader_name2=[[Beatriz Argimón]]|legislature=[[General Assembly of Uruguay|General Assembly]]|upper_house=[[Senate of Uruguay|Senate]]|lower_house=[[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]]|sovereignty_type=Independence|sovereignty_note=from [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]]|established_event1=[[Thirty-Three Orientals#Campaign|Declared]]|established_date1=25 August 1825|established_event2=[[Preliminary Peace Convention (1828)|Recognized]]|established_date2=27 August 1828|established_event3={{nowrap|[[Constitution of Uruguay|Current constitution]]}}|established_date3=15 February 1967|established_event4=|established_date4=|area_km2=176,215|area_footnote=<ref name="Factbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Uruguay|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="Uruguay Presidencia">{{Cite web |title=Población en Uruguay aumentó 1%: se contabiliza en 3.444.263 habitantes |url=https://www.gub.uy/presidencia/comunicacion/noticias/poblacion-uruguay-aumento-1-se-contabiliza-3444263-habitantes |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Uruguay Presidencia |language=es |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128035627/https://www.gub.uy/presidencia/comunicacion/noticias/poblacion-uruguay-aumento-1-se-contabiliza-3444263-habitantes |url-status=live }}</ref>|area_rank=89th|area_sq_mi=68,037|percent_water=1.5|population_census=3,444,263<ref name="Uruguay Presidencia"/>|population_census_year=2023|population_census_rank=132nd|population_density_km2=19.5|population_density_sq_mi=48.3|population_density_rank=206th|GDP_PPP={{increase}} $107.946 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.UY">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2024|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=imf.org}}</ref>|GDP_PPP_year=2024|GDP_PPP_rank=98th|GDP_PPP_per_capita={{increase}} $30,170<ref name="IMFWEO.UY" />|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=62nd|GDP_nominal={{increase}} $82.605 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.UY" />|GDP_nominal_year=2024|GDP_nominal_rank=77th|GDP_nominal_per_capita={{increase}} $23,088<ref name="IMFWEO.UY" />|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=49th|Gini=40.6 <!--number only-->|Gini_year=2022|Gini_change=increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->|Gini_ref=<ref name="gini-index">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UY|title=GINI index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=15 July 2024|archive-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043725/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UY|url-status=live}}</ref>|Gini_rank=|HDI=0.830 <!--number only-->|HDI_year=2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->|HDI_change=increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->|HDI_ref=<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>|HDI_rank=52nd|currency=[[Uruguayan peso]]|currency_code=UYU|time_zone=UYT|utc_offset=−3|DST_note=|date_format=dd/mm/yyyy|drives_on=right|calling_code=[[Telephone numbers in Uruguay|+598]]|iso3166code=|cctld=[[.uy]]|religion_year=2021}} <references /> '''Uruguay''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˈ|jʊər|ə|ɡ|w|aɪ|audio=en-us-Uruguay-1.ogg}} {{respell|YOOR|ə|gwy}}, .{{IPA|es|uɾuˈɣwaj|lang|ES-pe - Uruguay.ogg}}{{IPA|es|uɾuˈɣwaj|lang|ES-pe - Uruguay.ogg}}<span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small" data-ve-ignore="true">Spanish:</span><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="IPA nowrap" data-ve-ignore="true" lang="es-Latn-fonipa">&#x5B;uɾuˈɣwaj&#x5D;</span><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="noprint" data-ve-ignore="true"><phonos file="ES-pe - Uruguay.ogg"></phonos></span> [[Category:Pages with Spanish IPA]] [[Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations]] ), officially the '''Oriental Republic of Uruguay''' ({{lang-es|República Oriental del Uruguay}}), is a country in [[Amerikha ya le Dzongeni|South America]]. Yi avelana mindzilakano na [[Arjentina|Argentina]] evupela-dyambu na dzonga-vupela-dyambu na Brazil en’walungwini na n’walungu-vuxa, kasi yi hlangana na Río de la Plata edzongeni na Lwandle ra Atlantic edzonga-vuxa. I xiphemu xa xifundzha xa Southern Cone xa [[Amerikha ya le Dzongeni|Amerika Dzonga]] . Uruguay yi ni ndhawu ya kwalomu ka {{Convert|176,215|km2|sqmi}} . Ri ni vaaki va kwalomu ka 3,4 wa timiliyoni, laha kwalomu ka 2 wa timiliyoni ta vona va tshamaka endhawini ya doroba-nkulu ra ntsindza wa rona ni doroba lerikulu, Montevideo . Ndhawu leyi veke Uruguay yi sungule ku tshama hi mintlawa ya vahloti-vahlengeleti emalembeni ya 13 000 lama hundzeke. Rixaka lerikulu hi nkarhi lowu vanhu va le Yuropa va fikeke ha wona a ku ri vanhu va le Charrúa . Hi nkarhi lowu fanaka, a ku tlhela ku va ni tinxaka tin’wana, to tanihi Maguaraní ni Machaná, loko [[Mfumo wa Maputukezi|Maputukezi]] ma sungula ku simeka Colonia do Sacramento hi 1680; Uruguay ri endliwe tikoloni hi vanhu va le Yuropa endzhaku ka matiko lama nga ekusuhi na rona. Mapaniya yasungule Montevideo tani hi ndzhawu ya masocha ekusunguleni ka lembe xidzana ravu 18 hikokwalaho ka swikoxo leswi phikizanaka eka ndzhawu leyi, kasi Uruguay yi hlule ntshunxeko wa yona exikarhi ka 1811 na 1828, endzhaku ka nyimpi ya mune exikarhi ka Portugal na Spain, naswona endzhaku Argentina na Brazil. Yi tshame yi ri ehansi ka nkucetelo wa matiko mambe ni ku nghenelela eka hafu hinkwayo yo sungula ya lembe-xidzana ra vu-19. Ku sukela eku heleni ka lembe xidzana ra vu-19 ku ya eku sunguleni ka lembe-xidzana ra vu-20, ku tirhisiwile ku cinca ko tala ka vuphayona bya ikhonomi, vatirhi ni ntshamisano, leswi endleke leswaku ku tumbuluxiwa mfumo wa vuhlayiseki lowu hluvukeke swinene, hi yona mhaka leyi tiko leri ri sunguleke ku tiviwa tanihi “Switzerland of the Americas.” ".". Hambiswiritano, nxaxamelo wa swiphiqo swa ikhonomi ni ku lwisana ni nyimpi ya vapfukeri va le madorobeni ya le ximatsi swinene eku heleni ka va-1960 ni le ku sunguleni ka va-1970 swi fikelele makumu hi ''ku hluriwa ka mfumo'' hi 1973, loku simekeke vulawuri bya tihanyi bya vaaki-vusocha ku fikela hi 1985. Uruguay namuntlha i riphabliki ra vumbiwa ra xidemokirasi, leri nga ni muungameri loyi a tirhaka tanihi nhloko ya tiko ni nhloko ya mfumo . Uruguay yi hlamuseriwa tani hi "xidemokirasi lexi heleleke" naswona yi le henhla swinene eka swipimelo swa matiko ya misava swa ku va mfumo wu va erivaleni, ntshunxeko wa ikhonomi, nhluvuko wa vaaki, ku ringana ka miholo, muholo wa munhu un'we, vutumbuluxi, na switirhisiwa. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102036/http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/en/data/spi/components/com9 The Social Progress Imperative]. socialprogressimperative.org</ref> Tiko leri ri endle leswaku cannabis yi va enawini hi ku helela (tiko ro sungula emisaveni ku endla tano), swin’we ni vukati bya rimbewu leri fanaka, vunghwavava, ni ku susa khwiri . I xirho lexi sunguleke [[Matiko la ma hlanganeke|Nhlangano wa Matiko]], OAS, na Mercosur . 93soh94m5hsy5qanezbf1txpz8c0z8n 0 7338 41954 39262 2026-08-13T22:01:40Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sharpeville Massacre Graves, Phelindaba Cemetery, Sharpeville, Vereeniging, South Africa.jpg|thumb|right|Nxaxamelo wa masirha ya vanhu va 69 lava dlayiweke hi maphorisa eShrpville hi 21 Nyenyankulu 1960]]  '''Mhangu yo dlayeteriwa ka vanhu va le Sharpeville''' yi humelele hi ti 21 ta Nyenyankulu 1960, loko maphorisa ma duvule ntshungu wa vanhu lava a va hlengeletane ehandle ka xitichi xa maphorisa exidorobaneni xa Sharpeville eka xifundzhankulu xa Transvaal xa khale ka Union of South Africa (laha sweswi ku nga xiphemu xa [[Gauteng]]) ku lwisana ni milawu yo sindzisa ku khoma tipasi. Ntshungu wa vanhu va kwalomu ka 5,000 wu hlengeletane eSharpeville hi siku era xivijo lexi endliweke hi Pan-Africanist Congress xo siya tipasi ta vona ekaya na ku lava leswaku maphorisa ma va khoma hikwalaho ko tlula milawu ya tipasi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lodge|first=Tom|title=Sharpeville: an apartheid massacre and its consequences|url=https://archive.org/details/sharpevilleapart0000lodg|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280185-2|series=The making of the modern world|location=Oxford New York}}</ref> Ntshungu wa vavileri wu byeriwe leswaku wu ta hlamuriwa hi mutirhela-mfumo naswona wu yimele ehandle ka xitichi xa maphorisa loko maphorisa yo tala ma karhi ma fika, ku katsa ni swirho swa le henhla swa Rhavi ra Vuhlayiseki leri ari chaviwa. Hi nkarhi wa kwalomu ka 1:30 na nhlikanhi, maphorisa ma duvule ntshungu hi kwalomu ka 1,344 wa tikulu ta swibamu handle ko humesa xilemukiso. Eka malembe la ya tlula makume-ntlhanu la ya landzeleke, nhlayo ya vanhu lava dlayiweke ni lava vavisekeke yi sekeriwe kusuka eka vumbhoni bya maphorisa, leyi veke ntsengo wa 249 wa vanhu, leyi katsaka vana va 29, naswona eka ntsengo wolowo ku kumeke 69 wa vanhu lava dlayiweke na 180 va vavisekeke. Vulavisisi bya sweswinyana byi kombise leswaku kunga va na vanhu va 91 la va dlayiweke eSharpeville naswona kuva na vanhu va 238 va vavisekile.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clark|first=Nancy L.|title=Voices of Sharpeville: The Long History of Racial Injustice|last2=Worger|first2=William H.|date=2023|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd|isbn=978-1-032-19130-0|location=London}}</ref> Xitalo xa vanhu la va nga dlayiwa no vavisiwa va kumeke va duvuriwile enhlaneni loko va baleka maphorisa. Muteki wa swifaniso Ian Berry, loyi eku sunguleni a a ehleketa leswaku maphorisa ma duvula hi tikulu to ka ki nga dlayi, hi yena loyi a hlanganiseke divisor xa swifaniso saw siku leri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170914-the-photos-that-changed-history|title=The photos that changed history – Ian Berry; Sharpeville Massacre|last=Macdonald|first=Fiona|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-12}}</ref> Eka Afrika Dzonga ra namuntlha, 21 Nyenyankulu ri tsundzukiwa tani hi holideyi ya mani na mani yo xixima timfanelo ta ximunhu na ku tsundzuka Mhangu ya ku dlayeteriwa ka vanhu eSharpeville. Hi lembe ra 2024, ndzhawu leyi kunga humelela Mhangu ya ku dlayeteriwa ka vanhu na xitsundzuxo yi hundzuke Ndzawu ya Ndzhaka ya Misava, leyi tivekaka tani hi Tindzhawu ta xidzundzuxo ta [[Nelson Mandela]]. == Vutomi eSharpeville ku nga si endleka mhangu == Xidorobhana xa Sharpeville xi simekiwe hi lembe ra 1943 naswona xi sive xidorobhana xa Topville, lexi a xiri na va aka tiko votala na swona xithlela xi hlaseriwa hi mavabyi. Va aka tiko va rhurhisiwile ku sukela hi lembe ra 1958, ku ya aka eSharpville. Kwalomu ka 10,000 wa vanhu va ntima va sindzisiwe ku rhurha eSharpville nakambe hikwalaho ka madzolonga na vugevenga. Ku engetela kwalano, ku ve na mintlawa ya swigevenga leswi a swi heha vantswa ku nghenela vugevenga ku ri na ku ya eswikolweni. Xitichi xa maphorisa lexintswa xi akiwile naswona a xiri na maphorisa yo hisekela ku secha tipasi, ku thleriseriwa ka valuveri, na ku lavisisa no hlasela mavhengele yo xavisa byala swi nga ri e nawini.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Zambian Commemorates Sharpeville Massacre|journal=Black View|volume=1|issue=5|pages=1–10|jstor=43799086}}</ref> == Minkombo == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Mfumo wa Xihlawuhlawu]] ba0fzme5caxnlx6ixsqv7e24wjvbd4d 2 7530 41948 41915 2026-08-13T21:59:16Z Lihle012 12468 41948 wikitext text/x-wiki Vito ra mina hi mina Lihle012 [[User:Lihle012/Draft 1|Dirafiti 1]] * [[User:Lihle012/Draft 2|Dirafiti 2]] * [[User:Lihle012/Draft 3|Dirafiti 3]] * [[User:Lihle012/Dirafiti 4|Dirafiti 4]] * [[Dirafiti 5]] *[[Dirafiti 6|Dirafiti 6*]] [[Dirafiti 7]]* [[Dirafiti 8]]* [[Dirafiti 9*]] [[Dirafiti 10]] 4x4f7kyh7x1k2544m73u8rf4qh9z539 0 7595 41964 40164 2026-08-13T22:07:50Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|2}} Swinkunwana i tidijithi ta nenge wa Tetrapod. Tinxaka ta [[Swiharhi|Xiharhi]] to fana na swimanga leswi fambaka hi swinkunwana swa swona swi hlamuseriwa tanihi digitigrade. [[Vanhu]], na swiharhi swin'wana leswi fambaka hi milenge ya swona, swi hlamuseriwa tanihi hikuva plantigrade; swiharhi swa unguligrade hi leswi fambaka swi ri ni '''Swikunwana''' emakumu ka swikunwana swa swona. == Xivumbeko == Hi ntolovelo ku ni swikunwana swa ntlhanu leswi nga kona eka nenge wun’wana ni wun’wana wa munhu. Xikunwana xin’wana ni xin’wana xi ni marhambu manharhu ya phalanx, ya le kusuhi, ya le xikarhi ni ya le kule, handle ka xikunwana lexikulu ( Latin). Eka vanhu vatsongo, xikunwana lexitsongo na xona xi pfumala marhambu ya le xikarhi. Hallux yina ntsena marhambu mambirhi ya phalanx, ya proximal na distal. Mahlangano exikarhi ka phalanx yin'wana na yin'wana i mahlangano ya interphalangeal . Marhambu ya phalanx ya le kusuhi ya xikunwana xin'wana na xin'wana ya hlangana na rhambu ra metatarsal ra nenge eka nhlangano wa metatarsophalangeal . Xikunwana xin’wana ni xin’wana xi rhendzeriwe hi nhlonge, naswona lexi nga kona eka swikunwana hinkwaswo swa ntlhanu i xipikiri xa milenge . === Misiha === Ku famba ka swikunwana hi xitalo i ku olovisiwa naku ndlandlamuxiwa (ku famba kuya eka vuwexe kumbe endzhaku ka nenge) hiku tirhisa ti-tendons leti nga ni tihlampfana leti namarhelaka eka swikunwana eka swiphemu swale mahlweni nale henhla swa marhambu ya phalanx. <ref name="GRAYS2005">{{cite book|title=Gray's anatomy for students|url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors00unse|last=Drake|first=Richard L.|author2=Vogl, Wayne|author3=Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell|author4=illustrations by Richard|author5=Richardson, Paul|publisher=Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8089-2306-0|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyfors00unse/page/557 557]}}</ref> : 1 . 573  === Mphakelo wa ngati === Swikunwana swi amukela ngati kusuka eka marhavi ya xidijithali ya ti plantar metatarsal arteries naswona swi humesa ngati eka dorsal venous arch ya nenge. <ref name="GRAYS2005">{{Cite book|first1=557}}</ref> : 1 . 580–81  === Mphakelo wa misiha === Ku twa eka nhlonge ya swikunwana swi nyikiwa hi misiha ya ntlhanu. Nsiha wa le henhla wa fibular wu nyika ku twa ehenhla ka swikunwana, handle ka le xikarhi ka hallux na xikunwana xa vumbirhi, lexi nyikiwaka hi misiha ya fibular leyi dzikeke, na vuandlalo bya le handle bya xikunwana xa vuntlhanu, lexi nyikiwaka hi sural nerve . Ku twa ehansi ka swikunwana ku nyikiwa hi misiha ya le xikarhi ka xikunwana, leyi nyikaka ku twa eka xikunwana lexikulu ni swikunwana swa le ndzeni swinharhu ni hafu, ni misiha ya le tlhelo ya le ndzhaku, leyi nyikaka ku twa eka xikunwana lexitsongo ni hafu ya ku twa ka xikunwana xa vumune. Eka [[vanhu]], hallux hi ntolovelo yi lehe ku tlula xikunwana xa vumbirhi, kambe eka vanhu van’wana, swi nga ha endleka ku nga ri xikunwana xo leha swinene. Kuna mfanelo ku tekelela ka ndzhaka eka vanhu, laha xitekela lexi lawulaka xivangaka xikunwana xa vumbirhi xo leha ("Morton's toe" kumbe "Greek foot") kasi genotype ya homozygous recessive yi humesa na mfanelo leyi tolovelekeke swinene: hallux yo leha. Vanhu lava nga na vuvabyi bya xitekela lebyi nga tolovelekangiki bya fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva hi xihlawulekisi va na hallux yo koma leyi vonakaka yi jika endzeni, kumbe exikarhi loko yi pimanisiwa na nenge. {{Reflist|2}} == Tibuku leti tirhisiweke == cjq6coi8kapiyg5np1ynxvf9j3yb2i7 0 7658 41956 40323 2026-08-13T22:02:48Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41956 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bolsas-de-asa-plana-interior-bolsapubli.jpg|thumb|Swikhwama swa maphepha leswi nga ni swikhomo]] '''Nkwama''', lowu tlhelaka wu tiviwa hi xifundzha tanihi '''saka''', i xitirhisiwa lexi tolovelekeke hi xivumbeko xa khontheni xa floppy, hi ntolovelo xi endliwa hi lapi, dzovo, nsengele, phepha kumbe pulasitiki. Ku tirhisiwa ka minkwama ku ve kona emahlweni ka matimu lama rhekhodiweke, laha minkwama yo sungula a ku ri ku leha ka dzovo ra swiharhi, khotoni, kumbe tifibre ta swimilana leti lukiweke, leti hlanganisiweke emakumu ivi ti tiyisiwa hi xivumbeko xexo hi tintambhu ta nchumu lowu fanaka.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Carried away: all about bags |url=https://archive.org/details/carriedawayallab0000unse |date=2005 |publisher=Vendome Press |isbn=978-0-86565-158-6 |location=New York, NY}}</ref> Minkwama yi nga tirhisiwa ku rhwala swilo swo fana ni swilo swa munhu hi xiyexe, swilo swo xava, switirho ni swin’wana. Tiva na swivumbeko swohambanahambana na vukulu, hakanyingi ti hlomisiwile hi swikhomo kumbe furu leswaku swi olova ku khoma. Minkwama yi ve ya nkoka eku antswiseni ka nhluvuko wa vanhu, tanihi leswi yi pfumelelaka vanhu ku hlengeleta ni ku rhwala swilo leswi khomekaka hi ku olova, swo tanihi mihandzu kumbe tindzoho ta swakudya, kasi yi tlhela yi va pfumelela ku rhwala swilo swo tala emavokweni ya vona.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Carried away: all about bags |url=https://archive.org/details/carriedawayallab0000unse |date=2005 |publisher=Vendome Press |isbn=978-0-86565-158-6 |location=New York, NY}}</ref> Rito ra Xinghezi kumbexana ri huma eka rito ra Xinorse ''baggi'', ku suka eka bʰak ya Xiproto-Indo-European leri hlanganisiweke nakambe, kambe ri tlhela ri ringanisiwa na Welsh baich (ndzhwalo, xirhundzu), na Xigriki Τσιαντουλίτσα ( ''Chandulícha'', ndzhwalo). Swikhwama swa maphepha leswi lahliwaka swo xaveka na swikhwama swa plastiki swo xava swi tolovelekile swinene, swihambana hi vukulu na ku tiya eka bindzu ra vuxavisi tani hi ku olova eka vaxavi, naswona switala ku phakeriwa hi vhengele mahala kumbe hi mali yitsongo. Vaxavi va nga ha tlhela va teka nkwama wa vona wo xava leswaku va wu tirhisa eswitolo. == Tibuku leti tirhisiweke == {{Reflist}} js0xxv7zp09hxp71hvewc6083zlyqpn 2 7711 41992 40650 2026-08-14T08:20:17Z Thulani Admire 12531 ni engeteli matluka 41992 wikitext text/x-wiki Vito ra mina i Thulani Admire [[User:Thulani Admire/Draft1|draft1]] - [[User:Thulani Admire/Draft2|draft2]] - [[User:Thulani Admire/Draft3|draft3]] - [[User:Thulani Admire/Draft4|draft4]] - [[User:Thulani Admire/Draft4|draft4]] - [[User:Thulani Admire/Draft5|draft5]] m9511kp9vra0fskq5ivi9slk7ca9owv 0 7780 41983 41382 2026-08-13T22:22:36Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Giraffe_2019-07-28.jpg|thumb|Xifaniso xa Nhutlwa]] '''Nhutlwa''' i [[xiharhi]] xa nhova lexi mamisaka xo leha kutlula swiharhi swinwana,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Giraffe Facts {{!}} Mammals {{!}} BBC Earth|url=https://www.bbcearth.com/factfiles/animals/mammals/giraffe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210002229/https://www.bbcearth.com/factfiles/animals/mammals/giraffe|archive-date=2026-02-10|access-date=2026-02-27|website=www.bbcearth.com|language=en|dead-url=no}}</ref> naswona xikumeka e tikweni-nkulu ra Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nowak|first=Ronald M.|title=Walker's mammals of the world|url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0002nowa_d2q4|date=1999|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8|edition=6th ed|location=Baltimore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0002nowa_d2q4/page/1086 1086]–1089|language=EN}}</ref> Hi ntolovelo, tinhutlwa a ti tekiwa ti ri muxaka wun'we, Kamba vulavisisi bya manguva lawa byi komba leswaku kuna tinxaka ta mune ta tinhutlwa leti ta ha hanyaka, nakambe kuna tsevu ya tinxaka ta tinhutlwa leti nga ha riki kona, let tsumburiweke hi ku ya hi rhekhodo ya masalela ya marhambu ya swilo leswi feke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Are there different types of giraffe? - Giraffe Conservation Foundation|url=https://giraffeconservation.org/facts-about-giraffe/are-there-different-types-of-giraffe/|date=2024-11-08|access-date=2026-02-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Swihlawulekisi swa tinhutlwa i minkolo ya tona yo leha swinene na milenge, tindleve to fana na timhondzo, na mavalavala ya nhlonge yo hlawuleka naswona yo hambana kuya hi nhutlwa yin’wana na yin’wana.<ref name=":0" /> Tinhutlwa kumeka ku suka e[[Chad]] en'walungwini ku ya eAfrika Dzonga edzongeni na ku suka eNiger evupeladyambu ku ya e[[Somalia]] evuxeni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Not all giraffe are the same - Giraffe Conservation Foundation|url=https://giraffeconservation.org/giraffe-species/|date=2024-11-08|access-date=2026-02-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Swakudya swa tona i matluka, mihandzu na swiluva swa swimilana swa timhandzi, ngopfu-ngopfu nsinya wa nsasane, lowu ti wu dyaka eka tindhawu leti tlakukeke leti swiharhi swin'wana leswi dyaka swimilana swi nga swi kotiki ku ti fikelela.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Resources and Habitat Requirements for Giraffes’ (Giraffa camelopardalis) Diet Selection in the Northwestern Kalahari, South Africa|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/13/2188|journal=Animals|date=2023-07-03|issn=2076-2615|pmc=10339880|pmid=37443986|pages=2188|volume=13|issue=13|doi=10.3390/ani13132188|language=en|first=Francois|last=Deacon|first2=Gert Nicolaas|last2=Smit|first3=Andri|last3=Grobbelaar}}</ref> Tinhutlwa ti dyiwa hi swiharhi swofana na tinghala, tiyingwe, timfenhe na timbyana ta nhova ta le Afrika.<ref name=":0" /> Tinhutlwa ti tshama eka mintlhambi ya ta xisati leti yelanaka, leyi nga riki na ta xinuna leti kuleke. Tinhutlwa ta xinuna ti simeka xiyimo xa vunhenha hi ku tlula-tlula, ti thlela ti tirhisa tinhamu tanihi tlhari ro lwa hi rona.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Giraffes Prefer a Fair Fight|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/science/giraffes-fighting.html|work=The New York Times|date=2021-09-17|access-date=2026-02-27|issn=0362-4331|language=en-US|first=Joshua Rapp|last=Learn}}</ref> == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references /> 51ux7d8udglwur3zw72d9qoxgwavhcx 0 7959 41953 41870 2026-08-13T22:01:32Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41953 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Election_MG_3455.JPG|right|thumb|Bokisi ra ku vhota leri tirhisiwaka eFrance]] '''minhlawulo''' i endlelo ro endla swiboho hi ntlawa laha xiphemu kumbe vanhu hinkwavo kumbe ntlawa va hlawulaka munhu un'we kumbe vanhu vo tala ku va ni xikhundlha xa mfumo kumbe xikhundlha xin'wana xa vutihlamuleri. Nhlawulo a ku ri ndlela leyi tolovelekeke leyi xidemokirasi xa vayimeri xi tirhisiweke ha yona ku sukela hi lembe-xidzana ra vu-17.<ref name="rg">{{Cite book |last=Manin |first=Bernard |year=1997 |title=The Principles of Representative Government |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofrepr0000mani |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511659935 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofrepr0000mani/page/1 1]–7}}</ref> hlawulo wu nga tirhisiwa ku tata tihofisi ta mfumo eka xiyenge xa milawu, na le ka huvo ya vuavanyisi. Wu tlhela wu tirhisiwa eka mfumo wa xifundzhankulu na wa muganga, ku fana na wa madoroba na miganga. Endlelo leri ri tlhela ri tirhisiwa eka tinhlengeletano to tala ta vanhu [[Mabindzu|mabindzu ya mani na mani]], na tinhlengeletano, ku suka eka mintlawa ku ya eka tinhlenghawu ta ku tirhandzela na tikhampani. Ku tirhisiwa ka nhlawulo emisaveni hinkwayo namuntlha tanihi ndlela yo hlawula vayimeri eka mimfumo ya xidemokirasi swi hambanile na ndlela leyi a yi ri kona eAtena ya khale. Eka xidemokirasi xa Atena, nhlawulo a wu tekiwi wu ri ndlela yo vulawuriwa hi vanhu. Ematshan’wini ya wona, tihofisi to tala a ti tatiwa hi ku tirhisa ndlela yo vuriwa "Sortition". Eka ndlela leyi, vanhu a va hlawuriwa hi ku hoxa mavhoti, ku nga ri hi ku hlawuriwa hi vanhu hi vhoti.Version yo lulamisiwa.<ref name="rg">{{Cite book |last=Manin |first=Bernard |year=1997 |title=The Principles of Representative Government |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofrepr0000mani |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511659935 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofrepr0000mani/page/1 1]–7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFManin1997">Manin, Bernard (1997). ''The Principles of Representative Government''. Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780511659935|<bdi>9780511659935</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ku cinca ka nhlawulo ku hlamusela endlelo ro sungula mafambiselo ya nhlawulo lama ringaneleke laha ma nga riki kona, kumbe ku antswisa ku lulama kumbe ku tirha ka mafambiselo lama nga kona. Rito leri nge election ri vula "ku hlawula kumbe ku hlawula", kutani minkarhi yin'wana tindlela tin'wana to vhota to fana na referendums ti vuriwa minhlawulo, ngopfu-ngopfu e[[Amerikha|United States]]. === Vaaki lava hlawulaka === Hi ku ya hi matimu, nhlayo ya vahlawuri, a yi ri yitsongo hikwalaho ka nhlayo ya mintlawa kumbe miganga na nhlayo leyi pimiweke leyi a yi ri ni lunghelo ro vhota ku fana ni vanhu va xiyimo xa le henhla ni vavanuna va doroba (vaaka-tiko). == Lava va lavaka ku nghenela mphikizano == Xidemokirasi xa vuyimeri xi lava endlelo ro lawula ku hlawuriwa ka xikhundlha xa tipolitiki. Etimhakeni to tala, ku hlawuriwa ka vatirhela-mfumo ku endliwa hi ku tirhisa maendlelo ya ku hlawuriwa eka mintlawa ya tipolitiki leyi hleriweke. [[Category:Politiki]] p171uujbxryubvol2sd409uu33w8yyy 0 7984 41987 41913 2026-08-13T22:25:50Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41987 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Isaiah: frae Hebrew intil Scottis''''' i vuhundzuluxeri bya Buku ya Esaya hi [[Xiscots]] hi Peter Hately Waddell, lebyi kandziyisiweke ro sungula hi 1879. Ku fana na vuhundzuluxeri bya yena bya khale bya Tipisalema, buku leyi yi tiveka hi ku hundzuluxeriwa hi ku kongoma eka Xiscots ku suka eka ririmi ro sungula ra Bibele, ku nga ri ku suka eka vuhundzuluxeri bya Xinghezi lebyi a byi ri kona khale''.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |date=1987 |title=The Psalms in Scots : reprint of P Hately Waddell's The Psalms: frae Hebrew intil Scottis |url=https://archive.org/details/psalmsinscotsrep0000unse |publisher=Aberdeen University Press |others=Waddell, P. Hately (Peter Hately), 1816-1891. |isbn=0-08-035075-5 |location=Aberdeen |oclc=16080959}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Psalms frae Hebrew intil Scottis – Wee Windaes|url=https://wee-windaes.nls.uk/the-psalms-frae-hebrew-intil-scottis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910145935/https://wee-windaes.nls.uk/the-psalms-frae-hebrew-intil-scottis/|archive-date=10 September 2019|accessdate=2020-08-23|website=}}</ref> Waddell u tirhisa risimu ku nyika mavonelo ya xitayili xa matsalwa ya tsalwa ro sungula. == Swihlanganisi swa le handle == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=m94sAAAAYAAJ ''Isaiah: frae Hebrew intil Scottis'' eka Google Books] == Swikombo == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Buku ya Esaya]] [[Category:Xiscots]] ggxlhzroa6kg7y01gyb8pm0dp9us15u 0 7999 41991 2026-08-13T23:10:00Z Lihle012 12468 Created page with "[[File:Christian cross at Salagou Lake cf01.jpg|thumb|462x462px|XIFANISO XA XIHAMBANO]] Xihambano '''Xihambano''' i mifungho yankoka eka vukreste. I <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsletters.christianity.com/ccom-plus-subscribe-page-back2school-sale-2026/ |access-date=2026-08-13 |website=newsletters.christianity.com}}</ref>xilo lexi fanaka na letere ra "T " kumbe "+" naswona i [[xitsundzuxo]] xa vukreste hi yesu kreste ni leswi aswi endleke. Xih<ref>{{Cite web |titl..." 41991 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Christian cross at Salagou Lake cf01.jpg|thumb|462x462px|XIFANISO XA XIHAMBANO]] Xihambano '''Xihambano''' i mifungho yankoka eka vukreste. I <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsletters.christianity.com/ccom-plus-subscribe-page-back2school-sale-2026/ |access-date=2026-08-13 |website=newsletters.christianity.com}}</ref>xilo lexi fanaka na letere ra "T " kumbe "+" naswona i [[xitsundzuxo]] xa vukreste hi yesu kreste ni leswi aswi endleke. Xih<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Does the Bible Say About Cross? |url=https://www.openbible.info/topics/cross |access-date=2026-08-13 |website=www.openbible.info}}</ref>ambano xi tala ku vonaka etindhawini ta vukhongeri, emakerweniya tikereke ni le ka swilo leswi tirhisiwaka hi Vakreste. Eka Bibele, xi hambano xi fambisana ni ta matimu ya kreste.Vakr<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://doi.org/10.55277/researchhub.lahnidop.1 |title=DOWNLOAD [PDF] {EPUB} Experience Jesus. Really Bible Study Guide plus Streaming Video: Finding Refuge, Strength, and Wonder through Everyday Encounters with God by John Eldredge |last=Gilmore |first=Brenda |date=2026-05-04 |publisher=ResearchHub Technologies, Inc.}}</ref> esteva xi teka xi ri mfungho ya ripfumelo, rirhandzu ni ku tinyiketela. Xi va tsundzuxa hi dyondzo ya yesu ya ku rhandzana, ku rivalelana ni ku pfuna van'nwana. [[Xihambano]] xi tlhela xi tirhisiwa eka minkhuvo ni mitirho ya kereke. Vanhu van'wana va xi veka emakaya kumbeetindhawini ta vukhongeri ku komba ripfumelo ra vona. Xi tlhela xipfuna vanhu ku anakanya hi tidyondzo ta vukreste ninkoka wa ku hanya hi rirhandzu ni vunene. Hi ku gimeta, xihambano i mfungho wa nkoka eka Vukreste. == SWIKOMBO == <references /> [[Category:KEREKE]] [[Category:BIBELE]] kerxab7tsj5tirlyugfy51rntbkapdz 2 8000 41993 2026-08-14T08:31:58Z Thulani Admire 12531 Created page with "'''Kolombyani''' i xiharhi xa milenge ya mune na ncila wo leha nyana lexi kumekaka etindhawini to tala ta misava." 41993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kolombyani''' i xiharhi xa milenge ya mune na ncila wo leha nyana lexi kumekaka etindhawini to tala ta misava. 4ix5z605jhy7xzz213hbrhesyv5f21w 41994 41993 2026-08-14T08:44:57Z Thulani Admire 12531 NI NGETELI REFERNCE 41994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kolombyani''' i xiharhi xa milenge ya mune na ncila wo leha nyana lexi kumekaka etindhawini to tala ta misava.Mikolombyani yita ta hi vukulu, swivumbeko ni mihlovo yo hambana-hambana. Kolombyani wu dya switsotswana, hambiswiritano, tinxaka tin’wana ta mikolombyani ti dya swimilana, mihandzu kumbe swiharhi leswitsongo.Yina ngati yo titimela, leswi vulaka leswaku swi titshega hi ndhawu leyi swi nga eka yona leswaku yi pfuna ku lawula mahiselo ya mimiri ya swona. dnprul5pxhg4xf76doflmnmvd93johs 14 8001 41995 2026-08-14T11:43:04Z PK2 7748 Created blank page 41995 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1