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https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlukankulu
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User:Nadia Jay
2
7611
42188
40232
2026-09-09T07:50:51Z
Nadia Jay
12491
i have created draft 2 to 10
42188
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Vito ra mina i Nadia Jay <blockquote>
[[User:Nadia Jay/Draft 1|Draft 1]] [[User:Nadia Jay/Draft 2|Draft 2]] [[* Draft 3]] [[* Draft 4]] [[* Draft 5]] [[* Draft 6]] [[* Draft 7]] [[* Draft 8]] [[* Draft 9]] [[*Draft 10]]</blockquote>
tojz22axowz7ka6askatrjplherumk6
User:PookieM
2
7701
42182
41394
2026-09-08T17:48:33Z
PookieM
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added another draft
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
Vito ra mina i PookieM
[[User:PookieM/Draft 1|Draft 1]] - [[User:PookieM/|Draft 2]]
[[Draft 3]] - [[Draft 4]]
Draft 5
lbbdl8hsktpfflomd5vbwek599m8fsc
42183
42182
2026-09-08T17:54:43Z
PookieM
12510
added another draft
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
Vito ra mina i PookieM
[[User:PookieM/Draft 1|Draft 1]] - [[User:PookieM/|Draft 2]]
[[Draft 3]] - [[Draft 4]]
[[Draft 5]]
sdzsibqp9yt4papnu51thst1umn99r3
Template:Tsipedia/styles.css
10
8043
42181
42180
2026-09-08T13:16:17Z
Derek J Moore
10629
added another color
42181
sanitized-css
text/css
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height: 100vh;
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justify-content: center;
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background-color: #D2CBD5;
transition: color 0.3s, background-color 0.3s;
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.tsipedia-logo { font-size: 1.9em; }
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/****************************/
/*** Ta Txikipedia ***/
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ig3sdh6az744ioogbhmjb1h0h7uxz0p
42190
42181
2026-09-09T08:08:40Z
Derek J Moore
10629
Derek J Moore moved page [[Template:Common.css]] to [[Template:Tsipedia/styles.css]] without leaving a redirect: standardization
42181
sanitized-css
text/css
/****************************/
/*** TSikipedia ***/
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font-family: 'GochiHand', sans-serif;
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/****************************/
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.tsipedia-header {
display: grid;
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background-color:#6F61D4;
border-radius: 12px;
overflow: hidden;
margin-top: -20px;
margin-bottom: 1em;
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padding: 1.4rem 1.75rem;
color: white;
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font-size: 1.3em;
color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85);
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margin-bottom: 14px;
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.tsikipedia-meta {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
gap: 8px;
margin-top: 12px;
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font-size: 0.85em;
background: rgba(255,255,255,0.18);
border-radius: 20px;
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background: rgba(0,0,0,0.22);
padding: 1.1rem 1.25rem;
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flex-direction: column;
justify-content: center;
min-width: 270px;
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.tsikipedia-menu-title {
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font-size: 1.2em;
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margin-bottom: 10px;
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grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
gap: 6px;
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display: inline-flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
gap: 4px;
padding: 8px 4px;
border-radius: 10px;
background: rgba(255,255,255,0.13);
border: none !important;
vertical-align: top;
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.tsikipedia-cat:hover {
background: rgba(255,255,255,0.28);
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.tsikipedia-cat a {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
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text-decoration: none;
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font-size: 0.9em;
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text-align: center;
line-height: 1.15;
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/****************************/
/*** CSS image ***/
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.container {
position: relative;
width: 250px;
height: 400px;
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.shade {
display: block;
position: relative;
width: 100px;
top: 10px;
left: 50%;
transform: translateX(-50%);
border-top: 30px solid #2c3e50;
border-bottom: 30px solid transparent;
border-radius: 50%;
z-index: 40;
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position: absolute;
height:0;
width:20px;
border-bottom:75px solid #f2ce3a;
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top: 10px;
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z-index: 10;
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position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
left: 50%;
transform: translateX(-50%);
width: 20px;
height: 320px;
background: #2c3e50;
}
.base {
position: absolute;
bottom: 0;
left: 50%;
transform: translateX(-50%);
width: 40px;
height: 20px;
background: #1a252f;
border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0;
}
.contain {
height: 100vh;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
background-color: #D2CBD5;
transition: color 0.3s, background-color 0.3s;
}
.lamp-row {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: flex-end;
gap: 20px;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
/****************************/
/*** MOBILE ***/
/****************************/
@media screen and (max-width: 560px) {
.tsipedia-header {
grid-template-columns: 1fr;
}
.tsipedia-header-right {
min-width: unset;
border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);
padding: 1rem 1.25rem 1.25rem;
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.tsipedia-logo { font-size: 1.9em; }
.tsikipedia-tagline { font-size: 1.1em; }
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/****************************/
/*** Ta Txikipedia ***/
/****************************/
ig3sdh6az744ioogbhmjb1h0h7uxz0p
User:Derek J Moore
2
8044
42191
42178
2026-09-09T08:09:39Z
Derek J Moore
10629
changed the reference
42191
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<templatestyles src="Template:Tsipedia/styles.css" />
<div class="tsipedia-header">
<div class="tsipedia-header-left">
<div class="tsipedia-logo">
<span class="tsiki-logo-lead">Wikipediy</span><span class="tsiki-logo-end">A</span>
</div>
<div class="tsikipedia-tagline">
Encylopediya ya mahala
</div>
<div class="tsikipedia-meta">
<span class="tsikipedia-pill">đ Encylopediya</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tsipedia-header-right">
<div class="tsikipedia-menu-title">Categories</div>
<div class="tsikipedia-menu-grid">
<div class="tsikipedia-cat">
<span class="tsikipedia-cat-icon">đ¨</span>
<span class="tsikipedia-cat-label">Culture</span>
</div>
<div class="tsikipedia-cat">
<span class="tsikipedia-cat-icon">đą</span>
<span class="tsikipedia-cat-label">Nature</span>
</div>
<div class="tsikipedia-cat">
<span class="tsikipedia-cat-icon">đŹ</span>
<span class="tsikipedia-cat-label">Science</span>
</div>
<div class="tsikipedia-cat">
<span class="tsikipedia-cat-icon">đď¸</span>
<span class="tsikipedia-cat-label">Histories</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
{{Infobox
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|title = My Sandbox
|header1 = {{#if:{{{item_one|}}}{{{item_two|}}}{{{item_three|}}}|Optional header}}
|label2 =
|data2 =
|label3 = First name
|data3 = {{{item_two| Derek }}}
|label4 = Last name
|data4 = {{{item_three|Moore}}}
|label5 = Website
|data5 = {{{item_four|weblearning.co.za}}}
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<div class="arm"></div>
<div class="pole"></div>
<div class="base"></div>
</div>
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</div>
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9d9gqigb6y95o8o8kr0ovynml708rpr
Draft 5
0
8049
42184
2026-09-08T18:29:40Z
PookieM
12510
tsarile mayelana na gaskop
42184
wikitext
text/x-wiki
Gaskop i ndhawu leyi ngale mpumalanga leyi tivekaka kuri ndhawu leyi vanhu vayaka vaya hungusa eka yona himinkarhi ya vona yati holidayi.Minkarhi yinwana va tala ku yisa vana eswikolweni tanihi riendzo dyondzo. Ndhawu leyi i xidorobana lexitsongo exifundzeninkulu xa Mpumalanga,eAfrika-Dzonga. Yi simekiwile hiva 1880s tani hi kampa ya migodi ya nsuku kambe sweswi yitirha tanihi ndhawu ya vumpfumba xikanwe na bindzu ra tihunyi."Gods window",xivono xo saseka kusuka eka escarpment ya lowveld laha hansi , yi kumeka ehandle ka doroba.Gaskop yi le kule hi 14 km north of sabie. Vito leri xa "Gaskop" i xi afrikaans lexi vulaka xitsungu xa byanyi. i ndhawu ya kahle swinene yo languta "Edge of lowveld" laha kungana ku hunguteka ka xitshuketav ka 700 wa timitara.Eka minkarhi ya sweswi Gaskop ayaha tirhisiwi tanihi hi doroba ra migodi, i doroba ra vaendzi naswona rivuriwa nyangwa wa Panorama Route . Vanhu votala va endzela Graskop kuya vona tumbuluko. Unga sunguna hi Gods window,laha u vonaka lowveld yiwela ehansi 700 wa timitara , kutani u endzela maboboma yo sasela yofana na Liabon Falls, Berlin falls na Mac Mac falls.Nchumu lowunkulu lowu kokaka rinoko edorobeni i Gaskop Gorge Lift 51 wa timitara ehansi ka ribye kuya e khwatini ro kufumela. Ehansi kuna tindlela to famba hi mapulanga na mabuloho yo hayeka laha unga fambaka kona naku dyondza hi mirhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Graskop: Panorama, Mpumalanga, South Africa|url=https://www.graskop.co.za/|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=www.graskop.co.za}}</ref>
p76jy0gcns112qxb5ddon2a45e3xris
42185
42184
2026-09-08T18:43:45Z
PookieM
12510
added a link and topic
42185
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''GASKOP'''
Gaskop i ndhawu leyi ngale mpumalanga leyi tivekaka kuri ndhawu leyi vanhu vayaka vaya hungusa eka yona himinkarhi ya vona yati holidayi.Minkarhi yinwana va tala ku yisa vana eswikolweni tanihi riendzo dyondzo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Panoramic Views, Unforgettable Thrills: Graskop Gorge Lift|url=https://www.graskopgorgeliftcompany.co.za/|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=www.graskopgorgeliftcompany.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Ndhawu leyi i xidorobana lexitsongo exifundzeninkulu xa Mpumalanga,eAfrika-Dzonga. Yi simekiwile hiva 1880s tani hi kampa ya migodi ya nsuku kambe sweswi yitirha tanihi ndhawu ya vumpfumba xikanwe na bindzu ra tihunyi."Gods window",xivono xo saseka kusuka eka escarpment ya lowveld laha hansi , yi kumeka ehandle ka doroba.Gaskop yi le kule hi 14 km north of sabie. Vito leri xa "Gaskop" i xi afrikaans lexi vulaka xitsungu xa byanyi. i ndhawu ya kahle swinene yo languta <ref>{{Cite web|title=CLIFF WALK - GRASKOP|url=https://www.tours-tickets.co.za/product/cliff-walk-graskop/|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=Tours and Tickets SA|language=en-ZA}}</ref>"Edge of lowveld" laha kungana ku hunguteka ka xitshuketav ka 700 wa timitara.Eka minkarhi ya sweswi Gaskop ayaha tirhisiwi tanihi hi doroba ra migodi, i doroba ra vaendzi naswona rivuriwa nyangwa wa Panorama Route . Vanhu votala va endzela Graskop kuya vona tumbuluko. Unga sunguna hi Gods window,laha u vonaka lowveld yiwela ehansi 700 wa timitara , kutani u endzela maboboma yo sasela yofana na Liabon Falls, Berlin falls na Mac Mac falls.Nchumu lowunkulu lowu kokaka rinoko edorobeni i Gaskop Gorge Lift 51 wa timitara ehansi ka ribye kuya e khwatini ro kufumela. Ehansi kuna tindlela to famba hi mapulanga na mabuloho yo hayeka laha unga fambaka kona naku dyondza hi mirhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Graskop: Panorama, Mpumalanga, South Africa|url=https://www.graskop.co.za/|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=www.graskop.co.za}}</ref>
<references /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Entrance Fee & Activity Rates of Graskop Gorge Lift|url=https://www.graskopgorgeliftcompany.co.za/rates.html|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=www.graskopgorgeliftcompany.co.za}}</ref>
bo4so8wnhkafqffdtlmjixymaa5c1dw
Draft 6
0
8050
42186
2026-09-08T20:05:22Z
PookieM
12510
Ndzi nyike kombiso wa nhlokomhaka
42186
wikitext
text/x-wiki
'''NWAMANUKO DAM / MIDDEL LETABA DAM'''
Nambu wa Letaba i wunwana wa milambu ya nkoka swinene eXifundzheni xa Limpopo, eAfrika-Dzonga.Hi ririmi ra Xitsonga ri vuriwa Rivati kas hi Xisotho xa le Nwalungwini i Lehlaba kumbe Letaba, leswi vulaka "nambu wa sava" .Nambu lowu wutiveka hikuva wu phamela nambu wa olifants lowu dumeke naswona wu hundza hi le Kruger National Park.Nambu wa Letaba awu sungunangi eka ndhawu yinwe kambe kuna mi nambu yimbirhi leyinkulu laha yi hlanganaka kona. Nambu wa Groot Letaba wu huma etintshaveni ta Drakensberg ekusuhi na Tzaneen, kasi nambu wa Klein Letaba wu huma endhwawini ya Soutpansberg.Ti hlangana eWestern border Ekruger National Park kusukela kwalani, nambu lowu wu vitaniwa Nambu wa Letaba.Kusuka eka ndzhawu yaleyo yi khulukela evuxeni hi lowveld, yi hundza hile Kruger National Park, naswona ekuheteleleni yi hlangana na nambu wa Olifants ekusuhi na ndzilakano wa Mozambique. I Mozambique vaka Olifants va vuriwa Rio Elefantes.Milambu yo tala leyintsongo yi khulukela eLetaba. Leswi swi katsa milambu ya Middle Letaba, Nharhweni, Ngwenyeni, Molototsi, Nsama na Makhadzi.Hikuva ndhawu leyi yi kahle Swinene loko swita eka vurimi,kaharina 20 wa madamu lama ka akiwa eka ndzhawu leyi ku mati ma kota ku kuluka hi dlela ya kahle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2026-03-18|title=DWS Welcomes The Overflowing Middle Letaba Dam â After Years Of Dipping Below 10% {{!}} Infrastructure news|url=https://infrastructurenews.co.za/2026/03/18/dws-welcomes-the-overflowing-middle-letaba-dam-after-years-of-dipping-below-10/|accessdate=2026-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref>Mi Nambu Leyi kulu hi Leyi landzelaka Damu ra Tzaneen eGroot Letaba,Damu ra Midale Letaba, leri sweswi ri vitaniwaka Damu ra N'wamanungu kumbe ra Nwamanuko,leri i damu leri vanhu vale Giyani na Malamulele va ri tivaka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Water and Sanitation on Limpopo dam levels remaining critical {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/water-and-sanitation-limpopo-dam-levels-remaining-critical-22-jan-2026|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=www.gov.za|language=en}}</ref> I rinâwana ra madamu lamakulu eLimpopo kambe a ri tali ku tala hikwalaho ka mpfula ya le hansi eka ndhawu ya rona.Damu ra Ebenezer, Damu ra Magoebaskloof na Damu ra Modjadji<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2026-0303-1616|title=Middle Letaba Dam reaches over 100% capacity for the first time in 26 years - eNCA|url=https://www.enca.com/news/middle-letaba-dam-reaches-over-100-capacity-first-time-26-years|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=www.enca.com|language=en}}</ref>.Nambu I wa nkoka Wu tirhisiwa eka ku rima kutlula 50% wa misava leyi rhendzeleke Groot Letaba yitirhisiwa eka vurimi bya mabindzu kufana na ti mango, ma-avocado, matamatisi na mabanana. Mati ya nambu ya tirhisiwa ku cheleta. swiharhi swa nhova kaha nambu lowu wu hundza hi le Kruger National Park naswona hi pfuneka eka mati ku swiharhi swinwa swofana na tipfuvu ,tingwenya, tindlopfu na tihlampfi.Vanhu va Madoroba yo fana na Tzaneen, Giyani, Malamulele na swimitana leswi rhendzeleke Nwamanuko va titshege hi nambu lowu ku kuma mati.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Water and Sanitation on Limpopo dam levels remaining critical {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/water-and-sanitation-limpopo-dam-levels-remaining-critical-22-jan-2026|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=www.gov.za|language=en}}</ref>
Reference
<ref name=":0" />
<ref name=":1" />
<ref name=":2" />
<ref name=":3" />
p62mlmfebzxec337sz5pte1wh3f8d3n
Bazi
0
8051
42187
2026-09-09T07:15:05Z
NwaMasingita
12492
Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370514147|Bus]]"
42187
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Â
[[File:LTZ1328-19-20241030-160332.jpg|thumb| Bazi lerintshwa ra Routemaster ra swithezi swimbirhi eLondon, United Kingdom]]
[[File:(SGP-Singapore)_SBS_Transit_SG3042Y_298_2024-12-23.jpg|thumb| Bazi ra Volvo B5LH ra xiteji xinâwe [[Singapore|eSingapore]]]]
[[File:BRT2101_at_Balou_(20230921084843).jpg|thumb| Jaha leri vulavulaka hi bazi eĂrĂźmqi, eChayina]]
[[File:Toronto_Flyer_E700A_trolleybus_in_1987.jpg|thumb| Bazi lerintshwa ra Flyer trolleybus eToronto, Canada]]
'''Bazi''' (ri endliwile kontiraka ku suka eka '<nowiki/>'''''omnibus''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''' na swihlawulekisi bazi ro tala, bazi ra timovha, bazi ra movha na manwana) i nchumu lowu rhwalelaka vakhandziyi vo tala swinene ku tlula movha kumbe vheni ya xikarhi, kambe vatsongo ku tlula vutleketli bya xiporo bya xikarhi. Yi tirhisiwa ngopfu eka vutleketli bya mani na mani, kambe yitlhela yitirhisiwa eka swikongomelo swa 'charter', kumbe hiku tirhisa vunâwini bya munhu hi xiyexe. Hambileswi mabazi hi ntolovelo ma rhwalaka vakhandziyi va le xikarhi ka 30 na 100, mabazi manâwana ma rhwala vakhandziyi vo ringana 300.Muxaka lowu tolovelekeke swinene i bazi ra 'single-deck' 'rigid' leri nga na mabazi ya 'double-decker' na 'articulated' lawa ya rhwalelaka ndzhwalo lowukulu, na bazi leri ntsongo nyana na ti bazi leri ntsongo lama rhwalelaka ndzhwalo lowuntsongo.Swigolonyana swi tirhisiwa eka vukorhokeri bya mpfhuka wo leha.Tinxaka to tala ta mabazi to tani hi mabazi mo hundzisela male madorobeni ni ya swigolonyana swale xikarhi ka madoroba ya hakela mali yo khandziya. Tinxaka tinâwana to fana na mabazi ya xikolo xa le hansi kumbe xa le henhla kumbe mabazi yo rhwala vanhu endzeni ka khamphasi ya dyondzo ya le ndzhaku ka sekondari i mahala.Eka matiko mo talavachayeri va mabazi va lava layisense yo hlawuleka ya movha leyikulu leyi tlulaka layisense ya ntolovelo yo chayela.
Mabazi ma tirhisiwa eka vutleketli bya mabazi lebyi hleriweke, vutleketli bya swigolonyana lebyi hleriweke, vutleketli bya xikolo, ku hirha ka phurayivhete kumbe vupfhumba. Mabazi mo tlakusa ma tirhisiwa eka matshalatshala ya tipolitiki naswona manâwana ya fambisiwa hi phurayivhete hi swikongomelo swo hambana ku katsa na timovha ta maendzo ya ntlawa wa ''<nowiki/>'rock''<nowiki/>' na '''pop''<nowiki/>'.
[[File:(JPN-Fukuoka)_Nishitetsu_Bus_7923_çŚĺ˛Ą200ă3087_50_2024-11-14.jpg|thumb| Bazi ra mani na mani ra Nishitetsu eFukuoka, Japani]]
[[File:Foxity_Ă _Louvre-Rivoli_par_Cramos_(cropped).JPG|right|thumb| Bazi ra vaendzi leri tirhisiwaka eFurwa (2015)]]
[[File:Bustech_VST.jpg|thumb| Xihahampfhuka xa Tisisiteme ta Vutleketli xa Scania K280UB eWestfield Miranda]]
[[File:HCS_bus49.JPG|thumb| Bazi ra xikolo xa le United States (2007 IC CE) .]]
[[File:School_buses_in_Sydney,_NSW.png|thumb| Mabazi ya swikolo lama fambisiwaka hi U-go Mobility eSydney, NSW]]
[[File:BCI_bodied_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_RF_BusWest_01.jpg|right|thumb| Xikombiso xa bazi ra phurayivhete leri tirhaka eka BusWest ePerth (2018) .]]
[[File:AVBWU237_KMB_641_14-09-2018.jpg|thumb| Xinavetiso xa bazi eHong Kong (2018)]]
[[File:CamelitoLaHavane_01.jpg|right|thumb| Bazi ra kharavhani eHavana (2006) .]]
<references>
<ref name="Ward1974">{{Citation |last=Ward |first=Ian |title=The World of Automobiles: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Motor Car |volume=15 |page=1773 |year=1974 |publisher=Orbis}}</ref>
<ref name="Eckermann2001">{{Citation |last=Eckermann |first=Erik |title=World History of the Automobile |pages=67â68 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLZeQwqNmdgC&pg=PA687 |access-date=6 October 2013 |publisher=SAE |isbn=9780768008005}}</ref>
</references>
== Nxaxamelo wa tibuku ==
* {{Cite book |last=Combeau |first=Yvan |year=2013 |title=Histoire de Paris |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredeparis0000comb |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |isbn=978-2-13-060852-3 |location=Paris |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fierro |first=Alfred |year=1996 |title=Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris |publisher=Robert Laffont |isbn=2-221-07862-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=HĂŠron de Villefosse |first=RenĂŠ |year=1959 |title=Histoire de Paris |publisher=Bernard Grasset}}
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'''TAFULA'''
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'''TAFULA'''
[[File:Furniture exhibits in Masfurniture, Hunsur (1).jpg|alt=Tafula|thumb|'''Tafula''']]
'''Tafula''' i mpahla ra le kaya lowu nga na tlhelo ra le henhla leri tiyeke na milenge leyi yi rhombexaka. Yi endliwa hi mapulanga, nsimbhi, kumbe gilasi<ref>gilasi</ref>. Tafula ri tirhisiwa ku veka swakudya, tibuku, maphepha, ni swilo swin'wana swa siku na siku. Eka mindyangu, thefula yi vekiwa eka kamara yo dya laha ndyangu wu hlanganelaka ku dya swakudya swa masihan'wani.
Tafula ra le xikolweni yi na nkoka swinene eka dyondzo<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kasoma |first=FP |date=1996 |title=Dyondzo}}</ref>. Vadyondzi va tirhisa thefula ku tsala, ku hlaya, ni ku endla tidyondzo ta vona. Thefula yi pfuna ku endla leswaku vadyondzi va va ni ndhawu yo hanya kahle. Tafula ro tanana yi vekiwaka eka yunivhesiti ku pfuna vadyondzi lava tshamaka va dya kumbe va hlaya.Ku hlayisa thefula ku lava ku yi hlengeleta hi siku na siku. Thefula ya mapulanga yi fanerile ku pfuliwa hi misiha yo tiyeka ku endla leswaku yi nga onhi. Thefula ya galasi yi fanerile ku hlengeletiwa hi ndlela yo kuma leswaku yi nga tshwini. Tafula leri hlayisekeke yi nga tshama malembe yo tala. Tafula ri tlhela yi va ndhawu yo veka swilo swo saseka ku fana na tifula kumbe swifaniso.
Tafula i xikombiso xa vun'we ni ku hlangana. Loko ndyangu wu tshama eka tafula, va hlangana, va vulavula, va dya, va hanya. Tafula yi hi dyondzisa leswaku ku hlangana i nkoka. Ku nga ri na tafula, ku dya swi va swa mpfumawulo<ref>{{Cite book |last=khosa |first=E |date=2026 |title=Mpfumawulo}}</ref>. Tafula yi hi tsundzuxa leswaku vutomi byi lava ku va ni ndhawu yo hanya kahle ni ku hlangana na van'wana.
== Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke ==
<references />
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'''Ribye''' i swilo leswi tiyeke swa ntumbuluko leswi vumbiwaka hi minerali yin'we kumbe ku hundza. Ma vumbiwa hi maendlelo ya ntumbuluko ya swa misava eka nkarhi wo leha swinene. Ribye i xinw'ana xa swilo swa khale swinene leswi vanhu va swi tirhiseke ku aka , ku endla switirhisiwa, swifaniso na switsundzuxo.U.S. Geological Survey (2026). [usgs.gov "Dimension Stone Statistics and Information"]. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
'''Ribye ri vumbisiwa ku yini?'''
Maribye yo tala ya ntumbuluko ya ya avanyisiwa hi swiyenge swinharhu leswikulu:
* Maribye ya [[Igneous]]- ma vumbiwa loko magma kumbe lava leyi hisaka yi hola yi tlhela yi tiya. Xikombiso i [[granite na basalt]]
* Maribye ya [[Sedimentary]]- ma vumbiwa hi swilo leswi hlengeletanaka swo fana na misava, sava kumbe swiphemu swa maribye leswi tshamaka swi hlanganile naswona swi tiya hi ku famba ka nkarhi. Swikombiso i [[sandstone]] na [[limestone]].
* Maribye ya Metamorphic- ma vumbiwa loko ribye leri a ri ri kona ri cinca xivumbeko hi mhaka yaku hisa swinene, ntshikelelo kumbe ku cinca ka swilo swa tikhemikhali. Swikombiso i [[marble]] na [[slate]].
Maendlelo lawa ma hlanganile eka leswi vitaniwaka rock cycle laha maribye ma nga cincaka ku suka eka muxaka wun'we ku ya eka wun'wana hi ku famba ka nkarhi.
'''Muxaka wa maribye ya ntumbuluko.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ribye
!Muxaka
!Matirhiselo ya rona
|-
|Granite
|Igneous
|Swirhapa, miako na switsundzuxo
|-
|Marble
|Metamorphic
|Swirhapa, swifaniso, miako ni switsundzuxo
|-
|Limestone
|Sedimentary
|Ku endla cement, miako ni ndlela
|}
Nkoka wa ribye
Ribye i ra nkoka hikuva hi ntolovelo ri tiyile, ri hlawulekile naswona ri kumeka hi ntumbuluko. Maribye man'wana ma nga kota ku hanya madzana kumbe magidi ya malembe loko mahlawuriwile kahle naswona ma hlayisiwa. Hambiswiritano ku cela ribye emigodini ku ri fambisa ni ku ri lulamisa swi nga va ni mbuyelo eka mbango. Hikokwalaho i swa nkoka ku tekela enhlokweni laha ribye ri humaka kona ni ndlela leyi ri humesiwaka ni ku tirhisiwa ha yona.
[[File:Limestone Formation In Waitomo.jpg|thumb|I xifaniso lexi kombaka ku vumbeka ka ribye ra [[limestone]]]]
[[File:Giant Marbles in Joshua Tree National Park.jpg|thumb|I xifanisa le xi kombisaka maribye ya [[marble]]]]
[[File:Hampi, India, Rocky landscape of Hampi, Granite rocks of Matanga Hill.jpg|thumb|I xifaniso lexi kombisaka maribye ya [[granite]]]]
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'''Ribye''' i swilo leswi tiyeke swa ntumbuluko leswi vumbiwaka hi minerali yin'we kumbe ku hundza. Ma vumbiwa hi maendlelo ya ntumbuluko ya swa misava eka nkarhi wo leha swinene. Ribye i xinw'ana xa swilo swa khale swinene leswi vanhu va swi tirhiseke ku aka , ku endla switirhisiwa, swifaniso na switsundzuxo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winkler |first=E.M |year=1997 |title=Stonr in Architecture:Properties, Durability |edition=3rd}}</ref>
'''Ribye ri vumbisiwa ku yini?'''
Maribye yo tala ya ntumbuluko ya ya avanyisiwa hi swiyenge swinharhu leswikulu:
* Maribye ya [[Igneous]]- ma vumbiwa loko magma kumbe lava leyi hisaka yi hola yi tlhela yi tiya. Xikombiso i [[granite na basalt]]
* Maribye ya [[Sedimentary]]- ma vumbiwa hi swilo leswi hlengeletanaka swo fana na misava, sava kumbe swiphemu swa maribye leswi tshamaka swi hlanganile naswona swi tiya hi ku famba ka nkarhi. Swikombiso i [[sandstone]] na [[limestone]].
* Maribye ya Metamorphic- ma vumbiwa loko ribye leri a ri ri kona ri cinca xivumbeko hi mhaka yaku hisa swinene, ntshikelelo kumbe ku cinca ka swilo swa tikhemikhali. Swikombiso i [[marble]] na [[slate]].
Maendlelo lawa ma hlanganile eka leswi vitaniwaka rock cycle laha maribye ma nga cincaka ku suka eka muxaka wun'we ku ya eka wun'wana hi ku famba ka nkarhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siegesmud S & Snethlage R |year=2014 |title=Stone in Architecture:Properties, Durability |edition=5th}}</ref>
'''Muxaka wa maribye ya ntumbuluko.'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=U.S. Geological Survey(USGS)|title=Dimension Stone Statistics and Information|url=usgs.gov|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ribye
!Muxaka
!Matirhiselo ya rona
|-
|Granite
|Igneous
|Swirhapa, miako na switsundzuxo
|-
|Marble
|Metamorphic
|Swirhapa, swifaniso, miako ni switsundzuxo
|-
|Limestone
|Sedimentary
|Ku endla cement, miako ni ndlela
|}
Nkoka wa ribye
Ribye i ra nkoka hikuva hi ntolovelo ri tiyile, ri hlawulekile naswona ri kumeka hi ntumbuluko. Maribye man'wana ma nga kota ku hanya madzana kumbe magidi ya malembe loko mahlawuriwile kahle naswona ma hlayisiwa. Hambiswiritano ku cela ribye emigodini ku ri fambisa ni ku ri lulamisa swi nga va ni mbuyelo eka mbango. Hikokwalaho i swa nkoka ku tekela enhlokweni laha ribye ri humaka kona ni ndlela leyi ri humesiwaka ni ku tirhisiwa ha yona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langer |first=W.H. |year=2001 |title=Dimension Stone}}</ref>
[[File:Limestone Formation In Waitomo.jpg|thumb|I xifaniso lexi kombaka ku vumbeka ka ribye ra [[limestone]]]]
[[File:Giant Marbles in Joshua Tree National Park.jpg|thumb|I xifanisa le xi kombisaka maribye ya [[marble]]]]
[[File:Hampi, India, Rocky landscape of Hampi, Granite rocks of Matanga Hill.jpg|thumb|I xifaniso lexi kombisaka maribye ya [[granite]]]]'''Swikombo'''
<references />
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'''Ribye''' i swilo leswi tiyeke swa ntumbuluko leswi vumbiwaka hi minerali yin'we kumbe ku hundza. Ma vumbiwa hi maendlelo ya ntumbuluko ya swa misava eka nkarhi wo leha swinene. Ribye i xinw'ana xa swilo swa khale swinene leswi vanhu va swi tirhiseke ku aka , ku endla switirhisiwa, swifaniso na switsundzuxo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winkler |first=E.M |year=1997 |title=Stonr in Architecture:Properties, Durability |edition=3rd}}</ref>
'''Ribye ri vumbisiwa ku yini?'''
Maribye yo tala ya ntumbuluko ya ya avanyisiwa hi swiyenge swinharhu leswikulu:
* Maribye ya [[Igneous]]- ma vumbiwa loko magma kumbe lava leyi hisaka yi hola yi tlhela yi tiya. Xikombiso i [[granite na basalt]]
* Maribye ya [[Sedimentary]]- ma vumbiwa hi swilo leswi hlengeletanaka swo fana na misava, sava kumbe swiphemu swa maribye leswi tshamaka swi hlanganile naswona swi tiya hi ku famba ka nkarhi. Swikombiso i [[sandstone]] na [[limestone]].
* Maribye ya Metamorphic- ma vumbiwa loko ribye leri a ri ri kona ri cinca xivumbeko hi mhaka yaku hisa swinene, ntshikelelo kumbe ku cinca ka swilo swa tikhemikhali. Swikombiso i [[marble]] na [[slate]].
Maendlelo lawa ma hlanganile eka leswi vitaniwaka rock cycle laha maribye ma nga cincaka ku suka eka muxaka wun'we ku ya eka wun'wana hi ku famba ka nkarhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siegesmud S & Snethlage R |year=2014 |title=Stone in Architecture:Properties, Durability |edition=5th}}</ref>
[[File:Hampi, India, Rocky landscape of Hampi, Granite rocks of Matanga Hill.jpg|thumb|Maribye ya granite]]
'''Muxaka wa maribye ya ntumbuluko.'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=U.S. Geological Survey(USGS)|title=Dimension Stone Statistics and Information|url=usgs.gov|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ribye
!Muxaka
!Matirhiselo ya rona
|-
|Granite
|Igneous
|Swirhapa, miako na switsundzuxo
|-
|Marble
|Metamorphic
|Swirhapa, swifaniso, miako ni switsundzuxo
|-
|Limestone
|Sedimentary
|Ku endla cement, miako ni ndlela
|}
Nkoka wa ribye
Ribye i ra nkoka hikuva hi ntolovelo ri tiyile, ri hlawulekile naswona ri kumeka hi ntumbuluko. Maribye man'wana ma nga kota ku hanya madzana kumbe magidi ya malembe loko mahlawuriwile kahle naswona ma hlayisiwa. Hambiswiritano ku cela ribye emigodini ku ri fambisa ni ku ri lulamisa swi nga va ni mbuyelo eka mbango. Hikokwalaho i swa nkoka ku tekela enhlokweni laha ribye ri humaka kona ni ndlela leyi ri humesiwaka ni ku tirhisiwa ha yona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langer |first=W.H. |year=2001 |title=Dimension Stone}}</ref>
[[File:Giant Marbles in Joshua Tree National Park.jpg|thumb|I xifanisa le xi kombisaka maribye ya [[marble]]]]'''Swikombo'''
<references />
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'''Ribye''' i swilo leswi tiyeke swa ntumbuluko leswi vumbiwaka hi minerali yin'we kumbe ku hundza. Ma vumbiwa hi maendlelo ya ntumbuluko ya swa misava eka nkarhi wo leha swinene. Ribye i xinw'ana xa swilo swa khale swinene leswi vanhu va swi tirhiseke ku aka , ku endla switirhisiwa, swifaniso na switsundzuxo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winkler |first=E.M |year=1997 |title=Stonr in Architecture:Properties, Durability |edition=3rd}}</ref>
'''Ribye ri vumbisiwa ku yini?'''
Maribye yo tala ya ntumbuluko ya ya avanyisiwa hi swiyenge swinharhu leswikulu:
* Maribye ya [[Igneous]]- ma vumbiwa loko magma kumbe lava leyi hisaka yi hola yi tlhela yi tiya. Xikombiso i [[granite na basalt]]
* Maribye ya [[Sedimentary]]- ma vumbiwa hi swilo leswi hlengeletanaka swo fana na misava, sava kumbe swiphemu swa maribye leswi tshamaka swi hlanganile naswona swi tiya hi ku famba ka nkarhi. Swikombiso i [[sandstone]] na [[limestone]].
* Maribye ya Metamorphic- ma vumbiwa loko ribye leri a ri ri kona ri cinca xivumbeko hi mhaka yaku hisa swinene, ntshikelelo kumbe ku cinca ka swilo swa tikhemikhali. Swikombiso i [[marble]] na [[slate]].
Maendlelo lawa ma hlanganile eka leswi vitaniwaka rock cycle laha maribye ma nga cincaka ku suka eka muxaka wun'we ku ya eka wun'wana hi ku famba ka nkarhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siegesmud S & Snethlage R |year=2014 |title=Stone in Architecture:Properties, Durability |edition=5th}}</ref>
[[File:Hampi, India, Rocky landscape of Hampi, Granite rocks of Matanga Hill.jpg|thumb|Maribye ya granite]]
'''Muxaka wa maribye ya ntumbuluko.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ribye
!Muxaka
!Matirhiselo ya rona
|-
|Granite
|Igneous
|Swirhapa, miako na switsundzuxo
|-
|Marble
|Metamorphic
|Swirhapa, swifaniso, miako ni switsundzuxo
|-
|Limestone
|Sedimentary
|Ku endla cement, miako ni ndlela
|}
Nkoka wa ribye
Ribye i ra nkoka hikuva hi ntolovelo ri tiyile, ri hlawulekile naswona ri kumeka hi ntumbuluko. Maribye man'wana ma nga kota ku hanya madzana kumbe magidi ya malembe loko mahlawuriwile kahle naswona ma hlayisiwa. Hambiswiritano ku cela ribye emigodini ku ri fambisa ni ku ri lulamisa swi nga va ni mbuyelo eka mbango. Hikokwalaho i swa nkoka ku tekela enhlokweni laha ribye ri humaka kona ni ndlela leyi ri humesiwaka ni ku tirhisiwa ha yona.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langer |first=W.H. |year=2001 |title=Dimension Stone}}</ref>
[[File:Giant Marbles in Joshua Tree National Park.jpg|thumb|I xifanisa le xi kombisaka maribye ya [[marble]]]]'''Swikombo'''
<references />
[[Category:Ribye]]
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<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Â
<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>Â
'''Maburuku''' ( Xinghezi xa le Dzongeni wa Britain ), '''swiambalo swo olova''' kumbe '''buruku''' ( Xinghezi xa le Nâwalungwini wa Britain, Xinghezi xa le Amerika, xa le Canada ni xa le Australia ) i nchumu wa [[Sw'ambalo|swiambalo]] leswi ambariwaka ku sukela exisutini ku ya kunâwana ni kunâwana exikarhi ka matsolo ni mavoko, swi funengeta milenge hi vumbirhi bya yona hi ku hambana (ematshanâweni yo funengeta hi lapi leri andlalekeke hi milenge yimbirhi ku fana ni le ka tingubyeni, swikete, swiambalo ni swikete swa xinuna xanuna swale scotland). Swiambalo swo koma swifana na buruku, kambe swina milenge leyi rhelelaka ntsena kuya fika ematsolweni, kambe yinga koma swinene kuya hi xitayili xa xiambalo. Ku hambanisa maburuku na swiambalo swo koma, maburuku yangaha vuriwa "maburuku yo leha" eka swiyimo swokarhi swofana na yunifomo ya xikolo, laha swiambalo swo koma leswi rhungiweke swinga vuriwa "maburuku yo koma" e UK.
Maburuku ya xikhale swinene lawa ya tivekaka, ya nguva yale xikarhi ka lembe xidzana ravu khume nharhu na ra vukhume, ya kumiwile eswilahlweni etindzhawini ta ya Yanghai e tikweni ra Turpan, Xinjiang ( Tocharia ), e vupela dyambu bya China manguva lawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Mayke |last2=Hallgren-Brekenkamp |first2=Moa |last3=Xu |first3=Dongliang |last4=Kang |first4=Xiaojing |last5=Wertmann |first5=Patrick |last6=James |first6=Carol |last7=Elkina |first7=Irina |last8=Hosner |first8=Dominic |last9=Leipe |first9=Christian |last10=Tarasov |first10=Pavel E. |date=2022 |title=The invention of twill tapestry points to Central Asia: Archaeological record of multiple textile techniques used to make the woollen outfit of a ca. 3000-year-old horse rider from Turfan, China |journal=Archaeological Research in Asia |volume=29 |article-number=100344 |doi=10.1016/j.ara.2021.100344}}</ref> Leswi a swi endliwe hi voya, buruku leri a ri ri ni milenge leyi kongomeke yi tlhela yi anama ehansi ka milenge naswona swi nga ha endleka leswaku a ri endleriwe ku khandziya tihanci. <ref name="Beck Wagner invention of trousers">{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Ulrike |last2=Wagner |first2=Mayke |last3=Li |first3=Xiao |last4=Durkin-Meisterernst |first4=Desmond |last5=Tarasov |first5=Pavel E. |date=2014 |title=The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia |journal=Quaternary International |volume=348 |pages=224â235 |bibcode=2014QuInt.348..224B |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056}}</ref> <ref name="sciencenews1">{{Cite journal |last=Beck |first=Ulrike |last2=Wagner |first2=Mayke |last3=Li |first3=Xiao |last4=Durkin-Meisterernst |first4=Desmond |last5=Tarasov |first5=Pavel E. |year=2014 |title=First pants worn by horse riders 3,000 years ago |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/first-pants-worn-horse-riders-3000-years-ago |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Science News |volume=348 |pages=224â235 |bibcode=2014QuInt.348..224B |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056 |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> Ti leggings tofana na buruku letinga sungula hi 3350 na 3105 BC tikumeke eka ndzilakano wa AustriaâItaly leti ambariwa hi Ătzi . Eka xiphemu lexikulu xa [[Yuropa]], maburuku a ma ambariwa ku sukela eminkarhini ya khale ni le nkarhini hinkwawo wa Malembe ya le Xikarhi, ma va xivumbeko lexi tolovelekeke ngopfu xa swiambalo swa le hansi swa miri eka vavanuna lavakulu emisaveni ya manguva lawa. Maburuku yo koma kufika ematsolweni a ma ambariwa ematshanâweni ya maburuku eku sunguleni ka Yuropa ya manguva lawa hi vavanuna vanâwana lava nga eka swiyimo swa le henhla etikweni. Maburuku yo hlawuleka ya xivumbeko hi ntolovelo ya ambariwa na swiambalo swa siku swa xivumbeko na leswi nga riki swa xivumbeko . Kusukela exikarhi ka lembe xidzana ravu makume mbirhi, Nhlayo ya vasati nlava va ambalaka maburuku yi tlakukile swinene.
Jeans, leyi endliweke hi denimi, i muxaka wa buruku ra swiambalo swo olova leri ambariwaka ngopfu emisaveni hinkwayo hi vanhu va rimbewu rihi kumbe rihi. Swiambalo swo koma switala ku tsakeriwa eka [[maxelo]] yo hisa kumbe eka [[Tamintlangu|mintlangu]] yinâwana naswona switala ku tsakeriwa hi vana na vantshwa. Maburuku ma ambariwa exisutini kumbe emasengeni naswona hakanyingi ma khomiwa kunupu, rhekerhe, kumbe bandi. Handle ka loko yi olova, naswona ngopfu-ngopfu eka vavanuna, maburuku hi ntolovelo mana zipu kumbe tikunupu . Ti jean titala kuva na swikhwama swale matlhelo nale ndzhaku leswi pfulekeke leswi vekiweke ehansi nyana ka bandhi ra le xisutini. Nakambe swa koteka leswaku maburuku ya nyika swikhwama swa ndzhwalo ku ya emahlweni ehansi emilengeni.
Ku ringanisa sayizi ya munhu i ntlhontlho swinene eka maburuku ku tlula eka swiambalo leswinâwana. kuleha ka nenge kungaha ngeteleriwa hi rhiimu, leyi pfunetaka ku ringanisa tisayizi kuya hi malembe ya ku kula ka vuntshwa na vukulu bya le ku sunguleni. Ku lulamisa ku lulamisiwa ka xirhendzevutana leswaku ku pfumelelana ni ku engeteleka ka ntiko kumbe ku hunguta miri swi ringaniseriwile, naswona handle ka sweswo maburuku lama tirhisiwaka ma nga ha lava ku cinciwa endzhaku ka ku cinca lokukulu ka xivumbeko xa miri . Maburuku ya xiyimo xale henhla yatala kuva na lapi ro engetelela leri katsekaka eka centre-back seam allowance, kutani khwiri ringa humesiwa kuya emahlweni.
[[File:China,_Tang_dynasty_-_Prince's_trousers_and_lining_-_1996.2.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif|thumb| Buruku ra silika, ra Tang dynasty]]
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'''XIRHAMI'''
[[File:ĐниС пО ЧоŃоПОŃŃ.jpg|thumb|'''Xirhami''']]
'''Xirhami''' i yin'wana ya tinguva ta mune ta lembe leti kumekaka eAfrika-Dzonga<ref>{{Cite news |last=LUSAKA |first=HG |date=1999 |title=Ta maxelo}}</ref>. Nkarhi lowu wu sungula hi n'hweti ya Nhlangula ku fikela Mawuwani. Hi nkarhi lowu wa lembe maxelo ya titimela swinene ku tlula tinguva tin'wana hinkwato. Mixo ya va yo titimela naswona dyambu a ri vonaki ngopfu ematilweni. Mapapa yo tshwuka ya tala etilweni kutani mpfula leyi naka ya titimela. Moya lowu hungaka hi xirhami wa chavisa hikuva wu chavisa miri wa munhu. Vanhu vo tala a va tsakeli ku huma endlwini hikuva ka titimela. Tinguva leyi yi tisa ku tika eka vutomi bya vanhu ni swiharhi. Xirhami xi endla leswaku vutomi byi famba hi ku nonoka.
Eka nkarhi wa xirhami vanhu va fanele ku ambala swiambalo swo kufumela leswaku miri ya vona wu tshama wu hisile. Vanhu va ambala tijesi<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nathi |first=SP |date=1996 |title=Swiambalo leswi mbariwaka loko kuri na xirhami}}</ref> leto tiya leti endliweke hi voya, va ambala majekete yo leha yo sirhelela miri hinkwawo. Etilokweni va ambala swigwaxa swo kufumela ni swikipa swa mavoko leswaku mavoko ya nga titimeli. Endlwini ndyangu wu hlengeletana ekusuhi ni ndzilo wa tihunyi leswaku va kuma kuhisa. Ndzilo lowu wu endla yindlu yi va yo kufumala ni yo tsakisa. Vanhu va rhandza ku nwa swin'weso swo hisa ku fana na tiya, kofi ni sopo yo hisa. Vana lavatsongo a va pfumeleriwi ku tlanga handle hikuva va nga khomi hi mafuwa. Swikolo swin'wana swa pfalela loko xirhami xi tlula mpimo. Leswi hinkwaswo swi endliwa ku hlayisa rihanyu ra vanhu.
Xirhami xi na nkucetelo lowukulu eka ntumbuluko ni eka swiharhi hinkwaswo. Swimila swo tala swa fa hikuva byanyi bya oma, matluka ya mirhi ya wa ya file ehansi. Masimu ya varimi ya va ma file handle ka nchumu, a ku na leswi byariwaka hi nkarhi lowu. Swiharhi swa le nhoveni swi lava tindhawu to kufumela leswaku swi tisirhelela eka xirhami. Tihomu ni timbuti ti tshama ekusuhi ni tindlu ta vanhu ti lava kuhisa. Tinxaka tin'wana ta swinyenyana<ref>swinyenyani la swirhurhelaku kona loko kuri na xirhami</ref> ti rhurhela ematikweni yo hisa ti baleka xirhami. Madamu ni milambu ya hunguteka hikuva mpfula a yi na ngopfu hi xirhami. Loko xirhami xi tika swinene xi tisa ndlala ni ku pfumaleka ka mati yo basa. Hikwalaho xirhami xi nga va nkarhi wa khombo eka rixaka.
Hambileswi xirhami xi tikaka, xi tlhela xi hela kutani ku ta nkarhi wa ximumu. Malembe ya famba hi ku rhendzeleka, ku na tinguva ta mune ku nga ximumu, xirimo, xirhami ni xixika. Endzhaku ka xirhami ku vuya ku rula lokukulu ka ximumu lexi tisa ku tsaka eka vanhu. Leswi swi hi dyondzisa leswaku evuton'wini ku hava xilo lexi tshamaka hilaha ku heriki, swilo hinkwaswo swa hundza. Hi fanele ku tiyisela ni ku hlayisana hi nkarhi wa xirhami leswaku hi nga vabyi. Munhu u fanele ku ambala kahle, ku dya swakudya leswi hanyisaka miri ni ku nwa mati yo tala. Ku hlayisa rihanyu hi nkarhi wa xirhami i swa nkoka swinene eka munhu un'wana na un'wana. Xirhami hikwalaho xi hi dyondzisa vutihlamuleri, ku tiyisela ni ku tshemba leswaku vumundzuku<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baloyi |first=V |date=2000 |title=Xirhami xa vuyerisa}}</ref> byo saseka byi ta vuya.
== Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke ==
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Ntanga wa vana lava nga riki na vatswari
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'''Ndhawu ya [[N'wana|vana]] lava nga riki na vatswari''' i ndhawu yo tshama eka yona, ndhawu yo tshama kumbe kaya ra ntlawa leri tinyiketeleke ku hlayisa vana lava nga ri ku ni vatswari, hikwalaho ka swivangelo swo hambana-hambana, va nga ta ka va nga hlayisiwi hi mindyangu ya vona ya ntumbuluko. Vatswari va nga ha va va hundze emisaveni, va nga ri kona kumbe va xanisiwa. Ku nga ha va ni ku tirhisiwa ka swidzidziharisi kumbe vuvabyi bya miehleketo ekaya, kumbe mutswari a nga ha swi lavi ku hlayisa n'wana. Vutihlamuleri bya le nawini bya nseketelo wa vana lava lahliweke byi hambana exikarhi ka matiko. Tindhawu ta vana lava nga riki na vatswari leti fambisiwaka hi mfumo ti herisiwile eka matiko yo tala lama hluvukeke eka hafu yo hetelela ya lembe-xidzana ra vu-20 kambe ti ya emahlweni ti tirha eka tindhawu tin'wana to tala emisaveni hinkwayo. Sweswo swa amukeriwa hi ku angarhela leswaku tindlu ta vana lava nga riki na vatswari ti ni khombo eka rihanyo ra mintlhaveko ra vana, naswona nseketelo wa mfumo wu ya eka nseketelo wo seketela ndyangu.
Tinhlengeletano ti nga ri tingani letikulu ta misava hinkwayo ti ya emahlweni ti seketela tiyindlu ta vana lava nga riki na vatswari, kambe to tala ta tona ta ha sunguriwa hi tinhlengeletano letintsongo ta vanhu lava nga riki va vatswari na mintlawa ya vukhongeri. Ngopfu-ngopfu ematikweni lama hluvukaka, tiyindlu ta vana lava nga riki na vatswari ti nga ha hlasela mindyangu leyi nga ekhombyeni ro onhaka naswona ti nga ha thola vana leswaku ti ya emahlweni ti seketeriwa. Tindhawu ta vana lava nga riki na vatswari ematikweni lama hluvukaka a ti tali ku fambisiwa hi mfumo.<ref name="spectator1">{{Cite web|date=8 October 2011|title=How to fix orphanages|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/7289558/how-to-fix-orphanages.thtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015081723/http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/7289558/how-to-fix-orphanages.thtml|archive-date=15 October 2011|accessdate=17 October 2011|website=The Spectator|location=UK}}</ref> Tindhawu leti nga riki ni vatswari ta le Xiromania, ku fana ni leti nga eBucharest, ti simekiwe hikwalaho ka ku engeteleka ka nhlayo ya vaaka-tiko loku hlohloteriweke hi mufumi wa tihanyi Nicolae CeauČescu, loyi a yiriseke ku susa khwiri ni ku lawula ku veleka ni ku khutaza ku veleka leswaku ku engeteriwa vatirhi va le Romanian.
Tindhawu to tshama eka tona ta vana, leti nakambe ti hlamuseriwaka tanihi nhlayiso wa vandla, ti katsa makaya ya ntlawa, tindhawu to tshama eka ta nhlayiso ya vana, tiyindlu ta vana, tindhawu to tumbela eka tona, tindhawu to vuyela eka tona, tiyindlu to tumbela nivusiku ni tindhawu to tshungula vantshwa.
Varhoma va vumbe tiyindlu ta vona to sungula ta vana lava nga riki na vatswari kwalomu ka 400 AD. Nawu wa Xiyuda a wu lerisa ku hlayisa n'wana la nga riki na vatswari, naswona nawu wa le Atena a wu seketela vana hinkwavo lava nga riki na vana lava dlayiweke entirhweni wa vusocha ku fikela loko va ri ni malembe ya 18. Hi ndlela leyi fanaka, Plato (Laws, 927) u ri: "Vana lava nga riki na vatswari va fanele ku vekiwa ehansi ka hlayiso wa vahlayisi va tiko. Vanhu va fanele ku chava xivundza xa vana lava nga riki va vatswari ni mimoya ya vatswari va vona lava hundeke emisaveni. Wanuna u fanele ku rhandza n'wana la nga ni khombo loyi a nga muhlayisi wa yena ku fana ni n'wana wa yena n'wini. U fanele ku va ni vuxiyaxiya ni ku fambisa nhundzu ya n'wana loyi a nga riki na yena n'wana ku fana na yena.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11322b.htm}}</ref> {{Reflist}}
== Tinhlamuselo ==
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'''NGOMA'''
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'''NGOMA'''
'''Ngoma''' i xin'wana xa switirhisiwa swa vuyimbeleri swa khale swinene eka Vatsonga. Ngoma yi endliwa hi mapulanga yo tiya ni ndzovo ya homu leyi tshwutsiweke. Yi endliwa hi voko hi vavanuna lava nga ni vutivi bya ku endla tingoma<ref>tingoma</ref>. Mpfumawulo wa ngoma wu twala kule swinene loko yi biwa. Ngoma yi tirhisiwa eka mikhosi yo tala ya ndhavuko. Hi fanele ku hlayisa vutivi bya ku endla ngoma.
Eka ndhavuko wa Vatsonga ngoma yi na ntirho lowukulu swinene evuton'wini bya siku hinkwasiku. Loko ngoma yi biwa vanhu va twa leswaku ku na nkhuvo kumbe mhaka leyikulu. Eka mitshino ya xintu ku fana na xibelani ni makhwaya<ref>mincino ya vatsonga</ref> ngoma ya biwa vanhu va bina. Ngoma yi tlhela yi tirhisiwa ku vitana vanhu eka hlengeletano ya hosi. Nkarhi wa ku khongela mpfula tingoma to tala ta biwa. Mpfumawulo wa ngoma wu pfuxa moya wa ku tsaka ni vun'we.
Ku na tinxaka to hambana hambana ta tingoma eka Vatsonga. Ku na ngoma leyikulu ya varhoma leyi vitaniwaka gulu<ref>Tinxaka ta ti ngoma</ref>, yi biwa hi majaha ntsena. Ku na ngoma leyitsongo leyi biwaka hi vamanana eka mitshino ya vavasati. Tin'wana tingoma ti biwa hi swandla, tin'wana ti biwa hi tinhonga to tiya. Ngoma yin'wana na yin'wana yi na mpfumawulo wa yona lowu hlawulekeke. Vutivi bya ku ba ngoma byi dyondzisiwa ku suka eka vatswari ku ya eka vana.
Namuntlha ndhavuko<ref>tingoma ti famba kunwe na ndhavuko</ref> wa ngoma wu le khombyeni yo lahleka hikuva vantshwa va rhandza thekinoloji. Vana vo tala a va ha tivi ku ba ngoma kumbe ku yina loko yi biwa. Loko hi yirisa ngoma ndhavuko wa hina hinkwawo wu ta lahleka hilaha ku heriki. Hi fanele ku dyondzisa vana exikolweni ni le kaya ku ba ngoma ni ku yina. Ku hlayisa ngoma i ku hlayisa vutivi, rirhandzu ni vun'we bya Vatsonga.
== Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke ==
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[[File:Historical instruments.jpg|thumb|'''NGOMA''']]
'''NGOMA'''
'''Ngoma''' i xin'wana xa switirhisiwa swa vuyimbeleri swa khale swinene eka Vatsonga. Ngoma yi endliwa hi mapulanga yo tiya ni ndzovo ya homu leyi tshwutsiweke. Yi endliwa hi voko hi vavanuna lava nga ni vutivi bya ku endla tingoma<ref>tingoma</ref>. Mpfumawulo wa ngoma wu twala kule swinene loko yi biwa. Ngoma yi tirhisiwa eka mikhosi yo tala ya ndhavuko. Hi fanele ku hlayisa vutivi bya ku endla ngoma.
Eka ndhavuko wa Vatsonga ngoma yi na ntirho lowukulu swinene evuton'wini bya siku hinkwasiku. Loko ngoma yi biwa vanhu va twa leswaku ku na nkhuvo kumbe mhaka leyikulu. Eka mitshino ya xintu ku fana na xibelani ni makhwaya<ref>mincino ya vatsonga</ref> ngoma ya biwa vanhu va bina. Ngoma yi tlhela yi tirhisiwa ku vitana vanhu eka hlengeletano ya hosi. Nkarhi wa ku khongela mpfula tingoma to tala ta biwa. Mpfumawulo wa ngoma wu pfuxa moya wa ku tsaka ni vun'we.
Ku na tinxaka to hambana hambana ta tingoma eka Vatsonga. Ku na ngoma leyikulu ya varhoma leyi vitaniwaka gulu<ref>Tinxaka ta ti ngoma</ref>, yi biwa hi majaha ntsena. Ku na ngoma leyitsongo leyi biwaka hi vamanana eka mitshino ya vavasati. Tin'wana tingoma ti biwa hi swandla, tin'wana ti biwa hi tinhonga to tiya. Ngoma yin'wana na yin'wana yi na mpfumawulo wa yona lowu hlawulekeke. Vutivi bya ku ba ngoma byi dyondzisiwa ku suka eka vatswari ku ya eka vana.
Namuntlha ndhavuko<ref>tingoma ti famba kunwe na ndhavuko</ref> wa ngoma wu le khombyeni yo lahleka hikuva vantshwa va rhandza thekinoloji. Vana vo tala a va ha tivi ku ba ngoma kumbe ku yina loko yi biwa. Loko hi yirisa ngoma ndhavuko wa hina hinkwawo wu ta lahleka hilaha ku heriki. Hi fanele ku dyondzisa vana exikolweni ni le kaya ku ba ngoma ni ku yina. Ku hlayisa ngoma i ku hlayisa vutivi, rirhandzu ni vun'we bya Vatsonga.
== Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke ==
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'''XITARATA'''
'''XITARATA'''
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'''XITARATA'''
'''XITARATA''' i gondzo lerikulu leri akiweke hi tar, simende ni maribye<ref>{{Cite book |last=NYATHI |first=G |date=1989 |title=Swi tirhisiwa swo endla xitara}}</ref>. Ri akiwa hi mfumo leswaku ri hlanganisa madoroba ni swiganga. Xitarata xi endla leswaku mimovha yi famba hi ku olova ni ku hatlisa. Handle ka xitarata a ku nge vi na ku famba ka mimovha. Xitarata lexinene xi pfuna tiko ri hluvuka hi ikhonomi. Hi fanele ku hlayisa switarata swa hina.
Xitarata xi na nkoka lowukulu eka vutomi bya vanhu hinkwavo<ref>{{Cite book |last=MALULEKE |first=HE |date=1992 |title=Nkoka wa switarata}}</ref>. Vana va xikolo va tirhisa xitarata ku ya xikolweni hi bazi. Vatirhi va ya entirhweni hi xitarata siku hinkwasiku. Varimi va rhwala mavele ni mirho ya vona hi xitarata va ya emakete. Xitarata xi hunguta nkarhi wo famba ku suka eka ndhawu yin'wana ku ya eka yin'wana. Xi tlhela xi hunguta tinghozi loko xi akiwile kahle.
Ku aka xitarata swi lava mali yo tala ni vatirhi vo tala<ref>{{Cite book |last=MAHUTSI |first=VEN |title=Ku xava switirhisiwa swo endla xitarata}}</ref>. Vayengi va sungula hi ku pima misava va tlhela va chela maribye. Endzhaku va chela tar yo hisa va yi ringanisa hi muchini lowukulu. Xitarata xi fanele ku tiya leswaku xi nga hahluki hi mpfula. Loko ku na makhele mfumo wu rhumela vatirhi ku ya lulamisa. Ntwanano wa ku hlayisa xitarata wu teka nkarhi wo leha.
Hi fanele ku tirhisa xitarata hi vukheta ni vutihlamuleri. Vachayeri va fanele ku landzelela swikoweto swa le patwini leswaku ku nga vi na nghozi. Hi nga tshiki hi celi thyaka eka xitarata hikuva xi thyakisa mbango. Vana a va fanelangi ku tlanga exitarateni hikuva swi na khombo. Xitarata lexinene xi kombisa leswaku tiko ra hluvuka. Loko hi hlayisa xitarata, hi hlayisa vutomi bya hina hinkwavo.<ref>ku saseka ka xitarata</ref>
== Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke ==
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[[File:Gyedong-gil street with climbing plants at golden hour in Seoul South Korea.jpg|thumb|'''XITARATA''']]
'''XITARATA'''
'''XITARATA''' i gondzo lerikulu leri akiweke hi tar, simende ni maribye<ref>{{Cite book |last=NYATHI |first=G |date=1989 |title=Swi tirhisiwa swo endla xitara}}</ref>. Ri akiwa hi mfumo leswaku ri hlanganisa madoroba ni swiganga. Xitarata xi endla leswaku mimovha yi famba hi ku olova ni ku hatlisa. Handle ka xitarata a ku nge vi na ku famba ka mimovha. Xitarata lexinene xi pfuna tiko ri hluvuka hi ikhonomi. Hi fanele ku hlayisa switarata swa hina.
Xitarata xi na nkoka lowukulu eka vutomi bya vanhu hinkwavo<ref>{{Cite book |last=MALULEKE |first=HE |date=1992 |title=Nkoka wa switarata}}</ref>. Vana va xikolo va tirhisa xitarata ku ya xikolweni hi bazi. Vatirhi va ya entirhweni hi xitarata siku hinkwasiku. Varimi va rhwala mavele ni mirho ya vona hi xitarata va ya emakete. Xitarata xi hunguta nkarhi wo famba ku suka eka ndhawu yin'wana ku ya eka yin'wana. Xi tlhela xi hunguta tinghozi loko xi akiwile kahle.
Ku aka xitarata swi lava mali yo tala ni vatirhi vo tala<ref>{{Cite book |last=MAHUTSI |first=VEN |title=Ku xava switirhisiwa swo endla xitarata}}</ref>. Vayengi va sungula hi ku pima misava va tlhela va chela maribye. Endzhaku va chela tar yo hisa va yi ringanisa hi muchini lowukulu. Xitarata xi fanele ku tiya leswaku xi nga hahluki hi mpfula. Loko ku na makhele mfumo wu rhumela vatirhi ku ya lulamisa. Ntwanano wa ku hlayisa xitarata wu teka nkarhi wo leha.
Hi fanele ku tirhisa xitarata hi vukheta ni vutihlamuleri. Vachayeri va fanele ku landzelela swikoweto swa le patwini leswaku ku nga vi na nghozi. Hi nga tshiki hi celi thyaka eka xitarata hikuva xi thyakisa mbango. Vana a va fanelangi ku tlanga exitarateni hikuva swi na khombo. Xitarata lexinene xi kombisa leswaku tiko ra hluvuka. Loko hi hlayisa xitarata, hi hlayisa vutomi bya hina hinkwavo.<ref>ku saseka ka xitarata</ref>
== Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke ==
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* Draft 7
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2026-09-09T11:13:42Z
Nadia Jay
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i have created a topic of draft 7
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'''Vana va xikolo'''
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Nadia Jay
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i wrote my article in draft 7 and site
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'''Vana va xikolo'''
'''Vana va xikolo''' i vumundzuku bya tiko ra hina ra Afrika-Dzonga. Vana lava va ha dyondzaka eka swikolo swa le hansi ni swa le henhla. Va pfuka hi nimixo va ambala yunifomo ya xikolo va ya dyondza<ref>dyondzo yina nkoka</ref>. Exikolweni va dyondza ku hlaya, ku tsala ni ku hlayela hi vutlhari. Vadyondzisi va dyondzisa hi rirhandzu leswaku va hluvuka. Vana va xikolo va tisa ku tshemba lokuntshwa eka rixaka hinkwaro. Hi fanele ku va seketela hi matimba hinkwawo<ref>vana va xikolo va fanele ku seketeriwa</ref>.
Vutomi bya vana va xikolo a byi olovi minkarhi hinkwayo, byi na mintlhontlho yo tala. Vana vo tala va famba mpfhuka yo leha hi milenge ku ya xikolweni. Van'wana va dyondza va nga dyangi hikuva ekaya ku hava swakudya<ref>Dyondzo i xitlhaku xa vutomi</ref>. Ku na vana lava pfumalaka tibuku, tiyunifomo ni switirhisiwa swa xikolo. Hambiswiritano vana lava va tiyisela va ya dyondza siku hinkwasiku. Va tiva leswaku dyondzo ntsena yi nga va humesa evusiwaneni. Ku tiyisela ka vona ku hi dyondzisa vutlhari lebyikulu.
Dyondzo leyi vana va xikolo va yi kumaka yi na nkoka lowukulu swinene evuton'wini. Dyondzo yi pfula miehleketo ya vona yi va endla va tlhariha. Yi va dyondzisa ku xixima van'wana ni ku tirhisana hi rirhandzu. Exikolweni vana va dyondza vutivi bya Tinhlayo, Sayense, Xitsonga ni Xinghezi. Vutivi lebyi byi va lunghiselela ku kuma mitirho leyinene endzhaku ka xikolo. Vana lava dyondzekeke va kota ku aka tiko ro antswa. Dyondzo i xikhiye lexi pfulaka rivanti ra vumundzuku byo voninga.<ref>Vana va fanele ku kondleteriwa va nghena xikolo</ref>
Hi fanele ku hlayisa ni ku seketela vana va xikolo hi tindlela hinkwato. Vatswari va fanele ku va pfuna hi ku va endlela ndhawu yo dyondzela ekaya. Mfumo wu fanele ku aka swikolo swo tala swo saseka ni ku nyika swakudya swa mahala. Rixaka hinkwaro ri fanele ku yirisa ku xanisa vana ni ku va tirhisa hi ndlela yo biha. Loko hi hlayisa vana va xikolo namuntlha, hi hlayisa tiko ra mundzuku. Vana va xikolo va fanele ku rhandziwa, ku xiximiwa ni ku nyikiwa nkarhi wo tlanga. Hikuva vana va xikolo va tiko, tiko ra vona ri ta va ra ku voninga.<ref>xikolo xi hluvukisi vana vo tala</ref>
== Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke ==
<references />
qhwwfkagu476h8gtqybcmz3g9ta5hss
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2026-09-09T11:24:43Z
Nadia Jay
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I JUST INSERT A PICTURE
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[[File:School kids in Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|'''VANA VA XIKOLO''']]
'''Vana va xikolo'''
'''Vana va xikolo''' i vumundzuku bya tiko ra hina ra Afrika-Dzonga. Vana lava va ha dyondzaka eka swikolo swa le hansi ni swa le henhla. Va pfuka hi nimixo va ambala yunifomo ya xikolo va ya dyondza<ref>dyondzo yina nkoka</ref>. Exikolweni va dyondza ku hlaya, ku tsala ni ku hlayela hi vutlhari. Vadyondzisi va dyondzisa hi rirhandzu leswaku va hluvuka. Vana va xikolo va tisa ku tshemba lokuntshwa eka rixaka hinkwaro. Hi fanele ku va seketela hi matimba hinkwawo<ref>vana va xikolo va fanele ku seketeriwa</ref>.
Vutomi bya vana va xikolo a byi olovi minkarhi hinkwayo, byi na mintlhontlho yo tala. Vana vo tala va famba mpfhuka yo leha hi milenge ku ya xikolweni. Van'wana va dyondza va nga dyangi hikuva ekaya ku hava swakudya<ref>Dyondzo i xitlhaku xa vutomi</ref>. Ku na vana lava pfumalaka tibuku, tiyunifomo ni switirhisiwa swa xikolo. Hambiswiritano vana lava va tiyisela va ya dyondza siku hinkwasiku. Va tiva leswaku dyondzo ntsena yi nga va humesa evusiwaneni. Ku tiyisela ka vona ku hi dyondzisa vutlhari lebyikulu.
Dyondzo leyi vana va xikolo va yi kumaka yi na nkoka lowukulu swinene evuton'wini. Dyondzo yi pfula miehleketo ya vona yi va endla va tlhariha. Yi va dyondzisa ku xixima van'wana ni ku tirhisana hi rirhandzu. Exikolweni vana va dyondza vutivi bya Tinhlayo, Sayense, Xitsonga ni Xinghezi. Vutivi lebyi byi va lunghiselela ku kuma mitirho leyinene endzhaku ka xikolo. Vana lava dyondzekeke va kota ku aka tiko ro antswa. Dyondzo i xikhiye lexi pfulaka rivanti ra vumundzuku byo voninga.<ref>Vana va fanele ku kondleteriwa va nghena xikolo</ref>
Hi fanele ku hlayisa ni ku seketela vana va xikolo hi tindlela hinkwato. Vatswari va fanele ku va pfuna hi ku va endlela ndhawu yo dyondzela ekaya. Mfumo wu fanele ku aka swikolo swo tala swo saseka ni ku nyika swakudya swa mahala. Rixaka hinkwaro ri fanele ku yirisa ku xanisa vana ni ku va tirhisa hi ndlela yo biha. Loko hi hlayisa vana va xikolo namuntlha, hi hlayisa tiko ra mundzuku. Vana va xikolo va fanele ku rhandziwa, ku xiximiwa ni ku nyikiwa nkarhi wo tlanga. Hikuva vana va xikolo va tiko, tiko ra vona ri ta va ra ku voninga.<ref>xikolo xi hluvukisi vana vo tala</ref>
== Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke ==
<references />
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