Wikipedia tswiki https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlukankulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Misava 0 4438 42027 37596 2026-08-20T03:16:21Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Blue Marble (remastered).jpg|thumb|Xifaniso xamisava lexi tekiweke eka ripfhumba roya e[[n'weti]]ni ra Apollo 17]] [[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|frameless|right]] '''Misava''' (mfungho: [[file:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|🜹]]; Hixigriki<span>: </span><span lang="grc">'''Γαῖα'''</span> ''Gaia'',<span data-sourceid="cite_ref-30" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-30" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false">[[#cite_note-30|<span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[n 6]</nowiki></span>]]</span><span data-sourceid="cite_ref-30" class="mw-ref" id="cxcite_ref-30" rel="dc:references" contenteditable="false"></span> kumbe hixilatini: '''Terra'''<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary''), {{Template:Nowrap|1st ed.}} "terra, ''n.''" </ref>) i planeti ya vunharhu kusuka edyambyini, naswona hiyona leyi kulu eka tiplaneti ta mune letingana sava na maribye naswona hiyona ntsena planeti leyi tiveka yikota kuhlayisa [[vutomi]]. Hikuya hi vulavisisi bya rhadiyo, misava yingava yitumbulukile kwalomu ka 4.54 wa tibhiliyoni ta malembe lamahundzeke.<ref name="USGS1997">{{Template:Cite web|date=1997|title=Age of the Earth|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|accessdate=10 January 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html|archivedate=23 December 2005|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{Template:Cite journal|last=Dalrymple|first=G. Brent|title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved|journal=Special Publications, Geological Society of London|date=2001|volume=190|issue=1|pages=205–221|doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14|bibcode=2001GSLSP.190..205D}}</ref><ref>{{Template:Cite journal|author=Manhesa, GĂ©rard|author2=AllĂšgre, Claude J.|author3=DuprĂ©a, Bernard|author4=Hamelin, Bruno|last-author-amp=yes|title=Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics|journal=[[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]]|date=1980|volume=47|issue=3|pages=370–382|doi=10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2|bibcode=1980E&PSL..47..370M}}</ref> Eka ndhendzeleko wun'wa eka [[dyambu]], misava viva yirhendzeleke hiyoxe kwalomu ka masiku ya 365.26 .<ref group="n" name="sidereal_solar">The number of solar days is one less than the number of sidereal days because the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun causes one additional revolution of the planet about its axis.</ref> <ref name="aaa428_261"><cite class="citation journal">Laskar, J.; et al. (2004). </cite></ref> Kwalomu ka 71 watiphesenti ta misava imati, <ref>{{Template:Cite web|url=http://www.noaa.gov/ocean.html|author=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=Ocean|website=NOAA.gov|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> kasi matiko-nkulu na swihlala swi helerisa misava. Vuxaka exikarhi ka mpfhuka exikarhi ka misava na dyambu, naswihlawulekisi swa misava swiendla leswaku misava yikota kuhlayisa vutomi. kuna kwalomu ka 10 kuya ka 14 wa timiliyoni ta swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka laha emisaveni,<ref name="science_241_4872_1441"><cite class="citation journal">May, Robert M. (1988). </cite></ref><ref name="MillerSpoolman2012">{{Template:Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=G.|last2=Spoolman|first2=Scott|title=Environmental Science|chapter=Biodiversity and Evolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|date=1 January 2012|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=1-133-70787-4|page=62|accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref> naswoona kuna vanhu lava ringanaka kwalomu ka 7.3 wa tibiliyoni.<ref name="PopCounter"><cite class="citation web">[http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ "Current World Population"]. ''worldometers''. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref> Kuna matiku ya kwalomu ka madzana-mbirhi na makume nharhu (320) laha emisaveni.<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="418"></span> == Tinoti == {{Reflist|30em |group=n|refs=<ref name=Aoki>The ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".—{{cite journal |last=Aoki |first=S. |title=The new definition of universal time |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomy-and-astrophysics_1982-01_105_2/page/359 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=1982 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=359–61 |bibcode=1982A&A...105..359A |last2=Kinoshita |first2=H. |last3=Guinot |first3=B. |last4=Kaplan |first4=G. H. |last5=McCarthy |first5=D. D. |last6=Seidelmann |first6=P. K.}}</ref> <ref name=apsis>aphelion = ''a'' × (1 + ''e''); perihelion = ''a'' × (1&nbsp;– ''e''), where ''a'' is the semi-major axis and ''e'' is the eccentricity. The difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers.</ref> <ref name=epoch>All astronomical quantities vary, both [[Secular phenomena|secularly]] and [[Frequency|periodically]]. The quantities given are the values at the instant [[J2000.0]] of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.</ref> <ref name=hill_radius>For Earth, the [[Hill radius]] is <math>R_H = a\left ( \frac{m}{3M} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}}</math>, where ''m'' is the mass of Earth, ''a'' is an astronomical unit, and ''M'' is the mass of the Sun. So the radius in AU is about <math>\left ( \frac{1}{3 \cdot 332,946} \right )^{\frac{1}{3}} = 0.01</math>.</ref> <ref name=jaes41_3_379>Including the [[Somali Plate]], which is being formed out of the African Plate. See: {{cite journal |first=Jean |last=Chorowicz |date=October 2005 |title=The East African rift system |journal=[[Journal of African Earth Sciences]] |volume=43 |issue=1–3 |pages=379–410 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.019 |bibcode=2005JAfES..43..379C}}</ref> <ref name=sidereal_solar>The number of solar days is one less than the number of [[sidereal day]]s because the orbital motion of Earth around the Sun causes one additional revolution of the planet about its axis.</ref> <ref name=solar_energy>Aphelion is 103.4% of the distance to perihelion. Due to the inverse square law, the radiation at perihelion is about 106.9% the energy at aphelion.</ref> <ref name=surfacecover>Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding [[Ice shelf|ice shelves]], and mapping conventions for [[vertical datum]]s, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the [[Vector Map]] and [http://www.landcover.org/ Global Landcover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326085837/http://www.landcover.org/ |date=2015-03-26 }} datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of Earth's surface. The ice shields of [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]] are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.</ref> <ref name=trench_depth>This is the measurement taken by the vessel ''[[Kaikƍ]]'' in March 1995 and is considered the most accurate measurement to date. See the [[Challenger Deep]] article for more details.</ref> <ref name=space_debris>United States Strategic Command tracks about 15,000 other artificial objects, mostly debris. See: {{cite web |url=https://www.stratcom.mil/factsheets/11/Space_Control_and_Space_Surveillance |title=USSTRATCOM Space Control and Space Surveillance |date=January 2014 |accessdate=17 July 2015 |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721013712/https://www.stratcom.mil/factsheets/11/Space_Control_and_Space_Surveillance |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|3}} == Hlaya leswi engetelekeke == * {{Template:Cite book|first=Neil F.|last=Comins|date=2001|title=Discovering the Essential Universe|edition=2nd|publisher=W. H. Freeman|bibcode=2003deu..book.....C|isbn=0-7167-5804-0}}<cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">''Discovering the Essential Universe'' (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman. Bibcode:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003deu..book.....C 2003deu..book.....]</cite><cite class="citation book" contenteditable="false">[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003deu..book.....C C]. ISBN&nbsp;0-7167-5804-0.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarth&rft.aufirst=Neil+F.&rft.aulast=Comins&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Essential+Universe&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003deu..book.....C&rft.isbn=0-7167-5804-0&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" contenteditable="false">&nbsp;</span> [[Category:Misava]] [[Category:Ntivo-mbangu]] girw26qjk63qudadsfsd247ljhkwzkd Mukhuhlwana wa tihumba 0 4493 42028 39820 2026-08-20T03:17:30Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Schistosomiyasisi | Image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | Caption = Jaha ra 11 wa malembe wa [[ ku pfimba xifuva| mati exifuveni]] na [[ ku pandza nhloko emombyeni]] hikokwalaho ka Schistosomiyasisi | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aÉȘ|ə|s|á”»|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119184949/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | synonyms = bilharzia, snail fever, Katayama fever<ref name=NHS2011>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011 | archive-date=15 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131919/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''Schistosomiyasisi''', lebyi tivekaka kambe tanihi ''' mukhuhlwana wa tihumba ''', i[[helminthiyasisi| vuvabyi]] lebyi vangiwaka hi[[switsongwatsongwana|xitsongwatsongwana]] [[swa fuletiweme]]leswi vuriwaka [[tischistosome]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> [[ndlela ya mitsakamiso]] kumbe [[ marhumbu]] ya nga tlulewiwa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Swikombiso swi nga katsa [[ ku vava ka xifuva]],[[ nchuluko]],[[ ngati eka mahambuka| mahambuka ya ngati]], kumbe [[ hemachuriya | ngati eka mitsakamiso]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lava khomiweke hi[[ xiyimo| xiyimo]]<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Eka vana, swi nga va nga [[ku nga kuli kahle]]na [[ ku tsoniwa eka swa tidyondzo |ku tikeriwa ku dyondza]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause --> Vuvabyi byi hangalasiwa hi ku hlangana na [[mati yo tenga]] lawa ya nga na switsongwatsongwana.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Switsongwatsongana leswi swi huma eka mati lawa ya tluletiweke[[ hi tihumba ta mati yo tenga]]<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Vuvabyi byi kumeka ngopfu eka vana va le ka matiko lawa ya ha hluvukaka tanihi loko va ri ku tlangela ematini lawa ya tshakisiweke.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Yin'wana mixungeto ya le henhla yi katsa varimi, vaphasi va tinhlampfi, na vanhu lava tirhisaka mati yo ka ya nga tengangi esikwini.<ref name=WHO2014/> I ya ntlawa wa [[helminthiyasisi| ku khomiwa hi helimithi]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref> Ku kuma leswi u twaka swona i ku kuma mandza ya xitsongwatsongwana eka mitsakamiso kumbe mahambuka ya munhu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Swi nga tiyisisiwa kambe hi ku kuma [[tiantibodi]] ta ku lwisana na vuvabyi engatini.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Tindlela to sivela vuvabyi ti katsa ku antshwisa mfikelelo wa mati yo tenga na ku hunguta nhlayo ya ti humba.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Eka tindhawu leti vuvabyi byi kumekaka eka kona, vutshunguri [[Praziquantel]] byi nga nyikiwa kan'we hi lembe eka ntlawa hinkwawo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Leswi swi endleriwa ku hunguta nhlayo ya vanhu lava tluletiweke naswona, na ku hangalasa vuvabyi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Praziquantel i vutshunguri lebyi bumabumeriwaka hi [[Nhlangano wa Rihanyu wa Misava]] (WHO) eka lava tiviwaka ku va va tluletiwile.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Schistosomiyasisi yi khoma kwalomu ka 210 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu misava hinkwayo kusukela va 2012.<ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Kwalomu ka 12,000<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref> ku ya eka 200, 000 wa vanhu va fa hi byona lembe na lembe.<ref name=The2013>{{cite journal | last=ThĂ©tiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Vuvabyi byi kumeka hi xitalo eAfrika, tanihi le Asia na Afrika-Dzonga.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kwalomu ka 700 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu, eka ku tlula 70 wa matiko, va tshama laha vuvabyi byi kumekaka.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> [[Eka matiko lawa byi kumekaka eka wona, Schistosomiyasisi i bya vumbirhi eka ]]Malaria exikarhi ka vuvabyi bya switsongwatsongwana lebyi khumbaka swinene ikhonomi.<ref name="SCP">{{Cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008 | archive-date=20 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091015/http://cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Schistosomiyasisi wu longoloxiwile tanihi [[vuvabyi byo kumeka ko karhi]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> ==Ku yelanisa== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} {{Mavabyi}} [[Category:Mavabyi]] 8hv5z8vnrir1z93y3bfdey9x1xp5gop Vuvabyi bya Rihuhu 0 4494 42026 34492 2026-08-20T03:15:09Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Vuvabyi bya Rihuhu| | image = Dog with rabies.jpg | caption = Mbyana leyi nga na Rihuhu eka xiyimo xo oma swirho | DiseasesDB = 11148 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}} | ID9 = {{ICD9|071}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001334 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1374 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | MeshID = D011818 }} '''Vuvabyi bya Rihuhu''' i [[Xitsongwatsongwana|xitsongwatsongwana]] xa vuvabyi lebyi vangaka [[ensefalitisi |ku pfimba ka byongo]] eka vanhu na swin'wana [[swiharhi swa]] ngati yo kufumela.<ref name=WHO2013/> Swikombiso swo rhanga swi nga katsa mukhuhlwana na vonaka xi lumiwile.<ref name=WHO2013/> swikombiso leswi swi landzeriwa hi xin'we kumbe ku tlula xa swikombiso leswi landzelaka: ku famba hi madzolonga, nyanyuko wo ka wu nga lawuleki,[[ hydirofobiya| ku chava mati]], ku hluleka ku fambisa swirho swin'wana swa miri, ku hlanganahlangana, na [[ ku titivala]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Endzhaku ko vonakala ka swikombiso, vuvabyi bya rihuhu mikarhi yo tala byi yisa eku feni.<ref name=WHO2013/> Nkarhi lowu nga kona exikarhi ka ku kuma vuvabyi na ku sungula swikombisa hi xitalo I n'hweti ku ya eka tin'hweti tinharhu. Hambiswiritano, nkarhi lowu wu hambana ku suka ehansi ka vhiki ku ya eka ku tlula lembe.<ref name=WHO2013/> Nkarhi wu ya hi mpfhuka lowu xitsongwatsongwana xi faneleke ku wu famba ku fikelela [[ sisiteme ya misiha yo lawula]].<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N }}</ref> == Xivangelo na mfembo== Vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi hundziseriwa eka vanhu kusuka eka swiharhi swin'wana. Vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi hundziseriwa loko xihari lexi tluletiweke xi khuhlana kumbe luma xihari xin'wana kumbe munhu. <ref name=WHO2013/> Marhi ya xiharhi lexi tluletiweke nakambe ya nga hundzisela emahlweni vuvabyi bya rihuhu loko marhi ya hlangana na xiharhi xin'wana kumbe munhu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Timhangu ta vuvabyi bya rihuhu to tala eka vanhu ti vangiwa hi ku lumiwa hi timbyana.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ku tluala 99% wa timhangu ta vuvabyi bya rihuhu eka matiko lawa timbyana ti nga na vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi vangiwa hi ku lumiwa hi timbyana.<ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Eka [[ MaAmerika]], [[ ku lumiwa hi]] timangadyana hi swona hi xitalo swi vangaka ntluleto wa vuvabyi bya rihuhu eka vanhu, naswona ehansi ka 5% ya timhangu ti huma eka timbyana.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Makondlo a ya tali ku khomiwa hi vuvabyi bya rihuhu.<ref name=Tint2010/> [[ Xitsongwatsongwana xa vuvabyi bya rihuhu]] xi ya ebyongweni hi ku landzelerisa [[ Sisiteme ya misiha ya Periferali | misiha ya Periferali]]. Vuvabyi byi nga fembiwa endzhaku ka ku sungula ka swikombiso.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Nsivelo na vutshunguri == Ku lawula swiharhi na minongonoko ya ntlhavelo swi hungutile xungeto wa vuvabyi bya rihuhu kusuka eka timbyana eka swifundza swo tala.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ntlhavelo wa vanhu va nga si va na byona ku bumabumeriwile eka vanhu lava nga le ka xungeto. Ntlawa lowu nga le ka xungeto wa le henhla wu katsa vanhu lava tirhaka hi timangadyana kumbe lava tshamaka nkarhi wo leha eka tindhawu leti vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi nga kona.<ref name=WHO2013/> Eka vanhu lava nga tivaka vuvabyi bya rihuhu, [[ ntlhavelo wa vuvabyi bya rihuhu]] na immunoglobulin [[ya vuvabyi bya rihuhu]] swi tirha ku sivela vuvabyi loko munhu a amukela vutshunguri ku nga si sungula swikombiso swa vuvabyi bya rihuhu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Hlantshwa laha u lumiweke na laha u khwayekeke ku ringana 15 wa timinete hi xisiphi na mati, [[povidone iodine]], swibasisi tanihilaha swi nga dlayaka xitsongwatsongwana na ku vonaka swi tirha eka ku sivela ku hundziseriwa emahlweni ka vuvabyi bya riruhu. <ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Kova nhlayo yintsongo leyi nga pona eka vuvabyi bya rihuhu endzhaku ka ku komba swikombiso. Leswi swi endliwa hi vutshunguri bya tindhawu to tala lowu tivekaka tanihi[[ Ntwanano wa Milwaukee]]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. | journal = Lancet neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 }}</ref> ===ntlhavelo=== {{Drugbox |drug_name=Vuvabyi bya rihuhu | Verifiedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 418072925 | image = <!-- Vacine data --> | type = vaccine | target = [[Vuvabyi bya rihuhu]] | vaccine_type = killed <!-- Clinical data --> | tradename = | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|rabies_vaccine}} | MedlinePlus = a607023 | pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_category = | legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --> | legal_CA = <!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> | legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --> | legal_US = <!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V --> | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = <!-- Identifiers --> | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = none | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = | ATC_prefix = J07 | ATC_suffix = BG01 | PubChem = | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = <!-- Chemical data --> }} '''ntlhavelo wa vuvabyi bya rihuhu i '''ntlhavelo[[]]lowu tirhisiwaka ku sivela [[vuvabyi bya rihuhu]].<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Aug 6, 2010|volume=32|issue=85|pages=309-320|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Ku na yo hlaya leyi nga kona leyi ha yimbirhi yi nga hlayiseka na ku tirheka. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> yi nga tirhisiwa ku sivela vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi nga si naswona nkari wo leha endzhaku ku khomiwa hi xitsongwatsongwana xo tanihi ku lumiwa hi mbyana kumbe mhangadyana.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Nsawuto lowu nga kona wu teka nkarhi wo leha endzhaku ka mimpimo yinharhu ya mirhi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Hi xitalo yi nyikiwa hi jekixeni edzobyeni kumbe nyameni. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Endzhaku ko va na byona ntlhavelo wu tirhisiwa xikan'we na [[immunoglobulin ya vuvabyi bya rihuhu]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> ku bumabumeriwa leswaku lava nga le ka xungeto wo kuma vuvabyi va tlhaveriwa va nga se byi kuma.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ntlhavelo wu tirha eka vanhu na swin'wana swiharhi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Nsawutiso wa timbyana wa tirha eka ku sivela vuvabyi eka vanhu.<ref name=WHO2010/> ==== Vuhlayiseki ==== Timiliyoni ta vanhu misava hinkwayo va tlhaveriwile na ku kumbetela leswaku leswi swi hlayisa ku tlula 250,000 wa vanhu hi lembe.<ref name=WHO2010/> Wu nga tirhisiwa hi vuhlayiseki eka mitlawa ya malembe hinkwawo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kwalomu ka 45 wa tiphesente ta vanhu va huma nkarhinyana ku tshukela na ku twa ku vava laha va tlhaviveko kona hi jekixini.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kwalomu ka 5 na 15 wa tiphesente ta vanhu va nga va na [[mukhuhlwana]],[[ku pandziwa hi nhloko]], kumbe [[ku nhlanta]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Endzhaku ka ku khomiwa hi vuvabyi bya rihuhu a ku na leswi lwisanaka na leswi kombisiweke.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ntlhavelo wunyingi a wu na [[thimerosali]]<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ntlhavelo lowu endliweke kusuka eka misiha wu tirhisiwa ntsena eka matiko yatsongo, ngopfungopfu eAsia na le Latini Amerika, kambe a wu tirhi kahle naswona wu na swivuyelandzhaku swinyingi. <!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Ku tirhisa yona a swi bumabumeriwanga hi [[Nhlanganu wa Rihanyu wa Misava]].<ref name=WHO2010/> Nxavo wa le holisele wu le xikarhi ka 44 na 78 USD eka khoso ya vutshunguri kusukela hi 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, Rabies|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> Eka United States khoso ya ntlhavelo wa vuvabyi bya rihuhu yi tlula 750 USD.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shlim|first1=David|title=Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization|accessdate=6 December 2015|date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> ==Epidemiyoloji== Vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi vanga kwalomu ka 55,000 wa mafu misava hinkwayo lembe hinkwaro.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Ku tlula 95% wa mafu lawa ya humelela e [[Asia]] na le [[Afrika]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi kona eka ku tlula 150 wa matiko na matikonkulu ya Antartika.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ku tlula tibiliyoni tinharhu ta vanhu ti tshama eka swifundza swa misava laha vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi nga kona. <ref name=WHO2013/> EYuropa na le Australia, vuvabyi bya rihuhu byi kona ntsena eka timangadyana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> swihlala swinyingi leswitsongo a swi na vuvabyi bya rihuhu na switsanana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> ==Ku yelanisa== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} [[Category:Mavabyi]] {{Mavabyi}} kjfy0dco0iujhnszijcay2s02vaogpa Leyiximeniyasisi 0 4497 42025 34499 2026-08-20T03:13:20Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | Name = Leyiximeniyasisi | Image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | Caption = Leyiximeniya ya nhlonge evokweni ra [[ nkulukumba wa le]] xikarhi ka le Amerika | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aÉȘ|ə|s|ÉȘ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eÉȘ|n|ÉȘ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ÉȘ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|ĂŠ|n|ÉȘ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ÉȘ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}}<!-- {{DiseasesDB2|3266}} {{DiseasesDB2|7070}} --> | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} '''Leyiximeniyasisi''', leyi tsariwaka kambe''' leyiximaniyosi '''i[[vuvabyi]] lebyi vangiwaka hi[[phurotozoweni]][[i xitsongwatsongwana]]xa muxaka wa[[Leyiximaniya]]na ku hangalasiwa hi ku lumiwa hi tinxaka tin'wana ta[[Sendifulayi]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Vuvabyi byi nga hangalaka hi tindlela tinharhu: [[Leximaniyasisi ya nhlonge| nhlonge]], marhimila, kumbe [[Leximeniyasisi ya le marhumbyini]]<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Ya xivumbeko xa nhlonge yi vonaka hi tialisa ta nhlonge, kasi ya xivumbeko xa marhimila yi vonaka hi tialisa ta nhlonge, nomu, na tinhompfu, na ya le marhumbyini yi sungula hi tialisa ta nhlonge na ku tivonakisa hi mukhuhlwana, ngati yi tsongo eka tisele ta ngati yo tshuka, na ku kula ka rivengo na xivindzi. <ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Ku tlulela eka vanhu swi vangiwa hi ku tlula 20 wa tinxaka ta "Leyiximeniya".<ref name=WHO2014/> Timhaka ta xungeto ti katsa, vusiwana, ku nga dyi kahle, ku tsemiwa ka mirhi, na ku rhurhela emadoropeni.<ref name=WHO2014/> Tinxaka ha tinharhu hinkwato ti nga fembiwa hi ku vona xitsongwatsogwana eka mayikhirosikopi.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ku tatisela, vuvabyi bya le marhumbyini byi nga voniwa hi ku endla swikambelwana swa ngati. <ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Leyiximeniyasisi yi nga tsunguleka hi ku etlela ehansi ka tinete leti nga ni vutshunguri bya [[ switsotswana]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Magoza yan'wana ya katsa ku fufuthela chefu ya switsotswana ku dlaya tisendifulayi na ku tshungula vanhu lava khomiweke hi vuvabyi ka ha ri na nkarhi ku sivela ku hangalaka ku ya emahlweni.<ref name=WHO2014/> Vutshunguri lebyi lavekaka byi ya hi leswaku u byi kume kwihi vuvabyi, tinxaka ta "Leyiximeniya", na muxaka wa ntluleto.<ref name=WHO2014/> Mirhi yin'wana leyi tirhisiwaka eka vuvabyi bya le marhumbyini yi katsa [[ liposomali amphotheriyasini B]], <ref name=Sun2013/> Ku hlangana ka [[ phentavheleti antimoniyalisi]]na [[pharomosini]], <ref name=Sun2013>{{cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> na [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref> eka vuvabyi bya nhlonge, [[pharomosin,]],fulukunazole[[phenitamidini]] yi nga tirhiseka.<ref name=Min2007>{{cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Kwalomu ka 12 wa timiliyoni ta vanhu sweswi va tluletiwile <ref name=Mag>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> eka matiko yan'wana ya 98.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Kwalomu ka 2 wa timiliyoni wa timhangu letintshwa <ref name=Barrett2012/> na le xikarhi ka 20 na 50 wa magidi ya mafu ya va kona lembe na lembe.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Kwalomu ka 200 na &nbsp; miliyoni wa vanhu eAsia, Afrika, Dzongeni na le xikarhi ka America, na Dzonga wa Europe ti tshama eka tindhawu laha vuvabyi byi nga kona.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> [[Nhlangano wa Rihanyu wa Misava]] wu kumile ku tsemeriwa eka mirhi yin'wana ya ku tshungula vuvabyi.<ref name=Barrett2012/> Vuvabyi byi nga kumeka eka nhlayo ya swiharhi swin'wana, ku katsa na [[ leyiximeniya ya muxaka wa |timbyana]] na [[makondlo]]<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Ku yelanisa== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} [[Category:Mavabyi]] hhmtb85nhoptimd1qc70tfgroyj36if Mati 0 4585 42024 40577 2026-08-20T03:12:18Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Iceberg_with_hole_near_Sandersons_Hope_2007-07-28_2.jpg|thumb|Mati kuya hi swivumbeko swinharhu: mati, Gwitsi, na Ripumele. Marifu ma vangiwa hi ripumele leri thlandlukeke rihlangana na moya.]] [[File:Water_droplet_blue_bg05.jpg|right|thumb|Thonsi ra Mati.]] '''Mati''' imuxaka wa khemikhali liyi ngahava muvala, naswona mati ixiyenge ya swinambyana, milambu, maqhivi na malwandle yamisava, na vumati lebyikumeka eka swivumbiwa leswi hanyaka. Xihlawulekisi xa khemikhali leyi i  '''H<sub>2</sub>O''', leswi vulaka leswaku mati ma vumbiwa hi ti [[athomu]] timbirhi ta Hydrogen na athomu yin'we ya moya wa Oxygen. Mati ma naswivumbeko swinharhu kunga Vumati (Mati); Vutiyela (Gwitsi) na vumoya (Ripumele). Mati mafunengeta kwalomu ka 71% ta [[Misava]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#Geo|title=CIA – The world factbook|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=20 December 2008|archive-date=5 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#Geo|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Mati iyankoka eka swivumbiwa hinkwaswo leswi hanyaka. Laha Misaveni kwalomu ka 96.5% wa mati makumeka emaqhivini na malwandle, 1.7% kuva mati yo boxiwa kumbe kuceriwa eka misava, kasi 1.7% wa mati makumeka emagwitsini ya tinhlohlorhi ta misava eAntarctica na Greenland, ntsengo lowu saleka wa mati wukumeka eka ripumele na Marifu.<ref name="b1">{{cite book|title=Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources|editor=Gleick, P.H.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|page=13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth"|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2013-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&ci=9780195076288|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html Water Vapor in the Climate System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html |date=2007-03-20 }}, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007).</ref> Mati lamatengeke yonwa iyankoka eka vanhu na swivumbiwa swinwana. Mfikelelo wa mati lamabhaseke wu antswisiwile eka malembe lamahundzeka emisaveni hinkwayo, hambiswiritano kwalomu ka bhiliyoni ra vanhu emisavani vapfumala mati lama bhaseke. Kuna vuxaka exikarhi ka vuswikoti bya fikelela mati lamabhaseke na rifuwo ra vanhu kuya hi tiko.<ref>[http://www.gapminder.org/videos/gapcasts/gapcast-9-public-services/ "Public Services"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031727/http://www.gapminder.org/videos/gapcasts/gapcast-9-public-services/ |date=2012-04-07 }}, Gapminder video</ref> Vahlahluvi va komba leswku hi lembe ra 2025, kwalomu ka hafu ya vanhu vamisava vata langutana na kupfumaleka ka mati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf|title=Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to inform decision-making|format=PDF|accessdate=25 July 2010|archive-date=5 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705072816/http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Mati matlanga xiyenge xo hlawuleka eka Ikhonomi ya misava. Kwalomu ka 70% wa mati lama tengeke ma tirhiseriwa swa tavurimi.<ref name=Baroni2007>{{cite journal|author=Baroni, L.|author2=Cenci, L. |author3=Tettamanti, M. |author4= Berati, M. |year=2007|title=Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2007-02_61_2/page/279|journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=61|pages=279–286|doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522|pmid=17035955|issue=2}}</ref> Vutshevi bya tinhlampfi emaqhivini na malwande, byi wundla swiyenge swotala swa vanhu emisaveni. Tnhundzu to tala ti fambisiwa hi swikepe ku suka no ya etindhawini tale kule hi milambu na malwandle. Mati, magwitsi na Ripumele, switirhisiwa ngopfu ku timula no kufumeta tikhomponi na makaya ya vanhu. Mati mathlela ma tirhisiwa ku olovisa tikhemikhali to tala, naswona mathlela matirhisiwa ku Sweka na Hlantswa. '''Mati''' i nkatsekanyo wa ntumbuluko lowu nga na fomula ya tikhemikhali. I swihalaki leswi vonakaka, leswi swo ka swi nga ri na nantswo, leswi swi nga nyuherisiku, [ c ] naswona leswi kumekaku eka mpfula . I xiaki lexikulu xa swinambyana swa Misava, mativa ni [[Lwandle|malwandle]] ni mati ya swivumbiwa hinkwaswo leswi hanyaka leswi tiviwaka, laha yi tirhaka tanihi xitofu . Mati, tani hileswi yanga molecule ya polar, ya hundza eka intermolecular hydrogen bonding yo tiya leswinga hoxa xandla swinene eka swivumbeko swa wona swa physical na ti khemikhali. I swa nkoka eka swivumbeko hinkwaswo leswi tivekaka swa vutomi, hambi leswi yi nga nyikiki matimba ya swakudya kumbe ku va micronutrient ya organic . Hikwalaho ka vukona bya yona eka swivumbiwa hinkwaswo, ku tiya ka yona ka tikhemikhali, ku tala ka yona emisaveni hinkwayo, na polarity ya yona yo tiya loko yi pimanisiwa na vukulu bya yona lebyintsongo bya ti molecular, mati ya tala ku vuriwa "universal solvent". == Minkombo == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Vumati]] [[Category:Mati]] i50lzy3jrp21uw486w8jor82aon3u69 Vuhindu 0 4797 42019 41963 2026-08-20T03:05:15Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aum Om navy blue circle coral.svg|thumb|200x200px|Mfungo wa vukhongeri bya Vuhindu]] [[File:Shiva_Bangalore_.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Xifaniso xa xikwembu Shiva.]] '''Vuhindu''' i vukhongeri, kumbe ndlela ya vutomi, leyi landzeleriwaka etikweni-nkulu ra Indiya. Vuhindi byi vuriwa vukhongeri bya khale kutlula hinkwabyo emisaveni,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kurien | first=Prema | title=Multiculturalism and American Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-forces_2006-12_85_2/page/723 | journal=Social Forces | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | volume=85 | issue=2 | year=2006 | pages=723–741 | doi=10.1353/sof.2007.0015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=FL Bakker| title= Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments| journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|year=1997| volume=Deel 153, 1ste Afl.|pages= 15–41|publisher= Brill|jstor= 27864809}}</ref> naswona vadyondzeki van'wana va byi vula ''Sanātana Dharma'', "Ndzhavuko wa hilaha kunga heriki," kumbe "Ndlela ya hilaha kunga heriki," kumbe hala ka matimu ya vanhu. Van'wana vadyondzeki va vona vuhindu byiri mfanganyo wa mindzhavuko yo hambana hambana ya xi Indiya, leyi ngana timintsu leti rharhanganeke. Hambileswi vuhindi byi ngana tifilosofi to hambana hambana, byi hlanganisiwa hi tindlela to fana, minkhuvo yo fana, ntivo tinyeleti, mapfumba yo ya eka tindhawu to kwetsima. Matsalwa ya vuhindu mahleriwe hi Shruti ("Lama twiwaka") na Smriti ("Lama tsundzukiwaka"). Matsalwa lawa ma hlahluva Vukhongeri, Filosofi, Switori swa khale, vutiolori, ku encisa na ku aka titempele ta vukhongeri. Matsalwa lama kulu mahlanganisa Vedas na Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, na Agamas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Survey of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0791470824|edition=3rd|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/surveyofhinduism0003klos/page/46 46]–52, 76–77|quote=|via=}}</ref> Swihlovo swa vulawuri na mintiyiso ya laha kunga heriki, matlanga xiyenge lexi hlawulekeke, hambileswi kungana ndzavuko lowu tiyeke wo kanetana na vulawuri, leswaku va entisa kutwisisa mintiyiso no dnlandlamuxa ndzhavuko. Tidyondzo-nkulu eka vupfumeri bya vuhindu byi hlanganisa ma PuruáčŁÄrthas ya mune, minkutlunya ya vutomi, kunga Dharma (Matikhomele/Vutihlamuleri), Artha (Kuhumelela/Ntirho), Kama (Kunavela/Kunyanyuka) na Moksha (Ku kutsula/Ntshuxeko/Kuponisiwa);<ref name="Bilimoria 2007 p. 103">{{Cite book|title=Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges|last=|first=|publisher=|year=2007|isbn=|editor-last=Bilimoria et al.|location=|pages=103|quote=|via=}}</ref> karma (Swiendlo, xikongomelo na mbuyelo), samsara (Ndzendzeleko wa ku tswariwa nakambe), na Yoga (Tindlela kumbe maendlelo yo kuma moksha). minkhuvo ya vuhindi yi hlanganisa puja (vugandzeri) na swivulavuleri, kuehleketisisa, mindzhavuko ya muti yo kurisa vana, minkhuvo ya lembe, na mapfumba yo hambana hambana. Vahindu van'wana va sukela vutomi bya vona na swilo swavona, leswku va sungula eka Sannyasa (vugandzeri bya ximunhu) bya vutomi bya vona hinkwabyo leswaku va kuma Moksha. Vuhindu byi lava vutihlamuleri bya hilaha kunga heriki, kufana na kuvulavula ntiyiso, kunga vavisi swilo leswi hanyaka (ahimsa), kulehisa mbilu, kutikhoma, na ntwela vusiwana eka vanhu van'wana. Vuhindu ivukhongeri bya vunharhu hi vukulu emisaveni, naswona byina kwalomu ka biliyoni ya valandzeri lava tiviwaka hi vahindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx|title=The Global Religious Landscape - Hinduism|last=|first=|date=|publisher=Pew Research Foundation|work=A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010|accessdate=31 March 2013|archive-date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506104814/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-hindu.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="gordonconwell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact|publisher=gordonconwell.edu|date=January 2015|accessdate=2015-05-29|archive-date=2017-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141543/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Vahindi va tata nhlayo ya va aka tiko va le matikweni ya Indiya, Nepal, Morixiyasi na xihlala xa Bali e Indonexiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/|title=Hindus|date=18 December 2012|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=14 February 2015}}</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Vukhongeri]] 2jzc1uylwq4o5n9u91h0hy5sszpri00 Ntsako 0 4954 42021 37195 2026-08-20T03:07:30Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Very happy Tibetan Buddhist Monk.jpg|thumb|upright|Mukhongore wa vuBudha uti komba a tsakile]] Eka tidyondzo ta filosofi, '''ntsako''' i vuhundzuluxeri bya rito ra xigriki ra xiyimo xa ''eudaimonia'', naswona ri hlamusela vutomi lebyi nene, ku humelela, kungari minthlaveko ntsena. Eka tidyondzo ta miehleketo, ntsako i xiyimo xa miehleketo kumbe minthlaveko ya rihanyo lerinene leri hlamuselaka, minthlaveko leyinene na ku enetiseka.<ref name="Unnamed-20230318115020">{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=happiness&a=*C.happiness-_*Word-|title=happiness|publisher=Wolfram Alpha}}</ref> Miehleketo leyi tsakisaka yi endla munhu a teki swiboho leswinene.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Anand|first1=P|title=Happiness Explained|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Kusukela hi lembe ra 1960, mindzavisiso eka xivumbeko xa ntsako yi endliwile eka tindzawulo to hambana hambana ta sayensi. == Nhlamuselo == Ntsako i xiyimo lexi yelanaka na matshamelo ya ku eneteka, rihanyo lerinene na kurhula mbilu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Michael C.|title=Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment|date=2014|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-2259-5|pages=6–10}}</ref> Eka tidyondzo to filosofi na vukhongeri bya le vupela dyambu, ntsako wunga hlamuseriwa kuri kuhanya vutomi lebyinene, kungari nthlaveko ntsena.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McMahon |first1=Darrin M. |title=From the happiness of virtue to the virtue of happiness: 400 B.C. – A.D. 1780 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_daedalus_spring-2004_133_2/page/5 |journal=Daedalus |volume=133 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=5–17 |jstor=20027908 |doi=10.1162/001152604323049343 }}</ref> Kusukela ekusunguleni ka lembe xidzana ra vu 20, kuhlakarhela ka vumunhu swi koke ku lavisisa eka tidyondzo ta miehleketo, ngopfu ngopfu eka mintirho ya Martin Seligman, Ed Diener na Ruut Veenhoven, kuhlanganisa na ndzavisiso wa Paul Anand.<ref name="Unnamed-20230318115020"/>  == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|3}} [[Category:Minthlaveko]] [[Category:Matitwele]] [[Category:Vumunhu]] 6hzxgv77sz3ko4kfeh25an3zku4qsm9 Ntikelo 0 6063 42022 41984 2026-08-20T03:09:06Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = Ku pima ntikelo ku ringanisiwa na ku pima vunyingi-swilo | image1 = Weegschaal-1.jpg | width1 = 125 | image2 = Bascula_9.jpg | width2 = 220 | footer = Left: Ximatsi: Xikalo xi pima ntikelo, hi kulangutisa laha nchumu wu kokaka xipiringi ha kona. E n'wetini nchimu lowu fanaka wu nga pima ntsongo lowu tsongo wa ntikelo. Xinene: xikalo xo ringanisa xi pima ntalo-swilo wa nchumu hi ku ringanisa na cnhumu wun'wana lowu ntsengo wa wona wu tiviwaka. E n'wetini xikalo lexi xi ta pima mpimo woringana tana hi leswi minchumu ynga ta vevuka hi kuringana.}} '''Ntikelo''' wu hlamuseriwa eka [[sayensi]] na [[vunjhiniyera]] kuri ntsengo wa matimba lawa ma kongomisiwaka eka xilo xokarhi, hi kwalaho ka ma timba-nkokelo ya [[misava]], kumbe ku hambana na matimba lawa ma xikhomeke e ndzhawini yin'we.<ref name="Morrison">{{cite journal |title=Weight and gravity - the need for consistent definitions |author=Richard C. Morrison |journal=[[The Physics Teacher]] |volume=37 |page=51 |date=1999 |doi=10.1119/1.880152 |bibcode = 1999PhTea..37...51M }}</ref><ref name="Galili">{{cite journal |title=Weight versus gravitational force: historical and educational perspectives |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-science-education_2001-10_23_10/page/1073 |author=Igal Galili |journal=International Journal of Science Education |volume=23 |page=1073 |date=2001 |doi=10.1080/09500690110038585 |bibcode = 2001IJSEd..23.1073G }}</ref><ref name="Gat">{{cite book |title=Standardization of Technical Terminology: Principles and Practice – ''second volume'' |editor=Richard Alan Strehlow |date=1988 |publisher=[[ASTM International]] |isbn=978-0-8031-1183-7 |chapter=The weight of mass and the mess of weight |last=Gat |first=Uri |pages=45–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoB5w9Km0mUC&pg=PA45}}</ref> Tibuku tin'wana ta vuleteri<ref name='Knight'>{{Cite book |author=Knight, Randall D.|year=2004 |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: a Strategic Approach|location=San Francisco, USA|publisher=Addison–Wesley |isbn=0-8053-8960-1 |pages=100–101}}</ref> ti hlamusela ntikelo kuri ntsengo wa matimba-nkokelo lawa ma kongimisiwaka eka nchumu wokarhi. Tin'wana tibuku<ref name='Bauer-and-Westfall'>{{Cite book |author=Bauer, Wolfgang and Westfall, Gary D.|year=2011 |title=University Physics with Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000baue|location=New York|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-336794-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000baue/page/103 103]}}</ref><ref name='Serway-and-Jewett'>{{Cite book |author=Serway, Raymond A. and Jewett, John W. Jr.|year=2008 |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0000serw_u6w5|location=USA|publisher=Thompson|isbn=978-0-495-11245-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0000serw_u6w5/page/106 106]}}</ref><ref name='Hewitt'>{{Cite book |author=Hewitt, Paul G.|year=2001 |title=Conceptual Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3|location=USA|publisher=Addison–Wesley |isbn=0-321-05202-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/conceptualphysic00hewi_3/page/159 159]}}</ref> tihlamusela ntikelo wuri ntsengo wa matimba lawa ma lavekaka ku endla chumu wun'wana na wun'wana leswaku wu tshama eka ndzhawu yokarhi. Hikwalaho, loko chumu wun'wana na wun'wana wuri eka weni handle ko siveriwa, wuva wuri hava ntikelo. Hi marito man'wana chumu wun'wana na wun'wana lowu ngana vunyingi-swilo wu nga bakanya matimba-nkokelo kumbe ku sihalala ka moya loko wuri ku wena ivi wuva wuri hava ntikelo, Apula leri hlaleriweke hi [[Isaac Newton]], riri kuweni kusuka e nsinyeni naswona ri wela e hansi, ari ri karhi ri hava ntikelo eka xinkarhana xexo. Mpimo wa ntikelo wa nchumu i ntsengo wa matimba lawa ma kongomisiwaka naswomna ma pimiwa hi ku tirhisa nstengo [[Nyuthoni]]. Hi xikombiso nchumu lowu ngana vunyingi-swilo bya khilogiramu yin'we laha e misaveni wu na ntikelo wa 9.8 wa ti nyuthoni, kasi ntsengo lowu wu hunguteka swonghasi loko chumu lowu fanaka wu pimiwa ntikelo e n'wetini. ==Mintshaho== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Matematiki]] [[Category:Vupimi]] 16mfc990c1jqdrfo8tqe9wqisads4x4 Norho 0 6160 42020 36913 2026-08-20T03:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Romance of History illustration WH Powis.jpg|thumb|Xifaniso xa munhu loyi a lorhaka]] '''Norho''' i nxaxamelo wa swifaniso, makungu na [[minthlaveko]] leswi ti endlekelaka e [[Mihleketo|mi'hleketweni]] exikarhi ka swiphemu swokarhi swa [[vurhongo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dream |title=Dream |publisher= The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000 |accessdate=May 7, 2009}}</ref> Leswi endlekaka e xikarhi ka milorho na xikongomelo xa milorho a swisi twisisiwa hi ku helela, hambi leswi ku veke na mindzavisiso ya sayensi, filosofi ku hlanganisa na tinhlamuselo hi vukhongori. Ku hlavutela milorho i matshalatshala yo kuma kutwisisa mungo na rungula leri nga kumekaka eka milorho.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kavanau |first=J.L. |title=Sleep, memory maintenance, and mental disorders |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neuropsychiatry-and-clinical-neurosciences_spring-2000_12_2/page/199 |journal=Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |year=2000 |volume=12|issue=2|pages=199–208}}</ref> Milorho yi tala ku kumeka eka vurhongo bya milorho (REM), laha matirhele ya mi'hleketo mayelanaka na loko munhu a hanyanyile. Nkarhi lowu tekiwaka loko munhu a lorha, wa hambana hambana, naswona norho wu nga teka xinkarhana, kumbe kwalomu ka 20 - 30 wa timinete. Vanhu va tala ku tsundzuka norho loko va pfuxiwa exikarhi ka wona. Munhu u kota ku va na kwalomu ka milorho mi nharhu ku ya ka ya nthlanu hi siku, kasi van'wana ku fikela eka nkombo wa milorho hi siku; hambileswi milorho yi hatlisaka ku rivaleka.<ref>Empson, J. (2002). ''Sleep and dreaming'' (3rd ed.)., New York: Palgrave/St. Martin's Press</ref><ref>Cherry, Kendra. (2015). "[http://psychology.about.com/od/statesofconsciousness/tp/facts-about-dreams.htm 10 Facts About Dreams: What Researchers Have Discovered About Dreams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221091846/http://psychology.about.com/od/statesofconsciousness/tp/facts-about-dreams.htm |date=2016-02-21 }}" ''About Education: Psychology''. About.com.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ann |first=Lee |url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/dream2.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "Dreams: Stages of Sleep" |publisher=Science.howstuffworks.com |date=January 27, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eichenlaub|first=Jean-Baptiste|last2=van Rijn|first2=Elaine|last3=Gaskell|first3=M Gareth|last4=Lewis|first4=Penelope A|last5=Maby|first5=Emmanuel|last6=Malinowski|first6=Josie E|last7=Walker|first7=Matthew P|last8=Boy|first8=Frederic|last9=Blagrove|first9=Mark|date=2018-06-01|title=Incorporation of recent waking-life experiences in dreams correlates with frontal theta activity in REM sleep|journal=Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience |volume=13|issue=6|pages=637–647}}</ref> Ku na mavonele yo hambana hambana ya tinhlamuselo ta milorho, kuya hi mindzhavuko na tinguva. Votala va pfumelana na nhlamuselo ya Sigmund Freud, leswaku milorho yi paluxa kunavela na minthlaveko leyi tumbeleke eka munhu. Kasi tinhlamuselo ti n'wana ti vula leswaku milorho yi pfuna mi'hleketo ka hlayisa mahungu, kutsundzuka, kululamisa swiphiqo, kumbe leswaku kova matirhele ya byongo ntsena.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = When dreaming is believing: The (motivated) interpretation of dreams.|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-personality-and-social-psychology_2009-02_96_2/page/249|journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|pages = 249–264|volume = 96|issue = 2|first = Carey K.|last = Morewedge|first2 = Michael I.|last2 = Norton|year = 2009}}</ref> Sigmund Freud, loyi a akeke xiphemu xa tidyondzo ta ndzavisiso wa matirhele ya mi'hleketo, u tsale matsalwa yo hlaya ku hlamusela milorho eku sunguleni ka malembe ya va 1900.<ref>Freud, S. (1900). [[The Interpretation of Dreams]]. London: Hogarth Press</ref> U hlamusele milorho kuri ku paluxeka ka kunavela, kumbe ku karhateka loku enteke loku fambelanaka na ku tsundzuka nkarhi wa vutsongwana. Kuthlandla kwalaho uthlela a hlamusela leswaku milorho hinkwayo yi fambelana na ku ntshunxa ntshikelelo wa timhaka ta masangu.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Dream Dictionary from A to Z|last = Cheung|first = Theresa|publisher = HarperElement|year = 2006|location = China|pages = 437}}</ref> Eka buku yakwe leyi nga na nhlokomhaka ''The Interpretation of Dreams'' (1899), Freud u ake mahlahluvele yo hlavutela milorho na mimfungo leyi kumekaka e milorhweni. Eka manguva lawa milorho yi viniwa ku ri nhlavutelo wa byongo. Milorho yinga chavisa, yihlamarisa, yitsakisa, yihlanganisa mahlori kumbe timhaka ta masangu. Leswi endlekaka e milorhweni swile handle ka vutihlamuleri bya loyi a lorhaka.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lite|first1=Jordan|title=How Can You Control Your Dreams?|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-control-dreams/|website=Scientific America|date=July 29, 2010}}</ref><ref>Domhoff, W. (2002). The scientific study of dreams. APA Press</ref> == Mintshaho == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Ku etlela]] [[Category:Milorho]] nlcyclfc1r3u2rs9uvmkytq044rys0s Mpfula 0 7380 42023 41938 2026-08-20T03:10:05Z InternetArchiveBot 7881 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260819sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42023 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Falling rain in mexico.jpg|thumb|Mpfula emexico]] '''Mpfula''' i mati lawa ma wela emisaveni hi ku huma etilweni. Ma huma eka makhwiri lama nga emoyeni lama vumbiwaka loko moya lowu teleke hi mati wu titimela, wu tlhela wu bihika. Loko mati lama nga emoyeni ma hlangana swinene, ma tlhela ma tika, ma welela ehansi tanihi tinyatana ta matileti hi ti vitanaka mpfula. == Nkoka wa Mpfula == Hi ririmi leri leheke, mpfula i ndzhavuko wa xivumbeko xa le henhla, lexi fambelanaka na ku hlangana ka moya lowu na mati emoyeni, ku tikela ka makhwiri, ku titimela, ku bihika, ku humesa matimba ya xivindzi ni ku sungula ku wisela ka mati emisaveni tanihi nkombiso wa nxaxamelo wa ntumbuluko. Leswi swi pfuna leswaku mati ya tlhela ya fika emisaveni, swi pfuna mbuyelo wa tihove, swiluva, na vutomi hinkwabyo lebyi xi huma eka mati. Mpfula i xin’wana xa swiendlakalo swa nkoka swinene swa ntumbuluko no tsakisa swinene. Wu tlanga xiphemu xa nkoka eku kondleteleni ka vutomi emisaveni, ku kucetela ti- ikhosisitimi, vurimi, maxelo hambi ku ri mintlhaveko ya vanhu. Hambileswi hakanyingi swi tekiwaka swi ri swa nkoka, mpfula a hi mati lama waka ntsena ma huma empfhukeni i xiphemu lexi rharhanganeke xa xirhendzevutana xa mati xa Misava, lexi nga ni nkoka lowu dzikeke wa ikholoji, ikhonomi ni ndhavuko. Eka xisekelo xa yona, mpfula yiva kona hikokwalaho ka mpfula ya mati e atmosphere yi condensing kuva mathonsi lawa yakulaka ya tika swinene kuva ya wela ehansi hikokwalaho ka gravity. Endlelo leri, hambi leswi ri vonakaka ri olova, i nhlohlorhi ya swiendlakalo swo hlayanyana leswi rharhanganeke swa maxelo. Dyambu ri hisa mati yo fana ni malwandle, milambu ni mativa, leswi endlaka leswaku mati ma khuluka. Loko mpfula yi ri karhi yi tlakuka yi tlhela yi kufumela exibakabakeni, yi hlangana yi rhendzela swiphemuphemu leswi nga emoyeni leswaku swi vumba mapapa. Loko mathonsi lama nga emapapeni lawa ma hlangana ni ku kula ma va makulu, ma wa tanihi mpfula ku nga mpfula ku va yin’wana ya swivumbeko swa yona leswi tolovelekeke. Yin’wana ya mintirho ya nkoka swinene ya mpfula i mati emisaveni leswaku ku tava na vutomi. == Təsiri == Mavonelo ya ndhavuko eka mpfula ya hambana emisaveni hinkwayo. Eka [[Ku kufumela|maxelo yo kufumela]], vanhu va tala ku va ni ntshikilelo lowukulu loko maxelo ma nga tshamisekanga kumbe ma ri na mapapa, naswona vuyelo bya wona byi va byikulu eka vavanuna ku tlula vavasati. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=A. G. Barnston |date=10 December 1986 |title=The effect of weather on mood, productivity, and frequency of emotional crisis in a temperate continental climate |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232480 |url-status=live |journal=International Journal of Biometeorology |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=134–143 |bibcode=1988IJBm...32..134B |doi=10.1007/BF01044907 |pmid=3410582 |s2cid=31850334 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003062105/https://zenodo.org/record/1232480 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> Mpfula yi nga tlhela yi tisa ntsako, tanihi leswi van’wana va yi tekaka yi ri leyi rhurisanaka kumbe va tsekela ku saseka ka yona.Etindhawini leti omeke, to tanihi le Indiya, <ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=23 March 2009|title=Sudden spell of rain lifts mood in Delhi|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/sudden-spell-of-rain-lifts-mood-in-delhi_100172192.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051410/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/sudden-spell-of-rain-lifts-mood-in-delhi_100172192.html|archive-date=16 October 2012|accessdate=15 January 2010|website=Thaindian News}}</ref> kumbe hi minkarhi ya dyandza, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Pack|first=William|date=11 September 2009|title=Rain lifts moods of farmers|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/business/Rain_lifts_mood_of_farmers.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003054311/http://www.mysanantonio.com/business/local/article/Rain-lifts-mood-of-farmers-843592.php|archive-date=3 October 2012|accessdate=15 January 2010|publisher=[[San Antonio Express-News]]}}</ref> mpfula yi pfuna miehleketo ya vanhu..E[[Botswana]], rito ra Xitswana leri vulaka mpfula, ''pula'', ritlhela ri tirhisiwa tani hi vito ra mali ya tiko, ku lemuka nkoka wa ikhonomi ya mpfula etikweni ra vona,tani hi leswi yi nga na maxelo ya mananga. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Robyn Cox|year=2007|title=Glossary of Setswana and Other Words|url=http://www.pulapulapula.co.uk/Glossary.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801074955/http://www.pulapulapula.co.uk/Glossary.html|archive-date=1 August 2012|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> Mindhavuko yo hlayanyana yi endle tindlela to langutana ni mpfula naswona, yi tlhela yi endle switirhisiwa swo tala swo sirhelela swo tanihi tiambulense ni swiambalo swa mpfula,ni switirhisiwa swo hambukisa swilo swo tanihi <nowiki><i>tigutter</i></nowiki> na <nowiki><i>storm drain</i></nowiki> leti yisaka timpfula eka ndzhope. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Allen Burton |year=2002 |title=Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers |url=http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Publications/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%20book/chp1.pdf |last2=Robert Pitt |publisher=CRC Press, LLC |page=4 |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611003049/http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Publications/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%20book/chp1.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2010 |url-status=live |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Vanhu vo tala va kuma nun’hwelo lowu hi nkarhi wa mpfula na hi ku hatlisa endzhaku ka mpfula wu tsakisa kumbe wu hambanile. Xihlovo xa nun’hwelo lowu i <nowiki><i>petrichor</i></nowiki>, ku nga mafurha lawa endliwaka hi swimilana, ivi ma tswongiwa hi maribye ni misava, ivi endzhaku ma humesiwa emoyeni loko mpfula yi na. <ref name="Bear1964">{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=I.J. |last2=Thomas |first2=R.G. |date=March 1964 |title=Nature of argillaceous odour |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1964-03-07_201_4923/page/993 |journal=Nature |volume=201 |issue=4923 |pages=993–995 |bibcode=1964Natur.201..993B |doi=10.1038/201993a0 |s2cid=4189441}}</ref> 75527o3xgafxlbp4kdioyca9ypuqg1m User:Zeeluna 2 7614 42015 41892 2026-08-19T22:02:03Z Zeeluna 12489 42015 wikitext text/x-wiki Vito ra mina i Zeeluna [[User:Zeeluna/Draft 1|Draft 1]] * [[User:Zeeluna/Draft 2|Draft 2]] *[[User:Zeeluna/Draft 3|Draft 3]] * [[User:Zeeluna/Draft 4|Draft 4]] * [[User:Zeeluna/Draft 5|Draft 5]] * [[User:Zeeluna/Draft 6|Draft 6]] * [[User:Zeeluna/Draft 7|Draft 7]] *[[Draft 8|tintshava]] <nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Draft 9]] 01sljjn78gmmtzza1ggskx3a47b05o8 User:Nayitisam 2 7615 42014 42000 2026-08-19T21:56:24Z Nayitisam 12493 42014 wikitext text/x-wiki Vito ra mina i Nayitisam [[User:Nayitisam/Draft 1|Draft 1]] [[User:Nayitisam/Draft 2|Draft 2]] [[*Draft 3|Draft 3]] [[Vamakwenu|Draft4]] [[Draft5]] [[Telkom residence]] s0sjd7jak9u1ktmjeujmq2wa87ty9yf 42018 42014 2026-08-19T23:04:52Z Nayitisam 12493 42018 wikitext text/x-wiki Vito ra mina i Nayitisam [[User:Nayitisam/Draft 1|Draft 1]] [[User:Nayitisam/Draft 2|Draft 2]] [[*Draft 3|Draft 3]] [[Vamakwenu|Draft4]] [[Draft5]] [[Telkom residence]] [[Swibyibyiharisi]] eut2iquqmfln2a7oh60ijyptl1ht3gg Draft 8 0 7982 42006 41936 2026-08-19T13:03:41Z Zeeluna 12489 42006 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mt Sugarloaf (1238m) by Lake Heron, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|564x564px|Xifaniso xa ntshava eNew Zealand]] Tintshava '''Tintshava''' i swivumbeko leswikulu swa ntumbuluko leswi tlakukeke swinene ehenhla ka [[misava]] leyi rhendzeleke. Hi ntolovelo ti tlakukile naswona ti tlakukile ku tlula switshuka, hakanyingi ti na [[nhlohlorhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Worlds |first=Geography |date=2026-03-26 |title=What Is a Mountain? Definition, Formation & Famous Examples |url=https://geographyworlds.com/blog/what-is-a-mountain/ |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Geography Worlds |language=en}}</ref> Tintshava ti vumbiwe hi tindlela to hlayanyana:<ref name=":0" /> * Ku famba ka ti [[Tectonic plates|''tectonic plates'']]: Loko tiplate ta misava ti tlumbana, ''[[crust]]'' yi susumetiwa kuya ehenhla, leswi endlaka leswaku ku va na tintshava lei hlanganisiweke to fana na Himalaya. * Ntirhi wa volcane: Lava na nkuma swi hlangeletana hi ku famba ka nkarhi leswaku swi vumba tintshava ta volacane, ta tanihi ntshava ya Fuji. * Faulting: Swiphepherhele leswikulu swa xirhendzevutana xa [[misava]] swi tlakusiwa kumbe swi rhetela etlhelo ka ''faults'', leswi endlaka leswaku ku va ni tintshava leti nga ni ti ''faults'', to tanihi Sierra Nevada. Tintshava ita nkoka hikuva ti nyika tindzhawu ta vutshamo ta swimilana swo tala na swiharhi, ti hlayisa mati yo tenga eka ti ''[[glaciers]]'' na gamboko, leswi phamelaka milambo. Tintshava ti tlhela ti kucetela maxelo, ti nyika vurimi, vupfhumba, ku famba hi milenge etintshaveni na mintirho yin'wana ya le handle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-01 |title=Why Mountains Are Important for Life and the Environment |url=https://biologyinsights.com/why-mountains-are-important-for-life-and-the-environment/ |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Biology Insights |language=en-US}}</ref> Hi ku angarhela, tintshava ti tekiwa tanihi swivumbekoswa misava leswi tlakukeke kwalomu ka 600 wa timitara ehenhla ka ndzhawu leyi rhendzeleke, hambi leswi kunga ri na nhlamuselo yin'we emisaveni hinkwayo. Hi ku gimeta, ntshava i xivumbeko xa [[ntumbuluko]] xo leha, lexi nga ni swiganga leswi tlakukekeehenhla ka misava leyi rhendzeleke hi ntolovelo xi ri ni nhlohlorhi ehenhla. == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references /> [[Category:Maribye]] [[Category:Minsinya]] [[Category:Byasi]] 2dfzwh36ci09dly7s06neg1lsllstpo Ma-avocado 0 8005 42007 2026-08-19T13:11:34Z NastyB innit 12496 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369229331|Avocado]]" 42007 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Avocado''', '''alligator pear''' kumbe '''avocado pear''' ( '''''Persea americana''''' ) i nsinya lowu tshamaka wuri wa rihlaza eka ndyangu wa laurel ( Lauraceae ). It is native to the Americas, na vumbhoni bya vuyimburi bya ku tirhisiwa ka ma-avocado yosungula ya vanhu kusukela eka magidi ya malembe eka tindzhawu to hambana hambana ta Central na South America. <ref name="HuacaPrieta2017">{{Cite journal |last=Dillehay |first=Tom D |last2=Goodbred |first2=Steve |last3=Pino |first3=Mario |last4=VĂĄsquez SĂĄnchez |first4=VĂ­ctor F |last5=Tham |first5=Teresa Rosales |last6=Adovasio |first6=James |last7=Collins |first7=Michael B |last8=Netherly |first8=Patricia J |last9=Hastorf |first9=Christine A |last10=Chiou |first10=Katherine L |last11=Piperno |first11=Dolores |last12=Rey |first12=Isabel |last13=Velchoff |first13=Nancy |year=2017 |title=Simple technologies and diverse food strategies of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Huaca Prieta, Coastal Peru |journal=Science Advances |volume=3 |issue=5 |article-number=e1602778 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E2778D |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1602778 |pmc=5443642 |pmid=28560337}}</ref> A yi xiximiwa hikwalaho ka mihandzu ya yona leyikulu ni leyi nga ni mafurha hi ndlela leyi nga tolovelekangiki . <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2017|title=Avocado History|url=https://avocadosfrommexico.com/avocados/history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625143749/https://avocadosfrommexico.com/avocados/history/|archive-date=25 June 2025|accessdate=24 September 2022|website=Avocados From Mexico|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="morton">{{Cite book |last=Morton JF |date=1987 |title=Avocado; In: Fruits of Warm Climates |url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/avocado_ars.html |publisher=Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2 |pages=91–102 |access-date=17 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024005011/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/avocado_ars.html |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=What's in a name?|url=http://ucavo.ucr.edu/General/HistoryName.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202160917/http://ucavo.ucr.edu/General/HistoryName.html|archive-date=2 February 2021|accessdate=27 March 2016|publisher=University of California}}</ref> <ref name="chen">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=H |last2=Morrell |first2=PL |last3=Ashworth |first3=V |last4=de la Cruz |first4=M |last5=Clegg |first5=MT |year=2008 |title=Tracing the Geographic Origins of Major Avocado Cultivars |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/100/1/56/771306 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=56–65 |doi=10.1093/jhered/esn068 |pmid=18779226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009183119/https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/100/1/56/771306 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=12 November 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nxaxamelo wa kwalaho wa ma-avocado ( ''Persea americana'' ) wu sukela eMexico ku ya ePeru, wu katsa xiphemu lexikulu xa Amerika Xikarhi ni swiphemu swa le n’walungwini ni le vupela-dyambu bya Amerika Dzonga. <ref name="Ayala SilvaLedesma2014">{{Cite book |last=Ayala Silva |first=Tomas |year=2014 |title=Sustainable Horticultural Systems |last2=Ledesma |first2=Noris |isbn=978-3-319-06904-3 |series=Sustainable Development and Biodiversity |volume=2 |pages=157–205 |chapter=Avocado History, Biodiversity and Production; In: Nandwani, D. (eds) |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06904-3_8}}</ref> Mihandzu ya yona i berry leyikulu leyingana mbewu yin’we leyikulu. <ref name="storey">{{Cite journal |last=Storey, W. B. |year=1973 |title=What kind of fruit is the avocado? |url=http://ucavo.ucr.edu/General/FruitBerry.html |journal=California Avocado Society 1973–74 Yearbook |volume=57 |pages=70–71}}</ref> Ku landzelelana ka DNA ya yona swikombeta leswaku ku cinca ka ma-avocado swivumbiwile hi swiendlakelo swa polyploidy naswona tinxaka leti xavisiwaka tina masungulo ya hybrid. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=RendĂłn-Anaya |first=Martha |last2=Ibarra-Laclette |first2=Enrique |last3=MĂ©ndez-Bravo |first3=Alfonso |last4=Lan |first4=Tianying |last5=Zheng |first5=Chunfang |last6=Carretero-Paulet |first6=Lorenzo |last7=Perez-Torres |first7=Claudia AnahĂ­ |last8=ChacĂłn-LĂłpez |first8=Alejandra |last9=Hernandez-GuzmĂĄn |first9=Gustavo |last10=Chang |first10=Tien-Hao |last11=Farr |first11=Kimberly M. |last12=Barbazuk |first12=W. Brad |last13=Chamala |first13=Srikar |last14=Mutwil |first14=Marek |last15=Shivhare |first15=Devendra |date=20 August 2019 |title=The avocado genome informs deep angiosperm phylogeny, highlights introgressive hybridization, and reveals pathogen-influenced gene space adaptation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=34 |pages=17081–17089 |bibcode=2019PNAS..11617081R |doi=10.1073/pnas.1822129116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6708331 |pmid=31387975 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misinya ya ma-avocado xiphemu yiti ti-pillinating, naswona yitala ku hangalasiwa hiku tirhisa grafting kuva yi hlayisa vuhumelerisi bya mihandzu lebyi nga ncincekiki. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Alyssa Cho|last2=Andrea Kawabata|last3=Ty McDonald|last4=Mike Nagao|date=July 2018|title=Grafting Avocado|url=https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-51.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829071951/https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-51.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2025|accessdate=29 January 2026|publisher=University of HawaiÊ»i}}</ref> r3wyiy0iemgph7je4mbccgchih3zgj8 Draft 9 0 8006 42009 2026-08-19T21:15:34Z Zeeluna 12489 Published draft 9 42009 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Opfc-26-27-home-kit-headshot-lebone-seema-L1410017-brandon-barnard-photography.webp|right|491x491px]] Lebone Seema '''Lebone Seema''' loyi a tivekaka tanihi "The Great Wall" i mutlangi wa bolo ya milenge wa xiphurofexinali wa [[Afrika-Dzonga]] loyi a tlangaka tanihi muyimeri wa le xikarhi (musilerheri wa le xikarhi/ central defender) eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates eka [[premiership]] ya Afrika-Dzonga. Seema u ambala nomboro ya 6 eka xipano xa [[Orlando Pirates]]. U tekiwa tanihi un'wana wa vatlangi lava ntsongo lava tshembisaka laha tikweni ra Afrika-Dzonga. Seema u velekewile hi lembe ra 2003 hi n'hweti ya Dzivamisoko hi siku ra vuntlhanu eAlexandra eJohannesburg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-28 |title=Orlando Pirates new signings mid-term report: 1 of 12 |url=https://www.soccerbullet.co.za/orlando-pirates-new-signings-mid-term-report-1-of-12/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=Soccer Bullet |language=en}}</ref> Seema i khale ka mutlangi [[Ts Galaxy]] laha a nga hundziseriwa eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates hi lembe ra 2025.<ref name=":0" /> Seema u kumile nyingiso endhzaku ko nghena eka xipano xo sungula xa TS Galaxy hi matirhelo yo difenda lamanene. Endzhaku ka ku rhurhela eka Orlando Pirates, u tiyisisile tanihi musunguri wa nkarhi na nkarhi, a hlamarisa hi ''tackling and positioning'' swa matimba, ku rhula loko a ri karhi a tlanga, na vuswikoti lebyinene. Matlangelo ya yena ya endle leswaku vahlaleri vo tala va bolo ya milenge va Afrika-Dzonga va n'wi languta tanihi un'wana wa titalenta ta ''difensive'' leti tlakukeke ta tiko, na vuswikoti byo humelela swinene eka swiyimo swa le henhla swa ntlangu wa laha kaya. U tlangile [[mintlangu]] ya makumenharhu nkaye (39) laha anga howisa tigoli tinharhu no tlhela a pfuneta ku howisa kan'we (1). Eka nguva leyi nga hundza u kume sagwati ra defendara ya [[nguva]] (defender of the season) eka Premiership endzhaku ka pfhumba ra yena ro pfuleka na xipano xa Pirates. U vile na xiave lexikulu eka ku humelela ka xipano, a hoxa xandla eka ku hlula eka MTN8, Carling Knockout Cup, Black Label Cup, na 2025/26 Premier Soccer League. U vile museketeri wa xipano xa Pirates ku sukela evuhlangini, hikwalaho ku joyina xipano lexi swi tikomba onge i norho lowu hetisekeke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=Lebone Seema {{!}} Orlando Pirates FC |url=https://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/team/defenders/lebone-seema/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=www.orlandopiratesfc.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Hi ku gimeta, Lebone Seema i mutlangi wa bolo ya milenge wa Afrika-Dzonga loyi a tshembhisaka loyi ntirho wa yena wa [[matimba]] na ku tinyiketela ks yens swi n'wi pfuneke ku tlakuka hi swiyimo swa bolo ya milenge ya xuphurofexinali. Kusuka eka ku hluvukisa eka TS Galaxy ku ya eka ku va mudifendara wa nkoka eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates, u tiyisisile tanihi um'wana wa titalenta ta ''defensive'' leti tsakisaka eka bolo ya milenge ya Afrika Dzonga. Matirhelo ya yena ya matimba, ku tinyiketela ka yena swi ringanyeta leswaku u na vumundzuku byo [[vangama]]. == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Lebone Seema}} [[Category:Mintlangu]] [[Category:Mutlangi]] [[Category:Vahlaleri]] 8gik9aw4s393ksmx0a8lbcx9tbqt0h2 42010 42009 2026-08-19T21:21:03Z Zeeluna 12489 Added caption on the picture 42010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Opfc-26-27-home-kit-headshot-lebone-seema-L1410017-brandon-barnard-photography.webp|right|491x491px|Xifaniso xa Lebone Seema "The Great Wall"]] Lebone Seema '''Lebone Seema''' loyi a tivekaka tanihi "The Great Wall" i mutlangi wa bolo ya milenge wa xiphurofexinali wa [[Afrika-Dzonga]] loyi a tlangaka tanihi muyimeri wa le xikarhi (musilerheri wa le xikarhi/ central defender) eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates eka [[premiership]] ya Afrika-Dzonga. Seema u ambala nomboro ya 6 eka xipano xa [[Orlando Pirates]]. U tekiwa tanihi un'wana wa vatlangi lava ntsongo lava tshembisaka laha tikweni ra Afrika-Dzonga. Seema u velekewile hi lembe ra 2003 hi n'hweti ya Dzivamisoko hi siku ra vuntlhanu eAlexandra eJohannesburg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-28 |title=Orlando Pirates new signings mid-term report: 1 of 12 |url=https://www.soccerbullet.co.za/orlando-pirates-new-signings-mid-term-report-1-of-12/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=Soccer Bullet |language=en}}</ref> Seema i khale ka mutlangi [[Ts Galaxy]] laha a nga hundziseriwa eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates hi lembe ra 2025.<ref name=":0" /> Seema u kumile nyingiso endhzaku ko nghena eka xipano xo sungula xa TS Galaxy hi matirhelo yo difenda lamanene. Endzhaku ka ku rhurhela eka Orlando Pirates, u tiyisisile tanihi musunguri wa nkarhi na nkarhi, a hlamarisa hi ''tackling and positioning'' swa matimba, ku rhula loko a ri karhi a tlanga, na vuswikoti lebyinene. Matlangelo ya yena ya endle leswaku vahlaleri vo tala va bolo ya milenge va Afrika-Dzonga va n'wi languta tanihi un'wana wa titalenta ta ''difensive'' leti tlakukeke ta tiko, na vuswikoti byo humelela swinene eka swiyimo swa le henhla swa ntlangu wa laha kaya. U tlangile [[mintlangu]] ya makumenharhu nkaye (39) laha anga howisa tigoli tinharhu no tlhela a pfuneta ku howisa kan'we (1). Eka nguva leyi nga hundza u kume sagwati ra defendara ya [[nguva]] (defender of the season) eka Premiership endzhaku ka pfhumba ra yena ro pfuleka na xipano xa Pirates. U vile na xiave lexikulu eka ku humelela ka xipano, a hoxa xandla eka ku hlula eka MTN8, Carling Knockout Cup, Black Label Cup, na 2025/26 Premier Soccer League. U vile museketeri wa xipano xa Pirates ku sukela evuhlangini, hikwalaho ku joyina xipano lexi swi tikomba onge i norho lowu hetisekeke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=Lebone Seema {{!}} Orlando Pirates FC |url=https://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/team/defenders/lebone-seema/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=www.orlandopiratesfc.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Hi ku gimeta, Lebone Seema i mutlangi wa bolo ya milenge wa Afrika-Dzonga loyi a tshembhisaka loyi ntirho wa yena wa [[matimba]] na ku tinyiketela ks yens swi n'wi pfuneke ku tlakuka hi swiyimo swa bolo ya milenge ya xuphurofexinali. Kusuka eka ku hluvukisa eka TS Galaxy ku ya eka ku va mudifendara wa nkoka eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates, u tiyisisile tanihi um'wana wa titalenta ta ''defensive'' leti tsakisaka eka bolo ya milenge ya Afrika Dzonga. Matirhelo ya yena ya matimba, ku tinyiketela ka yena swi ringanyeta leswaku u na vumundzuku byo [[vangama]]. == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Lebone Seema}} [[Category:Mintlangu]] [[Category:Mutlangi]] [[Category:Vahlaleri]] 1bu9u2bdgdh8pyeikd0tb7f2znfmbze 42011 42010 2026-08-19T21:24:13Z Zeeluna 12489 42011 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Opfc-26-27-home-kit-headshot-lebone-seema-L1410017-brandon-barnard-photography.webp|right|491x491px|Xifaniso xa Lebone Seema "The Great Wall"]] Lebone Seema '''Lebone Seema''' loyi a tivekaka tanihi "The Great Wall" i mutlangi wa bolo ya milenge wa xiphurofexinali wa [[Afrika-Dzonga]] loyi a tlangaka tanihi muyimeri wa le xikarhi (musilerheri wa le xikarhi/ central defender) eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates eka [[premiership]] ya Afrika-Dzonga. Seema u ambala nomboro ya 6 eka xipano xa [[Orlando Pirates]]. U tekiwa tanihi un'wana wa vatlangi lava ntsongo lava tshembisaka laha tikweni ra Afrika-Dzonga. Seema u velekewile hi lembe ra 2003 hi n'hweti ya Dzivamisoko hi siku ra vuntlhanu eAlexandra eJohannesburg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-28 |title=Orlando Pirates new signings mid-term report: 1 of 12 |url=https://www.soccerbullet.co.za/orlando-pirates-new-signings-mid-term-report-1-of-12/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=Soccer Bullet |language=en}}</ref> Seema i khale ka mutlangi wa [[Ts Galaxy]] laha a nga hundziseriwa eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates hi lembe ra 2025.<ref name=":0" /> Seema u kumile nyingiso endhzaku ko nghena eka xipano xo sungula xa TS Galaxy hi matirhelo yo difenda lamanene. Endzhaku ka ku rhurhela eka Orlando Pirates, u tiyisisile tanihi musunguri wa nkarhi na nkarhi, a hlamarisa hi ''tackling and positioning'' swa matimba, ku rhula loko a ri karhi a tlanga, na vuswikoti lebyinene. Matlangelo ya yena ya endle leswaku vahlaleri vo tala va bolo ya milenge va Afrika-Dzonga va n'wi languta tanihi un'wana wa titalenta ta ''difensive'' leti tlakukeke ta tiko, na vuswikoti byo humelela swinene eka swiyimo swa le henhla swa ntlangu wa laha kaya. U tlangile [[mintlangu]] ya makumenharhu nkaye (39) laha anga howisa tigoli tinharhu no tlhela a pfuneta ku howisa kan'we (1). Eka nguva leyi nga hundza u kume sagwati ra defendara ya [[nguva]] (defender of the season) eka Premiership endzhaku ka pfhumba ra yena ro pfuleka na xipano xa Pirates. U vile na xiave lexikulu eka ku humelela ka xipano, a hoxa xandla eka ku hlula eka MTN8, Carling Knockout Cup, Black Label Cup, na 2025/26 Premier Soccer League. U vile museketeri wa xipano xa Pirates ku sukela evuhlangini, hikwalaho ku joyina xipano lexi swi tikomba onge i norho lowu hetisekeke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=Lebone Seema {{!}} Orlando Pirates FC |url=https://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/team/defenders/lebone-seema/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=www.orlandopiratesfc.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Hi ku gimeta, Lebone Seema i mutlangi wa bolo ya milenge wa Afrika-Dzonga loyi a tshembhisaka loyi ntirho wa yena wa [[matimba]] na ku tinyiketela ks yens swi n'wi pfuneke ku tlakuka hi swiyimo swa bolo ya milenge ya xuphurofexinali. Kusuka eka ku hluvukisa eka TS Galaxy ku ya eka ku va mudifendara wa nkoka eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates, u tiyisisile tanihi um'wana wa titalenta ta ''defensive'' leti tsakisaka eka bolo ya milenge ya Afrika Dzonga. Matirhelo ya yena ya matimba, ku tinyiketela ka yena swi ringanyeta leswaku u na vumundzuku byo [[vangama]]. == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Lebone Seema}} [[Category:Mintlangu]] [[Category:Mutlangi]] [[Category:Vahlaleri]] ob90a1p85mlh9ug4jsb5jbw8lasz0qi 42012 42011 2026-08-19T21:36:17Z CommonsDelinker 60 Removing [[:c:File:Opfc-26-27-home-kit-headshot-lebone-seema-L1410017-brandon-barnard-photography.webp|Opfc-26-27-home-kit-headshot-lebone-seema-L1410017-brandon-barnard-photography.webp]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Didym|Didym]] becau 42012 wikitext text/x-wiki Lebone Seema '''Lebone Seema''' loyi a tivekaka tanihi "The Great Wall" i mutlangi wa bolo ya milenge wa xiphurofexinali wa [[Afrika-Dzonga]] loyi a tlangaka tanihi muyimeri wa le xikarhi (musilerheri wa le xikarhi/ central defender) eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates eka [[premiership]] ya Afrika-Dzonga. Seema u ambala nomboro ya 6 eka xipano xa [[Orlando Pirates]]. U tekiwa tanihi un'wana wa vatlangi lava ntsongo lava tshembisaka laha tikweni ra Afrika-Dzonga. Seema u velekewile hi lembe ra 2003 hi n'hweti ya Dzivamisoko hi siku ra vuntlhanu eAlexandra eJohannesburg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-28 |title=Orlando Pirates new signings mid-term report: 1 of 12 |url=https://www.soccerbullet.co.za/orlando-pirates-new-signings-mid-term-report-1-of-12/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=Soccer Bullet |language=en}}</ref> Seema i khale ka mutlangi wa [[Ts Galaxy]] laha a nga hundziseriwa eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates hi lembe ra 2025.<ref name=":0" /> Seema u kumile nyingiso endhzaku ko nghena eka xipano xo sungula xa TS Galaxy hi matirhelo yo difenda lamanene. Endzhaku ka ku rhurhela eka Orlando Pirates, u tiyisisile tanihi musunguri wa nkarhi na nkarhi, a hlamarisa hi ''tackling and positioning'' swa matimba, ku rhula loko a ri karhi a tlanga, na vuswikoti lebyinene. Matlangelo ya yena ya endle leswaku vahlaleri vo tala va bolo ya milenge va Afrika-Dzonga va n'wi languta tanihi un'wana wa titalenta ta ''difensive'' leti tlakukeke ta tiko, na vuswikoti byo humelela swinene eka swiyimo swa le henhla swa ntlangu wa laha kaya. U tlangile [[mintlangu]] ya makumenharhu nkaye (39) laha anga howisa tigoli tinharhu no tlhela a pfuneta ku howisa kan'we (1). Eka nguva leyi nga hundza u kume sagwati ra defendara ya [[nguva]] (defender of the season) eka Premiership endzhaku ka pfhumba ra yena ro pfuleka na xipano xa Pirates. U vile na xiave lexikulu eka ku humelela ka xipano, a hoxa xandla eka ku hlula eka MTN8, Carling Knockout Cup, Black Label Cup, na 2025/26 Premier Soccer League. U vile museketeri wa xipano xa Pirates ku sukela evuhlangini, hikwalaho ku joyina xipano lexi swi tikomba onge i norho lowu hetisekeke.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=Lebone Seema {{!}} Orlando Pirates FC |url=https://www.orlandopiratesfc.com/team/defenders/lebone-seema/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=www.orlandopiratesfc.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Hi ku gimeta, Lebone Seema i mutlangi wa bolo ya milenge wa Afrika-Dzonga loyi a tshembhisaka loyi ntirho wa yena wa [[matimba]] na ku tinyiketela ks yens swi n'wi pfuneke ku tlakuka hi swiyimo swa bolo ya milenge ya xuphurofexinali. Kusuka eka ku hluvukisa eka TS Galaxy ku ya eka ku va mudifendara wa nkoka eka xipano xa Orlando Pirates, u tiyisisile tanihi um'wana wa titalenta ta ''defensive'' leti tsakisaka eka bolo ya milenge ya Afrika Dzonga. Matirhelo ya yena ya matimba, ku tinyiketela ka yena swi ringanyeta leswaku u na vumundzuku byo [[vangama]]. == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references />{{DEFAULTSORT:Lebone Seema}} [[Category:Mintlangu]] [[Category:Mutlangi]] [[Category:Vahlaleri]] mixq2uqgkglc7t7e6s7vs9ty6zbx2oz Draft5 0 8007 42013 2026-08-19T21:52:32Z Nayitisam 12493 Created page with "Mfenhe [[File:044 Olive baboon with baby on the back in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|left|511x511px]] '''Mfenhe''' ku kongomisiwa eka pirayimete leyi nkulu, yo tlhariha leyi hanyaka ngopfu eAfrika na swiphemu swa arabia. Yina nomo wo leha, wo fana na mbyana, tinhlaya ta matimba leti nga na meno yo nkariha swinene ya [canine] na ncila wo koma. [[Timfenhe]] ti tshama eka mintlawa leyikulu ya tshamisano leyi vitaniwaka masocha, naswona ya cincacin..." 42013 wikitext text/x-wiki Mfenhe [[File:044 Olive baboon with baby on the back in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|left|511x511px]] '''Mfenhe''' ku kongomisiwa eka pirayimete leyi nkulu, yo tlhariha leyi hanyaka ngopfu eAfrika na swiphemu swa arabia. Yina nomo wo leha, wo fana na mbyana, tinhlaya ta matimba leti nga na meno yo nkariha swinene ya [canine] na ncila wo koma. [[Timfenhe]] ti tshama eka mintlawa leyikulu ya tshamisano leyi vitaniwaka masocha, naswona ya cincacinca swinene . Timfenhe ti nga hanya emakhwatini nale tintshaveni ta marhibye . I swiharhi leswi dyaka hinkwaswo, swi dya mihandzu ,byanyi ,switsotswana, na swiharhi leswi ntsongo , naswona swi tiveka hi kuva swiri swiharhi leswi kotaka ku hanya na vanhu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> Kuna ntlhanu wa tinxaka ta timfenhe. Eka ntlawa wa timfenhe vaxinuna hi vona va lawulaka no rhangela mintlawa. Ta xinuna ti fika eka 40kg ta xisati tintsongo kwalomu ka 15kg ku fika 30kg. Timfenhe ti tintiho leti yelanaka nata vanhu leti tlhelaka ti kota ku pfula rivanti naku kota kudya hi tintiho ta tona. Ti kumeka ngopfu eLimpopo, [[Mpumalanga]] na le tlhelo ra Drakensberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> Loko timfenhe ti endla mbulavurisano ti huwelela hi rito leri nkulu loko ti vona khombo ro fana na yingwe kumbe swiharhi swinwana na swinwana leswi hanyaka hiku dya swinwana. Maendlelo ya timfenhe ya fana ngopfu naya vanhu hi yona mhaka eka ndhavuko wa vatsonga , [[vakulukumba]] vaku mfenhe i munhu. Loko wo mpfhuka u hlanganile na mfenhe ya xinuna unga tshuki uyi languta emehlweni, unga kombisi swakudya, tlhelela endzhaku hiku hatlisa hikuva timfenhe na tona ti ngava nghozi swinene, leswi nga vangelaku naku herisa vutomi bya wena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references /> [[Category:Ntanga wa swiharhi]] f36w488najf5iqa2vv16mqs4wvam6zz Telkom residence 0 8008 42016 2026-08-19T22:57:26Z Nayitisam 12493 Created page with "[[File:Tshwane University of Technology Sign.jpg|left|thumb|583x583px]] '''Telkom Residence''' i ndhawu leyi amukeriweke ya vutshamo bya swichudeni, leyi kumekeke eGauteng Soshanguve block H a Afrika-Dzonga ,ngopfungopfu yi tirhela swichudeni leswi nghenaka eyunivhesithi ya thekinoloji ya Tshwane [TUT]. eTelkom [[residence]] ungaha kuma tikamara taku tshama munhu wunwe kumbe taku avelana,laha eka kamara rero u kumaka matirasi, desika, xitulu, wodiropo, xelufu. Eka v..." 42016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tshwane University of Technology Sign.jpg|left|thumb|583x583px]] '''Telkom Residence''' i ndhawu leyi amukeriweke ya vutshamo bya swichudeni, leyi kumekeke eGauteng Soshanguve block H a Afrika-Dzonga ,ngopfungopfu yi tirhela swichudeni leswi nghenaka eyunivhesithi ya thekinoloji ya Tshwane [TUT]. eTelkom [[residence]] ungaha kuma tikamara taku tshama munhu wunwe kumbe taku avelana,laha eka kamara rero u kumaka matirasi, desika, xitulu, wodiropo, xelufu. Eka vutshamo byale Telkom ku kumeka ti buloko ta ntlanu laha hi nga na tinharhu lei tshamaka rimbewu ra xisati na timbirhi leti tshamaka vana va rimbewu ra xinuna. Eka miako kuna khixi, shawara na bavhu, etikamareni ku hava switofu, switofu swi kumeka ekhixini, kamara ro hlatswela, ku tlhela ku kumeka na [[wifi]] [eduroam] leyi tirhaka vusiku ni nhlekani. Vana va xikolo lava tshamaka eTelkom residence vava va rindziwile hi varindzi nkarhi hi kwawo enghena endzeni ka vutshamo hi khadi ra mudyondzi kambe loko uri muyeni u fanele u khoma [[pasi]] ra wena kuta kota ku nghena endzeni, naswona vayeni va pimeliwa nkarhi lowu va nghenaka naku huma hi wona loko va vhakacha. Vana va xikolo loko vaya etlilasini va tirhisa mabazi ya xikolo kuya ekhamphasi. Kuna mintlangu yo hambana hambana leyi vana vati hlanganisaka na yona yo fana na tlangu wa bolo ya milenge na mavoko. [1]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Tshwane University of |title=Welcome to Tshwane University of Technology |url=https://www.tut.ac.za/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=Tshwane University of Technology |language=en}}</ref> == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references /> [[Category:Tidyondzo tale henhla]] g4a5hwwgcnt6awcsvklesyaa7ocmkhh 42017 42016 2026-08-19T22:59:46Z Nayitisam 12493 42017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tshwane University of Technology Sign.jpg|left|thumb|583x583px]] '''Telkom Residence''' i ndhawu leyi amukeriweke ya vutshamo bya swichudeni, leyi kumekaka eGauteng Soshanguve block H a Afrika-Dzonga ,ngopfungopfu yi tirhela swichudeni leswi nghenaka eyunivhesithi ya thekinoloji ya Tshwane [TUT]. eTelkom [[residence]] ungaha kuma tikamara taku tshama munhu wunwe kumbe taku avelana,laha eka kamara rero u kumaka matirasi, desika, xitulu, wodiropo, xelufu. Eka vutshamo byale Telkom ku kumeka ti buloko ta ntlanu laha hi nga na tinharhu lei tshamaka rimbewu ra xisati na timbirhi leti tshamaka vana va rimbewu ra xinuna. Eka miako kuna khixi, shawara na bavhu, etikamareni ku hava switofu, switofu swi kumeka ekhixini, kamara ro hlatswela, ku tlhela ku kumeka na [[wifi]] [eduroam] leyi tirhaka vusiku ni nhlekani. Vana va xikolo lava tshamaka eTelkom residence vava va rindziwile hi varindzi nkarhi hi kwawo enghena endzeni ka vutshamo hi khadi ra mudyondzi kambe loko uri muyeni u fanele u khoma [[pasi]] ra wena kuta kota ku nghena endzeni, naswona vayeni va pimeliwa nkarhi lowu va nghenaka naku huma hi wona loko va vhakacha. Vana va xikolo loko vaya etlilasini va tirhisa mabazi ya xikolo kuya ekhamphasi. Kuna mintlangu yo hambana hambana leyi vana vati hlanganisaka na yona yo fana na tlangu wa bolo ya milenge na mavoko. [1]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Tshwane University of |title=Welcome to Tshwane University of Technology |url=https://www.tut.ac.za/ |access-date=2026-08-19 |website=Tshwane University of Technology |language=en}}</ref> == Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke == <references /> [[Category:Tidyondzo tale henhla]] mvc0k2ah4txgznoyo17qdet9gef9die