Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 23042 116063 115514 2026-05-30T23:49:53Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Landlocked country at the crossroads of Southern, Central, and East Africa}} {{About|the African nation|the 18th-century BC king of Isin|Zambiya|the part of Kaliningrad Oblast|Sambia Peninsula}}{{further|Name of Rhodesia}}<!--{{pp-move|small=yes}}--> {{Nkhani iwemi}} {{Coord|15|S|30|E|type:country_region:ZM|display=title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Charu cha Zambia|common_name=Zambia|image_flag=Flag of Zambia.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Zambia.svg|image_map=Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|image_map2=|national_motto=<br />"One Zambia, One Nation" <!--speechmarks, as it's a quotation-->|national_anthem="[[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free]]"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em; text-align:center;">{{center|[[File:Zambian national anthem.oga]]}}</div>|official_languages=English, Nyanja and Icibemba (Bemba)|regional_languages={{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 28.5% [[Bemba language|Bemba]] | 13.8% [[Nyanja language|Nyanja]] | 11.4% [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] | 10.6% [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] | 5.5% [[Lozi language|Lozi]] | 4.5% [[Chewa language|Chewa]] | 3.0% [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]] | 1.9% [[Lunda language|Lunda]] | 1.9% [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]] | 1.8% [[Lala-Bisa language|Lala]] | 1.8% [[Lamba language|Lamba]] | 1.7% English | 1.5% [[Luvale language|Luvale]] | 1.3% [[Mambwe language|Mambwe]] | 1.2% [[Lenje language|Lenje]] | 1.2% [[Namwanga language|Namwanga]] | 1.0% [[Lala-Bisa language|Bisa]] | 0.9% Ushi | 0.7% [[Ila language|Ila]] | 0.7% [[Mbunda language|Mbunda]] | 0.7% [[Ngoni language|Ngoni]] | 0.7% [[Tumbuka-Senga language|Senga]] | 0.6% [[Lungu language|Lungu]] | 0.5% Toka-Leya | 4.7% Others }}|demonym=Zambian|ethnic_groups={{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 19.0% [[Bemba people|Bemba]] | 13.6% [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]] | 7.5% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 6.0% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 5.7% [[Lozi people|Lozi]] | 5.3% [[Nsenga people|Nsenga]] | 3.0% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 3.1% Lala | 3.9% Kaonde | 2.8% Namwanga | 2.6% [[Lunda people|Lunda (Northern)]] | 2.5% [[Mambwe people|Mambwe]] | 2.2% Luvale | 2.4% [[Lamba people|Lamba]] | 1.9% Ushi | 1.6% Bisa | 1.6% Lenje | 1.2% [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]] | 0.9% [[Lunda people|Lunda (Luapula)]] | 0.9% [[Senga people|Senga]] | 0.8% [[Ila people|Ila]] | 0.8% [[Lungu people|Lungu]] | 0.7% [[Tabwa]] | 0.7% Soli | 0.7% [[Kunda people|Kunda]] | 0.6% Ngumbo | 0.5% Chishinga | 0.5% [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]] | 0.5% [[Nkoya people|Nkoya]] | 5.4% Other ethnics | 0.8% Major racial | 0.4% Unclassified }}|ethnic_groups_year=2010<ref name="ZMBCSO2016">[http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf Census of Population and Housing National Analytical Report 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114001635/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/2010_Census/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf |date=14 November 2017 }} Central Statistical Office, Zambia</ref>|religion=[[Christianity]] ([[State religion|official]])|capital=[[Lusaka]]|coordinates={{Coord|15|25|S|28|17|E|type:city_region:ZM}}|largest_city=capital|government_type=[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]|leader_title1=[[President of Zambia|President]]|leader_name1=[[Hakainde Hichilema]]|leader_title2=[[Vice-President of Zambia|Vice President]]|leader_name2=[[Mutale Nalumango]]|leader_title3=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia|Speaker]]|leader_name3=[[Nelly Mutti]]|leader_title4=[[Chief Justice of Zambia|Chief Justice]]|leader_name4=[[Mumba Malila]]|legislature=[[National Assembly (Zambia)|National Assembly]]|area_km2=752,617|area_sq_mi=290,587 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->|area_rank=38th <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]-->|area_footnote=<ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |title=Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |author=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=9 November 2007}}</ref>|percent_water=1|population_estimate=19,610,769<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Zambia : Preliminary data shows Population grew from 13.1 million in 2010 to 19.6 million in 2022 |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2022/12/24/preliminary-data-shows-population-grew-from-13-1-million-in-2010-to-19-6-million-in-2022/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |language=en-GB}}</ref>|population_estimate_year=2022|population_estimate_rank=63rd|population_density_km2=26.1|population_density_sq_mi=67.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->|GDP_PPP_year=2022|GDP_PPP={{increase}}$76.325&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/ZMB|title=Zambia |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref>|GDP_PPP_rank=102nd|GDP_PPP_per_capita={{increase}}$3,803<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=158th|GDP_nominal={{increase}}$27.02&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_nominal_year=2022|GDP_nominal_rank=112nd|GDP_nominal_per_capita={{increase}}$1,348<ref name=imf2/>|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=160th|Gini_year=2015|Gini_change=<!--increase/decrease/steady-->|Gini=57.1 <!--number only-->|Gini_ref=<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>|Gini_rank=|HDI_year=2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->|HDI_change=decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->|HDI=0.565 <!--number only-->|HDI_ref=<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>|HDI_rank=154th|sovereignty_type=[[History of Zambia|Independence]]|sovereignty_note=from the [[United Kingdom]]|established_event1=[[North-Western Rhodesia]]|established_date1=27 June 1890|established_event2=[[Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia]]|established_date2=28 November 1899|established_event3=[[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]|established_date3=29 January 1900|established_event4=[[Northern Rhodesia|Amalgamation of Northern Rhodesia]]|established_date4=17 August 1911|established_event5=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]|established_date5=1 August 1953|established_event6=[[Zambia Independence Act 1964|Republic of Zambia]]|established_date6=24 October 1964|established_event7=[[Constitution of Zambia|Current constitution]]|established_date7=5 January 2016|currency=[[Zambian kwacha]]|currency_code=ZMW|time_zone=[[Central Africa Time|CAT]]|utc_offset=+2|date_format=dd/mm/yyyy|drives_on=left|calling_code=[[+260]]|cctld=[[.zm]]|today=|date_start=|religion_ref=|religion_year=}}'''Zambia''' ''(Zambiya)'', mwadango '''''Republic ya Zambia''''', ntcharu icho chilije [[nyanja]] icho chili pamphambano ya Central, Southern na [[East Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Ian|date=1970|title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180923|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=11|issue=4|pages=591–603|doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471|jstor=180923|s2cid=154296266|issn=0021-8537}}</ref> nangauli kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti chili kumwera kwa [[Africa]] ndipo chili pakatikati.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Population, Capital, Language, Flag, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>Charu ichi chili na vyaru nga ni [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] kumpoto, [[Tanzania]] kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Mozambique]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Botswana]] kumwera, [[Namibia]] kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, na [[Angola]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba ukuru wa Zambia ni [[Lusaka]]. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakukwana 20.1 miliyoni (2023) ndipo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Lusaka kumwera na [[Copperbelt Province]] kumpoto. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Khoisan]] ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵakati ŵafika mu caru ici mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na mafuko 73. Mu 1911, vyaru ivi vikasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesia. Mu nyengo yose iyo charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Britain, boma la Zambia likalongozgekanga na ŵanthu awo ŵakimikika kufuma ku [[London]]. Pa Okutobala 24, 1964, Zambia yikajiyimira pawekha ndipo nduna yikuru Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Gulu la Kaunda la United National Independence Party (UNIP) likalutilira kuwusa kwambira mu 1964 m'paka mu 1991. Kaunda wakawovwira comene pa nkhani ya ndyali, ndipo wakakolerananga comene na boma la United States pakusanga nthowa zakumazgira nkhondo izo zikaŵa ku Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, na Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Kufuma mu 1972 kufika mu 1991 Zambia yikaŵa chalo cha chipani chimoza na UNIP nga chipani chimoza pera cha ndyali pasi pa fundo yakuti "Zambia Yimoza, Charu Chimoza" icho chapangika na Kaunda. Mu 1991, [[Frederick Chiluba]] wa Social-Democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy ndiyo wakamusankhira Kaunda. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Zambia chili na vipani vinandi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kusintha mazaza mwa mtende. Mu Zambia muli vinthu vinandi ivyo vingawovwira ŵanthu kusanga vyakurya, vyakumera, makuni, maji ghawemi, na malo ghakukolerana.<ref>Karlyn Eckman (FAO, 2007).GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN FORESTRY IN AFRICA ZAMBIA.</ref> In 2010, the [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] named Zambia one of the world's fastest economically reformed countries.<ref>Ngoma, Jumbe (18 December 2010). [http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2010/12/18/world-bank-president-praises-reforms-zambia-underscores-need-continued-improvements-policy-governance "World Bank President Praises Reforms In Zambia, Underscores Need For Continued Improvements In Policy And Governance"]. World Bank.</ref> Wupu wa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ([[COMESA]]) uli ku Lusaka. {{TOC limit|3}} == Kazilo ka zina == Chigaŵa cha Zambia chikachemekanga [[Northern Rhodesia]] kufuma mu 1911 m'paka 1964. Mu Okutobala 1964, charu ichi chikati chafwatuka ku boma la Britain, chikachemeka Zambia. Zina lakuti Zambia lili kufuma ku zina la [[Mlonga wa Zambezi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Everett-Heath|first1=John|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1589|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=7 December 2017|isbn=9780192556462}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|Mbili ya Zambia}}<!--many paragraphs have no citations--> === Mbili ya nyengo ya chiyamwaka === Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura mu [[Dambo la Zambezi]] na ku [[Kalambo Falls]] vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu vyakale ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa msasa kufupi na maji gha Kalambo, ŵali kusanga kuti ni vyaka vyakujumpha 36,000. Viwangwa vya munthu wa ku [[Broken Hill]] (uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti [[Kabwe Man]]) ivyo vikusangika pakati pa vyaka 300,000 na 125,000 [[B.C.E.]], vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey|date=2019|title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|journal=Rocks & Minerals|volume=94:2|pages=114–149|doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|s2cid=135446729}}</ref> Munthu wa ku Broken Hill wakasangika ku Zambia mu chigaŵa cha Kabwe. === Khoisan na Batwa === [[File:NsaluCave.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NsaluCave.jpg|left|thumb|Vinthu vyakale (kweni vili kulembeka pa malibwe) mu mphanji ya Nsalu, ku Kasanka National Park kumpoto kwa Zambia]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Khoisan]] na [[Batwa]] m'paka cha m'ma 300 C.E., apo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Timothy|title=Cultures of the World: Zambia|publisher=Times Books International|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5|location=Tarrytown, New York|pages=19–20}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakafuma ku [[East Africa]] ndipo ŵakapharazgika kumwera vyaka 150,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa kwa Twa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Kafwe Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Kafue Flats na Lukanga Twa awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na [[Lukanga Swamp]]. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakalemba vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na malukwa agho ghakaŵako kale chomene ku Zambia, nga ni ivyo ŵakulemba pa malukwa gha [[Mwela]], Mumbwa, na Nachikufu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan, chomenechomene ŵa mtundu wa Twa, ŵakakhalanga pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto ku Central na Southern Africa. === The Bantu (Abantu) === Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu panji Bantu (ŵanthu awo ŵakung'anamura ŵanthu) ni ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Africa. Cifukwa cakuti caru ca Zambia cili pa mphambano ya caru ca [[Central Africa]], [[Southern Africa]], na [[Africa Great Lakes]], ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi vikacitika nyengo yimoza, ntheura mbiri ya Zambia, nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, yingalongosoreka makora yayi. Mbiri yakwambilira ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia yikusangika mu mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pamulomo, ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale, na mu mabuku ghakulembeka, ndipo ghanandi mwa mabuku agha ghakalembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa yayi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Scott D. |title=Culture and Customs of Zambia |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf |access-date=25 March 2018 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}</ref> ==== Bantu origins ==== [[File:Batonga_women.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Batonga_women.png|thumb|Ŵalovi ŵa ku Batonga ku Southern Zambia. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanakazi ŵakucita milimo yakuzirwa comene.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakukhala kumanjiliro gha dazi na pakati pa Africa. Pakati pa vyaka 4,000 na 3,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusazgikira mu vyaru vinandi. Ici nchimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakacita. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakambiska vyakumera mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakendanga mu nthowa ziŵiri: Yimoza yikafumanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kujumpha mu Congo Basin ndipo yinyake yikafumanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kujumpha mu [[Nyanja zikuru za mu Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bostoen |first=Koen |date=26 April 2018 |title=The Bantu Expansion |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191 |isbn=9780190277734}}</ref> ==== First Bantu settlement ==== Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakiza ku Zambia ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kwiza ku Africa. Ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., ndipo pakati pawo pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga (ŵakuchemekaso kuti Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" kung'anamura "ŵanandi") na ŵa Ba-Ila na Namwanga, awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Zambia kufupi na Zimbabwe. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba-Tonga ŵakulemba vikulongora kuti ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kufupi na "nyanja yikuru". Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ba-Tumbuka nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na Malawi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu mizi yikuruyikuru. Ŵakaŵavya mulongozgi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na kovwirana pakunozga vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵakasamukanga kanandi waka chifukwa chakuti charu chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kulima vyakurya. Kweniso ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na viŵeto vikuruvikuru vya ng'ombe.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=Ila |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> [[File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg|left|thumb|Vinthu ivyo vikaparanyika ku Great Zimbabwe. Ŵalongozgi ŵa Kalanga/Shona ŵa ufumu uwu ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda pa Ingombe Ilede.]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ku Zambia ŵakaŵa ŵakujitemwa. Ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika kumwera kwa Zambia ŵakamanya kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira pawekha. Yumoza wa ŵamishonale aŵa wakati: "Para ŵanthu ŵa ku Tonga ŵakukhumba vilwero vya nkhondo, kuvina, na vya mu nyumba, ŵakuluta ku mapiri na kukumba mpaka ŵasange visulo. Wakusongonora visulo ivi na kupanga nkhwantha, vyakulimira, na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira. Wakotcha makuni na kupanga makala gha makuni. Viŵiya ivyo wakugwiliskira ntchito ni vikumba vya nyama, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni dongo, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni visulo. Wakuwumba, kuwotcha, kupanga, na kucita milimo yose iyo wakucita". Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakachitanga malonda pa malo ghakuchemeka Ingombe Ilede (kung'anamura ng'ombe yakugona mu Chi-Tonga chifukwa khuni la baobab likuwoneka nga ni ng'ombe) ku Southern Zambia. Pa malo agha, ŵakakumana na ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵa Kalanga na Shona ŵakufuma ku Great Zimbabwe kweniso ŵa Swahili ŵakufuma ku East Africa. Ingombe Ilede ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene ghakwendeskera malonda gha mafumu gha ku Zimbabwe, ndipo ghanyake ghakaŵa gha ku Swahili nga ni Sofala. Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Ingombe Ilede vikaŵa vyakuvwara, mphete, golide, na mabangili. Vinthu vinyake ivi vikafuma ku vigaŵa ivyo sono ni kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo na Kilwa Kisiwani, apo vinyake vikafuma ku India, China, na vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide |url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref> The African traders were later joined by the Portuguese in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pikirayi|first=Innocent|date=August 2017|title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X17000953/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|volume=91|issue=358|pages=1085–1086|doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95|s2cid=158120419|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Kuchepa kwa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe, chifukwa cha mpikisano wa malonda kuchokera ku maufumu ena a Kalanga/Shona monga Khami ndi Mutapa, kunatanthauzira kutha kwa Ingombe Ilede.. ==== Second Bantu settlement ==== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakenda nthowa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ndipo ndiwo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba panji AbaBemba ŵali na ubwezi wakukhora na Ufumu wa Kongo kwizira mwa Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba, kweni palije ukaboni. ===== Luba-Lunda states ===== [[File:Mwata.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mwata.jpg|thumb|Chithuzi cha mulongozgi wa Lunda, Mwata Kazembe, wakupokelera Ŵapwitikizi mu luŵaza lwa ufumu mu ma 1800.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Lamba, Bisa, Senga, Kaonde, Swaka, Nkoya na Soli, ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Luba ku Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Chigaŵa icho Ufumu wa Luba ukakhalanga chikaŵa na ŵalimi ŵakwambilira na ŵantchito ŵa visulo kwambira m'ma 300. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambira kugwiliskira nchito mikwawu na vyakuponyera visulo, kupanga maboti, kujura migelo mu mathipa, na kupanga madamu gha mamita 2.5. Ntheura ŵakamba kuguliska somba, mkuwa, visulo, na mchere kuti ŵasange vinthu vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, nga ni mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Luba ukafuma mu ŵanthu aŵa.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Alexander Ives |title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> Ufumu wa Luba ukaŵa ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na boma likuru kweniso mafumu ghachoko waka. Chikaŵa na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakakolerananga nkhorongo za mu Congo Basin na mapiri gha ku Copperbelt Province, agho sono ghali na vinthu vinandi. Mu ufumu uwu, ŵanthu ŵakazirwiskanga comene maluso, ndipo ŵantchito nawo ŵakazirwiskikanga comene. Mu Ufumu wa Luba mukaŵa mabuku ghanandi. Nkhani yinyake yakukhwaskana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ŵakababikira yikulongosora mphambano iyo yilipo pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri ya mafumu gha ku Luba.{{blockquote|Nkongolo Mwamba, fumu yakufipa, na Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, karonga wa mtundu wakufipa. Nkongolo Mwamba ni mwanalume wakuloŵera ndiposo wankhaza, ndipo Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe ni karonga muwemi ndiposo wakuzika. Nkongolo the Red ni munthu wambura nkharo, munthu uyo wakurya pa wumba, wakuloŵera, ndipo wakumanya yayi kujikora, apo Mbidi Kiluwe ni munthu wakujivikilira, wakutemwa nkharo yiwemi; wakurya yayi pa wumba, wakulamulira kayowoyero kake na kacitiro kake, ndipo wakujipatura ku makhaliro ghaheni gha ŵanthu bweka. Nkongolo Mwamba wakwimira nkhaza, apo Mbidi Kiluwe wakulutilira kuŵa munthu wacitemwa ndiposo walusungu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Luba {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Luba-people|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>}} [[File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunda_houses-1854.jpg|left|thumb|A drawing of [[:en:Lunda_people|Lunda]] houses by a Portuguese visitor. The size of the doorways relative to the building emphasizes the scale of the buildings.]] Mu chigaŵa chenechicho cha kumwera kwa Congo ŵanthu ŵa Lunda ŵakazgoka chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Luba ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa Luba. Mwakuyana na nthano za Lunda, Chibinda Ilunga, mwana wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba, wakambiska ndondomeko ya boma ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Lunda mu 1600 apo wakatora Lueji. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba, ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wa Luba. Ndipouli, mafumu gha Lunda ghakaŵa ghakupambana na mafumu ghanyake ndipo ghakalutilira kuthereska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref name="metmuseum.org" /> Lunda, nga ni boma la Luba, nalo likaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Apo muwusi Mwaant Yaav Naweej wakambiska nthowa zakwendera ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo wakambiska kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga na vyakurya vya mu nkhorongo.<ref name="metmuseum.org" /> Vyaru vya Luba-Lunda vikamara chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chokwe, awo ŵakakolerananga chomene na ŵa Luvale ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Lunda, ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga awo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga. Kweni ŵakati ŵafumako ku Lunda, iwo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ku vyaru vyose viŵiri. Paumaliro Ŵachokwe ŵakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso Ŵapwitikizi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Luba-Lunda uparanyike ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku Democratic Republic of the Congo kuluta ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali kufuma ku mbumba ya Luba-Lunda na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Central Africa.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Luba |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/ |access-date=30 November 2020 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> ===== The Maravi Confederacy ===== Mu ma 1200, pambere boma la Luba-Lunda lindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Congo kuya ku nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, magulu agha ghakacemekanga kuti Maravi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵa Chewa (Achewa), awo ŵakamba kusangana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu nga mba Tumbuka.<ref name="Team">{{cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Think Africa}}</ref> [[File:Kalonga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalonga.jpg|left|thumb|The kalonga (ruler) of the [[:en:Chewa_people|AChewa]] today descends from the kalonga of the Maravi Empire.]] Mu 1480 Ufumu wa Maravi ukakhazikiskika na kalonga (mkulu wa Maravi) wa fuko la Phiri, limoza mwa mafuko ghakurughakuru. Ufumu wa Maravi ukaŵa kufuma ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujumpha mu charu icho sono ni Mozambique m'paka ku Zambia na vigaŵa vinandi vya Malawi. Gulu la ndyali la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi likaŵa nga ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ŵakendanga na mino gha zovu ndipo ŵakaghaguliskanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Kweniso ŵakacitanga na kutumizga visulo. Mu 1590 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵajikorenge malonda gha ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ku Lundu ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo ŵakachita. Ŵa WaZimba ŵakathereska matawuni gha Tete, Sena, na matawuni ghanyake gha ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ŵamaravi ŵakiza na mitheto iyo yikazgoka gulu lakubisika la Nyau kufuma ku Upemba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ŵakutemwa kuvina na masks. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi ŵakamba kusuzgika cifukwa ca mphindano za umo ŵakakhalira mu ufumu, kuwukira kwa Ŵangoni, na kuwukira kwa ŵazga kufuma ku Yao.<ref name="thinkafrica.net">{{cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=26 December 2018 |title=The Maravi Confederacy |url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=Think Africa}}</ref> ===== Mutapa Empire and Mfecane ===== [[File:Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ngoni_Chiefs.jpg|thumb|Three young [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]] chiefs. The Ngoni made their way into [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Zambia]] from [[:en:KwaZulu-Natal|KwaZulu]] in South Africa. They eventually assimilated into the local ethnic groups.]] Apo Ufumu wa Zimbabwe ukaŵa pafupi kumara, yumoza wa ŵakaronga ŵa charu ichi, Nyatsimba Mutota, wakafumamo mu ufumu uwu na kupanga ufumu uphya wakuchemeka Mutapa. Mwene Mutapa, kung'anamura "Wakupankhura Vyaru", ndiyo wakapika zina ili pamoza na mafumu ghanyake agho ghakiza pamanyuma pake. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Zambezi na Limpopo, mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Zambia, Zimbabwe, na Mozambique. Apo Mutapa wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, wakaŵa kuti wapoka chigaŵa cha Dande ku Tonga na Tavara. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Ŵakatumanga golide na njovu ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵazakapokere silika na vinthu vinyake vya ku Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutapa |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/ |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref> Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Maravi, Mutapa nayo wakasuzgika na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal. Ubwezi wawo ukafika pachanya apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵajinthe vinthu mu ufumu wawo mwa kupanga misika na kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Ici cikakwiyiska comene Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wa msumba uwu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵambe kuwukira ufumu uwu na kuwukira migodi ya golide na misewu ya njovu. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathera chifukwa cha matenda agho ghakawira mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mu ma 1600, Mutapa wakamba kunangika cifukwa ca mphindano na nkhondo za mukati. Paumaliro, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska ufumu uwu, ndipo pamasinda ŵakarwa nawo. Kweniso Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵa na malo ghakurughakuru ghakuchemeka Prazos. Ŵakaŵasambizganga umo ŵangacitira nkhondo na kuŵapa vilwero. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalwani ŵa njovu ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Chikunda. Ŵakati ŵamara kuwusa, Ŵachikunda ŵakaluta ku Zambia.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=Chikunda |url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/mozambique/chikunda/ |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=Zambia's Traditional History}}</ref> [[File:Litunga.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Litunga.jpg|left|thumb|Inside the palace of the [[:en:Litunga|Litunga]], ruler of the Lozi. Due to the flooding on the Zambezi, the Litunga has two palaces one of which is on higher ground. The movement of Litunga to higher land is celebrated at the [[:en:Kuomboka|Kuomboka]] Ceremony.]] Julian Cobbing wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kweniso awo ŵakayezganga kuti ŵajikorenge vinthu mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo. Ici tingaciwona na mtundu wa nkhondo wa WaZimba wa Ŵamaravi, awo ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵapwitikizi, ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Rozvi, uwo ukaŵa wa Mutapa, uŵeko. Mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵankhongono comene mu South-Central Africa. Mu muwuso wake, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozvi ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi na kuŵachimbizga ku malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Kweni ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti Ŵazulu ŵakamba kulamulira na Shaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape ŵakamba kuŵasuzga chomene ndipo Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵazulu ŵakalutilira kuthandazgika mwa kupoka ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa mafuko agho ŵakathereska. Usange ŵanalume ŵa mafuko agha ŵakapona ku nkhondo, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za Ŵazulu kuti ŵawukire mafuko ghanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo, nkhondo na kuwukira mu vyaru vya kumwera, pakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanguni awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Zwagendaba ŵakambuka mlonga wa Zambezi kulazga kumpoto. Ŵangoni ndiwo ŵakakoma ufumu wa Maravi uwo ukaŵa kuti wanangika kale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nguni ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, na Tanzania. Ku Western Zambia, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakufuma mu fuko la Sotho-Tswana ŵakuchemeka Kololo, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi awo ŵakafuma mu vigaŵa vya Luba na Lunda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Barotse pa malo agho mukaŵa maji gha Zambezi ŵakati ŵafika kufuma ku Katanga. Mu nyengo ya Kololo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakamba kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Kololo m'paka apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakagalukira na kuwiskira pasi Ŵakololo. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵambunda ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku Barotseland, Mongu.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|0900966386}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aluyi na mulongozgi wawo, Litunga Mulambwa, ŵakazirwiskanga comene Mbunda cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kurwa nkhondo. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakukhala sono. === Colonial Period === ==== Europeans ==== [[File:David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg|thumb|An 1864 photograph of the Scottish explorer and missionary [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]]]] Yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaluta ku malo agha wakaŵa Francisco de Lacerda wa ku Portugal. Lacerda wakalongozga ulendo kufuma ku Mozambique kuya ku Kazembe ku Zambia (uyo wakakhumbanga kuwona na kwambuka kumwera kwa Africa kufuma ku nyanja yimoza m'paka ku yinyake kakwamba), ndipo wakafwa pa ulendo uwu mu 1798. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, mubwezi wake Francisco Pinto ndiyo wakalongozganga ulendo uwu. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pakati pa Mozambique na Angola. Mu ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufuma ku Europe nawo ŵakiza. Yumoza wawo wakaŵa David Livingstone, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuguliska ŵazga. Wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ku Europe kuwona maji ghakunyang'amira gha mu Mlonga wa Zambezi mu 1855. Wakalongosora kuti: "Ŵangelo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakawonanga vinthu viwemi comene apo ŵakachimbiranga". Ku malo agha, maji agha ghakucemeka "Mosi-o-Tunya" panji "musi wakugolera" mu ciyowoyero ca Lozi panji Kololo. Tawuni ya Livingstone, kufupi na maji gha Falls, yili na zina lake. Nkhani za maulendo ghake izo zikaŵa zakumanyikwa comene zikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe, ŵamishonale na ŵamalonda ŵize ku malo agha. British South Africa Company Mu 1888, British South Africa Company (BSA Company), yakulongozgeka na Cecil Rhodes, yikapokera wanangwa wa migodi kufuma ku Litunga wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lozi, Mulara Mulara wa ku Lozi (Ba-rotse) mu chigaŵa icho pamasinda chikazgoka Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia.<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |author=Livingstone Tourism Association |title=Destination:Zambia&nbsp;– History and Culture |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153527/http://livingstonetourism.com/pages/history.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, mu Disembala 1897 gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Angoni panji Ngoni (awo ŵakafuma ku Zululand) ŵakagalukira Tsinco, mwana wa Themba Mpezeni, kweni ŵakathereskeka. Cigaŵa ici cikacemekanga Rhodesia wa kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1895, Rhodes wakapempha Frederick Russell Burnham, uyo wakaŵa wakuwona vya charu cha America, kuti wapenje tumaji na nthowa zakwendeskera milonga mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref name="burnham1899">{{cite book|last=Burnham|first=Frederick Russell|author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham|editor-first=Walter H.|editor-last=Wills|title=Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co.|year=1899|pages=177–180|chapter=Northern Rhodesia|title-link=s:Northern Rhodesia}}</ref> North-Eastern Rhodesia na Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia ghakaŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana m'paka mu 1911, apo vikasazgikana na kupanga Northern Rhodesia, boma la Britain. Mu 1923, kampani ya BSA yikapeleka mazaza gha kumpoto kwa Rhodesia ku boma la Britain pamasinda pakuti boma la Britain likakana kuwezgerapo chikalata cha kampani iyi. ==== British colonisation ==== Mu 1923, charu cha Southern Rhodesia (sono ni Zimbabwe), icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain, chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Britain. Mu 1924, pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, boma la Northern Rhodesia likasamira ku British Colonial Office. ===== Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland ===== Mu 1953, boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland likapangiska kuti Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, na Nyasaland (lero ni Malawi) viŵe chigaŵa chimoza. Ivi vikacitika nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga, ndipo ŵakalongosora kuti ŵakususka mu 1960-61. Ku Northern Rhodesia ndiko kukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakaŵapo mu vyaka vyaumaliro. Pakwamba, chipani cha African National Congress (ANC) cha Harry Nkumbula ndicho chikalongozganga kampeni iyi, ndipo pamasinda chipani cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) cha Kenneth Kaunda ndicho chikamba. === Independence === [[File:Zambia123f.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia123f.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Kenneth_David_Kaunda|Kenneth Kaunda]], first Republican president, on a state visit to [[:en:Socialist_Republic_of_Romania|Romania]] in 1970]] Pa vigaŵa viŵiri, mu Okutobala na Disembala 1962, pakaŵa mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu wupu wakulamulira. {{cn|date=February 2023}} Boma ili likamara pa 31 Disembala 1963, ndipo mu Janyuwale 1964, Kaunda wakathereska pa chisankho cha pera cha Prime Minister wa Northern Rhodesia. Kaunda wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na kazembe wa vigaŵa, Evelyn Hone. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ku mpoto kwa charu kukawuka chigaluka chakuchemeka Lumpa Uprising icho chikaŵa na Alice Lenshina. Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 Okutobala 1964, ndipo Kenneth Kaunda ndiyo wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba. Apo Zambia wakapokera wanangwa wake, wakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Pa caru cose, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakasambizgika makora ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kwendeska boma. John Willson ndiyo wakawovwirapo. Mu 1964, ku Zambia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakujumpha 70,000, ndipo ŵakalutilira kuŵa na nchito yikuru comene.<ref name="Zambia">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia]. [[BBC]] 'On This Day'.</ref> === Post-independence === Kaunda wakawovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Patriotic Front kuti ŵanjire mu charu cha Rhodesia, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo gha ndyali. Malo ghakuzenga magesi gha Kariba agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Zambezi ghakaŵa na magesi ghakukwana kuti charu chiŵe na magesi nangauli charu cha Rhodesia ndicho chikaŵa na magesi agha. Nkhondo ya ku Rhodesia mu 1965 yikakhwaska vyaru ivyo vikaŵa paubwezi na ŵandyali. Pa 3 Seputembala 1978, ndege ya ŵanthu wose, ndege ya Air Rhodesia Flight 825, yikadumulika kufupi na Kariba na Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). Ŵanthu 18, kusazgapo ŵana, ŵakapona pa ngozi iyi kweni ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Joshua Nkomo. Rhodesia yikazgora na Operation Gatling, kuwukira maboma gha Nkomo mu Zambia, chomene ku likuru lake la ŵasilikari kufupi na Lusaka. Pa zuŵa lenelili, maofesi ghanyake ghaŵiri mu Zambia ghakaŵawukira na vilwero vya nkhondo vya mu mlengalenga na vya ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha.<ref>{{cite web |title=GREEN LEADER. OPERATION GATLING, THE RHODESIAN MILITARY'S RESPONSE TO THE VISCOUNT TRAGEDY |url=http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125155440/http://www.helion.co.uk/new-and-forthcoming-titles/green-leader-operation-gatling-the-rhodesian-military-s-response-to-the-viscount-tragedy.html |archive-date=25 January 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> Njanji yakuya ku Dar es Salaam ku Tanzania, iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 1975 na wovwiri wa ku China, yikawovwira kuti Zambia yileke kuthemba njanji iyo yikendanga kumwera kwa South Africa na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Angola. M'paka apo njanji iyi yikamalira, nthowa yikuru ya ku Zambia yakwendeskera katundu wakunjira na kufuma ku vyaru vinyake yikaŵa mu nthowa ya TanZam Road, iyo yikendanga kufuma ku Zambia kuya ku misumba ya ku Tanzania. Kweniso ŵakanozga nthowa yakufumiskira mafuta ya Tazama kufuma ku Dar es Salaam kuluta ku Ndola ku Zambia. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1970, Mozambique na Angola vikafwatuka ku Portugal. Boma la ku Rhodesia ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, likapeleka chikalata cha kujithemba mu 1965, ndipo likakolerana na ivyo chikalembeka mu 1979 mu phangano la Lancaster House. Nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Portugal kweniso nkhondo ya wanangwa ya ku Namibia, yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafume mu vyaru ivi. Msewu wa njanji wa Benguela, uwo ukajumphanga kumanjiliro gha dazi kujumpha mu Angola, ukajalika ku Zambia kuumaliro wa ma 1970. Boma la Zambia likapeleka wovwiri ku gulu lakulimbana na apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC).<ref>{{cite journal|author=Evans, M.|title=The Front-Line States, South Africa and Southern African Security: Military Prospects and Perspectives|url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol12n1/juz012001002.pdf|page=1|journal=Zambezia|year=1984|volume=12}}</ref> ==== Economic troubles ==== Pakati pa ma 1970, mtengo wa mkuwa, uwo ni usambazi ukuru wa ku Zambia, ukakhira comene pa caru cose. Mu Zambia, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mkuwa mu malo ghatali zikaŵa zinandi. Zambia wakaluta ku vyaru vinyake na ku vyaru vinyake kukapempha wovwiri, kweni cifukwa cakuti mtengo wa mkuŵa ukakhala waka pacoko, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti wapeleke ngongoli yake. Kuzakafika pakati pa ma 1990, nangauli ngongoli yikaŵa yakukwana yayi, kweni ngongoli ya Zambia yikaŵa yitali comene pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia (12/08) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/zambia/102331.htm |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> ==== Democratisation ==== Mu Juni 1990, vivulupi vya ku Kaunda vikakura comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na boma mu Juni 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2020 |title=About Zambia |url=http://www.psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509233410/http://psp-ltd.com/zam_stat_eng.htm |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bartlett|first=David M. C.|date=2000|title=Civil Society and Democracy: A Zambian Case Study|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2637411|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=429–446|doi=10.1080/030570700750019655|jstor=2637411|s2cid=143480603|issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Mu 1990 Kaunda wakapona ku chiyezgo cha kuwukira boma, ndipo mu 1991 wakazomera kuwezgerapo demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, wati wakhazikiska boma la chipani chimoza pasi pa Chona Commission ya 1972. Pa mavoti gha vyaru vinandi, Kaunda wakafumiskika pa udindo wake (wonani pasi apa). Pa Disembala 30, 1991, pa ciphikiro cinyake, Frederick Chiluba, pulezidenti muphya wa caru ici, wakapharazga kuti Zambia ni caru ca Cikristu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma chikakhazikika, ndipo mu 2006 na 2007, chiŵelengero cha ndalama chikakwera chomene. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska kuti charu ichi chikure ni ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuguliska mu migodi kweniso chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa mkuwa pa charu chose. Vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵambe kukondwa na wovwiri uwo ŵapeleka. Pa 20 Janyuwale 2015, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Michael Sata, Edgar Lungu wakathereska mavoti 807,625. == Vya ndale == {{Main|Politics of Zambia}} [[File:Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_National_Assembly_Building.jpg|thumb|Zambia National Assembly building in [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]]] Ndyali mu Zambia zikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya presidental representative democratic republic, apo President wa Zambia ni mutu wa boma na mutu wa boma mu ndondomeko ya vyaru vinandi. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga, ndipo boma na nyumba ya malango ndivyo vili na mazaza. Mu Okutobala 1964, charu cha Zambia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia wakaŵa Michael Sata, mpaka apo Sata wakafwira pa 28 Okutobala 2014. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sata, Vice President Guy Scott, wa ku Zambia uyo wakafuma ku Scotland, ndiyo wakaŵa President wa Zambia. Pa 22 January 2015, ŵakachita chisankho cha pulezidenti. Pa 24 January 2015, wakapharazga kuti Edgar Chagwa Lungu watonda pa chisankho kuti waŵe purezidenti wa 6. Wakawina mavoti 48.33% ndipo wakuluska Hakainde Hichilema uyo wakaŵa pafupi nayo pa 46.67%.<ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/defence-minister-edgar-lungu-wins-zambia-vote-203552285.html Defence Minister Lungu wins Zambia's disputed presidential race]. ''Associated Press'' via ''Yahoo News''. 24 January 2015</ref> Ŵanyake 9 wose ŵakapokera pacoko waka pa 1 peresenti. Mu Ogasiti 2016 pa mavoti gha chalo cha Zambia, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani chakususka chikaŵa na milandu ya upusikizgi ndipo chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) chikakana ivyo chipani cha UPND chikayowoya. Mu mavoti gha 2021 agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 70%, Hakainde Hichilema wakapokera 59% ya mavoti, apo mulwani wake wapamtima, pulezidenti Edgar Chagwa Lungu, wakapokera 39% ya mavoti. Pa 16 August Edgar Lungu wakazomera mu mazgu gha pa TV, kutuma kalata na kuwonga pulezidenti wakusankhika Hakainde Hichilema. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia pa chiphikiro icho chikaŵapo na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa vyaru kusazgapo mulongozgi wa Commonwealth icho chikachitikira ku Heroes Stadium mu msumba wa Lusaka.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=HH SWORN-IN AS ZAMBIAN PRESIDENT ~ |url=https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/hh-sworn-in-as-zambian-president/ |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Further|Foreign relations of Zambia}} [[File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(2).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Edgar_Lungu,_26_july_2018_(2).jpg|thumb|President [[:en:Edgar_Lungu|Edgar Lungu]] with Russian President [[:en:Vladimir_Putin|Vladimir Putin]], 26 July 2018]] Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1964, vyalo vya ku Zambia vikaŵa vyakukhora chomene pakuwovwira maboma gha ku Southern Africa, nga African National Congress na SWAPO. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, Zambia wakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵambura kukolerana. === Military === {{main|Zambian Defence Force}} Wupu wa Zambia Defence Force (ZDF) uli na ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia Army (ZA), Zambia Air Force (ZAF), na Zambia National Service (ZNS). ZDF yili kupangika kuti yikhozge nkhondo. Mu chaka cha 2019, Zambia yikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Further|Provinces of Zambia}}{{Regions of Zambia Labelled Map}}Boma la Zambia lili kugaŵika vigaŵa 10 mu vigaŵa 116, na vigaŵa 156 na vigaŵa 1,281. ; Provinces # [[:en:Central_Province,_Zambia|Central Province]] # [[:en:Copperbelt_Province|Copperbelt]] # [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Province]] # [[:en:Luapula_Province|Luapula]] # [[:en:Lusaka_Province|Lusaka]] # [[:en:Muchinga_Province,_Zambia|Muchinga]] # [[:en:North-Western_Province,_Zambia|North-Western Province]] # [[:en:Northern_Province,_Zambia|Northern Province]] # [[:en:Southern_Province,_Zambia|Southern Province]] # [[:en:Western_Province,_Zambia|Western Province]] === Human rights === {{See also|Human rights in Zambia|LGBT rights in Zambia}} Boma likujipulika makora para ŵanthu ŵakususka panji kuŵasuska, ndipo likuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro pakususka awo ŵakuŵasuska. Malango ghakususkana na ŵanthu ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuyowoya mwakufwatuka kweniso kuti ŵaleke kulemba nkhani.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204181 "Zambia"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013.</ref> Ku Zambia, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakugonana yayi.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |website=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Avery|title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal|url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974|work=Newsweek|date=4 April 2019}}</ref> Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2010, wakalongora kuti pa ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia, 2 pera ndiwo ŵakuwona kuti kugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakuzomerezgeka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biggest Ever Studies on Attitudes to Religion and Morality in Africa Released |url=http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/11763 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070152/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/11763 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |publisher=Newstime Africa}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2019, vikayowoyeka kuti kazembe wa United States ku Zambia Daniel Lewis Foote "wakakhuŵara chomene" chifukwa cha kukakika kwa Japhet Chataba na Steven Samba. Foote wakapempha boma la Zambia kuti liwoneso mulandu uwu kweniso malango agho ghakukanizga kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera. Foote wakasuzgika chomene ndipo wakaleka kuwonekera pa wumba chifukwa cha kuthaskika pa social media.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=US recalls ambassador to Zambia after gay rights row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50901537 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Malo gha Zambia|Geology of Zambia}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ZMB_present.svg|thumb|Zambia map of Köppen climate classification]] Charu cha Zambia chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mphepo yakotcha. Ili na malo ghakukwana 290,587 sq mi ndipo ni caru ca nambara 38 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose, ndipo ni cicoko comene kuluska Turkey. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 8° na 18°S, na longitude 22° na 34°E. Mu Zambia muli milonga yikuruyikuru yiŵiri: Yachiŵiri ni ya Zambezi na Kafue iyo yili pakati, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera. Chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Rukwa, ku Tanzania. Mu chigaŵa cha Zambezi, muli milonga yinandi iyo yikwenda mu Zambia: Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, na Zambezi, iyo yikwenda mu charu ichi kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo yikumalira ku Namibia, Botswana, na Zimbabwe. Mlonga uwu ukufuma ku Zambia, kweni ukuzgokera ku Angola. Mlonga wa Cuando ndiwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, ndipo para wajumpha mu mlonga wa Chobe, maji ghanandi ghakunjira yayi mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mlonga uŵiri ukuru comene wa Zambezi, Kafue na Luangwa, ukwenda mu Zambia. Mlonga wa Zambezi ukukumana na msumba wa Chirundu na Luangwa. Pambere mlonga wa Luangwa undanjire mu maji, ukuŵa mphaka ya Zambia na Mozambique. Kufuma mu tawuni ya Luangwa, Mlonga wa Zambezi ukufuma mu Zambia na kunjira mu Mozambike, ndipo paumaliro ukujumpha mu Mozambique Channel. Mlonga wa Zambezi ukuwa mtunda wa mamita 100 pachanya pa Victoria Falls, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 1.6. Dambo la Zambezi, ilo likwenda mumphepete mwa mphaka ya kumwera, ndakuzika kweniso ndakupambanapambana. Kufumira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Kariba, yikupangika na ma graben ndipo nga ni madambo gha Luangwa, Mweru-Luapula, Mweru-wa-Ntipa na Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ni dambo la chipalamba. Kumpoto kwa Zambia kuli mapiri ghanandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Barotse Floodplain, icho chili pa mlonga wa Zambezi, ndipo chikuzura kufuma mu Disembala m'paka Juni. Cigumula ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili na maji ghanandi mu caru ici ŵaleke kukondwa na umoyo wawo. Victoria Falls Mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa Zambezi na Nyanja ya Tanganyika chikukwelera kumpoto, ndipo chikuwuka mwambura kuwoneka kufuma pa mamita 900 kumwera m'paka mamita 1,200 pakati, kufika mamita 1,800 kumpoto kufupi na Mbala. Malo agha ghali kumpoto kwa Zambia ndipo World Wildlife Fund yikuti ni malo ghakurughakuru gha ku Central Zambezian miombo woodlands. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Dambo la Luangwa likupatura chipalamba ichi kufuma kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri na mapiri vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya chipalamba ichi, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa chipalamba cha Nyika (2,200 m panji 7,218 ft) pa mphaka ya Malawi. Mapiri gha Muchinga, agho ghali pakati pa Zambezi na Congo, ghakukolerana na dambo la Luangwa ndipo ghakuŵa kumpoto kwake. Phiri la Mumpu lili kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo lili na mamita 1,892 (6,207 ft). Mphaka ya Congo Pedicle yikazingilizgika na phiri ili. Mlonga wa Congo uwo uli kumwera chomene ukufuma ku Zambia ndipo ukufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi na kujumpha mu chigaŵa chakumpoto. Mlonga wa Luapula ukwenda kumwera kufuma apo kumanjiliro gha dazi pambere undazgoke kumpoto m'paka ku Nyanja ya Mweru. Mlonga unyake ukuru uwo ukufuma kumafumiro gha dazi ni Kalungwishi. Mlonga wa Luvua ukufuma mu Nyanja ya Mweru, ndipo ukufuma kumpoto kwa nyanja iyi kuya ku Mlonga wa Lualaba (Upper Congo River). Nyanja ya Tanganyika nayo njimoza mwa nyanja zikuruzikuru za mu Congo. Mlonga wa Kalambo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa dambo ili. Mlonga uwu uli na maji ghaŵiri ghatali comene mu Africa. === Climate === {{Main|Climate of Zambia}} Charu cha Zambia chili pa mapiri gha ku Central Africa, pakati pa mamita 1,000 na 1,600. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,200. Nyengo ya ku Zambia njakuthukira, ndipo yikusintha para munthu wakwera. Mu charu cha Köppen, chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili na vyakumera vyamuthondo panji vyamuthondo. Nyengo zikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, nyengo ya vula (kwambira Novembala m'paka Epulero) iyo yikukolerana na chihanya, na nyengo ya chilangalanga (May/June m'paka Okutobala/November), iyo yikukolerana na nyengo ya chiwuvi. Nyengo ya chilangalanga yikupambana mu vigaŵa viŵiri: nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima (May/June mpaka August), na nyengo yakuzizima yakuzizima (September mpaka October/November). Chifukwa chakuti malo agha ghali pachanya chomene, nyengo ya mu charu ichi njakukondweska chomene.<ref>''Spectrum Guide to Zambia''. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. {{ISBN|1874041148}}.</ref>Ndipouli, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi, mu myezi yinkhondi na yitatu panji kujumpha apa, mu mwezi umoza, matenthedwe ghakujumpha 20 °C. === Biodiversity === {{main|Wildlife of Zambia}} {{multiple image|caption_align=left|header_align=center|align=right|direction=horizontal|total_width=500|image1=Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti.jpg|alt1=Rhodesian giraffe|caption1=[[Rhodesian giraffe]] in [[South Luangwa National Park]]|width1=3264|height1=4352|image2=African fish eagle just caught fish.jpg|alt2=African fish eagle|caption2=[[African fish eagle]], the national bird of Zambia|width2=672|height2=673|image3=Barbet-zambian.jpg|alt3=Zambian barbet|caption3=[[Chaplin's barbet|Zambian barbet]], Zambia's only true [[endemic]] bird species|width3=500|height3=375|footer_align=center|footer=}} Mu Zambia muli vyakumera vinandi, nga ni nkhorongo, makuni, na vyakumera vinyake. Ku Zambia kuli mitundu ya vyamoyo pafupifupi 12,505. 63% ya vyamoyo, 33% ya vyakumera, 4% ya bakiteriya na vyamoyo vinyake.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Pali vyakumera vyamuthengere pafupifupi 3543, ivyo ni vyakumera vya mu thengere, vyakumera vyamuthengere, na vyakumera vya makuni. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndivyo vili na vyakumera vinandi. Vipambi 53 pa 100 ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni vichoko chomene. Mulimo wa Flora Zambesiaca uwo Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ndiyo yikulongozga, uli na mazina gha vyakumera vyose vya ku Zambia na vyakumera vinyake vya mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Mu caru ici muli vyamoyo vyakukora nyama 242, ndipo vinandi vya vyamoyo ivi vili mu makuni na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Cingwe ca ku Rhodesia na Kafue lechwe ni vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Lands |date=June 2015 |title=Ministry of Lands Natural Resources and Environmental Protection:United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Fifth National Report |url=https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626142324/https://www.mlnr.gov.zm/?wpfb_dl=77 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |website=Zambia - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources}}</ref> Pali vyakumera vyamuthengere pafupifupi 3543, ivyo ni vyakumera vya mu thengere, vyakumera vyamuthengere, na vyakumera vya makuni. Vyaru vya kumpoto na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ndivyo vili na vyakumera vinandi. Vipambi 53 pa 100 ivyo vili mu charu ichi ni vichoko chomene. Mulimo wa Flora Zambesiaca uwo Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ndiyo yikulongozga, uli na mazina gha vyakumera vyose vya ku Zambia na vyakumera vinyake vya mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi. Mu caru ici muli vyamoyo vyakukora nyama 242, ndipo vinandi vya vyamoyo ivi vili mu makuni na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto. Cingwe ca ku Rhodesia na Kafue lechwe ni vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Zambia.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Historical census population in Zambia}}{{Main|Demographics of Zambia}} Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakaŵa 13,092,666. Ku Zambia kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo kuli mitundu yakupambanapambana 73. Mu nyengo iyo boma la Britain likalamuliranga charu ichi kufuma mu 1911 m'paka mu 1963, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Europe na ku India. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakafumako ku Europe, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia ŵakakhalako. [[File:Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umutomboko_ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Mwata_Kazembe|Mwata Kazembe]] opens the Mutomboko ceremony.]] Pa kalembera wakwamba uyo wakacitika pa Meyi 7, 1911, pakaŵa ŵanthu 1,497 ŵa ku Europe, 39 ŵa ku Asia, na 820,000 ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakaŵa na mitundu yakuwaro ŵakalembeka yayi mu 1911, 1921, 1931, 1946, 1951 na 1956, pambere charu chindaŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira. Kuzakafika mu 1956, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu 65,277, ku Asia 5,450, ndipo ku Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵafipa pafupifupi 2,100,000. Zambia yikulutilira kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana yakucemeka kuti "ŵakutowa" panji Goffal, gulu ilo likupangika na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakufipa ŵa ku Africa na ŵazungu ŵa ku Britain (nyengo zinyake ŵa ku India). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ŵandalembekepo pa kalembera wa ŵanthu kufuma apo Zambia yikapokera wanangwa mu 1964 ndipo ŵalije wanangwa wakuyana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake (ŵazgani: Goffal). Mu 2010, pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalembeka, ŵanthu 99.2% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo 0.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake. {{Graph:Chart|width=350|height=150|xAxisTitle=Year|yAxisTitle=Population|type=line|showSymbols=|yAxisFormat=s|yGrid=|x=1963, 1969, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010|y=3490540, 4056995, 5661801, 7383097, 9885591, 13092666}} Zambia ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababikanga chikaŵa 6.2 mu 2007 (6.1 mu 1996, 5.9 mu 2001).<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Official site of Zambian Statistics |url=http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113144454/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/surveys/zdhs.php |archive-date=13 November 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |publisher=Zamstats.gov.zm}}</ref> === Largest towns === {{Further|List of populated places in Zambia}} The onset of industrial copper mining on the Copperbelt in the late 1920s triggered rapid urbanisation. Although urbanisation was overestimated during the colonial period, it was substantial.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Potts|first=Deborah|date=2005|title=Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and implications|journal=Urban Studies|volume=42|issue=4|pages=583–609|doi=10.1080/00420980500060137|s2cid=154412136}}</ref> Mining townships on the Copperbelt soon dwarfed existing centres of population and continued to grow rapidly following Zambian independence. Economic decline in the Copperbelt from the 1970s to the 1990s has altered patterns of urban development, but the country's population remains concentrated around the railway and roads running south from the Copperbelt through Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma and Livingstone.{{Largest cities of Zambia|class=info}} === Ethnic groups === {{bar box|title=Ethnic Groups in Zambia|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Ethnic Groups|right1=percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Bemba|darkgreen|19}} {{bar percent|Tonga|purple|13.6}} {{bar percent|Tumbuka|darkblue|8.4}} {{bar percent|Chewa|red|6.4}} {{bar percent|Lozi|black|5.7}} {{bar percent|Nsenga|orange|4.3}} {{bar percent|Ngoni|white|4}} {{bar percent|Lala|maroon|3.1}} {{bar percent|Kaonde|darkgray|2.9}} {{bar percent|Namwanga|gray|2.8}} {{bar percent|Lunda (Northern)|tan|2.6}} {{bar percent|Mambwe|lime|2.5}} {{bar percent|Luvale|Violet|2.2}} {{bar percent|Lamba|darkgreen|2.1}} {{bar percent|Ushi|purple|1.9}} {{bar percent|Bisa|red|1.6}} {{bar percent|Lenje|black|1.6}} {{bar percent|Mbunda|orange|1.2}} {{bar percent|Lunda (Luapula)|darkblue|0.9}}{{bar percent|Senga|white|0.9}} {{bar percent|Ila|maroon|0.8}} {{bar percent|Lungu|darkgray|0.8}} {{bar percent|Tabwa|gray|0.7}} {{bar percent|Soli|tan|0.7}} {{bar percent|Kunda|lime|0.7}} {{bar percent|Ngumbo|Violet|0.6}} {{bar percent|Chishinga|darkgreen|0.5}} {{bar percent|Chokwe|purple|0.5}} {{bar percent|Nkoya|red|0.5}} {{bar percent|Other Zambian|black|5.4}} {{bar percent|Major Racial|orange|0.8}} {{bar percent|Not Stated|darkblue|0.4}}}}Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali na mafuko pafupifupi 73, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia pafupifupi 90 peresenti ŵali mu mitundu 9 yikuru: Nyanja-Chewa, Bemba, Tonga, Tumbuka, Lunda, Luvale, Kaonde, Nkoya na Lozi. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake. Magulu ghanandi ngambura kumanyikwa. Kweni ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose iyi ŵakusangika mu Lusaka na ku Copperbelt. Padera pa chiyowoyero, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu Zambia.<ref name="epr">{{cite web |author=GROWup – Geographical Research On War, Unified Platform |title=Ethnicity in Zambia |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Zambia |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=ETH Zurich}}</ref>Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakukolerana na mbumba zawo panji ŵamazaza. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana.<ref>Posner, Daniel (2005). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/institutions-and-ethnic-politics-in-africa/696855CDE1BDD865EA1254D0A3843B82 Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Zambia]. New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref> [[File:Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tribal_Linguistic_map_Zambia.jpg|left|thumb|Tribal and linguistic map of Zambia]] Ŵalendo, comenecomene ŵa ku Britain panji ŵa ku South Africa, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵazungu ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵali kufuma ku Britain, ŵakukhala comene mu Lusaka na ku Copperbelt kumpoto kwa Zambia, uko ŵakugwira nchito mu migodi, mu vyamalonda na milimo yinyake. Mu 1964, mu Zambia mukaŵa ŵanthu 70,000 ŵa ku Europe, kweni ŵanandi ŵali kufumamo mu caru ici. Mu Zambia muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Asia, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku India na ku China. Gulu ili lili na mazaza chomene pa vyachuma ndipo likulongozga makampani. Ku Zambia kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000 ŵa ku China. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵafumamo mu Zimbabwe cifukwa cakuti boma la Zambia likaŵacema kuti ŵambe kulima mu cigaŵa ca kumwera. Mu Zambia muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵafipa na ŵatuŵa mu malo gha ŵanthu wose nga ni masukulu, vipatala, na mu nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakusazgikira cifukwa cakuti Zambia yikukura comene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake ŵakulembeka yayi pa kalembera kweni ŵakuwoneka kuti mbacoko mu Zambia. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika ku United States mu 2009, Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake, ku Zambia kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakakhumbanga malo ghakubisamamo pafupifupi 88,900. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakachimbilira mu charu ichi ŵakafuma ku Democratic Republic of Congo (ŵanthu 47,300 ŵakufuma ku DRC awo ŵakakhalanga mu Zambia mu 2007), Angola (27,100; wonani Ŵangoza mu Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) na Rwanda (4,900). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia ŵakutemwa kupokelera ŵalendo. Kwambira mu Meyi 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku Zambia chikakwera chomene. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zimbabwe awo ŵakakhalanga ku South Africa. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 60,000 ŵakuchimbilira ku misasa ya ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu 50,000 ŵakukhala mu misasa iyi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuchimbilira ku Zambia kuti ŵakagwire nchito ŵakwenera kupempha makalata ghakuŵazomerezga, agho ghangaŵa na mtengo wa madola 500 pa caka.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2009">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2009|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175633/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2009-wrs-country-updates/zambia.html|archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> === Religion === {{Further|Religion in Zambia}} Zambia ni "mtundu wa Cikristu" mwakuyana na dango la boma la 1996, kweni wakuzomerezga wanangwa wa kusopa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska pacanya pa pacanya ŵatatu pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ndiwo ŵakulondezga visopa vyawo, kweni Cikristu ca ku Zambia cikupambana comene. Pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵali mu visopa vya Chiprotesitanti, nga ni Anglicanism, New Apostolic Church, Lutheranism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist Church, na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza pa viŵiri ni ŵa Katolika. Cikristu cikafika mu Zambia kwizira mu mulimo wa umishonale mu cigaŵa caciŵiri ca vilimika vya m'ma 1800, ndipo visambizgo na magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakulongora umo mulimo wa umishonale ukasinthiranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Cikatolika cikafuma ku Mozambique, uko kukaŵa Ŵapwitikizi, apo Cikatolika cikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakacitiranga kumwera. Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1964, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku tchalitchi linyake kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene ku North America na Germany. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi awo ŵakagomezganga mu Baibolo ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita mulimo wa umishonale. Frederick Chiluba, uyo wakaŵa Mkhristu wa Pentekoste, wakati waŵa pulezidenti mu 1991, mipingo ya Pentekoste yikakura comene mu caru cose.<ref name="pentecostal">{{cite book|author=Steel, Matthew|title=Pentecostalism in Zambia: Power, Authority and the Overcomers|id=MSc Dissertation|publisher=University of Wales|year=2005}}</ref>{{Religious affiliation in Zambia}}Mu Zambia muli visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu ivyo ni vichoko. Mu caru ici ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ŵa cisopa ca Seventh-day Adventist pa caru cose. Tchalitchi la Lutheran of Central Africa lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 11,000 mu caru ici. Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova awo ŵakhala mu Zambia kwambira mu 1911, ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 190,000. Ndipo pafupifupi 800,000 ŵakiza pa Cikumbusko ca nyifwa ya Khristu mu 2021. Ŵanthu 12 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Zambia ŵali mu tchalitchi la New Apostolic; ndipo lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.2 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership figures of the global Church as at the end of 2009: New Apostolic Church International (NAC) |url=http://www.nak.org/news/naci-news/article/16710/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.nak.org}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu chisopa chautesi ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene, nangauli ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu misumba. Ŵalondezgi ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 160,000, panji 1.5 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu. Pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu Zambia, pafupifupi hafu Mbasilamu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi Mbahindu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 500 ŵali mu cisopa ca Ahmadiyya, ico ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuciwona nga ni cisopa ca Cisilamu panji cisopa cautesi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbElAQAAIAAJ|title=Some basics of religious education in Zambia|access-date=30 March 2014|year=2007|isbn=9789982073370}}</ref> Paliso Ŵayuda ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Ashkenazi. === Viyowoyelo === TChiŵelengero cha viyowoyero vya ku Zambia nchakumanyikwa yayi, nangauli mabuku ghanandi ghakuyowoya kuti ku Zambia kuli viyowoyero na viyowoyero 73. Ntheura, viyowoyero vya ku Zambia ni 20 panji 30 pera.<ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173">{{Cite book|last=Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson.|title=Speak Zambian Languages: Phrase Book in Bemba, Kaonde, Lozi, Luvale, Lunda, Nyanja and Tonga, all in one|publisher=UNZA Press|year=2013|isbn=978-9982-03-073-1|location=Lusaka, Zambia|pages=1–173}}</ref> {{main|Languages of Zambia}}{{Major language groups in Zambia}}Chiyowoyero cha boma mu Zambia ni Chingelezi, ndipo chikuyowoyeka pa nkhani za bizinesi na kusambizga ŵanthu. Chiyowoyero chikuru ku Lusaka ni Nyanja (Chewa), ndipo chiyowoyero chinyake ni Bemba. Mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt, chiyowoyero cha Bemba ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ndipo cha Nyanja ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bemba na Nyanja mu matawuni. Viyowoyero ivi ni Lozi, Tumbuka, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda, na Luvale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/People |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Chanda, Vincent M., and, Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson. 2013 1–173" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson.|title=The State of Affairs of Cultural Literacy in Zambia's Multicultural Education System. In A. L. Jotia and J. Dudu (Ed.), Multicultural Education Discourses: Breaking Barriers of Exclusion in Selected African Contexts|publisher=Zebra publishing (Pty) LTD|year=2015|isbn=978-99945-84-99-4|location=Windhoek, Namibia|pages=190–204}}</ref>{{Dominant regional languages in Zambia}}Ŵanthu ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni nyengo zinyake ŵakupambaniska chiyowoyero cha ku mizi na cha ku mizi. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bemba na Nyanja mu chigaŵa cha Copperbelt. Cingelezi cikugwiliskirika nchito pa nkhani za boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya makora pa nyumba zawo. Ivi vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Lusaka na misumba yinyake yikuruŵikulu ŵayowoyenge viyowoyero vya ku Zambia. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Zambia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ciphwitikizi caŵikikamo mu masukulu cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.<ref>[http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html Zambia to introduce Portuguese into school curriculum]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208151924/http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/zambia-to-introduce-portuguese-into-school-curriculum-2009041825794.html|date=8 December 2012}}</ref> French is commonly studied in private schools, while some secondary schools have it as an optional subject. A German course has been introduced at the [[:en:University_of_Zambia|University of Zambia]] (UNZA). === Education === {{Main|Education in Zambia}} [[File:Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pupils_at_St_Monicas_Girls_Secondary_School.jpg|thumb|Pupils at the St Monica's Girls Secondary School in [[:en:Chipata|Chipata]], [[:en:Eastern_Province,_Zambia|Eastern Province]]]] Dango la Zambia likuti waliyose wakwenera kusambira mwakuyana.<ref>{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Laws of Zambia |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105357/http://www.parliament.gov.zm/acts/volumes |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |website=National Assembly of Zambia |publisher=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> Dango la vya masambiro la mu 2011 likovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasambirenge mwakuyana. Unduna wa vya masambiro ukulaŵilira masambiro ghapacanya kwizira mu ndondomeko ya masambiro. Cakulinga cikuru ca masambiro mu Zambia nchakuti ŵanthu wose awo ŵakusambira ŵasambizgike vinthu vya thupi, vinjeru, umo ŵangakhalira na ŵanyawo, umo ŵangajipulikira, makhaliro ghawo, na vyauzimu. Ndondomeko ya masambiro yili na vigaŵa vitatu: masambiro ghakwambilira na ghakwambilira (magiredi 1 na 7), masambiro ghaciŵiri (magiredi 8 na 12) na masambiro ghapacanya. Pali mapulogiramu ghakovwira ŵanthu ŵalara kumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Ndalama izo boma likugwiliskira ntchito pa sukulu zikukwera kufuma pa 16.1 peresenti mu 2006 kufika pa 20.2 peresenti mu 2015. === Health === {{Main|Health in Zambia|Healthcare in Zambia}} Ku Zambia kuli nthenda ya HIV/AIDS, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulwara nthenda iyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Comparisons—HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/hiv-aids-adult-prevalence-rate/country-comparison |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Ndipouli, mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca Indonesia caŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS..<ref>{{cite web |title=Children in Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/children-zambia |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Vinthu vinyake vya umoyo navyo vyasintha chomene, nangauli pa caru cose vinthu vili makora yayi. Ŵana awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo mu 2014 ŵakafwanga 398 pa ŵanthu 100,000, kweni mu 2007 ŵakafwanga 591. == Chuma == {{Further|Economy of Zambia}} [[File:Zambia_Product_Exports_(2019).svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Product_Exports_(2019).svg|right|thumb|A proportional representation of Zambia exports, 2019]] Pasono, caru ca Zambia cikuguliska vinthu vya mu vyaru vinyake vyakukwana $7.5 na $8 biliyoni pa caka. Mu 2018, caru ici cikaguliska vinthu vinyake vyakukwana madola 9.1 biliyoni. Mu 2015, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu cikakwera comene kufuma pa 60.5% mu 2010. Ŵakavu ku mizi ŵakaŵa 76.6% ndipo mu misumba ŵakaŵa 23.4%. Pa charu chose, ukavu ukafika pa ZMK 214 (US$12.85) pa mwezi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty & Equity Brief: Zambia |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZMB.pdf |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> Kuŵavya nchito na ŵanthu ŵambura nchito mu matawuni ni masuzgo ghakuru. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vikaya vya ku Zambia ŵalimi.{{Recent Annual Budget Expenditure in Zambia}}Pa vyaru 128, Zambia yikaŵa pa nambara 117 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikalembeka pa 2007 Global Competitiveness Index. Kweni mu 2019 Zambia yikakhira pa malo 19 mu Africa na 120 pa charu chose. Ndipouli, mu 2020 Zambia yili pa malo gha nambara 7 pa malo gha Ease of Doing Business mu Africa na 85 pa vyaru 190. Vigaŵa vya umoyo wa ŵanthu vikulutilira kuchepa, comenecomene pa nkhani ya umoyo uwo munthu wakulindilira para wababika (pafupifupi vyaka 40.9) na kufwa kwa ŵanakazi (830 pa ŵanakazi 100,000). Mu ma 1970, mtengo wa mkuwa ukakhira chomene mu charu cha Zambia. Boma la Socialist likawovwira kuti ndalama zileke kunangika cifukwa cakuti likayezgapo kanandi waka kuti likhazikiske mapulogiramu ghakukhozga vinthu gha International Monetary Fund (IMF). Ndondomeko ya kuleka kuguliska vinthu kwizira mu nthowa yikuru yakupelekera vyakurya na njanji yakuya ku nyanja, yikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na masuzgo ghanandi. Pamanyuma pa muwuso wa Kaunda, (kwamba mu 1991) maboma ghakulondezgapo ghakamba kusintha vinthu vinyake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa vyambura ndalama mpaka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1990. Mu 2007, Zambia yikaŵa na cuma cakukwera comene kwa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri. Kukwera kwa ndalama kukakwera kufika pa 8.9%, kufuma pa 30% mu 2000.<ref name="dos2009">{{cite web |title=Background Note: Zambia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> [[File:Zambia_Export_Treemap_(2014).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zambia_Export_Treemap_(2014).png|left|thumb|Zambia Export Treemap (2014)]] Boma la Zambia lichali kulimbana na masuzgo gha vyachuma nga ni ukuru wa boma, kweniso kusintha nthowa zakwendeskera vinthu vya umoyo wa ŵanthu. Pa charu pali malango ghanandi ghakwendeskera vinthu vya ndalama, ndipo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Ndondomeko za boma izo zikovwira kuti munthu waŵe na malayisensi zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nthowa zakovwira ŵanthu. Ndalama zose izo Zambia yili nazo ku vyaru vinyake zikajumpha $6 biliyoni apo charu ichi chikapokera wovwiri wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative) mu 2000, kweni chikeneranga kufiska fundo zinyake. Pakwamba, Zambia yikagomezganga kuti yizamumalizga ndondomeko ya HIPC, ndipo yizamugowokereka ngongoli yikuru mu 2003. [[File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png|thumb|GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)]] Mu Janyuwale 2003, boma la Zambia likaphalira wupu wa International Monetary Fund na World Bank kuti likukhumba kwambiraso kudumbiskana vinthu vinyake ivyo likakolerana kuti vichitike. Nangauli ŵakakolerana pa nkhani izi, kweni cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito pa malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma, ŵakacedwa kulekeska ngongoli za ŵa HIPC kufuma kuumaliro wa 2003 m'paka kukwambilira kwa 2005. Kuti ŵamalizge ndondomeko ya HIPC mu 2004, boma likanozga bajeti yakukhozga vinthu mu 2004, ndipo likakanizga malipiro gha ŵateŵeti ŵa boma na kusazgirako misonkho. Kukwezga misonkho na kukanizga ŵantchito kusanga malipiro ghakupambanapambana. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu Febuluwale 2004 pa charu chose paŵe chiwawa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090724213759/http://www.eurodad.org/whatsnew/articles.aspx?id=2108 The World Bank and IMF's long shadow in Zambia's copper mines]. eurodad.org. 20 February 2008</ref> Boma la Zambia likuyezgayezga kusintha vinthu vinyake pa nkhani ya ndalama kuti ndalama zichepe. Ntchito iyi yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵa Zambia ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito vinthu vinyake ivyo vili mu charu ichi. Mu Julayi 2018, Pulezidenti wa Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan na Pulezidenti wa Zambia Edgar Lungu ŵakasazgapo mapangano 12 mu msumba wa Lusaka pa nkhani zakupambanapambana kufuma pa malonda na ndalama mpaka pa vyaulendo na udumura..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/turkey-and-zambia-sign-agreements-to-boost-bilateral-ties-19216 |access-date=30 July 2018 |website=Turkey and Zambia sign agreements to boost bilateral ties |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-zambia-sign-12-deals-to-boost-bilateral-ties/1216679|title=Turkey, Zambia sign 12 deals to boost bilateral ties|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> === Mining === {{further|Mining in Zambia}} Vyaka vinandi, chuma cha Zambia chikuthemba pa migodi ya mkuwa. Mu 1998, mulimo wa kupanga mkuŵa ukakhira kufika pa matani 228,000 pamanyuma pa vilimika 30 ivyo mulimo uwu ukakhira cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama, mitengo ya mkuŵa yikaŵa yakukhora, kweniso cifukwa ca kuleka kumanya usange mulimo uwu ucitikenge mwamahara. Mu 2002, pamanyuma pakuti makampani agha ghaŵikamo ndalama zawo, mkuwa uwo ŵakapanganga ukakwera kufika pa matani 337,000. Vinthu vikwenda makora pa msika wa mkuwa wa pa caru cose, ndipo ivi vyawovwira kuti ndalama zinjire comene. [[File:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZM-Nkana-headgear-Kitwe.jpg|left|thumb|The major Nkana open copper mine, [[:en:Kitwe|Kitwe]]]] Mu 2003, vyakununkhira vyakusangika mu vyaru vinyake vikasazgikira na 25%, ndipo vikaŵa na 38%. Boma la Zambia lili kupeleka malaisensi ku makampani gha vyalo vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi gha vyalo vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi nga ni nickel, tin, copper, na uranium. Boma la Zambia likugomezga kuti nikele ndiyo yizamunjira mu malo mwa mkuwa. Mu 2009, ku Zambia kukaŵa suzgo la vyachuma.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110919225012/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5576766.ece Chinese keep low profile to cash in on the slump in Zambia]. The Times. 24 January 2009.</ref> === Agriculture === {{Further|Economy of Zambia#Agriculture}} Ku Zambia kuli vyakurya vinandi ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kusanga ntchito kuluska migodi. Ŵalimi ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Zimbabwe ŵakaŵapokelera mu Zambia ŵakati ŵachimbizgika na Robert Mugabe. Ŵakulima vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, nga ni hona, tirigu, na chizi. Maluso agho ŵakasanga, pamoza na kuweleramo mu vya cuma mu nyengo ya pulezidenti Levy Mwanawasa, ghakawovwira kuti vinthu vyambe kwenda makora mu Zambia. Mu 2004, aka kakaŵa kakwamba mu vyaka 26 kuti Zambia yigeŵetere vyakurya vinandi kuluska ivyo yikaguliskanga. Mu Disembala 2019, boma la Zambia likadumura mwakukolerana kuti lizomerezge kumwa munkhwala wa cannabis pa vilato vya munkhwala na vyakutumizga katundu pera.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia legalizes cannabis, kind of |url=https://thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303193126/https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/zambia-legalizes-cannabis-kind-of |archive-date=3 March 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=thegrowthop}}</ref> === Energy === {{Further|Economy of Zambia#Energy}} {{see also|List of power stations in Zambia}} Mu 2009, Zambia yikapanga magesi ghakukwana 10.3 TWh ndipo yikagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono ya dazi na magesi gha maji. Ndipouli, kukwambilira kwa 2015, Zambia yikamba kusoŵa magesi chifukwa cha vula iyo yikalokwa yayi mu 2014/2015, ndipo maji ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene pa chiziŵa cha Kariba. Mu Seputembala 2019, African Green Resources (AGR) yikapharazga kuti yikugwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakukwana madola 150 miliyoni mu famu ya nkhongono ya dazi ya 50 megawatt (MW), pamoza na chigodobu cha ulimi wa milonga na kusazgirako nkhongono ya tirigu ya matani 80,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zambia-agriculture-idUSKCN1VU0ZU|title=Zambia farm input supplier plans to invest $150 million in farming|date=9 September 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> == Mwambo == [[File:Nsima_Relishes.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nsima_Relishes.JPG|thumb|''[[:en:Nshima|Nshima]]'' (top right corner) with three types of [[:en:Relish|relish]]]] Pambere charu cha Zambia chindaŵeko, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu mafuko ghakupambanapambana. Cimoza mwa vinthu ivyo vikacitika mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikaŵa kukura kwa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakamba kukhala pamoza mu matawuni na misumba, ndipo waliyose wakasambizganga munyake. Kweniso ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya charu chose, chomenechomene umo ŵakavwariranga. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakukhala ku mizi, ndipo ŵanji ŵali kusintha nkharo zawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake mu Zambia ŵakuchemeka kuti 'ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia' apo awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia" chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia wose ŵakuŵako.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{cite book|last=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau.|title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos|publisher=UNZA Press|year=2019|isbn=978-9982-03-105-9|location=Lusaka, Zambia|pages=1–206}}</ref>Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kusangana na kusintha mitheto iyi kuti ŵafiske ivyo ŵakuvichema kuti "thuto la ku Zambia". [[File:African_Art,_Yombe_sculpture,_Louvre.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Art,_Yombe_sculpture,_Louvre.jpg|left|thumb|A [[:en:Yombe_people|Yombe]] sculpture, 19th century]] Ku Zambia, ŵanthu ŵakuchita viphikiro vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita viphikiro na maluso agha pa viphikiro vyapadera, nga ni viphikiro vya kukumbukira ivyo ŵacita, viphikiro vya mazuŵa ghaumaliro, viphikiro vya kuwuskika kwa Yesu, viphikiro vya kuwuskika kwa Yesu, vya kuwombora na kutozgeka, vya kumalizga masambiro, vya kujipeleka, viphikiro vya kugomezgeka kwa Yesu, vya kutora na kutengwa, viphikiro vya nyifwa, vya kubabika, na vinyake.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Nga ni vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, Zambia nayo wakucita viphikiro na maluso agho ghakuvumbukwa na agho ghakuleka kuvumbukwa. Vinthu ivi ni kalendala, nyengo, masuzgo, kuwukwa, kuphalizgana, na viphikiro vya zuŵa na zuŵa. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuleka kuvumbura ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita mwakubisilizga, nga ni awo ŵakwimba Nyau na Nakisha, kweniso awo ŵakupeleka ulongozgi pa nthengwa nga mbanakazi ŵa ku Alangizi. Mu Disembala 2016, boma la Zambia likazomerezga viphikiro vya kalendala 77, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chizamukwera.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> Maungano agha ghakuchitika kamoza pa chaka, ndipo ghakuŵa ku Nc?? wala, Kulonga, Kuoboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, na Lyenya. Ivi ni viphikiro vya ku Zambia. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni: Kuomboka na Kathanga (Chigaŵa cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi), Mutomboko (Chigaŵa cha Luapula), Kulamba na Ncwala (Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha dazi), Lwiindi na Shimunenga (Chigaŵa cha Kumwera), Lunda Lubanza (Chimwera cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi), Likumbi Lyamize (Chimwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi), Mbunda Lukwakwa (Chimwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi), Chibwela Kumushi (Chigaŵa chapakati), Vinkhakanimba (Chigaŵa cha Muchinga), Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena (Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupanga vinthu nga ni viŵiya, vyakuŵikamo viŵiya (nga ni viŵiya vya ku Tonga), vyakuŵikamo vinthu, vyakuvwara, mphasa, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya makuni, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya mino gha zovu, vyakuŵikamo vinthu vya waya, na vya mkuŵa. Sumu zinandi za ku Zambia zikufuma ku viŵiya (na vyakwimbira vinyake) na kwimba na kuvina. Mu matawuni, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kwimba sumu za ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene za rumba za ku Congo, za ku Africa na America, na za reggae za ku Jamaica. === Media === {{Main|Media in Zambia|Telecommunications in Zambia}} Unduna wa vya makani na mawayilesi ku Zambia ndiwo uli na udindo wa Zambia News Agency, apo paliso maboma ghanandi mu chalo ichi agho ghakusazgapo: ma TV, manyuzipepara, mawayilesi gha FM, na mawebusayiti gha nkhani pa intaneti. === Sports and games === Masewera ndi masewera ndizo zikhalidwe za chikhalidwe cha ku Zambia zomwe zimabweretsa anthu palimodzi kuti aphunzire, kukulitsa luso, kusangalala ndi mphindi zosangalatsa. Maseŵera na maseŵero gha ku Zambia ghakukhala na maseŵero gha mpira, maseŵero gha ku malo ghakupambanapambana, netball, volleyball na maseŵero gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha nga nsolo, chiyenga, waida, kubisa, walyako, na sojo. Agha ni maseŵero gha ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha agho ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe paubwezi. Maseŵera ghose agha ghakukolerana na mitheto ya ku Zambia. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchitako maseŵero agha, ghakukondweska ŵanthu kweniso ghakusambizga. Vinyake mwa maseŵero agha ni ghakale comene nga umo viliri na ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Ndipouli, Zambia yikamba kuchitako maseŵero ghakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene pa maseŵero gha ku Summer Olympics mu 1964.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206" /> [[File:Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_Edgar_Lungu.jpg|thumb|[[:en:National_Heroes_Stadium|National Heroes Stadium]] in [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]]]] Zambia yikapharazga wanangwa wake pa zuŵa la kujara maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1964, ndipo yikaŵa caru cakwamba kunjira mu maseŵero gha Olimpiki nga ni caru cimoza, na kufumamo nga ni cinyake. Mu chaka cha 2016, Zambia yikawunganaso ka 13 pa maseŵera gha Olympic. Ŵakapokera mendulo ziŵiri. Ŵakapokera mendulo mu nkhonya na mu maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi. Mu 1984, Keith Mwila wakatora mendulo ya mkuŵa pa maseŵera gha muvi. Mu 1996, Samuel Matete wakatora mendulo ya siliva pa mtunda wa mamita 400. Zambia yindaciteko maseŵero agha. Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha bola, ndipo timu ya ku Zambia yikuŵa na viwemi vinandi. Pa maseŵero gha ku Seoul mu 1988, timu ya charu ichi yikathereska timu ya ku Italy na mavoti 4 ̊0. Kalusha Bwalya, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene pa maseŵero gha ku Zambia, ndipo njumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene pa maseŵero gha ku Africa, wakalemba chiphalizgano ici. Ndipouli, mpaka lero, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti timu yiwemi comene iyo Zambia yikaŵa nayo yikafwa pa Epulero 28, 1993, apo ndege yikawa ku Libreville, Gabon. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni mu 1996, charu cha Zambia chikaŵa pa nambara 15 pa nambara ya FIFA World Football Team. Mu chaka cha 2012, Zambia yikathereskeka kaŵiri pa mpikisano wa African Cup of Nations. Ŵakathereska Cote d'Ivoire na 8-7 pa penalty shoot-out paumaliro, uwo ukacitikira ku Libreville, mtunda wa makilomita ghacoko waka kufuma apo ndege yikawira vyaka 19 kumasinda. Mu chaka cha 2017, Zambia yikapokelera na kuthereska chiphalizgano cha mpira cha Pan-African U-20 African Cup of Nation ku wosewera ŵa vyaka 20 na pasi. Gulu la mpira la azimayi la Zambia, pakadali pano, lachita bwino kwambiri ngati gulu loyamba lochokera kudziko lomwe lilibe nyanja ku Africa kulowa nawo FIFA Women's World Cup, pomaliza gawo lachitatu mu 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations. Kweniso ni nkhonya yakwamba ya pa caru cose ya ŵanthu ŵalara msinkhu. Mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero nga ni rugby, nkhonya, na cricket. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, timu ya rugby ya ku Australia na South Africa yikaŵa na ŵasepuka awo ŵakababikira mu chipatala chimoza cha ku Lusaka. Mpaka mu 2014, Roan Antelope Rugby Club mu Luanshya yikaŵa na Guinness World Record ya malo ghapachanya chomene pa charu chose gha rugby union. Mbiri iyi sono yili na Wednesbury Rugby Club. Mu Zambia, maseŵero gha rugby ndicoko comene, kweni ghakukulirakulira. Pasono ŵakukhala pa malo gha nambara 73 na IRB ndipo ŵali na ŵaseŵera 3,650 na magulu ghatatu. Zambia yikaseŵeranga cricket apo yikaŵa ku Rhodesia. Zambia yikapelekaso shinty international, Eddie Tembo uyo wakababika ku Zambia uyo wakayimilira Scotland mu maseŵera gha Shinty/Hurling ku Ireland mu 2008. Mu 2011, ku Zambia kukaŵa maseŵero gha nambara 10 gha ku Africa. Sitediyamu ya ku Lusaka yikeneranga kuŵa na ŵanthu 70,000, apo ma sitediyamu ghanyake ghaŵiri ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 50,000. Boma likakhwimiska maboma kuti ghaŵikeko mtima pakuzenga malo gha maseŵero agha cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama za boma. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Zambia yikaleka kuchitiska maseŵero gha ku Africa mu 2011, chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama. Mwantheura, caru ca Mozambique cikapokelera ungano uwu. Zambia yikapangaso munthu wakudanga wa ku Africa (Madalitso Muthiya) uyo wakaseŵera mu United States Golf Open, yimoza mwa viphalizgano vikuru vinayi vya gofu. Mu 1989, timu ya basketball ya mu caru ici yikacita makora comene apo yikafikapo pa FIBA Africa Championship ndipo yikamalizga mu magulu 10 gha ku Africa.<ref>[http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html 1989 African Championship for Men], ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</ref> === Music and dance === Chikhalidwe cha Zambia chakhala gawo lofunikira pakukula kwawo pambuyo pa ufulu monga kuwukira kwa midzi yachikhalidwe ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Sumu iyo yikapangiska kuvina ni cigaŵa ca mitheto yawo ndipo yikulongora utozi wa umoyo wa ku Zambia, kwambira na viwoneskero vya matambulara agho ghakuyowoya mpaka ku matambulara gha Kamangu agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakumanyiska kwamba kwa ciphikiro ca Malaila. Kuvina kukuwovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 June 2016 |title=The Unrivaled Zambian Culture |url=http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330174848/http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/ |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=30 June 2016 |website=Ayiba Magazine}}</ref> ==== Zamrock ==== Zamrock ni sumu iyo yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 ndipo yikamba kumanyikwa chomene ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Zamrock yikulongosoreka kuti yikusazga sumu za ku Zambia na ma riffs ghakuwerezgawerezga ghakuyana na magulu, ŵakwimba nga ni Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, Black Sabbath, Rolling Stones, Deep Purple, na Cream. Magulu ghakuzirwa mu mtundu uwu ni Rikki Ililonga na gulu lake Musi-O-Tunya, WITCH, Chrissy "Zebby" Tembo, na Paul Ngozi na Mbumba yake ya Ngozi.<ref name="azambianband">{{cite web |title=We're a Zambian Band |url=http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/were-a-zambian-band |access-date=26 August 2014 |publisher=theappendix.net}}</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035049/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657 WITCH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035049/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657|date=14 September 2017}} on Dusted Magazine (15 April 2010)</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == {{main|Mndandanda wa anthu a ku Zambia}} <!---♦♦♦ Chonde musawonjezere mayina a anthu kuno kuwonjezera pa [[Mndandanda wa anthu a ku Zambia]] ♦♦♦---> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Zambia}} * [[:en:Index_of_Zambia-related_articles|Index of Zambia-related articles]] * [[:en:Outline_of_Zambia|Outline of Zambia]] {{-}} == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> == Wonani vinandi == {{Refbegin}} * DeRoche, Andy, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016) * {{Cite book|author-link=James Ferguson (Anthropologist)|first=James|last=Ferguson|title=Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life in the Zambian Copperbelt|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1999|isbn=978-0-520-21701-0}} * Gewald, J. B., et al. ''One Zambia, Many Histories: Towards a History of Post-colonial Zambia'' (Brill, 2008) * Ihonvbere, Julius, ''Economic Crisis, Civil Society and Democratisation: The Case of Zambia'' (Africa Research & Publications, 1996) * LaMonica, Christopher, ''Local Government Matters: The Case of Zambia '' (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010) * Mcintyre, Charles, ''Zambia'', (Bradt Travel Guides, 2008) * Murphy, Alan and Luckham, Nana, ''Zambia and Malawi'', Lonely Planet Multi Country Guide (Lonely Planet Publications, 2010) * Phiri, Bizeck Jube, ''A Political History of Zambia: From the Colonial Period to the 3rd Republic'' (Africa Research & Publications, 2005) * [[Andrew D. Roberts|Roberts, Andrew]], ''A History of Zambia'' (Heinemann, 1976) * Sardanis, Andrew, ''Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood'' (I. B. Tauris, 2003) {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{Sister project links|Zambia|voy=Zambia}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050619081520/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/ Official government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050619081520/http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/|date=19 June 2005}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032804/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/ Zambia]. ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]''. [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140420184253/http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx Zambia Corruption Profile] from the [[:en:Business-Anti-Corruption_Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Zambia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14112449 Zambia profile] from [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]] * {{wikiatlas|Zambia}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZM Key Development Forecasts for Zambia] from [[:en:International_Futures|International Futures]] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZMB/Year/2011/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zambia] * [http://phys.org/news/2013-03-early-human-fossil-africa-debut.html First early human fossil found in Africa makes debut] {{Zambia topics|state=expanded}}{{Navboxes|list={{Countries of Africa|state=expanded}} {{African Union|state=expanded}} {{Southern African Development Community|state=expanded}} {{Commonwealth of Nations|state=expanded}}}}{{Authority control}} 9sizzgfsqizr34q9j0vqvrrxhse9olf 0 29588 116060 111605 2026-05-30T22:58:57Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language|name=Chimbunda|altname=|nativename=''Mbúùnda'', ''Chimbúùnda''|states=[[Angola]], [[Zambia]]|region=|ethnicity=[[Mbunda people]]|speakers={{sigfig|262,500|2}}|date=2000–2010|ref=e18|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]|fam5=[[Bantoid]]|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]|fam7=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone K|Zone K]])|fam8=[[Chokwe–Luchazi languages|Chokwe–Luchazi]] (K.10)|iso3=mck|lc1=yax|ld1=Yauma dialect|lc2=nkn|ld2=Nkangala dialect|guthrie=K.15,18|glotto=mbun1249|glottoname=Mbunda|glotto2=nkan1238|glottoname2=Nkangala|ELP=5082|ELPname=Yauma}} '''ChiMbunda''' ni ciyowoyero ca ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Bantu]] ku [[Angola]] na [[Zambia]]. Pali viyowoyero vinandi: Katavola, Yauma,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref> Nkangala, Mbalango, Sango, Ciyengele ("Shamuka"),na Ndundu, vyose ivi vikukolerana comene.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref> Chimbunda chikaŵa chimoza mwa viyowoyero vinkhondi na cimoza ivyo Instituto de Línguas Nacionais (National Languages Institute) yikasankha kuti vilembeke mu 1980 kuti viwovwire kusambizga mu masukulu na kukhozga ŵanthu kuti ŵayowoyenge viyowoyero ivi. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220120232451/http://www.embaixadadeangola.org/cultura/linguas/set_lnac.html Resolution adopted by Council of Ministers - Official Gazette No. 3/87 of May 1987]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230419060415/https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/cultura/303519/harmonizacao-das-linguas-bantu-dificultada-pela-fonetica-e-grafia Angola Harmonização das línguas bantu dificultada pela fonética e grafia]</ref> == Kapulikikilo == Mbunda wakuyana waka na Luchazi, kweni wali na mazgu ghanyake ghakupambana. Pakati pa mphambano zinyake, apo Luchazi wali na /s, z/, Mbunda wali na /θ, ð/. Apo Luchazi wali na /ts/, Mbunda wali na /t̪/. === Malemba === Nga ni viyowoyero vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Angola na Zambia, chiyowoyero cha Chimbunda chili na mavowel ghankhondi: {| class="IPA wikitable" ! !Front<br />(unrounded) !Central<br />(unrounded) !Back<br />(rounded) |- |high |i | |u |- |mid |ɛ | |ɔ |- |low | |a | |} === Consonants === Para munthu wakuyowoya mazgu ghakupulikikwa waka, ghakupulikikwa yayi. Mu chiyowoyero cha Mbunda muli waka mazgu ghakuti tenuis:<ref>Tusona: Luchazi Ideographs : a Graphic Tradition of West-Central Africa By Gerhard Kubik, page 300</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Prenasalized consonants !Aspirated !Voiced !Place of formation !Sample !Word Sound !Translation |- |{{IPA|/mpʰ/}} ''mp'' |{{IPA|/mb/}} ''mb'' |bilabial |mbandu |[[File:Mbunda_(mb)_Aspirated_Prenasalized_consonants_word_sound.wav]] |sore |- |{{IPA|/nt̪ʰ/}} ''nths'' |{{IPA|/nd̪/}} ''ndthz'' |dental |ndthzili |[[File:Mbunda_(ndthz)_Aspirated_Prenasalized_consonants_word_sound.wav]] |power |- |{{IPA|/ntʰ/}} ''nt'' |{{IPA|/nd/}} ''nd'' |alveolar |ndolome |[[File:Mbunda_(nd)_Aspirated_Prenasalized_consonants_word_sound.wav]] |brother |- |— |{{IPA|/ndʒ/}} ''nj'' |alveopalatal |njamba |[[File:Mbunda_(nj)_Aspirated_Prenasalized_consonants_word_sound.wav]] |elephant |- |{{IPA|/ŋkʰ/}} ''nk'' |{{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} ''ng'' |velar |ngonde |[[File:Mbunda_(ng)_Aspirated_Prenasalized_consonants_word_sound.wav]] |moon |} == Kulemba == {| class="wikitable" !Graphic Representation !Phonetic Symbol(*) !Word Example !Word Sound !Translation |- |''a'' |{{IPA|/a/}} |''angula'' |[[File:Mbunda_(a)_category_word_sound.wav]] |choose |- |''mb'' |{{IPA|/mb/}} |''mbunga'' |[[File:Mbunda_(mb)_category_word_sound.wav]] |crowd |- | rowspan="2" |''ch'' (used with nouns)<br />or ''c'' | rowspan="2" |{{IPA|/tʃ/}} |''cili'' |[[File:Mbunda_(c)_category_word_sound.wav]] |true |- |''chiyambi'' |[[File:Mbunda_(ch)_category_word_sound.wav]] |hunter |- |''nd'' |{{IPA|/nd/}} |''ndumba'' |[[File:Mbunda_(nd)_category_word_sound.wav]] |lion |- |''e'' |{{IPA|/ɛ/}} |''ewa'' |[[File:Mbunda_(e)_category_word_sound.wav]] |yes |- |''f'' |{{IPA|/f/}} |''fundanga'' |[[File:Mbunda_(f)_category_word_sound.wav]] |gunpowder |- |''ng'' |{{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} |''ngombe'' |[[File:Mbunda_(ng)_category_word_sound.wav]] |cow, ox |- |''ŋ'' |{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |''ŋala'' |[[File:Mbunda_(ŋ)_category_word_sound.wav]] |crab |- |''h'' |{{IPA|/h/}} |''hanja'' |[[File:Mbunda_(h)_category_word_sound.wav]] |outside |- |''i'' |{{IPA|/i/}} |''imanena'' |[[File:Mbunda_(i)_category_word_sound.wav]] |wait |- |''j'' |{{IPA|/ʒ/}} |''jombolola'' |[[File:Mbunda_j_word_sound.wav]] |reveal |- |''k'' |{{IPA|/k/}} |''kovela'' |[[File:Mbunda_(k)_category_word_sound.wav]] |enter |- |''l'' |{{IPA|/l/}} |''lilonga'' |[[File:Mbunda_(l)_category_word_sound.wav]] |plate, dish |- |''m'' |{{IPA|/m/}} |''mulonga'' |[[File:Mbunda_(m)_category_word_sound.wav]] |offence |- |''n'' |{{IPA|/n/}} |''naana'' |[[File:Mbunda_(n)_category_word_sound.wav]] |my mother |- |''ndthz'' |{{IPA|/nd̪/}} |''ndthzita'' |[[File:Mbunda_ndthz_word_sound.wav]] |war |- |''nk'' |{{IPA|/ŋkʰ/}} |''nkuta'' |[[File:Mbunda_(nk)_category_word_sound.wav]] |court |- |''ny'' |{{IPA|/ɲ/}} or maybe {{IPA|/nʲ/}} |''nyali'' |[[File:Mbunda_(ny)_category_word_sound.wav]] |brother or sister-in-law |- |''o'' |{{IPA|/ɔ/}} |''owo'' |[[File:Mbunda_(o)_category_word_sound.wav]] |that one |- |''p'' |{{IPA|/p/}} |''putuka'' |[[File:Mbunda_(p)_category_word_sound.wav]] |start |- |''mp'' |{{IPA|/mpʰ/}} |''mpulu'' |[[File:Mbunda_(mp)_category_word_sound.wav]] |male animal |- |''t'' |{{IPA|/t/}} |''tulo'' |[[File:Mbunda_(t)_category_word_sound.wav]] |asleep, sleepy |- |''th'' |{{IPA|/θ/}} |''thimbu'' |[[File:Mbunda_(th)_category_word_sound.wav]] |time |- |''ths'' |{{IPA|/t̪/}} |''thsa'' |[[File:Mbunda_ths_word_sound.wav]] |die |- |''thz'' |{{IPA|/ð/}} |''thzala'' |[[File:Mbunda_thz_word_sound.wav]] |dress up |- |''u'' |{{IPA|/u/}} |''uli'' |[[File:Mbunda_(u)_category_word_sound.wav]] |where is he (she) |- |''v'' |{{IPA|/β/}} |''vwato'' |[[File:Mbunda_(v)_category_word_sound.wav]] |boat, canoe |- |''w'' |{{IPA|/w/}} |''wahi'' |[[File:Mbunda_(w)_category_word_sound.wav]] |he (she) is not here |- |''x'' |{{IPA|/ʃ/}} |''xwata'' |[[File:Mbunda_(x)_category_word_sound.wav]] |forest |- |''y'' |{{IPA|/j/}} |''yange'' |[[File:Mbunda_(y)_category_word_sound.wav]] |myself |} [[File:Quadro_General_Dos_Alfabetos_Em_Linguas_Nacionais,Angola_1980.pdf|thumb|Viyowoyero 6 vya ku Angola.<ref>História da criação dos alfabetos em línguas nacionais, edições 70 - Portugal (History of the creation of alphabets in national languages, 70th editions - Portugal)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6IiclcXvZNkC&dq=ngangela+mbunda&pg=PA291 Tusona: Luchazi Ideographs : a Graphic Tradition of West-Central Africa By Gerhard Kubik, pages 291]</ref>]] == Ŵanthu == Mbunda yikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa Mbunda mu chigaŵa cha Moxico na Cuando Cubango mu chigaŵa cha Angola na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zambia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref> == Viyowoyero vinyake vimoza == Chiyowoyero cha Mbunda mu Zambia na Angola chikuyowoyeka mwakuyana yayi. Ku Zambia, mino ghake ghakumanyikwa na lulimi, ndipo ghakuyowoya mazgu nga ni agha: "Mundthzindthzime" (mithunzi), "chithzalo" (vwaliro), "Kuthsa" (nyifwa) na ghanyake ghanandi. Makutu ghakusuzga agho ghakwimira TH. Chiyowoyero cha Mbunda mu Angola na Namibia chikuyowoyeka kwambura mazgu gha TH, nga umo vikuŵira mu chiyowoyero cha Luchazi. Nanga ni mu Zambia, ciyowoyero ca Mbunda ico cikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa Chiyengele awo ŵakasamira kunyake, cikupambana na ca ŵanthu ŵa Mbunda awo ŵakachimbilira ku Zambia cifukwa ca nkhondo iyo yikacitika mu 1914. Lekani chiyowoyero cha Chiyengele, icho chikusangika chomene mu chigaŵa cha Mongu, chikuchemeka "Shamuka". Lizgu ili likung'anamuraso chiyowoyero cha Mbunda ku Namibia, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vya Nyemba na Luchazi. == Ma nambala == Kuŵerenga manambara mu chiyowoyero cha Mbunda kukukolerana na manambara ghakumanyikwa chomene. Kuzuzga maji na manambara ghacoko nkhwakusuzga yayi. {{col-begin|width=auto}} {{col-2}} 1 - Chimo. 2 - Vivali. 3 - Vitatu. 4 - Viwana. 5 - Vitanu. 6 - Vitanu na chimo. 7 - Vitanu na vivali. 8 - Vitanu na vitatu. 9 - Vitanu na viwana. 10 - Likumi. 11 - Likumi na chimo. 20 - Makumi avali. 22 - Makumi avali na vivali. 30 - Makumi atatu. 33 - Makumi atatu na vitatu. 40 - Makumi awana. 44 - Makumi awana na viwana. 50 - Makumi atanu. 55 - Makumi atatu na vitanu. 60 - Makumi atanu na limo. 66 - Makumi atanu na limo na vitanu na chimo. 70 - Makumi atanu na avali. 77 - Makumi atanu na avali na vitanu na vivali. 80 - Makumi atanu na atatu. 88 - Makumi atanu na atatu na vitanu na vitatu. 90 - Makumi atanu na awana. 99 - Makumi atanu na awana na vitanu na viwana. 100 - Chiita. 101 - Chiita na kamo. 110 - Chiita na likumi. 111 - Chiita na likumi na kamo. 152 - Chiita na makumi atanu na tuvali. 163 - Chiita na makumi atanu na limo na tutanu. 174 - Chiita na makumi atanu na availi na tuwana. 185 - Chiita na makumi atanu na atatu na tutanu. 186 - Chiita na makumi atanu na atatu na tutanu na kamo. 197 - Chiita na makumi atanu na awana na tutanu na tuvali. 200 - Viita vivali. {{col-2}} 201 - Viita vivali na kamo. 300 - Viita vitatu. 400 - Viita viwana. 500 - Viita vitanu. 600 - Viita vitanu na chimo. 700 - Viita vitanu na vivali. 800 - Viita vitanu na vitatu. 900 - Viita vitanu na viwana. 1,000 - Likulukathzi. 1,111 - Likulukathzi na chiita na likumi na kamo. 2,000 - Makulukathzi avali. 3,000 - Makulukathzi atatu. 4,000 - Makulukathzi awana. 5,000 - Makulukathzi atanu. 6,000 - Makulukathzi atanu na limo. 7,000 - Makulukathzi atanu na avali. 8,000 - Makulukathzi atanu na atatu. 9,000 - Makulukathzi atanu na awana. 10,000 - Likumi lya makulukathzi. 11,111 - likumi lya makulukathzi na likulukathzi na chiita na likumi na kamo. 20,000 - Makumi avali amakulukathzi. 30,000 - Makumi atatu amakulukathzi. 40,000 - Makumi awana amakulukathzi. 50,000 - Makumi atanu amakulukathzi. 60,000 - Makumi atanu na limo amakulukathzi. 70,000 - Makumi atanu na avali amakulukathzi. 80,000 - makumi atanu na atatu amakulukathzi. 90,000 - makumi atanu na awana amakulukathzi. 100,000 - chiita cha makulukathzi. 200,000 - viita vivali vya makulukathzi. 300,000 - viita vitatu vya makulukathzi. 400,000 - viita viwana vya makulukathzi. 500,000 - viita vitanu vya makulukathzi. 600,000 - viita vitanu na chimo vya makulikathzi. 700,000 - viita vitanu na vivali vya makulukathzi. 800,000 - viita vitanu na vitatu vya makulukathzi. 900,000 - viita vitanu na viwana vya makulukathzi. 1,000,000 - likulukathzi lya makulukathzi. {{col-end}} == Mazina na ng'anamuro lake == Mazina gha Ŵambunda nganandi, kweni agha ndigho ghakumanyikwa chomene. Vingapelekeka kwa mwanalume panji mwanakazi, kupaturako viŵiya vichoko waka ivyo ni vya ŵanakazi pera ndipo vyazunulika na (f). Zina mwa mazina gha Ŵambunda ghakuyana waka na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵanyake awo nawo ŵakukhala mu Ufumu wa Luba, nga ni Kaunda, Katongo, Kavanda, Mulenga, Muvanga, Mwila, Kavunda, Kalunga, Muti, Chiinga, Kavalata, Chiti, Nkonde na ŵanyake. Mazina ghanyake agho ghakuyana na gha Mbunda ni Chipoya, Chipango, Musole, Kayata, Ngambo, Kawengo, Kapisa na Musumali. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mbunda ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Lunda na wa Luba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Mazina gha Mbunda agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito kanandi ni agha: 1. Viemba (Vyemba) meaning medicines. 2. Vulungi meaning trekking to new settlement 3. Chendamundali meaning tourist, (vacendamundali-plural). 4. Chalula meaning someone who found (picked) a lost thing. 5. Chambato meaning a bridegroom. 6. Changoco meaning a useless person. 7. Changano meaning an "I don't care" person. 8. Chavaya meaning a destitute person. 9. Chikatu meaning source. 10. Chilala meaning cruelty. 11. Chiinga meaning substitute or substitution. 12. Chiingi meaning the substitute wife from same family as first wife. 13. Chilindo meaning the float of fish net. 14. Chilombo meaning a place where things are put to soak or dye. 15. Chilunda meaning the second born. 16. Chimbali meaning the slave of a white person. 17. Chimbinde meaning a cantankerous person, cruel. 18. Chindele meaning a white person. 19. Chindumba meaning a kind of hair plait. 20. Chingumbe meaning a strong and healthy man. Name of the 14th [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda King]] who ruled Mbundaland in the 17th century in what is now Angola. 21. Chingunde meaning moroseness, sullenness. 22. Chingwali meaning a shackle for the head, a fetter. 23. Chinjenge meaning to be left in hardship. 24. Chinunga meaning an articulated joint. 25. Chinyundu meaning a beehive smoker (to rid the hive of bees). 26. Chioola meaning a quiet person; sober. 27. Chipango meaning the fence built for a woman giving birth. 28. Chipipa meaning to swish or whip through the air. 29. Chipoya meaning a machile or hammock. 30. Chiputa meaning a type of shrub; bush. 31. Chixwaxwa (Chishwashwa) meaning an empty light shell. 32. Chiti meaning wood or tree. 33. Chitumbo meaning a big heap of soil. 34. Chitundu meaning a type of plant with an edible tuber. 35. Chiyengele meaning a red cloth belt. Name of the Senior [[List of Mbunda Chiefs in Zambia|Mbunda Chief]] in Bulozi, declared by King Mulena Mulambwa of the Aluyi people. 36. Chiyengo meaning big barrel. 37. Chuma meaning thing. 38. Kaalu meaning a surviving twin. 39. Kavavu meaning June. 40. Kafunya meaning a presumptuous person. 41. Kafuti meaning the child born after twins. 42. Kailu meaning the child born after five children's death, regarded as a "returned" person. 43. Kaliki meaning the chief's storehouse. 44. Kaliye meaning being lonely. 45. Kalimbwe (vulimbwe) meaning a person using birdlime to catch birds. 46. Kalumbu, for females, meaning a stray person who has lost her good character. 47. Kaliata (Kalyata) meaning a person who oppresses others. 48. Kaliangu (Kalyangu) meaning a kind of jester or masked dancer. 49. Kamana meaning a wise person. 50. Kanjengo meaning white cloth. 51. Kankondo meaning a kind of weasel that eats fowls. 52. Kanjonja meaning a type of gun; flintlock. 53. Kanunga meaning a small joint. 54. Kapatitho (Kapatiso) meaning bolt fastener. 55. Kapitha (Kapisa) meaning a person who refuses to help because he is miserly and stingy or who burns something. 56. Kaxweka (Kashweka) meaning a hidden thing. 57. Kaxukwe (Kashukwe) meaning August. 58. Kathoka (Kasoka) meaning a person who loads the gun; rams the charge into the gun. 59. Kathonda (Kasonda) (vuthampu - vusampu) meaning a kind of coiffure. 60. Katavola meaning a person who tears something apart. Name of the famous 20th [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda King]] who fought and defeated the Chokwe people in what is now Angola. 61. Katota meaning a person who knocks or hammers on something. 62. Katongo meaning a wanderer. 63. Kaulembi (kulamba) meaning a person who goes to appeal for help. 64. Kavindama meaning an unfortunate person. 65. Kavunda meaning a person who smears the concrete floor. 66. Kawengo meaning the spirit of a deceased woman. 67. Kayando meaning a sufferer, trouble. 68. Kayawe meaning a cunning person. 69. Kayongo meaning the spirit of a deceased man. 70. Kathzungo (Kazungo) meaning noise or racket. Name of the 22nd [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda King]] who was installed by the Portuguese colonialists, after abducting [[Mwene Mbandu Kapova I of Mbunda|King Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova]], the 21st [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Monarch of Mbundaland]] in what is now Angola. 71. Kufuna meaning to and fro. (Not Mbunda by origin but used today). 72. Kalunga meaning God. 73. Kuunga meaning to gather. 74. Kuvangu, see Kawengo. 75. Lifuti meaning country. Name of the 23rd [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda King]] and the first to be installed by the Mbunda people after the restoration of the Mbunda monarchy in what is now Angola, since the abduction of the 21st [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda King]] who resisted the Portuguese occupation of Mbundaland in 1914. 76. Likonge meaning a kind of water grass. 77. Liongo meaning a river reed. 78. Livindamo meaning an unlucky village or place. 79. Luvinda meaning hard luck or misfortune. 80. Liwoyo meaning racket, noise. 81. Lumbala is the name of a river in eastern Angola. 82. Liato (Lyato) meaning a big canoe. 83. Liunda (Lyunda) meaning grove. 84. Maamba meaning evil spirits possessing people. 85. Makayi meaning bracelets. 86. Makalu meaning a brave person. 87. Makuwa from (kulikuwa) meaning someone who shouts when rejoicing. 88. Maliti meaning a type of rifle, a single loader. 89. Manjolo meaning tubular anklets. 90. Manyenga meaning a worried person, also means to render fat. 91. Mathambo (Masambo) meaning small wires. 92. Matheka (Maseka), see Makayi. 93. Mathumba (Masumba) meaning crescent shaped medallions. 94. Mbaita (f) meaning please pass, to allow to pass. 95. Mbalili (f) meaning keg, barrel. 96. Mbambale meaning the spinning device used by Mbunda. 97. Mbandu meaning sore. Name of the 21st [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda King]] who resisted the Portuguese occupation of Mbundaland in 1914 in what is now Angola. 98. Mbundi (f) meaning a fetish stick. 99. Mukovoto meaning a talkative person. 100. Mukuve meaning a kind of tree for bark rope. 101. Mukwita meaning a passer-by; to pass by. 102. Mulenga meaning a piece of wood split off a tree struck by thunder and lightning. 103. Mulemba meaning a kind of tree that produces rubber. 104. Mulikita meaning great big-game hunter, also boxer. 105. Muliata (Mulyata), see Kaliata (Kalyata). 106. Mundanya, see Mathumba (Masumba). 107. Mundu (kaundu) meaning medicine rubbed on the body to make it impervious to bullets. Name of the first [[List of Mbunda Chiefs in Zambia|Mbunda Chief]] who migrated to Bulozi in the 16th century. 108. Mundthzimba meaning an ignorant person. 109. Mununga meaning a person who joins things together. 110. Muthando (Musando) meaning millet. 111. Muthangu (Musangu) meaning a resurrected person. 112. Muxova (Mushova) (f) meaning mixed things. 113. Muxuwa (Mushuwa) (f) meaning a tree with little leaves, see mulemba. 114. Muthompa (Musompa) meaning a judge. 115. Muti (chiti) meaning tree. 116. Muvanga meaning a kind of shrub; also means firstborn. 117. Muwae (f) meaning beauty. 118. Muyeva, see Katongo. 119. Muyenga meaning to render fat or beeswax. 120. Muyombo (muxaa - mushaa) meaning a type of fetish stick. 121. Mwila meaning grass. 122. Ndandula meaning he must follow. 123. Ndombelo meaning a young girl who pounds white maize into theke (seke) which is used in ritual offerings (nombelo) to ancestral spirits. 124. Ndumba meaning lion. 125. Ngeve meaning female twins. 126. Ngongola, see Katota. 127. Nguvu meaning male twins; also hippopotamus. 128. Njamba, meaning elder of the twins; also elephant. 129. Nkumbwa meaning ostrich. 130. Nyumbu meaning a type of swamp reed. 131. Nyundu meaning otter. 132. Thakulo (Sakulo) meaning a kind of grass used for thatching. 133. Theke (Seke) meaning white maize meal used for offerings to ancestral spirits. 134. Xanda (Shanda), meaning battle, honey badger. Name of the 22nd [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda King]] who was installed by the Portuguese colonialists, after abducting [[Mwene Mbandu Kapova I of Mbunda|King Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova]], the 21st [[List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom|Monarch of Mbundaland]] in what is now Angola. 135. Wacama, the abbreviation of (waca manene) meaning you like something very much. 136. Wampata meaning an argumentative or stubborn person. == Wonaniso == * [[Mbunda Kingdom]] * [[Mbunda people]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist|2}} == Vyakulemba == * Jacky Maniacky, 1997, "Contribution à l'étude des langues bantoues de la zone K: analyse comparative et sous-groupements", ''Mémoire pour l'obtention du DEA de langues, littératures et sociétés, études bantoues,'' INALCO (Paris - France), 101p. * José Redinha, 1975, ''Etnias e Culturas de Angola'', Luanda: Instituto de Investigação Científica de Angola; reprinted fac-simile by the Associação das Universidades de Língua Portuguesa, 2009, {{ISBN|978 989 8271 00 6}} {{Languages of Angola}} {{Languages of Zambia}} {{Narrow Bantu languages|J-M}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|14|06|44|S|21|26|07|E|source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title}} [[Category:Populated places in Cuando Cubango Province]] [[Category:Populated places in Moxico Province]] [[Category:Municipalities of Angola]] [[Category:Chokwe-Luchazi languages]] [[Category:Languages of Angola]] [[Category:Languages of Zambia]] [[Category:Mbunda languages]] [[Category:Languages of Namibia]] cs6k6qlmb1zli1vg5rsaeyqsy9mdzru 10 32192 116064 116055 2026-05-31T00:02:17Z Xocolatl 11238 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:United States House of Representatives elections in Maine, 2016 results by district.svg]] → [[File:2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine results map.svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) 116064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Testcases notice <!--|toc=on-->}} <!-- {{Test case|_collapsible=yes|_showcode=yes|_title=Test1 |param1|param2|name3=value3|...}} {{Test case|_collapsible=yes|_showcode=yes|_title=Test2 |param1|param2|name3=value3|...}} --> Switcher uses [[MediaWiki:Gadget-switcher.js]] which is documented at [[User:Jackmcbarn/switcher]]. Apart from {{tl|Switcher}}, the only current use of the gadget may be [[Template:Location map#User selection of multiple maps]]. {{tl|Switcher}} can switch between 20 parameters as of 2 October 2016 where the template is unused and may change behaviour or be deleted. It isn't ready for mainspace and it may require a community discussion whether we want such a template. == [[Latin alphabet]] == {{test case|_output=nowiki|_collapsible=y|_titlecode=y|A|1| B | 2 |C|3|D|4|E|5|F|6|G|7|H|8|I|9|J|10|K|11|L|12|M|13|N|14|O|15|P|16|Q|17|R|18|S|19|T|20|default=4}} == [[Sieve of Eratosthenes]] == To find all the prime numbers less than or equal to 30, proceed as follows. First generate a list of integers from 2 to 30: <div class="switcher-container"> <div> Start with all numbers above 1: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30. <span class="switcher-label">Start with all numbers above 1</span></div> <div> Strike multiples of 2: 2 3 <s> 4 </s> 5 <s> 6 </s> 7 <s> 8 </s> 9 <s>10</s> 11 <s>12</s> 13 <s>14</s> 15 <s>16</s> 17 <s>18</s> 19 <s>20</s> 21 <s>22</s> 23 <s>24</s> 25 <s>26</s> 27 <s>28</s> 29 <s>30</s>. <span class="switcher-label">Strike multiples of 2</span></div> <div> Strike multiples of 2 and 3: 2 3 <s> 4 </s> 5 <s> 6 </s> 7 <s> 8 </s><s> 9 </s><s> 10</s> 11 <s>12</s> 13 <s>14 </s><s>15 </s><s>16</s> 17 <s>18</s> 19 <s>20 </s><s>21 </s><s>22</s> 23 <s>24</s> 25 <s>26 </s><s>27 </s><s>28</s> 29 <s>30</s>. <span class="switcher-label">Strike multiples of 2 and 3</span></div> <div> Strike multiples of 2, 3 and 5 (includes 25): 2 3 <s> 4 </s> 5 <s> 6 </s> 7 <s> 8 </s><s> 9 </s><s> 10</s> 11 <s>12</s> 13 <s>14 </s><s>15 </s><s>16</s> 17 <s>18</s> 19 <s>20 </s><s>21 </s><s>22</s> 23 <s>24 </s><s>25 </s><s>26 </s><s>27 </s><s>28</s> 29 <s>30</s>. <span class="switcher-label">Strike multiples of 2, 3 and 5 (includes 25)</span></div> <div> Remove multiples of 2, 3 and 5: 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29. <span class="switcher-label">Remove multiples of 2, 3 and 5</span></div> </div> </div> == Two images in an infobox == {{infobox |image={{switcher |[[Image:PNG transparency demonstration 1.png|center|100px]]|Dice |[[Image:White Stars 3.svg|center|100px]]|Stars }}}} {{clear right}} == [[Syrian civil war]] == {{test case|_collapsible=y |[[File:Syrian civil war situation on 30 October 2013.png|250px]]|30 October 2013 | |9 November 2013 | |18 November 2013 | |16 March 2014 | |19 April 2014 |[[File:Syrian civil war 2.png|250px]]|1 May 2014 | |9 May 2014 | |25 May 2014 | |24 September 2014 | |5 October 2014 | |24 November 2014 | |20 December 2014 ??? |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 02 2015.png|250px]]|1 February 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 03 03 2015.png|250px]]|3 March 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 04 2015.png|250px]]|1 April 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 04 04 2015.png|250px]]|4 April 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 04 05 2015.png|250px]]|4 May 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 06 2015.png|250px]]|1 June 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 26 06 2015.png|250px]]|26 June 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 08 2015.png|250px]]|1 August 2015<!-- Limit of 20 parameters reached |[[File:Syrian civil war 04 09 15.png|250px]]|4 September 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 07 10 2015.png|250px]]|7 October 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 11 2015.png|250px]]|1 November 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 12 2015.png|250px]]|1 December 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 01 2016.png|250px]]|1 January 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 02 2016.png|250px]]|1 February 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war 11-2-16.png|250px]]|11 February 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 03 2016.png|250px]]|1 March 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 04 2016.png|250px]]|1 April 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war April 15.png|250px]]|15 April 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war map, May 2016.png|250px]]|16 May 2016 --> }} == [[Wikipedia:Main Page history]] == <div class="switcher-container"> <div> {| |+ '''2011''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 February 28|28]]|| || || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2011</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2012''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 29|29]]|| || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2012</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2013''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 28|28]]|| || || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2013</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2014''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 28|28]]|| || || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2014</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2015''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 28|28]]|| || || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2015</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2016''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 29|29]]|| || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label" data-switcher-default="">2016</span> </div> </div> ==Div blocks inside parameters== {{testcase table | [[File:Maine Presidential Election Results 2016.svg|250px]] | County results {{col-start}} {{col-2}} '''Clinton''' {{legend|#b9d7ff|40–50%}} {{legend|#86b6f2|50–60%}} {{col-2}} '''Trump''' {{legend|#f2b3be|40–50%}} {{legend|#e27f90|50–60%}} {{col-end}} | [[File:Maine Presidential Results 2016 by Municipality.svg|250px]] | Municipality results {{col-start}} {{col-4}} '''Clinton''' {{legend|#b9d7ff|40–50%}} {{legend|#86b6f2|50–60%}} {{legend|#4389E3|60–70%}} {{legend|#1666CB|70–80%}} {{legend|#002B84|90-100%}} {{col-4}} '''Trump''' {{legend|#f2b3be|40–50%}} {{legend|#e27f90|50–60%}} {{legend|#CC2F4A|60–70%}} {{legend|#D40000|70–80%}} {{legend|#AA0000|80–90%}} {{legend|#800000|90-100%}} {{col-4}} '''Stein''' {{legend|#42CA42|60-70%}} {{col-4}} '''Tie''' {{legend|#D4C4DC}} {{col-end}} | [[File:2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine results map.svg|250px]] | Congressional district results {{col-start}} {{col-2}} '''Clinton''' {{legend|#86b6f2|50–60%}} {{col-2}} '''Trump''' {{legend|#e27f90|50–60%}} {{col-end}} }} <!-- {{clear}} == References == {{reflist}} --> egcot4hl480znuubjzvwtbza896p6ck 0 37570 116062 94078 2026-05-30T23:23:21Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nkhaniiwemi}} {{History of Zambia}} '''Mbiri ya Zambia''' yili na vigaŵa vinandi, kwamba pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa pasi pa [[Britain]] m'paka apo yikafwatukira ku Britain pa Okutobala 24, 1964. [[Northern Rhodesia]] yikazgoka chigaŵa cha Britain mu malo agho sono ni Zambia mu 1888, ndipo yikapharazgika kuti ni boma la Britain mu 1924. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, vyaru vya [[Southern Rhodesia]], Northern Rhodesia, na [[Nyasaland]] vikasazgikana na kuzgoka [[British Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]. Kuzakafika mu 1960, Harold Macmillan, nduna yikuru ya Britain, yikati muwuso wa ŵasilikari ŵa caru ca Africa uli pafupi kumara. Paumaliro, mu Disembala 1963, wupu uwu ukamara, ndipo pa Okutobala 24, 1964, Republic of Zambia yikapangika kufuma ku Northern Rhodesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia Gains its Independence From the U.K. |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/zambia-gains-independence/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=African American Registry |language=en}}</ref> ==Mbili== [[File:Rhodesian Man.jpg|thumb|left|Mutu wa munthu wa ku Broken Hill ukasangika ku Kabwe.]] ===Prehistoric era=== Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura mu Dambo la Zambezi na ku Kalambo Falls vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa malo ghakukhalapo pafupi na maji gha Kalambo, ŵali kusanga kuti ni vyaka vyakujumpha 36,000. Viwangwa vya munthu wa ku Broken Hill, ivyo vikusangika pakati pa vyaka 300,000 na 125,000 B.C.E., vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malcolm Southwood, Bruce Cairncross & Mike S. Rumsey|date=2019|title=Minerals of the Kabwe ("Broken Hill") Mine, Central Province, Zambia, Rocks & Minerals|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|journal=Rocks & Minerals|volume=94:2|pages=114–149|doi=10.1080/00357529.2019.1530038|s2cid=135446729}}</ref> === Khoisan na Batwa === [[File:NsaluCave.jpg|thumb|Vinthu vyakale (kweni vili kulembeka pa malibwe) mu mphanji ya Nsalu, Kasanka National Park ku North-Central Zambia.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Khoisan na Batwa ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Zambia m'paka cha m'ma 300 C.E. apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ŵakafuma ku [[East Africa]] ndipo ŵakamba kukhala kumwera vyaka pafupifupi 150,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Twa ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Kafwe Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na Kafue flat apo ŵa mtundu wa Lukanga Twa ŵakakhalanga kufupi na [[Lukanga Swamp]]. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikalembeka mu miyala vyakale ku Zambia, nga ni vyakujambura vya mu miyala vya ku Mwela, mphanji za Mumbwa, na mphanji za Nachikufu, vikulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalwani. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan, chomenechomene ŵa mtundu wa Twa, ŵakakhalanga pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakaliskanga viŵeto mu charu cha Central na Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Timothy|title=Cultures of the World: Zambia|publisher=Times Books International|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7614-0694-5|location=Tarrytown, New York|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-30|title=Twa|url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/pre-bantu-invasion/twa/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Zambia's Traditional History|language=en}}</ref> ===The Bantu (Abantu)=== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu panji Abantu (ŵanthu awo ŵakung'anamura ŵanthu) ni ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ndipo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na ku Central Africa. Cifukwa cakuti Zambia yili pa mphambano ya Central Africa, Southern Africa, na African Great Lakes, ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Zambia mazuŵa ghano ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu vigaŵa vitatu ivi vikacitika nyengo yimoza. Ntheura, nga ni umo viliri na vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, mbiri ya Zambia yingalembeka mwakudumura yayi. Mbiri yakwambilira ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia yikusangika mu mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya pamulomo, ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale, na mu mabuku agho ŵanthu awo ŵakalembako yayi ndiwo ŵakalemba.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Scott D.|title=Culture and Customs of Zambia|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/scott_d._taylor_culture_and_customs_of_zambia_cbook4you.pdf|publisher=Greenwood Press|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> ====Bantu origins==== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakakhalanga ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 4,000 na 3,000, ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vyaru vinandi. Cinthu ici cikacemeka Bantu Expansion, ico nchimoza mwa vinthu vikuru comene ivyo ŵanthu ŵakasamira mu caru. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kunjizga visulo mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakendanga mu nthowa ziŵiri: yimoza yikaŵa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwizira mu Congo Basin ndipo yinyake yikaŵa ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwizira mu Nyanja zikuru za ku Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bostoen|first=Koen|date=2018-04-26|title=The Bantu Expansion|url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191|isbn=978-0-19-027773-4}}</ref> ====First Bantu settlement==== [[File:Ba-Ila man.jpg|left|thumb|Mwana wa Ila Headman ku Southern Zambia, ng'ombe zikaŵa zakuzirwa comene mu mbumba yawo.]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakiza ku Zambia ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi na kwiza ku Africa. Malo ghakuru gha Ba-Ila. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakutemwa chomene masamu chifukwa cha umo ŵakuchitira. Ŵakafika mu nyengo ya 1 C.E. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Tonga (ŵakucemekaso kuti Ba-Tonga, "Ba-" kung'anamura "ŵanalume") na ŵa Ba-Ila na magulu ghanyake agho ghakakhalanga kufupi na kumwera kwa Zambia kufupi na Zimbabwe. Kuyana na mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Ba-Tonga, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakafuma kumafumiro gha dazi kufupi na "nyanja yikuru". Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ba-Tumbuka nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia na Malawi. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu mizi yikuruyikuru. Ŵakaŵavya mulongozgi panji mulongozgi ndipo ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na kovwirana pakunozga vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵakasamukanga kanandi waka chifukwa chakuti charu chikamba kunangika chifukwa cha kulima vyakumera. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵeto vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene mu umoyo wawo. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ku Zambia ŵakaŵa ŵakujitemwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakumana nawo ŵakakondwa comene na umo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalira. Ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhazikika kumwera kwa Zambia ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira paŵekha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of South and South Central Africa, by H. Frances Davidson.|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37728/37728-h/37728-h.htm#CHAPTER_IXPART2|access-date=2020-10-29|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>[[File:Ingombe.jpg|thumb|Ingombe Ilede yikaŵa malo ghakuguliskirako malonda kumwera kwa Zambia.]] "Usange munthu [wa ku Tonga] wakukhumba vilwero vya nkhondo, kuvina, panji vya mu nyumba, wakuluta ku mapiri na kukumba mpaka wasange visulo. Wakusongonora visulo ivi na kupanga nkhwantha, vyakulimira, na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira. Wakotcha makuni na kupanga makala gha makuni. Viŵiya ivyo wakugwiliskira ntchito ni vikumba vya nyama, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni dongo, ndipo viŵiya vyake ni visulo. Wakuwumba, kuwotcha, kupanga, na kucita milimo yose iyo wakucita".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Ila|url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/early-bantu-settlers/ila/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Zambia's Traditional History|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Batonga women.png|left|thumb|Ŵalovi ŵa ku Batonga ku Southern Zambia. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanakazi ŵakucita milimo yakuzirwa comene.]] [[File:Great-Zimbabwe-ruins-outer-walls-3-1200.jpg|thumb|Vinthu ivyo vikaŵa mu charu cha Great Zimbabwe vikaŵa vyakubisika.]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku malo ghakuchemeka Ingombe Ilede (kung'anamura ng'ombe yakugona mu Chi-Tonga chifukwa khuni la baobab likuwoneka nga ni ng'ombe) ku Southern Zambia. Ingombe Ilede ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene ghakwendeskera malonda gha mafumu gha ku Great Zimbabwe. Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Ingombe Ilede vikaŵa: salu, mphete, golide, na mabangili. Vinthu vinyake vikafuma ku vigaŵa ivyo sono ni kumwera kwa Democratic Republic of Congo na Kilwa Kisiwani, apo vinyake vikafuma ku vigaŵa vyakutali nga ni India, China, na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Ŵapwitikizi nawo ŵakiza ku Africa. Kuchepa kwa ufumu wa Great Zimbabwe, chifukwa cha mpikisano wa malonda kuchokera ku maufumu ena a Kalanga/Shona monga Khami ndi Mutapa, kunatanthauzira kutha kwa Ingombe Ilede.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Origins of trade - Zambia Travel Guide|url=http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1084|access-date=2020-10-28|website=www.zambia-travel-guide.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pikirayi|first=Innocent|date=August 2017|title=Ingombe Ilede and the demise of Great Zimbabwe|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003598X17000953/type/journal_article|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=91|issue=358|pages=1085–1086|doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.95|s2cid=158120419|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> ====Second Bantu settlement==== Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala ku Zambia, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakenda nthowa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ndipo ndiwo ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia. [[File:(Kibango) Luba peoples The Metropolitan Museum of Art.png|left|thumb|Ŵanakazi awo ŵakakhalanga pa mpando (Kibango), ŵakawonekanga na mafumu gha Luba. Mu cikaya ca Luba, mathupi gha ŵanakazi ghakawonekanga nga ni ciŵiya ca nkhongono yauzimu.]] Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Bemba panji AbaBemba ŵali na ubwezi wakukhora na Ufumu wa Kongo kwizira mwa Mwene Kongo VIII Mvemba uyo wakaŵa fumu ya BaKongo, kweni ukaboni uwu ulipo yayi. '''Luba-Lunda States''' [[File:Brooklyn Museum 76.20.4 Lukasa Memory Board.jpg|thumbnail|Lukasa memory board, yikagwiliskirika nchito na mamembala gha Mbudye (bungwe la banthu awo ŵakumanya kusunga mbiri ya Baluba)]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bemba, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Lamba, Bisa, Senga, Kaonde, Swaka, Nkoya na Soli, ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Luba ku Upemba mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Malo agho Ufumu wa Luba ukakhalanga ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakulima na ŵantchito ŵa visulo kwamba m'ma 300 C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasambira kugwiliskira nchito mikwawu, vyakuponyera visulo, kupanga maboti, kujura migelo mu mathipa, na kupanga madamu gha mamita 2.5. Ntheura ŵakamba kuguliska somba, mkuŵa, na visulo, kweniso mchere kuti ŵaguliske vinthu ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Swahili Coast na ku Portugal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Luba ukafuma mu ŵanthu aŵa.<ref name="metmuseum.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm|title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires|access-date=2020-11-07|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-08|title=Luba|url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Zambia's Traditional History|language=en}}</ref> Ufumu wa Luba ukaŵa ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na boma likuru kweniso mafumu ghachoko waka. Chikaŵa na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha malonda agho ghakakolerananga nkhorongo za mu Congo Basin na mapiri gha ku Copperbelt Province, agho sono ghali na vinthu vinandi. Mu ufumu uwu, ŵanthu ŵakazirwiskanga comene maluso, ndipo ŵantchito nawo ŵakazirwiskikanga comene.<ref name="metmuseum.org"/> [[File:Mwata.jpg|thumb|Chithuzi cha mulongozgi wa Lunda, Mwata Kazembe, wakupokelera Ŵapwitikizi mu luŵaza lwa ufumu mu ma 1800.]] Mabuku gha Ufumu gha ku Luba nagho ghakasangika makora. Nkhani yinyake yakumanyikwa ya umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ŵakababikira yikulongosora mphambano pakati pa mitundu yiŵiri ya mafumu gha ku Luba. Nkongolo Mwamba, fumu yiswesi, na Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, karonga wa mtundu wakufipa. Nkongolo Mwamba ni mulongozgi wa nkhaza na wakuloŵera, Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, fumu yakuzika. Nkongolo the red ni munthu wambura nkharo, munthu uyo wakurya pa wumba, wakuloŵera, ndipo wakumanya yayi kujikora, apo Mbidi Kiluwe ni munthu wakujivikilira, wakutemwa nkharo yiwemi; wakurya yayi pa wumba, wakulamulira kayowoyero kake na kacitiro kake, ndipo wakujipatura ku makhaliro ghaheni na viheni vya ŵanthu bweka. Nkongolo Mwamba wakwimira nkhaza, apo Mbidi Kiluwe wakulutilira kuŵa munthu wacitemwa ndiposo walusungu".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luba {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Luba-people|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Lunda houses-1854.jpg|thumb|left|Cithuzithuzi ca nyumba za ku Lunda cakulembeka na munthu wa ku Portugal. Utali wa vipata vikulongora ukuru wa nyumba.]] Mu chigaŵa chenechicho cha kumwera kwa Congo ŵanthu ŵa Lunda ŵakazgoka chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Luba ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa Luba. Kuyana na nthano za Lunda, Chibinda Ilunga, mwana wa Ilunga Mbidi Kiluwe, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba, ndiyo wakambiska ndondomeko ya boma ku Lunda. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Luba, ŵakaŵa mu ufumu wa Luba. Ndipouli, mafumu gha Lunda ghakaŵa ghakupambana na mafumu ghanyake ndipo ghakalutilira kuthereska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi.[[File:Young-awemba-girls-1932-bemba.webp|thumb|Ŵasungwana ŵa mtundu wa Bemba. Ŵanakazi ŵa ku AbaBemba ŵakapanganga na kutozga majuda kuti ŵaŵe ŵakutowa kweniso kuti ŵawonenge kuti mbanthu ŵa mu cikaya cawo.]] Lunda, nga ni boma la Luba, nalo likaguliskanga vinthu ku nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Na muwuso wa Mwaant Yaav Naweej wakambiska nthowa zakwendera ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo wakambiska kukolerana na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga na vyakurya vya mu nkhorongo.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm|title=Kingdoms of the Savanna: The Luba and Lunda Empires|access-date=2020-11-29|website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> Vyaru vya Luba-Lunda vikamara chifukwa cha malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi na ku Indian Ocean kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chokwe, awo ŵakaŵa ŵabali ŵa Luvale ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Lunda, ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga awo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga, kweni ŵakati ŵafumako ku Lunda, ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga. Paumaliro Ŵachokwe ŵakathereskeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kweniso Ŵapwitikizi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Luba-Lunda uparanyike, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakambukira ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Zambia kufuma ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵali kufuma ku mbumba ya Luba-Lunda na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Central Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-08|title=Luba|url=https://traditionalzambia.home.blog/tribes-of-zambia/second-bantu-invasion/luba/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Zambia's Traditional History|language=en}}</ref> '''The Maravi Confederacy'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Azuonye|first=Chukwuma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ejao3vG6nfsC&pg=PA11|title=Chokwe: (Angola, Zambia)|date=1996-12-15|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-0-8239-1990-1|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Nyau-mask.webp|thumb|Mtundu uwu wa visalu vya Nyau ivyo vikaŵa na nthenga zikuruzikuru, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakusambizga mizimu. Zina lake ni Nchawa.]] Mu ma 1200, pambere boma la Luba-Lunda lindambe, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama kufuma ku Congo kuya ku nyanja ya Mweru. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Upemba, Democratic Republic of Congo. Kuzakafika m'ma 1400, magulu agha ghakacemekanga Maravi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵa Chewa.<ref name="Team">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2018-12-26|title=The Maravi Confederacy|url=https://thinkafrica.net/maravi-confederacy/|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Think Africa|language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Kalonga.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chewa ŵali kufuma ku Kalonga (ŵawusi) ŵa Ufumu wa Maravi.]] Mu 1480 Ufumu wa Maravi ukakhazikiskika na Kalonga (mkulu wa Maravi) kufuma ku phiri clans umoza mwa mafuko ghakuru na ghanyake agho ni Banda, Mwale na Nkhoma. Ufumu wa Maravi ukaŵa kufuma ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean na kujumpha mu charu icho sono ni Mozambique m'paka ku Zambia na vigaŵa vinandi vya Malawi. Gulu la ndyali la ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi likaŵa nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Luba ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakafuma ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵakacitanga na kutumizga visulo. Mu 1590 C.E., Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵatore malonda gha ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi ku Lundu ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo ŵakachita ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵasilikari ŵa WaZimba. Ŵa WaZimba ŵakathereska matawuni gha Tete, Sena, na matawuni ghanyake gha ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Ŵamaravi ndiwo ŵakiza na mitheto iyo yikazgoka gulu lakubisika la Nyau kufuma ku Upemba. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ndiwo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Maravi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nyau ŵakutemwa kuvina na visalu ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Maravi ŵakamba kusuzgika chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa mtundu uwu, kuwukira kwa Ŵangoni, na kuwukira kwa ŵazga kufuma ku Yao.<ref name="Team"/><ref name="Team" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Maptia|title=The Secret Cult of Nyau Dancers|url=https://maptia.com/vlad_sokhin/stories/the-secret-cult-of-nyau-dancers|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Maptia|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Team" /> '''Ufumu wa Mutapa na Mfecane''' [[File:Ngoni Chiefs.jpg|thumb|Ŵalongozgi ŵatatu ŵa Ŵangoni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ngoni ŵakiza ku Eastern Zambia kufuma ku KwaZulu ku South Africa. Paumaliro ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.]] Apo caru ca Great Zimbabwe cikaŵa mu suzgo. Yumoza wa ŵakaronga ŵake, Nyatsimba Mutota, wakafumako ku ufumu uwu na kupanga ufumu uphya wakucemeka Mutapa. Mwene Mutapa, kung'anamura "Wakupankhura Vyaru", ndiyo wakapika zina ili pamoza na mafumu ghanyake agho ghakiza pamanyuma pake. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaŵa pakati pa milonga ya Zambezi na Limpopo, mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Zimbabwe, na Mozambique. Mu nyengo iyi, Mutapa wakaŵa kuti wapoka chigaŵa cha Dande ku Tonga na Tavara. Ufumu wa Mutapa ukaguliskanga vinthu mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean na ŵanthu ŵa ku Swahili. Ŵakafumiskanga golide na njovu mu vyaru vya ku Asia.<ref name="Mutapa" /> Nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga ku Maravi, Mutapa nayo wakasuzgika na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal. Ubwezi wawo ukafika pachanya apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezga kuti ŵajinthe vinthu vya mu ufumu wawo. Ivi vikakwiyiska chomene Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Swahili awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu. Ivi vikawovwira kuti Ŵapwitikizi ŵambe kuwukira ufumu wa Eguputo na kuwukira migodi ya golide na misewu yakufumira ku vigaŵa vya ku Eguputo. Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathera chifukwa cha matenda agho ghakawira mu mlonga wa Zambezi. Mu ma 1600, mphindano za mukati na nkhondo za mukati zikapangiska kuti Mutapa waleke kwenda makora. Paumaliro, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakathereska ufumu uwu, ndipo pamasinda ŵakawukira maufumu ghanyake gha Ŵashona.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mwene Matapa {{!}} historical dynastic title, southern Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mwene-Matapa|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mutapa">{{Cite web|title=Mutapa|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/|access-date=2021-01-01|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mutapa|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Mutapa/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref>[[File:Litunga.jpg|thumb|left|Mu nyumba ya Litunga, muwusi wa Lozi. Chifukwa cha kututuka kwa maji mu mlonga wa Zambezi, Litungga wali na nyumba ziŵiri zacifumu. Ŵakuchita viphikiro vya ku Kuomboka pakukumbukira kuti Litunga wakaluta ku malo ghapacanya]] Julian Cobbing wakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga kweniso awo ŵakayezganga kuti ŵajikorenge vinthu mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa, ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhondo. Ici tingaciwona na nkhondo ya WaZimba iyo yikacitika mu Maravi, iyo yikati yatonda Ŵapwitikizi, yikalutilira kuŵa ya nkhondo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Rozvi, uwo ukaŵa wa Mutapa, uŵeko. Mulongozgi wa mafuko gha Rozvi, Changamire Dombo, wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵankhongono comene mu South-Central Africa. Mu muwuso wake, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Rozvi ŵakathereska Ŵapwitikizi na kuŵachimbizga ku malo agho ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rozwi {{!}} historical state, Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rozwi-historical-state-Africa|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Makishi.jpg|thumb|Ŵakuwona kuti mu malo ghanyake ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zambia, muli makishi agho ghakwimira mizimu ya ŵakufwa awo ŵakuwelera kuti ŵawovwire ŵamoyo]] Kweni ciyelezgero cakumanyikwa comene pa nkhani iyi nchakuti Ŵazulu ŵakamba kulamulira na Shaka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cape ŵakamba kuŵasuzga chomene ndipo Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵazulu ŵakasazgikiranga mwa kupokelera ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa mafuko agho ŵakathereska. Usange ŵanalume ŵa mafuko agha ŵakapona, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa za ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵazulu kuti ŵawukire mafuko ghanyake. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo, nkhondo na kuwukira mu vyaru vya kumwera, pakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanguni awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Zwagendaba ŵakambuka mlonga wa Zambezi kulazga kumpoto. Ŵangoni ndiwo ŵakakoma ufumu wa Maravi uwo ukaŵa kuti wanangika kale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nguni ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, na Tanzania, ndipo ŵakakolerana na mitundu yinyake iyo yikaŵa pafupi.<ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history"/><ref name="Mfecane {{!}} African history">{{Cite web|title=Mfecane {{!}} African history|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mfecane|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Ku Western Zambia, gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵakukhala ku Sotho-Tswana ŵakuchemeka Kololo, ŵakathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakafuma ku charu cha Luba na Lunda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Luyana ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wa Barotse pa malo agho mukaŵa maji gha Zambezi ŵakati ŵafika kufuma ku Katanga. Mu nyengo ya Kololo, chiyowoyero cha Kololo chikapelekeka ku Luyana m'paka apo Luyana wakagalukira na kuwuskapo Kololo. Pa nyengo iyi chiyowoyero cha Luyana chikaluwa ndipo chiyowoyero chiphya cha hybrid chikawoneka. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵambunda ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku Barotseland, Mongu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Aluyi na mulongozgi wawo, Litunga Mulambwa, ŵakazirwiskanga comene Mbunda cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kurwa nkhondo. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Zambia ŵakakhala mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵakukhala sono.<ref>'' The elites of Barotseland, 1878–1969: a political history of Zambia's Western Province'': a. Gerald L. Caplan, C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd, 1970, {{ISBN|978-0-900966-38-5}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140411045127/http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/zonek.html Bantu-Languages.com], citing Maniacky 1997</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lozi {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lozi|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> ==Colonial period== [[Image:CecilRhodes.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Cecil Rhodes]].]] {{main|Northern Rhodesia}} Mu 1888, Cecil Rhodes, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa vyamalonda na ndyali ku Central Africa, wakapokera wanangwa wa kusanga migodi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku malo agha. Mu caka cenecici, vyaru vya Northern na Southern Rhodesia, ivyo sono ni Zambia na Zimbabwe, vikapharazgika kuti ni vyaru vya Britain. Pakwamba, malo agha ghakaŵa gha British South Africa Company (BSAC) ya ku Rhodes, iyo yikakhumbanga yayi kuwona chigaŵa ichi. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe na ndalama zinandi cikaŵa mkuŵa. Munthu munyake wa ku America, zina lake Frederick Russell Burnham, ndiyo wakabowozga vinthu ivi. Mu 1895, wakadangilira na kulaŵilira mulimo ukuru wa Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. uwo ukalongora kuti mu Central Africa mukaŵa mkuŵa. Pa mlonga wa Kafue, uwo ukaŵa ku Northern Rhodesia, Burnham wakawona kuti malo agha ghakupambana na malo ghanyake gha mkuwa agho wakagwirapo nchito ku United States. Mu 1923, boma la Britain likakana kuwezgerapo wanangwa wa kampani iyi. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca Southern Rhodesia cikapokelereka na kuŵa na mazaza mu 1923. Pamanyuma pa kudumbiskana, boma la Northern Rhodesia likapelekeka ku ofesi ya British Colonial Office mu 1924 nga ni malo ghakulongozga, ndipo Livingstone wakaŵa msumba ukuru. Mu 1935, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ŵakaluta nawo ku Lusaka. Wupu wakulongozga ukaŵapo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵankhondi ŵakasankhika na ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa ŵachoko (ŵanthu 4,000 pera).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Walubita|first=Moses|date=September 8, 2015|title=Lusaka has come a long way|work=Zambia dailymail|url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/lusaka-come-long-way/|access-date=June 1, 2021}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Zambia - Colonial rule {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Colonial-rule |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Flag of Northern Rhodesia (1939–1964).svg|thumb|200px|left|Mbendela ya [[Northern Rhodesia]].]] Mu 1928, ŵanthu ŵakasanga mkuŵa unandi chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Ici cikapangiska kuti caru ca Northern Rhodesia cileke kuŵa malo agho ŵalimi ŵazungu ŵakakhalanga. Kuzakafika mu 1938, charu ichi chikapanganga mkuwa wakukwana 13% pa charu chose. Gulu ili likapangika na makampani ghaŵiri: Anglo American Corporation (AAC) na South African Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST), agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa gulu ili m'paka apo likapokera wanangwa. Cifukwa cakuti ŵaganyu ŵakakhalanga makora yayi kweniso misonkho yikakwera, mu 1935, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba kugwentha migodi. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakalekeska ntchito iyi ndipo ŵanthu 6 ŵakakomeka. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, mu 1940, ŵantchito ŵa mu migodi ŵakaleka kugwira ntchito. Pakumanya kuti vinthu ivyo ŵakapanga vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene pa nkhondo, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapike malipiro ghanandi. Ŵaganyu ŵa ku Africa ŵakalondezgapo.[[File:Rodésia e Niassalândia 32.jpg|thumb|Sitampu iyo yili na cithuzithuzi ca Fumukazi Elizabeth II, 1955]] Nanga ni apo nkhondo yikaŵa kuti yindambe, pakaŵa kudumbiskana vya kunjizga ma Rhodesia ghaŵiri agha, kweni boma la Britain likalekeska. Paumaliro, mu 1953, vyaru vyose viŵiri ivi vikasazgikana na Nyasaland (sono ni Malawi) na kupanga Central African Federation. <ref>{{Cite book |jstor=j.ctv6mtdm4.10 |jstor-access=free |chapter=The Politicization of Black Labor |last1=Parpart |first1=Jane L. |last2=Freund |first2=Bill |title=Labor and Capital on the African Copperbelt |year=1983 |pages=54–74 |publisher=Temple University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv6mtdm4.10 }}</ref>Ku Northern Rhodesia ndiko kukaŵa masuzgo ghanandi agho ghakaŵapo mu vyaka vyaumaliro vya wupu uwu. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachiteko vinthu mu boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakawopanga kuti ŵalutilirenge kulamulira.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.nws.gov.zm/?page_id=4385|last=Provincial administration}}</ref> Pa vigaŵa viŵiri, mu Okutobala na Disembala 1962, pakaŵa mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa mu wupu wakulamulira. Pa 31 Disembala, 1963, chiphapha ichi chikamara, ndipo Northern Rhodesia yikazgoka Republic of Zambia pa 24 Okutobala, 1964.<ref name="britannica.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Southern Africa - European and African interaction in the 19th century {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Southern-Africa/European-and-African-interaction-in-the-19th-century |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com" /> ==Kujiyimila== [[Image:Zambia Ind000.jpg|thumb|130px|right|A book published by the government upon independence.]] Apo Zambia wakapokera wanangwa wake, wakaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi. Pa caru cose, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ŵa ku Zambia awo ŵakasambizgika makora ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵakwenelera kwendeska boma. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vili kufupi na Zambia vikaŵa vyakulongozgeka na ŵazungu. Chipani cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) chikapambana pa mavoti agho ghakachitika pambere charu chindambe kujiyimira, ndipo chikapokera vithuzithuzi 55 pa vithuzithuzi 75. Chipani cha African National Congress cha ku Zambia chikapokera vithuzithuzi 10, ndipo chipani cha National Progressive Party chikapokera vithuzithuzi vyose 10 ivyo vikaŵa vya ŵazungu. Kenneth Kaunda wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru, ndipo pamasinda mu chaka chenechicho wakaŵa pulezidenti. Kaunda wakapulikira fundo ya wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Africa, yakuyana na ya Julius Nyerere wa ku Tanzania. Ndondomeko za vya cuma zikaghanaghaniranga comene vya kunozga vyaru, ndipo boma likakhazikiskanga cipani cimoza.<ref>There were only eight indigenous Graduates in the country at Independence</ref><ref name="elections">{{cite web | url = http://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html | title = Elections in Zambia | publisher = African Elections Database | access-date = 2006-10-11 }}</ref> === Kuyana na muwuso wa chipani cimoza === Mu 1968, Kaunda wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti. Mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, Zambia yikamba kulamulira na cipani cimoza. Mu 1972, magulu ghose gha ndyali, kupaturako UNIP, ghakazomerezgeka yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe boma la chipani chimoza ilo likuŵa na wanangwa wakuwungana. Chikaŵa na pulezidenti wankhongono na wupu wa National Assembly. Komiti Yikuru ya UNIP ndiyo yikapanganga fundo za boma. Boma likalondezganga fundo za komiti yikuru. Pa maungano gha boma, ŵanthu ŵekha awo ŵakasankhika na UNIP ndiwo ŵakazomerezgekanga. Nangauli pakaŵavya mphindano pakati pa vipani, kweni ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana chomene kuti ŵatore malo mu UNIP. Pa mavoti gha pulezidenti, munthu yekha uyo wakazomerezgekanga kwimilira wakaŵa uyo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa UNIP pa ungano ukuru wa chipani. Ntheura Kaunda wakasankhikaso mu 1973, 1978, 1983, na 1988 kwambura kususkika.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1973-12-07 |title=Kaunda, Unopposed, Re‐elected Zambian President for 3d Term |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/07/archives/kaunda-unopposed-reelected-zambian-president-for-3d-term-antikaunda.html |access-date=2022-05-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[File:Chisembele, S.M..jpg|thumb|right|100px|S.M. Chisembele, Nduna ya Western Province.]] Ndipouli, ici cikang'anamuranga kuti pakaŵavya kususkana na dango la chipani cimoza mu caru panji mukati mwa UNIP. Sylvester Mwamba Chisembele uyo wakaŵa nduna ya Western Province (kale yikaŵa Barotse Province) pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa UNIP kufuma ku vigaŵa 7 pa vigaŵa 8 ŵakakhazikiska komiti ya ŵanthu 14. Cakulinga ca Komiti ya 14 iyo yikaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri kufuma mu vigaŵa vyose 7 cikaŵa cakuti paŵe wupu wa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri kufuma mu chigaŵa chilichose. Usange ivi vicitikenge, mphanyi nkhongono zose izo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakaŵa nazo zikamara. Komiti ya 14 yikaluta ku ungano ku State House uko Pulezidenti Kaunda wakazomera kughanaghanira fundo zawo. Ndipouli, pamasinda wakazomerezga yayi kuti Komiti ya 14 yiŵepo, ndipo Sylvester Chisembele wakathereskeka. Pamanyuma Chisembele wakaweleraso ku nduna ya vyaru nga nduna yakuwona vya chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka viŵiri mu 1977 wakasamukira ku chigaŵa cha Copperbelt uko vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi, chomenechomene chifukwa cha mavoti agho ghakaŵa pafupi kuchitika. Simon M. Kapwepwe na Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula, awo pambere boma la chipani chimoza lindambe kulamulira, ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa UPP na ANC. Ndipouli, chiyezgo chawo cha kupempha Pulezidenti Kaunda kuti waŵe pulezidenti pa tikiti ya UNIP chikatondeka cifukwa wose ŵakakanizgika na kulekeskeka cifukwa ca ivyo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakacita. Simon Kapwepwe na Harry Nkumbula ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika mu 1978 apo Pulezidenti Kaunda wakasankhika ku Khoti Likuru, kweni ivyo ŵakachita vikaŵa vyambura phindu.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Zambia Daily Mail|date=21 April 1971}}</ref> === Chuma na suzgo la mkuŵa === Pamanyuma pakuti Zambia wapokera wanangwa wake, wakamba kulondezga fundo za ku mphepete. Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikendanga makora yayi. Makampani ghanyake ghakaŵa gha boma ndipo ghakazgoka mabungwe ghakurughakuru gha boma. Boma likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵafiske ivyo likukhumba kwizira mu vyakurya ivyo likaguliskanga. Pakwamba, vyose vikenda makora ndipo chuma chikakura. Kweni pakati pa ma 1970, vinthu vikamba kunangika chomene. Mu nyengo ya pakati pa 1975 na 1990, chuma cha Zambia chikakhira na 30%. Kuti ŵamarane na suzgo ili, Zambia yikatora ngongoli zinandi kufuma ku International Monetary Fund na World Bank mu cigomezgo cakuti mtengo wa mkuwa ukwelerengeso mwaluŵiro, m'malo mwa kusintha vinthu.<ref name="EconomyDrop">{{cite web | url = http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/dc/back/econ.htm | title = Zambia - Economic History | publisher = Biz/ed | access-date = 2006-10-11 }}</ref> === Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake === Pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵa mu Zambia ŵakakolerana na awo ŵakususka muwuso wa ŵazungu. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, wupu uwu ukawovwira magulu nga ni National Unions for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Angola na nkhondo ya pawenenawene, Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) mu Southern Rhodesia, na African National Congress (ANC) mu kulimbana kwawo na apartheid mu South Africa, na South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) mu kulimbana kwawo kuti Namibia yipoke wanangwa. Kweniso ku Zambia ndiko kukachitika maungano ghanyake. Mwaciyelezgero, ofesi yikuru ya ANC yikaŵa ku Lusaka, ndipo ZAPU yikaŵa na msasa wa ŵasilikari mu Zambia. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo gha vyaumoyo, cifukwa caru ca South Africa na Southern Rhodesia vikapoka vinthu mu Zambia. Ntchito za ku Rhodesia zakususkana na chigaluka zikafika mu Zambia pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵa Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) ŵakakoma ndege ziŵiri za Vickers Viscount (Air Rhodesia Flight 825 pa 3 September 1978 na Air Rhodesia Flight 827 pa 12 February 1979) na mabomba gha SA-7 gha Soviet. Pakuwezgera cifukwa ca kuwombera ndege ya 825 mu Seputembala 1978, mawupu gha Rhodesian Air Force ghakawukira gulu la ZIPRA pa famu ya Westlands kufupi na Lusaka mu Okutobala 1978, kuchenjezga ŵasilikari ŵa Zambia pa wayilesi kuti ŵaleke kunjilirapo. Nkhondo izo zikacitika na caru ca Rhodesia zikapangiska kuti mphaka za Zambia na caru ici zijarike. Ndipouli, siteshoni ya Kariba iyo yili pa Mlonga wa Zambezi, yikaŵa na magesi ghakukwana kuti charu chiŵe na magesi. TAZARA, njanji yakuya ku dowoko la ku Tanzania la Dar es Salaam, iyo yikazengeka na wovwiri wa ku China, yikawovwira kuti Zambia yileke kuthemba njanji iyo yikendanga kumwera kwa South Africa na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Angola. Nkhondo za mukati mu caru ca Mozambique na Angola zikacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵacimbilire ku Zambia. Ku vyaru vinyake, Zambia wakaŵa yumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikukolerana yayi (Non-Aligned Movement, NAM), ndipo mu 1970 ku Lusaka kukacitika ungano wa ŵalara ŵa vyaru. Kenneth Kaunda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa gulu ili mu 1970-1973. Pakati pa vyaru vya NAM, Zambia yikaŵa pafupi comene na Yugoslavia. Kuwaro kwa NAM, Zambia nayo wakaŵa paubwezi na China. Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo, Zambia yikawovwira Zimbabwe na Congo kweni yikaŵapo yayi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Republic of Zambia|url=https://www.szi.gov.zm/epamodzi/?page_id=4561|website=Republic of Zambia e-Pamodzi portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RESOLUTIONSOF THETHIRD CONFERENCE OF NON-ALIGNED STATES With Selected Conference Statements and Comments|url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/SAIIA_RESOLUTIONS_OF_THE_THIRD_CONFERENCE_OF_NON-ALIGNED_STATES.pdf|date=1970|website=Africaportal.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Rhodesian War: A Military History |last1=Moorcraft |first1=Paul L. |author-link1=Paul Moorcraft |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter McLaughlin |date=2008 |orig-year=1982 |location=Barnsley |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]] |isbn=978-1-84415-694-8 |pages=140–143}}</ref> == Ndondomeko ya vipani vinandi == === Umaliro wa muwuso wa chipani chimoza === Ŵanthu ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca muwuso wa chipani cimoza ndiposo suzgo la cuma. Mu 1981, mu caru cose mukacitika viwawa vinandi. Boma likakaka ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa wupu uwu, kusazgapo Frederick Chiluba. Mu 1986 na 1987, ku Lusaka na ku Copperbelt kukaŵaso viwawa. Ivi vikalondezgana na vivulupi ivyo vikacitika mu 1990 cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mtengo wa vyakurya. Mu chaka chenechicho, wayilesi ya boma yikati Kaunda walekeskeka na ŵasilikari. Ici cikaŵa cautesi, ndipo ciyezgo ca kuwukira boma ku Zambia mu 1990 cikatondeka. Kaunda wakawona kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kusintha vinthu. Iyo wakalayizga kuti wazamunozga vyaru vinandi ndipo wakalekeska vyaru ivyo vikazomerezgekanga yayi. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe vipani viphya 11. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵakumanyikwa comene ni Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Frederick Chiluba, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa vyamalonda. Pamanyuma pakuti maboma ghaphya ghakanjilirapo, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga yayi kuti paŵe mavoti gha vipani vinandi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=Kenneth Kaunda: The dove which triumphed over hawks and vultures, By Owei Lakemfa |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/472583-kenneth-kaunda-the-dove-which-triumphed-over-hawks-and-vultures-by-owei-lakemfa.html |access-date=2022-05-26 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Frederick Chiluba na MMD=== Paumaliro, mu 1991, ŵakalemba dango liphya la boma. Ŵanthu ŵakatenge mavoti agha nga wanangwa kweniso ngaurunji, ndipo Chiluba wakapokera 76% ya mavoti gha pulezidenti. Nangauli Chiluba wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa vyachuma, kweni wakaŵa ku woko lamalyero la Kaunda. Na wovwiri wa International Monetary Fund na World Bank, uko Zambia wakaŵa na ngongoli zinandi, wakawoneseska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu vyaru vyawo mwa kukanizga boma kunjilirapo, kuwoneseska kuti mabungwe gha boma ghawelere ku maboma ghawo, nga ni vyamkuŵa, na kuwuskapo wovwiri pa vinthu vyakupambanapambana, comenecomene tirigu. Apo boma la chipani cimoza likamara mu 1991, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti Zambia yizamuŵa na demokilase. Ndipouli, ivyo ŵakaghanaghananga vikaŵa vyambura kupulikikwa chifukwa cha umo MMD yikachitira na ŵakususka. Vinthu vyakukayikiska ivyo vikachitika pa nkhani ya kusintha malango na kukaka ŵanthu awo ŵakususka ndyali, vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵadandawurenge.<ref name="elections" /> ==== Kuwukira boma ==== Mu 1993, nyuzipepara ya boma ya The Times of Zambia, yikalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na pulani ya UNIP ya kuwukira boma mwakuyana na dango yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikasazgapo vivulupi vya mu vyalo, kukhozgera nkhaza, na kwambiska viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵanandi. UNIP yikakana yayi kuti pali pulani iyi, kweni yikayowoya kuti yikaŵa cigaŵa ca ndondomeko yawo yayi, kweni maghanoghano gha ŵanthu ŵankhaza mu chipani. Boma likapharazga kuti kuli suzgo yikuru ndipo ŵanthu 26 ŵakajalirika mu jele. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 7 kusazgapo mwana wa Kenneth Kaunda zina lake Wezi Kaunda ŵakeruzgika na milandu yakususkana na wanangwa wa boma. Ŵanyake wose ŵakaŵafumiska. Pambere vyaru vindachite mavoti mu 1996, UNIP yikakolerana na vipani vinyake vinkhondi na cimoza. Kenneth Kaunda wakaŵa kuti wafumapo kale mu ndyali, kweni pamanyuma pa suzgo mu chipani chifukwa cha "Zero Option Plan", wakawelera, ndipo wakasintha Kesby Musokotwane. Kufuma apo, boma la Chiluba likasintha dango la boma, ndipo likazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu awo ŵapapi ŵawo mbazengezgani ŵa Zambia ŵaŵe pulezidenti. Mazgu agha ghakaŵa ghakuyowoya na Kaunda, uyo ŵapapi ŵake wose ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Malawi. Pakususka, UNIP na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakacicizga mavoti, agho Chiluba na MMD ŵakatonda. Mu 1997, vinthu vikasintha. Pa Okutobala 28, boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma, ndipo gulu la ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari likapoka wayilesi ya boma, ndipo ŵakapharazga uthenga wakuti Chiluba ni pulezidenti yayi. Nkhondo iyi yikamara cifukwa cakuti Chiluba wakapharazgaso kuti kuli suzgo. Munthu yumoza wakafwa pa nyengo ya mulimo uwu. Ŵapolisi ŵakakora ŵanthu ŵakukwana 84 awo ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa Kenneth Kaunda na Dean Mungomba, mulongozgi wa chipani cha Zambia Democratic Congress. Ŵanthu ŵakasuska na kususka ivyo ŵakachita, ŵakati ni vyambura kuzomerezgeka mu Zambia na kuwaro kwa charu. Kaunda wakafwatulika mu Juni chaka chakulondezgapo, kweni ŵasilikari 44 awo ŵakachitako chipani ichi ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke mu 2003.<ref name="AI">{{cite web |url = http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630022003?open&of=ENG-ZMB |title = Zambia: Forty-four soldiers to be executed |publisher = Amnesty |access-date = 2006-10-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061017234552/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630022003?open&of=ENG-ZMB |archive-date = 2006-10-17 |url-status = dead }}</ref> === Chisankho cha 2001 === Pambere ŵandalute ku mavoti mu 2001, Chiluba wakayezga kusintha malango gha boma kuti wazakaŵepo pa mavoti ghachitatu. Iyo wakacicizgika kuti walekepo pa fundo iyi pamanyuma pa kugazgana kufuma mukati mwa chipani kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Zambia. Wakayezga kusintha malango gha boma kuti wazakaŵepo pa mavoti ghachitatu mu 2001, kweni wakaleka ntchito iyi pamanyuma pa kugazgana kukuru. Munthu uyo wakamusankhira malo wakaŵa Levy Patrick Mwanawasa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=2008-08-20|title=Levy Mwanawasa, Zambia President, Dies at 59|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/20/world/africa/20mwanawasa.html|access-date=2021-10-05|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Kufuma mu 2008 === Kufuma mu 2011 mpaka 2014, pulezidenti wa Zambia wakaŵa Michael Sata, mpaka apo Sata wakafwira pa 28 Okutobala 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-09-23|title=TEXT-Zambian President Banda's concession speech|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/zambia-election-banda-idAFL5E7KN1PN20110923|access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> Wakaŵa mulongozgi waciŵiri wa Zambia uyo wakafwira pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa Levy Mwanawasa mu 2008. Rupiah Banda wakaŵa purezidenti wa Zambia pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Mwanawasa kufuma mu 2008 mpaka 2011. Wakathereskeka na Michael Sata mu 2011. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Sata, Vice President Guy Scott, wa ku Zambia uyo wakafuma ku Scotland, ndiyo wakaŵa President wa Zambia. Pa 24 Janyuwale 2015, wakapharazga kuti Edgar Chagwa Lungu watonda pa chisankho kuti waŵe pulezidenti wa 6. Mu mwezi wa Ogasiti 2016 pa chisankho cha Zambia, pulezidenti Edgar Lungu wakathereskeka mu chigaŵa chakwamba. Chipani chakususka chikaŵa na milandu ya upusikizgi ndipo chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) chikakana ivyo chipani cha UPND chikayowoya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-08-15|title=Zambia's President Edgar Lungu declared election winner|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37086365|access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> Pa chisankho cha pulezidenti mu Ogasiti 2021, mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka Hakainde Hichilema wakathereska pulezidenti Edgar Lungu. Pa 24 Ogasiti 2021, Hakainde Hichilema wakalapa kuŵa purezidenti muphya wa Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/08/24/africa/zambia-president-hichilema-inauguration-intl/index.html|title = Zambia's Hakainde Hichilema sworn in as President in rare victory for an African opposition leader| date=24 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-08-16|title=Zambia election: Hakainde Hichilema beats President Edgar Lungu|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58226695|access-date=2021-10-05}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== *[[Prime Minister of Zambia]] *[[History of Africa]] *[[History of Southern Africa]] *[[Kazembe]] *[[Kenneth Kaunda]] *[[List of presidents of Zambia]] *[[Monuments and Historic Sites of Zambia]] *[[Politics of Zambia]] * Lusaka [[Lusaka#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Lusaka|timeline]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == *{{cite encyclopedia | title = Zambia | encyclopedia = Nationalencyklopedin | volume = 20 | pages = 270 | publisher = Bokförlaget Bra Böcker | year = 1996 | edition = 1 }} *{{cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44137/Zambia | title = Zambia > History > Archaelology and early history | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online | access-date = 2006-10-19 }} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{commons category|History of Zambia}} *{{cite web| url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2359.htm| title = U.S. Relations With Zambia| publisher = U.S. Department of State}} *{{cite web |url = http://www.thezambian.com/history/ |title = The History of Zambia |publisher = The Zambian |access-date = |first = Tim |last = Holmes |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061120224255/http://www.thezambian.com/history/ |archive-date = 2006-11-20 |url-status = dead | ref=none }} *{{cite journal | url = http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0j58j1nz | title = Deriving Ethno-geographical Clusters for Comparing Ethnic Differentials in Zambia | publisher = World Cultures Journal | access-date = | first = Kambidima | last = Wotela | journal = World Cultures eJournal | date = 2 June 2010 | volume = 17 | issue = 2 |ref=none }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.localhistories.org/zambia.html | title = A Short History of Zambia | first = Tim | last = Lambert | access-date = |ref=none }} *{{cite web | url = http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/dc/back/econ.htm | title = Zambia - Economic History | website= Biz/ed | publisher = [[Cengage]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150710093416/http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/dc/back/econ.htm | archive-date = 2015-07-10 | url-status = dead | access-date = }} * {{cite web|title = Zambia - Elections and Human Rights in the Third Republic| url = http://hrw.org/reports/1996/Zambia.htm#P165_20378| publisher = Human Rights Watch| access-date = }} *{{cite web|title=Zambia |url=http://www.barnfonden.se/country_show.asp?id=7&type=n_history |publisher=Barnfonden (The Children's Fund) |language=sv |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220003659/http://www.barnfonden.se/country_show.asp?id=7&type=n_history |archive-date=February 20, 2005 }} *{{cite web |title = ZAMBIA: Coup attempt must not lead to arbitrary arrests and ill-treatment |url = http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630101997?open&of=ENG-ZMB |publisher = Amnesty |access-date = |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061017234501/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR630101997?open&of=ENG-ZMB |archive-date = 2006-10-17 |url-status = dead }} {{Years in Zambia}} {{History of Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Zambia}} [[Category:History of Zambia| ]] emjvgz0nxkdcu2clqix0t04rg9efzby 0 39921 116061 111589 2026-05-30T23:22:51Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use South African English|date=September 2019}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{short description|11 official names of South Africa}} Pali mazina 11 gha boma la [[South Africa]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092124/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons1.htm The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Chapter 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092124/http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/1996/96cons1.htm |date=June 29, 2011 }}</ref>mu viyowoyero vyose 11. Nambara iyi yikuluska ya India pera. Viyowoyero ivi ni [[Cingelezi]], [[Cifrikaans]], viyowoyero vya [[ciNguni]] ([[chiZulu]], [[chiXhosa]], [[chiNdebele]], na [[chiSwazi]]), viyowoyero vya ciSotho-Tswana ([[chiTswana]], [[chiSotho]], na [[chiPedi]]), chiVenda, na [[chiTsonga]]. Pali ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Khoi-San, kweni ni viyowoyero vya boma yayi. Paliso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivyo vili pangozi, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵali mu mbumba ya Khoi-San, kweni ŵakuzomerezgeka yayi. Mazina ghawo ni:<ref>For the text of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa in all 11 official languages, each version of which contains the name of the country in the respective language, refer to [https://web.archive.org/web/20130731185940/http://www.constitutionalcourt.org.za/site/theconstitution/thetext.htm the website of the Constitutional Court of South Africa].</ref> {| class = "wikitable" !Chiyowoyelo||Zian litali||Zina lifupi |- |[[Afrikaans]] || Republiek van Suid-Afrika || [[:af:Suid-Afrika|Suid-Afrika]] |- |[[English language|English]] || Republic of South Africa || South Africa |- |[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]] ([[Sepedi]]) || Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa || [[:nso:Afrika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] |- |[[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] || iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika || iSewula Afrika |- |[[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]] || Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa || [[:st:Afrika Borwa|Afrika Borwa]] |- |[[Swazi language|Swazi]] || iRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika || [[:ss:iNingizimu Afrika|iNingizimu Afrika]] |- |[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] || Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga || [[:ts:Afrika-Dzonga|Afrika-Dzonga]] |- |[[Tswana language|Tswana]] || Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa || [[:tn:Aforika Borwa|Aforika Borwa]] |- |[[Venda language|Venda]] || Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe || [[:ve:Afurika Tshipembe|Afurika Tshipembe]] |- |[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] || iRiphabliki yomZantsi Afrika || [[:xh:uMzantsi Afrika|uMzantsi Afrika]] |- |[[Zulu language|Zulu]] || iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika || [[:zu:iNingizimu Afrika|iNingizimu Afrika]] |} Ndipo zina linyake lakale: {| class = "wikitable" !Chiyowoyelo||Zina litali||Zina lifupi || Nyengo |- |[[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Republiek van Zuid-Afrika || [[:nl:Zuid-Afrika|Zuid-Afrika]] || 1961–1983 |} Cimanyikwiro ca caru ca South Africa, ZA, ni ciphukutu ca zina lake lakale lakuti [[Zuid-Afrika]]. ==Wonaniso== * [[Viyowoyero vya ku South Africa]] ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Official Names Of South Africa}} [[Category:Government of South Africa]] [[Category:Geography of South Africa]] [[Category:South Africa-related lists]] [[Category:Lists of country names|South Africa]] [[Category:Names of places in Africa]] pnp1cng6cv4v282ije6901ptki8wxno 0 47429 116065 116019 2026-05-31T00:59:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Erongo]] kwa [[Namibia]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200919090324/https://www.namibtimes.net/municipality-seeks-middle-ground-for-langstrands-beach-access-dilemma/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Namibia]] 0mevl5azv9yu6qp092qd14cjupwd1kb