Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 38046 115777 112781 2026-05-21T05:25:12Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_with_Prime_Minister_Robert_Mugabe_of_Zimbabwe.jpg with [[File:President_Ronald_Reagan_meeting_Prime_Minister_Mugabe_of_Zimbabwe_in_the_Oval_Office_-_DPLA_-_7ca02b080ed105da1103b26b9ee646bc.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:Comm 115777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Zimbabwe from 1987 to 2017}} {{Redirect|Mugabe}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Pp|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{good article}} {{Infobox officeholder | image = <!-- Do not change this image without first presenting your preferred replacement on the talk page. -->Robert Mugabe Official Portrait.jpg | alt = Photograph of Robert Mugabe | caption = | order = 2nd | office = President of Zimbabwe | primeminister = [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] {{nowrap|(2009–2013)}} | 1blankname = [[Vice-President of Zimbabwe|First Vice-president]] | 1namedata = {{Unbulleted list|[[Simon Muzenda]]|[[Joice Mujuru]]|Emmerson Mnangagwa}} | 2blankname = Second Vice-president | 2namedata = {{Unbulleted list|[[Joshua Nkomo]]|[[Joseph Msika]]|[[John Nkomo]]|[[Phelekezela Mphoko]]}} | term_start = 31 December 1987 | term_end = 21 November 2017 | predecessor = [[Canaan Banana]] | successor = [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] | order1 = 1st | office1 = Prime Minister of Zimbabwe | president1 = Canaan Banana | deputy1 = Simon Muzenda | term_start1 = 18 April 1980 | term_end1 = 31 December 1987 | predecessor1 = [[Abel Muzorewa]] ([[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia|Zimbabwe Rhodesia]]) | successor1 = Morgan Tsvangirai (2009) | office2 = Leader and First Secretary of [[ZANU–PF]]<br />{{nobold |[[ZANU]] (1975–1987)}} | 1blankname2 = Chairman | 1namedata2 = {{Unbulleted list|Joseph Msika|John Nkomo|[[Oppah Muchinguri]]|[[Simon Khaya Moyo]]}} | 2blankname2 = Second Secretary | 2namedata2 = {{Unbulleted list|Joseph Msika|John Nkomo|Joice Mujuru|Emmerson Mnangagwa}} | term_start2 = 18 March 1975 | term_end2 = 19 November 2017 | predecessor2 = [[Herbert Chitepo]] | successor2 = Emmerson Mnangagwa | order3 = 13th | office3 = Chairperson of the African Union | leader3 = [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]] | term_start3 = 30 January 2015 | term_end3 = 30 January 2016 | predecessor3 = [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]] | successor3 = [[Idriss Déby]] | order4 = 10th | office4 = Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement{{!}}Secretary-General of the {{nowrap|Non-Aligned Movement}} | term_start4 = 6 September 1986 | term_end4 = 7 September 1989 | predecessor4 = [[Zail Singh]] | successor4 = [[Janez Drnovšek]] | birth_name = Robert Gabriel Mugabe | birth_date = {{birth date|1924|2|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Kutama, Zimbabwe|Kutama]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Zimbabwe) | death_date = {{nowrap|{{Death date and age|2019|9|6|1924|2|21|df=yes}}}} | death_place = [[Gleneagles Hospital|Gleneagles]], Singapore | resting_place = Kutama, Zimbabwe | party = {{plainlist| * [[African National Congress Youth League|ANCYL]] (1949–1952) * [[National Democratic Party (Southern Rhodesia)|NDP]] (1960–1961) * [[Zimbabwe African People's Union|ZAPU]] (1961–1963) * [[Zimbabwe African National Union|ZANU]] (1963–1987) * [[ZANU–PF]] (1987–2017) }} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Sally Mugabe|Sally Hayfron]]|1961|1992|end=died}} * {{marriage|[[Grace Mugabe|Grace Marufu]]<br />|1996}} }} | children = 4, including [[Bona Mugabe|Bona]] and [[Robert Mugabe Jr|Robert&nbsp;Jr]] | alma_mater = {{ubli|[[University of Fort Hare]]|[[University of South Africa]]|[[University of London International Programmes]]}} | signature = Signature of Robert Mugabe clear.svg }} '''Robert Gabriel Mugabe'''<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Mugabe}}</ref> ( {{IPA-sn|muɡaɓe|lang}};21 February 1924 - 6 September 2019) wakaŵa munthu wakuwukira chalo cha [[Zimbabwe]] ndipo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya chalo ichi kufuma mu 1980 mpaka 1987 ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa purezidenti kufuma mu 1987 mpaka 2017. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)]] kwambira 1975 mpaka 1980 ndipo wakalongozga chipani chakulondezgapo, ZANU                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Kuyana na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, wakajiwonanga kuti ni Marxist-Leninist, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 wakaŵa Socialist. Mugabe wakababika mu mbumba ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Shona ku Kutama, Southern Rhodesia. Wakasambira pa sukulu ya Kutama College na University of Fort Hare, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito ya kusambizga sukulu ku Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, na Ghana. Cifukwa ca kukwiya cifukwa ca muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵazungu mu caru cake ico cikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Britain, Mugabe wakazomera visambizgo vya Marx ndipo wakajibatika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaciskanga kuti paŵe boma lakujiyimira palekha ilo likulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵafipa. Wakati wayowoya mazgu ghakwimikana na boma, ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kuwukira boma ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele kwambira mu 1964 m'paka 1974. Wakati wafumiskika, wakachimbilira ku Mozambique, wakambiska gulu la ZANU, ndipo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wake mu Nkhondo ya Rhodesian Bush, kulimbana na boma la Ian Smith. Wakakhumba yayi kunjilirapo pa nkhani za mtende mu United Kingdom izo zikapangiska kuti paŵe phangano la Lancaster House, ilo likamazga nkhondo. Mu 1980 pa mavoti gha wose, Mugabe wakalongozga ZANU-PF ku chigonjetso, ndipo wakazgoka nduna yikuru apo chalo ichi, ico sono cikucemeka Zimbabwe, cikapokera wanangwa wa caru cose mu chaka ceneci. Boma la Mugabe likasazgirako wovwiri wa vyaumoyo na masambiro ndipo nangauli likayowoya kuti likukhumba kuti paŵe wupu wa socialist, kweni likalutilira kulondezga fundo za boma. Mubali Mugabe wakatondeka kumazga suzgo la ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo ubwezi wake na chipani cha Joshua Nkomo cha Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) nawo ukatimbanizgika. Mu nkhondo ya Gukurahundi ya 1982-1987, Gulu la Cinkhondi la Mugabe likathereska ŵakususka ŵa ZAPU mu Matabeleland mu kampeni iyo yikakoma ŵanthu 20,000, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele. Pa charu chose, wakatuma ŵasilikari ku Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya Congo ndipo wakadangilira gulu la wupu wa Non-Aligned Movement (1986-89), Organisation of African Unity (1997-98), na African Union (2015-16). Pakukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhala mu vyaru vinyake, Mugabe wakadidimizgapo comene pa kugaŵa malo agho ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ku ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵavya malo. Wakakhuŵara cifukwa ca kucepa kwa kugaŵa vyakurya, ndipo kwamba mu 2000, wakaciska ŵanthu ŵacibara ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuti ŵatore minda ya ŵazungu. Vyakurya vikakhwaskika comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe njara, kusuzgika kwa cuma, ndiposo kuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵambiske vivulupi. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kumususka chomene Mugabe, kweni wakasankhikaso mu 2002, 2008, na 2013 chifukwa cha vivulupi, upusikizgi, na kutemwera ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ya ku Shona. Mu 2017, mamembala a chipani chake adamuchotsa pampando, ndikumuyika m'malo mwa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale Emmerson Mnangagwa. Pakuti Mugabe wakaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali mu Zimbabwe kwa vyaka pafupifupi 40, ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga comene. Ŵanthu ŵakamulumba kuti ni munthu uyo wakawovwira kuti Zimbabwe yifume mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, ŵamazaza, na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Awo ŵakususka boma la Mugabe ŵakamupa mulandu wakuti ni munthu wankhaza uyo wakwendeska makora yayi vinthu vyachuma kweniso wakuchitiska vimbundi na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. ==Umoyo wakwambilila== ===Umwana: 1924–1945=== Robert Gabriel Mugabe wakababika pa 21 February 1924 mu muzi wa Kutama Mission mu chigaŵa cha Zvimba ku Southern Rhodesia.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=2002|1p=17|2a1=Meredith|2y=2002|2p=19}} Awiske, a Gabriel Matibiri, ŵakaŵa kalipentala ndipo amama ŵawo a Bona ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa vyautesi.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1p=11|2a1=Blair|2y=2002|2p=17|3a1=Meredith|3y=2002|3pp=19, 21|4a1=Norman|4y=2008|4p=15}} Ŵakaŵa kuti ŵasambizgika nchito iyi na ŵa Jesuit, gulu la cisopa la Katolika ilo likambiska nchito iyi. Bona na Gabriel ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza: Miteri (Michael), Raphael, Robert, Dhonandhe (Donald), Sabina, na Bridgette. Ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Zezuru, limoza mwa mafuko ghacoko comene gha fuko la Shona. Sekuru wa Mugabe wakaŵa Chief Constantine Karigamombe, wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "Matibiri", munthu wankhongono uyo wakateŵeteranga Themba Lobengula mu virimika vya m'ma 1800. Kwizira mwa adada ŵake, wakakhumbanga kuŵa mu mbumba ya ŵalongozgi awo ŵakulongozga kwa miwiro yinandi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopo ca Jesuit ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakamovwira kuti wajikore, kweniso wakaŵa Mukatolika wakugomezgeka. Mubali Mugabe wakacitanga makora comene pa sukulu, cifukwa wakaŵa mwana wakujibisa ndipo wakatemwanga kuŵazga m'malo mwa maseŵero panji kucezga na ŵana ŵanyake. Ŵana ŵanyake ŵakamusekanga cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa mwanalume wacitima.{{sfn|Holland|2008|pp=6–7}} Pafupifupi mu 1930, Gabriel wakasuskana na yumoza wa ŵa Jesuit, ndipo cifukwa ca ici, mulongozgi wawo wa ku France, Dada Jean-Baptiste Loubière, wakacimbizga mbumba ya Mugabe mu muzi wa ŵamishonale. Mbumba iyi yikakhala mu muzi uwo ukaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 11. Ŵana ŵakazomerezgekanga kukhala ku sukulu ya pulayimale, ŵakakhalanga na ŵabali ŵawo ku Kutama pa nyengo ya masambiro na kuwelera ku nyumba ya ŵapapi ŵawo pa Sabata.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=18}} Pa nyengo yeneyira, mukuru wa Robert, Raphael, wakafwa na nthenda ya kusulura. Kukwambilira kwa 1934, mukuru wa Robert, Michael, nayo wakafwa cifukwa ca kurya mpholozi. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, Gabriel wakafumapo pa nyumba yake na kuluta ku Bulawayo kukapenja nchito. Pamanyuma pake wakaleka Bona na ŵana ŵake ŵankhondi na yumoza na kutolera mwanakazi munyake, ndipo wakababa ŵana ŵanyake ŵatatu. Loubière wakafwa nyengo yicoko waka, ndipo wakaloŵeskeka mu malo na Father Jerome O'Hea wa ku Ireland, uyo wakazomera kuti mbumba ya Mugabe yiwelere ku Kutama.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=18}} Mwakupambana na kusankhana mitundu uko kukaŵa mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Rhodesia, pa nyengo iyo O'Hea wakalongozganga, Gulu la Kutama likapharazganga kuti ŵanthu wose mbakuyana waka. O'Hea ndiyo wakasambizganga Mugabe; pambere wandafwe mu 1970, wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa na "mtima na maghanoghano ghapadera". O'Hea wakamovwira kuti wasambire vya Chikhristu, kweniso wakamuphalira vya Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira paŵekha ya ku Ireland. Wakati wasambira vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza, mu 1941 Mugabe wakapika malo pa sukulu ya kusambizga ŵasambizgi ku Kutama College. Amama ŵa Mugabe ŵakatondekanga kulipira ndalama za masambiro, izo zikapelekekanga na abuya ŵake kweniso O'Hea. Pakuŵa cigaŵa ca masambiro agha, Mugabe wakamba kusambizga pa sukulu yake yakale, ndipo wakapokeranga mapaundi ghaŵiri pa mwezi. Mu 1944, Gabriel wakawelera ku Kutama pamoza na ŵana ŵake ŵatatu, kweni wakafwa nyengo yicoko waka, ndipo Robert ndiyo wakaŵa na udindo wa kupwelelera mbumba yake.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=2002|1p=18|2a1=Norman|2y=2008|2p=16}} Having attained a teaching diploma, Mugabe left Kutama in 1945.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=22}} === Masambiro gha pa yunivesite na uteŵeti wa kusambizga: 1945-1960 === Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, Mugabe wakasambizganga mu masukulu ghakupambanapambana gha ku Southern Rhodesia, kusazgapo sukulu ya Dadaya Mission ku Shabani.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1p=16|2a1=Norman|2y=2008|2pp=16–17}} Palije ukaboni wakuti pa nyengo iyo, Mugabe wakacitangako vinthu vya ndyali, ndipo wakacitako yayi viwawa ivyo vikacitika mu 1948. Mu 1949, wakapokera mwaŵi wakusambira pa yunivesite ya Fort Hare ku Eastern Cape, South Africa. Apo wakaŵa ku South Africa, wakanjira gulu la ŵawukirano la African National Congress (ANCYL) ndipo wakaluta ku maungano gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa uko wakakumana na Ŵayuda ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakamovwira kumanya fundo za Marx. Pamanyuma, wakayowoya kuti nangauli wakasambira vya Marx, kweni ivyo wakachita pakukhumba kujithemba vikamovwira chomene. Mu 1952, wakafumapo pa yunivesite iyi na digiri ya Bachelor of Arts mu mbiri na mabuku gha Chingelezi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika, wakati nyengo iyo wakakhala ku Fort Hare ndiyo yikaŵa "nyengo yakupambanapambana" mu umoyo wake.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=17}} [[File:Kwame Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|upright|Mubali Mugabe wakaciskika na ciyelezgero ca [[Kwame Nkrumah]] wa ku [[Ghana]].]] Mu 1952, Mugabe wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakati wakaŵa "wakususka comene muwuso wa [ŵakoloni]".{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=23}} Apa, nchito yake yakwamba yikaŵa ya kusambizga pa sukulu ya Driefontein Roman Catholic Mission School kufupi na Umvuma. Mu 1953 wakasamukira ku Highfield Government School ku Harari mu tawuni ya Salisbury ndipo mu 1954 wakasamukira ku Mambo Township Government School ku Gwelo. Nyengo yeneyiyo, wakasanga digiri ya Bachelor of Education kufuma ku University of South Africa, ndipo wakalangura mabuku ghanandi gha Marxist - pakati pa agha pakaŵa Karl Marx's Capital na Friedrich Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England - kufuma ku kampani ya ku London. Nangauli wakatemwanga chomene ndyali, kweni wakachitangako yayi ndyali. Wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, nga ni Capricorn Africa Society, uko wakasangananga na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose. Guy Clutton-Brock, uyo wakamumanyanga makora Mugabe kwizira mu gulu ili, pamasinda wakati wakaŵa "msepuka wakuzizwiska" uyo nyengo zinyake "wakakhalanga waka chete" kweni "wakayowoyanga vya Elvis Presley panji Bing Crosby mwakufwatuka nga umo wakuyowoyera vya ndyali".{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1p=19|2a1=Blair|2y=2002|2pp=18–19}} Kufuma mu 1955 mpaka 1958, Mugabe wakakhalanga ku Northern Rhodesia uko wakagwiranga nchito ku Chalimbana Teacher Training College ku Lusaka.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2002|1p=23|2a1=Norman|2y=2008|2p=17}} Wakalutizga masambiro ghake apo wakasambiranga digiri yaciŵiri, pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa na digiri ya Bachelor of Administration kufuma ku University of London International Programmes. Ku Northern Rhodesia, wakatoleka kwa nyengo yicoko waka na mbumba ya Emmerson Mnangagwa, mweneuyo Mugabe wakamuciskanga kuti wanjire mu gulu la wanangwa ndipo pamasinda wakaŵa purezidenti wa Zimbabwe. Mu 1958, Mugabe wakasamukira ku Ghana kukagwira ntchito ku St Mary's Teacher Training College ku Takoradi. Wakasambizganga ku Apowa Secondary School, kweniso ku Takoradi, wati wapokera satifiketi yake ku Achimota College (1958-1960), uko wakakumana na muwoli wake wakwamba, Sally Hayfron. Mubali Mugabe wakati: "Nkhaluta [ku Ghana] nga ni munthu uyo wakutemwa vyakusanguluska. Nkhakhumbanga kuwona umo vinthu vizamuŵira mu caru ca ku Africa". Ghana yikaŵa boma lakwamba mu Africa kuti liŵe lakujiyimira palokha ndipo pasi pa muwuso wa Kwame Nkrumah likachita vinthu vinandi vyakukondweska ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Mwakusazgirapo pa kusambizga, Mugabe wakasambirako ku Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute ku Winneba. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti ku Ghana ndiko wakazomera visambizgo vya Marx. Wakamba kutemwana na Hayfron uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku koleji ndipo nayo wakatemwanga ndyali.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1p=22|2a1=Meredith|2y=2002|2p=24|3a1=Holland|3y=2008|3pp=11–12|4a1=Norman|4y=2008|4p=17}} == Ntchito ya Kuwukila == ===Early political career: 1960–1963=== Apo Mugabe wakasambizganga ku vyaru vinyake, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana nalo likambiska kuti ku Southern Rhodesia kuŵe gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Pakwamba, Joshua Nkomo ndiyo wakadangiliranga gulu la Southern Rhodesia African National Congress, ilo likakhazikiskika mu Seputembala 1957 ndipo boma likakanizga mu Febuluwale 1959. Gulu la SRANC likasinthika na chipani cha National Democratic Party (NDP), icho chikapangika mu Janyuwale 1960. Mu Meyi 1960, Mugabe wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia, wakatora Hayfron. Banja ili likaghanaghana kuti ulendo wawo uŵenge wa nyengo yicoko waka, kweni mubwezi wa Mugabe, Leopold Takawira, uyo ni munthu wa ku Africa, wakaŵachiska kuti ŵakhalepo.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=26}} [[File:Joshua Nkomo (1978).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Joshua Nkomo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakasuskanga muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ku Southern Rhodesia.]] Mu Julayi 1960, Takawira na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa NDP ŵakakakika; pakususka, Mugabe wakajibatika ku ŵanthu 7,000 awo ŵakakhumbanga kwenda kufuma ku Highfield kuya ku ofesi ya Prime Minister ku Salisbury. Ŵapolisi ŵakakanizga ungano uwu kuwaro kwa holo ya Stoddart mu tawuni ya Harare. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakakwana 40,000, ndipo pakaŵa pulatifomu iyo ŵakanozgekera kuyowoya nkhani. Pakuŵa munthu wakucindikika comene cifukwa ca nchito yake, madigiri ghake ghatatu, na maulendo ghake gha ku caru cinyake, Mugabe wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakacemeka kuti ŵayowoye ku wumba.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1p=27|2a1=Meredith|2y=2002|2p=26|3a1=Holland|3y=2008|3p=13}} Pamanyuma pa cakucitika ici, Mugabe wakasankha kujipeleka nyengo zose ku mulimo wa kusambizga, wakaleka nchito yake ya kusambizga mu Ghana (wakati wacita vilimika viŵiri vya phangano la kusambizga la vilimika vinayi). Wakalongozga ungano wakwamba wa NDP, uwo ukacitika mu Okutobala 1960, ndipo wakawovwirika na Chitepo pa nkhani za ndondomeko. Mubali Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulembi wa chipani ichi. Mugabe wakapangiska kuti chipani cha NDP chiŵe na mtima wa kusankhana mitundu mu Africa, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhozgeke. Wakawovwira kuti paŵe gulu la ŵawukirano la NDP ndipo wakachiska kuti pa maungano ghake paŵeso malurombo gha ŵasekuru, vyakuvwara vyawo, na sumu za ŵanakazi. Mu Febuluwale 1961, wakatora Hayfron mu ukwati wa Katolika ku Salisbury.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1p=38|2a1=Blair|2y=2002|2p=20|3a1=Meredith|3y=2002|3p=27|4a1=Holland|4y=2008|4p=13|5a1=Norman|5y=2008|5p=44}} Mu 1961, boma la Britain likachita ungano wa ku Salisbury kuti liwone umo vinthu vizamuŵira ku Southern Rhodesia. Nkomo wakalongozganga wupu wa NDP, uwo ukagomezganga kuti Ŵanung'una ŵazamukhozgera boma lakujiyimira palekha ilo lizamuwusika na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Awo ŵakimiranga ŵaciŵelengero cikuru ca ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mu caru ici, awo pa nyengo iyo ŵakalongozganga boma la Southern Rhodesia, ŵakasuskanga fundo iyi.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=27–28}} Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, Nkomo wakazomera fundo iyo yikapelekanga mwaŵi ku ŵanthu ŵafipa kuti ŵaŵe na mipando 15 pa mipando 65 ya mu nyumba ya malango. Mugabe na ŵanji mu chipani cha NDP ŵakakwiya comene na ivyo Nkomo wakayowoya. Pamanyuma pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern Rhodesia ŵakamba kusuzgika. Mugabe wakayowoyapo pa maungano ghanandi gha NDP pambere boma lindakanizge chipani ichi mu Disembala 1961. Ŵanandi mwa mamembara agha ŵakambaso kuwungana mu Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) mazuŵa ghachoko waka pamanyuma, ndipo Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulembi wa vyaumoyo wa ZAPU.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=44}} Mu charu ichi mukaŵa vivulupi vinandi chomene chifukwa cha kusankhana mitundu.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=29}} Mubali Mugabe wakawona kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa kuti ŵathereske ufumu wa Britain. Ivi vikapambana na ivyo Nkomo wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakutemwa chomene charu chawo ŵakwenera kuŵikapo mtima pa nkhani za ndyali kuti boma la Britain liŵape ivyo ŵakukhumba. Pakati pajumpha myezi 9, boma likakanizga gulu la ZAPU, ndipo mu Seputembala 1962, Mugabe na ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa chipani ŵakakakika. Mubali Mugabe na muwoli wake ŵakaŵa na suzgo na dango; ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuyowoya mazgu ghakwambiska viwawa pa wumba. Hayfron wakeruzgika kukhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri, kweni wakakhalako myezi 15 cifukwa ca kuyowoya kuti Fumukazi Elizabeth II "yingaluta ku helo".{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1pp=45–46|2a1=Meredith|2y=2002|2p=31}} {{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakwenera kumanya kuti usange ŵakumanya yayi ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukhumba, mbwenu nkhondo ya mitundu yizamuŵako. | salign=right |source=— Mugabe, early 1960s{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1p=42|2a1=Norman|2y=2008|2p=44}} }} Kuwuka kwa mtundu wa ku Africa kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵakanjirenge mu Southern Rhodesia, ndipo chipani cha Rhodesian Front chikatonda pa mavoti gha mu Disembala 1962. Boma liphya likakhumbanga kusungilira muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mwa kukhozga bata na kujikora ku boma la Britain. Mubali Mugabe wakakumana na ŵanyake ku nyumba yake mu cigaŵa ca Highbury mu Salisbury, uko wakayowoya kuti cifukwa cakuti vipharazgo vya ndyali vikaŵa vyakukanizgika, nyengo yikakwana yakuti ŵambe kucitako nkhondo. Iyo pamoza na ŵanji ŵakakana fundo ya Nkomo yakuti ŵaŵike boma lakucimbira mu Dar es Salaam. Iyo na Hayfron ŵakajivikilira yayi kuti ŵalute ku ungano wa ZAPU ku Tanganyikan. Kwenekura, ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ŵakakumana na pulezidenti wa Tanganyika, Julius Nyerere, uyo nayo wakakanaso fundo ya boma lakunjilira mu caru cinyake ndipo wakaciska ZAPU kuti ŵanozge nkani yawo yakwimikana na muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵacokoŵacoko ŵaŵituŵa mu Southern Rhodesia. Mu Ogasiti, Hayfron wakababa mwana mwanalume wa Mugabe, uyo ŵakamuthya Nhamodzenyika, lizgu la Chishona ilo likung'anamura "charu icho chikusuzgika". Mubali Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti muwoli wake wawelere ku Ghana, kweni iyo wakawelera ku Southern Rhodesia. Kwenekura, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasuskanga Nkomo ŵakambiska chipani chiphya, Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), mu Ogasiti; Ndabaningi Sithole wakazgoka pulezidenti wa gulu ili, apo wakasankha Mugabe kuŵa mulembi mukuru wa gulu ili kwambura iyo. Nkomo wakazgora mwa kupanga gulu lake, la People's Caretaker Council, ilo likamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "ZAPU". ZAPU na ZANU ŵakasuskananga comene ndipo mwaluŵiro pakawuka nkhondo ya vigeŵenga. <ref name="struggleforzimbabwe7071">{{cite book|title=The Struggle for Zimbabwe|last1=Martin|first1=David|last2=Johnson|first2=Phyllis|date=July 1981|edition=First |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|isbn=978-0-571-11066-7|pages=70–71}}</ref> === Wakajalirika mu jele: 1963-1975 === Mubali Mugabe wakakakika apo wakaweleranga ku Southern Rhodesia mu Disembala 1963. Khoti likadumura mulandu wake kwamba mu Janyuwale m'paka mu Malichi 1964, ndipo wakakana kuwuskamo ivyo wakayowoya. Mu Malichi 1964, ŵakamujalira mu jele myezi 21. Muwuso wa Mugabe ukati wafika ku Wha Wha ndipo pamanyuma ku Sikombela ku Que Que. Ku jele ili, wakaŵasambizganga kuŵazga na kulemba, masamu, na Cingelezi. Ŵalinda ŵaciganga awo ŵakaŵa ŵalusungu ŵakaswanga mauthenga kufuma kwa Mugabe na mamembala ghanyake gha wupu wa ZANU ku ŵanthu awo ŵakacitanga vinthu vinyake kuwaro kwa jele. Pakulongozgeka na boma, Herbert Chitepo, uyo wakaŵa wakuvikilira ZANU, wakambiska gulu la ŵasilikari ku Lusaka. Mu Epulero 1966, gulu ili likayezga kunanga mizati ya magesi mu msumba wa Sinoia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likapoka munda unyake wa ŵazungu kufupi na msumba wa Hartley. Boma likazgora mwa kuwezgera mamembala gha ZANU, kusazgapo Mugabe, ku jele la Salisbury mu 1966. Mu jele ili, ŵakayidi 40 ŵakagaŵika mu maselo ghanayi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagonanga pasi chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Wakakhalako vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi, ndipo wakatangwanika comene na kuŵazga na kusambira.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=34}} Wakakhalako vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi, ndipo wakatangwanika comene na kuŵazga na kusambira. Mu nyengo iyi wakasanga madigiri ghanyake pa Yunivesite ya London: digiri ya masters mu vya cuma, digiri ya bachelor mu vya boma, na madigiri ghaŵiri gha malango.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=2002|1p=22|2a1=Meredith|2y=2002|2p=34}} [[File:Ian Smith 1975.jpg|alt=|thumb|265x265px|Apo Mugabe wakaŵa mu jere, [[Ian Smith]] wakaŵa mulongozgi wa Rhodesia.]] Apo wakaŵa mu jere, Mugabe wakapulika kuti mwana wake wafwa na nthenda ya mu wongo apo wakaŵa na vilimika vitatu. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa na citima comene ndipo wakapempha kuti wafumeko pa nyumba kuti wakacezge na muwoli wake ku Ghana. Wakaŵagowokera yayi ŵalara ŵa jele cifukwa ca kukana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakamumanyanga nyengo yira ŵakayowoyanga kuti apo wakaŵa mu jele, ŵakamuyuzganga. Dada Emmanuel Ribeiro, uyo wakaŵa wasembe wa Mugabe apo wakaŵa mu jele, wakati: "Chifukwa chimoza nchakuti wakaŵa wakukhora mwauzimu". Apo Mugabe wakaŵa mu jere, mu Ogasiti 1964, boma la Rhodesian Front - ilo sono likulongozgeka na Ian Smith - likakanizga ZANU na ZAPU na kukora ŵalongozgi wose ŵa gulu la African nationalist mu caru ici. Boma la Smith likapharazga kuti lijiyimire palekha kufuma ku Britain mu Novembala 1965, ndipo likasintha zina la Southern Rhodesia kuŵa Rhodesia. Mu 1972, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na boma la Smith. Ŵalwani ŵa boma ŵakachemanga kuti Chimurenga wachiŵiri. Magulu gha ŵasilikari ghakaŵa mu vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Tanzania na Zambia. Ŵasilikari ŵawo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyakukwana yayi. Gulu la nkhondo la ZANU, Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Shona. Gulu ili likaŵa ku Mozambique, ndipo likapokera ndalama kufuma ku China. Gulu la nkhondo la ZAPU, la Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), likagwiliskirika nchito na boma la Soviet Union. Mugabe na mamembala ghanyake gha ZANU ŵakaŵa na kukayika pa umo Sithole wakwendeskera, ndipo ŵakamuwonanga kuti wakukwiya comene ndiposo wakucita vinthu mwambura kwenelera. Mu Okutobala 1968, Sithole wakayezga kunjizga uthenga kufuma mu jele uwo ukalangura ŵanthu ŵa ZANU kuti ŵakome Smith. Ŵakamanya ivyo wakakhumbanga kucita ndipo ŵakamupeleka ku khoti mu Janyuwale 1969. Mugabe wakachenya Sithole chifukwa cha "kusesa" pakukana ivyo ZANU yikakhumbanga, ndipo boma likamuwuskapo pa udindo wake pakuvota kuti waleke kugomezgeka.{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1a2=Simpson|1y=1981|1p=68|2a1=Blair|2y=2002|2p=22|3a1=Norman|3y=2008|3p=56}} Mu Novembala 1974, wupu wa ZANU ukazomerezga kuti Sithole waleke kuŵa mu wupu uwu. Pakopa kuti nkhondo ya ŵasilikari yingathandazgikira kumwera, boma la South Africa likapangiska kuti Rhodesia yambe kukolerana na maboma gha ŵazungu gha Zambia na Tanzania. Pakucita viyezgo ivi, boma la Smith likazomera kufwatura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵa mu jele. Mu Novembala 1974, pamanyuma pa kukhala mu jele vyaka pafupifupi 11, Mugabe wakafumiskika.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=2002|1p=22|2a1=Meredith|2y=2002|2p=37|3a1=Norman|3y=2008|3p=59}} Wakasamira ku nyumba ya mudumbu wake Sabina ku Highfield. Wakakhumbanga kunjira mu gulu la ZANU na kurwa nkhondo ya chipani, pakumanya kuti kuti waŵe na mazaza pa ZANU, wakeneranga kuwusa ZANLA. Ivi vikaŵa vyakusuzga cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitikanga mu gulu la ŵasilikari, comenecomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Manyika na Karange.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=76–78}} ===Nkhondo ya chiona wona: 1975–1979=== [[File:Flag of ZANU-PF.svg|thumb|Mbendera ya Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)]] Mu Malichi 1975, Mugabe wakafumako ku Rhodesia kuya ku Mozambique, wakakhumbanga kuwusa gulu la ZANU. Munyake, Maurice Nyagumbo, wakati wakoleka, wakafipanga mtima kuti nayo ndimo vicitirenge. Ribeiro na sisiteri munyake ŵakamovwira iyo na Edgar Tekere kuti ŵanjire mwakubisilizga mu Mozambique. Mubali Mugabe wakakhala mu caru ici vyaka viŵiri. Pulezidenti wa Mozambique, Samora Machel, wakaŵa wakukayikira za maluso gha Mugabe ndipo wakamanya yayi usange wangamuwona nga ni mulongozgi wa ZANU. Machel wakamupa nyumba mu Quelimane ndipo wakamuŵika mu jele, ndipo Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuzomerezgeka kwenda. Pakatora pafupifupi chaka kuti Machel wazomerezge kuti Mugabe ndiyo walongozge ZANU.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=23}} Mugabe wakaluta ku misasa yakupambanapambana ya ZANLA mu Mozambique kuti wakhozge ŵasilikari ŵake. Pakati pa chaka cha 1976, wakaŵa kuti wasanga wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa ZANLA ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wakumanyikwa comene wa gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakarwanga na muwuso wa Smith. Mu Ogasiti 1977, wakapharazgika kuti ni purezidenti wa ZANU pa ungano wa komiti yikuru ya chipani uwo ukacitikira ku Chimoio. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, Mugabe wakalutilira kukayikira ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ZANLA ndipo wakakaka ŵanandi ŵa iwo. Mu 1977, wakakaka mulara wake munyake, Wilfred Mhanda, cifukwa cakuti ŵakamuyowoyera kuti ngwakugomezgeka yayi. Josiah Tongogara wakati wafwa pa ngozi ya galimoto mu 1979, ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakwenera kuti wakacitako. Mugabe wakakhara kutali na milimo ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya ZANLA, iyo wakapeleka kwa Tongogara. Mu Janyuwale 1976, ZANLA yikamba kunjira mu charu ichi kufuma ku Mozambique, ndipo ŵasilikari pafupifupi 1,000 ŵakambuka mphaka kuti ŵakawukire minda na mashopu gha ŵatuŵa. Pakuzgora, boma la Smith likalemba ŵanalume wose ŵa vyaka vyakukwana 35 kuti ŵanjire usilikari. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda yawo chifukwa cha kugaluka kwa ZANLA. Ŵachikuda ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito ŵakamba kugwira nchito na ZANLA. Kuzakafika mu 1979, ZANLA yikaŵa kuti yaluta ku misumba yinandi ya ku Rhodesia. Pa nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu 30,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakafwa comene, ndipo kuumaliro wa vyaka ivi, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kutonda.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=109}}[[File:Robert Mugabe & Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romania 1976.jpg|thumb|left|Mugabe pa ungano na mulongozgi wa cikomyunizimu wa ku Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu mu 1976]] Mubali Mugabe wakadodoliskanga comene pa nkhondo yakupharazga, ndipo nyengo zose wakayowoyanga pa wayilesi. Mu mabuku agha, wakajiwonanga nga ni Marxist-Leninist, ndipo wakayowoya makora chomene vya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu nga ni Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, na Fidel Castro. Nangauli wakaŵa na vigomezgo vya Marx, kweni maungano gha Mugabe na ŵimiliri ŵa Soviet ghakaŵavya candulo, cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga kuti Nkomo ndiyo walongozgenge nkhondo. Ubwezi wake na China ukaŵa wakukhora comene, cifukwa boma la China likapeleka vilwero ku ZANLA kwambura vinthu vinyake. Kweniso wakapenja wovwiri ku vyaru vya ku Western, wakaluta ku ma ambassy gha ku Western ku Mozambique, ndipo wakaluta ku vyaru vya ku Western nga ni Italy na Switzerland na vyaru vya Marxist nga ni Soviet Union, China, North Korea, Vietnam, na Cuba. Mubali Mugabe wakacema kuti boma la Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵazungu likomeke, Smith na gulu lake la vigeŵenga ŵakomeke, caru ca ŵanthu ŵazungu cikanjire mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵazungu, ndipo Rhodesia yisinthe kuŵa boma la chipani cimoza. Kanandi waka wakaciskanga ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia kuti ŵacitire nkhaza ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa mu caru ici, ndipo wakaŵachemanga kuti "ŵakusuzga ŵanthu", "ŵakukoma ŵanthu", ndiposo "ŵakusankhana mitundu". Mwaciyelezgero, mu 1978, mu upharazgi wa pa wayilesi, Mugabe wakati: "Tiyeni tiŵathereske [Ŵazungu]. Tiyeni tiparanye msumba wake. Tileke kumupa nyengo yakuti wapumure. Tiyeni timupenje mu ngodya yiliyose. Tiyeni tiwuskemo ciŵanda ici mu nyumba yithu". Kwa Mugabe, kulimbana na ŵasilikari kukaŵa kwakuzirwa comene pakukhazikiska boma liphya. Mwakupambana na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Nkomo, Mugabe wakasuskanga fundo yakuti boma la Smith limare kukolerana. Mu Okutobala 1976 ZANU yikakhazikiska gulu limoza na ZAPU lakucemeka Patriotic Front. Mu Seputembala 1978, Mugabe wakakumana na Nkomo ku Lusaka. Wakakwiya cifukwa ca kuyezga kwa Smith kuti wadumbiskane na mulongozgi wa Cikomyunizimu Nicolae Ceaușescu mu 1976.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=112}} === Phangano la Nyumba ya Lancaster: 1979 === Mubali Smith wakamba kuwona kuti vinthu vyamba kwenda makora apo B. J. Wakayama Vorster wakamanya kuti muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ukaŵa wambura kovwira mu caru ico mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵabuluu ŵanandi kuluska ŵatuŵa. Smith wakazomera kuti muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ungalutilira yayi kwamuyirayira. Wakalongozga pa mavoti gha 1979 agho ghakapangiska kuti Abel Muzorewa, bishopu wakufipa mtima, wasankhike kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Wupu wa ZANU na ZAPU wose ŵakakananga mavoti agha, kweni charu chose chikapokelera yayi. Pa ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma wa mu 1979, uwo ukacitikira ku Lusaka, Margaret Thatcher, nduna yikuru ya Britain, wakazizika ŵapositole apo wakapharazga kuti caru ca Britain cizamumanya kuti nchakujiyimira pawekha usange cizamunjira mu boma la ŵanthu ŵanandi.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=118–120}} [[File:Lancaster House (5880536589).jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Lancaster mu cigaŵa ca St. James mu [[London]]]] Maungano agha ghakacitikira mu nyumba ya Lancaster House mu msumba wa London, ndipo wakadangiliranga ni Peter Carington wa mu chipani cha Conservative. Mubali Mugabe wakakana kuluta ku maungano agha, chifukwa wakatinkhanga fundo yakuti nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia yimalenge pa mtende. Machel wakadandawura kuti wakwenera kucita nthena, ndipo wakawofya kuti walekeskenge wovwiri wa Mozambique ku ZANU-PF usange waleka kucita nthena. Mu September 1979, Mugabe wakafika ku London. Kwenekura, iyo na Nkomo ŵakajiphara nga ni gulu la "Patriotic Front" kweni ŵakakhazikiska ofesi yawo mu msumba uwu. Pa ungano uwu ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambana; Nkomo wakakhumbanga kujilongora nga ni munthu wakujiyuyura apo Mugabe wakayezga kujilongora nga ni munthu wakugaluka wa Marxist, ndipo Carington wakagwiliskira nchito kugaŵikana uku. Mu nyengo yose iyo ŵakadumbiskananga, Mugabe wakagomezganga Ŵanung'una yayi ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ŵakwendeska vinthu kuti ŵasangepo candulo. Phangano la Lancaster House likati wose awo ŵakanjilirapo pa Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia ŵavomerezgane kuti paŵe mtende, ndipo kazembe wa ku Britain, Christopher Soames, wakiza ku Rhodesia kuzakawona ivyo vikachitika. Likayowoya kuti charu cha Rhodesia chichemekengeso Zimbabwe, zina ilo lili kufuma ku malo ghakuchemeka Great Zimbabwe. Phangano ili likawoneseskaso kuti ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu caru ici ŵasungilire wanangwa wawo wa vya cuma na ndyali. Pakuyowoya kuti boma la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose likwenera kuŵa la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, Carington wakaciska Mugabe kuti wacitepo kanthu pa nkhani yinyake yikuru ya ungano uwu, ya malo. Mugabe wakazomera kuvikilira katundu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa pa fundo yakuti maboma gha Britain na United States ghaŵawovwire ndalama mwakuti boma la Zimbabwe ligure malo ghanandi kuti ghagaŵike ku ŵanthu ŵafipa. Mugabe wakasuska fundo yakuti paŵe mtende, kweni Machel wakamuchichizga kuti wazomere. Mugabe wakalemba phangano ili, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti wapusikika, ndipo wakakhuŵara cifukwa cakuti wakatondeka kutonda ŵasilikari ŵa Rhodesia.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2002|1p=235|2a1=Tendi|2y=2011|2p=313}} === Kamupeni wa chisankho: 1980 === Apo wakaweleranga ku Salisbury mu Janyuwale 1980, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamupokelera. Wakakhalanga mu nyumba yinyake ku Mount Pleasant, mu tawuni iyo mukaŵa ŵazungu ŵanandi. Machel wakachenjezga Mugabe kuti waleke kutinkha ŵazungu ŵa ku Rhodesia, kumucenjezga kuti para ŵazungu ŵafumako ku caru cawo para pajumpha mavoti, vingananga cuma nga umo vikaŵira ku Mozambique. Ntheura, pa nyengo ya kampeni yake ya kuvota, Mugabe wakaleka kuyowoya mazgu gha Marx na gha chipani. Mugabe wakadikhira kuti pa chisankho, ZANU yizamwimilira nga chipani chakupambana na ZAPU, ndipo wakakana pempho la Nkomo la ungano. Wakapangiska chipani cha ZANU, icho chikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANUPF). Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyerathu kuti ZANU-PF ndiyo yizamutonda pa vipani ivyo vikupambana mitundu. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Shona, uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu 70 pa 100 wose mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku Britain ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivi vichitikenge cifukwa ca vigomezgo vya Mugabe vya Marx na mazgu ghake ghakwimikana na ŵanthu ŵazungu.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=11}} Mu nyengo ya kampeni, Mugabe wakapona ku ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakakhumbanga kumukoma. Mu nyengo yakwamba, iyo yikacitika pa Febuluwale 6, bomba likaponyeka pa nyumba yake ya Mount Pleasant, apo likaphulika pa cimati ca munda. Pa 10 February, bomba la mumphepete mwa msewu likaphulika pafupi na galimoto yake apo wakafumanga ku Fort Victoria. Mubali Mugabe nayo wakapwetekeka yayi. Mubali Mugabe wakati ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ndiwo ŵakapangiska vinthu ivi. Kuti ŵaleke kughanaghana kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵachitenge vimbundi, Mugabe wakakumana na Peter Walls, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia, ndipo wakamupempha kuti wakhalilire pa udindo wake usange ZANU-PF yingatonda. Pa nyengo iyo, Viliŵa vikakana.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=12}} Nkhondo iyi yikakhwaskika na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakachitiranga wofi ŵanthu awo ŵakavotanga, awo ŵakaŵa ZAPU ya Nkomo, United African National Council (UANC) ya Abel Muzorewa, na ZANU-PF ya Mugabe. Pakulongosora za milimo ya ZANU-PF ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Rhodesia, Nkomo wakadandawura kuti "mazgu ghakuti kutenthemeska ngapusu. Ŵanthu ŵakopa ŵanthu. Ni wofi". Pakuwona kuti ZANU-PF yikopa ŵanthu, Mugabe wakachemeka ku nyumba ya boma. Mugabe wakawona kuti ungano uwu ukaŵa wa ku Britain kuti watimbanizge kampeni yake. Kuyana na ndondomeko ya kudumbiskana, Soames wakaŵa na mazaza gha kulekeska chipani cilicose ico cikopa ŵanthu. Wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Rhodesia, Nkomo, Muzorewa, na ŵanyake awo ŵakamupa ulongozgi wose ŵakapempha Soames kuti waleke kunjizga ZANU-PF. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, Soames wakazomera yayi, wakugomezga kuti ZANU-PF yikwenera kutonda pa chisankho ndipo kuti kuŵatondeska kungapangiska kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na mwaŵi wa kusintha mazaza. Pa mavoti gha mu February, ZANU-PF yikasanga mavoti 63% pa mavoti gha mu chalo chose, ndipo yikasanga vithuzithuzi 57 pa vithuzithuzi 80 ivyo vikaŵa vya maboma gha ŵanthu ŵaŵisi. ZAPU yikasanga vithuzithuzi 20, ndipo UANC yikasanga vithuzithuzi vitatu. Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mp ku chigaŵa cha Salisbury ku Highfield. Pakuyezga kukhozga wofi na kukanizga ŵanthu ŵazungu kuti ŵaleke kucimbira, Mugabe wakawonekera pa wayilesi na kucemera kuti paŵe umoza wa caru cose, kukhazikika, na dango na ndondomeko.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2002|1p=13|2a1=Holland|2y=2008|2p=xiii|3a1=Norman|3y=2008|3p=74}} == Nduna Yakwamba ya Zimbabwe: 1980-1987 == [[File:Heroes Acre Monument, Harare, Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Vithuzithuzi vya pa dindi la msilikari wambura kumanyikwa ku Heroes' Acre; cikumbusko ici cikapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku North Korea awo ŵakaphaliranga Mugabe.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=194}}]] Charu cha Southern Rhodesia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa April 18, 1980. Mubali Mugabe wakalapa kuŵa nduna yikuru ya caru ciphya ici pakati pa usiku.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=9}}Wakayowoya pa Rufaro Stadium ku Salisbury, ndipo wakapharazga kuti charu cha Rhodesia chichemekenge "Zimbabwe". Soames wakawovwira Mugabe kuti wasinthe makora mazaza; ndipo Mugabe wakalutilira kumuwonga. Mugabe wakakhumba yayi kuti Soames wakhale mu Zimbabwe kwa virimika vinandi, ndipo wakatondeka kukhuŵilizga Britain kuti waŵe na "mulimo wakulongozga" wa vyaka viŵiri mu boma lake cifukwa ŵa ZANU-PF ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵambura kumanya vinandi vya muwuso. Pakuti ZANU-PF yikaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwusa yekha, kweni Mugabe wakambiska boma la umoza mwa kuchemera ŵanthu ŵa ku vipani vinyake kuti ŵanjire mu nduna zake. Mubali Mugabe wakasamira ku nyumba ya nduna yikuru ya boma ku Salisbury, iyo wakayizingilizga mwakuyana waka na umo Smith wakayizingilizgira.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=41}} [[File:President Ronald Reagan meeting Prime Minister Mugabe of Zimbabwe in the Oval Office - DPLA - 7ca02b080ed105da1103b26b9ee646bc.jpg|thumb|right|Mugabe na pulezidenti wa ku [[United States]] [[Ronald Reagan]] mu 1983]] Mu caru cose, ŵakawuskamo vikozgo vya Cecil Rhodes, ndipo malo na misewu ivyo vikacemekanga na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu nyengo ya makoloni vikacemeka na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 1982, msumba wa Salisbury ukacemeka Harare. Mubali Mugabe wakagwiliska nchito ŵanthu ŵa ku North Korea kuti ŵanozge nyumba ya Heroes' Acre, cikumbusko na malo ghakukondwelera ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵachoko. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikapokeraso wovwiri ukuru kufuma ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Boma la United States likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 25 miliyoni ku Zimbabwe kwa vilimika vitatu. Boma la United Kingdom likapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera ndondomeko ya kunozga malo, ndipo likapeleka ulongozgi wa ŵasilikari kuti ŵawovwire kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵanjire mu gulu liphya la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ZANLA na ZIPRA ŵakakanjira usilikari, kweni pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha. Pakuŵa Nduna Yikuru, Mugabe wakasunga Walls kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Boma la Mugabe likalutilira kuyowoyapo za kusintha Zimbabwe kuŵa wupu wa socialist, kweni likachitapo kanthu yayi. Mwakupambana na umo Mugabe wakayowoyeranga vya socialism, ndondomeko za boma lake za bajeti zikaŵa zakusungilira vinthu, zikagwiranga nchito mu ndondomeko ya capitalist ndipo zikayowoyanga comene za kukhumbikwa kwa ndalama zakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Apo wakaŵa pa udindo wake, Mugabe wakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu pachokopachoko kuti vileke kuŵa nga umo vikaŵira pakwamba. Kufuma mu 1980 m'paka mu 1990, chuma cha caru ici cikakura na 2.7% pa caka, kweni cikakura cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ndipo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga zikakhira. Unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakwera, ndipo mu 1990 ukafika pa 26%. Boma likaŵa na suzgo la ndalama pa ciŵelengero ca 10% ca GDP. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Mugabe, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa masambiro na vya cipatala zikakura comene. Mu 1980, ku Zimbabwe kukaŵa masukulu gha sekondare 177 pera. Pa nyengo iyi, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 62% kufika pa 82%. Ŵana ŵanandi ŵakakoleka munkhwala wa HIV kufuma pa 25% kufika pa 92%.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}} Ŵakapanga gulu liphya la ŵalongozgi, ndipo kanandi ŵakagulanga nyumba zikuruzikuru na magalimoto ghakudura, ŵakatumanga ŵana ŵawo ku masukulu ghapadera, kweniso ŵakachitanga bizinesi. Kuti ŵaleke kuchita vinthu mwakutalulira, mu 1984 Mugabe wakalemba "ndondomeko ya ŵalongozgi" iyo yikakanizganga ŵanthu ŵalara-lara kupokera malipiro ghakujumpha limoza panji kuŵa na malo ghakujumpha maekali 50. Pakaŵaso vinyake ivyo vikachitika, ndipo Mugabe wakazomerezga Jenerale Solomon Mujuru kusazgirako bizinesi yake, ndipo wakazgoka munthu musambazi comene mu Zimbabwe. Vimbundi ivyo vikachitikanga pakati pa ŵanthu ŵamazaza vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaleke kugomezgeka.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=83}} [[File:Robert Mugabe September 1983, DF-SC-84-10031.jpg|thumb|left|Mugabe departing [[Andrews Air Force Base]] after a state visit to the United States in 1983]] ZANU-PF nayo yikamba kupanga bizinesi yake, yikayambiska M&S Syndicate mu 1980 na Zidoo Holdings mu 1981. Kufika mu 1992, chipani ichi chikaŵa na katundu na bizinesi yakujumpha madola 500 miliyoni (US$75 miliyoni). Mu 1980, ZANU-PF yikagwiliskira nchito ndarama za ku Nigeria kuti yikhazikiske wupu wa Mass Media Trust, uwo ukagura kampani ya ku South Africa iyo yikaŵa na manyuzipepara ghanandi gha ku Zimbabwe. Ŵazungu awo ŵakang'anamuliranga manyuzipepara agha ŵakaŵafumiskanga mu maofesi ghawo ndipo ŵakaŵikamo ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakimikika na boma. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, manyuzipepara agha ghakazgoka malo ghakupharazgira vya chipani. Apo charu cha Zimbabwe chikapokera wanangwa wake, vyaru 39% vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵambura kutchuka awo ŵakaŵa na minda yikuruyikuru ya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa pafupifupi 6,000, apo 4% vikaŵa vya ŵanthu ŵachiswesi awo ŵakaŵa na minda yichokoyikuru, ndipo 41% vikaŵa vyaru vya ŵanthu wose. Phangano la Lancaster House likati m'paka mu 1990, malo ghakuguliskika ghangaŵa waka "ghakunozgeka kuguliskika". Kweni ŵakazomerezganga yayi usange malo agha "ghakugwiliskirika nchito mwambura kwenelera" panji ghakukhumbikwa pa mulimo unyake. Ici cikang'anamuranga kuti boma la Mugabe likaguliskanga waka malo ghambura kwenelera. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti mu vyaka vitatu, mbumba za ŵanthu ŵabuluu 18,000 zizakakhale pa malo gha mahekita 2.5 miliyoni gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Ivi vikeneranga kukhumba ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 30 miliyoni (US$60 million), ndipo hafu ya ndalama izi boma la United Kingdom likeneranga kupeleka kuyana na ivyo vikaŵa mu phangano la Lancaster House. Mu 1986, Mugabe wakazgoka mulongozgi wa gulu la Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), udindo uwo wakasunga mpaka mu 1989. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa boma la Front Line States, ilo lili pafupi na charu cha South Africa icho chikaŵa pasi pa apartheid, wakaŵa wakugomezgeka comene mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=85}} === Umo ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu === {{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Sono tikwenera kugowokera na kuluwa zakwananga izo tikacita kumanyuma. Usange tikughanaghanira ivyo vikacitika kumasinda, tiyeni ticitenge nthena cifukwa ca sambiro ilo tili kusambira, lakuti kusuzgika na kusankhana mitundu ni vinthu vyambura kwenelera ivyo vingazomerezgeka yayi kuti viŵeko mu ndyali na mu umoyo withu. Cingaŵa cifukwa ciwemi yayi kuyowoya kuti cifukwa cakuti ŵatuŵa ŵakatisuzga apo ŵakaŵa na mazaza, ŵafipa ŵakwenera kuŵasuzga lero cifukwa cakuti ŵali na mazaza. Uheni ukulutilira kuŵa uheni, kwali ni mzungu uyo wakulimbana na muzungu panji muzungu uyo wakulimbana na muzungu.|salign=right |source=— Mugabe's speech after his 1980 victory{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=15}} }} Pakwamba, Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵambeso kukolerana, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuŵa paubwezi uwemi na ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Wakakhumbanga kuti ŵazungu ŵaleke kufumamo mu charu chawo, ndipo wakawoneseskanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kopa kuti waŵasuzgenge kuti ŵaguliske katundu wawo. Wakimika ŵantchito ŵaŵiri ŵatuŵa - David Smith na Denis Norman - mu boma lake, wakakumana na ŵalongozgi ŵatuŵa mu vyakurya, makampani, migodi, na malonda, ndipo wakakondweska ŵalara ŵa boma nga ni Smith na Ken Flower na mtima wake wose. Nkhondo yikati yamara, mafuta ghakaŵa ghacilendo, ndipo vinthu vikamba kwenda makora ku Zimbabwe. Mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikendanga makora mu caru ici, ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakaŵa ŵazungu, awo ŵakaŵa na katundu munandi ndiposo ŵakendeskanga malonda, mafakitale, na mabanki, ndiwo ŵakatumbikika comene. Ndipouli, Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakadandawura kuti ŵakaŵasankhiranga. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵakakwenyelera cifukwa ca kukhala mu boma la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo ŵakafipanga mtima kuti ŵana ŵawo ŵasangenge nchito yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku South Africa, ndipo mu 1980, ŵazungu pafupifupi 17,000 (pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza pa viŵelengero 10 vya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Zimbabwe) ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake. Boma la Mugabe likalayizga kuti lizamovwira African National Congress na ŵasilikari ŵanyake awo ŵakasuskanga apartheid mu South Africa, kweni likaŵazomerezga yayi kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito Zimbabwe pakuchita nkhondo. Pakulimbana na nkhaza za katangale na muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mu South Africa, boma la Mugabe likakanizga Zimbabwe kuti yileke kuchitako maseŵero gha ku South Africa. Kweniso caru ca South Africa cikayezga kutimbanizga Zimbabwe mwa kujara nthowa za malonda na kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakususka Mugabe.{{sfnm|1a1=Meredith|1y=2002|1p=51|2a1=Holland|2y=2008|2pp=36–37|3a1=Norman|3y=2008|2p=76}}[[File:Persconferentie Robert Magabe , president Zimbabwe, op Schiphol na driedaags bez, Bestanddeelnr 932-1957.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mugabe ku [[Netherlands]], 1982]] Mu Disembala 1981, bomba likaphulika pa ofesi yikuru ya ZANU-PF, ndipo ŵanthu 7 ŵakafwa ndipo 124 ŵakapwetekeka. Mugabe wakapa mulandu ŵasilikari ŵazungu awo ŵakovwirika na South Africa. Wakasuska "ŵanthu ŵakususka na awo ŵakususka kusintha kwa vinthu" mu muzi wa ŵazungu, ndipo wakati nangauli ŵakasuskika yayi cifukwa ca ivyo ŵakacita kumanyuma, kweni ŵakukana kuwezgerapo mtende pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo "ŵakucita vinthu mwakukolerana na ŵa ku South Africa kuti ŵatipweteke, kutimbanizge umoza withu, kutimbanizga chuma cithu, na kuwuskapo boma ilo ine nkhulongozga". Wakasuskanga ŵasilikari pera yayi kweni ŵazungu wose cifukwa ca kuŵa na mazaza pa "nkhongono za cuma za Zimbabwe". Ndimo ŵaminisitala ŵanandi ŵa boma na ŵapharazgi ŵa nkhani ŵakawoneranga. Yumoza wa ŵaliska aŵa, Tekere, wakacitako cinthu cinyake apo iyo pamoza na ŵanalume ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero ŵakanjira mu famu iyo yikaŵa ya ŵazungu, ndipo ŵakakoma mulimi munyake mucekuru. Tekere ŵakamusanga na mulandu wa kukoma munthu, kweni Mugabe wakamufumiska mu ofesi yake. Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kutinkhana. Mu Disembala 1981, Wally Stuttaford, mulara wa ku mphala ya malango ya ku South Africa, ŵakamupa mulandu wa kuŵa muzga wa South Africa, ŵakamukora na kumusuzga, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakwiyike. Mu Julayi 1982, ŵasilikari ŵazungu awo ŵakakhozgekanga na South Africa ŵakaparanya ndege 13 pa Thornhill. Ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakakakika na kutambuzgika. Ŵakaŵeruzga, kweni ŵeruzgi ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵalije mulandu. Nkhani yawo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵayowoyepo viheni, kweni Mugabe wakati nkhani iyi yikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi cifukwa cakuti ŵakayidi ŵakaŵa ŵazungu. Kuvikilira kwake nthambuzgo na kuyuyura ndondomeko za malango vikapweteka mbiri yake pa caru cose. Ŵazungu ŵakalutilira kucimbilira ku caru cinyake, ndipo mu vilimika vitatu kufuma apo Mugabe wakambira kuwusa, hafu ya ŵanthu wose ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake. Mu 1985 pa mavoti, chipani cha Smith cha Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe chikapokera vithuzithuzi 15 pa vithuzithuzi 20 ivyo vikapelekeka ku ŵazungu. Mugabe wakakwiya chomene na ivyo vikachitika, ndipo wakachenya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku Zimbabwe cifukwa ca kuleka kupera "mu nthowa yiliyose" apo ŵakalutilira kovwira Smith na ŵandyali ŵanyake ŵatuŵa awo ŵakacita "vinthu vyakofya ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe".{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=56}} === Ubale na ZAPU na Gukurahundi === {{Main|Gukurahundi}} [[File:Zimbabwe African People's Union flag.svg|thumb|Mbendera ya ZAPU, iyo yikamara na ZANU-PF mu chigaŵa cha Gukurahundi]] Kuyana na dango liphya la charu ichi, udindo wa pulezidenti wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa wa pa mwambo pera. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa kuti wapeleka uteŵeti uwu kwa Nkomo, kweni Nkomo wakakana. Apo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza, pakaŵa ukali pakati pa Mugabe na Nkomo. Mugabe wakapeleka mipando yinayi ku ZAPU, kweni Nkomo wakapempha zinandi. Mwakupambana na ivi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ZANU-PF ŵakayowoya kuti ZAPU yikwenera yayi kuŵa na mipando mu boma, ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti Zimbabwe yiŵe boma la chipani chimoza. Tekere na Enos Nkala ŵakaŵa ŵakusimikizga kuti palije suzgo na ZAPU. Pamanyuma pakuti Nkala wacemerezga kuti ZAPU yikomeke mwankhaza pa ungano wa ŵanthu ku Entumbane, ku malo agha kukawuka mbembe.{{sfnm|1a1=Blair|1y=2002|1p=30|2a1=Meredith|2y=2002|2p=61|3a1=Norman|3y=2008|3p=76}} Mu Janyuwale 1981, Mugabe wakawuskapo Nkomo pa udindo wake mu nduna zake; iyo wakachenjezga kuti ichi chikukwiyiska awo ŵakakolerana na ZAPU. Mu February, nkhaza pakati pa ŵakukhozgera ZAPU na ZANU-PF zikawuka pakati pa gulu ilo likaŵa ku Ntabazinduna. Kufuma apo, ŵakasanga vilwero vinandi ivyo vikaŵa na mabomba na mabomba ghakwimikana na ndege pa famu ya Ascot, iyo Nkomo wakaŵa nayo. Mugabe wakayowoya kuti uwu ukaŵa ukaboni wakuti ZAPU yikunozgekera kuti yikome boma, kweni Nkomo wakakana. Pakuyaniska Nkomo na "njoka ya mu nyumba", Mugabe wakamulekeska nchito mu boma, ndipo mabizinesi, minda, na katundu wa ZAPU vikatoleka. Ŵanalume ŵa ZANLA na ZIPRA ŵakaleka milimo yawo na kwamba kunjilirapo pa vigeŵenga. Ku Matabeleland, ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira gulu la ZIPRA awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "ŵakupambana maghanoghano" ŵakachitanga unkhungu, kwiba mabasi, na kuwukira nyumba za ŵalimi. Ŵalwani aŵa ŵakapokera wovwiri kufuma ku South Africa kwizira mu gulu la ku Africa lakucemeka Operation Mute, ilo likagomezganga kuti lingapangiska kuti caru ca Zimbabwe cileke kukhazikika. Boma kanandi likayaniskanga ZIPRA na awo ŵakususka, nangauli Nkomo wakasuskanga awo ŵakususka na awo ŵakuŵawovwira. Mubali Mugabe wakazomerezga ŵapolisi na ŵasilikari kuti ŵakome ŵanthu awo ŵakususkana na boma ku Matabeleland. Mu 1982 wakambiska Gulu la Cinkhondi, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likasambizgika na ŵanthu ŵa ku North Korea. Mu Janyuwale 1983, ŵasilikari ŵa Fifth Brigade ŵakatumika ku chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ŵakalongozga ntchito ya kutimbana, kotcha ŵanthu, kukoma ŵanthu pa wumba, na kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakatenge ŵakukolerana na ŵakususka. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yikuru comene kuluska iyo yikacitika mu caru ca Rhodesia. Ŵakazenga malo ghakuponerako ŵanthu. Mubali Mugabe wakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵazamusuzgika cifukwa ca vivulupi ivi, wakati "tingamanya yayi uyo ni wakususka panji yayi". Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikamanyikwa kuti "Gukurahundi", lizgu la Cishona ilo likung'anamura "mphepo iyo yikuseŵa duru pambere vula yindize".{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=31}}[[File:Matabeleland.svg|thumb|left|upright|Gukurahundi yikachitikira mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, ku Matabeleland.]] Mu 1984, Gukurahundi wakambukira ku Matabeleland South, malo agho ghakaŵa na chilangalanga kwa vyaka vitatu. Gulu la Cinkhondi likajara mashopu ghose, likakanizga kupeleka vinthu, ndipo likakanizga ŵanthu kwenda, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na njara kwa myezi yiŵiri. Bishopu wa Bulawayo wakamunena Mugabe kuti wakulongozga ndondomeko ya njara. Apo ŵimiliri ŵa Katolika ŵakapeleka kwa Mugabe buku ilo likulongosora uheni uwo gulu la Fifth Brigade likacita, Mugabe wakakana ivyo likayowoya ndipo wakati ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakuleka kugomezgeka ku Zimbabwe. Wakacitiska kuti wupu wa Katolika wakuwona vya urunji na mtende mu Zimbabwe uleke kugwira nchito. Mu 1985, lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International lakukhwaskana na Gukurahundi likakanika na Mugabe kuti ni "utesi". Mu vilimika vinayi, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵakakomeka, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakatimbika na kutambuzgika. Genocide Watch yikalongosora kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 ŵakakomeka. Boma la Britain la Margaret Thatcher likamanyanga za kukoma ŵanthu kweni likakhala chete pa nkhani iyi, kuti lileke kukwiyiska Mugabe na kutimbanizga umoyo wa ŵazungu ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Kweniso boma la United States likakana yayi, ndipo mu Seputembala 1983, pulezidenti Ronald Reagan wakapokelera Mugabe ku White House. Mu Okutobala 1983, Mugabe wakaluta ku ungano wa ŵalara ŵa boma la Commonwealth ku New Delhi, uko kukaŵavya boma ilo likayowoyapo vya Gukurahundi. Mu 2000, Mugabe wakazomera kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka, ndipo wakati "ni ucindere... ukaŵa uheni ndipo vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikaŵa na mulandu". Martin Meredith, uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Mugabe, wakati Mugabe na ZANU-PF ndiwo ŵekha ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mbiri ya Mugabe ŵakuwona kuti Gukurahundi wakaŵa chiyezgo cha kulekeska ZAPU na ŵanthu awo ŵakamovwiranga. Pakaŵaso nkhaza zinandi pambere mavoti gha 1985 ghandambe, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na ZAPU ŵakasuzgikanga na magulu gha ZANU-PF Youth League. Nangauli ŵakamuwofyanga, kweni ZAPU yikapokera vithuzithuzi vyose 15 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Matabeleland. Kufuma apo, Mugabe wakasora Enos Nkala kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵapolisi. Pamanyuma pake, Nkala wakakaka ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 100 ŵa ZAPU, kusazgapo mamembala ghankhondi na meya wa Bulawayo, wakakanizga chipani ici kucita maungano, kujara maofesi ghawo ghose, na kusisita maboma ghose agho ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza ghawo. Kuti ŵaleke kwambaso vivulupi, mu Disembala 1987 Nkomo wakalembeska phangano la umoza umo ZAPU yikaparanyikira ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵake ŵakanjira mu ZANU-PF. Kuphatikizika kwa zipani ziŵiri izi kukasilira ZANU-PF na vithuzi 99 pa vithuzi 100 mu pharalamende, ndipo vikapangiska Zimbabwe kuŵa boma la chipani chimoza.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=34}} == Pulezidenti wa Zimbabwe == === Kusintha kwa malango na vya cuma: 1987-1995 === Kuumaliro wa 1987, Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Zimbabwe yikasintha malango gha boma. Pa Disembala 30, boma likati Mugabe ndiyo ni pulezidenti wa boma, udindo uphya uwo ukasazga maudindo gha mulongozgi wa boma, mulongozgi wa boma, na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Wakaŵa na mazaza ghakupatura nyumba ya malango, kuŵika dango la nkhondo, na kwimilira mu mavoti nyengo yitali. Kuyana na Meredith, sono Mugabe wakaŵa "na mazaza pa boma ndipo wakaŵa na mwaŵi wakuwovwira ŵanthu". Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵakafumiskapo mipando 20 iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Mu nyengo ya mavoti gha 1990, maparamende ghakawovwira kuti paŵe maparamendi 120. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti viŵe vyakusuzga kuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakususka Mugabe ŵasange mazaza mu nyumba ya malango.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=89}}Chipani chikuru cha opposition mu chisankho ichi chikaŵa Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), icho chikambiska mu April 1989 na Tekere; nangauli wakaŵa mubwezi wa nyengo yitali wa Mugabe, Tekere wakamususka kuti wakwendera mphiska chipani cha Zimbabwe na kukhazikiska muwuso wa ukali. Ŵanthu ŵa ZANU-PF ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ŵaŵe ku ZUM. Cinyake nchakuti tivotere ZUM. Lekani kujikoma, vota ZANU-PF ndipo ukhale wamoyo". Mu mavoti agha, Mugabe wakasankhikaso kuŵa purezidenti na mavoti pafupifupi 80%, apo ZANU-PF yikapokera vithuzithuzi 116 pa vithuzithuzi 119 ivyo vikaŵapo. Mubali Mugabe wakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chiŵe na chipani chimoza, kweni mu 1990, wakaleka nadi ivyo wakakhumbanga chifukwa cha kusintha kwa Mozambique na vyaru vinyake vya ku Eastern Bloc. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la Marxist-Leninist likatimbanizgika mu Soviet Union na Eastern Bloc, mu 1991 ZANU-PF yikawuskamo mazgu ghakuti "Marxism-Leninism" na "scientific socialism" mu mabuku ghake. Mu chaka chenechicho, Mugabe wakajipeleka kuti wacitenge vinthu mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya msika ndipo wakazomera ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu ya International Monetary Fund (IMF). Boma la Zimbabwe likakhumbanga kuti vinthu vya boma viŵe vya boma na kuchepeskako misonkho. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska ŵantchito kuchepeska malipiro ghawo, ndipo ŵakamba kususkika na wupu wa Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions. Kuzakafika mu 1990, mbumba za ŵanthu ŵafipa 52,000 zikaŵa kuti zakhazikika pa malo ghakukwana mahekita 6.5 miliyoni. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukwana yayi kuti ŵamazge suzgo la ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici, cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ŵafipa. Mu caka ici, nyumba ya malango ya ku Zimbabwe yikapokelera dango ilo likazomerezganga boma kupoka malo pa mtengo wakukwana uku likuleka kupeleka wanangwa ku awo ŵali na malo. Boma likagomezganga kuti para licitenge nthena, lizamukhazikiska mbumba 110,000 za ŵanthu ŵafipa pa malo ghakukwana maekala 13 miliyoni. Wupu wa Commercial Farmers Union wa ku Zimbabwe ukati ndondomeko iyi yingananga cuma ca caru ici, ndipo ukaciska boma kuti lizakakhazikiske ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵalije caru pa malo ghakukwana hafu ya miliyoni ya mahekita agho ghakaŵa ghambura kupambika panji ghakaŵa gha boma.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=122–123}} Boma la United Kingdom, la United States, na la Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (Khomishoni ya Katolika ya Urunji na Mtende) likadandawura na ivyo likayowoya. Boma la United States, United Kingdom, International Monetary Fund, na World Bank ŵakawofya kuti usange Zimbabwe yingafiska dango ili, mbwenu yizamuleka kupeleka wovwiri ku vyaru vinyake. Pakususka fundo iyi, boma likawuskamo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupempha ku khoti. Mu vilimika vicoko waka vyakulondezgapo, malo ghanandi gha ŵazungu ghakapokeka. Mu Epulero 1994, nyuzipepara yinyake yikati yasanda vinthu ivi, yikasanga kuti vyose ivi vikapelekeka yayi ku ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura malo. Pakuzgora mulandu uwu, mu 1994 boma la United Kingdom, ilo likapeleka ndalama zakukwana mapaundi 44 miliyoni kuti lipeleke malo, likakanizga kupeleka ndalama. Mu Janyuwale 1992, muwoli wa Mugabe wakafwa. Mu Epulero 1995, magazini ya Horizon yikavumbura kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na chibwezi na mulembi wake Grace Marufu kwambira mu 1987 ndipo wakababa mwana mwanalume na mwanakazi. Ŵanthu 12,000 ŵakacemeka ku ukwati uwu mu Ogasiti 1996, uwo ukacitikira ku Kutama ndipo ukacitikanga na Patrick Chakaipa, uyo wakaŵa mutu wa bishopu mulara wa Katolika ku Harare. Ciphikiro ici cikaŵa cakukwesana comene pakati pa Ŵakatolika cifukwa ca uleŵi wa Mugabe na Marufu. Kuti mbumba yake yikhalenge makora, Mugabe wakazenga nyumba yikuru ku Borrowdale. Pa mavoti gha 1995 agho ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, ZANU-PF yikasanga vithuzithuzi 147. Pambuyo pa chisankho, Mugabe wakasazgirako nduna zake kufuma pa 29 kufika pa 42 apo boma likakhozga malipiro gha mamembala gha Nyumba ya Malamulo na 133%.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=127}} === Kuchepa kwa chuma: 1995~2000 === {{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Kuzakafika pakati pa ma 1990, Mugabe wakaŵa kuti wazgoka munthu wankhaza na wankhaza, wakususka yayi ŵanthu, wakuyuyura dango na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakuzingilizgika na ŵaliska ŵambura kwenelera ndipo wakuŵikako mahara yayi ku ukazuzi na vimbundi ivyo vikaŵa pafupi nayo. Wakaŵa na nkharo yiheni comene pa nkhani ya ndalama. Iyo wakatondeka kufiska ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga pa nkhani ya masambiro, umoyo, malo, na ntchito. Ndipo wakawuskapo ŵanthu wose ŵatuŵa. Kweni nyengo yose iyi, Mugabe wakalutilira kugomezga ukuru wake. Wakaŵa kutali na ŵanthu wose, wakaŵavya ŵabwezi, kweniso wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghaheni. Iyo wakati masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo ghakaŵa gha ŵalwani ŵake ŵakale, Britain, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na ŵa Rhodesia.|salign=right |source=— Mugabe biographer [[Martin Meredith]]{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=131}} }} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, chuma cha Zimbabwe chikalutilira kunangika. Kuzakafika mu 2000, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukakhira comene kuluska umo ukaŵira mu 1980; umoyo wa ŵanthu ukakhira, malipiro ghakaŵa ghacoko, ndipo unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ukakwera comene. Kuzakafika mu 1998, unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukaŵa pafupifupi 50%. Kuzakafika mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakujumpha 3 panji 4 miliyoni, awo ŵakaŵa na maluso ghanandi, ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Mu 1997, ŵanthu awo ŵakarwa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma ŵakamba kukhumba ndalama za penshoni, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1997, Mugabe wakanozga ndondomeko ya ndalama za penshoni izo zikeneranga kukwana madola 4.2 biliyoni. Kuti ŵapeleke ndalama za penshoni iyi, boma la Mugabe likapeleka misonkho yiphya, kweni mu Disembala 1997 ŵakacita sitiroko yikuru; pamasinda pa nkani ya ZANU-PF, boma la Mugabe likamazga misonkho. Mu Janyuwale 1998, mu Harare mukawuka vivulupi cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya; ŵasilikari ŵakatumika kuti ŵawuskepo mtende, ndipo ŵanthu 10 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakapwetekeka. Mubali Mugabe wakamba kuyowoya kuti masuzgo gha vyachuma gha mu charu ichi ghali kufuma ku vyaru vya ku Western kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakaŵa na malonda, migodi, na mafakitale. Wakacema ŵalondezgi ŵake kuti "ŵawopenge ŵazungu, awo ni ŵalwani ŵithu", ndipo wakaŵapa mulandu awo ŵakasuskanga ŵazungu. Nangauli boma likamususkanga, kweni wakalutilira kuwusa. Wakambaso kuyowoya mazgu ghacigaluka ndipo wakayezga kulongora kuti wakaŵa mulongozgi wakuzirwa wa cigaluka.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=68}} Mugabe wakalutilira kutemwa comene kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera, ndipo wakawona kuti ni "vya ku Africa yayi". Wakalongosora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo "ŵali na nkharo yiheni chomene kuluska ya ŵanthu", kweniso "mbakuheni chomene kuluska ntcheŵe na nkhumba". Vingaŵa kuti maghanoghano agha ghakafumira ku fundo zake zakukhora, kweni ghakakhozga comene cifukwa cakuti ŵateŵeti ŵanandi ŵa boma la Britain ŵakaŵa ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanyawo. Mubali Mugabe wakamba kugomezga kuti pakaŵa "mafia gha ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera" ndipo wose awo ŵakamususkanga ŵakaŵa ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Awo ŵakususka boma la Zimbabwe ŵakasuskaso Mugabe kuti wakugwiliskira nchito ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kugonana na ŵanalume ŵekhaŵekha kuti watimbanizge masuzgo gha caru. Mu Ogasiti 1995, wakeneranga kujura Zimbabwe International Book Fair ku Harare, kweni wakakana mpaka apo gulu la Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe likafumiskira malo agha. Mu 1996, Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wakuvikilira chalo cha Southern African Development Community (SADC). Kwambura kudumbiskana na pharalamende, mu Ogasiti 1998 wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe kuti ŵanjire mu Democratic Republic of Congo kuti ŵateŵetere pamoza na President Laurent Kabila mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Congo. Pakwamba, wakaŵika ŵasilikari 3,000 pa nkhondo iyi, ndipo pamasinda ŵakakwera kufika pa 11,000. Kweniso wakaciska Angola na Namibia kuti ŵatumizge ŵasilikari ŵawo ku nkhondo. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chikumane na masuzgo gha vyachuma. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zimbabwe ŵakutemwa yayi nkhani iyi. Ndipouli, mabungwe ghanandi gha ku Zimbabwe ghakasanga candulo, cifukwa boma la Kabila likaŵapa wanangwa wa kunozga migodi na makuni. Mu Janyuwale 1999, ŵasilikari 23 ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kunozgekera kuwukira Mugabe. Boma likayezga kubisa fundo iyi, kweni yikalembeka na nyuzipepara yinyake. Pamanyuma ŵasilikari ŵakakaka ŵapharazgi aŵa na kuŵatambuzga. Ivi vikakwiyiska ŵamitundu yose, ndipo ŵa EU na vyaru vinyake vinkhondi na viŵiri ivyo vikawovwirapo, ŵakalemba makalata ghakwimira. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasuska ivyo boma likachita. Pakuzgora, Mugabe wakavikilira kugwiliskira nchito kukakika na kutambuzgika kwambura dango.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=153}}[[File:Tony Blair 2010 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Nduna Yikuru ya Britain, [[Tony Blair]], uyo Mugabe wakaŵa nayo paubwezi]] Mu 1997, Tony Blair wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Britain pamanyuma pa vilimika 18 vya muwuso wa ŵa Conservative. Boma la Labour likayowoya kuti likukhumba yayi kuwezgerapo malipiro gha malo agho ghakalayizgika mu phangano la Lancaster House, ndipo Clare Short wakakana fundo yakuti Britain yikwenera kupeleka ndalama zakwendeskera malo. Nkharo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Africa ŵambe kutinkha ufumu wa Britain. Mu Okutobala 1999, Mugabe wakaluta ku Britain ndipo ku London, Peter Tatchell uyo wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakayezga kumukaka. Mugabe wakagomezganga kuti boma la Britain likanozga mwadala ivyo vikacitika kuti limukhozge soni. Ivi vikakhwaska comene ubwezi pakati pa Britain na Zimbabwe, ndipo Mugabe wakadelera ivyo wakacema kuti "Blair and company". Mu Meyi 2000, boma la United Kingdom likakanizga Zimbabwe kupeleka wovwiri. Mu Disembala 1999, wupu wa IMF ukamazga kovwira Zimbabwe pa nkhani ya ndalama chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama kweniso vimbundi. Kuti ŵakwaniriske ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga, mu Epulero 1999, boma la Mugabe likimika komiti ya ŵanthu 400 kuti yilembe dango liphya. Bungwe la National Constitutional Assembly, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kusintha malango, ilo likakhazikiskika mu 1997, likayowoya kuti komiti iyi njambura kukolerana na boma. Wupu wa NCA ukakhumbanga kuti ndondomeko ya dango likanizgike, ndipo pa ungano wa ŵanthu wose wa mu Febuluwale 2000, ŵanthu 53 pa 100 ŵakakana, 44 pa 100 ŵakakolerana. Uwu ukaŵa utesi wakwamba wa ZANU-PF mu vyaka 20. Mubali Mugabe wakakwiya comene, ndipo wakapa mulandu ŵanthu ŵacokoŵacoko ŵa ku Zimbabwe cifukwa ca kucitiska kuti wathereskeke.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=138}} === Kuwukira caru na kususka: 2000-2008 === {{Main|Land reform in Zimbabwe}} [[File:Morgan Tsvangirai Oslo 2009 B.jpg|thumb|217x217px|[[Morgan Tsvangirai]] wakalongozga chipani cha MDC kuti chiŵe na chilato cha kulimbana na boma la Mugabe mu ma 2000 parliamentary election.]] Pa maungano gha pa caru cose agho ghakacitika mu Juni 2000, maungano agha ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa comene mu Zimbabwe kwambira mu 1980. Maphwando 16 ghakanjilirapo, ndipo Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) yakulongozgeka na Morgan Tsvangirai wakaŵa na chilato chiwemi. Pa nyengo ya kampeni ya kuvota, ŵanthu ŵa MDC ŵakaŵasuzganga kanandi waka ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵakakomekanga. Bungwe la Zimbabwe Human Rights Forum likati ŵanthu 27 ŵakakomeka, 27 ŵakakoleka, 2466 ŵakakoleka, ndipo 617 ŵakakoleka, ndipo ŵanthu 10,000 ŵakacimbizgika cifukwa ca nkhaza. Ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga ivyo vikachitikanga ku Europe ŵakati maungano agha ghakaŵa ghapusu yayi. Kuvota kukapangiska kuti ZANU-PF yiŵe na viŵelengero vya 48% na viŵelengero vya 62 vya mu nyumba ya malango ndipo MDC yiŵe na viŵelengero vya 47% na viŵelengero vya 57. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti ZANU-PF yileke kusanga vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya wanangwa uwo ukakhumbikwanga kuti ŵasinthenge malango. ZANU-PF yikathembanga chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga ChiShona mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ndipo yikapokelera waka chigaŵa chimoza cha mu matawuni. Mu Febuluwale 2000, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuwukira minda ya ŵazungu. Boma likati ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵawukira ŵakaŵa "ŵalwani" kweni ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵawukirano ŵambura nchito. Mugabe wakayowoya kuti kuukira uku kukacitika mwangozi kwimikana na ŵeneco ŵa vyaru ŵatuŵa, nangauli boma likapeleka ndalama zakukwana Z$20 miliyoni ku gulu la Chenjerai Hunzvi's War Veterans Association kuti licitenge mulimo wa kupoka vyaru. Ŵanyake awo ŵakacitanga na Mugabe ŵakalongosora kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa cilango cifukwa ca umo ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵakacitiranga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuvota. Mugabe wakalongosora kuti malo agha ghakapokeka na ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga mu Africa mu ma 1890. Wakalongosora kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa nkhondo yakwimikana na ufumu wa Britain, ndipo wakati boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuwuskapo boma lake. Mu Meyi 2000, wakafumiska dango lakuyana na Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures Act) ilo likapeleka mazaza ku boma kuti litorenge minda kwambura kulipira.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=184}} Mu Malichi 2000, Khoti Likuru la ku Zimbabwe likadumura kuti vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyambura kuzomerezgeka; kweni ŵakalutilira, ndipo Mugabe wakamba kususka ŵeruzgi ŵa ku Zimbabwe. Khoti Likuru Chomene nalo likati ladumura nthena, boma likapempha ŵeruzgi ŵake kuti ŵafumepo pa udindo wawo. Mubali Godfrey Chidyausiku, wa ZANU-PF, wakasankhika kuti wanjire mu malo ghake, ndipo ŵeruzgi ŵa khoti likuru ŵakasazgikira kufuma pa ŵankhondi kufika pa ŵankhondi na ŵatatu. Khoti Likuru Chomene likasintha ivyo likayowoya kale. Mu Novembala 2001, Mugabe wakafumiska dango ilo likazomerezga kuti minda yose iyo yikaŵa ya ŵazungu mu Zimbabwe yipokeke kwambura kulipira. Kanandi ŵakachitanga nkhaza chomene para ŵafumiska minda yawo. Mu 2006, ŵakapharazga kuti ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵakukwana 60 ŵakakomeka. Ŵantchito ŵawo ŵanandi ŵakawofyeka na kutambuzgika. Mafamu ghanandi agho ghakapokeka ghakaŵa ghambula munthu, ndipo ghanandi agho ghakapelekeka ku ŵalimi ŵa fuko la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ghakatondeka kupanga vyakurya chifukwa chakuti ŵakasanganga yayi vyakurya vyakukwana.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=900}} {{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote=The courts can do whatever they want, but no judicial decision will stand in our way&nbsp;... My own position is that we should not even be defending our position in the courts. This country is our country and this land is our land&nbsp;... They think because they are white they have a divine right to our resources. Not here. The white man is not indigenous to Africa. Africa is for Africans, Zimbabwe is for Zimbabweans.|salign=right |source=— Mugabe on the land seizures{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=203}} }} Kuwukira minda kukakhwaska comene ulimi. Mu 2000, mu Zimbabwe mukaŵa matani ghakujumpha 2 miliyoni gha chimanga. Kweni mu 2008, chiŵelengero ichi chikakhira kufika pa 450,000. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2003, wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakaŵa ŵambura cakurya cakukwana. Kuzakafika mu 2009, 75% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakathembanga wovwiri wa vyakurya, uwo ukaŵa ukuru comene kuluska caru cilicose pa nyengo iyo. Charu cha Zimbabwe chikalutilira kunangika. Mu 2000, GDP ya charu ichi yikaŵa USD 7.4 biliyoni; mu 2005 yikaŵa kuti yachepa kufika pa USD 3.4 biliyoni. Kujikuzga kwa ndalama kukapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la vyachuma. Kuzakafika mu 2007, caru ca Zimbabwe cikaŵa na unandi wa ndalama pa caru cose, pa 7600%. Kuzakafika mu 2008, unandi wa ndalama ukajumpha 100,000% ndipo chingwa chimoza chikaŵa chakudura chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakathembanga ndalama izo ŵabali ŵawo ŵakuŵatumira. Vinthu vikaŵaso makora yayi ku ŵanthu ŵanyake. Mu 2005, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% mu Zimbabwe ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito, ndipo mu 2008 ŵana 20% pera ndiwo ŵakasambiranga. Pakuti maji ghakaleka kwenda makora kweniso maji ghakututuka ghakaleka kwenda makora, mu 2008 kukabuka nthenda ya kolera. Kweniso suzgo la HIV/AIDS likakura chomene mu charu ichi. Mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV/AIDS. Mu 2007, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo pa caru cose (World Health Organization) ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakukhala vyaka vyakujumpha 34. Vinthu vyakukondweska vya ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda vikamara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kupenja vinyama vyakofya. Mubali Mugabe wakasazgirako suzgo ili apo wakalangura kuti njovu 100 zikomeke kuti zipelekeke nyama pa chiphikiro cha mu Epulero 2007. Mu Okutobala 2000, ŵa MP ŵa MDC ŵakayezga kumususka Mugabe, kweni ŵakakanizgika na Speaker wa House, Emmerson Mnangagwa wakugomezgeka kwa Mugabe. ZANU-PF yikamba kujilongora kuti njumoza wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakutemwa charu chawo. Chipani ichi chikayowoya kuti chili ku chigaŵa cha mdauko, apo MDC yikimiranga gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kutimbanizga vinthu ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo ya ZANU-PF. Mubali Mugabe wakayowoya kuti ivyo vikachitika pambere chisankho cha mu 2002 chindachitike ni "chimurenga wacitatu" ndipo viwovwirenge kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chileke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Pakulindilira mavoti, boma lasintha malango gha mavoti kuti Mugabe watonde. Dango liphya lakukhwaskana na kuvikilira ŵanthu likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kususka pulezidenti. Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Jenerale Vitalis Zvinavashe, wakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵazamumanya yayi mavoti ghanyake padera pa kupambana kwa Mugabe. Wupu wa EU ukafumiska ŵalinda ŵake mu caru ici, ndipo ukati mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Pa mavoti agha, Mugabe wakapokera 56% ya mavoti ndipo Tsvangirai wakapokera 42%. Mu nyengo ya chisankho, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti boma la Grain Marketing Board ndilo likwenera kupeleka vyakurya ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukolerana na ZANU-PF. Mu 2005, Mugabe wakambiska ntchito ya Operation Murambatsvina ("Operation Drive Out the Rubbish"), mulimo wa kufumiska ŵanthu mu vikaya vyambura ŵanthu ŵanandi. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasankha MDC, ŵanandi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti boma ndilo likapangiska kuti nyumba iyi yipankhike.<ref name="telegraphtatters">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/06/03/wzim03.xml|title=Mugabe's raids leave townships in tatters|date=6 March 2005|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=22 May 2010|first=Charles|last=Moore|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408002545/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F06%2F03%2Fwzim03.xml|archive-date=8 April 2008}}</ref> [[File:Mugabecloseup2008.jpg|thumb|Mugabe in 2008]] Ivyo Mugabe wakacita vikasuskika comene. Wupu wa Zimbabwe Council of Churches ukamupa mulandu wakuti wakunjizga caru mu "nkhondo" kuti walutilire kuwusa. Vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa vikakolerana nayo pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Harare mu Seputembala 2001. Mu 2002, Commonwealth yikachimbizga Zimbabwe kufuma mu gulu lake; Mugabe wakapa mulandu uwu pa kusankhana mitundu kwa ŵanthu ŵaŵitima, maghanoghano agho ghakayowoyeka na Pulezidenti wa South Africa Thabo Mbeki. Mbeki wakatemwanga ndondomeko ya "kuchita vinthu mwakufwasa" pakulimbana na Mugabe, ndipo wakayezga kukanizga African Union (AU) kumupa vyeruzgo. Ungano wa ku Africa na Europe uwo ukeneranga kucitika mu Lisbon mu Epulero 2003, ukasinthika kanandi waka cifukwa cakuti ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa ŵakakana kwiza apo Mugabe wakakanikanga; ndipo paumaliro ukacitika mu 2007 apo Mugabe wakaŵapo. Mu 2004, EU yikakanizga Mugabe kuluta ku caru cinyake na kukanizga katundu wake. Mu 2008, boma la United States likasazgirako vyeruzgo ivi. Boma la United States na United Kingdom likapeleka fundo ku UN Security Council yakuchemera boma la Zimbabwe kuti liŵike dango lakukanizga ŵanthu kugura vilwero pamoza na kukanizga Mugabe na maboma ghanyake kwenda. Kweni boma la Russia na China likakana fundo iyi. Mu 2009, wupu wa SADC ukakhumbanga kuti vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi viwuskeko vyeruzgo ivyo vikaŵa pa Mugabe na boma lake. ZANU-PF yikayowoya kuti vyeruzgo ivi vikaŵa vyakukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Carren Pindiriri wa pa Yunivesite ya Zimbabwe, wakati vyeruzgo ivi vikakhwaska yayi ntchito na ukavu mu caru ici. Nduna yikuru ya Britain, Tony Blair, yikayowoya kuti yikakhumbanga kusintha boma ku Zimbabwe mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 apo Mugabe wakeneranga kufumapo. Mu 2007, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, Charles Guthrie, wakavumbura kuti iyo na Blair ŵakadumbiskana vya kuwukira Zimbabwe. Ndipouli, Guthrie wakacenjezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵaleke kuchitapo kanthu. Mu 2013, Pulezidenti wa South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, wakati Blair nayo wakachichizga charu cha South Africa kuti chichitenge nawo "vinthu vinyake, nanga vingaŵa vya usilikari". Mbeki wakakana cifukwa wakawona kuti "Mugabe ndiyo wangawovwira pa suzgo ili". Ndipouli, muyowoyeri wa Blair wakati "wakaŵaphalirapo yayi ŵanthu kuti ŵanozgekere panji kunjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi".<ref name="guardian2013-zimbabwe">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=Tony Blair plotted military intervention in Zimbabwe, claims Thabo Mbeki|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> === Kugaŵana mazaza na chipani chakususkana na boma cha MDC: === {{Main|2008 Zimbabwean presidential election}} Mu Malichi 2008, pakaŵa maungano gha pa caru cose na maungano gha purezidenti. Mu chigamulo chakwamba, chipani cha ZANU-PF chikapokera vithuzithuzi 97, apo cha MDC chikapokera vithuzithuzi 99, ndipo cha MDC    Ncube chikapokera vithuzithuzi 9. Mu mwezi wa Mailo, wupu wa Zimbabwe Electoral Commission ukapharazga ivyo vikachitika pa mavoti gha pulezidenti, ndipo ukati Tsvangirai wakapokera 47.9%, ndipo Mugabe wakapokera 43.2%. Pakuti palije uyo wakapokera 50%, ŵakaŵikapo ndondomeko yakuti paŵe kaumaliro. Mubali Mugabe wakawona kuti kutondeka kwake nkhukhozga soni munthu. Iyo wakawona kuti uwu ukaŵa cipambano kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Western, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain, awo ŵakamususkanga. ZANU-PF yikati chipani cha MDC chikananga mavoti.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=144}}. [[File:Mugabe - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Mugabe in 2011]] Pamanyuma pa mavoti, boma la Mugabe likagwiliskira nchito "ŵankhondo awo ŵakaŵapo kale" pa nkhondo yakususkana na awo ŵakakolerana na Tsvangirai. Pakati pa Malichi na Juni 2008, ŵalondezgi ŵa MDC ŵakukwana 153 ŵakakomeka. Pakaŵa malipoti gha ŵanakazi awo ŵakakolerananga na MDC awo ŵakakoleleranga na ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Mugabe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakachimbira kwawo cifukwa ca vivulupi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Mugabe lidumulike pa caru cose. Secretary-General wa UN Ban Ki-Moon wakadandawura cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitika, ndipo wupu wa UN Security Council nawo ukazomera kuti ni "vyambura machitiko" kuti paŵe mavoti ghakufwatuka na ghakwenelera. Pakuzgora nkhaza izi, Tsvangirai wakafumamo mu chigaŵa chaciŵiri. Mu chigaŵa chaciŵiri, Mugabe wakapokera mavoti 85.5% ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo wakambaso kuwusa. Wupu wa SADC ndiwo ukalongozganga ndondomeko ya kugaŵikana kwa mazaza. Kuyana na phangano ili, Mugabe wakalutilira kuŵa pulezidenti apo Tsvangirai wakaŵa nduna yikuru ndipo Arthur Mutambara wa MDC wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa nduna yikuru. Boma likapambana pakati pa ŵa MDC na ZANU-PF. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, ZANU-PF yikakhumba yayi kugaŵana mazaza, ndipo yikakhumbanga yayi kuti vinthu visinthe. Mu phangano la kugaŵikana mazaza, ŵakasintha vinthu vinyake. Kukwambilira kwa caka ca 2009, boma la Mugabe likati kuti kuti lilimbane na suzgo la kusinthasintha kwa ndalama, lizomerezge kuti madola gha ku America ndigho ghaŵe ndalama zakwendeskeka na boma. Ivi vikawovwira kuti mitengo yiŵe yakukhora. ZANU-PF yikakanizga vinandi ivyo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vichitikenge ndipo ŵakalemba dango liphya mu Malichi 2013.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=965}} === Vyaka vyapamasinda: 2013-2017 === [[File:Grace Mugabe with Robert Mugabe 2013-08-04 11-53.jpeg|thumb|Mugabe and his wife in 2013]] Pakulongosora kuti "wazamurwa nga ni nyama yakuŵinya" kuti waŵaso na mazaza, Mugabe wakaluta ku mavoti gha 2013 na chigomezgo kuti ghaŵenge ghaumaliro. Wakagomezganga kuti para watonda pa vipharazgo, mbwenu waŵenge wakugomezgeka, ndipo wazamutonda ŵalwani ŵake ŵa ku Western. Ŵalwani ŵakagomezganga kuti maungano agha ndigho ghangaŵawovwira kufumiska Mugabe. Ŵakamulongoranga nga ni munthu mulara uyo ŵasilikari ŵakumuphalira chakuchita. Kweni munthu munyake wakati uwu mbutesi.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=967}} Mwakupambana na mu 2008, pakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵakususkana na Mugabe mu ZANU-PF. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵaleke kuchitako vivulupi ivyo vikacitika pa nyengo ya mavoti gha mu 2008 mwakuti ŵaleke kunanga cipulikano cawo, comenecomene mu maso gha SADC. Mubali Mugabe wakaciska ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kucita nkhaza, ndipo wakacitako viphikiro vicoko comene kuluska ivyo vikacitikanga kale, cifukwa ca ucekuru wake kweniso cifukwa cakuti wakakhumbanga kuti viphikiro ivi viŵe vikuru comene. Gulu la ZANU-PF likapeleka vyawanangwa ku ŵanthu ŵanandi, kusazgapo vyakurya na vyakuvwara. ZANU-PF yikapokera 61% ya mavoti gha pulezidenti na vithuzithuzi vyakujumpha viŵiri pa vithuzithuzi vitatu mu nyumba ya malango. Pa mavoti agha pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakawonanga kuti ni ŵanangwa kweniso ŵarunji. Pa nyengo ya kampeni iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na MDC ŵakakhala waka chete chifukwa cha kopa kuti ŵabendezgekenge. Chipani cha MDC chikakhwaskika chomene na nyengo iyo chikaŵa mu boma, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakatenge ntchiheni nga ni ZANU-PF. ZANU-PF yikagwiliskirangaso nchito fundo za mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, caru, na kufwatuka, apo MDC kanandi yikayananga na ŵalimi ŵatuŵa, vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, na vinthu vya ku mpoto nga ni wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa LGBT.{{sfn|Gallagher|2015|pp=43–44}}[[File:Robert Mugabe and Shinzo Abe cropped Robert Mugabe and Shinzo Abe 20160328 2.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Mugabe wakukumana na nduna yikuru ya Japan [[Shinzo Abe]] mu 2016]] Mu February 2014, Mugabe wakachita opareshoni ya katarakiti ku Singapore; pa kuwerako wakakondwelera zuŵa lake lakubabikira la makumi ghankhondi na ghatatu ku chiŵanja cha mpira cha Marondera. Mu Disembala 2014, Mugabe wakachimbizga wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wake, Joice Mujuru, kumususka kuti wakakhumbanga kumuponya pasi. Mu Janyuwale 2015, Mugabe wakasankhika kuŵa Chairperson wa African Union (AU). Mu Novembala 2015, wakapharazga khumbo lake lakuti wazakasankhikeso kuŵa purezidenti wa Zimbabwe mu 2018, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 94, ndipo wakazomerezgeka kuŵa mulongozgi wa ZANU-PF. Mu Febuluwale 2016, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti walije pulani ya kufumapo ndipo waŵenge pa udindo "mpaka Ciuta wayowoye kuti 'wize.'" Mu Febuluwale 2017, pamanyuma pa zuŵa lake lakubabikira la 93, Mugabe wakayowoya kuti wafumengepo yayi panji kusora munthu wakunjira mu malo ghake, nangauli wakayowoya kuti wazomerezgenge chipani chake kusora munthu wakunjira mu malo ghake usange chawona kuti nchakwenelera. Mu Meyi 2017, Mugabe wakaluta ku Cancún, Mexico, kwa sabata yimoza kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa mazuŵa ghatatu wakukhwaskana na kuchepeska suzgo la masoka gha chilengiwa. Wakacita maulendo ghatatu gha ku Singapore mu 2017, ndipo Grace Mugabe wakamuchema kuti wasankhe munthu wakumuteŵetera. Mu Okutobala 2017, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo pa charu chose (WHO) ukasora Mugabe kuŵa nthumi ya chilato chiwemi; ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakususkana na maboma gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana chifukwa cha suzgo la umoyo ku Zimbabwe. Pakuzgora, WHO yikawuskapo mulimo wa Mugabe zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Pakuzgora, nduna ya vyaru vyakuwaro Walter Mzembi yikati ndondomeko ya United Nations yikwenera kusintha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/zimbabwe/harare-fumes-after-who-rescinds-mugabe-goodwill-appointment-11667175|title=Harare fumes after WHO rescinds Mugabe goodwill appointment {{!}} IOL News|access-date=23 October 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023173939/https://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/zimbabwe/harare-fumes-after-who-rescinds-mugabe-goodwill-appointment-11667175|archive-date=23 October 2017}}</ref> === Kuwukira boma na kufumapo: 2017 === {{Main|2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état}} Pa Novembala 6, 2017, Mugabe wakachimbizga wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wake, Emmerson Mnangagwa. Ici cikapangiska ŵanthu kughanaghana kuti Grace ndiyo wazamunjira mu malo ghake. Grace wakatemwekanga yayi na gulu lakale la ZANU-PF. Pa 15 Novembala 2017, Gulu la Nkhondo la Zimbabwe likaŵika Mugabe mu jele ku nyumba yake ya Blue Roof nga ntchigaŵa cha ivyo likati ni vyakuchita pa "vigeŵenga" mu gulu la Mugabe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/zimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct/index.html|title=Zimbabwe in turmoil after apparent coup|author1=David McKenzie |author2=Brent Swails |author3=Angela Dewan|publisher=CNN|access-date=15 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114223043/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/zimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct/index.html|archive-date=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe confined to home as army takes control |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 November 2017 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/nov/15/zimbabwe-army-control-harare-coup-robert-mugabe-live |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115032508/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/nov/15/zimbabwe-army-control-harare-coup-robert-mugabe-live |archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Stunned Zimbabweans face uncertain future without Mugabe |date=16 November 2017 |newspaper=SBS News |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/11/16/stunned-zimbabweans-face-uncertain-future-without-mugabe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119134528/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/11/16/stunned-zimbabweans-face-uncertain-future-without-mugabe |archive-date=19 November 2017 }}</ref> Pa Novembala 19, wakachimbizgika pakuŵa mulongozgi wa ZANU-PF, ndipo Mnangagwa wakasankhika mu malo ghake. Kweniso chipani ichi chikaphalira Mugabe kuti walekerethu ntchito yake pa zuŵa lakulondezgapo, panji ŵamuphalire kuti walekerethu. Mu nkhani iyo wakayowoya pa wayilesi usiku wenewura, Mugabe wakakana kuti walekenge ntchito. Pakuzgora, ma MP gha ZANU-PF ghakatumizga chikalata cha impeachment pa 21 November 2017, icho chikawovwirika na MDCT. Ndondomeko iyi yikati para munthu wakukhumba kufumiska pulezidenti mu maofesi, wakwenera kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango na ya Senate. Kweni chifukwa chakuti magulu ghose ghaŵiri ghakakolerana na fundo iyi ndipo ghakaŵa na vithuzithuzi viŵiri pera mu nyumba zose za boma (viŵiri pera mu nyumba zakuwaro na vinayi pera mu nyumba zakuwaro), vikawonekanga kuti Mugabe wazamususkika. Kuyana na dango la boma, nyumba zose ziŵiri zikawungana pamoza kuti zikadumbiskane fundo iyi. Pakati pajumpha maora ghacoko waka kufuma apo nkhani yikambira, Mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango wakaŵazga kalata yakufuma kwa Mugabe, iyo yikati wafumengepo. Muwoli wa Mugabe na mfumu wake ŵakakolerana pambere wandafumeko, kuti iyo na ŵabali ŵake ŵaleke kweruzgika, malonda ghake ghaleke kunangika, ndipo wapokere ndalama zakukwana 10 miliyoni.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zimbabwe: Robert Mugabe to get $10m payoff and immunity for his family|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=26 November 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/25/robert-mugabe-payoff-family-immunity-zimbabwe-zanu-pf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128003810/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/25/robert-mugabe-payoff-family-immunity-zimbabwe-zanu-pf |archive-date=28 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mugabe, Mphoko due for big payout |date=11 December 2017 |newspaper=Daily News |url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/12/11/mugabe-mphoko-due-for-big-payout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213181921/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/12/11/mugabe-mphoko-due-for-big-payout |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>Mu Julayi 2018, khoti likuru ku Zimbabwe likati Mugabe wakaleka ntchito yake mwakujipeleka, nangauli pulezidenti wakale wakayowoyapo vinandi.<ref name="Voluntary">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2018 |title=Zimbabwe Court Says Mugabe Stepped Down Freely, Voluntarily |publisher=Voice of America |url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-mugabe-resigned-voluntarily-freely/4486081.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718111705/https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-mugabe-resigned-voluntarily-freely/4486081.html |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti == Kuumaliro kwa Disembala 2017, kuyana na kalata ya boma, Mugabe wakapika udindo wa udumura na ndalama za boma, nyumba ya vipinda vinkhondi, ŵantchito ŵakukwana 23, na magalimoto. Kweniso wakazomerezgeka kusunga malonda na usambazi unyake uwo wakasanga apo wakaŵa pa mazaza, ndipo wakapokera ndalama zakukwana madola pafupifupi 10 miliyoni. Pa 15 March 2018, mu nkhani yake yakwamba kufuma apo wakafumiskikira pa udindo, Mugabe wakadindika kuti wakawuskika mu "puts d'état" iyo yikwenera kulekeka. Wakayowoya kuti wazamugwira nchito na Mnangagwa yayi ndipo wakati muwuso wa Mnangagwa "nkhususkana na dango". Mu mulandu uwo ukaŵikika na magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali, Liberal Democrats na Revolutionary Freedom Fighters, na ghanyake, khoti likasanga kuti kufumako kukaŵa kwalamulo, ndipo Mnangagwa, pakuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, wakatora udindo wa pulezidenti. Ŵapharazgi ŵa boma ŵakalemba kuti Mugabe wakawovwira National Political Front, iyo yikapangika na Ambrose Mutinhiri, wandale wakuzirwa wa ZANU-PF uyo wakafumapo pakususkana na kuwuskika kwa Mugabe. Gulu la NPF likalemba chithuzi cha Mutinhiri wakujambura na Mugabe ndipo likapharazga kuti pulezidenti wakale wakawonga ivyo wakacita. Pa 29 July 2018 pa chisankho cha president, chaka chakwamba mu vyaka 38, apo wakaleka kunjilirapo, Mugabe wakachita ungano wa ŵapharazgi, apo wakayowoya kuti wazamusankhira yayi pulezidenti Mnangagwa na ZANU-PF, chipani icho wakambiska. M'malo mwake, wakakhumbanga kuvota Nelson Chamisa, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wake wa nyengo yitali, MDC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44998488 |title=Zimbabwe election: Mugabe turns on Mnangagwa in surprise pre-poll speech |work=BBC News |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729123307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44998488 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/robert-mugabe-zanu-pf-zimbabwe-election|title=Robert Mugabe: I won't vote for Zanu-PF in Zimbabwe election|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729143932/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/robert-mugabe-zanu-pf-zimbabwe-election|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.sky.com/story/zimbabwes-robert-mugabe-refuses-to-back-successor-mnangagwa-in-election-11453221 |title=Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe refuses to back successor Mnangagwa in election |publisher=Sky News |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729163948/https://news.sky.com/story/zimbabwes-robert-mugabe-refuses-to-back-successor-mnangagwa-in-election-11453221 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/zimbabwe-mugabe-won-vote-successor-mnangagwa-180729100342113.html |title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe says he won't vote for successor Mnangagwa |last=Mohamed |first=Hamza |date=29 July 2018 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230401/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/zimbabwe-mugabe-won-vote-successor-mnangagwa-180729100342113.html |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Ulwari, kufwa na mwambo wa nyifwa: 2019 === Mu Novembala 2018, Emmerson Mnangagwa wakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakatondekanga kwenda, ndipo wakalerekanga ku Singapore kwa myezi yiŵiri. Wakaloŵeskeka mu chipatala mu Epulero 2019, ndipo wakaŵa waumaliro pa maulendo ghanandi agho wakaluta ku charu ichi kuti wakapike wovwiri wa munkhwala, nga umo wakacitira mu nyengo yaumaliro ya umulaŵiliri wake ndiposo pamanyuma pa kufumapo kwake.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49604152 | title= Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe's strongman ex-president, dies aged 95 | publisher = BBC | access-date = 8 September 2019 | date = 6 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Smith |first2=David |date=6 September 2019 |title=Robert Mugabe: former Zimbabwean president dies aged 95 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/robert-mugabe-former-zimbabwean-president-dies-aged-95 |work=The Guardian |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906054505/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/robert-mugabe-former-zimbabwean-president-dies-aged-95 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2019 |title=Zimbabwe's former president Robert Mugabe dies in Singapore |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-mugabe/zimbabwes-former-president-robert-mugabe-dies-in-singapore-idUSKCN1VR0FZ |work=Reuters |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906053440/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-mugabe/zimbabwes-former-president-robert-mugabe-dies-in-singapore-idUSKCN1VR0FZ |archive-date=6 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wakafwira ku chipatala cha Gleneagles pa 6 September 2019 pa 10h40 m'mawa, wali na vyaka 95 (Singapore Standard Time), kuyana na mulongozgi wa Zimbabwe. Nangauli ico cikapangiska kuti wafwe cikavumbukwa yayi, kweni Mnangagwa, uyo wakamusankhira mu malo ghake, wakaphalira ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na ZANU-PF mu msumba wa New York kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na kansa ndipo munkhwala wake wa chemotherapy ukaleka kugwira nchito.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mnangagwa Reveals Mugabe was Being Treated for Cancer Before his Death |url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/09/23/mnangagwa-reveals-mugabe-was-being-treated-for-cancer-before-his-death |website=Eyewitness News |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former President Mugabe cause of death revealed |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/former-president-mugabe-cause-of-death-revealed/ |website=The Herald |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref> Pa 11 September 2019, thupi lake likatolekera ku chiŵanja cha ndege cha Harare ku Zimbabwe, uko ŵanthu 1,000 ŵakawungana kulindilira thupi na kutegherezga nkhani ya Mnangagwa. Thupi la Mugabe likatolekera ku nyumba ya mbumba yake ku Borrowdale kuti ŵakamupeleke kwayekha ku ŵabwezi na mbumba yake, kweni Mnangagwa yayi. Wupu wa Associated Press ukati pakaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakawungana pa nthowa, kweni ŵanthu 500 ŵakawungana ku malo agho wakababikira. Pa 13 Seputembala 2019, vikapharazgika kuti banja la Mugabe likapokelera pempho la boma la Mnangagwa lakuti Mugabe wasungike pa Heroes Acre Cemetery na kuti wasungike kwa mazuŵa 30. Mbumba ya Mugabe pakudanga yikakana ndondomeko ya boma ya kusungika kwake ndipo yikakhumbanga kuti wasungike ku Zvimba pa 16 panji 17 Seputembala, zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pa ivyo boma likakhumbanga.<ref name="crowdsoba">{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/ed9ddbffc9e640a99e1dc2821f374838|title=Few turn out as Mugabe is returned to a Zimbabwe in crisis|first1=Andrew|last1=Meldrum|first2=Farai|last2=Mutsaka|work=Associated Press|date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/12/robert-mugabe-family-reject-government-burial-plans-zimbabwe|title=Robert Mugabe's family rejects government burial plans|first1=Nyasha|last1=Chingono|first2=Jason|last2=Burke|work=The Guardian|date=12 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/09/13/govt-officials-family-fly-to-singapore-to-bring-mugabe-s-body-to-zimbabwe/|title=Family accepts to bury Mugabe at Zimbabwe Heroes' Acre|publisher=[[Africanews]]|date=13 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/robert-mugabe-buried-week-village-family-190912083607386.html|title=Robert Mugabe to be buried next week in his village: Family|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=12 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> Pa 14 Seputembala 2019, nyifwa ya Mugabe, iyo yikaŵa yakuzomerezgeka ku ŵanthu wose, yikachitikira ku National Sports Stadium, ndipo chithuzithuzi cha mu mlengalenga chikulongora kuti sitediyamu ya ŵanthu 60,000 yikazura. Pa nyifwa iyi pakaŵapo ŵalongozgi na ŵalongozgi ŵa kale ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, pakati pawo pakaŵa Mnangagwa, Kenneth Kaunda wa ku Zambia, Olusegun Obasanjo wa ku Nigeria, Sam Nujoma, Hifikepunye Pohamba na Hage Geingob wa ku Namibia, Joseph Kabila wa ku DR Congo, Uhuru Kenyatta wa ku Kenya na Cyril Ramaphosa wa ku South Africa. Pa 26 Seputembala 2019, Nick Mangwana wakati Mugabe wazamusungika mu tawuni yake ya Kutama "kuchindika makhumbiro gha mbumba za vinkhara ivyo vyafwa". Ŵakamusunga pa 28 Seputembala mu luŵaza lwa nyumba yake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/28/africa/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-buried-intl/index.html?no-st=1569797972|title=Zimbabwe's former President Robert Mugabe buried in his hometown|date=28 September 2019|last1=Chingono|first1=Mark|last2=Adebayo|first2=Bukola|access-date=30 September 2019|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> == Maghanoghano == {{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Mugabeism as a form of populist reason is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring a multi-pronged approach to decipher its various meanings. At one level it represents pan-African memory and patriotism and at another level it manifests itself as a form of radical left-nationalism dedicated to resolving intractable national and agrarian questions. Yet, to others, it is nothing but a symbol of crisis, chaos and tyranny emanating from the exhaustion of nationalism.| salign=right |source=— Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1154}} }} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, Mugabe wakachitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni wakalongosora kuti "Mugabeism" ni gulu la ŵanthu awo "ŵali na maghanoghano ghapusu, ghawakawaka, ghambura kupulikikwa makora, kweniso ŵali na magulu ghanandi". Wakayowoyaso kuti ukaŵa mtundu wa "kutemwa caru", uwo nyengo zose ukasuskanga ufumu na ufumu. Wakayowoyaso kuti uwu ukaŵa mtundu unyake wa kusankhana mitundu, uwo ukaŵa na "chisopa cha kusankhana mitundu". Wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga fundo za Marx, nga ni Stalinism na Maoism, kweniso fundo za African nationalist nga ni Nkrumaism, Ujamaa, Garveyism, Négritude, Pan-Africanism, na African neo-traditionalism. Mugabeism wakakhumbanga kumazga suzgo la kusankhana mitundu kwa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa mwa kunjilirapo mu projekiti ya kusankhana mitundu iyo yikakhumbanga kukanizga ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku Zimbabwe kuŵa ŵenekaya mwa kuŵachema kuti "amabhunu/Boers", ntheura ŵakaŵacimbizga mu caru cawo.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1151}} ZANU-PF yikati yikakhwaskika na Marxism-Leninism; Onslow na Redding ŵakayowoya kuti mwakupambana na umo Marxists ŵakagomezgeleranga kuti proletariat wa mu matawuni ndiyo ni nkhongono yikuru ya kusintha kwa umoyo wa ŵanthu, chipani cha Mugabe chikapeleka udindo uwu ku ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi. Iwo ŵakati chifukwa cha maghanoghano agha, Mugabe na ZANU-PF ŵakamba kutinkha ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba. Claire Palley, uyo wakaŵa wasayansi wa ku England, wakakumana na Mugabe mu 1962, ndipo pamasinda wakati "wakawoneka kuti ni munthu wa nkharo ya Marx yayi kweni wakaŵa wa fuko la ku Africa". Carington wakalemba kuti nangauli Mugabe wakagwiliskiranga ntchito mazgu gha Marxist pa nyengo ya kudumbiskana na ŵa Lancaster House, "nadi, wakacitanga yayi ivyo wakapharazganga, asi nthena? Wati waŵa na mazaza, wakazgoka munthu wa ndalama". Mugabe wakayowoya kuti "chisopa chautesi chikwenera kuŵa cha Chikhristu kuluska cha ŵantchito". Nkhwantha ya ku Zimbabwe, George Shire, yikati fundo za Mugabe zikaŵa za "democracy". Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, Mugabe wakalongora kuti wakukhumba kusintha charu cha Zimbabwe kufuma ku chipani chimoza kuya ku chipani chimoza. Mu 1984 wakayowoya kuti "mboma ya chipani cimoza yikukolerana comene na mitheto ya ku Africa. Ici cikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Likovwira kuti maghanoghano ghose gha ŵanthu ghaŵe ghamoza". Msayansi wa vya ndyali, Sue Onslow na Sean Redding, ŵakayowoya kuti vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu Zimbabwe, kweni "mbanthu awo ŵakaŵanga na maghanoghano ghakupambana". Mubali Mugabe wakachindikanga comene Nicolae Ceaușescu wa ku Romania, ndipo wakamulumba pambere wandathereskeke mu Disembala 1989. Ndlovu-Gatsheni wakati kwamba m'ma 1990, mazgu gha Mugabe ghakamba kulongozgeka na fundo zitatu zikuruzikuru: kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Zimbabwe chiweleremo mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu nkhani zake, wakazunuranga chomene Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia. Abiodun Alao, nkhwantha ya vya ku Africa, wakati Mugabe wakaŵikapo mtima kuti "wagwiliskirenge nchito vinthu ivyo vikacitika kumanyuma kuti wawovwire kuti caru ciŵe pa mtende". David Blair wakati "malemba agho Mugabe wakalemba ghakaŵa gha Marxism waka, ghakalembeka mu Chingelezi cha sukulu ya umishonale". Blair wakati ivyo Mugabe wakalemba vikayowoyanga vya "ndondomeko ya vyachuma iyo yikukolerana na vyaru ivyo vikususkana na boma", ndipo wakazomerezganga "maghanoghano agho ŵalongozgi wose ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa nagho". Mubali Mugabe wakati ŵati ŵathereska maboma gha ku Europe, vyaru vya ku Western vikalutilira kusuzga vyaru vya ku Africa cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga kuti viŵe na vinthu vinandi vya mu caru ici.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=239}} == Umoyo wa munthu == [[File:Президент России Владимир Путин с Президентом Зимбабве Робертом Мугабе 3.jpg|thumb|Mugabe meeting Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] in 2015]] Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa na msinkhu wa mamita 1.70 ndipo wakawonanga vinthu ivyo David Blair, uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wake, wakati ni "vyakuchita vyakukondweska". Mugabe wakacitanga mwakupwelelera comene na kawonekero kake, ndipo kanandi wakavwaranga malaya ghatatu, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu nduna yake ŵavwarenge vyakuvwara vyakuyana waka. Apo Mugabe wakamba kuwusa mu 1980, wakavwara magalasi ghakurughakuru ndipo wakamanyikwanga na mwembe wake. Mwakupambana na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa, Mugabe wakakhumbanga yayi kuti ubonda wake uŵe nthano. Wakaleka kukhweŵa hona na kumwa moŵa, ndipo kuyana na awo ŵakamulembera umoyo wake, David Smith na Colin Simpson, "wakatemwanga comene ŵana". Apo wakaŵa muchoko, wakachita opareshoni pa viŵaro vyake vyakubisika ivyo vikapangiska ŵanthu kuyowoya kuti wakaŵa na chiŵaro chimoza pera panji hafu ya mwendo wake. Ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakamuyowoyeranga viheni.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=174}} Mubali Mugabe wakayowoyanga makora Cingelezi na mazgu gha Cingelezi para wakuyowoya mazgu ghanyake. Kweniso wakatemwanga comene maseŵero gha Cingelezi gha cricket, ndipo wakati "cricket yikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵanthu ŵawemi". David Blair wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kuŵa na mikhaliro iyi, ndipo ichi chikulongora kuti Mugabe wakachindikanga Britain ndipo panyake wakachindikanga. [[Heidi Holland]] wakayowoya kuti mikhaliro iyi yikamba kuwoneka mu umoyo wa mwana, apo Mugabe, uyo wakaŵa kuti wakumanya kale kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Rhodesia ŵakususkana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, "wakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku England ndiwo ŵangaŵawovwira kuti ŵaleke kujitinkha". Blessing-Miles Tendi, uyo ni nkhwantha ya vya sayansi, wakati Mugabe "wakaŵa munthu wamahara chomene, ndipo vikamusuzga kumumanya makora". David Blair nayo wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa munthu "wakuzirwa comene". Smith na Simpson ŵakayowoya kuti mulongozgi wa Zimbabwe wakaŵa "mwanalume muwemi comene, wakutemwa kukhala yekha, wakulimbikira nchito, wakutemwa kuŵazga comene, ndipo wakacitanga vyose ivyo wangafiska. Blair wakayowoya kuti "kujikora kwa Mugabe, umanyi wake, na kukhumba kugwira nchito zinonono vikaŵa vyakuzizwiska", ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti "makhaliro ghake ghakuru" ghakaŵa "kusuzga na kuzizipizga". Blair wakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na mikhaliro yakuyana na ya Ian Smith, ndipo wose ŵakaŵa "ŵakujikuzga, ŵakujiyuyura, ŵakugaluka, ŵankhongono, kweniso ŵakughanaghana viheni".{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=244}} {{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote=Pakuwona umo wakasambilira makora yayi apo wakaŵa mwana, Mugabe wakawonanga kuti para ŵanthu ŵakumuyowoyera viheni wakuŵa na suzgo. Munthu uyu wakulekelera yayi mphindano. Cifukwa cakuti wakujiwona mwambura kwenelera, wakujiwona kuti ngwapacanya kuluska ŵanji. Ŵanthu ŵali nayo panji ŵali kumususka. Kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambana kukupangiska kuti Mugabe wasuzgike, ndipo wangaghanaghana kuti para wazomera vinthu vinyake, wakujiyuyura.| salign=left |source=— Heidi Holland{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=52}} }} Meredith wakalongosora kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na "nthowa yakuyowoya mwakuzika,... vinjeru vikuru, na... kuyowoya makora", vyose ivi vikavumburanga kuti wakaŵa na "mtima wakukhora". Ndlovu-Gatsheni wakamuchema kuti "mumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵali na nkhongono". Jonathan Moyo, uyo wakateŵeteranga nyengo yicoko waka nga ni nduna ya vya makani ya Mugabe pambere wandapindane nayo, wakati pulezidenti "wakumanya kujilongosora makora, ndipo uwu ndiwo nkhongono zake zikuru". Tendi wakayowoya kuti Mugabe wakaŵa wavinjeru, kweni kanandi wakabisanga fundo iyi "panyuma pa kawonekero kake kawemi na kakutowa ndiposo kutemwa maluso na maluso". Heidi Holland wakayowoya kuti cifukwa ca umo wakakulira, Mugabe wakaŵa na "mtima wambura kujikora". Mwanakazi uyu wakati, Mugabe wakaŵa na "mtima wambura kukhwima", kweniso wakatinkhanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na Meredith, Mugabe wakajiwonanga kuti ni "munthu wakuyowoya makora, wakughanaghana makora, ndiposo wakukolerana na ŵanji" wakati watonda pa vyaru vinyake mu 1980. Blair wakati mu nyengo iyi, Mugabe wakalongora "mtima wa kuwonga ndiposo cikanga" nangauli wakaŵa na "vifukwa vyakukhora vyakukhuŵara na kutinkhira" ŵanthu ŵa mu boma lakale. Michael Pallister, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ofesi ya Britain yakuwona vya vyaru vinyake, wakati wawona umo wakacitira na Mugabe mu 1979, wakati: "Munthu uyu wakaŵa wankhaza comene, nyengo zinyake wakacitanga nkhaza, kweniso wakaŵa wankhaza". Peter Longworth, uyo ni muyimiliri wa boma la Britain, wakayowoya kuti paŵekha, Mugabe wakaŵa "wakutemweka comene, kweniso wakuyowoya makora. Ntchakusuzga comene kupambaniska pakati pa munthu uyo mukukumana nayo na uyo wakuyowoya viheni pa TV". Norman wakati: "Nyengo zose nkhawona kuti wakaŵa munthu muwemi kweniso wakuchindikika. Kweniso wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi iyo nyengo zinyake nkhawonanga makora". Colin Legum, mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya The Observer, wakati Mugabe wakaŵa na "munthu wakusuzgika maghanoghano", nangauli wakasuzgikanga yayi, kweni wakachitanga vinthu mwakutalulira para wali pasi pa suzgo. Andrew Norman, uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Mugabe, wakayowoya kuti wakwenera kuti wakasuzgikanga na suzgo la kutinkhana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba mbiri ya Mugabe ŵakayowoya kuti wakajighanaghaniranga waka kuti waŵe na mazaza. Kuyana na Meredith, "mphamvu ya Mugabe yikaŵa nthowa yakufiskira cilato yayi, kweni cilato ico". Mwakupambana, Onslow na Redding ŵakayowoya kuti khumbo la Mugabe lakuti waŵe na mazaza likafuma ku "vifukwa vya mu maghanoghano na vya iyomwene" ndiposo kugomezga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakumususkana nayo ŵalije mazaza. Denis Norman, wandale wakuyera uyo wakateŵeterapo mu nduna ya Mugabe kwa virimika vinandi, wakati "Mugabe ni munthu wakuwoneka makora yayi uyo wakwendeskeka na usambazi kweni wakukondwa na mazaza. Ivi ndivyo vikamupangiska kuti wacite nthena".{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=125}} === Nthengwa na ŵana === [[File:Sally Hayfron.jpg|thumb|upright|Mugabe's first wife, [[Sally Mugabe|Sally Hayfron]], in 1983]]{{See also|Mugabe family}} Kuyana na Holland, muwoli wakwamba wa Mugabe, Sally Hayfron, wakaŵa "mubwezi waunenesko wa Mugabe", ndipo wakaŵa "mumoza wa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakasuskanga maghanoghano gha Mugabe kwambura kumukwiyiska". Mwana wawo yumoza pera, Michael Nhamodzenyika Mugabe, wakababika pa 27 September 1963, wakafwa pa 26 December 1966 na maleriya ku Ghana uko Sally wakagwiranga nchito apo Mugabe wakaŵa mu jere. Sally Mugabe wakaŵa msambizgi uyo wakasambizganga makora ndipo wakalimbikiranga kuti waŵe wakujiyimira payekha. Mubali Mugabe wakaphalira ŵapharazgi kuti ŵamuchemenge muwoli wake kuti "Amai" ("Amama ŵa Charu"), nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zimbabwe ŵakakwiya chifukwa chakuti wakaŵa mulendo. Wakimikika kuŵa mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵanakazi la ZANU-PF, ndipo wakakhwaskika na milimo yinandi ya wovwiri, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamuwonanga kuti ngwakwananga. Pa nyengo iyo Mugabe wakaŵa nduna yikuru, wakasuzgika na nthenda ya mphuzi, ndipo pakwamba wakeneranga kuluta ku Britain kuti ŵakamuchizgire nthenda ya dialysis. Apo wakaŵa wakutora Hayfron, mu 1987 Mugabe wakamba kutemwana na mulembi wake, Grace Marufu; wakaŵa muchoko kwa iyo na vyaka 41 ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakatengwa kwa Stanley Goreraza. Mu 1988 wakababa mwana mwanakazi zina lake Bona, ndipo mu 1990 wakababa mwana mwanalume zina lake Robert. Ubwezi uwu ukaŵa wachisisi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe, ndipo Hayfron wakamanyanga. Kuyana na muzukuru wake Patricia Bekele, uyo wakaŵa pafupi comene na iyo, Hayfron wakakondwa yayi kuti Mugabe wakaŵa na chibwezi na Marufu kweni "wakacita ivyo wakaniphaliranga kuti nicite: 'Yowoyani na mutu winu usange muli na masuzgo mu nthengwa yinu. Lekani kuyuyura mfumu winu.' Wakayowoyanga mwantchindi". Hayfron wakafwa mu 1992 cifukwa ca nthenda ya munthumbo. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Hayfron mu 1992, Mugabe na Marufu ŵakatorana mu ukwati ukuru wa Katolika mu Ogasiti 1996. Pakuŵa mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Zimbabwe, Grace wakamanyikwanga kuti wakatemwanga chomene vinthu vyapachanya, chomenechomene mashopu, vyakuvwara, na majuda. Cifukwa ca kugura vinthu vinandi, ŵakamuthya kuti "Gucci Grace". Nayo wakaŵa na lumbiri luwemi lwa vimbundi. Mu 1997, Grace Mugabe wakababa mwana wacitatu, Chatunga Bellarmine. Robert Mugabe Jr. na munung'una wake, Chatunga, ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kutandazga umoyo wawo wakudura pa social media, ivyo vyapangiska kuti Tendai Biti uyo ni ndyali wa chipani chakususka, waŵasuske kuti ŵakumazga ndalama za ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe.<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|title=The offspring of Africa's strongmen are living it up|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21726097-scions-despots-post-pictures-their-lavish-lifestyles-social-media|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=10 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017145651/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21726097-scions-despots-post-pictures-their-lavish-lifestyles-social-media|archive-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> == Kawonekero ka wumba na chiharo == {{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=The story of Robert Mugabe is a microcosm of what bedevils African democracy and economic recovery at the beginning of the 21st century. It is a classic case of a genuine hero—the guerrilla idol who conquered the country's former leader and his white supremacist regime—turning into a peevish autocrat whose standard response to those suggesting he steps down is to tell them to get lost. It is also the story of activists who try to make a better society but bear the indelible scars of the old system. Mugabe's political education came from the autocrat Ian Smith, who had learnt his formative lessons from imperious British colonisers.| salign=right |source=— Heidi Holland{{sfn|Holland|2008|pp=xiv–xv}} }} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Mugabe wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakakwesananga chomene. Kuyana na magazini ya The Black Scholar, "mwakuyana na uyo mukumupulikizga... Mugabe ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵankhaza comene pa caru cose, panji ni munthu wambura wofi uyo wakukwiyiska ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi". Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumuyowoya kuti ni "munthu wankhaza", "wakuwukira", ndiposo "wakupweteka", kweniso ni yumoza wa ŵalongozgi "ŵakofya comene" mu Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, wakalutilira kuwoneka nga ni munthu wankhongono mu vyaru vinandi vya caru cacitatu ndipo wakapokelereka makora comene apo wakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Southern Africa ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni "munthu mulara" uyo wakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵafwatuke.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=911}} Kuyana na Ndlovu-Gatsheni, mukati mwa ZANU-PF, Mugabe wakawonekanga nga ni "chiuta" uyo ŵanthu ŵakamopanga ndipo kanandi waka wakususkika. Mu gulu la ZANU, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusopa Mugabe pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Bush ndipo ŵakakhozga gulu ili mu 1980. Mu Zimbabwe, Mugabe wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamulondezganga, ndipo David Blair wakayowoya kuti "ni uheni kuyowoya kuti wakaŵa wambura kutemweka" mu charu ichi. Holland wakagomezganga kuti "ŵanandi" ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakamukhozganga "na mtima wose" mu vyaka 20 vyakwambilira vya muwuso wake. Malo ghake ghakukhozga ghakaŵa ku Mashonaland, Manicaland, na Masvingo uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaŵa Ŵashona, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabeleland na Bulawayo awo ŵakaŵa Ŵashona yayi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakamutemwanga yayi. Pa nyengo iyo wakawovwilirapo pa vyaru vinyake mu 1980, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumuchindika chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vinthu. David Blair wakayowoya kuti nangauli Mugabe wakalongora "mtende" pakati pa Malichi 1980 na Febuluwale 1982, boma lake "likalongozgekanga na kukhumba kuswa ŵalwani ŵake na kulutilira kuŵa pa udindo wake". Mu 2011, nkhwantha yinyake zina lake Blessing-Miles Tendi yikati: "Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti Mugabe ni mulongozgi wa ŵanthu wose uyo wakachita viheni chomene. Tendi wakayowoya kuti uwu ukaŵa upusikizgi cifukwa Mugabe wakalongora nkharo ya kukanizga ŵanthu kufuma waka apo wakaŵa pa udindo wake, comenecomene apo wakakananga ZAPU mu Matabeleland. Abiodun Alao wakakolerana nayo, ndipo wakayowoya kuti kaghanaghaniro ka Mugabe kakasintha yayi pa nyengo yose iyo wakaŵira mulongozgi wa caru, kweni waka kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakamba kughanaghanira comene nkhani iyi mu vilimika vya m'ma 1900. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Mugabe wakavumbura kuti vyaru vya ku Western vikuchita vinthu mwakupambanako. Vyaru ivi vikazerezga ivyo vikacitikira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 20,000 ŵa mtundu wa Ndebele ku Gukarakundi, kweni vikasuska comene boma la Zimbabwe apo ŵalimi ŵacoko waka ŵakafwa pa nyengo iyo ŵakajikoranga malo ghawo.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=214}}[[File:Demonstration against Mugabe.JPG|thumb|left|Example of foreign criticism: a demonstration against Mugabe's regime next to the Zimbabwe embassy in London (mid-2006)]] Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya vigeŵenga, Ian Smith wakacemanga Mugabe kuti "mpositole wa Satana". George Shire wakalongosora kuti mu Zimbabwe mukaŵa "ŵanthu ŵakususkana chomene" na Mugabe, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakaŵikako mahara yayi. Mubali Mugabe nayo ŵakamupa mulandu wa kusankhana mitundu; John Sentamu, bishopu mulara wa ku York, ku United Kingdom, wakati Mubali Mugabe ni "munthu wankhaza comene", cifukwa cakuti "wakasuzganga ŵazungu cifukwa ca usambazi wawo".<ref>Sentamu, John, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/16/comment.foreignpolicy Saving Zimbabwe is not colonialism, it's Britain's duty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128105246/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/16/comment.foreignpolicy |date=28 November 2016 }}, ''The Observer'' 16 September 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2008.</ref><ref name="ukanger">{{cite news|title=UK anger over Zimbabwe violence|work=BBC News|date=1 April 2000|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/698175.stm|access-date=4 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930103546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/698175.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="mcgreal2007">{{cite news|first=Peter|last=McGreal|title=Corrupt, greedy and violent: Mugabe attacked by Catholic bishops after years of silence|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/zimbabwe/article/0,,2048032,00.html| location=London}}</ref><ref name="Bentley2007">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Bentley |title=Sentamu urges Mugabe Action |work=The Independent |date=17 September 2007 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sentamu-urges-mugabe-action-402591.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906052233/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sentamu-urges-mugabe-action-402591.html |archive-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=live |issn=0951-9467}}</ref> Desmond Tutu wakayowoya kuti Mugabe "wakamba kujiwona kuti ngwambura kuvikilirika, ndipo wakaleka. Munthu wakukhumba waka kulira. Ici nchakucitiska citima comene". Pulezidenti wa ku South Africa, Nelson Mandela, nayo wakasuska Mugabe, wakati ni munthu uyo "wakunyoza ŵanthu awo ŵakamuŵika pa mazaza ndipo wakuwona kuti ni mwaŵi ukuru kuŵa pa mazaza kwamuyirayira". Rhoda E., wakulemba nkhani mu magazini ya Human Rights Quarterly Howard-Hassmann wakati pakaŵa "ukaboni wakukwana wakuti Mugabe wakaŵa na mulandu wa kwananga ŵanthu". Mu 2009, Gregory Stanton, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa International Association of Genocide Scholars, na Helen Fein, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulara wa Institute for the Study of Genocide, ŵakalemba kalata mu nyuzipepara ya The New York Times, iyo yikati pakaŵa ukaboni wakukwana wakuti Mugabe wakachitiska vigeŵenga. Australia na New Zealand vikaŵachiska kale mu 2005, ndipo mawupu ghanyake gha ku Zimbabwe ghakaŵachiska mu 2006. Nkhani yinyake ya mu nyuzipepara ya New American ya mu 2005 ya mutu wakuti "Democide in Zimbabwe" yikati mu vyaka vicoko waka, Mugabe wakakhoma ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi mu Zimbabwe. Mu 1994, Mugabe wakapokera ulemu kufuma ku boma la Britain. Kweni boma la UK likamuwuskapo ulemu uwu mu 2008. Mubali Mugabe wakaŵa na madigiri ghanandi na madokotala kufuma ku mayunivesite gha pa caru cose, agho wakapokera mu ma 1980s; kweni madokotala ghatatu ghafumiskikapo. Mu Juni 2007, wakazgoka munthu wakwamba wa pa caru cose kulekeskeka digiri ya ku yunivesite ya ku Britain, apo Yunivesite ya Edinburgh yikaleka kumupa digiri iyo wakapokera mu 1984.<ref name="timesonline.co.uk">{{cite news|work=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1896047.ece|title=Mugabe stripped of degree by Edinburgh|access-date=4 July 2007|first1=Shirley|last1=English|first2=David|last2=Lister|date=7 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012204017/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1896047.ece|archive-date=12 October 2008}} See also: {{cite news|work=The New York Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/15/highereducation.internationaleducationnews|title=Edinburgh University revokes Mugabe degree|author=Paul Kelbie|date=15 July 2007|access-date=28 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831180901/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/15/highereducation.internationaleducationnews|archive-date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/6724271.stm|title=Mugabe stripped of degree honour|publisher=BBC|date=6 June 2007|access-date=4 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912175134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/6724271.stm|archive-date=12 September 2007}} See also: {{cite news |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/13/mugabe-loses-honorary-degree-from-umass/?hp |title=Mugabe loses Honorary Degree from UMass|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 June 2008|first=Mike|last=Nizza|date=13 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002081032/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/13/mugabe-loses-honorary-degree-from-umass/?hp|archive-date=2 October 2012}}</ref>Pa 12 June 2008, University of Massachusetts Amherst Board of Trustees ŵakavota kuti ŵawuskeko digiri ya vyamalango iyo Mugabe wakapika mu 1986, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti digiri yinyake ya ku malumbo yikwimikike. Mu mwezi umoza pamanyuma pa kufumiskika pa udindo wake, kweni pambere wandafwe, mazina gha misewu ghanandi agho ghakuyowoya za Mugabe ghakafumiskika mu malo gha ŵanthu wose.<ref>{{Cite web|last=mins|first=Murdoch Stephens Read Time: 22|title=What's left of the Mugabe way?|url=https://pantograph-punch.com//posts/mugabe-public-space,%20https://pantograph-punch.com//posts/mugabe-public-space|access-date=3 October 2020|website=Pantograph Punch}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Wonaniso== * ''[[Mugabe and the White African]]'' (2009 documentary) * ''[[Mugabe's Zimbabwe]]'' (2010 documentary) * ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' (2005 film featuring a fictional African president based on Mugabe) ==Ukaboni== ===Vyakulemba=== {{Reflist|20em}} ===Mabuku=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Alao |first=Abiodun |year=2012 |title=Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe |location=Montreal and Kingston |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-4044-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Blair |first=David |year=2002 |title=Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe |location=London and New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-5974-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/degreesinviolenc0000blai }} * {{cite journal |last1=Chigora |first1=Percyslage |last2=Guzura |first2=Tobias |title=The Politics of the Government of National Unity (GNU) and Power Sharing in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Prospects for Democracy |journal=African Journal of History and Culture |volume=3 |number=2 |pages=20–26 |year=2011 }} * {{cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Julia |title=The Battle for Zimbabwe in 2013: From Polarisation to Ambivalence |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |year=2015 |volume=53 |number=1 |pages=27–49 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X14000640 |s2cid=154398977 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26245/1/gallagher-the-battle-for-zimbabwe-in-2013.pdf }} * {{cite book |last=Holland |first=Heidi |year=2008 |title=Dinner with Mugabe: The Untold Story of a Freedom Fighter Who Became a Tyrant |location=London |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-104079-0 }} * {{cite journal |last=Howard-Hassmann |first=Rhoda E. |title=Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=32 |number=4 |year=2010 |pages=898–920 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2010.0030 |s2cid=143046672 }} * {{cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |year=2002 |title=Our Votes, Our Guns: Robert Mugabe and the Tragedy of Zimbabwe |location=New York |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-58648-186-5 }} * {{cite journal |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |year=2009 |title=Making Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: 'So Blair, keep your England and let me keep my Zimbabwe' |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=30 |number=6 |pages=1139–1158 |doi=10.1080/01436590903037424 |s2cid=143775424 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |author-mask={{long dash}} |contribution=Introduction: Mugabeism and Entanglements of History, Politics, and Power in the Making of Zimbabwe |title=Mugabeism? History, Politics, and Power in Zimbabwe |editor=Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni |year=2015 |pages=1–25 |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-54344-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Norman |first=Andrew |year=2008 |title=Mugabe: Teacher, Revolutionary, Tyrant |location=Stroud |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-86227-491-4 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Onslow |first1=Sue |last2=Redding |first2=Sean |year=2009 |title=Wasted Riches: Robert Mugabe and the Desolation of Zimbabwe |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=63–72 |jstor=43134191 }} * {{cite journal |last=Shire |first=George |year=2007 |title=The Case for Robert Mugabe: Sinner or Sinned Against? |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=37 |number=1 |pages=32–35 |jstor=41069872 |doi=10.1080/00064246.2007.11413379 |s2cid=147587061 }} * {{cite journal |last=Sithole |first=Masipula |year=2001 |title=Fighting Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=2 |number=1 |pages=160–169 |doi=10.1353/jod.2001.0015 |s2cid=144918292 }} * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=Simpson |first2=Colin |year=1981 |title=Mugabe |location=London |publisher=Sphere Books |isbn=978-0-7221-7868-3 }} * {{cite journal |last=Tendi |first=Blessing-Miles |year=2011 |title=Robert Mugabe and Toxicity: History and Context Matter |journal=Representation |volume=47 |number=3 |pages=307–318 |doi=10.1080/00344893.2011.596439 |s2cid=154541752 }} * {{cite journal |last=Tendi |first=Blessing-Miles |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=2013 |title=Robert Mugabe's 2013 Presidential Election Campaign |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=39 |number=4 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2013.858537 |s2cid=145432632 }} {{Refend}} ==Wonani vinandi== {{Sister project links}} {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Bourne |first=Richard |year=2011 |title=Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe? |publisher=Zed |isbn=978-1-84813-521-5}} * {{cite book |last=Chan |first=Stephen |year=2002 |title=Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-873-1}} * {{cite book |last=Godwin |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=The Fear: The Last Days of Robert Mugabe |location=London |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-330-50777-6}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Moyo |last2=Yeros |first2=P |title=The Radicalised State: Zimbabwe's Interrupted Revolution |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=34 |number=111 |pages=103–121 |year=2007 |jstor=20406365 |doi=10.1080/03056240701340431 |s2cid=153894802 }} * {{cite journal |last=Raftopoulos |first=Brian |title=The Zimbabwean crisis and the challenges of the Left |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=32 |number=2 |year=2006 |pages=203–219 |jstor=25065088 |doi=10.1080/03057070600655988 |bibcode=2006JSAfS..32..203R |s2cid=59371826 }} {{Refend}} {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Herbert Chitepo]]}} {{s-ttl|title= Leader of [[Zimbabwe African National Union]]|years=1975–1987}} {{s-non|reason=Position abolished}} {{s-new|party|reason=Merger of ZANU and ZAPU}} {{s-ttl|title=Leader of [[ZANU–PF|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front]]||years=1987–2017}} {{s-aft|after=[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Abel Muzorewa]]|as=[[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]|years=1980–1987}} {{s-vac|reason=Position suspended|next=[[Morgan Tsvangirai]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Canaan Banana]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Zimbabwe|President of Zimbabwe]]|years=1987–2017}} {{s-aft|after=[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Zail Singh]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Secretary General of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]|years=1986–1989}} {{s-aft|after=[[Janez Drnovšek]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Paul Biya]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity]]|years=1997–1998}} {{s-aft|after=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Chairperson of the African Union]]|years=2015–2016}} {{s-aft|after=[[Idriss Déby]]}} {{s-end}} {{Robert Mugabe}} {{Navboxes|title=Related topics |titlestyle=background:#ccccff|list1= {{Zimbabwe government ministers 2000–2009}} {{2008 elections, Zimbabwe}} {{Presidents of Zimbabwe}} {{ZimbabwePMs}} {{African Union chairpersons}} {{NAMSecretary-General}} {{Members of the 1st Parliament of Zimbabwe}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mugabe, Robert Gabriel}} [[Category:Robert Mugabe| ]] [[Category:1924 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]] [[Category:20th-century Zimbabwean politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Roman Catholics]] [[Category:21st-century Zimbabwean politicians]] [[Category:African revolutionaries]] [[Category:Alumni of Achimota School]] [[Category:Alumni of Kutama College]] [[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of London]] [[Category:Alumni of University of London Worldwide]] [[Category:Chairpersons of the African Union]] [[Category:Deaths from cancer in Singapore]] [[Category:Defence Ministers of Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Genocide perpetrators]] [[Category:Heads of government of Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Heads of government who were later imprisoned]] [[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]] [[Category:Mugabe family|Robert]] [[Category:People stripped of honorary degrees]] [[Category:Presidents of Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Rhodesia]] [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Rhodesian politicians]] [[Category:Rhodesian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Secretaries-General of the Non-Aligned Movement]] [[Category:Shona people]] [[Category:University of Fort Hare alumni]] [[Category:University of South Africa alumni]] [[Category:ZANU–PF politicians]] [[Category:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army personnel]] [[Category:Zimbabwean individuals subject to U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions]] [[Category:Zimbabwean pan-Africanists]] [[Category:Zimbabwean revolutionaries]] [[Category:Zimbabwean Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Zimbabwean socialists]] [[Category:Anti-white racism in Africa]] l4a5zz6wmuwjrbavou4vto87vfj9tng 0 40341 115776 113322 2026-05-21T05:02:43Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_meet_with_Pope_John_Paul_II_at_the_Vatican_Library.jpg with [[File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_Meeting_with_Pope_John_Paul_Ii_at_The_Papal_Library_Vatican_Pontifical_Palace_During_Visit_to_Th 115776 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Age of Discovery=== {{Main|Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery}} The [[Age of Discovery]] beginning in the 15th century saw the expansion of Western Europe's political and cultural influence worldwide. Because of the prominent role the strongly Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal played in Western colonialism, Catholicism was spread to the Americas, Asia and Oceania by explorers, conquistadors, and missionaries, as well as by the transformation of societies through the socio-political mechanisms of colonial rule. [[Pope Alexander VI]] had awarded colonial rights over most of the newly discovered lands to [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]]<ref name="Koschorke13">Koschorke, pp. 13, 283</ref> and the ensuing ''[[Patronato real|patronato]]'' system allowed state authorities, not the Vatican, to control all clerical appointments in the new colonies.<ref>Hastings (1994), p. 72</ref> In 1521 the Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] made the first Catholic converts in the [[Spanish East Indies|Philippines]].<ref name="Koschorke21">Koschorke, p. 21</ref> Elsewhere, Portuguese missionaries under the Spanish Jesuit [[Francis Xavier]] evangelized in India, China, and Japan.<ref name="Koschorke3">Koschorke, pp. 3, 17</ref> The [[French colonization of the Americas]] beginning in the 16th century established a Catholic [[French language|francophone]] population and forbade non-Catholics to settle in [[Quebec]].<ref>Lyons (2013), p. 17</ref> ===Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation=== {{Main|Protestant Reformation|Counter-Reformation}} {{multiple image | footer = [[Martin Luther]] (left), originally an [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] monk, posted the ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' (right) in 1517. | align = left | image1 = Martin Luther by Cranach-restoration.jpg | width1 = 186 | caption1 = | alt1 = | image2 = Luther 95 Thesen.png | width2 = 140 | caption2 = | alt2 = }} In 1415, [[Jan Hus]] was burned at the stake for heresy, but his reform efforts encouraged [[Martin Luther]], an [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] monk in modern-day Germany, who [[History of Lutheranism#The start of the Reformation|sent]] his ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' to several bishops in 1517.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}} His theses protested key points of Catholic [[doctrine]] as well as the sale of [[indulgence]]s, and along with the [[Leipzig Debate]] this led to his [[Martin Luther#Excommunication|excommunication]] in 1521.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}}<ref name="Vidmar184">Vidmar, p. 184.</ref> In [[Switzerland]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]] and other [[Protestant Reformers]] further criticized Catholic teachings. These challenges developed into the Reformation, which gave birth to the great majority of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[list of Christian denominations|denominations]]{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=223–224}} and also [[crypto-protestantism|crypto-Protestantism]] within the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fernández|first=Luis Martínez|title=Crypto-Protestants and Pseudo-Catholics in the Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Caribbean|journal=Journal of Ecclesiastical History|volume=51|issue=2|pages=347–365|year=2000|doi=10.1017/S0022046900004255|s2cid=162296826}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Henry VIII]] petitioned [[Pope Clement VII]] for a [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|declaration of nullity]] concerning his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]]. When this was denied, he had the [[Acts of Supremacy]] passed to make himself [[Supreme Head of the Church of England]], spurring the [[English Reformation]] and the eventual development of [[Anglicanism]].{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=235–237}} The Reformation contributed to clashes between the Protestant [[Schmalkaldic League]] and the Catholic Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] and his allies. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 with the [[Peace of Augsburg]] but continued tensions produced a far graver conflict—the [[Thirty Years' War]]—which broke out in 1618.<ref name="Vidmar233"/> In France, a series of conflicts termed the [[French Wars of Religion]] was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the [[Huguenot]]s (French [[Calvinists]]) and the forces of the [[Catholic League (French)|French Catholic League]], which were backed and funded by a series of popes.<ref name="Duffy177">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 177–178</ref> This ended under [[Pope Clement VIII]], who hesitantly accepted King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV's]] 1598 [[Edict of Nantes]] granting civil and [[religious toleration]] to French Protestants.<ref name="Vidmar233">Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 233</ref><ref name="Duffy177"/> The [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) became the driving force behind the [[Counter-Reformation]] in response to the Protestant movement. Doctrinally, it reaffirmed central Catholic teachings such as [[transubstantiation]] and the requirement for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=242–244}} In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world, in part through missionaries and [[imperialism]], although its hold on European populations declined due to the growth of [[religious scepticism]] during and after the Enlightenment.<ref>Maxwell, Melvin. ''Bible Truth or Church Tradition'', p. 70</ref> ===Enlightenment and modern period=== {{Main|Age of Enlightenment}} {{Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar}} [[File:São Miguel das Missões (Brazil).jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of the [[Jesuit Reduction]] at [[São Miguel das Missões]] in Brazil]] From the 17th century onward, the Enlightenment questioned the power and influence of the Catholic Church over Western society.<ref name="Pollard8">Pollard, pp. 7–8</ref> In the 18th century, writers such as [[Voltaire]] and the ''[[Encyclopédistes]]'' wrote biting critiques of both religion and the Catholic Church. One target of their criticism was the 1685 [[revocation of the Edict of Nantes]] by King [[Louis XIV of France]], which ended a century-long policy of religious toleration of Protestant Huguenots. As the papacy resisted pushes for [[Gallicanism]], the [[French Revolution]] of 1789 shifted power to the state, caused the destruction of churches, the establishment of a [[Cult of Reason]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=283–285}} and the martyrdom of [[Martyrs of Compiègne|nuns]] during the ''[[Reign of Terror]]''.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Sixteen Blessed Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne}}</ref> In 1798, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] invaded the [[Italian Peninsula]], imprisoning [[Pope Pius VI]], who died in captivity. Napoleon later re-established the Catholic Church in France through the [[Concordat of 1801]].<ref name="Collins176">Collins, p. 176</ref> The end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] brought Catholic revival and the return of the [[Papal States]].<ref>Duffy, pp. 214–216</ref> In 1854, [[Pope Pius IX]], with the support of the overwhelming majority of Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed the [[Immaculate Conception]] as a [[dogma in the Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|title=John Paul II, General Audience|publisher=Vatican.va|date=24 March 1993|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> In 1870, the [[First Vatican Council]] affirmed the doctrine of [[papal infallibility]] when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements,<ref name="Leith">Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (1963), p. 143</ref><ref name="Duffy232">Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 232</ref> striking a blow to the rival position of [[Conciliar Church|conciliarism]]. Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the [[Old Catholic Church#Impact of the First Vatican Council: second stage|Old Catholic Church]],<ref name="Fahlbusch">Fahlbusch, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001), p. 729</ref> The [[Italian unification]] of the 1860s incorporated the Papal States, including Rome itself from 1870, into the [[Kingdom of Italy]], thus ending the papacy's [[temporal power (papal)|temporal power]]. In response, Pope Pius IX excommunicated [[Victor Emmanuel II|King Victor Emmanuel II]], refused payment for the land, and rejected the Italian [[Law of Guarantees]], which granted him special privileges. To avoid placing himself in visible subjection to the Italian authorities, he remained a "[[prisoner in the Vatican]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|year=2006|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|url={{googlebooks|y_4eaFsFdI4C|pg=PT155|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-547-34716-5|page=PT155}}</ref> This stand-off, which was spoken of as the ''[[Roman Question]]'', was resolved by the 1929 [[Lateran Treaties]], whereby the Holy See acknowledged Italian sovereignty over the former Papal States in return for payment and Italy's recognition of papal sovereignty over Vatican City as a new sovereign and independent state.<ref>{{cite book|chapter='Utterly Faithless Specimens': Italians in the Catholic Church in America|first=Peter R.|last=D'Agostino|editor-last=Connell|editor-first=William J.|editor2-last=Gardaphé|editor2-first=Fred|title=Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|chapter-url={{googlebooks|qp_GAAAAQBAJ|page=33|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-230-11532-3|pages=33–34}}</ref> Catholic missionaries generally supported, and sought to facilitate, the European imperial powers' [[Scramble for Africa|conquest of Africa]] during the late nineteenth century. According to the historian of religion [[Adrian Hastings]], Catholic missionaries were generally unwilling to defend African rights or encourage Africans to see themselves as equals to Europeans, in contrast to Protestant missionaries, who were more willing to oppose colonial injustices.<ref>Adrian Hastings, ''The Church in Africa, 1450 – 1950'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, 394 – 490</ref> ===20th century=== <!--Following paragraph includes text copied from the article on the [[Terrible Triangle]] -->{{Main|Catholic Church in the 20th century}} During the 20th century, the church's global reach continued to grow, despite the rise of anti-Catholic authoritarian regimes and the collapse of European Empires, accompanied by a general decline in religious observance in the West. Under Popes [[Benedict XV]], and [[Pius XII]], the [[Holy See]] sought to maintain public neutrality through the World Wars, acting as peace broker and delivering aid to the victims of the conflicts. In the 1960s, [[Pope John XXIII]] convened the [[Second Vatican Council]], which ushered in radical change to church ritual and practice, and in the later 20th century, the long reign of [[Pope John Paul II]] contributed to the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, and a new public and international role for the papacy.<ref>Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011</ref><ref name="communist" /> ; World War One Pope [[Pius X]] (1903–1914) renewed the independence of papal office by abolishing the veto of Catholic powers in papal elections, and his successors [[Benedict XV]] (1914–1922) and [[Pius XI]] (1922–1939) concluded the modern independence of the Vatican State within Italy.<ref>''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p. 239, p.241</ref> Benedict XV was elected at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. He attempted to mediate between the powers and established a Vatican relief office, to assist victims of the war and reunite families.<ref name="Popes p.240">''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p.240</ref> He offered numerous appeals for peace. His "Dès le début" initiative of 1 August 1917 was rejected by the warring parties.<ref>John Pollard "Papal Diplomacy and The Great War" (2014).</ref> ; Interwar years A number of [[anti-clerical]] governments emerged in the 20th century. The 1926 [[Calles Law]] separating church and state in Mexico led to the [[Cristero War]]<ref name="Chadwick264">Chadwick, Owen, pp. 264–265</ref> in which more than 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated,<ref name="Scheina">Scheina, p. 33.</ref> churches desecrated, services mocked, nuns raped, and captured priests shot.<ref name="Chadwick264"/> Following the 1917 [[October Revolution]], persecution of the church and Catholics in the [[Soviet Union]] continued into the 1930s, with the execution and exiling of clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of religious implements, and closure of churches.<ref>Riasanovsky 617</ref><ref name="Riasanovsky 634">Riasanovsky 634</ref> In the 1936–39 [[Spanish Civil War]], the Catholic hierarchy allied with [[Francisco Franco|Franco's]] [[Spanish State|Nationalists]] against the [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] government,<ref>Payne, p. 13</ref> citing as justification [[Red Terror (Spain)|Republican violence]] against the church.<ref>Alonso, pp. 395–396</ref><ref>''Blood of Spain'', Ronald Fraser p. 415, collective letter of bishops of Spain, addressed to the bishops of the world. {{ISBN|0-7126-6014-3}}</ref> [[Pope Pius XI]] referred to these three countries as a "terrible triangle".<ref>Fontenelle, Mrg R (1939), ''Seine Heiligkeit Pius XI'', p. 164. Alsactia, France</ref><ref name="divinired">[[Encyclical]] ''[[Divini Redemptoris]]'', §&nbsp;18 (AAS 29 [1937], 74). 1937. ''Libreria Editrice Vaticana'' ([https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html English translation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124153/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html|date=9 September 2015}})</ref> [[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|While, since the 1960s, Pope Pius XII has been accused of not having done enough to shelter Jews from the [[Holocaust]], his defenders claim he secretly encouraged individual Catholic resistance groups,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riebling |first1=Mark |title=Church of Spies |date=2015 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02229-8 |page=(flyleaf) "[Pius XII] sent birthday cards to Hitler - while secretly plotting to kill him."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Burleigh |first1=Michael |title=Sacred Causes |date=2007 |publisher=Harper Perennial |page=252 " 'They deplore the fact that the Pope does not speak,' Pius told the Jesuit rector of the Gregorian university in December 1942. 'But the Pope cannot speak. If he spoke, things would be worse.'"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lapide |first1=Pinchas |title=Three Popes and the Jews |date=1967 |publisher=Hawthorne Books |pages=214–15 "Rabbi André Ungar of Temple Emanuel, N.J.,... says, 'The Vatican itself gave permission, and perhaps encouragement for Jewish rescue work; the Vatican provided large sums of money, and on occasion the facilities of its diplomatic privileges to save Jews from the Nazis.'"}}</ref> such as that led by priest [[Heinrich Maier]]. Maier helped the allies fight against the V-2, which was produced by [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] prisoners.]] The interwar [[Pope Pius XI]] modernized the papacy by appearing in St Peter's Square, founding [[Vatican Radio]] and the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Papal Academy of Sciences]], appointing 40 indigenous bishops and concluding fifteen concordats, including the [[Lateran Treaty]] with Italy which founded the [[Vatican City State]].<ref>''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p.241-2</ref> After violations of the 1933 [[Reichskonkordat]] between the church and [[Nazi Germany]], Pius XI issued the 1937 encyclical ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]'', which publicly condemned the [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany|Nazis' persecution of the church]] and their ideology of [[Modern Paganism|neopaganism]] and [[Supremacism|racial superiority]].<ref name="Rhodes182">Rhodes, pp. 182–183</ref><ref name="Rhodes197">Rhodes, p. 197</ref><ref name="Rhodes204">Rhodes, pp. 204–205</ref> ; World War Two His successor [[Pope Pius XII]] led the Catholic Church through the [[Second World War]] and early [[Cold War]]. Like his predecessors, Pius XII sought to publicly maintain Vatican neutrality in the War, and established aid networks to help victims, but he secretly [[Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance|assisted the anti-Hitler resistance]] and shared intelligence with the Allies.<ref name="Popes p.240"/> His first encyclical ''[[Summi Pontificatus]]'' (1939) expressed dismay at the [[1939 Invasion of Poland]] and reiterated Catholic teaching against [[racism]].<ref name="Cook983">Cook, p. 983</ref> He expressed concern against race killings [[Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address|on Vatican Radio]], and intervened diplomatically to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries from 1942 to 1944. But the Pope's insistence on public neutrality and diplomatic language has become a source of much criticism and debate.<ref>[https://spectator.org/46578_hitlers-pope/ Hitler's Pope?]; Martin Gilbert; The American Spectator; 18 August 2006</ref> Nevertheless, in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews.<ref>Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-4299-0036-2, p 299</ref> Israeli historian [[Pinchas Lapide]] estimated that [[Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust|Catholic rescue of Jews]] amounted to somewhere between 700,000 and 860,000 people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lapomarda |first=Vincent A. |title=The Jesuits and the Third Reich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mO7AAAACAAJ&pg=PA3 |year=2005 |publisher=E. Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-6265-6 |page=3}}</ref> The [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany|Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church]] was at its most intense [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland|in Poland]], and [[Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany|Catholic resistance to Nazism]] took various forms. Some 2,579 Catholic clergy were sent to the [[Priest Barracks of Dachau|Priest Barracks]] of [[Dachau Concentration Camp]], including 400 Germans.<ref>Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton & Company; London; pp. 210–11</ref><ref>Berben, Paul (1975). Dachau, 1933–1945: the official history. Norfolk Press. ISBN 978-0-85211-009-6, pp276-277</ref> Thousands of priests, nuns and brothers were imprisoned, taken to a concentration camp, tortured and murdered, including Saints [[Maximilian Kolbe]] and [[Edith Stein]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/non_jews_persecution.asp |title=Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Germany |publisher=Yad Vashem |access-date=28 October 2010 |archive-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129015947/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/non_jews_persecution.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Erika Weinzierl: Kirchlicher Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus. In: Themen der Zeitgeschichte und der Gegenwart. Vienna 2004, {{ISBN|3-8258-7549-0}}, pp 76.</ref> Catholics fought on both sides in the conflict. Catholic clergy played a leading role in the government of the fascist [[Slovak State]], which collaborated with the Nazis, copied their anti-Semitic policies, and helped them carry out the Holocaust in Slovakia. [[Jozef Tiso]], the President of the Slovak State and a Catholic priest, supported his government's deportation of Slovakian Jews to extermination camps.<ref>James Ward, ''Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia'', Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013, 202 – 245</ref> The Vatican protested against these Jewish deportations in Slovakia and in other Nazi puppet regimes including [[Vichy France]], Croatia, [[Bulgaria]], Italy and Hungary.<ref>Martin Gilbert; ''The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy''; Collins; London; 1986; pp. 202, 203, 206–207, 212–214, 451, 466.</ref><ref>Mark Mazower; ''Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe''; Penguin; 2008; {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9681-4}}; p.395</ref> The Catholic resistance group around the priest [[Heinrich Maier]] passed on plans and production facilities for [[V-1 flying bomb]]s, [[V-2 rocket]]s, [[Tiger tank]]s, [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] and other aircraft to the Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Much of the information was important to [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]] and [[Operation Crossbow]], both critical operations to [[Operation Overlord]]. He and his group informed the American [[Office of Strategic Services]] early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. Maier supported the war against the Nazis on the principle "every bomb that falls on armaments factories shortens the war and spares the civilian population."<ref>Paul Vecsei "Der Priester, der unter das Fallbeil kam" In: Wiener Zeitung 13 March 2021; Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: ''Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.'' Vienna 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-902494-83-2}}, pp. 299–305; Hans Schafranek: ''Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.'' Vienna 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-7076-0622-5}}, pp. 161–248; Fritz Molden: ''Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945''. Vienna 1988, p. 122; Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p. 163; Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996; Christoph Thurner "The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group" (2017), pp 35; Bernhard Kreutner "Gefangener 2959: Das Leben des Heinrich Maier – Mann Gottes und unbeugsamer Widerstandskämpfer" (2021).</ref> [[File:Members of the Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the Canadian [[Royal 22e Regiment|Royal 22^e Regiment]] in audience with [[Pope Pius XII]], following the [[Liberation of Rome]] in 1944 during [[World War II]]]] Around 1943, [[Adolf Hitler]] planned the kidnapping of the Pope and his internment in Germany. He gave SS General Wolff a corresponding order to prepare for the action.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/pius-xii-wie-adolf-hitler-den-papst-entfuehren-lassen-wollte-a-1101877.html|title=Pius XII: Wie Adolf Hitler den Papst entführen lassen wollte|first=Katja|last=Iken|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=7 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/welt/379790_Hitler-plante-Entfuehrung-Pius-XII..html|title=Hitler plante Entführung Pius' XII. – "Streng geheime" Berichte faschistischer Parteigrößen entdeckt|first=Wiener Zeitung|last=Online|website=Weltpolitik Nachrichten – Wiener Zeitung Online|date=9 September 1998 }}</ref> While [[Pope Pius XII]] has been credited with helping to [[Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust|save hundreds of thousands of Jews]] during the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=192}}<ref name="Deák">Deák, p. 182</ref> the church has also been accused of having encouraged centuries of [[Christianity and antisemitism|antisemitism]] by its teachings<ref>{{cite news|last=Eakin|first=Emily|title=New Accusations Of a Vatican Role In Anti-Semitism; Battle Lines Were Drawn After Beatification of Pope Pius IX|work=The New York Times|date=1 September 2001|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/01/arts/new-accusations-vatican-role-anti-semitism-battle-lines-were-drawn-after.html|access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> and not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities.<ref>Phayer (2000), pp. 50–57</ref> Many Nazi criminals escaped overseas after the Second World War, also because they had powerful supporters from the Vatican.<ref>{{cite web|last=Welle|first=Deutsche|title=The ratlines: What did the Vatican know about Nazi escape routes?|date=1 March 2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-ratlines-what-did-the-vatican-know-about-nazi-escape-routes/a-52555068|access-date=7 February 2021|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article124863191/Fluchthilfe-fuer-Nazis-vom-Vatikan-und-US-Agenten.html|title=Rattenlinien: Fluchthilfe für Nazis – vom Vatikan und US-Agenten|first=Manuel|last=Opitz|newspaper=Die Welt|date=15 February 2014|via=www.welt.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000114377607/ns-fluchthelfer-der-braune-bischof-und-die-rattenlinie|title=NS-Fluchthelfer: Der "braune Bischof" und die Rattenlinie|website=[[Der Standard]]}}</ref> The judgment of Pius XII is made more difficult by the sources, because the church archives for his tenure as nuncio, cardinal secretary of state and pope are in part closed or not yet processed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/judgment-day-vatican-ready-to-open-its-holocaust-files-to-the-world-drp9dgpc6|title=Judgment day: Vatican ready to open its Holocaust files to the world|first=Philip Willan|last=Rome|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> In [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|dismembered Yugoslavia]], the church favored the Nazi-installed Croatian Catholic fascist [[Ustaše]] regime due to its anti-communist ideology and for the potential to reinstate Catholic influence in the region following the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref name=Phayer2000p32>Phayer (2000), p. 32</ref> It did not however formally recognize the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).<ref name=Phayer2000p32/> Despite being informed of the regime's [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide against Orthodox Serbs]], [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Jews]] and other non-Croats, the church did not publicly speak out against it, preferring to exert pressure through diplomacy.<ref>Phayer (2000), p. 39</ref> In assessing the Vatican's position, historian [[Jozo Tomasevich]] writes that "it seems the Catholic Church fully supported the [Ustaše] regime and its policies."<ref>{{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|year=2001|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|publisher=Stanford University Press|url={{googlebooks|fqUSGevFe5MC|page=555|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1|page=555}}</ref> ; Early Cold War During the [[post-war]] period, communist governments in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] severely restricted religious freedoms.<ref name="communist">{{cite news|title=Pope Stared Down Communism in Homeland – and Won|publisher=CBC News|date=April 2005|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|access-date=31 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223141702/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|archive-date=23 December 2007}}</ref> Although some priests and religious people collaborated with communist regimes,<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Craig|title=In Poland, New Wave of Charges Against Clerics|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/10/world/europe/10poland.html|access-date=23 May 2008}}</ref> many others were imprisoned, deported, or executed. The church was an important player in the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, particularly in the [[Polish People's Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/14023|title=Untold story of 1989|publisher=The Tablet|access-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> In 1949, the Communist victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=356–358}} The new government also created the [[Patriotic Church]] and appointed its bishops. These appointments were initially rejected by Rome before many of them were accepted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7005927.stm|title=China installs Pope-backed bishop|publisher=BBC News|date=21 September 2007|access-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> In the 1960s during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the Chinese Communists closed all religious establishments. When Chinese churches eventually reopened, they remained under the control of the Patriotic Church. Many Catholic priests continued to be sent to prison for refusing to renounce allegiance to Rome.<ref>Chadwick, p. 259</ref> ====Second Vatican Council==== {{Main|Second Vatican Council|History of the Catholic Church since 1962|Spirit of Vatican II}} [[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|right|thumb|Bishops listen during the Second Vatican Council.]] The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the [[Council of Trent]], four centuries before.<ref>The Second Vatican Council Celebrating Its Achievements and the Future p. 86</ref> Initiated by [[Pope John XXIII]], this ecumenical council modernized the practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the [[vernacular]] (local language) and encouraging "fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |title=Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium |publisher=Vatican.va |date=4 December 1963 |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |archive-date=21 February 2008}}</ref> It intended to engage the church more closely with the present world (''[[aggiornamento]]''), which was described by its advocates as an "opening of the windows".<ref name="Duffy272">Duffy, pp. 270–276</ref> In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to the church's approach to [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|ecumenism]],<ref>Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 272, 274</ref> and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially [[Judaism]], in its document ''[[Nostra aetate]]''.<ref name="NOSTRA AETATE">{{cite web|author=Pope Paul VI|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|title=''Nostra aetate'': Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions|date=28 October 1965|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220214550/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|archive-date=20 December 2008|quote=According to Section 4: "True, the Jewish authorities and those who followed their lead pressed for the death of Christ; still, what happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today. Although the Church is the new people of God, the Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God, as if this followed from the Holy Scriptures."}}</ref> The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the "[[Spirit of Vatican II]]" such as Swiss theologian [[Hans Küng]] said that Vatican II had "not gone far enough" to change church policies.<ref>Bauckham, p. 373</ref> [[Traditionalist Catholics]], such as [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]], however, strongly criticized the council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led "to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments", among other issues.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Neel|first=Brian|url=http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|title=Holier Than Thou: How Rejection of Vatican II Led Lefebvre into Schism|journal=This Rock|volume=14|issue=4|location=San Diego|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=3 April 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510014807/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|archive-date=10 May 2010}}</ref> Several teachings of the Catholic Church came under increased scrutiny both concurrent with and following the council; among those teachings was the church's teaching regarding the immorality of [[Birth control|contraception]]. The recent introduction of [[hormonal contraception]] (including "the pill"), which were believed by some to be morally different from previous methods, prompted John XXIII to form a committee to advise him of the moral and theological issues with the new method.<ref>{{cite book|last=May|first=John F.|year=2012|title=World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact|publisher=Springer|url={{googlebooks|UCQRxtm3Z34C|page=202|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-94-007-2837-0|pages=202–203}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kinkel|first=R. John|year=2014|title=Papal Paralysis: How the Vatican Dealt with the AIDS Crisis|publisher=Lexington|url={{googlebooks|O9dkAgAAQBAJ|page=2|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-7391-7684-9|page=2}}</ref> [[Pope Paul VI]] later expanded the committee's scope to freely examine all methods, and the committee's unreleased final report was rumoured to suggest permitting at least some methods of contraception. Paul did not agree with the arguments presented, and eventually issued ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', saying that it upheld the constant teaching of the church against contraception. It expressly included hormonal methods as prohibited.<ref group="note">While ruling contraception to be prohibited, Pope Paul VI did, however, consider natural family planning methods to be morally permissible if used with just cause.</ref> This document generated a largely negative response from many Catholics.{{From whom?|date=September 2016}}<ref name="HV_then_now">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/germain-grisez-on-humanae-vitae-then-and-now|title=Germain Grisez on "Humanae Vitae", Then and Now: The Dust Still Hasn't Settled, But There Are Signs of Hope|publisher=Zenit: The World Seen from Rome|date=14 July 2003|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> <!--"Paul was determined not to ask anything of married couples that God does not require of them",--> ====John Paul II==== {{Main|Pope John Paul II}} [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan Meeting with Pope John Paul Ii at The Papal Library Vatican Pontifical Palace During Visit to The Vatican - DPLA - 5f33de6fe59d61cb712405563ab04adc.jpg|thumb|left|Pope John Paul II is credited as a major influence to the end of the [[Cold War]] and the [[fall of communism]]. Here with U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] and his wife, [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]], in 1982.]] In 1978, Pope John Paul II, formerly [[Archbishop of Kraków]] in the [[Polish People's Republic]], became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. His 26 1/2-year [[pontificate]] was one of the longest in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/April-02.html;jsessionid=08931E713115A304B13BB1A6FA315A63.public1|title=2 April – This Day in History|publisher=History.co.uk|access-date=28 October 2010}}</ref> [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], the president of the [[Soviet Union]], credited the Polish pope with hastening the fall of communism in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter and Margaret Hebblethwaite and Peter Stanford|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism|title=Obituary: Pope John Paul II|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2005|access-date=28 October 2010|location=London}}</ref> John Paul II sought to evangelize an increasingly [[Secularism|secular world]]. He instituted [[World Youth Day]] as a "worldwide encounter with the pope" for young people; it is now held every two to three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid11.com/en/what-is-wyd|title=WYD 2011 Madrid – Official Site – What is WYD?|publisher=Madrid11.com|date=15 June 2011|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622081042/http://www.madrid11.com/en/what-is-wyd|archive-date=22 June 2012}}</ref> He travelled more than any other pope, visiting 129 countries,<ref>{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|year=2006|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|page=234|isbn=978-0-500-28608-1}}</ref> and used television and radio as means of spreading the church's teachings. He also emphasized the [[Dignity of labour|dignity of work]] and natural rights of labourers to have [[Living wage|fair wages]] and safe conditions in ''[[Laborem exercens]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Laborem exercens|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=15 May 1981|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> He emphasized several church teachings, including moral exhortations against [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], and against widespread use of the [[death penalty]], in ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Evangelium Vitae|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=25 March 1995|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> <!-- The following sentence is needed for neutral coverage of several notable controversies, as well as to summarize significant content within the article. Please do not remove without a discussion on the talk page. --> From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been [[Criticism of the Catholic Church|criticized]] for its doctrines on [[Catholic teachings on sexual morality|sexuality]], its inability to [[Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women|ordain women]], and its handling of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse cases]]. <!-- end restoration --> In 1992, the Vatican acknowledged its error in persecuting [[Galileo]] 359 years earlier for proving the Earth revolved around the Sun.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html|title=After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 October 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/11/01/vatican-finds-galileo-not-guilty/1092b119-440e-4fb6-b990-cc7f8a662f0d/|title=Vatican Finds Galileo 'Not Guilty'|first=William D.|last=Montalbano|date=1 November 1992|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> ===21st century=== In 2005, following the death of John Paul II, [[Pope Benedict XVI]], head of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] under John Paul II, was elected. He was known for upholding traditional [[Christian values]] against [[secularization]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]</ref> and for increasing use of the [[Tridentine Mass]] as found in the [[Roman Missal]] of 1962, which he titled the "Extraordinary Form".<ref>Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece "Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church"] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]</ref> In 2012, the 50th anniversary of Vatican II, an assembly of the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] discussed re-evangelising [[lapsed Catholic]]s in the [[Developed country|developed world]].<ref name="Summary">{{Citation |contribution=Summary of the synod assemblies |date=9 March 2005 | contribution-url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES |title=Synodal Information |place=Rome, IT |publisher=The Vatican}}</ref> Citing the frailties of advanced age, Benedict [[Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI|resigned]] in 2013, becoming the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> His resignation has caused controversy among a minority of Catholics{{who|date=June 2021}} who say Benedict did not fully resign the papacy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Former pope Benedict says 'fanatical' Catholics still won't believe he's not the pope|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/02/former-pope-benedict-fanatical-catholics-wont-believe-resignation|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ====Pope Francis==== {{Main|Pope Francis}} Pope Francis, the current pope of the Catholic Church, succeeded Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 as the first pope from the [[Americas]], the first from the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the first Pope from outside Europe since the Syrian [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]], who reigned in the 8th century. Pope Francis has been noted for his [[humility]], emphasis on God's mercy, concern for the [[poverty|poor]] and the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]], as well as his commitment to [[interfaith dialogue]]. Media commentators Rachel Donadio of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' and Brandon Ambrosino of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' credit Pope Francis with having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> Pope Francis is recognized{{by whom|date=June 2021}} for his efforts "to further close the nearly 1,000-year estrangement with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Churches]]".<ref name="orthodox">Ritter, Karl, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/pope-francis-jews_n_2883560.html "Pope Francis reaches out to Jews"], huffingtonpost.com, 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref> His installation was attended by [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]],<ref name="patriarch">Demacopoulos, George E., [https://web.archive.org/web/20171018142627/http://www.archons.org/news/detail.asp?id=619 "The extraordinary historical significance of His Holiness' presence at Pope Francis' installation as Bishop of Rome"], Archon News (Order of St. Andrew the Apostle), 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.</ref> the first time since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054 that the Eastern Orthodox [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] has attended a papal installation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Our Eastern Brothers|first=Alton J.|last=Pelowski|journal=Columbia|date=May 2013|pages=20–23|url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144237/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 12 February 2016, Pope Francis and [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]], head of the largest Eastern Orthodox church, met in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], issuing [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|a joint declaration]] calling for restored Christian unity between the two churches. This was reported as the first such high-level meeting between the two churches since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085|title=Unity call as Pope Francis holds historic talks with Russian Orthodox Patriarch|publisher=BBC|date=12 February 2016|access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops]] addressed the church's ministry towards families and marriages and to Catholics in "irregular" relationships, such as those who [[divorce]]d and remarried outside of the church without a [[declaration of nullity]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://world.time.com/2013/10/08/pope-francis-calls-extraordinary-synod-on-family-and-marriage/|last=Dias|first=Elizabeth|title=Pope Francis Calls Extraordinary Synod on Family and Marriage|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2014/10/24/the-media-synod-has-eclipsed-the-real-one/|first=Fr. D. Vincent|last=Twomey|title=The "media synod" has eclipsed the real one|work=Catholic Herald|date=24 October 2014|access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref> While welcomed by some, it was criticized by some for perceived ambiguity, provoking controversies among individual representatives of differing perspectives.<ref>{{cite news|last=Echeverria|first=Eduardo|url=http://www.crisismagazine.com/2014/synods-interim-report-ambiguity-misinterpretation|title=The Synod's Interim Report: Ambiguity and Misinterpretation|magazine=Crisis Magazine|date=17 October 2014}}</ref> In 2017 during a visit in [[Egypt]], Pope Francis reestablished mutual recognition of baptism with the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetrumpet.com/15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism|title=Catholics and Copts Recognise Shared Baptism|work=The Philadelphia Trumpet|date=3 May 2017|last1=Miille|first1=Andrew|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> In 2021, Pope Francis issued the apostolic letter ''[[Traditionis Custodes]]'', which reversed some of permissions his predecessor had afforded to celebration of the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite and emphasized Pope Francis's preference for the Ordinary Form.<ref name=MPTC>{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-07/pope-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes-1962-roman-missal-liturgy.html|title=New norms regarding use of 1962 Roman Missal: Bishops given greater responsibility|work=Vatican News|location=[[Vatican City]]|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> On 1 April 2022, during a meeting between a delegation of [[First Nations in Canada|Canadian First Nations]] representatives and Pope Francis at the Vatican, the pope apologized for the conduct of some members of the Roman Catholic Church in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].<ref name="CBCPopeApology">{{cite web |last1=Stefanovich |first1=Olivia |date=1 April 2022 |title=Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegates for 'deplorable' abuses at residential schools |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pope-francis-responds-indigenous-delegations-final-meeting-1.6404344 |website=CBC}}</ref> ==Sacraments== {{Anchor|Celebration of the sacraments|Doctrine of the sacraments}} {{Main|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}} [[File:Mass at Lourdes.jpg|thumb|left|Mass at the Grotto at [[Lourdes]], [[France]]. The [[chalice]] is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.]] The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several [[ecumenical council]]s, most recently the Council of Trent.<ref name="1113_14">{{Cite CCC|2.1|1113–1114,1117}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); [[Council of Florence]] (1439); as well as the [[Council of Trent]] (1547)<ref name=1113_14/>|}} These are [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], the [[Eucharist]], [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]] (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the "[[Last Rites]]"), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Catholic marriage|Holy Matrimony]]. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''[[ex opere operato]]'').<ref>Kreeft, pp. 298–299</ref> The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the "sacraments of Christian initiation", "sacraments of healing" and "sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful". These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1210–1211}}</ref> The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the ''Catechism'': {{Blockquote|In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the "communion of the Holy Spirit" who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1097}}</ref>|}} According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sacraments}}</ref> In addition, the [[Canon Law]]s for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.<ref name="CoCC291">{{cite news |title=''CoCC'' 291 |publisher=Vatican.va |quote=To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.}}</ref><!--<ref name="CCC, 1399"/>--> Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is [[real presence#Catholic and Orthodox|present]] in the Eucharist,<ref name="Kreeft326">Kreeft, p. 326</ref> those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the [[sacrament of Reconciliation]] (Penance).<ref name="Kreeft331"/> Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.<ref name="Kreeft331">Kreeft, p. 331</ref> Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.<ref name=CoCC291/><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400–1401}}</ref> Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |title=Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132 |work=vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |archive-date=16 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400}}</ref> Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that "a certain ''communion in sacris'', and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged."<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1399}}</ref> ===Sacraments of initiation=== {{Main|Sacraments of initiation}} ====Baptism==== [[File:Baptême Cathédrale de Troyes 290308.jpg|left|thumb|Baptism of [[Augustine of Hippo]] as represented in a sculptural group in [[Troyes Cathedral]] (1549), [[France]]]] As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1275}}</ref> It washes away all sins, both [[original sin]] and personal actual sins.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1263}}</ref> It makes a person a member of the church.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1267}}</ref> As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is [[infant baptism|conferred even on children]],<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1282}}</ref> who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1250}}</ref> If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lazowski|first=Philip|year=2004|title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|url={{googlebooks|HIhIPIYLQ6QC|page=157|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-88125-811-0|page=157}}</ref> Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1272}}</ref> The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize ("to do what the Church does when she baptizes") and that they use the [[Trinitarian formula#Use in baptism|Trinitarian baptismal formula]].<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1256}}</ref> ====Confirmation==== {{Main|Confirmation in the Catholic Church}} The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1285}}</ref> When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,<ref name="cann883">{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM|title=Canon 883|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Intratext.com|date=4 May 2007|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.<ref name="cceo695">{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJB.HTM|title=''CCEO'', Canon 695|publisher=Intratext.com (English translation)|date=1990|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.<ref name="cann891">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Canon 891|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref> In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with [[chrism]],<ref name="Chrism">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church|title=Compendium of the CCC, 267|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> a mixture of [[olive oil]] and some perfumed substance, usually [[Oleoresin|balsam]], blessed by a bishop.<ref name="Chrism"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|title=Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the [[age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]] means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1310}}</ref> ====Eucharist==== {{Main|Eucharist in the Catholic Church}} [[File:BentoXVI-51-11052007 (frag).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] celebrates the Eucharist at the [[canonization]] of [[Frei Galvão]] in [[São Paulo]], Brazil on 11 May 2007.]] For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as "the source and summit of the Christian life".<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1324}}</ref> The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as [[First Communion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601|title=Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion|publisher=Catholicculture.org|access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref> The Eucharistic celebration, also called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine liturgy]], includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the [[altar]] and [[consecration#Eucharist|consecrated]] by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called [[transubstantiation]].<ref>{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist|first=Joseph|last=Pohle}}</ref><ref group="note">For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the [[#Roman Rite of Mass|side bar]] in the "Worship and liturgy".</ref> The [[words of consecration]] reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the [[Last Supper]], where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1365–1372|quote=Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]}}</ref> and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).<ref name="ccc1392">{{Cite CCC|2.1|1392–1395}}</ref> [[File:Convento de San Francisco - Ciudad de México - Creyente.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Catholic believer prays in a church in [[Mexico]].]] ===Sacraments of healing=== The two sacraments of healing are the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] and [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]]. ====Penance==== {{Main|Sacrament of Penance}} The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 296 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref>) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 297 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and [[absolution]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 302–303 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> Serious sins ([[mortal sin]]s) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of [[venial sin]]s also is recommended.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 304–306 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the "[[seal of confession]]", absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 309 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> ====Anointing of the sick==== {{Main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}} [[File:Extreme Unction Rogier Van der Weyden.jpg|left|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece]] [[triptych]] painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. [[Rogier van der Weyden]], c.&nbsp;1445.]] While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 316 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 319 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}</ref> The sacrament is also referred to as ''Unction'', and in the past as ''Extreme Unction'', and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the [[last rites]], together with Penance and [[Viaticum]] (Eucharist).<ref>{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Extreme Unction | first = Patrick | last = Toner }}</ref> ===Sacraments at the service of communion=== According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of [[Koinonia|communion]] directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1534}}</ref> Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments "consecrate to specific mission or [[vocation]] among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]]. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state".<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1535}}</ref> ====Holy Orders==== {{Main|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}} [[File:Priesterweihe in Schwyz 2.jpg|thumb|right|Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.]] The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).<ref name="cann10081009">{{cite web |title=Canon 1008–1009 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va}} (As modified by the 2009 [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html motu proprio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html|date=16 June 2011}} ''[[Omnium in mentem]]'')</ref><ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1536}}</ref> The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the [[Clergy#Catholicism|clergy]]. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.<ref>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm Karl Keating, "What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy"]. ''ewtn.com''. Retrieved on 27 August 2015.</ref> Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,<ref>{{cite news |last=Niebuhr |first=Gustav |title=Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html |access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church<ref name="CCL1031">[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM Canon 1031] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM |date=21 February 2008 }} Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref><ref name="CCL1037">[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM Canon 1037] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM |date=18 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> (see [[Clerical marriage]]). But after becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see [[Clerical celibacy]]) unless he is formally laicized. All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm |author=Committee on the Diaconate |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date=9 March 2008}}</ref> Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.<ref>[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM Canon 42] Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM Canon 375] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM |date=19 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.</ref> Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which [[ordination|ordains]] someone into the clergy.<ref name="OneFaith114">Barry, p. 114.</ref> ====Matrimony==== {{Anchor|Sacrament of marriage}} {{Main|Marriage in the Catholic Church}} {{See also|Catholic teachings on sexual morality}} [[File:Jf9694Wedding San Nicolas Church Tolentine Marriage Pampangafvf 02.JPG|right|thumb|Wedding mass in the [[Philippines]]]] The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601,1614|quote=The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.}}</ref>{{refn|Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].<ref name="Gantley"/><ref name="Doors"/>||group="note"}} The church recognizes certain [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Conditions for a valid marriage of Catholics|conditions]], such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Canonical form|canonical form]], that Catholics must follow.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1631}}</ref> The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an [[annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]]. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1629}}</ref> ==Liturgy== {{Main|Catholic liturgy}} [[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]] Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–1209}}</ref> In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], <!--Exact Quote from an Unofficial Tw0ranslation-->"a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''".<!--end quote--><ref name="CCEO28">[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM "''CCEO'', Canon 28 §&nbsp;1"]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: "''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''." (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).</ref> The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–1364|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}</ref> Its most widely used form is that of the [[Roman Rite]] as promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] in 1969 (see [[Missale Romanum]]) and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (see [[Liturgiam Authenticam]]). In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases. ===Western rites=== {{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}<!--sidebar anchor--> {{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}} The Roman Rite is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Mass of Paul VI|Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}</ref> The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]]. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the [[1962 Roman Missal]] as an "extraordinary form" (''forma extraordinaria'') of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an ''usus antiquior'' ("older use"), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 July 2007 |title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-date=29 September 2010}} "The last version of the ''Missale Romanum'' prior to the [[Second Vatican Council|Council]], which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a ''forma extraordinaria'' of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted."—Pope Benedict XVI</ref> An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form ("the ''forma ordinaria''" and "the ''forma extraordinaria''").<ref name="Universae Ecclesiae">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|title=Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio|work=vatican.va|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the [[Second Vatican Council]] opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]] and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.<ref name=Kreeft326/> Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1604, [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1634, [[Pope Pius X]] in 1911, [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/tridentinemass_1.shtml|title=BBC Religions: What is the Tridentine Mass?|date=23 June 2009|access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref> but [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s 2007 [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in [[liturgical Latin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Summorum Pontificum|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|date=7 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2015|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.<ref name=MPTC/> <!-- Removing due to a plethora of images in section: [[File:FN Ailingen Pfarrkirche Prozessionskreuz.jpg|thumbnail|left|A processional crucifix, used in the ritual procession at the beginning of Mass.]]--> Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''<ref name="Anglicanorum Coetibus">{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''"Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church"|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called "Divine Worship" or, less formally, "Ordinariate Use",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Latest News – Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican_Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions,<ref group="note">The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the "Anglican Use" variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[Pastoral Provision|pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.</ref> an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders. In the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org}}</ref> Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> and those of some religious institutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> ===Eastern rites=== {{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}} [[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[India]], one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]] The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.<ref>{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See "Eastern Catholic Churches"; In part: <!--quote-->"The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites"<!--end quote--></ref> The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the [[Byzantine Rite]], in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the [[Alexandrian Rite]]; the [[West Syrian Rite|Syriac Rite]]; the [[Armenian Rite]]; the [[Maronite Rite]] and the [[Chaldean Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the "accurate observance" of their liturgical tradition.<ref>{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}</ref> In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–385 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}</ref> Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==See also== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg|date=23 October 2013}} * [[Anti-Catholicism]] * [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] * [[Catholic Church by country]] * [[Catholic spirituality]] * [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]] * [[Glossary of the Catholic Church]] * [[List of Catholic religious institutes]] * [[Lists of Catholics]] * [[Role of Christianity in civilization]] ==Notes== {{Notelist|group=note}} ==References== '''NOTE:''' ''CCC'' stands for ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''[[Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|Compendium of the CCC]]'' are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' are labelled "''CCEO'', Canon xxx", to distinguish from canons of the 1983 ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', which are labelled "Canon xxx". {{Reflist|20em| <!--Begin list references--> |refs= <ref name=note1cite1>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]] not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}</ref> <ref name=note1cite2>{{cite news|title=Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church ''Dominus Iesus'' § 17|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect ''Koinonia'' with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true [[particular churches]]. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]]; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'}}</ref> <!--End List references--> }} khrpwmfck44fgawwx2co7jng8cwvisx 0 47307 115778 2026-05-21T08:30:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''''Intraproboscis''''' ni mtundu wa mphutsi za [[Acanthocephala]] (mitu ya minga panji ya [[nyongolosi]]) iyo yili na mtundu umoza, ''''''Intraproboscis sanghae''''''. Ukusangika pakatikati pa Africa, ndipo ukukhwaska nyama za mtundu wa black-bellied pangolin na za mtundu wa tree pangolin, izo zose zili pa ngozi ya kumara. Mtundu uwu ukulongosoreka kufuma ku ŵanakazi ŵanandi na mwanalume yumoza wambura kukwana. Nthenda zachikazi zikufika pa 180 mm mu utal..." 115778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Intraproboscis''''' ni mtundu wa mphutsi za [[Acanthocephala]] (mitu ya minga panji ya [[nyongolosi]]) iyo yili na mtundu umoza, ''''''Intraproboscis sanghae''''''. Ukusangika pakatikati pa Africa, ndipo ukukhwaska nyama za mtundu wa black-bellied pangolin na za mtundu wa tree pangolin, izo zose zili pa ngozi ya kumara. Mtundu uwu ukulongosoreka kufuma ku ŵanakazi ŵanandi na mwanalume yumoza wambura kukwana. Nthenda zachikazi zikufika pa 180 mm mu utali (chomenechomene chifuŵa) na 2 mm mu usani; ŵanalume ŵakuwoneka kuti mbachoko mu vigaŵa vyose. Thupi lili na chitanda chitali, chakupapatiza na proboscis ya tubular iyo yili na vingwe, ivyo vikugwiriskira ntchito pakulyeska na kuŵikapo. Proboscis yili na mizere 34 panji 36 ya vingwe 6 panji 7 kunthazi ndipo kumanyuma kuli vingwe 15 panji 17 vyakuyana na msana ivyo vikugwiriskira ncito kuboola na kukora mtenje wa matumbo gha munthu uyo ​​wakupokelera ŵalendo. Mtundu uwu ukuyana chomene na mtundu wa ''Mediorhynchus'' kweni ukupambana pakuŵa na ŵalendo ŵa vinyama vyakuyamwisa m’malo mwa ŵalendo ŵa viyuni, chiŵiya chambura kusuzga cha proboscis icho chikuyimika chomene mukati mwa proboscis, ndiposo kusoŵa kwakukwana kwa singo. Kusangika kwakwamba kwa chigaŵa cha parareceptacle, chigaŵa chakupambana cha nga ni thumba pafupi na chigaŵa cha proboscis, mu kilasi la ''Archiacanthocephala'' chikafuma ku ''Intraproboscis'' ndipo chikwimira bulawuro wakuzirwa wa taxonomic na kusintha pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana gha acanthocephalan.<ref>https://medwinpublishers.com/IZAB/amending-the-description-of-intraproboscis-sanghae-amin-heckmann-sist-basso-2021-acanthocephala-gigantorhynchidae-from-a-new-host-phataginus-tricuspis-rafinesque-in-central-africa.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Mtundu]] 1aqfvc2q59704hn2wn2fnqfkog5gmsp 115779 115778 2026-05-21T08:33:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Intraproboscis''''' ni mtundu wa mphutsi za [[Acanthocephala]] (mitu ya minga panji ya [[nyongolosi]]) iyo yili na mtundu umoza, '''''Intraproboscis sanghae'''''. Ukusangika pakatikati pa Africa, ndipo ukukhwaska nyama za mtundu wa black-bellied pangolin na za mtundu wa tree pangolin, izo zose zili pa ngozi ya kumara. Mtundu uwu ukulongosoreka kufuma ku ŵanakazi ŵanandi na mwanalume yumoza wambura kukwana. Nthenda zachikazi zikufika pa 180 mm mu utali (chomenechomene chifuŵa) na 2 mm mu usani; ŵanalume ŵakuwoneka kuti mbachoko mu vigaŵa vyose. Thupi lili na chitanda chitali, chakupapatiza na proboscis ya tubular iyo yili na vingwe, ivyo vikugwiriskira ntchito pakulyeska na kuŵikapo. Proboscis yili na mizere 34 panji 36 ya vingwe 6 panji 7 kunthazi ndipo kumanyuma kuli vingwe 15 panji 17 vyakuyana na msana ivyo vikugwiriskira ncito kuboola na kukora mtenje wa matumbo gha munthu uyo ​​wakupokelera ŵalendo. Mtundu uwu ukuyana chomene na mtundu wa ''Mediorhynchus'' kweni ukupambana pakuŵa na ŵalendo ŵa vinyama vyakuyamwisa m’malo mwa ŵalendo ŵa viyuni, chiŵiya chambura kusuzga cha proboscis icho chikuyimika chomene mukati mwa proboscis, ndiposo kusoŵa kwakukwana kwa singo. Kusangika kwakwamba kwa chigaŵa cha parareceptacle, chigaŵa chakupambana cha nga ni thumba pafupi na chigaŵa cha proboscis, mu kilasi la ''Archiacanthocephala'' chikafuma ku ''Intraproboscis'' ndipo chikwimira bulawuro wakuzirwa wa taxonomic na kusintha pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana gha acanthocephalan.<ref>https://medwinpublishers.com/IZAB/amending-the-description-of-intraproboscis-sanghae-amin-heckmann-sist-basso-2021-acanthocephala-gigantorhynchidae-from-a-new-host-phataginus-tricuspis-rafinesque-in-central-africa.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Mtundu]] 6hq5p3bn993m8bcf0mdox0wvykdeu47 0 47308 115780 2026-05-21T08:53:39Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} Mu Meyi 2026, muliri wa [[Ebola]] ukapharazgika mu chigaŵa cha Ituri ku [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC). Ni nthenda ya Ebola ya nambara 17 ku DRC ndipo pajumpha myezi 5 pera kufuma apo nthenda ya Ebola iyo yikaŵako pakwamba yikamara.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/han/php/notices/han00530.html</ref> Kufuma pa 19 May 2026, ŵanthu 543 awo ŵakukayikiska kuti ŵali na suzgo ili ndipo pafupifupi 131 ŵali kufwa. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} Cat..." 115780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mu Meyi 2026, muliri wa [[Ebola]] ukapharazgika mu chigaŵa cha Ituri ku [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC). Ni nthenda ya Ebola ya nambara 17 ku DRC ndipo pajumpha myezi 5 pera kufuma apo nthenda ya Ebola iyo yikaŵako pakwamba yikamara.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/han/php/notices/han00530.html</ref> Kufuma pa 19 May 2026, ŵanthu 543 awo ŵakukayikiska kuti ŵali na suzgo ili ndipo pafupifupi 131 ŵali kufwa. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:2026]] [[Category:Ebola]] kane6mppc3grw56ko0t1y7txw9a3vr1 115781 115780 2026-05-21T08:54:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mu Meyi 2026, muliri wa [[Ebola]] ukapharazgika mu chigaŵa cha Ituri ku [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Charu cha Congo]] (DRC). Ni nthenda ya Ebola ya nambara 17 ku DRC ndipo pajumpha myezi 5 pera kufuma apo nthenda ya Ebola iyo yikaŵako pakwamba yikamara.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/han/php/notices/han00530.html</ref> Kufuma pa 19 May 2026, ŵanthu 543 awo ŵakukayikiska kuti ŵali na suzgo ili ndipo pafupifupi 131 ŵali kufwa. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:2026]] [[Category:Ebola]] 438wd7ga7ydsghh35heaavvs42uh8cg 0 47309 115782 2026-05-21T09:35:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Boma la Mutarara''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Stub}} [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boma la Mutarara''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Stub}} [[Category:Mozambique]] i26xpzzsz26uayw8qnon7d77ipjmlkj 115783 115782 2026-05-21T09:37:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''Boma la Mutarara''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] 4aoz46vljd7gyctezofdu8k7ke7hz3a 115803 115783 2026-05-21T11:02:13Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 3mfgt55ckr2lj18wp64dhnk66873r0q 0 47310 115784 2026-05-21T09:38:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] d8ivzy4b0bgbbfep00ut4d4orsf82tl 115818 115784 2026-05-21T11:07:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 85g7wzlvg8dr4gkyltua8s3o8fa7q1g 0 47311 115785 2026-05-21T09:40:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. Malo ghake ghakulongozgera ni tawuni ya Chitima. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. Malo ghake ghakulongozgera ni tawuni ya Chitima. [[Category:Mozambique]] 7wh1jszjwezexlqh94hix9u32mhe4e3 115805 115785 2026-05-21T11:02:58Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 3mfgt55ckr2lj18wp64dhnk66873r0q 115806 115805 2026-05-21T11:03:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/115805|115805]] by [[Special:Contributions/Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|talk]]) 115806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. Malo ghake ghakulongozgera ni tawuni ya Chitima. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] mmwhli07fyhjcor5yayt2von95ma284 0 47312 115786 2026-05-21T09:41:59Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] d8ivzy4b0bgbbfep00ut4d4orsf82tl 115811 115786 2026-05-21T11:05:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 85g7wzlvg8dr4gkyltua8s3o8fa7q1g 0 47313 115787 2026-05-21T09:42:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] d8ivzy4b0bgbbfep00ut4d4orsf82tl 115812 115787 2026-05-21T11:05:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 85g7wzlvg8dr4gkyltua8s3o8fa7q1g 0 47314 115788 2026-05-21T09:43:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] d8ivzy4b0bgbbfep00ut4d4orsf82tl 115813 115788 2026-05-21T11:06:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 85g7wzlvg8dr4gkyltua8s3o8fa7q1g 0 47315 115789 2026-05-21T09:44:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] d8ivzy4b0bgbbfep00ut4d4orsf82tl 115819 115789 2026-05-21T11:08:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 85g7wzlvg8dr4gkyltua8s3o8fa7q1g 0 47316 115790 2026-05-21T09:45:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] d8ivzy4b0bgbbfep00ut4d4orsf82tl 115807 115790 2026-05-21T11:03:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 3mfgt55ckr2lj18wp64dhnk66873r0q 14 47317 115791 2026-05-21T09:48:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[{{PAGENAME}}]]" 115791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] ewjikusk4kvxxflz6s1v2f1pd62lyq4 0 47318 115792 2026-05-21T09:51:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] lwbakhqnzfcv1zswc6sbq097fknckkm 115809 115792 2026-05-21T11:04:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] rfltcpd1j0k8vxym49cq47b7zvnlkr3 0 47319 115793 2026-05-21T09:53:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Zambezia]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Zambezia]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] l5ru1jyg4ima93uqb9uwqw9r51ndwp7 115820 115793 2026-05-21T11:08:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Zambezia]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] lhzhuxu0345ihfrcd6opf973mbev0f4 0 47320 115794 2026-05-21T09:54:59Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] sbt6eai5f25boncsmiq2jvfhwjxuvf2 115808 115794 2026-05-21T11:04:27Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 0a94vumti4ipo3zicfxbygx9w7i0bh1 0 47321 115795 2026-05-21T10:47:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] sbt6eai5f25boncsmiq2jvfhwjxuvf2 115810 115795 2026-05-21T11:05:01Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 0a94vumti4ipo3zicfxbygx9w7i0bh1 0 47322 115796 2026-05-21T10:49:54Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] b5xuu7ec0xkpdbhchw5gjubtnn9484p 115804 115796 2026-05-21T11:02:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 3mfgt55ckr2lj18wp64dhnk66873r0q 0 47323 115797 2026-05-21T10:50:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] b5xuu7ec0xkpdbhchw5gjubtnn9484p 115814 115797 2026-05-21T11:06:38Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 3mfgt55ckr2lj18wp64dhnk66873r0q 0 47324 115798 2026-05-21T10:51:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] b5xuu7ec0xkpdbhchw5gjubtnn9484p 115815 115798 2026-05-21T11:06:54Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 3mfgt55ckr2lj18wp64dhnk66873r0q 0 47325 115799 2026-05-21T10:52:31Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] b5xuu7ec0xkpdbhchw5gjubtnn9484p 115816 115799 2026-05-21T11:07:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 3mfgt55ckr2lj18wp64dhnk66873r0q 0 47326 115800 2026-05-21T10:53:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. [[Category:Mozambique]] b5xuu7ec0xkpdbhchw5gjubtnn9484p 115817 115800 2026-05-21T11:07:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] 3mfgt55ckr2lj18wp64dhnk66873r0q 10 47327 115801 2026-05-21T11:00:48Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Navbox |name = Districts of Mozambique |state = <includeonly>{{{state|collapsed}}}</includeonly> |title = [[Districts of Mozambique]] by province |listclass = hlist |above = Likulu: '''[[Maputo]]''' |group1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado|Cabo Delgado]] |list1 = * [[Ancuabe District|Ancuabe]] * [[Balama District|Balama]] * [[Chiúre District|Chiúre]] * [[Ibo District|Ibo]] * [[Macomia District|Macomia]] * [[Mecúfi District|Mecúfi]] * [[Meluco District|Meluco]] *..." 115801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Districts of Mozambique |state = <includeonly>{{{state|collapsed}}}</includeonly> |title = [[Districts of Mozambique]] by province |listclass = hlist |above = Likulu: '''[[Maputo]]''' |group1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado|Cabo Delgado]] |list1 = * [[Ancuabe District|Ancuabe]] * [[Balama District|Balama]] * [[Chiúre District|Chiúre]] * [[Ibo District|Ibo]] * [[Macomia District|Macomia]] * [[Mecúfi District|Mecúfi]] * [[Meluco District|Meluco]] * [[Boma la Mocímboa da Praia|Mocímboa da Praia]] * [[Boma la Montepuez|Montepuez]] * [[Mueda District|Mueda]] * [[Muidumbe District|Muidumbe]] * [[Namuno District|Namuno]] * [[Nangade District|Nangade]] * [[Palma District|Palma]] * [[Pemba-Metuge District|Pemba-Metuge]] * [[Quissanga District|Quissanga]] |group2 = [[Chigaŵa cha Gaza|Gaza]] |list2 = * [[Bilene Macia District|Bilene Macia]] * [[Chibuto District|Chibuto]] * [[Boma la Chicualacuala|Chicualacuala]] * [[Chigubo District|Chigubo]] * [[Chókwè District|Chókwè]] * [[Guijá District|Guijá]] * [[Mabalane District|Mabalane]] * [[Manjacaze District|Manjacaze]] * [[Massangena District|Massangena]] * [[Massingir District|Massingir]] * [[Xai-Xai District|Xai-Xai]] |group3 = [[Chigaŵa cha Inhambane|Inhambane]] |list3 = * [[Funhalouro District|Funhalouro]] * [[Govuro District|Govuro]] * [[Homoine District|Homoine]] * [[Inharrime District|Inharrime]] * [[Inhassoro District|Inhassoro]] * [[Jangamo District|Jangamo]] * [[Mabote District|Mabote]] * [[Massinga District|Massinga]] * [[Morrumbene District|Morrumbene]] * [[Panda District|Panda]] * [[Vilanculos District|Vilanculos]] * [[Zavala District|Zavala]] |group4 = [[Chigaŵa cha Manica|Manica]] |list4 = * [[Báruè District|Báruè]] * [[Gondola District|Gondola]] * [[Guro District, Manica Province|Guro]] * [[Machaze District|Machaze]] * [[Macossa District|Macossa]] * [[Manica District|Manica]] * [[Mossurize District|Mossurize]] * [[Sussundenga District|Sussundenga]] * [[Tambara District|Tambara]] |group5 = [[Chigaŵa cha Maputo|Maputo]] |list5 = * [[Boane District|Boane]] * [[Magude District|Magude]] * [[Manhiça District|Manhiça]] * [[Marracuene District|Marracuene]] * [[Matutuíne District|Matutuíne]] * [[Moamba District|Moamba]] * [[Namaacha District|Namaacha]] |group6 = [[Chigaŵa cha Nampula|Nampula]] |list6 = * [[Angoche District|Angoche]] * [[Eráti District|Eráti]] * [[Lalaua District|Lalaua]] * [[Malema District|Malema]] * [[Meconta District|Meconta]] * [[Mecubúri District|Mecubúri]] * [[Memba District|Memba]] * [[Mogincual District|Mogincual]] * [[Mogovolas District|Mogovolas]] * [[Moma District|Moma]] * [[Monapo District|Monapo]] * [[Mossuril District|Mossuril]] * [[Muecate District|Muecate]] * [[Murrupula District|Murrupula]] * [[Nacala-a-Velha District|Nacala-a-Velha]] * [[Nacarôa District|Nacarôa]] * [[Nampula District|Nampula]] * [[Ribáuè District|Ribáuè]] |group7 = [[Chigaŵa cha Niassa|Niassa]] |list7 = * [[Cuamba District|Cuamba]] * [[Lago District|Lago]] * [[Lichinga District|Lichinga]] * [[Majune District|Majune]] * [[Mandimba District|Mandimba]] * [[Marrupa District|Marrupa]] * [[Maúa District|Maúa]] * [[Mavago District|Mavago]] * [[Mecanhelas District|Mecanhelas]] * [[Mecula District|Mecula]] * [[Metarica District|Metarica]] * [[Muembe District|Muembe]] * [[N'gauma District|N'gauma]] * [[Nipepe District|Nipepe]] * [[Sanga District|Sanga]] |group8 = [[Chigaŵa cha Sofala|Sofala]] |list8 = * [[Buzi District|Buzi]] * [[Caia District|Caia]] * [[Chemba District|Chemba]] * [[Cheringoma District|Cheringoma]] * [[Chibabava District|Chibabava]] * [[Dondo District|Dondo]] * [[Gorongosa District|Gorongosa]] * [[Marromeu District|Marromeu]] * [[Machanga District|Machanga]] * [[Maringué District|Maringué]] * [[Muanza District|Muanza]] * [[Nhamatanda District|Nhamatanda]] |group9 = [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|Tete]] |list9 = * [[Boma la Angónia|Angónia]] * [[Boma la Cahora-Bassa|Cahora-Bassa]] * [[Boma la Changara|Changara]] * [[Boma la Chifunde|Chifunde]] * [[Boma la Chiuta|Chiuta]] * [[Boma la Dôa|Doa]] * [[Boma la Macanga|Macanga]] * [[Boma la Magoé|Magoé]] * [[Boma la Marávia|Marávia]] * [[Boma la Moatize|Moatize]] * [[Boma la Mutarara|Mutarara]] * [[Boma la Tsangano|Tsangano]] * [[Boma la Zumbo|Zumbo]] |group10 = [[Chigaŵa cha Zambezia|Zambezia]] |list10 = * [[Alto Molocue District|Alto Molocue]] * [[Boma la Chinde|Chinde]] * [[Gilé District|Gilé]] * [[Gurué District|Gurué]] * [[Ile District, Mozambique|Ile]] * [[Inhassunge District|Inhassunge]] * [[Lugela District|Lugela]] * [[Maganja da Costa District|Maganja da Costa]] * [[Milange District|Milange]] * [[Mocuba District|Mocuba]] * [[Mopeia District|Mopeia]] * [[Morrumbala District|Morrumbala]] * [[Namacurra District|Namacurra]] * [[Namarroi District|Namarroi]] * [[Nicoadala District|Nicoadala]] * [[Pebane District|Pebane]] }} 0sszv9avko1vq67b9xtjjtohumfincl 115802 115801 2026-05-21T11:01:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Districts of Mozambique |state = <includeonly>{{{state|collapsed}}}</includeonly> |title = [[Boma vya ku Mozambique]] kuyana na chigaŵa |listclass = hlist |above = Likulu: '''[[Maputo]]''' |group1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado|Cabo Delgado]] |list1 = * [[Ancuabe District|Ancuabe]] * [[Balama District|Balama]] * [[Chiúre District|Chiúre]] * [[Ibo District|Ibo]] * [[Macomia District|Macomia]] * [[Mecúfi District|Mecúfi]] * [[Meluco District|Meluco]] * [[Boma la Mocímboa da Praia|Mocímboa da Praia]] * [[Boma la Montepuez|Montepuez]] * [[Mueda District|Mueda]] * [[Muidumbe District|Muidumbe]] * [[Namuno District|Namuno]] * [[Nangade District|Nangade]] * [[Palma District|Palma]] * [[Pemba-Metuge District|Pemba-Metuge]] * [[Quissanga District|Quissanga]] |group2 = [[Chigaŵa cha Gaza|Gaza]] |list2 = * [[Bilene Macia District|Bilene Macia]] * [[Chibuto District|Chibuto]] * [[Boma la Chicualacuala|Chicualacuala]] * [[Chigubo District|Chigubo]] * [[Chókwè District|Chókwè]] * [[Guijá District|Guijá]] * [[Mabalane District|Mabalane]] * [[Manjacaze District|Manjacaze]] * [[Massangena District|Massangena]] * [[Massingir District|Massingir]] * [[Xai-Xai District|Xai-Xai]] |group3 = [[Chigaŵa cha Inhambane|Inhambane]] |list3 = * [[Funhalouro District|Funhalouro]] * [[Govuro District|Govuro]] * [[Homoine District|Homoine]] * [[Inharrime District|Inharrime]] * [[Inhassoro District|Inhassoro]] * [[Jangamo District|Jangamo]] * [[Mabote District|Mabote]] * [[Massinga District|Massinga]] * [[Morrumbene District|Morrumbene]] * [[Panda District|Panda]] * [[Vilanculos District|Vilanculos]] * [[Zavala District|Zavala]] |group4 = [[Chigaŵa cha Manica|Manica]] |list4 = * [[Báruè District|Báruè]] * [[Gondola District|Gondola]] * [[Guro District, Manica Province|Guro]] * [[Machaze District|Machaze]] * [[Macossa District|Macossa]] * [[Manica District|Manica]] * [[Mossurize District|Mossurize]] * [[Sussundenga District|Sussundenga]] * [[Tambara District|Tambara]] |group5 = [[Chigaŵa cha Maputo|Maputo]] |list5 = * [[Boane District|Boane]] * [[Magude District|Magude]] * [[Manhiça District|Manhiça]] * [[Marracuene District|Marracuene]] * [[Matutuíne District|Matutuíne]] * [[Moamba District|Moamba]] * [[Namaacha District|Namaacha]] |group6 = [[Chigaŵa cha Nampula|Nampula]] |list6 = * [[Angoche District|Angoche]] * [[Eráti District|Eráti]] * [[Lalaua District|Lalaua]] * [[Malema District|Malema]] * [[Meconta District|Meconta]] * [[Mecubúri District|Mecubúri]] * [[Memba District|Memba]] * [[Mogincual District|Mogincual]] * [[Mogovolas District|Mogovolas]] * [[Moma District|Moma]] * [[Monapo District|Monapo]] * [[Mossuril District|Mossuril]] * [[Muecate District|Muecate]] * [[Murrupula District|Murrupula]] * [[Nacala-a-Velha District|Nacala-a-Velha]] * [[Nacarôa District|Nacarôa]] * [[Nampula District|Nampula]] * [[Ribáuè District|Ribáuè]] |group7 = [[Chigaŵa cha Niassa|Niassa]] |list7 = * [[Cuamba District|Cuamba]] * [[Lago District|Lago]] * [[Lichinga District|Lichinga]] * [[Majune District|Majune]] * [[Mandimba District|Mandimba]] * [[Marrupa District|Marrupa]] * [[Maúa District|Maúa]] * [[Mavago District|Mavago]] * [[Mecanhelas District|Mecanhelas]] * [[Mecula District|Mecula]] * [[Metarica District|Metarica]] * [[Muembe District|Muembe]] * [[N'gauma District|N'gauma]] * [[Nipepe District|Nipepe]] * [[Sanga District|Sanga]] |group8 = [[Chigaŵa cha Sofala|Sofala]] |list8 = * [[Buzi District|Buzi]] * [[Caia District|Caia]] * [[Chemba District|Chemba]] * [[Cheringoma District|Cheringoma]] * [[Chibabava District|Chibabava]] * [[Dondo District|Dondo]] * [[Gorongosa District|Gorongosa]] * [[Marromeu District|Marromeu]] * [[Machanga District|Machanga]] * [[Maringué District|Maringué]] * [[Muanza District|Muanza]] * [[Nhamatanda District|Nhamatanda]] |group9 = [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|Tete]] |list9 = * [[Boma la Angónia|Angónia]] * [[Boma la Cahora-Bassa|Cahora-Bassa]] * [[Boma la Changara|Changara]] * [[Boma la Chifunde|Chifunde]] * [[Boma la Chiuta|Chiuta]] * [[Boma la Dôa|Doa]] * [[Boma la Macanga|Macanga]] * [[Boma la Magoé|Magoé]] * [[Boma la Marávia|Marávia]] * [[Boma la Moatize|Moatize]] * [[Boma la Mutarara|Mutarara]] * [[Boma la Tsangano|Tsangano]] * [[Boma la Zumbo|Zumbo]] |group10 = [[Chigaŵa cha Zambezia|Zambezia]] |list10 = * [[Alto Molocue District|Alto Molocue]] * [[Boma la Chinde|Chinde]] * [[Gilé District|Gilé]] * [[Gurué District|Gurué]] * [[Ile District, Mozambique|Ile]] * [[Inhassunge District|Inhassunge]] * [[Lugela District|Lugela]] * [[Maganja da Costa District|Maganja da Costa]] * [[Milange District|Milange]] * [[Mocuba District|Mocuba]] * [[Mopeia District|Mopeia]] * [[Morrumbala District|Morrumbala]] * [[Namacurra District|Namacurra]] * [[Namarroi District|Namarroi]] * [[Nicoadala District|Nicoadala]] * [[Pebane District|Pebane]] }} 85nchj20wnnlgivm4a9c44npa7pu0l6 115821 115802 2026-05-21T11:09:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Districts of Mozambique |state = <includeonly>{{{state|collapsed}}}</includeonly> |title = [[Template:Districts of Mozambique|Boma vya ku Mozambique]] kuyana na chigaŵa |listclass = hlist |above = Likulu: '''[[Maputo]]''' |group1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado|Cabo Delgado]] |list1 = * [[Ancuabe District|Ancuabe]] * [[Balama District|Balama]] * [[Chiúre District|Chiúre]] * [[Ibo District|Ibo]] * [[Macomia District|Macomia]] * [[Mecúfi District|Mecúfi]] * [[Meluco District|Meluco]] * [[Boma la Mocímboa da Praia|Mocímboa da Praia]] * [[Boma la Montepuez|Montepuez]] * [[Mueda District|Mueda]] * [[Muidumbe District|Muidumbe]] * [[Namuno District|Namuno]] * [[Nangade District|Nangade]] * [[Palma District|Palma]] * [[Pemba-Metuge District|Pemba-Metuge]] * [[Quissanga District|Quissanga]] |group2 = [[Chigaŵa cha Gaza|Gaza]] |list2 = * [[Boma la Bilene Macia|Bilene Macia]] * [[Chibuto District|Chibuto]] * [[Boma la Chicualacuala|Chicualacuala]] * [[Chigubo District|Chigubo]] * [[Chókwè District|Chókwè]] * [[Guijá District|Guijá]] * [[Mabalane District|Mabalane]] * [[Manjacaze District|Manjacaze]] * [[Massangena District|Massangena]] * [[Massingir District|Massingir]] * [[Xai-Xai District|Xai-Xai]] |group3 = [[Chigaŵa cha Inhambane|Inhambane]] |list3 = * [[Funhalouro District|Funhalouro]] * [[Govuro District|Govuro]] * [[Homoine District|Homoine]] * [[Inharrime District|Inharrime]] * [[Inhassoro District|Inhassoro]] * [[Jangamo District|Jangamo]] * [[Mabote District|Mabote]] * [[Massinga District|Massinga]] * [[Morrumbene District|Morrumbene]] * [[Panda District|Panda]] * [[Vilanculos District|Vilanculos]] * [[Zavala District|Zavala]] |group4 = [[Chigaŵa cha Manica|Manica]] |list4 = * [[Báruè District|Báruè]] * [[Gondola District|Gondola]] * [[Guro District, Manica Province|Guro]] * [[Machaze District|Machaze]] * [[Macossa District|Macossa]] * [[Manica District|Manica]] * [[Mossurize District|Mossurize]] * [[Sussundenga District|Sussundenga]] * [[Tambara District|Tambara]] |group5 = [[Chigaŵa cha Maputo|Maputo]] |list5 = * [[Boane District|Boane]] * [[Magude District|Magude]] * [[Manhiça District|Manhiça]] * [[Marracuene District|Marracuene]] * [[Matutuíne District|Matutuíne]] * [[Moamba District|Moamba]] * [[Namaacha District|Namaacha]] |group6 = [[Chigaŵa cha Nampula|Nampula]] |list6 = * [[Angoche District|Angoche]] * [[Eráti District|Eráti]] * [[Lalaua District|Lalaua]] * [[Malema District|Malema]] * [[Meconta District|Meconta]] * [[Mecubúri District|Mecubúri]] * [[Memba District|Memba]] * [[Mogincual District|Mogincual]] * [[Mogovolas District|Mogovolas]] * [[Moma District|Moma]] * [[Monapo District|Monapo]] * [[Mossuril District|Mossuril]] * [[Muecate District|Muecate]] * [[Murrupula District|Murrupula]] * [[Nacala-a-Velha District|Nacala-a-Velha]] * [[Nacarôa District|Nacarôa]] * [[Nampula District|Nampula]] * [[Ribáuè District|Ribáuè]] |group7 = [[Chigaŵa cha Niassa|Niassa]] |list7 = * [[Cuamba District|Cuamba]] * [[Lago District|Lago]] * [[Lichinga District|Lichinga]] * [[Majune District|Majune]] * [[Mandimba District|Mandimba]] * [[Marrupa District|Marrupa]] * [[Maúa District|Maúa]] * [[Mavago District|Mavago]] * [[Mecanhelas District|Mecanhelas]] * [[Mecula District|Mecula]] * [[Metarica District|Metarica]] * [[Muembe District|Muembe]] * [[N'gauma District|N'gauma]] * [[Nipepe District|Nipepe]] * [[Sanga District|Sanga]] |group8 = [[Chigaŵa cha Sofala|Sofala]] |list8 = * [[Buzi District|Buzi]] * [[Caia District|Caia]] * [[Chemba District|Chemba]] * [[Cheringoma District|Cheringoma]] * [[Chibabava District|Chibabava]] * [[Dondo District|Dondo]] * [[Gorongosa District|Gorongosa]] * [[Marromeu District|Marromeu]] * [[Machanga District|Machanga]] * [[Maringué District|Maringué]] * [[Muanza District|Muanza]] * [[Nhamatanda District|Nhamatanda]] |group9 = [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|Tete]] |list9 = * [[Boma la Angónia|Angónia]] * [[Boma la Cahora-Bassa|Cahora-Bassa]] * [[Boma la Changara|Changara]] * [[Boma la Chifunde|Chifunde]] * [[Boma la Chiuta|Chiuta]] * [[Boma la Dôa|Doa]] * [[Boma la Macanga|Macanga]] * [[Boma la Magoé|Magoé]] * [[Boma la Marávia|Marávia]] * [[Boma la Moatize|Moatize]] * [[Boma la Mutarara|Mutarara]] * [[Boma la Tsangano|Tsangano]] * [[Boma la Zumbo|Zumbo]] |group10 = [[Chigaŵa cha Zambezia|Zambezia]] |list10 = * [[Alto Molocue District|Alto Molocue]] * [[Boma la Chinde|Chinde]] * [[Gilé District|Gilé]] * [[Gurué District|Gurué]] * [[Ile District, Mozambique|Ile]] * [[Inhassunge District|Inhassunge]] * [[Lugela District|Lugela]] * [[Maganja da Costa District|Maganja da Costa]] * [[Milange District|Milange]] * [[Mocuba District|Mocuba]] * [[Mopeia District|Mopeia]] * [[Morrumbala District|Morrumbala]] * [[Namacurra District|Namacurra]] * [[Namarroi District|Namarroi]] * [[Nicoadala District|Nicoadala]] * [[Pebane District|Pebane]] }} d72rjo9l4veoepguw5heycbekc8ogby 115823 115821 2026-05-21T11:11:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Districts of Mozambique |state = <includeonly>{{{state|collapsed}}}</includeonly> |title = [[Template:Districts of Mozambique|Boma vya ku Mozambique]] kuyana na chigaŵa |listclass = hlist |above = Likulu: '''[[Maputo]]''' |group1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado|Cabo Delgado]] |list1 = * [[Ancuabe District|Ancuabe]] * [[Balama District|Balama]] * [[Chiúre District|Chiúre]] * [[Ibo District|Ibo]] * [[Macomia District|Macomia]] * [[Mecúfi District|Mecúfi]] * [[Meluco District|Meluco]] * [[Boma la Mocímboa da Praia|Mocímboa da Praia]] * [[Boma la Montepuez|Montepuez]] * [[Mueda District|Mueda]] * [[Muidumbe District|Muidumbe]] * [[Namuno District|Namuno]] * [[Nangade District|Nangade]] * [[Palma District|Palma]] * [[Pemba-Metuge District|Pemba-Metuge]] * [[Quissanga District|Quissanga]] |group2 = [[Chigaŵa cha Gaza|Gaza]] |list2 = * [[Boma la Bilene Macia|Bilene Macia]] * [[Chibuto District|Chibuto]] * [[Boma la Chicualacuala|Chicualacuala]] * [[Chigubo District|Chigubo]] * [[Chókwè District|Chókwè]] * [[Guijá District|Guijá]] * [[Mabalane District|Mabalane]] * [[Manjacaze District|Manjacaze]] * [[Massangena District|Massangena]] * [[Massingir District|Massingir]] * [[Xai-Xai District|Xai-Xai]] |group3 = [[Chigaŵa cha Inhambane|Inhambane]] |list3 = * [[Funhalouro District|Funhalouro]] * [[Govuro District|Govuro]] * [[Homoine District|Homoine]] * [[Inharrime District|Inharrime]] * [[Inhassoro District|Inhassoro]] * [[Jangamo District|Jangamo]] * [[Mabote District|Mabote]] * [[Massinga District|Massinga]] * [[Morrumbene District|Morrumbene]] * [[Panda District|Panda]] * [[Vilanculos District|Vilanculos]] * [[Zavala District|Zavala]] |group4 = [[Chigaŵa cha Manica|Manica]] |list4 = * [[Báruè District|Báruè]] * [[Gondola District|Gondola]] * [[Guro District, Manica Province|Guro]] * [[Machaze District|Machaze]] * [[Macossa District|Macossa]] * [[Manica District|Manica]] * [[Mossurize District|Mossurize]] * [[Sussundenga District|Sussundenga]] * [[Tambara District|Tambara]] |group5 = [[Chigaŵa cha Maputo|Maputo]] |list5 = * [[Boane District|Boane]] * [[Magude District|Magude]] * [[Manhiça District|Manhiça]] * [[Marracuene District|Marracuene]] * [[Matutuíne District|Matutuíne]] * [[Moamba District|Moamba]] * [[Namaacha District|Namaacha]] |group6 = [[Chigaŵa cha Nampula|Nampula]] |list6 = * [[Angoche District|Angoche]] * [[Eráti District|Eráti]] * [[Lalaua District|Lalaua]] * [[Malema District|Malema]] * [[Meconta District|Meconta]] * [[Mecubúri District|Mecubúri]] * [[Memba District|Memba]] * [[Mogincual District|Mogincual]] * [[Mogovolas District|Mogovolas]] * [[Moma District|Moma]] * [[Monapo District|Monapo]] * [[Mossuril District|Mossuril]] * [[Muecate District|Muecate]] * [[Murrupula District|Murrupula]] * [[Boma la Nacala-a-Velha|Nacala-a-Velha]] * [[Nacarôa District|Nacarôa]] * [[Nampula District|Nampula]] * [[Ribáuè District|Ribáuè]] |group7 = [[Chigaŵa cha Niassa|Niassa]] |list7 = * [[Cuamba District|Cuamba]] * [[Lago District|Lago]] * [[Lichinga District|Lichinga]] * [[Majune District|Majune]] * [[Mandimba District|Mandimba]] * [[Marrupa District|Marrupa]] * [[Maúa District|Maúa]] * [[Mavago District|Mavago]] * [[Mecanhelas District|Mecanhelas]] * [[Mecula District|Mecula]] * [[Metarica District|Metarica]] * [[Muembe District|Muembe]] * [[N'gauma District|N'gauma]] * [[Nipepe District|Nipepe]] * [[Sanga District|Sanga]] |group8 = [[Chigaŵa cha Sofala|Sofala]] |list8 = * [[Buzi District|Buzi]] * [[Caia District|Caia]] * [[Chemba District|Chemba]] * [[Cheringoma District|Cheringoma]] * [[Chibabava District|Chibabava]] * [[Dondo District|Dondo]] * [[Gorongosa District|Gorongosa]] * [[Marromeu District|Marromeu]] * [[Machanga District|Machanga]] * [[Maringué District|Maringué]] * [[Muanza District|Muanza]] * [[Nhamatanda District|Nhamatanda]] |group9 = [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|Tete]] |list9 = * [[Boma la Angónia|Angónia]] * [[Boma la Cahora-Bassa|Cahora-Bassa]] * [[Boma la Changara|Changara]] * [[Boma la Chifunde|Chifunde]] * [[Boma la Chiuta|Chiuta]] * [[Boma la Dôa|Doa]] * [[Boma la Macanga|Macanga]] * [[Boma la Magoé|Magoé]] * [[Boma la Marávia|Marávia]] * [[Boma la Moatize|Moatize]] * [[Boma la Mutarara|Mutarara]] * [[Boma la Tsangano|Tsangano]] * [[Boma la Zumbo|Zumbo]] |group10 = [[Chigaŵa cha Zambezia|Zambezia]] |list10 = * [[Alto Molocue District|Alto Molocue]] * [[Boma la Chinde|Chinde]] * [[Gilé District|Gilé]] * [[Gurué District|Gurué]] * [[Ile District, Mozambique|Ile]] * [[Inhassunge District|Inhassunge]] * [[Lugela District|Lugela]] * [[Maganja da Costa District|Maganja da Costa]] * [[Milange District|Milange]] * [[Mocuba District|Mocuba]] * [[Mopeia District|Mopeia]] * [[Morrumbala District|Morrumbala]] * [[Namacurra District|Namacurra]] * [[Namarroi District|Namarroi]] * [[Nicoadala District|Nicoadala]] * [[Pebane District|Pebane]] }} 71rjawj9vrp52ncftc8pgoa2kx76gi0 115826 115823 2026-05-21T11:46:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Districts of Mozambique |state = <includeonly>{{{state|collapsed}}}</includeonly> |title = [[Template:Districts of Mozambique|Boma vya ku Mozambique]] kuyana na chigaŵa |listclass = hlist |above = Likulu: '''[[Maputo]]''' |group1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado|Cabo Delgado]] |list1 = * [[Ancuabe District|Ancuabe]] * [[Balama District|Balama]] * [[Chiúre District|Chiúre]] * [[Ibo District|Ibo]] * [[Macomia District|Macomia]] * [[Mecúfi District|Mecúfi]] * [[Meluco District|Meluco]] * [[Boma la Mocímboa da Praia|Mocímboa da Praia]] * [[Boma la Montepuez|Montepuez]] * [[Mueda District|Mueda]] * [[Muidumbe District|Muidumbe]] * [[Namuno District|Namuno]] * [[Nangade District|Nangade]] * [[Boma la Palma|Palma]] * [[Pemba-Metuge District|Pemba-Metuge]] * [[Quissanga District|Quissanga]] |group2 = [[Chigaŵa cha Gaza|Gaza]] |list2 = * [[Boma la Bilene Macia|Bilene Macia]] * [[Chibuto District|Chibuto]] * [[Boma la Chicualacuala|Chicualacuala]] * [[Chigubo District|Chigubo]] * [[Chókwè District|Chókwè]] * [[Boma la Guijá|Guijá]] * [[Mabalane District|Mabalane]] * [[Manjacaze District|Manjacaze]] * [[Massangena District|Massangena]] * [[Massingir District|Massingir]] * [[Boma la Xai-Xai|Xai-Xai]] |group3 = [[Chigaŵa cha Inhambane|Inhambane]] |list3 = * [[Funhalouro District|Funhalouro]] * [[Govuro District|Govuro]] * [[Homoine District|Homoine]] * [[Inharrime District|Inharrime]] * [[Inhassoro District|Inhassoro]] * [[Jangamo District|Jangamo]] * [[Mabote District|Mabote]] * [[Massinga District|Massinga]] * [[Morrumbene District|Morrumbene]] * [[Panda District|Panda]] * [[Vilanculos District|Vilanculos]] * [[Zavala District|Zavala]] |group4 = [[Chigaŵa cha Manica|Manica]] |list4 = * [[Báruè District|Báruè]] * [[Gondola District|Gondola]] * [[Guro District, Manica Province|Guro]] * [[Machaze District|Machaze]] * [[Macossa District|Macossa]] * [[Manica District|Manica]] * [[Mossurize District|Mossurize]] * [[Sussundenga District|Sussundenga]] * [[Tambara District|Tambara]] |group5 = [[Chigaŵa cha Maputo|Maputo]] |list5 = * [[Boane District|Boane]] * [[Magude District|Magude]] * [[Manhiça District|Manhiça]] * [[Marracuene District|Marracuene]] * [[Matutuíne District|Matutuíne]] * [[Moamba District|Moamba]] * [[Namaacha District|Namaacha]] |group6 = [[Chigaŵa cha Nampula|Nampula]] |list6 = * [[Angoche District|Angoche]] * [[Eráti District|Eráti]] * [[Lalaua District|Lalaua]] * [[Malema District|Malema]] * [[Meconta District|Meconta]] * [[Mecubúri District|Mecubúri]] * [[Memba District|Memba]] * [[Mogincual District|Mogincual]] * [[Mogovolas District|Mogovolas]] * [[Moma District|Moma]] * [[Monapo District|Monapo]] * [[Mossuril District|Mossuril]] * [[Muecate District|Muecate]] * [[Murrupula District|Murrupula]] * [[Boma la Nacala-a-Velha|Nacala-a-Velha]] * [[Nacarôa District|Nacarôa]] * [[Nampula District|Nampula]] * [[Ribáuè District|Ribáuè]] |group7 = [[Chigaŵa cha Niassa|Niassa]] |list7 = * [[Cuamba District|Cuamba]] * [[Lago District|Lago]] * [[Lichinga District|Lichinga]] * [[Majune District|Majune]] * [[Mandimba District|Mandimba]] * [[Marrupa District|Marrupa]] * [[Maúa District|Maúa]] * [[Mavago District|Mavago]] * [[Mecanhelas District|Mecanhelas]] * [[Mecula District|Mecula]] * [[Metarica District|Metarica]] * [[Muembe District|Muembe]] * [[N'gauma District|N'gauma]] * [[Nipepe District|Nipepe]] * [[Sanga District|Sanga]] |group8 = [[Chigaŵa cha Sofala|Sofala]] |list8 = * [[Buzi District|Buzi]] * [[Caia District|Caia]] * [[Chemba District|Chemba]] * [[Cheringoma District|Cheringoma]] * [[Chibabava District|Chibabava]] * [[Dondo District|Dondo]] * [[Gorongosa District|Gorongosa]] * [[Marromeu District|Marromeu]] * [[Machanga District|Machanga]] * [[Maringué District|Maringué]] * [[Muanza District|Muanza]] * [[Nhamatanda District|Nhamatanda]] |group9 = [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|Tete]] |list9 = * [[Boma la Angónia|Angónia]] * [[Boma la Cahora-Bassa|Cahora-Bassa]] * [[Boma la Changara|Changara]] * [[Boma la Chifunde|Chifunde]] * [[Boma la Chiuta|Chiuta]] * [[Boma la Dôa|Doa]] * [[Boma la Macanga|Macanga]] * [[Boma la Magoé|Magoé]] * [[Boma la Marávia|Marávia]] * [[Boma la Moatize|Moatize]] * [[Boma la Mutarara|Mutarara]] * [[Boma la Tsangano|Tsangano]] * [[Boma la Zumbo|Zumbo]] |group10 = [[Chigaŵa cha Zambezia|Zambezia]] |list10 = * [[Alto Molocue District|Alto Molocue]] * [[Boma la Chinde|Chinde]] * [[Gilé District|Gilé]] * [[Gurué District|Gurué]] * [[Ile District, Mozambique|Ile]] * [[Inhassunge District|Inhassunge]] * [[Lugela District|Lugela]] * [[Maganja da Costa District|Maganja da Costa]] * [[Milange District|Milange]] * [[Mocuba District|Mocuba]] * [[Mopeia District|Mopeia]] * [[Morrumbala District|Morrumbala]] * [[Namacurra District|Namacurra]] * [[Namarroi District|Namarroi]] * [[Nicoadala District|Nicoadala]] * [[Pebane District|Pebane]] }} ehzdi3j90pzrajebut6m0tcnnxylbm0 115829 115826 2026-05-21T11:49:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Districts of Mozambique |state = <includeonly>{{{state|collapsed}}}</includeonly> |title = [[Template:Districts of Mozambique|Boma vya ku Mozambique]] kuyana na chigaŵa |listclass = hlist |above = Likulu: '''[[Maputo]]''' |group1 = [[Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado|Cabo Delgado]] |list1 = * [[Boma la Ancuabe|Ancuabe]] * [[Boma la Balama|Balama]] * [[Boma la Chiúre|Chiúre]] * [[Boma la Ibo|Ibo]] * [[Boma la Macomia|Macomia]] * [[Boma la Mecúfi|Mecúfi]] * [[Boma la Meluco|Meluco]] * [[Boma la Mocímboa da Praia|Mocímboa da Praia]] * [[Boma la Montepuez|Montepuez]] * [[Boma la Mueda|Mueda]] * [[Boma la Muidumbe|Muidumbe]] * [[Boma la Namuno|Namuno]] * [[Boma la Nangade|Nangade]] * [[Boma la Palma|Palma]] * [[Boma la Pemba-Metuge|Pemba-Metuge]] * [[Boma la Quissanga|Quissanga]] |group2 = [[Chigaŵa cha Gaza|Gaza]] |list2 = * [[Boma la Bilene Macia|Bilene Macia]] * [[Chibuto District|Chibuto]] * [[Boma la Chicualacuala|Chicualacuala]] * [[Chigubo District|Chigubo]] * [[Chókwè District|Chókwè]] * [[Boma la Guijá|Guijá]] * [[Mabalane District|Mabalane]] * [[Manjacaze District|Manjacaze]] * [[Massangena District|Massangena]] * [[Massingir District|Massingir]] * [[Boma la Xai-Xai|Xai-Xai]] |group3 = [[Chigaŵa cha Inhambane|Inhambane]] |list3 = * [[Funhalouro District|Funhalouro]] * [[Govuro District|Govuro]] * [[Homoine District|Homoine]] * [[Inharrime District|Inharrime]] * [[Inhassoro District|Inhassoro]] * [[Jangamo District|Jangamo]] * [[Mabote District|Mabote]] * [[Massinga District|Massinga]] * [[Morrumbene District|Morrumbene]] * [[Panda District|Panda]] * [[Vilanculos District|Vilanculos]] * [[Zavala District|Zavala]] |group4 = [[Chigaŵa cha Manica|Manica]] |list4 = * [[Báruè District|Báruè]] * [[Gondola District|Gondola]] * [[Guro District, Manica Province|Guro]] * [[Machaze District|Machaze]] * [[Macossa District|Macossa]] * [[Manica District|Manica]] * [[Mossurize District|Mossurize]] * [[Sussundenga District|Sussundenga]] * [[Tambara District|Tambara]] |group5 = [[Chigaŵa cha Maputo|Maputo]] |list5 = * [[Boane District|Boane]] * [[Magude District|Magude]] * [[Manhiça District|Manhiça]] * [[Marracuene District|Marracuene]] * [[Matutuíne District|Matutuíne]] * [[Moamba District|Moamba]] * [[Namaacha District|Namaacha]] |group6 = [[Chigaŵa cha Nampula|Nampula]] |list6 = * [[Angoche District|Angoche]] * [[Eráti District|Eráti]] * [[Lalaua District|Lalaua]] * [[Malema District|Malema]] * [[Meconta District|Meconta]] * [[Mecubúri District|Mecubúri]] * [[Memba District|Memba]] * [[Mogincual District|Mogincual]] * [[Mogovolas District|Mogovolas]] * [[Moma District|Moma]] * [[Monapo District|Monapo]] * [[Mossuril District|Mossuril]] * [[Muecate District|Muecate]] * [[Murrupula District|Murrupula]] * [[Boma la Nacala-a-Velha|Nacala-a-Velha]] * [[Nacarôa District|Nacarôa]] * [[Nampula District|Nampula]] * [[Ribáuè District|Ribáuè]] |group7 = [[Chigaŵa cha Niassa|Niassa]] |list7 = * [[Cuamba District|Cuamba]] * [[Lago District|Lago]] * [[Lichinga District|Lichinga]] * [[Majune District|Majune]] * [[Mandimba District|Mandimba]] * [[Marrupa District|Marrupa]] * [[Maúa District|Maúa]] * [[Mavago District|Mavago]] * [[Mecanhelas District|Mecanhelas]] * [[Mecula District|Mecula]] * [[Metarica District|Metarica]] * [[Muembe District|Muembe]] * [[N'gauma District|N'gauma]] * [[Nipepe District|Nipepe]] * [[Sanga District|Sanga]] |group8 = [[Chigaŵa cha Sofala|Sofala]] |list8 = * [[Buzi District|Buzi]] * [[Caia District|Caia]] * [[Chemba District|Chemba]] * [[Cheringoma District|Cheringoma]] * [[Chibabava District|Chibabava]] * [[Dondo District|Dondo]] * [[Gorongosa District|Gorongosa]] * [[Marromeu District|Marromeu]] * [[Machanga District|Machanga]] * [[Maringué District|Maringué]] * [[Muanza District|Muanza]] * [[Nhamatanda District|Nhamatanda]] |group9 = [[Chigaŵa cha Tete|Tete]] |list9 = * [[Boma la Angónia|Angónia]] * [[Boma la Cahora-Bassa|Cahora-Bassa]] * [[Boma la Changara|Changara]] * [[Boma la Chifunde|Chifunde]] * [[Boma la Chiuta|Chiuta]] * [[Boma la Dôa|Doa]] * [[Boma la Macanga|Macanga]] * [[Boma la Magoé|Magoé]] * [[Boma la Marávia|Marávia]] * [[Boma la Moatize|Moatize]] * [[Boma la Mutarara|Mutarara]] * [[Boma la Tsangano|Tsangano]] * [[Boma la Zumbo|Zumbo]] |group10 = [[Chigaŵa cha Zambezia|Zambezia]] |list10 = * [[Alto Molocue District|Alto Molocue]] * [[Boma la Chinde|Chinde]] * [[Gilé District|Gilé]] * [[Gurué District|Gurué]] * [[Ile District, Mozambique|Ile]] * [[Inhassunge District|Inhassunge]] * [[Lugela District|Lugela]] * [[Maganja da Costa District|Maganja da Costa]] * [[Milange District|Milange]] * [[Mocuba District|Mocuba]] * [[Mopeia District|Mopeia]] * [[Morrumbala District|Morrumbala]] * [[Namacurra District|Namacurra]] * [[Namarroi District|Namarroi]] * [[Nicoadala District|Nicoadala]] * [[Pebane District|Pebane]] }} nbw0xc8yikgabgzuaykhmbzz6dcqfj7 0 47328 115822 2026-05-21T11:10:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] rfltcpd1j0k8vxym49cq47b7zvnlkr3 0 47329 115824 2026-05-21T11:12:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Nampula]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Nampula]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] kxdn7d4e309o3ypn7qtop0nq8i96wve 0 47330 115825 2026-05-21T11:45:34Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] rfltcpd1j0k8vxym49cq47b7zvnlkr3 115827 115825 2026-05-21T11:47:34Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] hldk6cm5mo5sjfuazm3uyb2dede4q3c 0 47331 115828 2026-05-21T11:48:02Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Gaza]] kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] hldk6cm5mo5sjfuazm3uyb2dede4q3c 0 47332 115830 2026-05-21T11:51:18Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]]" 115830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Tete]] kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] pa7kx7864bpm7lu7zb7dp3rbs8voqib 115831 115830 2026-05-21T11:51:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 115831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma cha [[chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]] kwa [[Mozambique]]. {{Districts of Mozambique}} [[Category:Mozambique]] jb86ilwl1h9cz5viqgchbe9nouksh6q