Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2373 116247 116155 2026-06-03T01:55:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116247 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|300px|thumb]] [[File:LocationLithuania.png|thumb|right|Lithuania]] '''Lithuania''' (lt: '''Lietuva''') ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 2 810 865 m'dzikoli (2017). {{Europe}} {{Lithuania}} [[Category:Europe]] [[Category:Lithuania| ]] bdhssk8h5dlkmepchtmke6eqbhqjkut 0 4446 116210 112783 2026-06-02T13:05:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chalo2 |chalo = Bosnia na Herzegovina |bendera = Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg |chidindo = |mapu (mndozgi) = Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe.svg }} '''Bosnia na Herzegovina''' (bs: '''Bosna i Hercegovina'''), ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 3 531 159 m'dzikoli (2013). == Mizinda == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" ! !!Mzinda!!"Population" |- |1. | [[Sarajevo]] | 500.000 |- [[File:Sarajevo downtown.png|thumb|left|250px|[[Sarajevo]]]] |2. | [[Banja Luka]] | 225.000 |- [[File:Banja Luka2121.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Banja Luka]]]] |3. | [[Tuzla]] | 174.000 |- [[File:Tuzla View of Tuzla.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Tuzla]]]] |4. | [[Bijeljina]] | 150.000 |- |5. | [[Zenica]] | 120.000 |- |6. | [[Mostar]] | 118.000 |- |7. | [[Brčko (city)|Brčko]] | 100.000 |- |8. | [[Prijedor]] | 95.000 |- |9. | [[Doboj]] | 80.000 |- |10. | [[Bihać]] | 63.000 |- |} ==Vigaŵa vya mgwirizano== * [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]] * [[Republika Srpska]] * [[Boma la Brčko]]* [[File:Map Bih entities.png|thumb|center|250px]] {{Europe}} [[Category:Europe]] phd4th6712o1ne9d9tjlyz1y1svdbv3 116256 116210 2026-06-03T04:07:18Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chalo2 |chalo = Bosnia na Herzegovina |bendera = Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg |chidindo = |mapu (mndozgi) = Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe.svg }} '''Bosnia na Herzegovina''' (bs: '''Bosna i Hercegovina'''), ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 3 531 159 m'dzikoli (2013). == Mizinda == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" ! !!Mzinda!!"Population" |- |1. | [[Sarajevo]] | 500.000 |- [[File:Sarajevo downtown.png|thumb|left|250px|[[Sarajevo]]]] |2. | [[Banja Luka]] | 225.000 |- [[File:Banja Luka2121.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Banja Luka]]]] |3. | [[Tuzla]] | 174.000 |- [[File:Tuzla View of Tuzla.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Tuzla]]]] |4. | [[Bijeljina]] | 150.000 |- |5. | [[Zenica]] | 120.000 |- |6. | [[Mostar]] | 118.000 |- |7. | [[Brčko (city)|Brčko]] | 100.000 |- |8. | [[Prijedor]] | 95.000 |- |9. | [[Doboj]] | 80.000 |- |10. | [[Bihać]] | 63.000 |- |} ==Vigaŵa vya mgwirizano== * [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]] * [[Republika Srpska]] * [[Boma la Brčko]]* [[File:Map Bih entities.png|thumb|center|250px]] {{Bosnia na Herzegovina}} {{Europe}} [[Category:Europe]] ngo0vop2iaqmorr0nfwkpz5lecy6lpb 116261 116256 2026-06-03T04:08:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chalo2 |chalo = Bosnia na Herzegovina |bendera = Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg |chidindo = |mapu (mndozgi) = Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe.svg }} '''Bosnia na Herzegovina''' (bs: '''Bosna i Hercegovina''') ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 3 531 159 m'dzikoli (2013). == Mizinda == {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" ! !!Mzinda!!"Population" |- |1. | [[Sarajevo]] | 500.000 |- [[File:Sarajevo downtown.png|thumb|left|250px|[[Sarajevo]]]] |2. | [[Banja Luka]] | 225.000 |- [[File:Banja Luka2121.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Banja Luka]]]] |3. | [[Tuzla]] | 174.000 |- [[File:Tuzla View of Tuzla.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Tuzla]]]] |4. | [[Bijeljina]] | 150.000 |- |5. | [[Zenica]] | 120.000 |- |6. | [[Mostar]] | 118.000 |- |7. | [[Brčko (city)|Brčko]] | 100.000 |- |8. | [[Prijedor]] | 95.000 |- |9. | [[Doboj]] | 80.000 |- |10. | [[Bihać]] | 63.000 |- |} ==Vigaŵa vya mgwirizano== * [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]] * [[Republika Srpska]] * [[Boma la Brčko]]* [[File:Map Bih entities.png|thumb|center|250px]] {{Bosnia na Herzegovina}} {{Europe}} [[Category:Europe]] 4qdg85xmkqctbxmywg9ja65odxlxhmw 0 4447 116257 37420 2026-06-03T04:07:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Sarajevo]] '''Sarajevo''', ndiwo msumba wukulu wa boma mu [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. Muli banthu pafupi-fupi 386.523 (2013). {{Bosnia na Herzegovina}} {{Misumba ya boma ya Ulaya (Europe)}} [[Category:Misumba ya boma ya Ulaya (Europe)]] [[Category:Ulaya(Europe)|Ulaya]] [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] 62htqz1j1kxaowz36x98o7h6tno39nr 0 5310 116252 116144 2026-06-03T02:15:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|300px|thumb]] [[File:EU-Latvia.svg|250px|thumb]] '''Latvia''' ([[ChiLatvia]]: '''Latvija''') ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 1 842 226 m'dzikoli (2022). {{Europe}} {{Latvia}} [[Category:Europe]] [[Category:Latvia]] 4ovsnmwcrhcxzhy9w30zdg3tkt9xwzt 116253 116252 2026-06-03T02:17:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|300px|thumb]] [[File:EU-Latvia.svg|250px|thumb]] '''Latvia''' ([[ChiLatvia]]: '''Latvija''') ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 1 842 226 m'dzikoli (2022). Lili na mphaka ya [[Russia]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Estonia]] kumpoto, [[Lithuania]] kumwera na [[Belarus]] kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi ndipo likugaŵana mphaka ya nyanja na [[Sweden]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. {{Europe}} {{Latvia}} [[Category:Europe]] [[Category:Latvia]] r2vgxoua13yf8fr204vjt6c5e1fji88 116254 116253 2026-06-03T02:21:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116254 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|300px|thumb]] [[File:EU-Latvia.svg|250px|thumb]] '''Latvia''' ([[ChiLatvia]]: '''Latvija''') ni chalo icho chili kwa [[Europe]]. Pali anthu pafupifupi 1 842 226 m'dzikoli (2022). Lili na mphaka ya [[Russia]] kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Estonia]] kumpoto, [[Lithuania]] kumwera na [[Belarus]] kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi ndipo likugaŵana mphaka ya nyanja na [[Sweden]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba wake ukuru ni [[Riga]]. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Latvia, awo mba mtundu wa titular ndipo ŵakupanga 65.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, ŵali mu gulu la viyowoyero vya Balts ndipo ŵakuyowoya [[ChiLatvia]]. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Russia ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi, pafupifupi kotala ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi; 37.7% ya ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya [[ChiRussia]] nga ni chiyowoyero chawo.<ref name="eng.lsm.lv">{{cite web |title=Latvian is the mother tongue of 64% of the population of Latvia |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/24.10.2023-latvian-is-the-mother-tongue-of-64-of-the-population-of-latvia.a528983/#:~:text=Latvian%20and%20Russian%20are%20the,for%208.4%20%25%20of%20its%20population.}}</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Latvia}} {{Europe}} [[Category:Europe]] [[Category:Latvia| ]] tt9zr8gqv47lbrdpm4b1ayjjew9r8qq 0 6910 116215 115446 2026-06-03T00:13:19Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{distinguish|Bophuthatswana}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use British English|date=December 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Botswana | common_name = Botswana | native_name = {{native name|tn|Lefatshe la Botswana}} | image_flag = Flag of Botswana.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Botswana.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = {{native phrase|tn|Pula|paren=no}}<br />"Rain" | national_anthem = {{native phrase|tn|[[Fatshe leno la rona]]|paren=no}}<br />"Blessed Be This Noble Land"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Fatshe leno la rona.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Botswana (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Botswana AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Gaborone]] | coordinates = {{Coord|24|39.5|S|25|54.5|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<ref name="gov.bw languages">{{Cite web |title=About Our Country |url=https://www.gov.bw/about-our-country |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Gov.bw |quote=Botswana has a number of tribes across the country, collectively known as Batswana. The official language is English and Setswana is the national language, although there are other spoken languages.}}</ref> | languages_type = National language | languages = [[Tswana language|Setswana]]<ref name="gov.bw languages" /> | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list|79% [[Tswana people|Tswana]] |11% [[Kalanga people|Kalanga]] |2% [[San people|San]] |8% Others (includes [[Kgalagadi language|Kgalagadi]], [[Basarwa]], [[Indians in Botswana|Indian]], and [[White people in Botswana|White]])}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012<ref name="cia"/> | religion = {{Unbulleted list|79.1% [[Christianity in Botswana|Christianity]] |—70.2% [[Protestantism]] |—8.9% Other [[Christian]] |15.2% [[Irreligion in Botswana|No religion]] |4.1% [[Badimo]] |1.4% Others{{efn|Including [[Baháʼí Faith in Botswana|Baháʼí]], [[Hinduism in Botswana|Hindu]], and [[Islam in Botswana|Islam]].}} |0.3% Unspecified<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|date=14 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2021 | demonym = {{Unbulleted list|Batswana (plural) |Motswana (singular)}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]]<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|access-date=17 December 2019|year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selolwane |first1=Onalenna |title=Monopoly Politikos: How Botswana's Opposition Parties Have Helped Sustain One-Party Dominance |journal=African Sociological Review |date=2002 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=68–90 |doi=10.4314/asr.v6i1.23203 |jstor=24487673 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Botswana|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/masisi-to-lead-botswana-as-khama-steps-down-after-decade-at-helm|title=Masisi to Lead Botswana as Khama Steps Down After a Decade|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=28 March 2018|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401010006/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-28/masisi-to-lead-botswana-as-khama-steps-down-after-decade-at-helm|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Botswana|Vice-President]] | leader_name2 = [[Slumber Tsogwane]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Botswana|National Assembly Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Phandu Skelemani]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Botswana|Parliament]]<br />([[National Assembly of Botswana|National Assembly]]) | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = Established ([[Constitution of Botswana|Constitution]]) | established_date1 = 30 September 1966 | area_km2 = 581,730 | area_rank = 47th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 224,610 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_footnote = <ref>{{cite report|url = http://www.fao.org/3/a-az171e.pdf | publisher = United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization | website = fao.org | title = Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 – Country Report – Botswana | page = 9 | date = 2015 | quote = Total Country Area ('000)ha / 58 173 }}</ref><!-- 58,173,000 hectares is 581,730 km2 --> | percent_water = 2.7 | population_estimate = 2,384,246<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_census = 2,359,609 <ref name="Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages">{{Cite web |title=Statistics Bostwana - Census 2022 - Population of cities, towns and villages |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 145th | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 4.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.62 | population_density_rank = 231st | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$47.04 billion <ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 123rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$19,199<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 77th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$18.00 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 127th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$7,348 <ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 87th | Gini = 53.3 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |access-date= 20 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171213083923/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BW |archive-date= 13 December 2017 |url-status= live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.693<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="2022 components">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World |date=8 September 2022 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26451-7 |pages=272–276 |website=hdr.undp.org |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 117th | currency = [[Botswana pula|Pula]] | currency_code = BWP | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399|last=Chapter: 01:04|title=Interpretation Act 1984 (§40(1))|date=20 July 1984|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201053/http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399|url-status=dead}}</ref> | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+267]] | cctld = [[.bw]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.gov.bw/}} | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Botswana''' ({{lang-tn|Land of the Tswana|label=[[English language|English]]}}; {{IPAc-en|audio=En-Bostwana-pronunciation.ogg|b|ɒ|t|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|n|ə}}, {{small|kweneso}} {{IPAc-en|UK|b|ʊ|t|-|,_|b|ʊ|ˈ|tʃ|w|-}}<ref name="Collins">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/botswana|title=Botswana|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>),mwaboma, '''Charu cha Botswana''', ni chalo icho chili ku [[Southern Africa]]. Charu cha Botswana chili pa malo ghapachanya chomene, ndipo pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya chigaŵa chake ni [[mapopa gha Kalahari]]. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa [[South Africa]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa [[Namibia]], na kumpoto kwa [[Zimbabwe]]. [[Mlonga wa Kazungula]] ndiwo ukuwovwira kuti charu cha [[Zambia]] chiŵe pa mtende.<ref>{{Cite book|url= http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf|title= Kazungula Bridge Project|last= Darwa|first= P. Opoku|publisher= African Development Fund|year= 2011|page= Appendix IV|access-date= 4 May 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121114113821/http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational%20(Zambia-Bostwana)%20-%20AR%20-%20Kazungula%20Bridge%20Project.pdf|archive-date= 14 November 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref> Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.3 miliyoni<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population, total - Botswana {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BW|access-date=2021-06-07|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Tswana]] ndiwo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Citation |title=Botswana |date=2023-03-28 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |access-date=2023-04-05 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref>Ŵanthu pafupifupi 11.6 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa [[Gaborone]]. Kale yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru capasi, ndipo paumaliro wa m'ma 1960, GDP ya munthu yumoza yikaŵa pafupifupi madola 70 pa caka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Consolidating Democratic Governance in Southern Africa : Botswana|url=https://www.africaportal.org/publications/consolidating-democratic-governance-in-southern-africa-botswana/|last1=Maundeni|first1=Zibani|last2=Mpabanga|first2=Dorothy|date=2007-01-01|website=Africa Portal|access-date=2020-05-28|last3=Mfundisi|first3=Adam}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakamba kukhala mu charu ichi vyaka vyakujumpha 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ŵakafuma ku mafuko agho ghakalongosoranga chiyowoyero cha [[Bantu]], agho ghakasamukira kumwera kwa Africa ku Botswana cha m'ma 600 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya mafuko. Mu 1885, Ŵanung'una ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵakachilongora kuŵa chigaŵa chakulongozgeka na boma la [[Bechuanaland]]. Apo boma la Bechuanaland likaleka kulamulira charu ichi, likazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha pa 30 Seputembala 1966. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, charu ichi chili na wanangwa wakusankha ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchita makora pa nkhani ya chisopa. Vinthu vikuru chomene mu charu ichi ni migodi, viŵeto, na vyakusanguluska. Dziko la Botswana lili na GDP (purchasing power parity) pa munthu yumoza ya $18,113 pa chaka cha 2021, yimoza mwa vyaru vyapachanya chomene mu Africa. Charu cha Botswana ndicho chikupanga dayamondi zinandi chomene pa charu chose. Ndalama izo charu ichi chikusanga pa munthu yumoza (ndipo ni chachinayi pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa) zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora kweniso kuti chiŵe na ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa (panyuma pa Gabon na South Africa).<ref>[http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm Gross national income (GNI) – Nations Online Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219232439/http://nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |date=19 February 2009 }}. Nationsonline.org. Retrieved on 27 October 2016.</ref><ref name="2022 components" />Dziko la Botswana ndilo dziko loyamba ku Africa kulandira Forbes 30 Under 30 ndi 2017 Netball World Youth Cup. Charu cha Botswana chili mu wupu wa Southern African Customs Union, Southern African Development Community, Commonwealth of Nations, na United Nations. Caru ici cikakhwaskika comene na nthenda ya [[HIV]] na [[AIDS]]. Mu 2002, charu cha Botswana ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kupeleka munkhwala wakukoma majeremusi. Nangauli pakaŵa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye makora matenda agha, kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi chikakwera kufuma pa 290,000 mu 2005 kufika pa 320,000 mu 2013.:A20 Mu 2014, charu cha Botswana ndicho chikaŵa na nthenda iyi pa charu chose. Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ici caŵa na suzgo la HIV na AIDS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana |title=Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission |publisher=UN AIDS |year=2021 |location=Brazzaville |access-date=10 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhivtb/who-we-are/success-stories/success-story-pages/partnership-for-success.html|title=Partnership for Success: CDC and Botswana Lead Progress Toward HIV Epidemic Control|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|date=30 September 2022|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> ==Kwiza kwa zina== Zina la caru ici likung'anamura "Charu ca Ŵatswana". Dango la boma la Botswana likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Pakwamba ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Batswana ndiwo ŵakachemekanga Ŵatswana. Ndipouli, lizgu ili likuyowoyaso za ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Botswana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa|url=http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/|publisher=Voices of Africa|access-date=6 January 2018|date=17 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231817/http://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Botswana}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== [[File:Two Rhino.jpg|thumb|left|The 'Two Rhino' painting at [[Tsodilo]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu charu cha Botswana vyaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Viŵiya vya malibwe na vyamoyo vinyake vyalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya charu ichi vyaka pafupifupi 400,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Okutobala 2019, ŵasayansi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu wose ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakababikira ku Botswana vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵali kusunga, nga ni vithuzithuzi ivyo vili kupangika mu mphanji, vili kulembeka vyaka 73,000. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Africa, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ("Bushmen") na Khoi. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri agha ghakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵachoko ŵakuchemeka Khoe-Kwadi, Kx?? a, na Tuu. Apo ng'ombe zikambanga kuliskika kumwera kwa Africa vyaka pafupifupi 2,000 ivyo vyajumpha, viŵeto vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene mu caru ici cifukwa mu cigaŵa ici mukaŵa vyakumera vinandi vyambura viyuni vya tsetse. Vinyalala vya Domboshaba Vili na linga la malibwe (pachanya) na mbale ya dongo (pasi) Tikumanya makora yayi apo ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakambira kusamira ku charu ichi kufuma kumpoto, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵakafika mu 600 C.E. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu awo sono ŵakuchemeka Kalanga ŵakasamira ku vigaŵa ivyo sono vili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Zimbabwe kweniso vya Mapungubwe, ndipo chakuzirwa chomene pa vigaŵa ivi ni vya Domboshaba, malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Great Zimbabwe (1250-1450 C.E.), ndipo ghakaŵa na viliŵa vya malibwe vyakudika mamita 1.8. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuchindikika na ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mulongozgi uyu wakakhalanga pachanya pa phiri pamoza na ŵateŵeti ŵake. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa kuwaro kwa vigaŵa ivyo sono ni Botswana, ndipo vikuwoneka kuti vikaŵa na viŵeto vikuru comene mu malo agho sono ni Central District. Malo ghakurughakuru agha ghakakhalanga makora m'paka mu 1300 C.E. ndipo ghakawoneka kuti ghakamara apo msumba wa Mapungubwe ukaparanyikira. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga Chitswana, awo ni Bakgalagadi, ŵakasamira kumwera kwa Kalahari. Ŵanthu wose aŵa ŵakendanga mu nthowa za malonda izo zikendanga kufuma ku Limpopo River kuluta ku Indian Ocean, ndipo katundu wa ku Asia nga ni mphete wakendanga m'paka ku Botswana, panyake kuti ŵakapokeranga njovu, golide, na masengwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Denbow|first1=James|last2=Klehm|first2=Carla|last3=Dussubieux|first3=Laure|date=April 2015|title=The glass beads of Kaitshàa and early Indian Ocean trade into the far interior of southern Africa|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/glass-beads-of-kaitshaa-and-early-indian-ocean-trade-into-the-far-interior-of-southern-africa/9BB659F4DA38A560EF64C4E8E3F49AFA|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=89|issue=344|pages=361–377|doi=10.15184/aqy.2014.50|s2cid=161212483|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Ku Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement, malo agha ghakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 7 na 19 AD. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangika mu vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000. Mu 700 AD, ŵanthu ŵa Toutswe ŵakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi ku Botswana na kwamba kupanga minda ya ulimi wa ku malo gha pa ng'ombe. Malo agha ghakaŵa pakati pa chigaŵa chikuru cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Botswana. Ŵakasanga vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaŵa na viŵeto vya viŵeto, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ivi vikaŵa viŵeto vya viŵeto ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pakati pa viŵeto vinandi. Ndipouli, kulima ndiko kukawovwira kuti chigaŵa cha Toutswemogala chikhale nyengo yitali. Ŵanyake ŵakukhala mu nyumba zakupambanapambana kwa vyaka vinandi. Nyengo iyo ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chitswana ŵakambira kulamulira chigaŵa ichi, yikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bakwena, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mulongozgi wakumanyikwa chomene zina lake Kgabo II, ŵakanjira kumwera kwa Kalahari mu 1500 C.E., ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa Bakgalagadi kumanjiliro gha dazi mu mapopa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Bakwena ŵakasamira mu vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakakhalanga kumanjiliro gha dazi, apo ŵa ku Bangwato ŵakasamira kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi mu vigaŵa ivyo kale vikaŵa vya Kalanga. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwato awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Batawana ŵakasamukira ku Okavango Delta, panyake mu ma 1790.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tlou|first=T.|date=1974|title=The Nature of Batswana States: Towards a Theory of Batswana Traditional Government – The Batawana Case|journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=6|pages=57–75|jstor=40959210|issn=0525-5090}}</ref> ===Effects of the Mfecane and Batswana-Boer Wars=== {{main|Mfecane}} [[File:Kapstaaten 1905.png|thumb|left|German map of 1905 still showing the undivided Bechuanaland area]] Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora vya charu cha Botswana ghakalembeka mu 1824. Ivyo vikalembeka apa vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bangwaketse ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mu cigaŵa ici. Mu muwuso wa Makaba II, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bangwaketse ŵakasunganga viŵeto vinandi mu malo gha mu mapopa agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika. Pa nyengo iyi, mafumu ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000 ndipo ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi. Mu nyengo ya Mfecane, mu 1823-1843, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Nangauli Ŵangwaketse ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Bakololo mu 1826, kweni nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari wose ŵa ku Botswana ŵakaŵawukira, ŵakaŵatimbanizga, na kuŵasuzga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakololo na AmaNdebele ŵakaŵawukiranga kanandi waka na kutora ng'ombe zinandi, ŵanakazi, na ŵana kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Kweni pamanyuma pa 1843, apo Ŵamandebele ŵakasamukira kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Zimbabwe, suzgo ili likamara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morton |first=Barry|date=2009-01-14|title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=36|pages=220–239|language=en|doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}</ref> [[File:Sechele Gustav Fritsch 1865.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sechele I]] who led a Batswana Merafe Coalition against [[Boers]] in 1852]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840 na 1850, ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kwenda na ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato, na Batawana ŵakagwilira lumoza ntchito yakuguliska njovu, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuguliska mahachi na futi. Mu 1880, vinthu vikasintha chomene, ndipo Ŵabatswana ŵakamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bushmen, Kalanga, Bakgalagadi, na mitundu yinyake. Pamanyuma pa ulendo uwu, ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Colony ŵakamba kukhala ku mphaka za Botswana mu chigaŵa cha Transvaal. Mu 1852 gulu la mafumu gha ku Tswana ilo likaŵa na Sechele I, likathereska Ŵafrika pa Nkhondo ya ku Dimawe, ndipo pamanyuma pa vyaka 8, ŵakachita phangano la mtende ku Potchefstroom mu 1860. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana kuti paŵe mphaka pakati pa charu cha South Africa na Botswana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika na ŵa ku Batswana ŵakaguliskana vinthu na kukolerana. Mu 1884 Batawana, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Tswana awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kgosi Moremi, ŵakathereska Ŵandebele awo ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Ndebele uparanyike mu Zimbabwe. Cifukwa ca mtende uwo ukaŵako pakati pa 1860 na 1880, malonda ghakalutilira kukura. Ŵamishonale Ŵacikhristu ŵakagwiliskira nchito mwaŵi uwu. Kuzakafika mu 1856, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵa Lutheran na London Missionary Society. Kuzakafika mu 1880, mu muzi uliwose mukaŵa mishonale, ndipo ŵakamba kovwira ŵanthu. Khama III (1875-1923) ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuzgora Chikhristu kuŵa chisopa cha boma. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Cikristu cikaŵa cisopa cakuzomerezgeka mu vyaru vyose.<ref>Landau, P. (1995) ''The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in the Southern African Kingdom''. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.</ref> ===Colonialism and the Bechuanaland Protectorate=== {{Main|Bechuanaland Protectorate}} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Africa, ufumu wa Germany na wa Britain ukakhumbanga malo gha Botswana. Pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Berlin, Britain likadumura kuti liŵike charu cha Botswana mu mawoko ghake kuti livikilire nthowa yakuya kumpoto. Mu Janyuwale 1885, boma la Zimbabwe likapoka chigaŵa cha Tswana na kutuma ŵasilikari ŵa Warren kumpoto kuti ŵakhozge chigaŵa ichi na kuphalira ŵalongozgi ŵa chigaŵa ichi kuti ŵapulikire ivyo Britain yikayowoya. Nangauli ŵakaŵa na wofi, kweni ŵakazomera. Mu 1890, vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa madigiri 22 vikaŵikamo chigaŵa chiphya cha Bechuanaland. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, chigaŵa chiphya ichi chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo malo ghachoko waka ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵatuŵa. Mu ma 1890, boma la Britain likaghanaghana vya kupeleka malo gha Bechuanaland ku British South Africa Company. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa pafupi kufiskika nangauli ŵalongozgi ŵa Tswana ŵakalomba kuti ŵalute ku England kuti ŵakasuske, kweni ŵakayichimbizga cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Jameson mu Janyuwale 1896.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/15645705 |title=The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966 |last1=Morton |first1=Barry |last2=Ramsay |first2=Jeff |access-date=13 July 2018 |via=academia.edu|pages=7–11}}</ref><ref>Parsons, N. (1998) ''King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: Victorian Britain Through African Eyes''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref>[[File:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Postage stamp of British-ruled [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]] from 1960]] Mu 1910, apo charu cha South Africa chikapangika kufuma ku vyaru vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain, vyaru ivi vikaŵamo yayi. Ndipouli, boma la Britain likamba kufumba ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici ivyo ŵakakhumbanga. Nangauli maboma gha ku South Africa ghakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe pasi pa mazaza ghawo, kweni Britain wakalutilira kuchedwa. Boma la Britain likati lasankhika mu 1948, likambiska apartheid, ndipo charu cha South Africa chikati chafumamo mu wupu wa Commonwealth mu 1961, vikawovwira kuti charu cha Britain na vigaŵa vinyake vileke kukolerana na boma la South Africa. Mu 1920, boma la Britain likakhazikiska mawupu ghaŵiri kuti ghamwimire ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na ku Europe. Wupu wa African Council ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi 8 ŵa mafuko gha Tswana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasankhika. Mu 1934, pakaŵa malango ghakukhwaskana na muwuso wa mafuko. Mu 1951, wupu wakupeleka ulongozgi wa vyaru vya ku Europe na ku Africa ukapangika, ndipo mu 1961, dango la vyaru vya ku Africa likakhazikiska wupu wakupeleka fundo. ===Independence=== {{see also|Independence Day (Botswana)}} Mu Juni 1964, boma la United Kingdom likapokelera fundo yakuti ku Botswana kuŵe boma lakujiwusa. Mu Febuluwale 1966, ku London kukachitika ungano wa kujithemba. Mu 1965, boma la charu ichi likasamira ku Gaborone, kufupi na mphaka ya Botswana na South Africa. Kuyana na dango la mu 1965, caru ici cikaŵa na mavoti ghakwamba ndipo cikaŵa pa mtende pa 30 Seputembala 1966. Seretse Khama, mulongozgi wa gulu lakujiyimira pawekha na uyo wakakhumbanga kuwusa kwa Ngwato, wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wakwamba, ndipo pamanyuma wakasankhikaso kaŵiri. Fumukazi Elizabeth II, pamoza na Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh na mwana wake Prince Andrew, Duke of York, ŵakafika ku Botswana pa ulendo waciŵiri wa ku Africa pa 25-27 July 1979. Pa nyengo iyo ŵakalutanga, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuvina na kuwombera futi. Khama wakafwa mu 1980. Mubali Quett Masire ndiyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndipo wakasankhika mu 1984 na kuwuskikaso mu 1989 na 1994. Masire wakafumapo pa udindo wake mu 1998. Wakalongozgeka na Festus Mogae, uyo wakasankhika mu 1999 na kuwuskikaso mu 2004. Mu 2008, Ian Khama (mwana wa purezidenti wakwamba) ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga boma ili. Pa 1 Epulero 2018 Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi wakalapizga kuŵa purezidenti wachisanu wa Botswana, wakunjira mu malo mwa Ian Khama. Wakwimira chipani cha Botswana Democratic Party, icho chawina mavoti ghanandi pa mavoti ghose kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Mathemba ghose agho ghakaŵako pamanyuma pake ghakaŵa gha chipani cimoza. Mu Disembala 1999, Khoti la pa Caru Cose likadumura mulandu uwo ukaŵa kuti wakhala nyengo yitali pa mphaka ya kumpoto na cigaŵa ca Caprivi ku Namibia. Khoti likadumura kuti cirwa ca Kasikili nchigaŵa ca Botswana. Mu ma 1970, charu cha Botswana chikaŵa na mbiri ya kuŵa cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga dayamondi zinandi pa caru cose. Mbiri iyi yikukhalilira m'paka sono, cifukwa nchito ya migodi ya dayamondi ya ku Botswana njimoza mwa nchito zikuru comene pa caru cose. Mu Botswana, migodi ya Jwaneng njakusambazi comene kuluska yose.<ref>{{cite web|last=Guest|first=Peter|url= https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/03/africa/botswana-diamonds-jwaneng/index.html|title=Inside the world's richest diamond mine |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=3 December 2015|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> ==Makhalilo== {{Main|Geography of Botswana|Climate of Botswana|Climate Change in Botswana}} [[File:Botswana map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Botswana map of [[Köppen climate classification]]]] Botswana ni chalo cikuru comene pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili nga ni Madagascar panji France. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 17° na 27° kumwera, ndipo longitude 20° na 30° kumafumiro gha dazi. Charu cha Botswana chili pa mapiri ghatali chomene. Charu cha Botswana chili na chipalamba cha Kalahari icho chili na malo ghakukwana 70 peresenti. Ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli dambo la Okavango Delta. Ku mpoto kwa charu ichi kuli Makgadikgadi Pan, malo ghakurughakuru gha mchere. Mlonga wa Limpopo, uwo uli ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa, uli mu chigaŵa cha Botswana. Mlonga wa Notwane ukupeleka maji ku msumba wa Gaborone. Mlonga wa Chobe uli kumpoto, ndipo ndiwo mphaka pakati pa Botswana na chigaŵa cha Zambezi ku Namibia. Mlonga wa Chobe ukukumana na Mlonga wa Zambezi pa malo ghakucemeka Kazungula (kung'anamura khuni lichoko la soseji, apo Sebitwane na fuko lake la Makololo ŵakambuka Mlonga wa Zambezi na kunjira mu Zambia). ===Biodiversity and conservation=== [[File:Cebras de Burchell (Equus quagga burchellii), vista aérea del delta del Okavango, Botsuana, 2018-08-01, DD 28.jpg|thumb|Zebras roaming the Okavango Basin]] Mu charu cha Botswana muli vyamoyo vinandi. Padera pa vigaŵa vya mu mapopa, paliso vyakumera na malo ghanyake agho kuli viyuni. Kumpoto kwa charu cha Botswana kuli mtundu unyake ukuru wa ntcheŵe za ku Africa izo zili pafupi kumara. Mu chigaŵa cha Chobe, muli malo ghanandi chomene gha njovu za ku Africa. Malo agha ghali na malo ghakujumpha 11,000 km2 ndipo muli viyuni vyakukwana 350. Malo ghakucemeka Chobe National Park na Moremi Game Reserve (mu Okavango Delta) ndigho ghakwendako ŵanthu ŵanandi. Malo ghanyake ghakusungirako nyama gha Central Kalahari Game Reserve agho ghali mu mapopa gha Kalahari mu chigaŵa cha Ghanzi; Makgadikgadi Pans National Park na Nxai Pan National Park ghali mu chigaŵa cha Central mu chigaŵa cha Makgadikgadi Pan. Malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Mashatu ni gha ŵanthu ŵekha, ndipo ghali pa malo agho mukusangika milonga ya Shashe na Limpopo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Botswana. Malo ghanyake ghakusungirako vyamoyo ni malo ghakuchemeka Mokolodi Nature Reserve kufupi na Gaborone. Paliso malo ghanyake ghakupatulika nga ni Khama Rhino Sanctuary (kwa visko) na Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (kwa visko). Vyose viŵiri vili ku Central District.{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = Okavango Delta, Botswana (2674364913).jpg | caption1 we = | image2 = Giraffe crossing a road in Botswana.jpg | caption2 = The [[Okavango Delta]] (top).<br />Giraffe crossing a road (bottom). }} Charu cha Botswana chili na masuzgo ghaŵiri, chilangalanga na kuzgoka mapopa. Vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵanthu na vinyama mu charu ichi vikuthemba pa maji gha pasi chifukwa cha chilangalanga. Kuzenga mabowo ghakunyang'amira na maji gha pasi pa mtunda kwachepeskako masuzgo gha chilangalanga. Mu Botswana, maji gha pa mtunda ngakusuzga chomene, ndipo kulimilira mu vyaru ivyo kuli maji ghachoko chomene. Mu vigaŵa vyakukwana 95% vya caru ici, viŵeto ndivyo vikovwira comene ŵanthu kusanga ndalama. Pafupifupi 71 peresenti ya malo gha mu caru ici ghakugwiliskirika nchito pa malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, ndipo ici ndico cikupangiska kuti caru ici ciŵe mapopa kweniso kuti dongo lileke kunangika. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ŵakusanga chandulo na viŵeto, ŵakulutilira kupwelelera viŵeto. Kufuma mu 1966 m'paka mu 1991, viŵeto vikakura kufuma pa 1.7 miliyoni kufika pa 5.5 miliyoni.:64 Mwakuyana waka, ŵanthu ŵakusazgikira kufuma pa 574,000 mu 1971 kufika pa 1.5 miliyoni mu 1995, kusazgapo 161% mu vilimika 24. Pa mabanja ghose gha ku Botswana, 50% ghali na viŵeto. Para munthu wakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghakupwanthirapo panji mapopa, wakuŵa na masuzgo ghakuru. Vinthu vikunangikirathu chifukwa cha chilangalanga na kusintha kwa nyengo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya cilengiwa ŵakuyowoya kuti cigaŵa ca Okavango Delta cikuwomira cifukwa cakuti viŵeto vikuliska viŵeto vinandi. Deltha la Okavango ni limoza mwa malo ghakurughakuru gha nkhorongo mu charu cha Botswana. Dipatimenti yakuwona vya nkhorongo yikamba kale kufiska ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo vyakumera mu mizi ya ku Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North na Boteti. Kuŵaso na vyakumera vya ku malo agha kukovwira kuti charu chileke kunangika. Boma la United States nalo lacita phangano na boma la Botswana, kuŵapa ndalama zakukwana madola 7 miliyoni gha ku United States kuti ŵachepeske ngongoli ya boma la Botswana na madola 8.3 miliyoni. Fundo yakuti boma la United States lichepeskeko ngongoli ya charu cha Botswana njakuti charu ichi chiŵikengepo mtima pa kuvikilira malo. Charu ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 8. Wupu wa United Nations Development Programme ukuti ukavu ndiwo ukupangiska kuti ku Botswana ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge nchito comene vinthu vyakuthupi. Kuti ivi visinthe, UNDP yikawovwira pa mulimo uwo ukambira ku Struizendam, kumwera kwa Botswana. Chilato cha ntchito iyi nkhusanga "vinjeru vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na nthowa zawo zakwendeskera malo". Awo ŵakulongozga gulu ili ŵakwenera kuŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ico, kuti ŵaŵakope, na kusazgirako mwaŵi wawo wa kusanga ndalama na kuchepeska ukavu. UNDP yikayowoyaso kuti boma likwenera kufiska ndondomeko izo zikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵajilongozgenge ŵekha.<ref name="afrol1">{{cite web |url = http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090 |title = Botswana villages fighting desertification |publisher = Afrol |access-date = 4 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091102221242/http://www.afrol.com/articles/13090 |archive-date = 2 November 2009 |url-status = live}}</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Botswana|Government of Botswana}} [[File:Mokgweetsi E.K. Masisi, President of the Republic of Botswana.jpg|upright|thumb|The current president, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]]] Dziko la Botswana ndilo lili na demokilase yakale comene pa caru cose. Ndondomeko ya malango ya boma la Botswana njakuti yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi. Ndyali za Botswana zikuchitika mu ndondomeko ya chalo cha demokilase icho chili na vipani vinandi, apo purezidenti wa Botswana ni mutu wa chalo na mutu wa boma. Boma ndilo likuŵa na mazaza pa boma. Boma na Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Botswana ndivyo vili na mazaza gha kuzenga malango. Chisankho chaposachedwapa, cha khumi ndi chimodzi, chinachitika pa 23 October 2019. Kufuma waka apo boma la Botswana likapokera wanangwa wake, chipani cha Botswana Democratic Party ndicho chili na mazaza pa ndyali. Dziko la Botswana lili pa malo 30 pa vyaru 167 mu 2021 Democracy Index (The Economist), kuluska Italy na Belgium, ndipo lili pasi pa Czech Republic. Ici cikaŵa cigaŵa caciŵiri pa vigaŵa vyose vya mu Africa, ndipo cikaŵa caciŵiri pa vigaŵa vyose vya mu Africa. Kuyana na ma V-Democracy indexes gha 2023, charu cha Botswana chili pa nambara 75 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi ndipo chili pa nambara 12 pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Wupu wa Transparency International ukati, charu cha Botswana ndicho ntchakunanga chomene mu Africa.<ref>Transparency International [https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl]. Retrieved 16 February 2021.</ref> ===Judiciary=== [[File:Gaborone, Botswana High Court.jpg|thumb|left|High Court of Botswana]] Ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira ŵekha. Likusazgapo makhoti gha ku Britain agho ghali na makhoti gha Magistrates Courts, High Court na Court of Appeal. Khoti Likuru la ku Ireland ni khoti likuru ilo lili na mazaza ghakupambanapambana ghakupulikizga milandu ya milandu ya milandu ya milandu ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu panji ya malango. Khoti la Apilu ndilo likupulikiska apilu. Mulongozgi wa khoti ili ni mulara wa ŵeruzgi. Khoti la Apilu ndilo ni khoti likuru comene mu caru ici ndipo likupeleka vyeruzgo ku khoti likuru na ku khoti la vyamalonda. Mulongozgi wa khoti la apilu ni mulara wa khoti. Ŵeruzgi ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti wa Botswana mwakuyana na ulongozgi wa komiti ya vya malango. Nangauli wupu wa mawoko wa ku Botswana waŵako kufuma mu 1997, kweni palije ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake nga mbanakazi ŵali kuchita makora pa nkhani ya malango.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lssa.org.za/upload/SADCLA-2017.pdf|title=18th Annual SADC Lawyers' Association Conference and General Meeting|date=August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005020/http://www.lssa.org.za/upload/SADCLA-2017.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> '''List of chief justices of Botswana'''<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120927|title= Efficient judicial system ensures justice|newspaper= Daily News|access-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121224/http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20120927|archive-date= 5 March 2016}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !No. !Name !Tenure |- |1 |[[Dendy Young]] |1968–1971 |- |2 |[[Akinola Aguda]] |1972–1975 |- |3 |George O. L. Dyke |1975–1977 |- |4 |[[Robert John Hayfron-Benjamin]] |1977–1981 |- |5 |[[James Aiden O'Brien Quinn]] |1981–1987 |- |6 |Luke Livesey |1987–1992 |- |7 |Moleleki D. Mokama |1992–1997 |- |8 |Julian Nganunu |1997–2010 |- |9 |Maruping Dibotelo |2018–2018 |- |10 |Terrence Ronnowane |2018- ''Incumbent'' |- |} ===Foreign relations and military=== [[File:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png|thumb|left|Botswana soldiers board a [[Botswana Defence Force]] plane to Mozambique, July 2021.]] {{Main|Foreign relations of Botswana|Botswana Defence Force}} Pa nyengo iyo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa, chikaŵavya ŵasilikari. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rhodesia na South Africa ŵakati ŵathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army na Umkhonto we Sizwe, ndipo mu 1977, ŵasilikari ŵa Botswana Defence Force (BDF) ŵakapangika. Pulezidenti ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo wakusora wupu wakuvikilira ndipo sono BDF yili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 60,000. Mu 2019, charu cha Botswana chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndyali mu South Africa na mu chigaŵa ichi, maofesi gha BDF ghakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya kugega ulovi, kunozgekera masoka, na kusungilira mtende. Boma la United States ndilo likawovwira chomene kuti gulu la BDF likure. Boma la Botswana likapeleka wanangwa ku boma la United States kuti liwone usange lingakhazikiska msasa wa Africa Command (AFRICOM) mu caru ici.<ref>Pounds, Lance (14 December 2015) [http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe Botswana Defence Force, U.S. Army Leaders Meet in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718193102/http://www.africom.mil/media-room/article/27819/botswana-defence-force-u-s-army-leaders-meet-in-europe |date=18 July 2017 }}. U.S. Army Africa</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Botswana}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakaŵachimbizga mu malo ghawo. Kuti ŵafumemo mu malo agha, ŵakaŵakaniranga maji pa malo ghawo ndipo ŵakakakikanga para ŵacenjezga, ico cikaŵa cakurya cawo cikuru. Caru cawo cili pakati pa malo agho kuli dayamondi zinandi comene. Kweni boma likukana kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha vyaka vinandi chomene. Ku malo agha, ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika kusanga nchito, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumwa comene moŵa. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2018, Fernand de Varennes, uyo ni mulaŵiliri wapadera wa UN pa nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, wakalemba chikalata icho chikapempha charu cha Botswana kuti "chivikilire wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa nkhani ya vinthu vya boma, malo na vinthu vinyake, kweniso viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa nkhani ya masambiro na vinyake". Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵakugonana ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka m'paka mu Juni 2019. Pa Juni 11 wa chaka chenechicho, Khoti Likuru ku Botswana likadumura kuti malango gha mu Criminal Code ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma munthu ŵakulangika na kukakika. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Botswana, Ditshwanelo, ukakhazikiskika mu 1993.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204716/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ Ditshwanelo Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204716/http://www.ditshwanelo.org.bw/ |date=18 February 2018 }}"</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Districts of Botswana|Sub-districts of Botswana}} <imagemap> File:Districts of Botswana (image map).svg|thumb|upright=1.1|The districts of Botswana. The appropriate article can be found by clicking over the district. City districts are not shown. poly 250 100 625 100 625 200 775 200 775 400 625 400 625 500 250 500 [[w:North-West District (Botswana)]] rect 900 75 650 200 [[w:Chobe District]] poly 800 225 900 225 1075 425 1075 600 1375 600 1075 850 900 850 650 500 650 400 800 425 [[w:Central District (Botswana)]] rect 1400 400 1075 600 [[w:North-East District (Botswana)]] poly 250 500 625 500 825 775 800 825 125 825 125 650 250 650 [[w:Ghanzi District]] rect 900 825 525 950 [[w:Kweneng District]] rect 1350 875 900 1025 [[w:Kgatleng District]] rect 550 825 100 1300 [[w:Kgalagadi District]] rect 850 1000 650 1150 [[w:Southern District (Botswana)]] rect 1110 1000 850 1150 [[w:South-East District (Botswana)]] </imagemap> Maboma 10 gha Botswana ni agha: * [[Southern District (Botswana)|Southern District]] * [[South-East District (Botswana)|South-East District]] * [[Kweneng District]] * [[Kgatleng District]] * [[Central District (Botswana)|Central District]] * [[North-East District (Botswana)|North-East District]] * [[Ngamiland District]] * [[Kgalagadi District]] * [[Chobe District]] * [[Ghanzi District]] Botswana's councils created from urban or town councils are: [[Gaborone|Gaborone City]], [[Francistown]], [[Lobatse|Lobatse Town]], [[Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe Town]], [[Jwaneng|Jwaneng Town]], [[Orapa|Orapa Town]] and [[Sowa, Botswana|Sowa Township]]. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Botswana}} Kufuma apo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa wake, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikakura mwaluŵiro chomene pa charu chose. Dziko la Botswana lasintha kufuma ku kuŵa limoza la vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cose kuya ku kuŵa caru ca ŵanthu awo ŵali na ndalama zinandi. GDP ya munthu yumoza yikakura kufuma pa $1,344 mu 1950 kufika pa $15,015 mu 2016. Nangauli charu cha Botswana chikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, kweni chikaŵa na ndondomeko yiwemi iyo yikawovwira kuti ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga mu charu ichi ziweleremo. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoyera, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose cha Africa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kästle, Klaus |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |title=GNI PPP table |publisher=Nationsonline.org |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=19 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115190433/http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/GNI_PPP_of_countries.htm |archive-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Tree map export 2009 Botswana.jpeg|thumb|Graphical depiction of Botswana's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories]] [[File:GDP per capita development of Botswana.svg|thumb|GDP per capita of Botswana, 1950 to 2018]] [[File:GDP per capita (current), % of world average, 1960-2012; Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique.png|thumb|GDP per capita (current), % of world average, 1960–2012; Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique]] Unduna wa vya Malonda na Makampani wa ku Botswana ndiwo ukukhwimiska bizinesi mu caru cose. Wupu wa International Monetary Fund ukati kufuma mu 1966 m'paka mu 1999, ciŵelengero ca cuma cikakuranga na ciŵelengero cakujumpha 9% pa caka. Kuyana na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, charu cha Botswana chili na wanangwa wa vinthu vinandi. Boma likalutilira na ndyali yiwemi, nangauli mu 2002 na 2003, ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakukwana. Charu ichi chili na ngongoli zinandi chomene mu Africa ndipo chili na ndalama zakukwana madola ghakujumpha 7 biliyoni mu 2005/2006. Ndondomeko ya malango yikulongosora kuti makhoti ghaŵe ghakujiyimira payekha, ndipo boma likuchindika fundo iyi. Dango ili ndakukwana kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge makora nchito za malonda, nangauli milandu yinandi yikuŵa yakusuzga kuti ŵeruzgike. Kuvikilira wanangwa wa vinjeru kwaŵa makora comene. Charu cha Botswana chili pa malo ghaciŵiri kufuma ku South Africa mu vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa mu 2014 International Property Rights Index.<ref>{{cite web|title=The International Property Rights Index 2014: Africa by Score|url=http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&f=ipri&o=desc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141240/http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/countries?r=A&f=ipri&o=desc|archive-date=8 December 2015|access-date=23 August 2015|publisher=The International Property Rights Index}}</ref> Nangauli boma la Botswana likuzomerezga ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵachiteko vinthu vinyake mu charu ichi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuchitako yayi. Kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zakunja kuli na nchito yikuru pa vyamalonda vya boma. Malango gha vya ndalama ghakwendera makora, ndipo ndondomeko za maburoko yikwenda makora, nangauli yikuchedwa. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska nga ni ndalama izo ŵakusanga, ngongoli, ndalama izo ŵakusanga, katundu uyo munthu wakuŵa nayo, malipiro agho munthu wakupeleka, na ndalama izo munthu wakulipira pakuchita malonda, zingawezgeka kwambura mphaka. Charu cha Botswana chikuguliska mafuta na magesi kufuma ku South Africa. Pali magesi ghanyake agho ghakufuma mu malasha. === Magesi === {{Excerpt|Energy in Botswana}} ===Mayendelo=== {{See also|Roads in Botswana}} Pa ungano wa SONA 2020 ŵakayowoya kuti ku Botswana kuli misewu yinandi ya makilomita 31,747 (19,727 mi). Pa mtunda uwu, makilomita 20,000 (12,000 mi) ghali na misewu. Makilomita ghakukwana 11,747 (7,299 mi) agho ghalipo ghalije misewu. Mtunda wa msewu ukuwoneka mu makilomita ndipo chiŵelengero cha msewu chikuwoneka mu makilomita pa ora (kph) panji na chimanyikwiro cha chiŵelengero cha msewu (NSL). Magulu ghanyake gha magalimoto ghali na mphaka zakusazgikira izo zikulondezgeka na mphaka za luŵiro.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mupimpila|first=C|date=2010-09-30|title=Internalising the Externalities of Public Transport in Botswana|journal=Botswana Journal of Economics|volume=5|issue=7|doi=10.4314/boje.v5i7.60307|issn=1810-0163|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ndalama === Mu vyaru vinandi muli mabungwe ghanandi gha vya ndalama, ndipo ndalama za penshoni na mabanki ni vyakuzirwa comene. Mabanki ghalutilira kuŵa na phindu, ndalama zinandi, ndiposo ghakwenda makora, cifukwa cakuti ndalama za caru zikukura ndiposo msonkho ngukuru. Banki ya ku Botswana ndiyo njakovwira. Ndalama za mu charu ichi ni pula. Ndondomeko ya banki ya ku Botswana njimoza mwa ndondomeko zakupambanapambana mu Africa. Pakuti boma likulondezga fundo za pa caru cose pa nkhani ya kujilongora makora pa nkhani za ndalama na kulaŵilira mabanki, likovwira kuti ŵamalonda ŵasange ngongoli. Banki ya Capital Bank yikajulika mu 2008. Mu Ogasiti 2015, mu charu ichi mukaŵa mabanki ghanandi. Boma likucitako nchito ya banki kwizira mu mabungwe gha boma na ndondomeko yapadera yakovwira ŵanthu kusanga ndalama. Ngongoli zikupelekeka mwakuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa msika, kweni boma likupeleka ngongoli zakovwira. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, mabungwe gha vya ndalama agho ghakusanga ndalama yayi ghalutilira kunozgekera, comenecomene kwizira mu wupu umoza uwo ukuwona vya ndalama. Boma lafumiskapo malango ghakwendeskera ndalama za boma, ndipo chifukwa cha ivi, mabungwe ghanyake ghakwendeska ndalama, ndipo kampani ya Botswana Stock Exchange yikukura.<ref name="botswana-facts-figs">{{cite web | url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Sub-audiences/Investors/Facts-and-Figures/ | title=Investors: Facts and Figures | publisher=Republica of Botswana | access-date=23 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905000003/http://www.gov.bw/en/Business/Sub-audiences/Investors/Facts-and-Figures/ | archive-date=5 September 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> ===Gemstones and precious metals=== Ku Botswana, Dipatimenti ya Migodi na Vinthu Vyakuthupi (Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security) iyo yikulongozgeka na Hon Sadique Kebonang ku Gaborone, yikusunga vinthu vyakukhwaskana na migodi mu caru cose. Debswana, kampani yikuru comene ya migodi ya dayamondi iyo yikugwira nchito mu Botswana, yili na ndalama 50 pa 100 za boma. Makampani gha migodi ghakupeleka ndalama pafupifupi 40% ku boma. Mu 2007, ŵanthu ŵakasanga usambazi unandi wa uranium, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti usambazi uwu wambenge kusangika mu 2010. Makampani ghakupambanapambana gha migodi gha ku vyaru vinyake ghaŵa na maofesi ghawo mu Botswana, ndipo ghakupenja dayamondi, golide, uranium, mkuwa, na mafuta. Boma la Botswana likati mu 2009, lizamukhumba kuleka kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe gha dayamondi pa vinthu vyachuma. Mu charu cha Botswana muli migodi yinandi chomene ya dayamondi. Mu 2013, ku Orapa ŵakaguliska dayamondi yakujumpha madola 1.6 biliyoni.<ref name="Kitco">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053511/http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html|date=21 September 2013}}, ''[[Kitco]]'', 20 August 2013.</ref> === Creative industries === Ŵakuwona kuti mulimo wa vyamasalamusi pa nkhani ya vyachuma ukuzirwa comene. Wupu wa United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) ukulembapo manambara ghakukhwaskana na katundu uyo wakuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake na katundu uyo wakunjira mu vyaru vinyake. Wupu wa World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) wawovwira kunozga kafukufuku uyo wakulongora kuti pa charu chose pali makampani ghakujumpha 50. Kuyana na umo WIPO yikupangira, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka ku vyamaseŵero vya kulenga zikupambana pakati pa 2% na 11% kuyana na caru. Pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya WIPO, wupu wa Companies and Intellectual Property Authority (CIPA) na Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis ŵakalemba kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vigaŵa vinyake mu 2019. Mu 2016, mafakitale a copyright adathandizira 5.46% ku phindu lowonjezera ndi 2.66% ku chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito, 1.28% ku katundu ndi 3.47% ku katundu.<ref>{{Cite book|date=June 2019|title=The Economic Contribution of Copyright Industries in Botswana|url=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/performance/pdf/econ_contribution_cr_bt.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/copyright/en/performance/pdf/econ_contribution_cr_bt.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|isbn=978-99968-3-063-1|access-date=29 December 2021|website=WIPO}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Botswana}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-right: 10px" |+ Population in Botswana{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! scope="col" style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! scope="col" style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.4 |- |2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.7 |- |2020 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.4 |} Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tswana ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu charu cha Botswana, ndipo ŵakakwananga 79% ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵanyake 7 peresenti mbanthu ŵa fuko la White Batswana/European Batswana, ŵa ku India, na mafuko ghanyake gha ku Southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|date=10 May 2022|year=2022}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ni Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero, na Bakgalagadi. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku India ŵali kufuma ku Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius, na South Africa. [[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Botswana 2016.png|thumb|left|Population pyramid 2016]] Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in [[Zimbabwe]], the number of [[Zimbabweans in Botswana]] has risen into the tens of thousands.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus: implications for the refugee protection regime|publisher=Policy Development and Evaluation Service, [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|series=Research Papers|volume=175|last1=Betts|first1=Alexander|last2=Kaytaz|first2=Ezra|year=2009|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/retrieveattachments?openagent&shortid=MINE-7UL4R6&file=Full_Report.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 10,000 ŵa mtundu wa San ŵachali na umoyo wawo. Kwambira m'ma 1990, boma la Botswana likuyezga kufumiska Ŵasani mu malo ghawo.<ref>Lovgren, Stefan (14 September 2004) [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808232807/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0914_040914_labushmen_2.html |date=8 August 2016 }}. ''National Geographic News''.</ref> [[James Anaya]], mu 2010, Mlembi Wapadera wa United Nations pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, wakalemba kuti para ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵatayika, ŵakusuzgika chomene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit Central Kalahari Game Reserve In Botswana|url=https://kubwafive-safaris.com/visit-central-kalahari-game-reserve-in-botswana/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Kubwa Five Safaris|language=en-GB}}</ref> as a special example.<ref name=Anaya/>{{rp|2}} Among Anaya's recommendations in a report to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] was that development programs should promote, in consultation with indigenous communities such as the San and Bakgalagadi people, activities in harmony with the culture of those communities such as traditional hunting and gathering activities.<ref name=Anaya>{{cite report |author=Anaya, James |date=2 June 2010 |title=Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2 |url=http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041536/http://unsr.jamesanaya.org/docs/countries/2010_report_botswana_en.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|19}} {{Largest cities | country = Botswana | stat_ref = Census Botswana 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=POPULATION OF CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES |url=https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Population%20of%20Cities%20Towns%20and%20Villages%20%202022.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2022 |publisher=Gaborone: Statistics Botswana.}}</ref> | list_by_pop = List of cities in Botswana | div_name = District | div_link = | city_1 = Gaborone | div_1 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_1 = 246,325 | img_1 = Gaborone, Botswana - 51207616203.jpg | city_2 = Francistown| div_2 = North-East District (Botswana){{!}}North-East| pop_2 = 103,417| img_2 = The main square in Francistown (3297095166).jpg | city_3 = Mogoditshane| div_3 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_3 = 88,006 | city_4 = Maun, Botswana{{!}}Maun| div_4 = North-West District (Botswana){{!}}North-West| pop_4 = 84,993| img_4 = MaunAirport.jpg | city_5 = Molepolole| div_5 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng| pop_5 = 74,674| img_5 = | city_6 = Serowe| div_6 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_6 = 55,676 | city_7 = Tlokweng| div_7 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_7 = 55,508 | city_8 = Palapye| div_8 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_8 = 52,636 | city_9 = Mochudi| div_9 = Kgatleng District{{!}}Kgatleng| pop_9 = 50,317 | city_10 = Mahalapye| div_10 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_10 = 48,431 | city_11 = Kanye, Botswana{{!}}Kanye| div_11 = Southern District (Botswana){{!}}Southern| pop_11 = 48,028 | city_12 = Selebi-Phikwe{{!}}Selibe Phikwe| div_12 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central| pop_12 = 42,488 | city_13 = Letlhakane| div_13 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_13 = 36,338 | city_14 = Ramotswa| div_14 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_14 = 33,271 | city_15 = Lobatse| div_15 = South-East District (Botswana){{!}}South-East | pop_15 = 29,772 | city_16 = Mmopane | div_16 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_16 = 25,345 | city_17 = Thamaga| div_17 = Kweneng District{{!}}Kweneng | pop_17 = 25,297 | city_18 = Moshupa| div_18 = Southern District (Botswana){{!}}Southern | pop_18 = 23,858 | city_19 = Tonota| div_19 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_19 = 23,296 | city_20 = Bobonong| div_20 = Central District (Botswana){{!}}Central | pop_20 = 21,216 }} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{bar box |title=Languages of Botswana |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=Percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|Setswana|darkgreen|77.3}} {{bar percent|Sekalanga|purple|7.4}} {{bar percent|Shekgalagadi|red|3.4}} {{bar percent|English|black|2.8}} {{bar percent|Sesarwa|green|1.7}} {{bar percent|Sembukushu|darkblue|1.6}} {{bar percent|Ndebele|cyan|1.0}} {{bar percent|Seherero|darkred|1.0}} {{bar percent|Afrikaans|gray|0.4}} {{bar percent|Sesubiya|tan|0.3}} {{bar percent|Seyeyi|lime|0.2}} {{bar percent|Other Asian|violet|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other European|azure|0.4}} {{bar percent|Other African|yellow|0.1}} {{bar percent|Other|brown|0.1}} }} {{Main|Languages of Botswana|Setswana}} Chiyowoyero cha boma ku Botswana ni Chingelezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chisetswana.<ref name="gov.bw languages" /> Mu Citswana, vilembo vyakwambilira ni vyakuzirwa comene kuluska mu viyowoyero vinyake vinandi, cifukwa Citswana ni ciyowoyero ca Bantu ndipo vili na mazina agho ghakulembeka na vilembo ivi. Zina mwa vinthu ivi ni Bo, ilo likung'anamura charu, Ba, ilo likung'anamura ŵanthu, Mo, uyo ni munthu yumoza, na Se, uyo ni chiyowoyero. Mwaciyelezgero, mtundu ukuru comene wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ni ŵa mtundu wa Tswana. Ŵanthu wose aŵa mba Batswana, munthu yumoza ni Motswana, ndipo chiyowoyero chawo ni Setswana. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Botswana ni Kalanga (Sekalanga), Sarwa (Sesarwa), Ndebele, Kgalagadi, Tswapong,! Mazgu agha ni Xóõ, Yeyi, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake, Afrikaans. ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Botswana}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Botswana]] ([[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]])<ref name=pew>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Botswana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190527/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/botswana/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=20100 |date=16 December 2013 }}. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Botswana|Protestant]]|blue|66}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Atheist]]|darkgrey|20}} {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Botswana|Catholic]]|purple|7}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk]]|red|6}} {{bar percent|[[Freedom of religion in Botswana|Other]]|gray|1}} }} Ŵanthu pafupifupi 77% ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakuti Mbakhristu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵali mu tchalitchi la Anglican, Methodist, na United Congregational Church of Southern Africa. Mu caru ici muli mipingo ya ŵa Lutheran, Baptist, Roman Catholic, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Seventh-day Adventists, na Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, mu caru ici muli Ŵasilamu pafupifupi 5,000 (ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku South Asia), Ŵahindu 3,000, na 700 ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵalije chisopa. ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Botswana}} Kuyana na chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu charu cha Botswana, lizgu lakuti Setswana likuyowoyeka kuti likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana ŵaliri. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanandi ŵakupokelerana munthowa zakupambana. Kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Batswana ŵafwatukane makora, ŵakuyowoyeskana mazgu ghakuti "Dumelang". Pa viphikiro nga ni Dikgafela, panji viphikiro vya nthengwa, ŵanakazi ŵa ku Batswana ŵakulongora kuti mbakukondwa para ŵakulira. ===Literature and cinema=== Mabuku gha ku Botswana ghali na malo ghake mu mabuku gha ku Africa. Mabuku gha mu Africa ghakumanyikwa cifukwa ca umo ghakulembera. Kulemba kwaŵako kwa nyengo yitali ku Botswana, kufuma ku nyengo ya kupenta malibwe, comenecomene mu mapiri gha Tsodilo, agho ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakaŵa na vyaka 20,000, mpaka lero. [[File:Unity Dow - PopTech 2011 - Camden Maine USA (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Unity Dow]], author of ''Far and Beyon''', ''The Screaming of the Innocent'' and ''Heavens May Fall'']] Mazuŵa ghano, mu charu cha Botswana muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulemba nkhani za mbiri, za ndyali, na zakukondweska. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni Bessie Head, uyo wakababikira ku South Africa ndipo wakakhalanga ku Serowe; Andrew Sesinyi; Barolong Seboni (uyo milimo yake yikusazgapo Images of the Sun, Screams and Pleas, Lovesongs, Windsongs of the Kgalagadi and Lighting the Fire, na mabuku ghanyake agho ghakusazgapo seŵero lakuti Sechele I, na Setswana Riddles Translated into English); Unity Dow, Galesiti Baruti; Caitlin Davies; Lauri Kubuetsile; Albert Malikongwa; Toro Mositi; na Moteane Melamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@africadialogue/the-history-and-future-of-literature-in-botswana-dc0120b34561|title=The History and Future of Literature in Botswana|first=Africa in|last=Dialogue|date=12 July 2017|website=Medium}}</ref> Vinthu vinandi ivyo Bessie Head wakalemba vikacitika mu msumba wa Serowe. Mufilimu ya When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971), na A Question of Power (1973) zose zili na nkhani iyi. Mabuku ghatatu agha ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa munthu. Mabuku agha ghakulongosora ivyo vikachitikira Maru apo wakakhalanga pa famu iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga. Head wakafumiskaso nkhani zifupi zinandi, kusazgapo buku la The Collector of Treasures (1977). Wakalemba buku lakuti Serowe: Village of the Rainwind. Buku lake laumaliro, A Bewitched Crossroad (1984), ni buku la mdauko ilo likalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Kweniso wakalemba nkhani ya ntchimi ziŵiri, yumoza musambazi ndipo munyake mukavu, zina lake Yakobe: Wasembe Wakupembuzga na Cipulikano.<ref>Mary Ellen Snodgrass, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LXyyYs2cRDcC&pg=PT141 "Head, Bessie (Bessie Amelia Emery Head)"], ''Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire'', Infobase Publishing, 2010, pp. 131–132.</ref><ref name=SAHO>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/bessie-amelia-head-sa-novelist-dies "Bessie Amelia Head, SA novelist dies"], South African History Online, 17 April 1986.</ref> Mu 1981, filimu ya The Gods Must Be Crazy yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana ndipo yikaŵa yakutchuka chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2000, filimu ya Disney ya Whispers: An Elephant's Tale yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana. Pamanyuma, mu 2009, mabuku ghanyake gha M. Filimu ya Saravanan yakuchemeka Ayan, iyo yikaŵa mu chiyowoyero cha Tamil, yikaŵa mu charu cha Botswana. A United Kingdom (Ufumu wa United Kingdom), nkhani ya chitemwa cha Seretse Khama na Ruth Williams, yikapangika pakati pa Botswana na London.<ref name="oxfordbibliographies">{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846733/obo-9780199846733-0110.xml|title=Botswana (Bechuanaland) – African Studies|website=Oxford Bibliographies|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> ===Media=== {{main|Media of Botswana}} Ku Botswana kuli mawayilesi 6 gha TV, ndipo limoza mwa mawayilesi agha ni la boma (Botswana TV), pamoza na Now TV, Khuduga HD, Maru TV, Access TV na EBotswana. Pali mawayilesi ghankhondi (RB1, RB2, Duma FM, Gabz FM, na Yarona FM) na manyuzipepara 13 (Mmegi, Sunday Standard, The Telegraph, Business Weekly, The Botswana Gazette, The Voice, The Guardian, Echo, Botswana People's Daily, DailyNews, Tswana Times, Weekend Post, na The Monitor) agho ghakupharazga nyengo zose. ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Botswana}} {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we = | image2 = Tomeletso Seeretsi.jpg | caption2 we = | image3 = Tswana Small Basket.jpg | caption3 = Folklore Musician Sereetsi (top) & traditional basket (bottom) }} Sumu za ku Botswana zikuzunulika na ŵanthu ŵanandi, nyengo zinyake kwambura kugwiliskira ntchito viŵiya. Sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Botswana zili na vyakwimbira nga ni setinkane (chipinda cha piyano chichoko), segankure/segaba (chiyowoyero cha ku Botswana icho chikuyana waka na chiyowoyero cha ku China), moropa (vyakwimbira vyakupambanapambana), phala (chisulo icho chikulizgika pa viphikiro, icho chili na mitundu yakupambanapambana). Vyakwimbira vya ku Botswana vikugwiliskirika waka pa vingwe yayi. Mawoko nagho ghakugwiliskirika nchito nga ni vyakwimbira, mwa kugwiriskirana mawoko pamoza panji kugwiliskira nchito phathisi (khumba la mbuzi lakuzingilizgika mu ciŵaya, ilo likugwiriskirika nchito na ŵanalume pera) kuti lipange sumu na sumu. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, gitala yikumanyikwa kuti ni ciŵiya ca kwimba ico cikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Tswana. Sumu ya fuko ni "Fatshe leno la rona". Buku ili likalembeka na kulemba na Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Makgala|first=Christian John|date=2014-07-03|title=Neil Parsons, National Coat of Arms, and Introduction of the Pula Currency in Botswana, 1975–1976|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=66|issue=3|pages=504–520|doi=10.1080/02582473.2014.898081|s2cid=159475736|issn=0258-2473}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Daily News .:. General - Birth of nation|url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=31255|website=www.dailynews.gov.bw|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200126140631/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=31255|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Botswana Music|url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-music.html|website=KnowBotswana|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> === Visual arts === Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Botswana, ŵanakazi ŵa mu mizi ya Etsha na Gumare ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca luso lawo la kupanga vidunga kufuma ku khuni la mkama la Mokola na vyakununkhira vya mu malo agha. Vikwama ivi vikuŵa vyakupambanapambana mu mitundu yitatu: vikuruvikuru vyakudikanya ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusunga vinthu, vikuruvikuru vyambura kujara ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakunyamura vinthu pa mutu panji pakupwantha tirigu, na viŵiya vichoko ivyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakupwantha tirigu. Vinthu ivi vikuŵa viwemi comene cifukwa ca mitundu iyo vikuŵa nayo kweniso umo vikupangikira.{{sfn|Cunningham|Milton|1987}} Vithuzithuzi vyakale chomene vya ku Botswana na South Africa vikulongora ŵanthu ŵakuŵawuka, vinyama, na ŵanthu. Kung San/Bushmen) vyaka vyakujumpha 20,000 ivyo vyajumpha mu mapopa gha Kalahari. ===Food=== {{Main|Cuisine of Botswana}} Vyakurya vya ku Botswana vikusazgapo nyama pakuti ku Botswana kuli viŵeto vinandi. Chakurya cha fuko ili ni seswaa, nyama yakufuma ku mbuzi panji nyama ya ng'ombe, Segwapa nyama yakomira, yakufuma ku nyama ya ng'ombe m'paka nyama ya nyama ya nyama. Vyakurya vya ku Botswana vikuyana waka na vyakurya vinyake vya ku Southern Africa. Viyelezgero vya vyakurya vya ku Botswana ni: Bogobe, pap, boerewors, samp, Magwinya na mopane. Pakuphika chiŵiya ichi, munthu wakuŵika ufu wa sorghum, wa mbuto, panji wa mphoza mu maji ghakubilisa, wakuwuskamo viŵiya ivi na kuviphika pachokopachoko. Cakurya ico cikucemeka ting cikupangika para munthu wakusazgapo mkaka na shuga. Para mulije mkaka na shuga, nyengo zinyake tingaryeka pamoza na nyama panji mphangwe. Nthowa yinyake yakuphikira bogobe nkusazgako mkaka wakununkhira na mpunga. Cakurya ici cikucemeka tophi na fuko la Kalanga. Madila ni cakurya ca mkaka cakuyana na yogati panji sour cream.<ref>{{Citation |title=Microbiome of madila - a southern-african fermented milk product |last1=Ohenhen |first1=Regina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315493533 |work=International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences |volume=2 (2) (2013) 170–175 |pages= |access-date=2023-02-26 |script-title= |publication-date=2013 |author-mask= |last2=Imarenezor |first2=E.P.K |last3=Kihuha |first3=A.N.}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakulima mphangwe zinandi, nga ni cowpeas, ditloo, na letlhodi. Vyakumera vinyake vikukura mu thengere ndipo vikusangika nyengo yiliyose, nga ni thepe na Delele (okra). Ku malo agha kuli vipasi vinandi, kusazgapo marula. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti tuyuni utu tukwiza kufuma ku Botswana. Pali mtundu unyake wa nyungu uwo ukulimikaso. Mitundu yinyake ya nyungu iyo yikusangika mu vigaŵa vya mu mapopa, njakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi. Boma la Kgalagadi Breweries Limited ndilo likupanga moŵa wakuchemeka St. Louis Lager, ndiyo njere yakwamba na yimoza pera ya ku Botswana iyo yikumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi kwamba mu 1989, kweniso Keone Mooka Mageu, chakumwa chambura moŵa. ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Botswana}} [[File:Francistown Stadium Botswana.jpg|thumb|left|[[Francistown Stadium]]]] Bola ndilo ndakutchuka mu Botswana. Maseŵera ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf, na track and field. Dziko la Botswana ndi membala wa International Cricket Council. Mu 1991, charu cha Botswana chikaŵa mu wupu wa International Badminton Federation na African Badminton Federation. Wupu wa Botswana Golf Union ukupeleka maseŵero gha gofu agho ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Dziko la Botswana likapambana mendulo yakwamba ya Olimpiki mu chaka cha 2012 apo Nijel Amos wakathereska siliva mu mpikisano wa mamita 800. Mu chaka cha 2011, Amantle Montsho wakazgoka championship wa charu chose mu maseŵera gha mamita 400 ndipo wakatora mendulo yakwamba ya ku Botswana pa maseŵera gha pa charu chose. Kabelo Kgosiemang ni mulongozgi wa Africa katatu, Isaac Makwala ni mulongozgi wa mphinjika uyo wakumanya chomene maseŵero gha mamita 400, wakaŵa walongozgi wa golide pa maseŵero gha Commonwealth mu 2018, Baboloki Thebe wakaŵa walongozgi wa siliva mu maseŵero gha mamita 200 pa maseŵero gha Summer Youth Olympics mu 2014 ndipo wakafika ku semi-finals pa World Junior Championships mu 2014 pa maseŵero gha masamu, ndipo Ross Branch Ross, uyo wakwenda pa njinga, wali na nambala yimoza pa maseŵero gha South African Cross Country Championship ndipo wakathereska pa Dakar Rally. Letsile Tebogo wakimika chiphalizgano cha junior pa 100 metres na nyengo ya 9.94 pa 2022 World Athletics Championships. Pa 7 August 2021 dziko la Botswana linalandira mendulo ya bronze mu mpikisano wa 4 × 400 metres wa amuna pa Olimpiki ku Tokyo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa chomene maseŵero agha. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Britain awo ŵali kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakasambizganga maseŵero agha mu masukulu gha ku sekondare ku Botswana. Bungwe la Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) likakhazikiskika mu 1988 ndipo likulutilira kunozga maseŵera agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha kujoba, ndipo gulu ili lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800. Mu 2007, BBF yikapempha wupu wa English Bridge Union kuti ucitenge ungano wa sabata yimoza mu Meyi 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm|title=English Bridge Union|publisher=English Bridge Union|access-date=1 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227184536/http://www.ebu.co.uk/general/news/2008/BotswanaTrip.htm|archive-date=27 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Masambilo== {{See also|Ministry of Tertiary Education, Research, Science and Technology (Botswana)}} {{Main|Education in Botswana}} [[File:Lady Physicist.jpg|thumb|Physicist in a Lab at [[Botswana International University of Science and Technology]]]] Kufuma waka apo charu cha Botswana chikapokera wanangwa mu 1966, charu ichi chaluta panthazi chomene pa nkhani ya masambiro. Pa nyengo iyo, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵacoko comene awo ŵakamalizga masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ku Botswana, chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikakwera kufuma pa 69% mu 1991 kufika pa 83% mu 2008. Pa vyaru vya ku Africa, charu cha Botswana ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency, mu 2015, ŵanthu 88.5% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba.<ref name="ref">{{cite web |title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065836/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/ |archive-date=25 July 2008 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=Stats.uis.unesco.org}}</ref> Cifukwa ca kusanga malibwe gha daimondi na kusazgikira kwa ndalama izo boma likasanganga, masambiro ghakasazgikira comene mu caru ici. Ŵasambiri wose ŵakasambizgika kwa vyaka 10, ndipo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya Junior Certificate. Pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusambira ŵakuluta ku sukulu za sekondare kwa vyaka viŵiri. Masambiro gha ku sekondare mu Botswana ngawanangwa yayi nesi ghakukakamizgika.<ref name="ref" /> Para ŵafuma ku sukulu, ŵakusambira ŵangasambira ku sukulu yinyake pa sukulu zinkhondi na ziŵiri izo zili mu charu ichi, panji kusambira masambiro gha kusambizga panji unesi. Ŵana ŵa sukulu aŵa ŵakasambiranga pa yunivesite ya Botswana, yunivesite ya Botswana ya Agriculture and Natural Resources, yunivesite ya Botswana International University of Science and Technology, na ku Botswana Accountancy College ku Gaborone. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku masukulu ghapachanya ghapachanya mu charu chose. Pa maunivesite agha pali Botho University, yunivesite yakwamba ya ŵanthu ŵekha mu charu ichi iyo yikupeleka masambiro gha ku sukulu ya Accounting, Business na Computing. Yunivesite yinyake ya pa caru cose ni Limkokwing University of Creative Technology iyo yikupeleka madigiri ghakupambanapambana mu vya Maluso. Masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizga vya masambiro ghapachanya ni Ba Isago, ABM University College, New Era, Gaborone Institute of Professional Studies, Gaborone University College of Law And Professional Studies etc. Ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za boma ŵacita vinandi comene kuti ŵasambizge makora ŵanthu. Ŵanandi mwa ŵana aŵa boma likuŵawovwira. Yunivesite yachiŵiri ya pa charu chose, ya Botswana International University of Science and Technology, yikamara ku Palapye mu 2011. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikaŵa vyacilendo. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha pulayimale ŵachalije ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵakupokera malipiro ghambura kuyana na ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare. Dipatimenti ya vya masambiro mu charu cha Botswana yikugwira ntchito yakuzenga malaibulale mu masukulu gha pulayimale pamoza na African Library Project. Boma la Botswana likugomezga kuti para lingaŵika ndalama zinandi pa masambiro, charu ichi chingaleka kuthemba chomene malibwe gha dayamondi. Vilato ivi vikulondezgeka kwizira mu ndondomeko ya masambiro gha maluso, iyo yili mu ndondomeko ya NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training). Boma la Botswana likugwiliskira nchito 21% ya ndalama zake pa masambiro.<ref name="ref" /> Mu Janyuwale 2006, boma la Botswana likapharazga kuti liwezgerengepo ndalama zakusambizgira ŵana ŵa sukulu pamanyuma pa vyaka makumi ghaŵiri vya masambiro gha wanangwa wa boma nangauli boma likulutilira kupeleka masambiro ghakukwana na ndalama zakukwana zakukhala nazo ku munthu waliyose wa ku Botswana uyo wakusambira pa yunivesite. ===Vinthu viphya na vya zeru=== {{main|Science and technology in Botswana}} [[File:SolarCharger Deaftronics.jpg|thumb|Deaftronics Solar Powered Hearing Aid]] Dziko la Botswana likukhumba kugwiliskira nchito sayansi na vyakupangapanga kuti lisinthe vinthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma na kuchepeskako kugomezgeka kwake ku migodi ya dayamondi. Pa cifukwa ici, kufuma mu 2008, boma la Russia lazenga malo ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana mu vigaŵa vya vyakurya, daimondi, luso, mendero, umoyo na masambiro. Mu 2011, boma la Botswana likalemba ndondomeko yake ya kafukufuku, sayansi na vyakupangapanga. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti vinthu visinthe mwaluŵiro pa nkhani ya sayansi, charu chose, na kufiska vilato vya boma ivyo vili kulembeka mu mabuku ghapachanya, kusazgapo pulani ya 10 ya boma la Botswana yakukhwaskana na chitukuko m'paka mu 2016. Mu ndondomeko ya National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) muli chilato cha kukwezga ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku (R&D) kufuma pa 0.26% ya GDP mu 2012 kufika pa 2% ya GDP mu 2016. Chilato ichi chingafiskika mu nyengo yakutemeka pera usange boma lingasazgirako ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=546–547|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322210919/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:BeeSat RTM 500x500.JPG|thumb|left|Cubesat miniaturized satellite]] Nangauli ndalama izo ŵakuŵika pa kafukufuku ni zichoko, kweni mu charu ichi muli ŵasayansi ŵanandi chomene ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara. Dziko la Botswana lili pa nambala 106 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa nambala 93 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2009, kampani ya Deaftronics, iyo yikugwira ntchito ku Botswana, yikamba kupanga munkhwala wakovwira kupulika. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, Deaftronics yaguliska vinthu ivi vyakujumpha 10,000. Chiŵiya chilichose cha munkhwala uwu chikugulika pa mtengo wa madola 200 gha ku America. Vinthu ivi ni vyakudura viŵi yayi pakuyaniska na vinyake ivyo vikuŵa na mtengo wakugulira. Mu 2011, Dipatimenti Yakusanda vya Vyakumera ya ku Botswana (DAR) yikavumbura ng'ombe za Musi, izo zikapangika kuti zikondweske chomene viŵeto vya ng'ombe. Mtundu uwu wa nyama ni wa mtundu wa Tswana, Bonsmara, Brahman, Tuli, na Simmental. Chilato cha kafukufuku uyu chikaŵa chakuti ŵasange majini agho ghangaŵa nga ni mitundu iyo yikusangika kale ku Botswana, ndipo ghangaŵa ghawemi chomene kuluska mitundu ya ku Tswana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=166&dir=2011%2FSeptember%2FThursday8%2F |title=Hardy breed named Musi at unveiling |website=mmegi.bw |date=6 August 2007 |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013727/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=166&dir=2011/September/Thursday8/ |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2016, wupu wa Botswana Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) ukapangiska chiyezgelero cha kufumiska nthenda ya foot and mouth mwakukolerana na wupu wa Botswana Vaccine Institute na Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Njira zakulongozgera matenda izo zilipo zikukhumbikwira ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa comene na vinthu vyapadera, ivyo vikupangiska kuti ndondomeko ya kucezga yilutilire.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html?m=1 |title=BITRI Develops Rapid Foot and Mouth Disease Test Kit |website=rapidmicromethods.com |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013809/http://news.rapidmicromethods.com/2016/12/bitri-develops-rapid-foot-and-mouth.html?m=1 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{ multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we= | image2 = Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction.jpg | caption2 we= | image3 = Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction 2.jpg | caption3 =Botswana Innovation Hub Under Construction }} MeerKAT (Square Kilometre Array (SKA)) yizamuŵa na vyakupimira vikuruvikuru na ma antenna agho ghazamupambanapambana. Vyakurya vinyake vizamusangika mu vyaru vinyake 8 vya mu Africa. Charu cha Botswana chikasankhika kuti chiŵepo chifukwa chakuti chili ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu, ndipo chingaŵa chipusu kupokera mauthenga kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Boma la Botswana lazenga telesikopu ya SKA ku Kgale View, yakucemeka African Very Long Base Line Interferometry Network (AVN) na kutuma msambiri pa masambiro gha vya nyenyezi. Pa 18 December, 2020, charu cha Botswana chikamba ntchito yake ya vyaka vitatu yakuzenga na kwambiska satellite (CubeSat). Bungwe la Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) ndilo lizamulongozga mulimo wa kupanga satellite iyi ndipo lizamovwira Yunivesite ya Oulu ku Finland. Satellite iyi yizamuteŵetera pakuwona caru capasi, ndipo yizamupeleka fundo zakovwira pa ulimi wavinjeru na pa vyalo vya pa caru. Kweniso vitovwirenge kumanya nyengo iyo tiryenge mbuto mwakugwiliskira ntchito ma robot na makina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=60276 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415234043/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=60276 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |title=Satellite technology development giant leap |work=Botswana Daily News |date=20 December 2020 |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanews.space/botswana-launches-national-space-program/|title=Botswana Launches National Space Program|first=Space in|last=Africa|date=23 December 2020}}</ref> Mu 2016, kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Almaz, yikajura kampani yakwamba ya kupanga makompyuta..<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant |title=Botswana opens first tech assembly plant |website=itwebafrica.com |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110013902/http://www.itwebafrica.com/more-countries/botswana/237043-botswana-opens-first-tech-assembly-plant |archive-date=10 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html |title=Almaz enters Botswana ICT sector |work=The Patriot |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205218/http://www.thepatriot.co.bw/business/item/3389-almaz-enters-botswana-ict-sector.html |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa 19 Novembala 2021 ŵasayansi ku Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory (BHHRL) ŵakasanga mtundu wa Omicron ndipo pamanyuma ŵakawuchema kuti B.1.1.529, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakawuchema kuti "Omicron" ndipo ŵakaŵa charu chakwamba pa charu chose chapasi kusanga mtundu uwu. Kwambira kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2021, ŵasanda viŵaro vya ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,300 awo ŵali na kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2. Kuyana na Dr. Gaseitsiwe, viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya viŵelengero vya ŵanthu ivyo vyatumika ku GISAID ni vyapacanya comene mu caru ca Africa pa munthu yumoza. Bungwe la Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP) likakhazikiskika mu 2003, vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pakuti wupu uwu wajura BHHRL, malo ghakwamba puzengau chose gha kafukufuku wa HIV.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron |title=Inside the Botswana lab that discovered Omicron |work=Aljazeera |last=Flood |first=Zoe |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214111713/http://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/inside-the-botswana-lab-that-discovered-omicron |archive-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref> ==Vyakuzenga== {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = | caption1 we = | image2 = PSX 20190111 022104.jpg | caption2 we = | image3 = Francistown interchange Botswana.png | caption3 = [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|SSKI Airport]] (top), [[Air Botswana]] (Middle) & Thapama Interchange (bottom) }} Ku Botswana kuli misewu ya makilomita 971, misewu ya makilomita 18,482, na ma eyapoti 92. Misewu iyi yili kuzengeka kufuma apo tikambira kujiyimira tekha mu 1966. Wupu wa ndege wa ku Botswana ni Air Botswana, ndipo ukwendeska ndege mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Botswana Railways ni kampani ya sitima ya ku caru cose, iyo yikovwira comene pa misewu ya ku Southern Africa. Botswana Railways yikupeleka vinthu vyakwendeskera njanji kuti ŵanthu ŵagulire vinthu vinandi mu migodi na vyamuminda, kweniso njanji za ŵanthu na madoko ghakomira.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions/ |title=Ministry of Transport and Communications |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180729080321/http://www.gov.bw/en/ministries--authorities/ministries/ministry-of-transport-and-communications/departments/department-of-roads/divisions |archive-date=29 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile |title=Botswana Railways |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232609/http://www.botswanarailways.co.bw/profile |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nkhani ya magesi, ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito malasha pakupanga magesi. Sonosono apa, caru ici caŵika mtima comene pa vyakununkhira vya magesi ndipo cafiska ndondomeko yikuru ya kukopa ŵaganyu mu vyakununkhira vya magesi nga ni mphepo, zuŵa na biomass. Vipinda vya magesi vya ku Botswana ni Morupule B Power Station (600 MW), Morupule A Power Station (132 MW), Orapa Power Station (90 MW), Phakalane Power Station (1.3 MW) na Mmamabula Power Station (300 MW), ivyo vikulindizgika kuti vizamunjira pa intaneti sonosono apa. Unduna wa vya Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security, uli kunozga na kupanga sitima ya magesi ya 200 MW.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows |title=Unusual Tourism ministry solar power plant tender raises eyebrows |work=Sunday Standard |location= Gaborone |date=3 December 2017 |access-date=8 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201028231344/https://www.sundaystandard.info/unusual-tourism-ministry-solar-power-plant-tender-raises-eyebrows/ |archive-date=28 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mmegi.bw">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/ |title=Botswana - energy sector overview |website=mmegi.bw |date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232514/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1253&dir=2012/June/Friday22/ |archive-date=21 January 2019 }}.</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Excerpt|Health in Botswana}} ====Health industry==== [[File:Scottish Livingstone Hospital 228.jpg|thumb|Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole]] Dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo mu charu cha Botswana ndiyo yikulaŵilira umoyo wa ŵanthu mu charu chose. Kuyana na Banki ya Caru Cose, mu 2009 ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kukhala na umoyo utali wa vilimika 55, kweni mu 1990 ukaŵa vyaka 64,1 ndipo mu 2002 ukaŵa vyaka 49. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 54,06. Wupu wa Khensa wa ku Botswana ni wupu wakujipeleka. Wupu uwu uli mu wupu wa International Union for Cancer Control. Wupu uwu ukupeleka wovwiri wakukwana ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulwara nthenda ya kansa..<ref name="UICC Cancer Association of Botswana">{{cite web |publisher=Union for International Cancer Control |url=http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana |title=Cancer Association of Botswana |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528080003/http://www.uicc.org/membership/cancer-association-botswana |archive-date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Nthenda ya HIV/AIDS ==== {{Main|HIV/AIDS in Botswana}} [[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]] Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, AIDS yikupangiska masuzgo ghanandi pa vya cuma. Ndalama zakwendeskera vyachuma zikadumulika na 10 peresenti mu 2002'3 cifukwa ca kunangika kwa bajeti na kusazgikira kwa ndalama zakwendeskera vya cipatala. Ku Botswana, nthenda ya AIDS yikananga comene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Mu 2006, ŵakawona kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakubabika na nthenda iyi ŵakukhala vyaka 65 m'paka 35. Ndipouli, kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka 54,06. Kweni pa chithuzithuzi apa pali vyaka vyakujumpha 65, ntheura pali mauthenga ghakupambana pa nkhani ya umoyo. Ku Botswana, ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15-49 ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV/AIDS. Ivi vikupangiska kuti charu cha Botswana chiŵe chachitatu pa vyaru ivyo vili na matenda agha mu 2013, uku "chikulongozga pa nkhani ya kugega na kupwelelera matenda". Mu 2003, boma likamba ndondomeko yikuru yakusazgapo munkhwala wa HIV waulere panji wa mtengo wapasi kweniso kampeni yakupharazga kuti nthenda ya HIV yileke kuthandazgika; mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 40% mu Botswana ŵakaŵa na nthenda ya HIV.:28 Mu gulu la vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 19, nthenda ya HIV yikamba kuthandazgika pa 6% pa ŵanakazi na 3.5% pa ŵanalume mu 2013,:33 ndipo mu gulu la vyaka vyapakati pa 20 na 24, nthenda ya HIV yikamba kuthandazgika pa 15% pa ŵanakazi na 5% pa ŵanalume.:33 Botswana ni yimoza mwa vyaru 21 ivyo gulu la UN AIDS likati vyazunulika mu 2011 mu ndondomeko ya Global Plan ya kumazga nthenda ya HIV pakati pa ŵana na kusunga ŵanyinawo ŵamoyo.:37 Kufuma mu 2009 kufika mu 2013, nthenda ya HIV yikakhira pa 50% pa ŵana.:38 Cinthu cinyake ico cikulongora kuti banthu ŵakukwaniska panji ŵakugomezga kuti nthenda ya HIV yikumara, nchakuti pa banthu ŵakukwana 10% pa banthu ŵakutora nthenda ya HIV mu 2013, banthu ŵakukwana pafupifupi 50% pa banthu ŵakukwana ŵakukwaniska na Na pulogiramu ya kuchepeska nthenda ya HIV kufuma ku amama kuya ku ŵana, caru ca Botswana cachepeska nthenda iyi kufuma pa 40% kufika pa 4%. Pa muwuso wa Festus Mogae, Boma la Botswana likapempha wovwiri wa ku vyaru vinyake pakulwera HIV/AIDS ndipo likapokera wovwiri kufuma ku Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Merck Foundation, ndipo pamoza ŵakapanga African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP). Ŵabali ŵanyake awo ŵakateŵeterapo pa nyengo yakwambilira ŵakaŵa ku Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, ku Harvard School of Public Health, na ku Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of Pennsylvania. Kuyana na lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2011, ŵanthu wose mu Botswana ŵakutora munkhwala uwo ukovwira kuti ŵaleke kufwa.<ref>{{Citation |url= http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf |title= World AIDS Day Report |year= 2011 |publisher= UNAIDS |access-date= 21 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130601011732/http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf |archive-date= 1 June 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref> Vinyake ivyo vingapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe na HIV ku Botswana ni kugonana pa nyengo yimoza, kugonana na munthu munyake, kugonana na ŵanthu ŵa miwiro yakupambanapambana, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuluta ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja ntchito. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵanandi, ŵakuŵa na suzgo linyake. === Ulendo === {{main|Tourism in Botswana}} [[File:Botswana.jpg|thumb|Tourist on a safari boat cruise]] Bungwe la Tourism Organisation la ku Botswana ndilo likwendeska vyalo mu charu ichi. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku Gaborone chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita. Lion Park Resort ni malo ghakwamba ghakusanguluskira ŵanthu ku Botswana. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku Botswana ni Gaborone Yacht Club na Kalahari Fishing Club kweniso malo ghanyake ghakukondweska nga ni Gaborone Dam na Mokolodi Nature Reserve. Pali malo gha gofu agho ghakusungilizgika na bungwe la Botswana Golf Union (BGU). Phakalane Golf Estate ni nyumba yakuzirwa comene iyo yili na mahotelo kweniso malo ghakukhala gofu. Malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale mu Botswana ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090808044920/http://www.botswanagolfunion.org.bw/ (BGU)]. Botswana Golf Union. Retrieved on 19 May 2017.</ref> * [[Botswana National Museum]] in Gaborone * Kgosi Bathoen II (Segopotso) Museum in Kanye * Kgosi Sechele I Museum in Molepolole * Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe * Nhabe Museum in Maun * [[Phuthadikobo Museum]] in Mochudi * Supa Ngwano Museum Centre in Francistown ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Botswana]] * [[List of Botswana-related topics]] == Vinyake vyamubuku == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == === Citations === {{Reflist}} === General sources === {{Free-content attribution | title = UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030 | author = UNESCO | publisher = UNESCO Publishing | page numbers = 546–547 | source = | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf | license statement URL = | license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * Charles, Thalefang (2016). ''Botswana's Top50 Ultimate Experiences''. Mmegi Publishing House. {{ISBN|9789996845413}}. * {{cite web |url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/284 |title=An African Success Story: Botswana |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Johnson |first2=Simon |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |date=11 July 2001 |via=mit.edu |ref=none |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718075640/http://economics.mit.edu/files/284 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = Dennis L | year = 1979 | title = The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General Election | url = | journal = Journal of Southern African Affairs | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 347–370 }} * Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy. ''The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of Growth and Income Distribution'' (Oxford University Press, 1980) * {{cite journal|first1=A.B.|last1=Cunningham|first2=S.J.|last2=Milton|title=Effects of basket-weaving industry on mokola palm and dye plants in northwestern Botswana|date=1987|publisher=Economic Botany}} * {{Cite book|last1=Denbow |first1=James |name-list-style=amp |last2=Thebe |first2=Phenyo C. |title=Culture and Customs of Botswana |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33178-7 |ref=none}} * Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds. ''Botswana: Politics and Society'' (Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik, 1998) * {{cite journal | last1 = Good | first1 = Kenneth | year = 1992 | title = Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana | url = | journal = Journal of Modern African Studies | volume = 30 | issue = | pages = 69–95 | doi = 10.1017/S0022278X00007734 | s2cid = 154542272 }} * {{cite journal |last=Good |first=Kenneth |title=Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case Example? |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |date=September 1994 |volume=32 |number=3 |pages=499–521 |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf |via=harvard.edu |access-date=13 July 2018 |issn=0022-278X |eissn=1469-7777 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00015202 |s2cid=153626418 |ref=none |archive-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403150659/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf |url-status=dead }} * Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell. ''History of Botswana'' (Macmillan Botswana, 1984) {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|auto=1|voy=Botswana|d=Q963}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202201/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana Botswana]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035549/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/botswana.htm Botswana] from [[UCB Libraries]] GovPubs * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Botswana}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13040376 Botswana] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas|Botswana}} * {{osmrelation-inline|1889339}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BW Key Development Forecasts for Botswana] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230629130744/https://www.government.co.bw/ Government Directory for Botswana] {{Botswana topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{English official language clickable map}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{Botswana government ministries and agencies}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|24|39.5|S|25|54.5|E|display=title}} [[Category:Botswana| ]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1966]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:1966 establishments in Botswana]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former least developed countries]] 2swi6eg5uhffq19gnoxtcckyfx1p055 0 6921 116230 115442 2026-06-03T01:07:55Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in North Africa}} {{About|the country||Algeria (disambiguation)}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Ŵanthu cha Algeria | name = {{ubl|{{native name|ar|الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية|italic=no}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš{{nbh}}Šaʿbiyya}}}}|{{midsize|{{native name|fr|République algérienne démocratique et populaire}}}}}} | common_name = Algeria | image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg | image_coat = National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{lang|ar|بالشعب وللشعب}}<br />("By the people and for the people")<ref name="CONST-AR">{{cite web|url=http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11 |id= language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber|publisher=El-mouradia.dz |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name="CONST-EN">{{cite web |url= http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11 |publisher=Apn-dz.org |date=28 November 1996 |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725130249/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |archive-date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> | national_anthem = ''[[Kassaman]]''<br />({{lang-en|"We Pledge"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]}}</div> | image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |Makhalilo gha '''Algeria''' || | |}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Algiers]] | coordinates = {{Coord|36|42|N|3|13|E|type:city_region:DZ}} | largest_city = capital | religion = {{unbulleted list|99% [[Islam in Algeria|Sunni Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) |1% other (inc. [[Christianity in Algeria|Christians]] and [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Jews]])<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Algeria|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>}} | official_languages = {{Plainlist| * [[Arabic]] * [[Standard Algerian Berber|Tamazight]] }} | languages_type = Other languages | languages = [[Algerian Arabic]]<br />[[French language|French]]<ref name="CIA" />{{efn| ''[[French language|French]]'' although not officially recognized, remains a common language, understood by the majority of the population.}}<!--end nowrap:--> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |75%–85% [[Arabs]]<ref name="CIA" /> | 15%–25% [[Berbers]]<ref name="CIA" />}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769|title=Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language|newspaper=BBC News|date=2016-02-07}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Algeria|Algerian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Algeria|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sifi Ghrieb]] | leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)|Council President]] | leader_name3 = [[Azouz Nasri]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)|Assembly President]] | leader_name4 = [[Ibrahim Boughali]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Council of the Nation]] | lower_house = [[People's National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Algeria|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]] | established_date1 = 600 BC | established_event2 = [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginians]] | established_date2 = 500 BC | established_event3 = [[Numidia]] | established_date3 = 202 BC | established_event4 = [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom|Kingdom of Altava]] | established_date4 = 477 | established_event5 = [[Emirate of Tlemcen|Ifranid dynasty]] | established_date5 = 757 | established_event6 = [[Rustamid dynasty]] | established_date6 = 776 | established_event7 = [[Sulaymanid dynasty]] | established_date7 = 786 | established_event8 = [[Zirid dynasty]] | established_date8 = 972 | established_event9 = [[Hammadid dynasty]] | established_date9 = 1014 | established_event10 = [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid dynasty]] | established_date10 = 1235 | established_event11 = [[Regency of Algiers]] | established_date11 = 1516 | established_event12 = [[Emirate of Abdelkader]] | established_date12 = 1832 | established_event13 = [[French Algeria]] | established_date13 = 5 July 1830 | established_event14 = [[Algerian War|Modern Algeria]] | established_date14 = 5 July 1962 | area_km2 = 2381741 | area_rank = 10th | area_sq_mi = 919595 | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 44,700,000<ref name="ONS 2020">{{cite web | title=Démographie | website=Office National des Statistiques | date=18 May 2020 | url=http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/demographie2019_bis.pdf | language=fr | trans-title=Demography | access-date=3 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721155425/http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/demographie2019_bis.pdf | archive-date=21 July 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 32nd | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 17.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 47 | population_density_rank = 168th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $708.568 billion<ref name="IMFWEOAG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=612,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 43rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $13,324<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 111th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $190.155 billion<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 58th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,151<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 130th | Gini = 27.6 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of Family Income&nbsp;– Gini Index |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=1 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118143415/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.745<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2021-22 Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping Our Future in an Uncertain World|date=8 September 2022|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|pages=289–292|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 91st | currency = [[Algerian dinar]] | currency_code = DZD | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Algeria|+213]] | cctld = [[.dz]]<br />الجزائر. | today = }}'''Algeria''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg|æ|l|ˈ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ə}} {{respell|al|JEER|ee|ə}}; {{Lang-ar|الجزائر|al-Jazāʾir}}, {{IPA-ar|al.d͡ʒazaːʔir|}}; {{Lang-fr|Algérie}}}}panji kuti '''''Democratic People's Republic of Algeria''''', ni chalo icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu cha Algeria chili kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Tunisia]], kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Libya]], kumwera kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Niger]], kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], na [[Western Sahara]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Morocco]], kumpoto na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]]. Charu ichi chili ku [[Northern Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na vyakumera vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili na malo ghakukwana 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), ndipo ni charu cha nambara 10 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa: largest countries by area 2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1207844/largest-countries-in-africa-by-area/|access-date=9 February 2022|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>Ku Algeria kuli ŵanthu 44 miliyoni. Ili ni charu cha nambara 10 pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Msumba ukuru wa Algiers, uwo uli kumpoto chomene, uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu maufumu, maufumu, na mafumu, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Numidia]], [[Mauretania]], [[Phoenicians]], [[Carthaginians]], [[Romans]], [[Vandals]], [[Mauro-Romans]], [[Byzantines]], [[Umayyads]], [[Ifranids]], Abbasids, [[Rustamids]], [[Idrisids]], Sulaymanids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, Hafsids na Zayyanids. Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Mu 1516, caru ca Algeria cikapangika na ŵa Ottoman, ndipo ici cikakopa ŵanthu kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya ku Mediterranean. Vinthu vikamba kunangika mu ma 1800, ndipo mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakathereska charu ichi m'paka mu 1903, ndipo mu 1848, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa [[France]]. Nkhondo ya Sétif na Guelma mu 1945 yikaŵa nyengo yakupambanapambana mu vyalo vya France na Algeria ndipo yikambiska Nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake pa Julayi 5, 1962, ndipo pa Seputembala 25 chaka chenechicho, charu cha Algeria chikamba kulamulira. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Algeria ni [[Chiarabic]] na [[Chiberberber]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu, ndipo ŵakusopa Cisilamu.<ref name="CIA" /> Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Algeria. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vinthu vinyake, kweni chilije udindo. Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 na vikaya 1,541. Charu cha Algeria chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Mu vyaru vyose vya mu [[Africa]], charu ichi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakukura mwauzimu. Charu cha Algeria chili na mafuta ghanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose pa charu. Sonatrach, kampani ya mafuta iyo yikugwira nchito mu caru ici, ndiyo yikuru comene mu Africa, ndipo yikuguliska gasi munandi comene ku Europe. Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Algeria ndimoza mwa magulu ghakuru comene mu Africa, ndipo lili na bajeti yikuru comene ya kuvikilira caru. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Arab League, OIC, OPEC, United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, ndipo chili mu wupu uwu. == Zina == Zina linyake la zina ili ni: {{lang-ar|الجزائر|al-Jazāʾir}}, {{lang-arq|الدزاير|al-dzāyīr}}; [[Berber languages]]: ''{{transliteration|ber|dzayer}}'', {{lang|ber-Tfng|ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ}},{{refn|group=nb|The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not [[Codification (linguistics)|codified]].<ref name="El Watan 2020">{{cite web | title=La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ? | website=El Watan | date=22 April 2020 | url=https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020 | language=fr | access-date=14 March 2021 | archive-date=14 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314144817/https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>}} {{lang|ber-Arab|دزاير|labels=none}}{{refn|group=nb|The transcription of Tamazight in the Arabic alphabet is not [[Codification (linguistics)|codified]].<ref name="El Watan 2020" />}}; {{lang-fr|Algérie}}.Charu ichi chikuchemeka kuti Democratic People's Republic of Algeria (Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš-Šaʿbiyya; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire, wakafupiskika kuti RADP). ===Etymology=== Zina la charu cha Algeria lili kufuma ku msumba wa [[Algiers]] (Algiers), ndipo lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, "vyirwa") pakuyowoya vya virwa vinayi vichoko ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Buluggin ibn Ziri ndiyo wakazenga msumba uwu mu 950 C.E. pa malo agho ghakaŵa mabingu gha msumba wa Icosium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=les origines d'alger, conference faite le 16 juin 1941, comite du vieil alger; venis |url=http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/alger_son_histoire/textes/3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=alger-roi.fr}}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba vya charu ŵakaŵa Muhammad al-Idrisi na Yaqut al-Hamawi. [[Ufumu wa Ottoman]] ukamba kuchema msumba uwu kuti [[al-Jazā'ir.]] Ntheura, lizgu ili likuyana na malo ghanyake ghanandi, nga ni Alzira ku [[Valença, Portugal|Valencia]], Algeciras ku Andalusia, Lezíria ku [[Portugal]], Cizre ku [[Turkey]], Gżira ku [[Malta]], chilumba cha [[Nile]] ku Gezira ku [[Egypt]], na chigaŵa cha [[Gezira]] ku [[Sudan]]. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Algeria}} ===Mbili yakwambilila na yakale=== {{main|Prehistoric North Africa|North Africa during Antiquity}} Vinthu vyakuzengeka na malibwe vyakufuma ku Ain Hanech (Algeria) ivyo vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni, vikamanyikwa kuti ni vinthu vyakale chomene ku North Africa.<ref name="science.org">{{cite journal |display-authors=etal |last1=Sahnouni |title=1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria |journal=Science |date=14 December 2018 |volume=362 |issue=6420 |pages=1297–1301 |doi=10.1126/science.aau0008 |pmid=30498166 |bibcode=2018Sci...362.1297S |hdl=10072/383164 |s2cid=54166305 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0008 |access-date=22 November 2021|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Vinthu vya mu malibwe na viwangwa ivyo vikazengeka kufupi na Ain Boucherit vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.9 miliyoni. Ntheura, ukaboni wa ku Ain Boucherit ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto kwa Africa. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti kale chomene ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga na kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe kufuma ku East Africa.<ref name="science.org" /> [[File:Djémila-109038.jpg|thumb|left|Roman ruins at [[Djémila]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal ndiwo ŵakapanga visulo vya mawoko mu nyengo ya Levalloisian na Mousterian (43,000 B.C.E.) nga umo vikaŵira ku Levant. Ku Algeria ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyamalibwe. Vyakovwira vya nyengo iyi, vyeneivyo vikamba kuzengeka pafupifupi 30,000 B.C.E., vikuchemeka Aterian (kuyana na malo ghakuzengera vinthu vyakale gha Bir el Ater, kumwera kwa Tebessa).<ref name="science.org" /> Makampani ghakwambilira agho ghakapanganga malupanga ku North Africa ghakachemekanga Iberomaurusian (ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Oran). Vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikaŵa mu vigaŵa vyose vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Maghreb pakati pa 15,000 na 10,000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic (ŵakaŵanga na viŵeto na kulima) ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Sahara na Mediterranean Maghreb, panyake m'ma 11,000 B.C. panji m'ma 6000 na 2000 B.C. Umoyo uwu, uwo ukulongosoreka makora chomene mu vithuzithuzi vya Tassili n'Ajjer, ndiwo ukaŵa wakuzirwa chomene mu Algeria m'paka mu nyengo yakale. Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakakhalanga pamoza ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa kuti Ŵaberi.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Berbers|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=1997|chapter=Berbers in Antiquity|isbn=978-0-631-20767-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zcz91t29ukC|author1=Brett, Michael |author2=Fentress, Elizabeth }}</ref>[[File:Timgad rue.jpg|thumb|right|Ancient [[Roman Empire|Roman]] ruins of [[Timgad]] on the street leading to the local [[Arch of Trajan (Timgad)|Arch of Trajan]]]] Ku Carthage, uko kukaŵa msumba wawo ukuru, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghachoko waka mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa Africa. Kufika mu 600 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Phoenicia ŵakakhalanga ku Tipasa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cherchell, Hippo Regius (lero ni Annaba) na Rusicade (lero ni Skikda). Malo agha ghakaŵanga na misika kweniso malo ghakukhazikika. Apo ufumu wa Carthage ukakuranga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage nawo ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakaŵa kale pa nyengo iyo kulima, kupanga vinthu, malonda, na ndyali vikawovwiranga vyaru vinandi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Carthage na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakazgoka ŵazga panji ŵasilikari.[[File:GM Massinissa.png|thumb|left|[[Masinissa]] (c.&nbsp;238–148&nbsp;BC), first king of Numidia]] Kuzakafika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Berber ŵakagaluka kufuma mu 241 m'paka mu 238 B.C.E. ŵakati ŵaleka kupokera malipiro chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa msumba wa Carthage mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Punic. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo ŵakapanga ndalama izo zikaŵa na zina lakuti Libyan. Boma la Carthage likamara cifukwa cakuti Ŵaroma ŵakathereskeka kanandi waka pa Nkhondo za Punic. Mu 146 B.C.E., msumba wa Carthage ukaparanyika. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kuchepa, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵaberi ghakaŵa kuti ghababika. Vinyake viŵiri vikaŵa ku Numidia, kuseri kwa malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Cartagena. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Numidia kukaŵa charu cha Mauretania, icho chikambukanga Mlonga wa Moulouya mu caru ico sono ni Morocco na kufika ku Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na chitemwa chikuru chomene m'paka apo Almohad na Almoravid ŵakizira.[[File:Justinian555AD.png|thumb|right| The lands which comprise modern day Algeria were part of the Byzantine Empire (The empire in 555 under [[Justinian the Great]], at its greatest extent since the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] ([[vassal state|vassals]] in pink))]] Masinissa wakati wafwa mu 148 B.C.E., maufumu gha Ŵaberi ghakagaŵikana na kuwungana kanandi waka. Mzere wa Masinissa ukakhala m'paka mu 24 C.E., apo chigaŵa cha Ŵaberi icho chikakhalako chikapokelereka na Ufumu wa Roma. [[File:Side face (2).jpg|thumb|Roman inscription from Agueneb in the province of Laghouat]] Kwa vyaka vinandi, Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Algeria. Ŵakazenga malo ghanandi mu charu ichi. Mu 146 B.C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵamara kuthereska msumba wa Carthage, ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa Africa. Ŵakazenga misumba yakujumpha 500. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu ufumu wa Roma. Augustine wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Hippo Regius (uno ni Annaba, Algeria), mu cigaŵa ca ku Africa. Mu 429 C.E., Ŵajeremani ŵa ku Geiseric ŵakanjira mu North Africa, ndipo mu 435 C.E., ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Numidia. Ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukhalako chifukwa mitundu yinyake yikaŵasuzganga. Nakuti apo Ŵabyzantine ŵakafikanga, msumba wa Leptis Magna ukaŵa kuti walekeka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Msellata ŵakakhalanga mu muzi wa Laguatan. Kweniso mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, Ŵabyzantine, Ŵavandal, Ŵacarthage, na Ŵaotoman, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵekha panji ŵacoko comene mu North Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156|title=The Middle East and North Africa 2003 |publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781857431322|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118|title=Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War |first=Hugh Mulleneux|last=Walmsley|date=1 April 1858|publisher=Chapman and Hall|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167|title=The Kabyle People|first=Glora M.|last=Wysner |date=30 January 2013|publisher=Read Books Ltd|isbn=9781447483526|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ&q=Kabylia|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|date=1 April 1990 |publisher=Grolier|isbn=9780717201211|via=Google Books}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mwakuti nanga ni apo Ŵasilamu ŵakathereskanga kumpoto kwa Africa, ŵakalutilira kulamulira mapiri ghawo. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawa, ndipo ukapangiska kuti paŵe ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava (uno ku Algeria). Ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava ndiwo ukamulondezga. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Kusaila, chigaŵa chake chikafuma ku chigaŵa cha lero cha Fez kumanjiliro gha dazi kukafika ku Aurès kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kairaouan pamanyuma na mukati mwa Ifriqiya kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&pg=PT139 The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy] Hachette UK,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yeUjAQAAIAAJ&q=Koceila+,+chef+Fès+aux Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil] Zakya Daoud Séguier</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dCcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 The History of Northern Africa] Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA458 Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places] Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AIMRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17 Historical Dictionary of Tunisia] Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ciOAAAAMAAJ&q=+kairouan+kusaila Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events] Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications,</ref> ===Middle Ages=== {{main|Medieval Muslim Algeria}} [[File:Mansourah-1.jpg|thumb|right|Mansourah mosque, Tlemcen]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakana, kweni Ŵasilamu ŵa mu ufumu wa Umayyad ŵakathereska charu cha Algeria kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 800. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakazgoka Ŵasilamu. Ŵakhristu, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiberberberia na Chilatini ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu Tunisia m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Ndipo Ŵasilamu ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Umayyad wathereskeka, pakaŵa mafumu ghanandi agho ghakawusa mu charu ichi nga ni Rustamids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, na Zayyanids. Ŵakhristu ŵakafumapo mu vigaŵa vitatu: mu nyengo ya 10 na 11 C.E., ŵakati ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily ndiwo ŵakaŵafumiska ndipo awo ŵakakhalako ŵakafwa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400.<ref name="jonathan">Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365 {{ISBN|978-0-521-19697-0}}</ref>[[File:Fatimid.jpg|thumb|left|Fatimid Caliphate, a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] dynasty that ruled much of North Africa, c.&nbsp;960–1100]] [[File:Statue of Dyhia in Khenchela (Algeria).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dihya]] memorial in [[Khenchela]], Algeria]] Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵanandi, ŵatuŵa, na mafumu, kusazgapo Judah Ibn Quraysh, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuyowoya viyowoyero vya ChiSemite na Chiberber, ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Sufi, Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan) na Sidi El Houari, kweniso Emirs Abd Al Mu'min na Yāghmūrasen. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵafatemidi panji ŵana ŵa Fatima, mwana wa Muhammad, ŵakiza ku Maghreb. ŴaFatimidi aŵa ŵakalutilira kuwusa kwa nyengo yitali mu vyaru vya Maghreb, Hejaz, na Levant. Ufumu wa Fatimid ukayamba kumara apo ŵawusi ŵake ŵa Zirids ŵakajipatura. Kuti ŵaŵalangire, Ŵafatemidi ŵakatuma Ŵaarabu, Ŵanu Hilal na Ŵanu Sulaym kuti ŵaŵawukire. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika yikuzunulika mu buku la Tāghribāt. Mu buku la Al-Tāghrībāt, Mulongozgi wa Ŵaamazigh Zirid, Khālīfā Al-Zānatī, wakupempha zuŵa lililose kuti wachitenge viphalizgano kuti watonde mulongozgi wa Ŵahilalan, Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵa Ŵaarabu. Ndipouli, paumaliro Ŵaziri ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto na kakhaliro ka Ŵaarabu. Ndipouli, mafuko gha Ŵamazigi ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira pawekha, ndipo ghakalondezganga fuko lawo, malo na nyengo iyo ŵakakhalanga. Boma la Chisilamu la Fatimid, ilo likumanyikwaso kuti Caliphate la Fatimid, likapangiska ufumu wa Chisilamu uwo ukaŵa na vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz na Yemen. Macaliphate gha kumpoto kwa Africa ghakaguliskanga vinthu na maufumu ghanyake gha nyengo yawo, kweniso ghakaŵa na maboma ghanyake gha Cisilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa na mafuko ghanandi. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivi vikaŵa Botr na Barnès, ivyo vikagaŵikana mu mafuko, kweniso mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko. Chigaŵa chilichose cha Maghreb chikaŵa na mafuko ghanandi (nga ni Sanhadja, Houara, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, na Berghwata). Mafuko ghose agha ghakasankhanga yekha malo agho ghakeneranga kukhala. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., mu vyaru vya ku Maghreb na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi mukaŵa mafumu ghanandi gha Ŵaamazigi. Ibn Khaldun wakulongosora vya mafumu gha ku Maghreb, Zirid, Ifranid, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa na Hafsid. Mafumu gha Hammadid na Zirid kweniso gha Fatimids ghakawusa mu vyaru vyose vya Maghreb. Ŵa Ziridi ŵakalongozganga charu icho sono ni Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta, na Italy. Ŵahamadidi ŵakathereska na kuwusa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa nga ni Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli na Fez. ŴaFatimidi awo ŵakapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Kutama ŵakathereska vyaru vyose vya kumpoto kwa Africa kweniso Sicily na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, vyaru vinandi vya ku Maghreb vikamba kujiyimira. Mu Algeria, ufumu wa Rustamid ukapangika. Ufumu wa Rustamidi ukambira ku Tafilalt ku Morocco mpaka ku mapiri gha Nafusa ku Libya kusazgapo kumwera, pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Tunisia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Girisi ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chose cha Maghreb, chigaŵa cha Spain, na Sicily. Ŵaziridi ŵakamanya kuti Ŵafatisimu ŵa ku Cairo ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Muwusi wa Zirid, zina lake El Mu'izz, wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵaŵe na wanangwa uwu. Ŵaziridi ŵakalweraso maufumu ghanyake gha Zenata, nga ni Maghrawa, ufumu wa Ŵaberi uwo ukafuma ku Algeria ndipo nyengo yinyake ukaŵa wankhongono chomene ku Maghreb.<ref>Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LnMcAAAAMAAJ&q=maghrawa+dynasty In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara] Edward Alexander Powell Century Company</ref><ref>Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3wFBAAAAYAAJ&q=+Atïa+maghreb Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque] Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni</ref>[[File:Maghrawa dynasty - dynastie maghraoua.jpg|thumb|Territories controlled by the Maghrawa]] Pakuti boma la Ŵafatisimu likaŵa lambura nkhongono pa nyengo iyi, ŵakasanga nthowa yinyake yakuwezgera. Pakati pa Mlonga wa Nile na Nyanja Yiswesi pakaŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin agho ghakacimbizgika ku Arabia cifukwa ca kugaluka kwawo. Mwaciyelezgero, Ŵana Hilal na Ŵana Sulaym, awo kanandi ŵakasuzganga ŵalimi ŵa mu Dambo la Nayelo cifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda ŵakaphanga minda yawo. Muwusi wa ku Fatimid wakakhumbanga kuparanya vinthu ivyo wakatondeka kuvilamulira, ndipo wakaleka kukolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin. ŴaFatimidi ŵakaŵapa nanga ni ndalama kuti ŵafumemo. Mafuko ghose ghakafuma pamoza na ŵanakazi, ŵana, ŵalara, viŵeto, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanyake ŵakimilira pa nthowa, comenecomene ku Cyrenaica, uko ŵachali vinthu vyakuzirwa comene pa malo agha, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafika ku Ifriqiya kufuma ku Gabes, mu 1051. Fumu ya ku Zirid yikayezga kukanizga nkhondo iyi, kweni pa nkhondo yiliyose iyo yikacitikanga, yaumaliro iyo yikacitikanga pasi pa viliŵa vya Kairouan, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakathereskeka ndipo Ŵaarabu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo. Kanandi Ŵaarabu ŵakathereskanga yayi misumba, kweni ŵakayiphanganga na kuyibwangandura.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXN0AwAAQBAJ&q=1048+banu+hilal&pg=PT66 |title=Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour |date=11 September 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-3546-0 |language=en}}</ref> Nkhondo iyi yikalutilira, ndipo mu 1057 Ŵaarabu ŵakafika mu vigaŵa vya Constantine uko ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Qalaa wa Banu Hammad (mzinda ukuru wa Hammadid Emirate). Kufuma apo, ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku Algiers na Oran. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikawuskikapo na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵaŵe na chiyowoyero na maluso gha Chiarabu. Ibn Khaldun wakalemba kuti malo agho ghakasakazika na mafuko gha Banu Hilal ghakazgoka mapopa. Ŵalmohad ŵakafuma ku Morocco, nangauli ŵakakhazikiskika na munthu wa ku Algeria zina lake Abd al-Mu'min. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Almohad, fuko la Abd al-Mu'min, la Koumïa, ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa ufumu. Ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Almoravid uwo ukalopwa na kwamba kulamulira Morocco mu 1147, ŵakanjira mu Algeria mu 1152, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira Tlemcen, Oran, na Algiers. Ŵalmohad ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya ku Las Navas de Tolosa mu 1212, ŵakamba kusuzgika, ndipo mu 1235, kazembe wa ku Algeria, Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan, wakapharazga kuti waŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Ŵakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad awo ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 13. Ŵakaŵathereska mu 1248 ŵati ŵakoma Khalifa wawo. Ŵa Zayyanid ŵakalutilira kulamulira charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 300. Vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muwuso wa Hafsid, nangauli Emirate wa Bejaia uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vya Algeria vya Hafsids nyengo zinyake ukaŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Zayyanid ukaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, ufumu uwu ukaŵa na caru cose ca Morocco ico cikaŵa pasi pawo.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o3SRAAAAIAAJ Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives] Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qpdyAAAAMAAJ Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2] Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions,</ref><ref name=Constantine2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ&q=vassal+tlemcen Recueil des Notices et Memoires], Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine </ref><ref name=Constantine>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ Recueil des Notices et Memoires], Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine</ref><ref name=Cour>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oD9FAAAAYAAJ&q=Wattâside+vassal+d%27tlemcen La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs] (1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. Geuthner</ref><ref name=Arnolet>[https://books.google.com/books?id=q6AwAQAAMAAJ&q=vassal+d%27tlemcen Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine] L. Arnolet,</ref> Pamanyuma pa nkhondo zinandi na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Barbary awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mafumu gha Zayyanid, Spain wakaluta ku Algeria na kuthereska ufumu wa Tlemcen. Mu 1505, ŵakarwa nkhondo na kupoka Mers el Kébir, ndipo mu 1509 ŵakati ŵathereska msumba wa Oran. Ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵaalgeria, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira misumba yinyake ya ku Algeria. Mu 1510, ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Bejaia, ndipo ŵakathereska msumba wa Algiers. Kweniso ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Tlemcen. Mu 1511, ŵakatora msumba wa Cherchell na Jijel, ndipo ŵakathereska Mostaganem. Nangauli ŵakatondeka kuwupoka, kweni ŵakaŵakanizga kupeleka msonkho. === Ottoman era === {{main|Ottoman Algeria}} [[File:Maghreb 15th Century.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid kingdom]] of Tlemcen in the fifteenth century and its neighbors]] Mu 1516, ŵabali ŵa ku Ottoman, Aruj na Hayreddin Barbarossa, awo ŵakateŵeteranga mwakukondwa mu ufumu wa Hafsids, ŵakasamukira ku Algiers. Ŵakapoka msumba wa Jijel na Algiers kufuma ku Spain na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbawomboli ŵa Ŵakhristu, kweni pamanyuma ŵabali aŵa ŵakakoma Salim al-Tumi, munthu wakuzirwa wa ku malo agha. Apo Aruj wakakomekanga mu 1518 apo wakawukira msumba wa Tlemcen, Hayreddin ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Algiers. Fumu ya Ottoman yikamupa zina lakuti beylerbey na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 2,000. Na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari aŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria, Hayreddin wakathereska chigaŵa chose pakati pa Constantine na Oran (nangauli msumba wa Oran ukaŵa mu mawoko gha Spain m'paka mu 1792).<ref name="csa16">{{cite web |title=Algeria&nbsp;– Ottoman Rule |url=http://countrystudies.us/algeria/16.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014191245/http://countrystudies.us/algeria/16.htm |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=Country Studies}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze">{{cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=847}}</ref> [[File:Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]]] Mubali munyake uyo wakaŵa Beylerbey wakaŵa mwana wa Hayreddin zina lake Hasan. Wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Kouloughli panji wa mitundu yakupambanapambana, pakuti anyina ŵakaŵa wa ku Algeria. M'paka mu 1587, Beylerbeylik wa ku Algiers wakawusikanga na Beylerbeys. Pamanyuma, boma likamba kulamulira, ndipo ŵalongozgi awo ŵakachemekanga kuti pasha ŵakateŵeteranga vyaka vitatu. Pasha wakawovwirikanga na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Janissary, awo ŵakamanyikwanga mu Algeria kuti Ojaq. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, Ojak ŵakakwiya chomene chifukwa chakuti ŵakapokeranga yayi malipiro nyengo zose. Pa cifukwa ici, agha ŵakamba kumupa mulandu Pasha wa vimbundi na kutondeka kucita makora vinthu, ndipo ŵakamba kuwusa mu 1659. Matenda agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazara comene mu misumba ya ku North Africa. Mu 1620, ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 50,000 ŵakafwa na muliri uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa mu 1654, 1665, 1691 na 1740.<ref name="Davis">{{cite book|author=Robert Davis|title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=978-0-333-71966-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392|url-access=registration}}</ref>[[File:Debarquement et maltraitement de prisonniers a alger.JPG|thumb|[[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Christian slaves]] in Algiers, 1706]] Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary ŵakalyeranga Ŵakhristu na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi mu nyanja ya Mediterranean. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakatoranga ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu ngalaŵa na kuŵaguliska panji kuŵa ŵazga. Kweniso ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi kuti ŵawombore ŵanthu ŵanyake. Robert Davis wakati kwamba mu ma 1500 m'paka mu 1800, ŵankhungu ŵakakora ŵazga ŵa ku Europe pakati pa 1 miliyoni na 1.25 miliyoni. Kanandi ŵakalutanga ku misumba ya ku mpoto kuti ŵakatore ŵazga awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu na kuguliska ku misika ya ŵazga ku North Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Ottoman. Mwaciyelezgero, mu 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa wakapoka cirwa ca Ischia, wakatora ŵakayidi 4,000, ndipo wakapanga ŵazga ŵanthu pafupifupi 9,000 ŵa ku Lipari. Mu 1551, Turgut Reis, kazembe wa ku Algiers, uyo wakaŵa wa Ufumu wa Ottoman, wakapangiska ŵanthu wose ŵa pa cirwa ca Gozo kuŵa ŵazga. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakizanga na kuwukira virwa vya Balearic. Cinthu ici cikaŵa cakofya comene mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakaleka kukhala pa cirwa ca Formentera. Mu ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito ngalaŵa zakupambanapambana. Mu Julayi 1627, ngaraŵa ziŵiri za ŵankhungu izo zikalongozgekanga na Jan Janszoon, zikafuma ku Algiers na kuluta ku Iceland. Masabata ghaŵiri kumasinda, ngaraŵa yinyake yakufuma ku Salé, Morocco, nayo yikanjira mu Iceland. Ŵazga ŵanyake awo ŵakiza ku Algiers, pamasinda ŵakaŵawombora na kuluta nawo ku Iceland, kweni ŵanyake ŵakasankha kukhala ku Algeria. Mu 1629, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakiza ku Faroe Islands.<ref>[http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=66655 "Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081705/http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=66655|date=6 February 2015}}. ''Vísindavefurinn''.</ref> Mu 1671, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakagaluka, ŵakakoma Agha, na kuŵika yumoza wa iwo pa mazaza. Mulongozgi muphya wakapokera zina lakuti Dey. Pamanyuma pa 1689, wanangwa wakusankha ŵamazaza ukafika ku divan, wupu wa mafumu 60. Pakwamba, wakalizganga chomene woyimbiro wa ojaq, kweni m'ma 1800, wakazgoka wayimbiro wa dey. Mu 1710, Dey wakapangiska Sultani kuti wazomerezge kuti iyo na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵaŵe muwusi. Nangauli msumba wa Algiers ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni ukachitanga vinthu mwakuyana yayi na Ufumu wa Ottoman. Iyo wakaŵa muwusi wankhaza. Dey wakasankhikanga umoyo wake wose, kweni mu vyaka 159 (1671-1830) apo boma ili likaŵako, ŵa dey 14 pa 29 ŵakakomeka. Nangauli boma la Deylikal likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora. Nangauli boma ili likawovwiranga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakakolerananga yayi, chifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga na masuzgo chifukwa cha msonkho. Boma la mafuko ghakupambanapambana likazomerezgekanga, ndipo mazaza gha muwusi ghakaŵanga ghachoko chomene mu Kabylia, nangauli mu 1730 muwusi uyu wakamanya kuwusa Ufumu wa Kuku kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kabylia. Matawuni ghanandi gha kumpoto kwa mapopa gha Algeria ghakalipanga misonkho ku Algiers panji ku Bey, nangauli ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakalutilira kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku Spain. Mu 1784, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Algiers. Ŵakaponya mabomba ghakujumpha 20,000, msumba wose na vigongwe vyake vikaparanyika, ndipo sitima zinandi za ku Algeria zikabira. Mu 1792, msumba wa Algiers ukawuskapo msumba wa Oran na Mers el Kébir, ivyo vikaŵa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakhalanga. Mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakathereska chigaŵa cha Rif na Oujda, ndipo ŵakamalizga kuvisida mu 1795.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WQFyAAAAMAAJ Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman] – Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104</ref>[[File:De Engels-Nederlandse vloot in de Baai van Algiers ter ondersteuning van het ultimatum tot vrijlating van blanke slaven, 26 augustus 1816. Rijksmuseum SK-A-1377.jpeg|thumb|[[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]] by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Caribbean. Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakamba kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku America, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Barbary. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, ŵasilikari ŵa Anglo-Dutch awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Lord Exmouth, ŵakabomba msumba wa Algiers kuti ŵaleke kukoma ŵalovi ŵa ku Europe. Ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vyakukondweska, nangauli ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakalutilira kucita vinthu vyacigeŵenga m'paka apo ŵa ku France ŵakaŵaparanyira mu 1830.<ref>{{cite book |author=Littell, Eliakim |title=The Museum of foreign literature, science and art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48L1w21XYI4C&pg=PA231 |year=1836 |publisher=E. Littell |page=231 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021446/https://books.google.com/books?id=48L1w21XYI4C&pg=PA231 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Kuwusa kwa France (1830-1962) === {{main|French Algeria|Algerian War}} {{see also|French North Africa}} [[File:Vernet-Combat de Somah.jpg|thumb|Battle of Somah in 1836]] Mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Algiers na kuwupoka. Pakuyowoya za umo Ŵafarisi ŵakathereskera Algeria, Ben Kiernan wakalemba kuti: "Mu 1875, Ŵafarisi ŵakamara kuthereska charu chose. Nkhondo iyi yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 825,000 ŵa ku Algeria kwambira mu 1830". Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu ciŵaya ici kufuma mu 1831 m'paka mu 1851. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaŵa 2.9 miliyoni mu 1872, kweni mu 1960 ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 11 miliyoni. Ndondomeko ya caru ca France yikaŵa yakuti caru ici ciŵe "cakutchuka". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaleka kuguliska ŵazga na kunanga vinthu vyawo ŵakati ŵathereskeka na ŵa ku France. Pakutora nyengo yitali kuti Ŵafarisi ŵapoke charu cha Algeria ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Chifukwa cha nkhaza na matenda, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria chikakhira chomene pakati pa 1830 na 1872. Pa Seputembala 17, 1860, Napoleon III wakayowoya kuti: "Cinthu cakwamba ico tikwenera kucita nkhuwoneseska kuti Ŵaarabu mamiliyoni ghatatu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ŵakukhala makora". Mu nyengo iyi, Kabylia yekha ndiyo wakakananga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Kabylia ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake yayi m'paka apo ŵakagalukira boma la Mokrani mu 1871.<ref name="Tocqueville 2023, pp.47">Alexis de Tocqueville, ''Travels in Algeria'', ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023</ref> [[File:Abd al-Qadir.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Abdelkader El Djezairi|Emir Abdelkader]], Algerian leader insurgent against French colonial rule, 1865]] Kwambira mu 1848 m'paka apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake, charu cha France chikalongozganga chigaŵa chose cha Algeria. Chinyake mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha France kwa nyengo yitali chomene, ni Algeria. Pakati pa 1825 na 1847, ŵanthu 50,000 ŵa ku France ŵakaluta ku Algeria. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasanga chandulo chifukwa chakuti boma la France likapoka malo gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweniso chifukwa cha kulondezga nthowa zamasono zakulimi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhazikika mu tawuni ya Oran na Algiers, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, iwo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi mu misumba yose iyi.<ref>Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323 A history of the Arab peoples]''". Harvard University Press. p.323. {{ISBN|0-674-01017-5}}</ref> [[File:Six chefs FLN - 1954.jpg|thumb|The six historical Leaders of the FLN: [[Rabah Bitat]], [[Mustapha Benboulaïd|Mostefa Ben Boulaïd]], [[Didouche Mourad]], [[Mohammed Boudiaf]], [[Krim Belkacem]] and [[Larbi Ben M'Hidi]].]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakaŵa na chiŵelengero ichi. Boma la France likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Algeria chiŵe chigaŵa cha charu cha France, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya masambiro, chomenechomene kufuma mu 1900. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakasuskanga chomene fundo iyi, kweni mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa ku Central Asia na Caucasus, charu cha Algeria chikalutilira kuŵa na maluso ghake na ulimi uwo ukaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Algeria chikathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy.<ref name="USMA-1945">{{cite book |author=United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering |title=The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KThNAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5 |year=1947 |publisher=Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy |location=West Point, NY |pages=4–5}}</ref> Pachoko na pachoko, Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukhorwa na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu charu ichi ŵakamba kukhumba kujilamulira ŵekha. Mu Meyi 1945, ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu msumba wa Sétif na Guelma. Nkhondo ya ku Algeria yikamba mu 1954, apo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru viŵiri ivi ŵakakolerana. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 150,000 ŵa mtundu wa Harki na awo ŵakathembanga iwo ŵakakomeka na gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN) panji ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵakoma ku Algeria. Gulu la FLN likagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhondo iyi ku Algeria na France. Kweniso Ŵafarisi ŵakaparanya vikaya vyakujumpha 8,000 na kusamuska ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵafwe na kupwetekeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko, nga ni Alistair Horne na Raymond Aron, ŵakuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya Ŵasilamu ku Algeria chikaŵa chikuru chomene kuluska icho chikalembeka na gulu la FLN kweniso ku France, kweni chikaŵa chichoko chomene kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 1 miliyoni awo ŵakafwa. Horne wakati mu vyaka 8 ivyo vikajumpha, ku Algeria kukafwa ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo. Nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la France yikamara mu 1962, apo charu cha Algeria chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. === Vyaka 30 vyakwambilira vya wanangwa (1962-1991) === {{main|History of Algeria (1962–99)}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pied-Noir awo ŵakachimbira ku Algeria ŵakakwana 900,000 pakati pa 1962 na 1964.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ussama Samir Makdisi|author2=Paul A. Silverstein|title=Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VlR9Uh22EgC&pg=PA160|year=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34655-1|page=160|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125539/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VlR9Uh22EgC&pg=PA160 |archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku caru ca France pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Oran mu 1962, apo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa vya ku Europe na kwamba kuwukira ŵanthu.. [[File:Houari Boumediene's Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|[[Houari Boumediene]]]] Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Algeria wakaŵa Ahmed Ben Bella, mulongozgi wa Front de Libération Nationale (FLN). Ivyo charu cha Morocco chikayowoya vyakuti chili na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Algeria, vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya mchenga mu 1963. Mu 1965, Houari Boumédiène, uyo kale wakaŵa mubwezi wake kweniso nduna ya vyavikiliro, wakathereska Ben Bella. Mu nyengo ya Ben Bella, boma likamba kuŵa la wupu wakulongozga ŵanthu, ndipo Boumédienne wakalutilira. Ndipouli, wakathemba comene ŵasilikari kuti ŵamovwirenge, ndipo wakapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵacitenge vinthu mwakuthupi. Wakakhozga comene ulimi na kwamba kupanga vinthu vinandi. Vipinda vya mafuta vikaŵa vya boma. Ici cikawovwira comene ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Britain pamanyuma pa suzgo la mafuta mu 1973. Chadli Bendjedid, uyo wakanjira m'malo mwa Boumédienne, wakambiska vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na ndalama. Wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵaŵe Ŵaarabu. Ŵasambizgi ŵa Ciarabu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake vya Ciislamu, ŵakathandazga visambizgo vya Cisilamu mu masukulu ndipo ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵawelere ku cisopa ca Orthodox. Chuma cha ku Algeria chikamba kuthemba chomene mafuta, ndipo chikaŵa chinonono chomene chifukwa mafuta ghakaŵa ghanandi chomene mu ma 1980. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ku Algeria kukaŵa vivulupi chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likachitika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mafuta pa charu chose. Maboma ghakupambanapambana gha ndyali, nga ni Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), gulu likuru la visopa vya Cisilamu.<ref name="faco">{{cite web |title=Country Profile: Algeria |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213054455/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all |archive-date=13 December 2010 |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office}}</ref> === Nkhondo ya Caru (1991-2002) na umaliro wake === {{main|Algerian Civil War}} [[File:Algerian massacres 1997-1998.png|thumb|[[List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War|Massacres]] of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The [[Armed Islamic Group|Armed Islamic Group (GIA)]] claimed responsibility for many of them.]] Mu Disembala 1991, gulu la Islamic Salvation Front ndilo likaluska pa vigaŵa viŵiri vyakwambilira vya maungano gha boma. Pakopa kuti boma la Cisilamu lingasankhika, boma likacitapo kanthu pa Janyuwale 11, 1992, na kulekeska maungano. Bendjedid wakaleka mulimo wake ndipo pakaŵa Wupu Wakulongozga wa Boma uwo ukacitanga mulimo wa kuwusa. Likakanizga gulu la FIS, ndipo likapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa gulu la ŵasilikari la FIS, la Armed Islamic Group, na ŵasilikari ŵa boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa cisopa ca Ciyuda ŵakamba kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa nyengo zinandi za nkhondo iyi, vinthu mu Algeria vikaŵa vyakukondweska pa caru cose, comenecomene pa nyengo ya suzgo ya ndege ya Air France Flight 8969, iyo yikatoleka na gulu la Armed Islamic Group. Gulu la Asilamu likapharazga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira mu Okutobala 1997.<ref name="faco" /> Mu 1999, ku Algeria kukaŵa mavoti agho ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakawona kuti ghakaŵa ghaheni. Wakayezgayezga kuwezgerapo mtende wa ndyali mu caru ici ndipo wakapharazga za ndondomeko ya "Civil Concord", iyo yikazomerezgeka mu referendum, umo ŵakayidi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali ŵakagowokereka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa magulu ghakwimikana na ndyali ŵakafwatulika ku khoti. Gulu la AIS likamara ndipo nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵakugaluka zikakhira. Gulu la Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC), gulu ilo likafumako ku gulu la Armed Islamic Group, likalutizga kampeni yakofya ya kuwukira boma. Bouteflika wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha pulezidenti mu Epulero 2004 pamanyuma pa kucita kampeni pa ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo wenenawene. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa ya kusintha vinthu pa vya cuma, ndyali, na vya cikaya kuti caru ciŵe ca mazuŵa ghano, kukwezga umoyo wa ŵanthu, na kumazga masuzgo agho ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanyawo. Chikaŵaso na phangano laciŵiri lakuti ŵanthu wose ŵagowokereke, la Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, ilo likapokelereka mu Seputembala 2005. Likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵasilikari ŵanandi na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Mu Novembala 2008, Dango la ku Algeria likasinthika pamanyuma pa kuvota mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, kufumiska mphaka ya nyengo ziŵiri za wupu wakulamulira. Kusintha uku kukamovwira Bouteflika kuti waŵikike pa mavoti gha 2009 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu Epulero 2009. Pa nyengo ya kampeni yake na pamanyuma pa kuwuskikaso, Bouteflika wakalayizga kusazgirako ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo mtende na ndalama zakukwana madola 150 biliyoni kuti wapange nchito ziphya zakukwana mamiliyoni ghatatu, kuzenga nyumba ziphya zakukwana miliyoni yimoza, na kulutilira na mapulogiramu ghakusintha vinthu vya boma. Pa Disembala 28, 2010, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitika ku Middle East na North Africa. Pa Febuluwale 24, 2011, boma likawuskapo dango la vyakofya ilo likaŵa mu Algeria kwa vyaka 19. Boma likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na vipani vya ndyali, malango ghakwendeskera mavoti, na kuŵapo kwa ŵanakazi mu wupu wakulongozga. Mu Epulero 2011, Bouteflika wakalayizga kuti wazamuchitaso kusintha kwa ndyali na malango. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususka maungano gha visopa chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikuchitika pa maungano agha. Pa 2 Epulero, 2019, Bouteflika wakafumapo pa udindo wake wa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska kuti waŵepo pa nyengo yakwamba. Mu Disembala 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune wakazgoka purezidenti wa Algeria, wati watonda chigaŵa chakwamba cha chisankho cha purezidenti na chiŵerengero chakukwana cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakana. Tebboune wakususkika kuti wali pafupi na ŵasilikari ndipo ngwakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti uyo wali kukanizgika. Tebboune wakukana ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumuyowoyera, ndipo wakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kumukora. Wakukumbuskaso awo ŵakumususka kuti wakafumiskika mu boma mu Ogasiti 2017 pa chilato cha ma oligarchs agho ghali mu jele.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2019 |title=Algeria: Who is new president Abdelmadjid Tebboune? |work=The Africa Report.com |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/21301/algeria-who-is-new-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune/}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Algeria}} [[File:Algeria relief.png|thumb|The [[Sahara]], the [[Hoggar Mountains]] and the [[Atlas Mountains]] compose the Algerian relief.]] [[File:Dunes.jpg|thumb|The [[Algerian Desert]] makes up more than 90% of the country's total area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth from Space: Algerian sands |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_Algerian_sands |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>]] Kufuma apo Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011, ndipo pakapangika South Sudan, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa caru cikuru comene mu Africa, ndiposo mu Mediterranean Basin. Ku chigaŵa chakumwera kwa charu ichi kuli chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahara. Ku mpoto, mtunda wa Tell Atlas ukuyana na mtunda wa Sahara Atlas, ndipo kumwera, mtunda uwu uli na malo ghaŵiri ghakuyana waka. Ma Atlas ghose ghaŵiri ghakusangana kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria. Mapiri ghakuru gha Aures na Nememcha ghali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria, ndipo ghali kufupi na mphaka ya Tunisia. Phiri la Tahat ndilo lili pachanya chomene. Charu cha Algeria chili pakati pa latitude 19° na 37°N (chigaŵa chichoko chomene chili kumpoto kwa latitude 37°N na kumwera kwa latitude 19°N), kweniso pa longitude 9°W na 12°E. Malo ghanandi agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ghali na tumapiri, ndipo kuli maboma ghachoko waka. Malo agho ghali kufupi na nyanja m'paka ku Tell Atlas ngakupambika makora. Kumwera kwa Tell Atlas kuli mapiri agho ghakumalira pa mapiri gha Sahara Atlas; kumwera kwake kuli mapopa gha Sahara.<ref name=LOC>{{cite web|last=Metz |first=Helen Chapin |title=Algeria : a country study |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html |publisher=United States Library of Congress |access-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052428/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> Mapiri gha Hoggar (Arabic), agho ghakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Hoggar, ni malo gha mapiri ghapakati pa Sahara, kumwera kwa Algeria. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,500 kumwera kwa msumba ukuru wa Algiers, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, na Annaba ni misumba yikuru ya Algeria.<ref name=LOC /> [[File:Djurdjura mountains.jpg|thumb|The Babor mountains and the Jijel Coast. The Erraguene lake can be seen on the right.]] === Nyengo na maji === {{Main|Climate of Algeria}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map DZA present.svg|thumb|left|Algeria map of [[Köppen climate classification]].]] Mu chigaŵa ichi, mu mapopa nyengo ya muhanya yikuŵa yakuzizima caka cose. Kweni para dazi lanjira, mphepo yakuzizima yikumazga luŵiro chithukivu, ndipo usiku ukuzizima. Ku malo agha, zuŵa lililose kutentha kukusinthanga comene. Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tell Atlas, kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria ndiko kukulokwa chomene. Ku vigaŵa vinyake, vula yikuchepa. Ku Algeria kuli mapiri ghanandi agho ghali na mchenga. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, para mphepo yikuputa chomene, nkhongono zikukwera kufika pa 43.3°C. {{Excerpt|Climate change in Algeria|hat=no}} === Fauna and flora === {{Main|Wildlife of Algeria}} [[File:Vulpes zerda.JPG|thumb|left|The [[fennec fox]] is the [[national animal]] of Algeria]] Vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vya ku Algeria ni vyamumaji, vya mu mapiri, na vyamuthondo. Viyuni vinandi vya ku Algeria vikukhala kufupi na ŵanthu. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika comene ni mphumphi, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, na viyuni vya mu nkhorongo. Ku Algeria nako kuli nyalubwe muchoko waka wa ku Africa na chiŵeta cha ku Sahara, kweni vikusangika viŵi yayi. Ciŵinda cinyake, ico cikucemeka Barbary stag, cikukhala mu nkhorongo za kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Nkhaŵala iyi ndiyo ni nyama ya ku Algeria. Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni vyakupambanapambana. Mu nkhorongo iyi muli nkharamu na viŵeto vinyake. Viyuni vya mtundu wa Barbary macaques ndivyo ni vyamoyo vya mtundu uwu. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Algeria, muli njoka, viyuni vinyake ivyo vikwenda. Viyuni vinandi sono vyafwa, kusazgapo nkharamu za ku Barbary, nkhalamira za ku Atlas na ng'ona.<ref>"[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014734 Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810113430/http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734|date=10 August 2018}}". ''[[PLOS ONE]]''. 25 February 2011.</ref> Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli makuni ghanyake nga ni makuni gha macchia, makuni gha maolive, makuni gha oak, makuni gha sidara, na makuni ghanyake. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli makuni ghakuru gha makuni gha sidara (Aleppo pine, juniper, na oak) kweniso makuni ghanyake gha makuni gha sidara. Makuni gha mkuyu, eucalyptus, agave, na makuni ghanyake gha mikama ghakumera mu malo ghakuzizima. Vipambi vya mpheska vikufuma ku mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara, muli makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha acacia agho ghali na maolive gha mu thengere ndigho ghakukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara. Charu cha Algeria chikaŵa pa nambara 5.22/10, ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 106 pa vyaru 172. Ngamila zikugwiliskirika nchito comene; mu mapopa muli njoka zinonono na zambura kununkha, mphumphi, na tusomba tunandi. == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Algeria}} [[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023) (cropped).jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], President of Algeria since 2019]] Ŵandyali awo ŵali kusankhika ŵakuŵa na mazaza ghacoko comene pa caru ca Algeria. M'malo mwake, gulu la ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari awo ŵakusoleka yayi, ŵakucemeka "décideurs" ("ŵakusankha"), awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "le pouvoir" ("nkhongono"), ndiwo ŵakulongozga caru, ndipo ŵakusankha uyo wakwenera kuŵa pulezidenti. Munthu wankhongono chomene pa ŵanthu wose wakaŵa Mohamed Mediène, mulara wa ŵapolisi ŵa nkhondo, pambere wandawuskike mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵasilikari ŵanandi aŵa ŵali kufwa, ŵali kupumura pa nchito, panji ŵali kujalirika mu jere. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Jenerale Larbi Belkheir, pulezidenti wakale Bouteflika wakaŵika ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ku maudindo ghakuzirwa, chomene ku Sonatrach, ndipo wakasunga malango agho ghakamovwira kuti wasankhikeso kwamuyirayira, m'paka apo wakathereskekera mu 2019 pa viphikiro.<ref>{{cite news |title=The president and the police |url=http://www.economist.com/node/15612455 |newspaper=The Economist |date=4 May 2010 |access-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104202443/http://www.economist.com/node/15612455 |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mulongozgi wa boma ni pulezidenti wa Algeria, uyo wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Muwuso wa pulezidenti ukuŵa wa vilimika vinkhondi. Chisankho chaposachedwapa cha purezidenti chikadakhala mu Epulo 2019, koma ziwonetsero zazikulu zidachitika pa 22 February motsutsana ndi chisankho cha purezidenti kuti achite nawo chisankho, zomwe zidapangitsa Purezidenti Bouteflika kulengeza kuti achoka pa Epulo 3. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, uyo wakaŵa wakujiyimira payekha, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti mavoti ghachitika pa Disembala 12, 2019. Awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakakana kuzomerezga Tebboune kuŵa pulezidenti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma lisinthe vinthu vyose. Ŵanthu wose mu Algeria ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha para ŵafika vyaka 18. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakulongozga ŵasilikari, wupu wa nduna, na wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakwimika nduna yikuru iyo nayo ni mutu wa boma.<ref name="president">Articles: 85, 87, 77, 78 and 79 of the Algerian constitution {{cite web|last=Algerian government|title=Constitution|url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz/Constitution08_6.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422193224/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz/Constitution08_6.htm|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Hémicycle de l'assemblée populaire nationale (Algérie).jpg|thumb|The [[People's National Assembly]]]] Nyumba ya mafumu ya Algeria njakukhora; nyumba yaciŵiri, People's National Assembly, yili na mamembala 462 agho ghakusankhika mwakudunjika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi, apo nyumba ya pachanya, Council of the Nation, yili na mamembala 144 agho ghakuteŵetera nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Kuyana na dango la boma ili, palije wupu wa ndyali uwo ungapangika usange uli "wakupambana cisopa, ciyowoyero, mtundu, kugonana, nchito, panji cigaŵa". Mwakusazgirapo, ma kampeni gha ndyali ghakwenera kufumako ku nkhani izo zazunulika. Malo ghakusoperapo ghakaŵa mu Meyi 2017. Pa mavoti agha, FLN yikaluza vithuzithuzi 44, kweni yikalutilira kuŵa chipani cikuru comene na vithuzithuzi 164, gulu la National Rally for Democracy ilo likovwirika na ŵasilikari likapokera vithuzithuzi 100, ndipo gulu la Muslim Brotherhood Movement of Society for Peace likapokera vithuzithuzi 33.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPU PARLINE database: ALGERIA (Al-Majlis Al-Chaabi Al-Watani), Full text|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2003.htm|access-date=10 February 2021|website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> ===Maubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Algeria}} [[File:Abdelaziz Bouteflika and George W Bush 20080707.jpg|thumb|President [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] and [[George W. Bush]] exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are [[Dmitriy Medvedev]], left, and [[Yasuo Fukuda]], right.]] Charu cha Algeria chili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera ku vyaru vyapafupi. Kupeleka viwovwirano na kutumbika awo ŵakuchita makora chomene, kweniso kupeleka ndalama mwaluŵiro kweniso mwakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri, ni fundo zikuru ziŵiri izo zili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2014. Ndondomeko iyi yili na ndalama zakukwana 15.4 biliyoni ndipo yikovwira chomene pa ntchito zinyake. Mu 2009, boma la France likazomerezga kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka pa viyezgo vya nyukiliya ku Algeria. Nduna ya vyavikiliro Herve Morin yikati: "Ni nyengo yakuti caru cithu ciŵe pa mtende na umo ciliri, cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo nduzga", apo yikapelekanga dango lakukhwaskana na malipiro agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Algeria na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti iyi ni nthowa yiwemi yakwamba ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti nthowa iyi yingawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵapokere njombe. Vinthu vyakukondweska pakati pa Algeria na Morocco pa nkhani ya Western Sahara vyapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na wupu wa Arab Maghreb Union, uwo ukaŵako mu 1989. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2021, Algeria yikapharazga kuti yatondeka kukolerana na Morocco.<ref>{{cite news |title=Algeria stops gas supplies to Spain via Morocco, as diplomatic row with Rabat intensifies |url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/politics/algeria-stops-gas-supplies-to-spain-via-morocco-as-diplomatic-row-with-rabat-intensifies/2-1-1092219 |work=[[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream]] |date=2 November 2021}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Military of Algeria}} [[File:Al-chihab.jpg|thumb|A [[Djebel Chenoua-class corvette|''Djebel Chenoua''-class corvette]], designed and assembled in Algeria]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Algeria lili na ŵasilikari ŵa People's National Army (ANP), Algeria National Navy (MRA), na Algeria Air Force (QJJ), pamoza na Territorial Air Defense Forces. Chipani ichi ndicho chikapokeleranga wanangwa wa National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale panji ALN), chigaŵa cha National Liberation Front icho chikarwanga nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Ŵasilikari wose ŵakusazgapo 147,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera, 150,000 awo ŵali mu malo ghakusungirako ŵasilikari, na 187,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari (2008 estimate). Ŵanalume ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 19 na 30 ŵakwenera kugwira nchito ya usilikari kwa myezi 12. Mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa 4.3% ya GDP. Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵasilikari ŵaciŵiri pa caru cose ca kumpoto kwa Africa. Vinthu vinandi vya ku Algeria vikufuma ku Russia, uyo ni mubwezi wake.<ref name="AlgeriaSpending">{{cite web |title=Algeria buying military equipment |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/03/11/Algerias-military-goes-on-an-arms-spree/UPI-89581363031700/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113051727/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/03/11/Algerias-military-goes-on-an-arms-spree/UPI-89581363031700/ |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |work=United Press International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb228/index.htm|title=The Nuclear Vault: The Algerian Nuclear Problem|publisher=Gwu.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302044856/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb228/index.htm|archive-date=2 March 2013|access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> Mu 2007, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Algeria ŵakachita phangano na Russia kuti ŵagure ndege 49 za MiG-29SMT na 6 za MiG-29UBT. Russia wakuzengaso maboti ghaŵiri gha mtundu wa 636 gha ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/news/view/12214/| title=Venezuela's Chavez To Finalise Russian Submarines Deal| agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]| date=14 June 2007| access-date=31 August 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214143/http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/news/view/12214/| archive-date=12 February 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{Main|Human rights in Algeria}} Boma la United States la Freedom House, likamba kulemba vya charu cha Algeria kuti "chalije wanangwa" mu 1972, kweni mu 1989, 1990, na 1991, charu ichi chikalembeka kuti "chalije wanangwa". Mu Disembala 2016, wupu wa Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor ukalemba lipoti lakukhwaskana na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Algeria. Likati boma la Algeria likakanizga wanangwa wa vyalo; wanangwa wa kuyowoya; wanangwa wa kususka, kususka na kuwungana mwamtendere kweniso likakanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kuŵerenga nkhani mu manyuzipepara na pa webusayiti. Chifukwa chakuti ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ŵaboma ŵakuwuskapo malaisensi gha mawupu ghanyake gha vyakupharazga. Makampani agho ghakujiyimira payekha ghakusuzgika na boma, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakukakika na kukanizgika kwendera fundo zawo. Mu 2016, Ku Algeria, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48703377|title=Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?|date=24 June 2019|access-date=17 July 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref>Para munthu wakucita uzaghali pa wumba, wakukakhala mu jere vyaka viŵiri. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵanthu pafupifupi 26% ku Algeria ŵakuwona kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka, mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer mu 2019. Charu cha Algeria ndicho chikazomerezganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT kuluska vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch watimba boma la Algeria kuti likugwiliskira ntchito nthenda ya COVID-19 nga ni chifukwa chakukanizgira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwendera demokalase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/during-pandemic-algeria-tightens-vise-protest-movement|title=During Pandemic, Algeria Tightens Vise on Protest Movement|access-date=29 April 2020|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=29 April 2020}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Provinces of Algeria|Districts of Algeria|Municipalities of Algeria}} Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 (wilayas), vigaŵa 553 (daïras), na maboma 1,541 (baladiyah). Chigaŵa chilichose, chigaŵa chilichose, na msumba uliwose vikuchemeka kuyana na msumba ukuru uwo ulipo. Kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa uwu, malo agha ghakasintha kanandi waka. Para ŵaŵika vigaŵa viphya, ŵakusunga manambara gha vigaŵa vyakale, ntheura ŵakwendera mu ndondomeko ya vilembo yayi. Mazuŵa ghano (kwambira mu 1983) ŵali na nambara zawo.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Algeria|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> {{Algeria Wilayas}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Algeria}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Algeria.png| upright=1.35|thumb|right|GDP per capita development in Algeria]] [[File:Algeria Product Exports (2019).svg| upright=1.35|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Algeria exports, 2019]] Ndalama za ku Algeria ni dinari (DZD). Boma likulutilira kulamulira vyachuma, ndipo ni ciyelezgero ca umo caru cikacitira pamanyuma pakuti cajiyimira pawekha. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Algeria lalekeska kupanga vinthu vya boma na kukanizga vyakurya vyakunjilira mu vyaru vinyake. Nangauli pasono malango agha ghakwamba waka kuwuskikapo, kweni pali mafumbo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umo chuma cha Algeria chikuŵira. Charu cha Algeria chikusuzgika kupanga vyakumera vinyake padera pa mafuta chifukwa cha unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Ivyo boma likucita kuti likhozge vinthu vinyake mu caru ici mwa kukopa ndalama za caru na za ku caru cinyake padera pa za magesi, vyawovwira comene yayi kuti ŵawukirano ŵaleke kugwira nchito panji kuti ŵaleke kusoŵa nyumba. Charu ichi chikukumana na masuzgo ghakupambanapambana gha nyengo yicoko na yapakati, kusazgapo kukhumbikwa kwa kupangiska vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na cuma cakupambanapambana, kukhozga ndondomeko za ndyali, za ndyali na za ndalama, kunozga vinthu vya bizinesi, na kuchepeska upusikizgi pakati pa vigaŵa. Mu Febuluwale na Malichi 2011, boma la Algeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 23 biliyoni ku ŵanthu kuti liŵawovwire. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ndalama za boma zakwera na 27 peresenti pa caka. Ndondomeko ya ndalama za boma ya 2010-14 yikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola 286 biliyoni gha ku America, ndipo 40% gha ndalama izi ghapelekekenge ku vya ŵanthu. Cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo charu cha Algeria chikusanga kufuma ku vyakurya vya mafuta, chili na ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 173. Kweniso ngongoli ya caru cose ya Algeria njakukhora comene, pafupifupi 2% ya GDP. Vyaru vya Algeria vikuthemba comene pa vyakurya vya mafuta, ndipo nangauli vili na ndalama zinandi (US$178 biliyoni, izo zikuyana na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu vyaru vinyake kwa vyaka vitatu), kweni ndalama izo ŵakuguliska zikukwera. Charu cha Algeria nchindanjire mu WTO nangauli pajumpha vyaka vinandi, kweni nchimoza mwa vyaru vya ku Arabia ivyo vili na malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda na vyaru vya ku Africa. Ndalama izo Turkey yikugwiliskira nchito mu Algeria zaŵiraso zinandi comene, ndipo zakukwana madola 5 biliyoni. Kuzakafika mu 2022, makampani gha ku Turkey agho ghali mu Algeria ghajumpha 1,400. Mu 2020, nangauli kukaŵa nthenda iyi, makampani ghakujumpha 130 gha ku Turkey ghakasangika mu Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubessy |first=Frédéric |title=Turkey strengthens its investments in Algeria |url=https://en.econostrum.info/Turkey-strengthens-its-investments-in-Algeria_a1362.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Econostrum {{!}} Economic News in the Mediterranean |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423015337/https://en.econostrum.info/Turkey-strengthens-its-investments-in-Algeria_a1362.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mafuta na vya chilengiwa=== {{see also|Mining industry of Algeria}} [[File:Algeria pipelines map.jpg|thumb|left|Pipelines across Algeria]] Charu cha Algeria, icho chuma chake chikuthemba pa mafuta, chili mu gulu la OPEC kwamba mu 1969. Likupanga mafuta pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni pa zuŵa, kweni likufumiskaso gasi ndipo likukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Kwa nyengo yitali, vyakumera ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa chuma cha charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili pa nambara 10 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi chomene pa charu chose. U.S. Wupu wakuwona vya magesi (Energy Information Administration) ukati mu 2005, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na magesi ghakukwana 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160×1012 cu ft). Kweniso lili pa nambara 16 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/> Kukula kwa vyakurya vyakupambanapambana na mafuta gha hydrocarbon mu 2011 kukaghanaghanika kuŵa 5%. Kuti ŵamarane na masuzgo gha ŵanthu, boma likasazgirako ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito, comenecomene pa vyakurya, kupanga nchito, kovwira ma KMS, na kukwezga malipiro. Mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta wakovwira kuti ndalama zikhalenge makora pa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Ndalama zakufuma ku mafuta na gasi zikakwera mu 2011 cifukwa cakuti mafuta ghakalutilira kuŵa na mtengo wapachanya, nangauli vyakufumiska vikakwera. Mulimo wa kupanga mafuta na gasi ukuchepa chomene, kufuma pa matani 43.2 miliyoni mu 2007 kufika pa matani 32 miliyoni mu 2011. Kweni mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivi chikaŵa 98 peresenti ya vyakurya vyose ivyo vikatoleka, apo mu 1962 chikaŵa 48 peresenti. Kampani ya mafuta ya ku Algeria ni Sonatrach, iyo yikugwira nchito yikuru mu vigaŵa vyose vya mafuta na gasi mu Algeria. Ŵaganyu wose ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakwenera kwendera lumoza na Sonatrach, uyo kanandi wakuguliska katundu mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵalije nkhongono zakugwilira ntchito vinthu vyakuthupi. Mu 2016, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 0.53 pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose. Mu 2016, charu cha Algeria chikagwiliskira ntchito mahekitala gha viŵeto 2.4 pa munthu yumoza. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakumera vinandi comene kuluska ivyo vili mu Algeria. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca Algeria cili na suzgo la vyamoyo. Mu Epulero 2022, ŵadipuloma ŵakufuma ku Italy na Spain ŵakadumbiskana pamanyuma pakuti boma la Rome lacitapo kanthu kuti lisungilire mafuta ghanandi gha ku Algeria. Mwakukolerana na kampani ya Sonatrach ya ku Algeria na Eni ya ku Italy, charu cha Algeria chizamutumizga mafuta ghanyake ghakukwana mamita 9 biliyoni ku Italy m'paka chaka chikwiza kweniso mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Italy looks to demote Russia and make Algeria its top gas supplier |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-turns-to-algeria-to-replace-russian-gas/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=POLITICO |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Research and alternative energy sources=== Charu cha Algeria chaŵika ndalama zakukwana madinari mabiliyoni 100 kuti chiŵe na malo ghakwendeskera kafukufuku. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti paŵe nkhongono zinyake, comenecomene za zuŵa na mphepo. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571 |title=Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Algerian Program (English Version) |access-date=31 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101749/http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571 |archive-date=1 November 2016 }}</ref>Ku Algeria ndiko kuli nkhongono zinandi za zuŵa mu Mediterranean, ntheura boma likovwira kuti ku Hassi R'Mel kuŵe malo ghakusungirako vya sayansi. Pasono, ku Algeria kuli ŵasambizgi 20,000 pa maunivesite ghakupambanapambana na ma laboratories ghakujumpha 780. Boma likukhumba kuti ŵasambizgi aŵa ŵakwaniske 1,000. Padera pa nkhongono ya dazi, ku Algeria kuli vyakupenjera vya mlengalenga na vya pa wayilesi, vya nyukiliya, na vya munkhwala. ===Labour market=== Mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura nchito cikaŵa 10%, kweni chikalutilira kuŵa pacanya pakati pa ŵawukirano, ndipo pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, cikaŵa 21.5%. Mu 2011, boma likakhozga ndondomeko ya ntchito iyo yikamba mu 1988, comenecomene mu ndondomeko ya kovwira awo ŵakupenja nchito. Nangauli unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakhira, kweni unandi wa ŵawukirano na ŵanakazi ŵambura nchito ngukuru comene.<ref name="imfart4">{{cite web|title=Algeria: 2011 Article IV Consultation|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1220.pdf|publisher=IMF|access-date=6 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311020241/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1220.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Algeria}} [[File:Giants - Rock towers in the Algerian Sahara.jpg|thumb|[[Djanet]]]] Pakwamba, vyalo vya ku Algeria vikaŵavya vyakwendeskera, kweni kwambira mu 2004, vyalo vya ku Algeria vikamba kupanga mahoteli ghanandi. Ku Algeria kuli malo ghanandi agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha UNESCO, kusazgapo Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, msumba ukuru wakwamba wa ufumu wa Hammadid; Tipasa, tawuni ya Ŵafoinike ndipo pamasinda yikazgoka tawuni ya Ŵaroma; na Djémila na Timgad, tawuni za Ŵaroma; M'Zab Valley, chigodobu cha malibwe gha malibwe agho ghali na malo ghakurughakuru. Malo ghamoza pera agho ghali kulembeka kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ni mapiri gha Tassili n'Ajjer.<ref>{{cite web|last=UNESCO|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919064425/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz|archive-date=19 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Algeria}} [[File:Autoroute est ouest ghomri2.JPG|thumb|The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the [[Cairo–Dakar Highway]] project]] Misewu ya ku Algeria ndiyo njakudumura chomene mu Africa; utali wake uli pa 180,000 km (110,000 mi) ya misewu, na vyakuzengeka vyakujumpha 3,756 na chiŵerengero cha vipata vya 85%. Mtundu uwu uzamusazgikaso na msewu ukuru wa East-West Highway, uwo ni mulimo ukuru comene uwo ukuchitika sono. Ni msewu wa makilomita 1,216 (756 mi), uwo ukuyaniska Annaba ku mafumiro gha dazi na Tlemcen kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweniso ku Algeria kuli msewu ukuru wakuchemeka Trans-Sahara Highway. Boma la Algeria likovwira kuti nthowa iyi yikwendere makora ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru 6 ivi: Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, na Tunisia. == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Algeria}} {{see also|List of cities in Algeria}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Algeria ŵalipo pafupifupi 44 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mbaarabu.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/><ref name="ons">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html/ |title=Algérie a atteint 40,4 millions d'habitants (ONS) |publisher=ons |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205120223/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |archive-date=5 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ber_evidance">{{cite journal |last1=Arredi |first1=Barbara |first2=Estella S. |last2=Poloni |first3=Silvia |last3=Paracchini |author-link3=Silvia Paracchini |first4=Tatiana |last4=Zerjal |last5=Dahmani |first5=M. Fathallah |first6=Mohamed |last6=Makrelouf |last7=Vincenzo |first7=L. Pascali |first8=Andrea |last8=Novelletto |first9=Chris |last9=Tyler-Smith |title=A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa|date=7 June 2004 |pmc=1216069 |pmid=15202071 |doi=10.1086/423147 |volume=75 |issue=2 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |pages=338–45}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90% ŵa ku Algeria ŵakukhala kumpoto, mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵanthu ŵa mu mapopa gha Sahara ŵakukhala chomene mu malo ghakuchemeka oases. Ŵanthu 28.1% ŵa ku Algeria ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 15. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 90,000 m'paka 165,000 ŵakufuma ku Western Sahara ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku Sahara, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapopa gha Sahara ku Algeria. Paliso ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 4,000 awo mbacimbizi ŵa ku Palestina, awo ŵali kuweleramo makora mu caru cawo ndipo ŵandapemphe wovwiri ku United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Mu 2009, ku Algeria kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku China ŵakukwana 35,000. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵakufuma ku France, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop |title=Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée&nbsp;– Immigrés 2012 |publisher=Insee |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220075247/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop |archive-date=20 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === {{Main|Ethnic groups in Algeria}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yinyake nga ni Ŵaarabu, Ŵaberi, Ŵafenikiya, Ŵaroma, Ŵavandal, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Byzantium, Ŵaturuki, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, na Ŵafalansa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algiers na misumba yinyake ŵalipo awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵakufuma ku Andalusia. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Aragon na Castile awo ŵakaŵa Ŵamorisco ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi m'paka m'ma 1700.<ref>{{cite book|last=De Epalza|first=Mikel|title=El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII)|year=2011|publisher=Universitat de València|pages=32–38–39–444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC|isbn=978-84-370-8415-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020075020/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Tenus traditionnelles algériennes 27.png|left|thumb|Some of Algeria's traditional clothes]] Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu (75%-85%). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵalipo 15 m'paka 20 peresenti ŵali kugaŵika mu magulu ghanandi. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Kabyles, awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Kabylie kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algiers, Chaoui ŵa kumpoto kwa Algeria, Tuareg mu chipalamba cha kumwera na ŵanthu ŵa Shenwa ŵa kumpoto kwa Algeria. Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi (10% mu 1960) awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Pied-Noirs. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku France, Spain, na Italy. Ŵanandi ŵakafumapo pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya wanangwa panji pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 |title=Migration and Development Co-Operation |page=25 |author1=De Azevedo |author2=Raimond Cagiano |publisher=Council of Europe |isbn=9789287126115 |year=1994 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025429/https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Algeria}} [[File:Tizi Ouzou Tasdawit.jpg|thumb|Signs in the [[University of Tizi Ouzou]] in three languages: [[Arabic]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], and French]] [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Berber language|Berber]] are the official languages.<ref name="Constitution of Algeria">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria|title=Constitution of Algeria|via=Wikisource}}</ref> [[Algerian Arabic]] (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Wexler |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA174 |title=The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2393-7 |language=en}}</ref> [[Berber language|Berber]] has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01 |title=L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh |publisher=Magharebia.com |date=2 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216045948/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01 |archive-date=16 February 2011 }}</ref> [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]], the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of [[Kabylie]]. Kabyle has a significant [[Arabic]], [[French language|French]], [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] and [[Punic language|Punic]] substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baldauf |first1=Richard B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA50 |title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa |last2=Kaplan |first2=Robert B. |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-011-1 |language=en}}</ref> In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Although [[French language|French]] has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html |title=La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie |publisher=Senat.fr |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201075711/http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 }} () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."</ref> and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to [[French rule in Algeria|Algeria's colonial history]]. It can be regarded as a [[lingua franca]] of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le dénombrement des francophones |url=http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052949/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 |publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}} () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 2008¹)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'[[Office national des statistiques d'Algérie]]."</ref> An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French, or 18 million people out of a total of 30 million at the time. Following a period during which the Algerian government tried to phase out French, in recent decades the government has changed course and reinforced the study of French, and some television programs are broadcast in the language. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dargin|first=Justin |url= http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/ |title=Algeria's Liberation, Terrorism, and Arabization |work=The New York Times |date=19 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130831/http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/ |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-access = registration }}</ref> Colloquial [[Algerian Arabic]] is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.<ref name="leclerc">{{cite web |author=Leclerc, Jacques |title=Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique |work=L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde |language=fr |publisher=[[Université Laval]] |date=5 April 2009 |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/AFRIQUE/algerie-1demo.htm |access-date=8 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124150058/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/algerie-1demo.htm |archive-date=24 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Algeria}} {{See also|Islam in Algeria|Early African Church|History of the Jews in Algeria}} [[File:Mosque Hassan Pacha Oran 1790 (6).jpg|thumb|right|[[Hassan Pasha Mosque]] in [[Oran]] ]] Chisilamu ndicho chisopa chikuru mu Algeria, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga chisopa ichi, chomenechomene ŵa Sunni, ŵalipo 99 peresenti ya ŵanthu. Mu chigaŵa cha Ghardaia, mu Dambo la M'zab muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 290,000 ŵa mtundu wa Ibadi. Pambere charu cha Algeria chindambe kujiwusa chekha, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.3 miliyoni ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku France ŵakati ŵafumako ku France.<ref>De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 Migration and development co-operation.]''. Council of Europe. p. 25. {{ISBN|92-871-2611-9}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Area Handbook for Morocc|first=Richard |last=F. Nyrop|year= 1972| isbn= 9780810884939| page =97|publisher=University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|quote=}}</ref> Mazuŵa ghano, ciŵelengero ca Ŵakhristu cili pakati pa 20,000 na 200,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria awo Mbakhristu ŵali mu magulu gha Chiprotesitanti. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2018 na 2019, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria (99.1%) ŵakulutilira kujiwona kuti Mbasilamu. Lipoti la June 2019 la Arab Barometer-BBC News likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa yayi chakura kufuma pa 8% mu 2013 kufika pa 15% mu 2018. Buku la Arab Barometer December 2019, likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa yayi chikukura chomene chifukwa cha ŵawukirano. Ndipouli, lipoti la 2021 Arab Barometer likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuti ŵakusopa yayi ku Algeria chikakhira chomene, ndipo ŵanthu 2.6 pera ndiwo ŵakuti ŵakusopa yayi. Mu lipoti lenelili, ŵanthu 69,5% ŵa ku Algeria ŵakatenge ŵakusopa ndipo ŵanyake 27,8% ŵakatenge ŵakusopa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer |url=https://www.arabbarometer.org/survey-data/data-analysis-tool/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bheria |date=2022-02-17 |title=Arabs Are Getting More Religious. Why Isn't Western Media Reporting It? |url=https://muslimskeptic.com/2022/02/17/arabs-are-getting-more-religious-why-isnt-western-media-reporting-it/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=The Muslim Skeptic |language=en-US}}</ref> Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵali na nkharo yiwemi, nga ni Emir Abdelkader, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem, Malek Bennabi na Mohamed Arkoun. ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Algeria}} Mu 2018, charu cha Algeria ndicho chikaŵa na ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya Maghreb (1,72 pa ŵanthu 1,000), ŵantchito ŵa munesi (2,23 pa ŵanthu 1,000), na ŵadokotala ŵa mino (0,31 pa ŵanthu 1,000). Ŵanthu 97.4% mu misumba ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi ndipo 98.7% mu vikaya ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ŵakukwana 99%, ndipo awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakukwana 93.4%. Wupu wa World Bank ukati charu cha Algeria chili kufiska chilato chake chakuti "paka chaka cha 2015 chichepeskeko na hafu chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵalije maji ghakumwa ndiposo malo ghawemi ghakukhala". Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria mbawukirano, boma likutemwa chomene kupwelelera umoyo wa ŵalwari. Pakulondezga fundo iyi, boma likucita ndondomeko ya katemera. Ndipouli, maji ghakukazuzga na maubendezi ghambura kwenelera, ghakulutilira kunanga umoyo wa ŵanthu. Kanandi ŵakavu ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala kwaulere. Mabuku gha vyaumoyo ghakusungika mu Algeria kwambira mu 1882 ndipo ŵakamba kusazgako visopo vya Ŵasilamu awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera mu 1905.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kemp, Thomas Jay|title=International Vital Records Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afnc6_o5AqoC&pg=PA347|year=2009|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=978-0-8063-1793-9|page=347|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024608/https://books.google.com/books?id=afnc6_o5AqoC&pg=PA347|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Algeria|List of universities in Algeria}} [[File:UIS Literacy Rate Algeria population plus15 1980 2015.png|thumb|[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics|UIS]] literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015]] Mu ma 1970, boma la Algeria likapeleka dango lakuti ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 15 ŵalutilire kusambira sukulu. Kwambira mu 1972, ciarabu cikuyowoyeka pa sukulu vyaka 9. Kufuma waka pa chaka chacitatu, ŵakusambira Cifurenci, ndipo ni ciyowoyero ico ŵakusambizgaso masambiro gha sayansi. Ŵasambiri ŵangasambiraso Cingelezi, Citaliyana, Cisipanishi, na Cigiriki. Mu 2008, masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakaŵa ghaphya, ntheura sukulu yikwamba para munthu wafika vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza. Padera pa masukulu ghapadera 122, masukulu gha boma ghakusambizga ŵanthu kwambura kulipira. Para ŵamara vyaka 9 vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ŵakuluta ku sekondare panji ku sukulu yinyake. Sukulu iyi yili na masambiro ghaŵiri: lakupambanapambana panji la luso. Paumaliro wa chaka chachitatu cha sukulu ya sekondare, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakuchita masambiro gha baccalaureate. Ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 15 ŵakwenera kusambira sukulu. Mu 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira na kulemba awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 10 chikaŵa 22.3%, 15.6% ku ŵanalume na 29.0% ku ŵanakazi. Chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikaŵa cha Algiers, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu 11.6%, ndipo chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikaŵa cha Djelfa, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu 35.5%. Ku Algeria kuli masukulu ghapachanya 26 na masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya 67, ndipo mu 2008, masukulu agha ghakwenera kupokelera ŵanthu 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria na 80,000 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Yunivesite ya Algiers, iyo yikaŵako mu 1879, ndiyo njakale comene, ndipo yikupeleka masambiro mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana (malango, munkhwala, sayansi na mabuku). Pa maunivesite agha, 25 na pafupifupi masukulu ghose gha masambiro ghapacanya ghakaŵako pamanyuma pakuti caru capokera wanangwa. Nangauli masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizga ŵanthu mu Chiarabu, nga ni malango na vya cuma, kweni visambizgo vinandi vya sayansi na vyadokotala vikulutilira kusambizgika mu Cifurenci na Cingelezi. Pa mayunivesite ghakuzirwa chomene, pali Yunivesite ya Sayansi na Mavinjeru Houari Boumediene, Yunivesite ya Mentouri Constantine, na Yunivesite ya Oran Es-Senia. Yunivesite ya Abou Bekr Belkaïd ku Tlemcen na Yunivesite ya Batna Hadj Lakhdar zili pa malo 26 na 45 mu Africa. Charu cha Algeria chili pa malo 120 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 113 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|publisher=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Miksumba ikulu === {{Largest cities | country = Algeria | stat_ref = According to the 2008 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/algeria/cities/ |title=Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | list_by_pop = <!-- link to the list of cities in the given country, if possible sorted by population --> | div_name = Province | div_link = <!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field --> | city_1 = Algiers | div_1 = Algiers Province | pop_1 = 2,364,230 | img_1 = Alger View Oct-2010 IMG 1039.JPG | city_2 = Oran | div_2 = Oran Province | pop_2 = 803,329 | img_2 = Oran facade maritime.JPG | city_3 = Constantine, Algeria{{!}}Constantine | div_3 = Constantine Province | pop_3 = 448,028 | img_3 = Constantine10.JPG | city_4 = Annaba| div_4 = Annaba Province | pop_4 = 342,703 | img_4 = Annaba, algeria04.jpg | city_5 = Blida| div_5 = Blida Province | pop_5 = 331,779 | city_6 = Batna, Algeria{{!}}Batna | div_6 = Batna Province | pop_6 = 289,504 | city_7 = Djelfa| div_7 = Djelfa Province | pop_7 = 265,833 | city_8 = Sétif | div_8 = Sétif Province | pop_8 = 252,127 | city_9 = Sidi Bel Abbès | div_9 = Sidi Bel Abbès Province | pop_9 = 210,146 | city_10 = Biskra | div_10 = Biskra Province | pop_10 = 204,661 | city_11 = Tébessa | div_11 = Tébessa Province | pop_11 = 194,461 | city_12 = El Oued | div_12 = El Oued Province | pop_12 = 186,525 | city_13 = Skikda | div_13 = Skikda Province | pop_13 = 182,903 | city_14 = Tiaret | div_14 = Tiaret Province | pop_14 = 178,915 | city_15 = Béjaïa | div_15 = Béjaïa Province | pop_15 = 176,139 | city_16 = Tlemcen | div_16 = Tlemcen Province | pop_16 = 173,531 | city_17 = Ouargla | div_17 = Ouargla Province | pop_17 = 169,928 | city_18 = Béchar | div_18 = Béchar Province | pop_18 = 165,241 | city_19 = Mostaganem{{!}}Mostaganem | div_19 = Mostaganem Province | pop_19 = 162,885 | city_20 = Bordj Bou Arréridj | div_20 = Bordj Bou Arréridj Province | pop_20 = 158,812 }} ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Algeria}} [[File:Bensari2.jpg|thumb|Algerian musicians in [[Tlemcen]], [[Ottoman Algeria]]; by [[Bachir Yellès]]]] Mabuku gha ku Algeria gha mazuŵa ghano, agho ghali kugaŵika pakati pa Ciarabu, CiTamazight na Cifurenci, ghakhwaskika comene na mbiri ya caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako mabuku agha ni Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine na Ahlam Mosteghanemi. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 ni Rachid Mimouni, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Amnesty International, na Tahar Djaout, uyo wakakomeka na gulu la chisopa cha Cisilamu mu 1993 cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghake. Malek Bennabi na Frantz Fanon ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani ya kuleka kukoloneska caru; Augustine wa ku Hippo wakababikira ku Tagaste (uko sono ni Souk Ahras); ndipo Ibn Khaldun, nangauli wakababikira ku Tunis, wakalemba Muqaddima apo wakaŵa ku Algeria. Mulimo wa mbumba ya Sanusi mu nyengo iyo caru cikanjira yayi mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, ndiposo wa Emir Abdelkader na Sheikh Ben Badis mu nyengo ya mawoko gha ŵanthu, ukuzunulika comene. Apuleius wakababikira ku Madaurus (Mdaourouch), mu caru ico pamanyuma cikazgoka Algeria. Sinema ya ku Algeria yikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Pali kusintha kwa mafilimu kufuma ku mafilimu agho ghakulongosora za nkhondo ya kujithemba kuya ku mafilimu agho ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Short guide to contemporary Algerian cinema |publisher=Mapping Contemporary Cinema |url=http://www.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/?p=550 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311032134/http://www.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/?p=550 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Wayilesi=== {{main|Media of Algeria}} ===Luso=== [[File:Portrait-racim.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|[[Mohammed Racim]]; founder of the Algerian school for painting]] Ŵakupenta ŵa ku Algeria, nga ni Mohammed Racim na Baya, ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mbiri ya ku Algeria pambere France yindafike mu caru cawo. Mu chigaŵa ichi, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel nawo ŵaweleraso kwizira mu luso ili, vithuzithuzi vya mdauko wa chalo ichi, vizgoŵi na mitheto ya kale na umoyo wa ku chigaŵa. Vinthu vinyake viphya vyakuyelezgera na ivyo M'hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda na Bachir Yelles ŵakalemba, vikawoneka mu luso lwa ku Algeria. Mohammed Khadda na M'hamed Issiakhem ŵakumanyikwa comene mu vyaka vyasonosono apa.<ref name="art">{{cite web |title=Mohammed Khadda |url=http://www.khadda.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402061339/http://www.khadda.com/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=18 January 2013 |publisher=Khadda.com}}</ref> === Mabuku === {{Main|Algerian literature|List of Algerian writers}} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 250 | image1 = Lucius Apuleius Platonicus, from 'Crabbes Historical Dictionary', published in 1825 (C19).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Apuleius]] | image2 = Kateb Yacine Nedjma authograph.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Kateb Yacine]] | footer = }} Mabuku gha ku Algeria ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Numidiya na Roma, apo Apuleius wakalemba buku lakuti The Golden Ass, ilo likaŵa buku lakwamba mu Chilatini. Nyengo iyi yikaŵaso na Augustine wa ku Hippo, Nonius Marcellus, na Martianus Capella. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 C.E. na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalemba mabuku gha Chiarabu ŵakasintha chomene mabuku gha mu charu ichi. Albert Camus wakababika ku Algeria. Mu 1957, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. Mazuŵa ghano, mu caru ca Algeria muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca mabuku ghawo, kweniso mabuku ghanyake gha Cirabu na Cifurenci. Pakuyamba, mabuku a ku Algeria adadziwika ndi ntchito zomwe cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kutsimikizira mtundu waku Algeria, pali kufalitsa mabuku monga trilogy ya Algeria ya Mohammed Dib, kapena ngakhale Nedjma wa Kateb Yacine buku lomwe nthawi zambiri limawerengedwa ngati ntchito yayikulu komanso yayikulu. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakawovwira kuti mabuku gha ku Algeria ghaŵepo ni Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zakaria, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, Mouloud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, na Assia Djebar.[[File:Ahlem Mosteghanemi at Beirut Book Fair 2012.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Ahlam Mosteghanemi]], the most widely read female writer in the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Honorary and Goodwill Ambassadors |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/algerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis/ |title=Algerian novelist Ahlem Mosteghanemi designated UNESCO artist for peace|website= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |date=20 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507062814/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/algerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis/}}</ref>]] Pambuyo pa ufulu, olemba angapo atsopano adawonekera pazolemba za ku Algeria, omwe adzayesa kudzera m'mabuku awo kuwulula mavuto ambiri, pakati pawo pali Rachid Boudjedra, Rachid Mimouni, Leila Sebbar, Tahar Djaout ndi Tahir Wattar. Pasono, chigaŵa chimoza cha ŵalembi ŵa ku Algeria chikuwoneka kuti chili na mazgu ghakukhuŵazga, chifukwa cha uchigeŵenga uwo ukachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikuwoneka kuti chili na kalembero kanyake ka mabuku ako kakulongosora umo munthu wakuwonera vinthu. Pakati pa mabuku gha sonosono apa, pali mlembi uyu, The Swallows of Kabul and the Attack of Yasmina Khadra, The Oath of Barbarians of Boualem Sansal, Memory of the Flesh of Ahlam Mosteghanemi na buku laumaliro la Assia Djebar Nowhere in My Father's House. ===Sumo=== {{Main|Music of Algeria}} [[File:Anka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|[[El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka]]]] Sumu ya Chaâbi ni sumu ya ku Algeria iyo yili na viyimbiro na ma Qacidate mu chiyowoyero cha Chiarabu. El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka wakuwoneka kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa comene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakucita maseŵero agha. Wakalemba sumu zakujumpha 350 na kupanga malekodi 130 pambere wandafwe mu 1978. Ŵasambiri ŵake ŵanandi ŵakazgoka ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa. Mtundu wa Constantinois Malouf ukuponoskeka na wakwimba uyo Mohamed Tahar Fergani wakwimba.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Rabah |last=Saadallah |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/581750786 |title=El-Hadj Mh́amed el-Anka : maître et rénovateur de la musique chaabi |date=1981 |publisher=Maison des livres |oclc=581750786}}</ref> Sumu za ŵanthu zikusazgapo sumu za Ŵabedouin, izo zikuzunulika na sumu zakutowa izo zikufuma mu kacida (ndakatulo) yitali; sumu za Kabyle, izo zikufuma mu sumu zakutowa izo zikuzunulika mu miwiro yakupambanapambana; sumu za Shawiya, za ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mapiri gha Aurès. Sumu izo Rahaba wakwimba ni za mbumba ya Aures pera. Souad Massi ni wakwimba wa ku Algeria. Ŵakwimba ŵanyake ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa Manel Filali wa ku Germany na Kenza Farah wa ku France. Sumu za Tergui zikuzunulika mu viyowoyero vya Chitaareg. Paumaliro, sumu za staïfi zikababikira mu Sétif ndipo zikulutilira kuŵa zapadera. Sumu za mazuŵa ghano zili na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Muzi wa rap, uwo wafuma sonosono mu Algeria, ukukura comene. ===Vyakuonelela=== {{Main|Cinema of Algeria}} [[File:Mohamed LAKHDAR HAMINA.png|thumb|[[Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina]], one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema.]] Boma la Algeria likutemwa chomene mafilimu, lekani likupeleka ndalama zakukwana 200 miliyoni DZD (1,3 miliyoni EUR) pa chaka, kweniso likuchita vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na mafilimu. Ndalama izo boma likupeleka, kwizira mu Ndalama za Kukhozgeramo Vinthu Vya Maluso, Maluso na Mafilimu (FDATIC) na wupu wa Algeria's Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), ni vyakuzirwa comene pakovwira kuti vinthu vya mu caru viŵe makora. Pakati pa 2007 na 2013, FDATIC yikapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera mafilimu 98 (mafilimu gha vithuzithuzi, vyakutimbanizga na ghafupi). Mu 2013, AARC yikawovwirapo kale mafilimu 78, kusazgapo mafilimu 42, mafilimu ghafupi 6 na mafilimu 30 gha nkhani.<ref>Ali, Sahar (25 March 2014) [http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf ALGÉRIE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203213653/http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf |date=3 February 2016 }}. European Audiovisual Observatory</ref> Mwakuyana na LUMIERE database ya European Audiovisual Observatory, mafilimu 41 gha ku Algeria ghakagaŵirika mu Europe pakati pa 1996 na 2013; mafilimu 21 mu mabuku agha ghakaŵa gha ku Algeria na France. Days of Glory (2006) na Outside the Law (2010) ndiwo ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene mu Europe, ghakaŵa 3,172,612 na 474,722. Algeria wakatora Palme d'Or chifukwa cha filimu ya Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), ndipo wakatora ma Oscars ghaŵiri chifukwa cha filimu ya Z (1969), na ma award ghanyake chifukwa cha filimu ya ku Algeria yakuchemeka The Battle of Algiers. ===Kaphikilo ka chakulya=== {{Main|Algerian cuisine}} [[File:Couscous (Algérie, lieu exact non précisé).jpg|thumb|upright| [[Couscous]], the national dish of Algeria]] Vyakurya vya ku Algeria ni vinandi chomene. Charu ichi ŵakachiwonanga nga ni "malo ghakusungiramo vyakurya gha Romu". Ku malo agha kuli vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuyana na chigaŵa na nyengo. Mu vyakurya vyawo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakurya vya tirigu, cifukwa nyengo zose vikusangika vinandi mu caru ici. Palije cakurya ico palije vyamuminda.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8804/ |title = Luce Ben Aben, Moorish Women Preparing Couscous, Algiers, Algeria |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1899 |access-date = 26 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130928205945/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8804/ |archive-date = 28 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vyakurya vya ku Algeria vikupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Munganozga nyama, somba, na mphangwe. Pakati pa vyakurya vyakumanyikwa, couscous, chorba, rechta, chakhchoukha, berkoukes, shakshouka, mthewem, chtitha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc. Soseji ya Merguez yikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu Algeria, kweni yikupambana kuyana na cigaŵa na vyakununkhira ivyo ŵakusazgako. Vyakurya ivi ŵakuguliska mu misumba ya ku Algeria, Europe, na North America. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakuphika makeke agha pa nyumba zawo mwakuyana na mitheto ya mbumba zawo. Vyakurya ivi ni Tamina, Baklawa, Chrik, Garn logzelles, Griouech, Kalb el-louz, Makroud, Mbardja, Mchewek, Samsa, Tcharak, Baghrir, Khfaf, Zlabia, Aarayech, Ghroubiya na Mghergchette. Vyakurya vinyake vya ku Algeria ni vya ku Tunisia na France. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska na vyakurya vya ku nyumba vikuŵa nga ni Kessra panji Khmira panji Harchaya, tumakuni na vinthu vinyake vyakuchemeka Khoubz dar panji Matloue. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska mu misewu ni mhadjeb panji mahjouba, karantika, doubara, chakhchoukha, hassouna, na t'chicha. ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Algeria}} [[File:Algérie_-_Arménie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d'Algérie.jpg|thumb|The [[Algeria national football team]]]] Mu Algeria mukaŵa maseŵera ghakupambanapambana kwamba kale chomene. Mu chigaŵa cha Aures, ŵanthu ŵakaseŵeranga maseŵero ghanandi nga ni El Kherba panji El khergueba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakutemwa kuseŵera makadi, makadi, na maseŵero gha chesi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakutemwa kuphalirako ŵanyawo vya maseŵero gha kuvina. Munthu wakwamba wa ku Algeria na wa ku Africa uyo wakapokera mendulo ya golide wakaŵa Boughera El Ouafi pa maseŵero gha ku Amsterdam mu 1928. Alain Mimoun ndiyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kupokera mendulo ya ku Algeria pa maseŵero gha ku Melbourne mu 1956. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa maseŵero gha maseŵero mu ma 1990, kusazgapo Noureddine Morceli, Hassiba Boulmerka, Nouria Merah-Benida, na Taoufik Makhloufi, wose ŵakathamanga mtunda wapakati. Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Algeria. Mazina ghanandi ghali kulembeka mu mdauko wa maseŵero agha, kusazgapo Lakhdar Belloumi, Rachid Mekhloufi, Hassen Lalmas, Rabah Madjer, Riyad Mahrez, Salah Assad na Djamel Zidane. Chikwata cha mpira cha dziko la Algeria chikakwera mu 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup, 2010 FIFA World Cup na 2014 FIFA World Cup. Kweniso, mabungwe ghanandi gha mpira ghawina mphumphu za pa charu chose nga ni ES Sétif panji JS Kabylia. Chipani cha mpira wa ku Algeria (Algerian Football Federation) ndi chipani cha mabungwe a mpira wa ku Algeria omwe amakonza mipikisano ya dziko ndi masewera apadziko lonse a kusankha timu ya mpira wa ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/teams/algeria | title=Algeria national football team | access-date=9 December 2012 | work=Sky Sports | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102003120/http://www1.skysports.com/football/teams/algeria | archive-date=2 November 2012 | url-status=live}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Algeria}} * [[Index of Algeria-related articles]] * [[Outline of Algeria]] == Wonani vinyake == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=nb}} == Mazgo == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Mabuku == {{refbegin|30em}} * Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). ''Modern Algeria&nbsp;– A History from 1830 to the Present''. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: [[C. Hurst & Co|Hurst]]. {{ISBN|978-0-86543-266-6}}. * Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). ''Algeria in Transition&nbsp;– Reforms and Development Prospects''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-0-415-34848-5}}. * Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). ''The Making of Contemporary Algeria&nbsp;– Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-30150-3}}. * [[Frantz Fanon|Fanon, Frantz]] (1966; 2005 paperback). ''The Wretched of the Earth''. [[Grove Press]]. ASIN B0007FW4AW, {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4132-3}}. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Algeria | volume= 1 |last1= Gibson |first1= Walcot |author1-link= Walcot Gibson |last2= Cana |first2= Frank Richardson |author2-link= |last3= Girault |first3= Arthur |author3-link= |pages = 642&ndash;653 }} * [[Alistair Horne|Horne, Alistair]] (1977). ''A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962''. [[Viking Adult]]. {{ISBN|978-0-670-61964-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-59017-218-6}} (2006 reprint) * Laouisset, Djamel (2009). ''A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry''. New York City: [[Nova Publishers]]. {{ISBN|978-1-61761-190-2}}. * Roberts, Hugh (2003). ''The Battlefield&nbsp;– Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity''. London: [[Verso Books]]. {{ISBN|978-1-85984-684-1}}. * Ruedy, John (1992). ''Modern Algeria&nbsp;– The Origins and Development of a Nation''. Bloomington: [[Indiana University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-253-34998-9}}. * Stora, Benjamin (2001). ''Algeria, 1830–2000&nbsp;– A Short History''. Ithaca, New York: [[Cornell University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-3715-1}}. * Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military&nbsp;– Algeria 1962–2008". [https://books.google.com/books?id=UouRFVxywIQC ''Religion and Politics&nbsp;– Islam and Muslim Civilisation'']. Farnham: [[Ashgate Publishing]]. {{ISBN|0-7546-7418-5}}. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Algeria|Algeria}} {{Wikibooks|Wikijunior:Countries A–Z|Algeria}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005003110/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/ People's Democratic Republic of Algeria] ''Official government website'' {{in lang|ar|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150802020104/http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/ Portal of the First Ministry] ''Portal of the First Ministry'' {{in lang|ar|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184359/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ Algeria]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{GovPubs|algeria}} * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Algeria}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118852 Algeria profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Cite map |title=Algeria Atlas Map |date=April 2007 |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) |url=ftp://undp-pogar.org/LocalUser/pogarp/other/maps/algeria-apr07.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6mdDU9gLR?url=ftp://undp-pogar.org/LocalUser/pogarp/other/maps/algeria-apr07.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 December 2016 }} * {{Wikiatlas|Algeria}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DZ Key Development Forecasts for Algeria] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170126063811/http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=1 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria] {{Algeria}} {{Algeria topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Algeria |list = {{Countries and territories of Africa}} {{Countries and territories of North Africa}} {{Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea}} {{Middle East}} {{Arab League}} {{African Union}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}} {{G-15 nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|28|N|2|E|scale:10000000_type:country_region:DZ|format=dms|display=title}} [[Category:Algeria| ]] [[Category:North African countries]] [[Category:Maghrebi countries]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:Arab republics]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:Member states of OPEC]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1962]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Algeria]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] eyugm233wdtmgpkhxnns3buuiwgv563 116234 116230 2026-06-03T01:14:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Saw grammar that needs to be fixed 116234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in North Africa}} {{About|the country||Algeria (disambiguation)}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Ŵanthu cha Algeria | name = {{ubl|{{native name|ar|الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية|italic=no}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš{{nbh}}Šaʿbiyya}}}}|{{midsize|{{native name|fr|République algérienne démocratique et populaire}}}}}} | common_name = Algeria | image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg | image_coat = National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{lang|ar|بالشعب وللشعب}}<br />("By the people and for the people")<ref name="CONST-AR">{{cite web|url=http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11 |id= language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber|publisher=El-mouradia.dz |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name="CONST-EN">{{cite web |url= http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11 |publisher=Apn-dz.org |date=28 November 1996 |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725130249/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |archive-date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> | national_anthem = ''[[Kassaman]]''<br />({{lang-en|"We Pledge"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]}}</div> | image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |Makhalilo gha '''Algeria''' || | |}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Algiers]] | coordinates = {{Coord|36|42|N|3|13|E|type:city_region:DZ}} | largest_city = capital | religion = {{unbulleted list|99% [[Islam in Algeria|Sunni Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) |1% other (inc. [[Christianity in Algeria|Christians]] and [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Jews]])<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Algeria|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>}} | official_languages = {{Plainlist| * [[Arabic]] * [[Standard Algerian Berber|Tamazight]] }} | languages_type = Other languages | languages = [[Algerian Arabic]]<br />[[French language|French]]<ref name="CIA" />{{efn| ''[[French language|French]]'' although not officially recognized, remains a common language, understood by the majority of the population.}}<!--end nowrap:--> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |75%–85% [[Arabs]]<ref name="CIA" /> | 15%–25% [[Berbers]]<ref name="CIA" />}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769|title=Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language|newspaper=BBC News|date=2016-02-07}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Algeria|Algerian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Algeria|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sifi Ghrieb]] | leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)|Council President]] | leader_name3 = [[Azouz Nasri]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)|Assembly President]] | leader_name4 = [[Ibrahim Boughali]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Council of the Nation]] | lower_house = [[People's National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Algeria|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]] | established_date1 = 600 BC | established_event2 = [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginians]] | established_date2 = 500 BC | established_event3 = [[Numidia]] | established_date3 = 202 BC | established_event4 = [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom|Kingdom of Altava]] | established_date4 = 477 | established_event5 = [[Emirate of Tlemcen|Ifranid dynasty]] | established_date5 = 757 | established_event6 = [[Rustamid dynasty]] | established_date6 = 776 | established_event7 = [[Sulaymanid dynasty]] | established_date7 = 786 | established_event8 = [[Zirid dynasty]] | established_date8 = 972 | established_event9 = [[Hammadid dynasty]] | established_date9 = 1014 | established_event10 = [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid dynasty]] | established_date10 = 1235 | established_event11 = [[Regency of Algiers]] | established_date11 = 1516 | established_event12 = [[Emirate of Abdelkader]] | established_date12 = 1832 | established_event13 = [[French Algeria]] | established_date13 = 5 July 1830 | established_event14 = [[Algerian War|Modern Algeria]] | established_date14 = 5 July 1962 | area_km2 = 2381741 | area_rank = 10th | area_sq_mi = 919595 | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 44,700,000<ref name="ONS 2020">{{cite web | title=Démographie | website=Office National des Statistiques | date=18 May 2020 | url=http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/demographie2019_bis.pdf | language=fr | trans-title=Demography | access-date=3 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721155425/http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/demographie2019_bis.pdf | archive-date=21 July 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 32nd | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 17.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 47 | population_density_rank = 168th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $708.568 billion<ref name="IMFWEOAG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=612,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 43rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $13,324<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 111th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $190.155 billion<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 58th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,151<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 130th | Gini = 27.6 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of Family Income&nbsp;– Gini Index |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=1 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118143415/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.745<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2021-22 Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping Our Future in an Uncertain World|date=8 September 2022|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|pages=289–292|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 91st | currency = [[Algerian dinar]] | currency_code = DZD | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Algeria|+213]] | cctld = [[.dz]]<br />الجزائر. | today = }}'''Algeria''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg|æ|l|ˈ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ə}} {{respell|al|JEER|ee|ə}}; {{Lang-ar|الجزائر|al-Jazāʾir}}, {{IPA-ar|al.d͡ʒazaːʔir|}}; {{Lang-fr|Algérie}}}} panji kuti '''''Democratic People's Republic of Algeria''''', ni chalo icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu cha Algeria chili kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Tunisia]], kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Libya]], kumwera kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Niger]], kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], na [[Western Sahara]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Morocco]], kumpoto na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]]. Charu ichi chili ku [[Northern Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na vyakumera vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili na malo ghakukwana 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), ndipo ni charu cha nambara 10 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa: largest countries by area 2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1207844/largest-countries-in-africa-by-area/|access-date=9 February 2022|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> Ku Algeria kuli ŵanthu 44 miliyoni. Ili ni charu cha nambara 10 pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Msumba ukuru wa Algiers, uwo uli kumpoto chomene, uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu maufumu, maufumu, na mafumu, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Numidia]], [[Mauretania]], [[Phoenicians]], [[Carthaginians]], [[Romans]], [[Vandals]], [[Mauro-Romans]], [[Byzantines]], [[Umayyads]], [[Ifranids]], Abbasids, [[Rustamids]], [[Idrisids]], Sulaymanids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, Hafsids na Zayyanids. Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Mu 1516, caru ca Algeria cikapangika na ŵa Ottoman, ndipo ici cikakopa ŵanthu kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya ku Mediterranean. Vinthu vikamba kunangika mu ma 1800, ndipo mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakathereska charu ichi m'paka mu 1903, ndipo mu 1848, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa [[France]]. Nkhondo ya Sétif na Guelma mu 1945 yikaŵa nyengo yakupambanapambana mu vyalo vya France na Algeria ndipo yikambiska Nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake pa Julayi 5, 1962, ndipo pa Seputembala 25 chaka chenechicho, charu cha Algeria chikamba kulamulira. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Algeria ni [[Chiarabic]] na [[Chiberberber]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu, ndipo ŵakusopa Cisilamu.<ref name="CIA" /> Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Algeria. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vinthu vinyake, kweni chilije udindo. Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 na vikaya 1,541. Charu cha Algeria chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Mu vyaru vyose vya mu [[Africa]], charu ichi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakukura mwauzimu. Charu cha Algeria chili na mafuta ghanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose pa charu. Sonatrach, kampani ya mafuta iyo yikugwira nchito mu caru ici, ndiyo yikuru comene mu Africa, ndipo yikuguliska gasi munandi comene ku Europe. Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Algeria ndimoza mwa magulu ghakuru comene mu Africa, ndipo lili na bajeti yikuru comene ya kuvikilira caru. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Arab League, OIC, OPEC, United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, ndipo chili mu wupu uwu. == Zina == Zina linyake la zina ili ni: {{lang-ar|الجزائر|al-Jazāʾir}}, {{lang-arq|الدزاير|al-dzāyīr}}; [[Berber languages]]: ''{{transliteration|ber|dzayer}}'', {{lang|ber-Tfng|ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ}},{{refn|group=nb|The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not [[Codification (linguistics)|codified]].<ref name="El Watan 2020">{{cite web | title=La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ? | website=El Watan | date=22 April 2020 | url=https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020 | language=fr | access-date=14 March 2021 | archive-date=14 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314144817/https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>}} {{lang|ber-Arab|دزاير|labels=none}};{{refn|group=nb|The transcription of Tamazight in the Arabic alphabet is not [[Codification (linguistics)|codified]].<ref name="El Watan 2020" />}} {{lang-fr|Algérie}}.Charu ichi chikuchemeka kuti Democratic People's Republic of Algeria (Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš-Šaʿbiyya; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire, wakafupiskika kuti RADP). ===Etymology=== Zina la charu cha Algeria lili kufuma ku msumba wa [[Algiers]] (Algiers), ndipo lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, "vyirwa") pakuyowoya vya virwa vinayi vichoko ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Buluggin ibn Ziri ndiyo wakazenga msumba uwu mu 950 C.E. pa malo agho ghakaŵa mabingu gha msumba wa Icosium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=les origines d'alger, conference faite le 16 juin 1941, comite du vieil alger; venis |url=http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/alger_son_histoire/textes/3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=alger-roi.fr}}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba vya charu ŵakaŵa Muhammad al-Idrisi na Yaqut al-Hamawi. [[Ufumu wa Ottoman]] ukamba kuchema msumba uwu kuti [[al-Jazā'ir.]] Ntheura, lizgu ili likuyana na malo ghanyake ghanandi, nga ni Alzira ku [[Valença, Portugal|Valencia]], Algeciras ku Andalusia, Lezíria ku [[Portugal]], Cizre ku [[Turkey]], Gżira ku [[Malta]], chilumba cha [[Nile]] ku Gezira ku [[Egypt]], na chigaŵa cha [[Gezira]] ku [[Sudan]]. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Algeria}} ===Mbili yakwambilila na yakale=== {{main|Prehistoric North Africa|North Africa during Antiquity}} Vinthu vyakuzengeka na malibwe vyakufuma ku Ain Hanech (Algeria) ivyo vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni, vikamanyikwa kuti ni vinthu vyakale chomene ku North Africa.<ref name="science.org">{{cite journal |display-authors=etal |last1=Sahnouni |title=1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria |journal=Science |date=14 December 2018 |volume=362 |issue=6420 |pages=1297–1301 |doi=10.1126/science.aau0008 |pmid=30498166 |bibcode=2018Sci...362.1297S |hdl=10072/383164 |s2cid=54166305 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0008 |access-date=22 November 2021|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Vinthu vya mu malibwe na viwangwa ivyo vikazengeka kufupi na Ain Boucherit vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.9 miliyoni. Ntheura, ukaboni wa ku Ain Boucherit ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto kwa Africa. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti kale chomene ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga na kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe kufuma ku East Africa.<ref name="science.org" /> [[File:Djémila-109038.jpg|thumb|left|Roman ruins at [[Djémila]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal ndiwo ŵakapanga visulo vya mawoko mu nyengo ya Levalloisian na Mousterian (43,000 B.C.E.) nga umo vikaŵira ku Levant. Ku Algeria ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyamalibwe. Vyakovwira vya nyengo iyi, vyeneivyo vikamba kuzengeka pafupifupi 30,000 B.C.E., vikuchemeka Aterian (kuyana na malo ghakuzengera vinthu vyakale gha Bir el Ater, kumwera kwa Tebessa).<ref name="science.org" /> Makampani ghakwambilira agho ghakapanganga malupanga ku North Africa ghakachemekanga Iberomaurusian (ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Oran). Vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikaŵa mu vigaŵa vyose vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Maghreb pakati pa 15,000 na 10,000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic (ŵakaŵanga na viŵeto na kulima) ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Sahara na Mediterranean Maghreb, panyake m'ma 11,000 B.C. panji m'ma 6000 na 2000 B.C. Umoyo uwu, uwo ukulongosoreka makora chomene mu vithuzithuzi vya Tassili n'Ajjer, ndiwo ukaŵa wakuzirwa chomene mu Algeria m'paka mu nyengo yakale. Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakakhalanga pamoza ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa kuti Ŵaberi.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Berbers|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=1997|chapter=Berbers in Antiquity|isbn=978-0-631-20767-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zcz91t29ukC|author1=Brett, Michael |author2=Fentress, Elizabeth }}</ref>[[File:Timgad rue.jpg|thumb|right|Ancient [[Roman Empire|Roman]] ruins of [[Timgad]] on the street leading to the local [[Arch of Trajan (Timgad)|Arch of Trajan]]]] Ku Carthage, uko kukaŵa msumba wawo ukuru, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghachoko waka mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa Africa. Kufika mu 600 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Phoenicia ŵakakhalanga ku Tipasa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cherchell, Hippo Regius (lero ni Annaba) na Rusicade (lero ni Skikda). Malo agha ghakaŵanga na misika kweniso malo ghakukhazikika. Apo ufumu wa Carthage ukakuranga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage nawo ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakaŵa kale pa nyengo iyo kulima, kupanga vinthu, malonda, na ndyali vikawovwiranga vyaru vinandi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Carthage na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakazgoka ŵazga panji ŵasilikari.[[File:GM Massinissa.png|thumb|left|[[Masinissa]] (c.&nbsp;238–148&nbsp;BC), first king of Numidia]] Kuzakafika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Berber ŵakagaluka kufuma mu 241 m'paka mu 238 B.C.E. ŵakati ŵaleka kupokera malipiro chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa msumba wa Carthage mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Punic. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo ŵakapanga ndalama izo zikaŵa na zina lakuti Libyan. Boma la Carthage likamara cifukwa cakuti Ŵaroma ŵakathereskeka kanandi waka pa Nkhondo za Punic. Mu 146 B.C.E., msumba wa Carthage ukaparanyika. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kuchepa, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵaberi ghakaŵa kuti ghababika. Vinyake viŵiri vikaŵa ku Numidia, kuseri kwa malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Cartagena. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Numidia kukaŵa charu cha Mauretania, icho chikambukanga Mlonga wa Moulouya mu caru ico sono ni Morocco na kufika ku Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na chitemwa chikuru chomene m'paka apo Almohad na Almoravid ŵakizira.[[File:Justinian555AD.png|thumb|right| The lands which comprise modern day Algeria were part of the Byzantine Empire (The empire in 555 under [[Justinian the Great]], at its greatest extent since the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] ([[vassal state|vassals]] in pink))]] Masinissa wakati wafwa mu 148 B.C.E., maufumu gha Ŵaberi ghakagaŵikana na kuwungana kanandi waka. Mzere wa Masinissa ukakhala m'paka mu 24 C.E., apo chigaŵa cha Ŵaberi icho chikakhalako chikapokelereka na Ufumu wa Roma. [[File:Side face (2).jpg|thumb|Roman inscription from Agueneb in the province of Laghouat]] Kwa vyaka vinandi, Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Algeria. Ŵakazenga malo ghanandi mu charu ichi. Mu 146 B.C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵamara kuthereska msumba wa Carthage, ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa Africa. Ŵakazenga misumba yakujumpha 500. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu ufumu wa Roma. Augustine wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Hippo Regius (uno ni Annaba, Algeria), mu cigaŵa ca ku Africa. Mu 429 C.E., Ŵajeremani ŵa ku Geiseric ŵakanjira mu North Africa, ndipo mu 435 C.E., ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Numidia. Ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukhalako chifukwa mitundu yinyake yikaŵasuzganga. Nakuti apo Ŵabyzantine ŵakafikanga, msumba wa Leptis Magna ukaŵa kuti walekeka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Msellata ŵakakhalanga mu muzi wa Laguatan. Kweniso mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, Ŵabyzantine, Ŵavandal, Ŵacarthage, na Ŵaotoman, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵekha panji ŵacoko comene mu North Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156|title=The Middle East and North Africa 2003 |publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781857431322|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118|title=Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War |first=Hugh Mulleneux|last=Walmsley|date=1 April 1858|publisher=Chapman and Hall|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167|title=The Kabyle People|first=Glora M.|last=Wysner |date=30 January 2013|publisher=Read Books Ltd|isbn=9781447483526|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ&q=Kabylia|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|date=1 April 1990 |publisher=Grolier|isbn=9780717201211|via=Google Books}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mwakuti nanga ni apo Ŵasilamu ŵakathereskanga kumpoto kwa Africa, ŵakalutilira kulamulira mapiri ghawo. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawa, ndipo ukapangiska kuti paŵe ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava (uno ku Algeria). Ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava ndiwo ukamulondezga. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Kusaila, chigaŵa chake chikafuma ku chigaŵa cha lero cha Fez kumanjiliro gha dazi kukafika ku Aurès kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kairaouan pamanyuma na mukati mwa Ifriqiya kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&pg=PT139 The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy] Hachette UK,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yeUjAQAAIAAJ&q=Koceila+,+chef+Fès+aux Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil] Zakya Daoud Séguier</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dCcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 The History of Northern Africa] Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA458 Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places] Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AIMRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17 Historical Dictionary of Tunisia] Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ciOAAAAMAAJ&q=+kairouan+kusaila Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events] Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications,</ref> ===Middle Ages=== {{main|Medieval Muslim Algeria}} [[File:Mansourah-1.jpg|thumb|right|Mansourah mosque, Tlemcen]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakana, kweni Ŵasilamu ŵa mu ufumu wa Umayyad ŵakathereska charu cha Algeria kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 800. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakazgoka Ŵasilamu. Ŵakhristu, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiberberberia na Chilatini ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu Tunisia m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Ndipo Ŵasilamu ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Umayyad wathereskeka, pakaŵa mafumu ghanandi agho ghakawusa mu charu ichi nga ni Rustamids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, na Zayyanids. Ŵakhristu ŵakafumapo mu vigaŵa vitatu: mu nyengo ya 10 na 11 C.E., ŵakati ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily ndiwo ŵakaŵafumiska ndipo awo ŵakakhalako ŵakafwa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400.<ref name="jonathan">Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365 {{ISBN|978-0-521-19697-0}}</ref>[[File:Fatimid.jpg|thumb|left|Fatimid Caliphate, a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] dynasty that ruled much of North Africa, c.&nbsp;960–1100]] [[File:Statue of Dyhia in Khenchela (Algeria).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dihya]] memorial in [[Khenchela]], Algeria]] Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵanandi, ŵatuŵa, na mafumu, kusazgapo Judah Ibn Quraysh, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuyowoya viyowoyero vya ChiSemite na Chiberber, ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Sufi, Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan) na Sidi El Houari, kweniso Emirs Abd Al Mu'min na Yāghmūrasen. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵafatemidi panji ŵana ŵa Fatima, mwana wa Muhammad, ŵakiza ku Maghreb. ŴaFatimidi aŵa ŵakalutilira kuwusa kwa nyengo yitali mu vyaru vya Maghreb, Hejaz, na Levant. Ufumu wa Fatimid ukayamba kumara apo ŵawusi ŵake ŵa Zirids ŵakajipatura. Kuti ŵaŵalangire, Ŵafatemidi ŵakatuma Ŵaarabu, Ŵanu Hilal na Ŵanu Sulaym kuti ŵaŵawukire. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika yikuzunulika mu buku la Tāghribāt. Mu buku la Al-Tāghrībāt, Mulongozgi wa Ŵaamazigh Zirid, Khālīfā Al-Zānatī, wakupempha zuŵa lililose kuti wachitenge viphalizgano kuti watonde mulongozgi wa Ŵahilalan, Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵa Ŵaarabu. Ndipouli, paumaliro Ŵaziri ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto na kakhaliro ka Ŵaarabu. Ndipouli, mafuko gha Ŵamazigi ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira pawekha, ndipo ghakalondezganga fuko lawo, malo na nyengo iyo ŵakakhalanga. Boma la Chisilamu la Fatimid, ilo likumanyikwaso kuti Caliphate la Fatimid, likapangiska ufumu wa Chisilamu uwo ukaŵa na vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz na Yemen. Macaliphate gha kumpoto kwa Africa ghakaguliskanga vinthu na maufumu ghanyake gha nyengo yawo, kweniso ghakaŵa na maboma ghanyake gha Cisilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa na mafuko ghanandi. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivi vikaŵa Botr na Barnès, ivyo vikagaŵikana mu mafuko, kweniso mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko. Chigaŵa chilichose cha Maghreb chikaŵa na mafuko ghanandi (nga ni Sanhadja, Houara, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, na Berghwata). Mafuko ghose agha ghakasankhanga yekha malo agho ghakeneranga kukhala. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., mu vyaru vya ku Maghreb na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi mukaŵa mafumu ghanandi gha Ŵaamazigi. Ibn Khaldun wakulongosora vya mafumu gha ku Maghreb, Zirid, Ifranid, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa na Hafsid. Mafumu gha Hammadid na Zirid kweniso gha Fatimids ghakawusa mu vyaru vyose vya Maghreb. Ŵa Ziridi ŵakalongozganga charu icho sono ni Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta, na Italy. Ŵahamadidi ŵakathereska na kuwusa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa nga ni Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli na Fez. ŴaFatimidi awo ŵakapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Kutama ŵakathereska vyaru vyose vya kumpoto kwa Africa kweniso Sicily na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, vyaru vinandi vya ku Maghreb vikamba kujiyimira. Mu Algeria, ufumu wa Rustamid ukapangika. Ufumu wa Rustamidi ukambira ku Tafilalt ku Morocco mpaka ku mapiri gha Nafusa ku Libya kusazgapo kumwera, pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Tunisia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Girisi ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chose cha Maghreb, chigaŵa cha Spain, na Sicily. Ŵaziridi ŵakamanya kuti Ŵafatisimu ŵa ku Cairo ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Muwusi wa Zirid, zina lake El Mu'izz, wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵaŵe na wanangwa uwu. Ŵaziridi ŵakalweraso maufumu ghanyake gha Zenata, nga ni Maghrawa, ufumu wa Ŵaberi uwo ukafuma ku Algeria ndipo nyengo yinyake ukaŵa wankhongono chomene ku Maghreb.<ref>Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LnMcAAAAMAAJ&q=maghrawa+dynasty In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara] Edward Alexander Powell Century Company</ref><ref>Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3wFBAAAAYAAJ&q=+Atïa+maghreb Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque] Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni</ref>[[File:Maghrawa dynasty - dynastie maghraoua.jpg|thumb|Territories controlled by the Maghrawa]] Pakuti boma la Ŵafatisimu likaŵa lambura nkhongono pa nyengo iyi, ŵakasanga nthowa yinyake yakuwezgera. Pakati pa Mlonga wa Nile na Nyanja Yiswesi pakaŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin agho ghakacimbizgika ku Arabia cifukwa ca kugaluka kwawo. Mwaciyelezgero, Ŵana Hilal na Ŵana Sulaym, awo kanandi ŵakasuzganga ŵalimi ŵa mu Dambo la Nayelo cifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda ŵakaphanga minda yawo. Muwusi wa ku Fatimid wakakhumbanga kuparanya vinthu ivyo wakatondeka kuvilamulira, ndipo wakaleka kukolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin. ŴaFatimidi ŵakaŵapa nanga ni ndalama kuti ŵafumemo. Mafuko ghose ghakafuma pamoza na ŵanakazi, ŵana, ŵalara, viŵeto, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanyake ŵakimilira pa nthowa, comenecomene ku Cyrenaica, uko ŵachali vinthu vyakuzirwa comene pa malo agha, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafika ku Ifriqiya kufuma ku Gabes, mu 1051. Fumu ya ku Zirid yikayezga kukanizga nkhondo iyi, kweni pa nkhondo yiliyose iyo yikacitikanga, yaumaliro iyo yikacitikanga pasi pa viliŵa vya Kairouan, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakathereskeka ndipo Ŵaarabu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo. Kanandi Ŵaarabu ŵakathereskanga yayi misumba, kweni ŵakayiphanganga na kuyibwangandura.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXN0AwAAQBAJ&q=1048+banu+hilal&pg=PT66 |title=Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour |date=11 September 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-3546-0 |language=en}}</ref> Nkhondo iyi yikalutilira, ndipo mu 1057 Ŵaarabu ŵakafika mu vigaŵa vya Constantine uko ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Qalaa wa Banu Hammad (mzinda ukuru wa Hammadid Emirate). Kufuma apo, ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku Algiers na Oran. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikawuskikapo na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵaŵe na chiyowoyero na maluso gha Chiarabu. Ibn Khaldun wakalemba kuti malo agho ghakasakazika na mafuko gha Banu Hilal ghakazgoka mapopa. Ŵalmohad ŵakafuma ku Morocco, nangauli ŵakakhazikiskika na munthu wa ku Algeria zina lake Abd al-Mu'min. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Almohad, fuko la Abd al-Mu'min, la Koumïa, ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa ufumu. Ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Almoravid uwo ukalopwa na kwamba kulamulira Morocco mu 1147, ŵakanjira mu Algeria mu 1152, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira Tlemcen, Oran, na Algiers. Ŵalmohad ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya ku Las Navas de Tolosa mu 1212, ŵakamba kusuzgika, ndipo mu 1235, kazembe wa ku Algeria, Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan, wakapharazga kuti waŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Ŵakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad awo ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 13. Ŵakaŵathereska mu 1248 ŵati ŵakoma Khalifa wawo. Ŵa Zayyanid ŵakalutilira kulamulira charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 300. Vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muwuso wa Hafsid, nangauli Emirate wa Bejaia uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vya Algeria vya Hafsids nyengo zinyake ukaŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Zayyanid ukaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, ufumu uwu ukaŵa na caru cose ca Morocco ico cikaŵa pasi pawo.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o3SRAAAAIAAJ Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives] Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qpdyAAAAMAAJ Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2] Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions,</ref><ref name=Constantine2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ&q=vassal+tlemcen Recueil des Notices et Memoires], Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine </ref><ref name=Constantine>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ Recueil des Notices et Memoires], Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine</ref><ref name=Cour>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oD9FAAAAYAAJ&q=Wattâside+vassal+d%27tlemcen La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs] (1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. Geuthner</ref><ref name=Arnolet>[https://books.google.com/books?id=q6AwAQAAMAAJ&q=vassal+d%27tlemcen Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine] L. Arnolet,</ref> Pamanyuma pa nkhondo zinandi na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Barbary awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mafumu gha Zayyanid, Spain wakaluta ku Algeria na kuthereska ufumu wa Tlemcen. Mu 1505, ŵakarwa nkhondo na kupoka Mers el Kébir, ndipo mu 1509 ŵakati ŵathereska msumba wa Oran. Ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵaalgeria, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira misumba yinyake ya ku Algeria. Mu 1510, ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Bejaia, ndipo ŵakathereska msumba wa Algiers. Kweniso ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Tlemcen. Mu 1511, ŵakatora msumba wa Cherchell na Jijel, ndipo ŵakathereska Mostaganem. Nangauli ŵakatondeka kuwupoka, kweni ŵakaŵakanizga kupeleka msonkho. === Ottoman era === {{main|Ottoman Algeria}} [[File:Maghreb 15th Century.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid kingdom]] of Tlemcen in the fifteenth century and its neighbors]] Mu 1516, ŵabali ŵa ku Ottoman, Aruj na Hayreddin Barbarossa, awo ŵakateŵeteranga mwakukondwa mu ufumu wa Hafsids, ŵakasamukira ku Algiers. Ŵakapoka msumba wa Jijel na Algiers kufuma ku Spain na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbawomboli ŵa Ŵakhristu, kweni pamanyuma ŵabali aŵa ŵakakoma Salim al-Tumi, munthu wakuzirwa wa ku malo agha. Apo Aruj wakakomekanga mu 1518 apo wakawukira msumba wa Tlemcen, Hayreddin ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Algiers. Fumu ya Ottoman yikamupa zina lakuti beylerbey na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 2,000. Na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari aŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria, Hayreddin wakathereska chigaŵa chose pakati pa Constantine na Oran (nangauli msumba wa Oran ukaŵa mu mawoko gha Spain m'paka mu 1792).<ref name="csa16">{{cite web |title=Algeria&nbsp;– Ottoman Rule |url=http://countrystudies.us/algeria/16.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014191245/http://countrystudies.us/algeria/16.htm |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=Country Studies}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze">{{cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=847}}</ref> [[File:Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]]] Mubali munyake uyo wakaŵa Beylerbey wakaŵa mwana wa Hayreddin zina lake Hasan. Wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Kouloughli panji wa mitundu yakupambanapambana, pakuti anyina ŵakaŵa wa ku Algeria. M'paka mu 1587, Beylerbeylik wa ku Algiers wakawusikanga na Beylerbeys. Pamanyuma, boma likamba kulamulira, ndipo ŵalongozgi awo ŵakachemekanga kuti pasha ŵakateŵeteranga vyaka vitatu. Pasha wakawovwirikanga na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Janissary, awo ŵakamanyikwanga mu Algeria kuti Ojaq. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, Ojak ŵakakwiya chomene chifukwa chakuti ŵakapokeranga yayi malipiro nyengo zose. Pa cifukwa ici, agha ŵakamba kumupa mulandu Pasha wa vimbundi na kutondeka kucita makora vinthu, ndipo ŵakamba kuwusa mu 1659. Matenda agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazara comene mu misumba ya ku North Africa. Mu 1620, ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 50,000 ŵakafwa na muliri uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa mu 1654, 1665, 1691 na 1740.<ref name="Davis">{{cite book|author=Robert Davis|title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=978-0-333-71966-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392|url-access=registration}}</ref>[[File:Debarquement et maltraitement de prisonniers a alger.JPG|thumb|[[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Christian slaves]] in Algiers, 1706]] Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary ŵakalyeranga Ŵakhristu na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi mu nyanja ya Mediterranean. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakatoranga ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu ngalaŵa na kuŵaguliska panji kuŵa ŵazga. Kweniso ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi kuti ŵawombore ŵanthu ŵanyake. Robert Davis wakati kwamba mu ma 1500 m'paka mu 1800, ŵankhungu ŵakakora ŵazga ŵa ku Europe pakati pa 1 miliyoni na 1.25 miliyoni. Kanandi ŵakalutanga ku misumba ya ku mpoto kuti ŵakatore ŵazga awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu na kuguliska ku misika ya ŵazga ku North Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Ottoman. Mwaciyelezgero, mu 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa wakapoka cirwa ca Ischia, wakatora ŵakayidi 4,000, ndipo wakapanga ŵazga ŵanthu pafupifupi 9,000 ŵa ku Lipari. Mu 1551, Turgut Reis, kazembe wa ku Algiers, uyo wakaŵa wa Ufumu wa Ottoman, wakapangiska ŵanthu wose ŵa pa cirwa ca Gozo kuŵa ŵazga. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakizanga na kuwukira virwa vya Balearic. Cinthu ici cikaŵa cakofya comene mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakaleka kukhala pa cirwa ca Formentera. Mu ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito ngalaŵa zakupambanapambana. Mu Julayi 1627, ngaraŵa ziŵiri za ŵankhungu izo zikalongozgekanga na Jan Janszoon, zikafuma ku Algiers na kuluta ku Iceland. Masabata ghaŵiri kumasinda, ngaraŵa yinyake yakufuma ku Salé, Morocco, nayo yikanjira mu Iceland. Ŵazga ŵanyake awo ŵakiza ku Algiers, pamasinda ŵakaŵawombora na kuluta nawo ku Iceland, kweni ŵanyake ŵakasankha kukhala ku Algeria. Mu 1629, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakiza ku Faroe Islands.<ref>[http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=66655 "Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081705/http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=66655|date=6 February 2015}}. ''Vísindavefurinn''.</ref> Mu 1671, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakagaluka, ŵakakoma Agha, na kuŵika yumoza wa iwo pa mazaza. Mulongozgi muphya wakapokera zina lakuti Dey. Pamanyuma pa 1689, wanangwa wakusankha ŵamazaza ukafika ku divan, wupu wa mafumu 60. Pakwamba, wakalizganga chomene woyimbiro wa ojaq, kweni m'ma 1800, wakazgoka wayimbiro wa dey. Mu 1710, Dey wakapangiska Sultani kuti wazomerezge kuti iyo na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵaŵe muwusi. Nangauli msumba wa Algiers ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni ukachitanga vinthu mwakuyana yayi na Ufumu wa Ottoman. Iyo wakaŵa muwusi wankhaza. Dey wakasankhikanga umoyo wake wose, kweni mu vyaka 159 (1671-1830) apo boma ili likaŵako, ŵa dey 14 pa 29 ŵakakomeka. Nangauli boma la Deylikal likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora. Nangauli boma ili likawovwiranga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakakolerananga yayi, chifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga na masuzgo chifukwa cha msonkho. Boma la mafuko ghakupambanapambana likazomerezgekanga, ndipo mazaza gha muwusi ghakaŵanga ghachoko chomene mu Kabylia, nangauli mu 1730 muwusi uyu wakamanya kuwusa Ufumu wa Kuku kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kabylia. Matawuni ghanandi gha kumpoto kwa mapopa gha Algeria ghakalipanga misonkho ku Algiers panji ku Bey, nangauli ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakalutilira kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku Spain. Mu 1784, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Algiers. Ŵakaponya mabomba ghakujumpha 20,000, msumba wose na vigongwe vyake vikaparanyika, ndipo sitima zinandi za ku Algeria zikabira. Mu 1792, msumba wa Algiers ukawuskapo msumba wa Oran na Mers el Kébir, ivyo vikaŵa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakhalanga. Mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakathereska chigaŵa cha Rif na Oujda, ndipo ŵakamalizga kuvisida mu 1795.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WQFyAAAAMAAJ Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman] – Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104</ref>[[File:De Engels-Nederlandse vloot in de Baai van Algiers ter ondersteuning van het ultimatum tot vrijlating van blanke slaven, 26 augustus 1816. Rijksmuseum SK-A-1377.jpeg|thumb|[[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]] by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Caribbean. Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakamba kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku America, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Barbary. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, ŵasilikari ŵa Anglo-Dutch awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Lord Exmouth, ŵakabomba msumba wa Algiers kuti ŵaleke kukoma ŵalovi ŵa ku Europe. Ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vyakukondweska, nangauli ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakalutilira kucita vinthu vyacigeŵenga m'paka apo ŵa ku France ŵakaŵaparanyira mu 1830.<ref>{{cite book |author=Littell, Eliakim |title=The Museum of foreign literature, science and art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48L1w21XYI4C&pg=PA231 |year=1836 |publisher=E. Littell |page=231 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021446/https://books.google.com/books?id=48L1w21XYI4C&pg=PA231 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Kuwusa kwa France (1830-1962) === {{main|French Algeria|Algerian War}} {{see also|French North Africa}} [[File:Vernet-Combat de Somah.jpg|thumb|Battle of Somah in 1836]] Mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Algiers na kuwupoka. Pakuyowoya za umo Ŵafarisi ŵakathereskera Algeria, Ben Kiernan wakalemba kuti: "Mu 1875, Ŵafarisi ŵakamara kuthereska charu chose. Nkhondo iyi yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 825,000 ŵa ku Algeria kwambira mu 1830". Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu ciŵaya ici kufuma mu 1831 m'paka mu 1851. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaŵa 2.9 miliyoni mu 1872, kweni mu 1960 ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 11 miliyoni. Ndondomeko ya caru ca France yikaŵa yakuti caru ici ciŵe "cakutchuka". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaleka kuguliska ŵazga na kunanga vinthu vyawo ŵakati ŵathereskeka na ŵa ku France. Pakutora nyengo yitali kuti Ŵafarisi ŵapoke charu cha Algeria ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Chifukwa cha nkhaza na matenda, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria chikakhira chomene pakati pa 1830 na 1872. Pa Seputembala 17, 1860, Napoleon III wakayowoya kuti: "Cinthu cakwamba ico tikwenera kucita nkhuwoneseska kuti Ŵaarabu mamiliyoni ghatatu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ŵakukhala makora". Mu nyengo iyi, Kabylia yekha ndiyo wakakananga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Kabylia ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake yayi m'paka apo ŵakagalukira boma la Mokrani mu 1871.<ref name="Tocqueville 2023, pp.47">Alexis de Tocqueville, ''Travels in Algeria'', ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023</ref> [[File:Abd al-Qadir.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Abdelkader El Djezairi|Emir Abdelkader]], Algerian leader insurgent against French colonial rule, 1865]] Kwambira mu 1848 m'paka apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake, charu cha France chikalongozganga chigaŵa chose cha Algeria. Chinyake mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha France kwa nyengo yitali chomene, ni Algeria. Pakati pa 1825 na 1847, ŵanthu 50,000 ŵa ku France ŵakaluta ku Algeria. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasanga chandulo chifukwa chakuti boma la France likapoka malo gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweniso chifukwa cha kulondezga nthowa zamasono zakulimi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhazikika mu tawuni ya Oran na Algiers, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, iwo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi mu misumba yose iyi.<ref>Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323 A history of the Arab peoples]''". Harvard University Press. p.323. {{ISBN|0-674-01017-5}}</ref> [[File:Six chefs FLN - 1954.jpg|thumb|The six historical Leaders of the FLN: [[Rabah Bitat]], [[Mustapha Benboulaïd|Mostefa Ben Boulaïd]], [[Didouche Mourad]], [[Mohammed Boudiaf]], [[Krim Belkacem]] and [[Larbi Ben M'Hidi]].]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakaŵa na chiŵelengero ichi. Boma la France likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Algeria chiŵe chigaŵa cha charu cha France, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya masambiro, chomenechomene kufuma mu 1900. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakasuskanga chomene fundo iyi, kweni mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa ku Central Asia na Caucasus, charu cha Algeria chikalutilira kuŵa na maluso ghake na ulimi uwo ukaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Algeria chikathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy.<ref name="USMA-1945">{{cite book |author=United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering |title=The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KThNAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5 |year=1947 |publisher=Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy |location=West Point, NY |pages=4–5}}</ref> Pachoko na pachoko, Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukhorwa na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu charu ichi ŵakamba kukhumba kujilamulira ŵekha. Mu Meyi 1945, ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu msumba wa Sétif na Guelma. Nkhondo ya ku Algeria yikamba mu 1954, apo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru viŵiri ivi ŵakakolerana. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 150,000 ŵa mtundu wa Harki na awo ŵakathembanga iwo ŵakakomeka na gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN) panji ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵakoma ku Algeria. Gulu la FLN likagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhondo iyi ku Algeria na France. Kweniso Ŵafarisi ŵakaparanya vikaya vyakujumpha 8,000 na kusamuska ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵafwe na kupwetekeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko, nga ni Alistair Horne na Raymond Aron, ŵakuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya Ŵasilamu ku Algeria chikaŵa chikuru chomene kuluska icho chikalembeka na gulu la FLN kweniso ku France, kweni chikaŵa chichoko chomene kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 1 miliyoni awo ŵakafwa. Horne wakati mu vyaka 8 ivyo vikajumpha, ku Algeria kukafwa ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo. Nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la France yikamara mu 1962, apo charu cha Algeria chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. === Vyaka 30 vyakwambilira vya wanangwa (1962-1991) === {{main|History of Algeria (1962–99)}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pied-Noir awo ŵakachimbira ku Algeria ŵakakwana 900,000 pakati pa 1962 na 1964.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ussama Samir Makdisi|author2=Paul A. Silverstein|title=Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VlR9Uh22EgC&pg=PA160|year=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34655-1|page=160|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125539/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VlR9Uh22EgC&pg=PA160 |archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku caru ca France pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Oran mu 1962, apo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa vya ku Europe na kwamba kuwukira ŵanthu.. [[File:Houari Boumediene's Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|[[Houari Boumediene]]]] Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Algeria wakaŵa Ahmed Ben Bella, mulongozgi wa Front de Libération Nationale (FLN). Ivyo charu cha Morocco chikayowoya vyakuti chili na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Algeria, vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya mchenga mu 1963. Mu 1965, Houari Boumédiène, uyo kale wakaŵa mubwezi wake kweniso nduna ya vyavikiliro, wakathereska Ben Bella. Mu nyengo ya Ben Bella, boma likamba kuŵa la wupu wakulongozga ŵanthu, ndipo Boumédienne wakalutilira. Ndipouli, wakathemba comene ŵasilikari kuti ŵamovwirenge, ndipo wakapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵacitenge vinthu mwakuthupi. Wakakhozga comene ulimi na kwamba kupanga vinthu vinandi. Vipinda vya mafuta vikaŵa vya boma. Ici cikawovwira comene ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Britain pamanyuma pa suzgo la mafuta mu 1973. Chadli Bendjedid, uyo wakanjira m'malo mwa Boumédienne, wakambiska vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na ndalama. Wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵaŵe Ŵaarabu. Ŵasambizgi ŵa Ciarabu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake vya Ciislamu, ŵakathandazga visambizgo vya Cisilamu mu masukulu ndipo ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵawelere ku cisopa ca Orthodox. Chuma cha ku Algeria chikamba kuthemba chomene mafuta, ndipo chikaŵa chinonono chomene chifukwa mafuta ghakaŵa ghanandi chomene mu ma 1980. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ku Algeria kukaŵa vivulupi chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likachitika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mafuta pa charu chose. Maboma ghakupambanapambana gha ndyali, nga ni Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), gulu likuru la visopa vya Cisilamu.<ref name="faco">{{cite web |title=Country Profile: Algeria |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213054455/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all |archive-date=13 December 2010 |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office}}</ref> === Nkhondo ya Caru (1991-2002) na umaliro wake === {{main|Algerian Civil War}} [[File:Algerian massacres 1997-1998.png|thumb|[[List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War|Massacres]] of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The [[Armed Islamic Group|Armed Islamic Group (GIA)]] claimed responsibility for many of them.]] Mu Disembala 1991, gulu la Islamic Salvation Front ndilo likaluska pa vigaŵa viŵiri vyakwambilira vya maungano gha boma. Pakopa kuti boma la Cisilamu lingasankhika, boma likacitapo kanthu pa Janyuwale 11, 1992, na kulekeska maungano. Bendjedid wakaleka mulimo wake ndipo pakaŵa Wupu Wakulongozga wa Boma uwo ukacitanga mulimo wa kuwusa. Likakanizga gulu la FIS, ndipo likapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa gulu la ŵasilikari la FIS, la Armed Islamic Group, na ŵasilikari ŵa boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa cisopa ca Ciyuda ŵakamba kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa nyengo zinandi za nkhondo iyi, vinthu mu Algeria vikaŵa vyakukondweska pa caru cose, comenecomene pa nyengo ya suzgo ya ndege ya Air France Flight 8969, iyo yikatoleka na gulu la Armed Islamic Group. Gulu la Asilamu likapharazga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira mu Okutobala 1997.<ref name="faco" /> Mu 1999, ku Algeria kukaŵa mavoti agho ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakawona kuti ghakaŵa ghaheni. Wakayezgayezga kuwezgerapo mtende wa ndyali mu caru ici ndipo wakapharazga za ndondomeko ya "Civil Concord", iyo yikazomerezgeka mu referendum, umo ŵakayidi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali ŵakagowokereka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa magulu ghakwimikana na ndyali ŵakafwatulika ku khoti. Gulu la AIS likamara ndipo nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵakugaluka zikakhira. Gulu la Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC), gulu ilo likafumako ku gulu la Armed Islamic Group, likalutizga kampeni yakofya ya kuwukira boma. Bouteflika wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha pulezidenti mu Epulero 2004 pamanyuma pa kucita kampeni pa ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo wenenawene. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa ya kusintha vinthu pa vya cuma, ndyali, na vya cikaya kuti caru ciŵe ca mazuŵa ghano, kukwezga umoyo wa ŵanthu, na kumazga masuzgo agho ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanyawo. Chikaŵaso na phangano laciŵiri lakuti ŵanthu wose ŵagowokereke, la Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, ilo likapokelereka mu Seputembala 2005. Likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵasilikari ŵanandi na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Mu Novembala 2008, Dango la ku Algeria likasinthika pamanyuma pa kuvota mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, kufumiska mphaka ya nyengo ziŵiri za wupu wakulamulira. Kusintha uku kukamovwira Bouteflika kuti waŵikike pa mavoti gha 2009 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu Epulero 2009. Pa nyengo ya kampeni yake na pamanyuma pa kuwuskikaso, Bouteflika wakalayizga kusazgirako ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo mtende na ndalama zakukwana madola 150 biliyoni kuti wapange nchito ziphya zakukwana mamiliyoni ghatatu, kuzenga nyumba ziphya zakukwana miliyoni yimoza, na kulutilira na mapulogiramu ghakusintha vinthu vya boma. Pa Disembala 28, 2010, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitika ku Middle East na North Africa. Pa Febuluwale 24, 2011, boma likawuskapo dango la vyakofya ilo likaŵa mu Algeria kwa vyaka 19. Boma likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na vipani vya ndyali, malango ghakwendeskera mavoti, na kuŵapo kwa ŵanakazi mu wupu wakulongozga. Mu Epulero 2011, Bouteflika wakalayizga kuti wazamuchitaso kusintha kwa ndyali na malango. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususka maungano gha visopa chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikuchitika pa maungano agha. Pa 2 Epulero, 2019, Bouteflika wakafumapo pa udindo wake wa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska kuti waŵepo pa nyengo yakwamba. Mu Disembala 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune wakazgoka purezidenti wa Algeria, wati watonda chigaŵa chakwamba cha chisankho cha purezidenti na chiŵerengero chakukwana cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakana. Tebboune wakususkika kuti wali pafupi na ŵasilikari ndipo ngwakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti uyo wali kukanizgika. Tebboune wakukana ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumuyowoyera, ndipo wakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kumukora. Wakukumbuskaso awo ŵakumususka kuti wakafumiskika mu boma mu Ogasiti 2017 pa chilato cha ma oligarchs agho ghali mu jele.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2019 |title=Algeria: Who is new president Abdelmadjid Tebboune? |work=The Africa Report.com |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/21301/algeria-who-is-new-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune/}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Algeria}} [[File:Algeria relief.png|thumb|The [[Sahara]], the [[Hoggar Mountains]] and the [[Atlas Mountains]] compose the Algerian relief.]] [[File:Dunes.jpg|thumb|The [[Algerian Desert]] makes up more than 90% of the country's total area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth from Space: Algerian sands |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_Algerian_sands |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>]] Kufuma apo Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011, ndipo pakapangika South Sudan, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa caru cikuru comene mu Africa, ndiposo mu Mediterranean Basin. Ku chigaŵa chakumwera kwa charu ichi kuli chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahara. Ku mpoto, mtunda wa Tell Atlas ukuyana na mtunda wa Sahara Atlas, ndipo kumwera, mtunda uwu uli na malo ghaŵiri ghakuyana waka. Ma Atlas ghose ghaŵiri ghakusangana kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria. Mapiri ghakuru gha Aures na Nememcha ghali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria, ndipo ghali kufupi na mphaka ya Tunisia. Phiri la Tahat ndilo lili pachanya chomene. Charu cha Algeria chili pakati pa latitude 19° na 37°N (chigaŵa chichoko chomene chili kumpoto kwa latitude 37°N na kumwera kwa latitude 19°N), kweniso pa longitude 9°W na 12°E. Malo ghanandi agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ghali na tumapiri, ndipo kuli maboma ghachoko waka. Malo agho ghali kufupi na nyanja m'paka ku Tell Atlas ngakupambika makora. Kumwera kwa Tell Atlas kuli mapiri agho ghakumalira pa mapiri gha Sahara Atlas; kumwera kwake kuli mapopa gha Sahara.<ref name=LOC>{{cite web|last=Metz |first=Helen Chapin |title=Algeria : a country study |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html |publisher=United States Library of Congress |access-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052428/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> Mapiri gha Hoggar (Arabic), agho ghakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Hoggar, ni malo gha mapiri ghapakati pa Sahara, kumwera kwa Algeria. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,500 kumwera kwa msumba ukuru wa Algiers, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, na Annaba ni misumba yikuru ya Algeria.<ref name=LOC /> [[File:Djurdjura mountains.jpg|thumb|The Babor mountains and the Jijel Coast. The Erraguene lake can be seen on the right.]] === Nyengo na maji === {{Main|Climate of Algeria}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map DZA present.svg|thumb|left|Algeria map of [[Köppen climate classification]].]] Mu chigaŵa ichi, mu mapopa nyengo ya muhanya yikuŵa yakuzizima caka cose. Kweni para dazi lanjira, mphepo yakuzizima yikumazga luŵiro chithukivu, ndipo usiku ukuzizima. Ku malo agha, zuŵa lililose kutentha kukusinthanga comene. Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tell Atlas, kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria ndiko kukulokwa chomene. Ku vigaŵa vinyake, vula yikuchepa. Ku Algeria kuli mapiri ghanandi agho ghali na mchenga. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, para mphepo yikuputa chomene, nkhongono zikukwera kufika pa 43.3°C. {{Excerpt|Climate change in Algeria|hat=no}} === Fauna and flora === {{Main|Wildlife of Algeria}} [[File:Vulpes zerda.JPG|thumb|left|The [[fennec fox]] is the [[national animal]] of Algeria]] Vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vya ku Algeria ni vyamumaji, vya mu mapiri, na vyamuthondo. Viyuni vinandi vya ku Algeria vikukhala kufupi na ŵanthu. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika comene ni mphumphi, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, na viyuni vya mu nkhorongo. Ku Algeria nako kuli nyalubwe muchoko waka wa ku Africa na chiŵeta cha ku Sahara, kweni vikusangika viŵi yayi. Ciŵinda cinyake, ico cikucemeka Barbary stag, cikukhala mu nkhorongo za kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Nkhaŵala iyi ndiyo ni nyama ya ku Algeria. Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni vyakupambanapambana. Mu nkhorongo iyi muli nkharamu na viŵeto vinyake. Viyuni vya mtundu wa Barbary macaques ndivyo ni vyamoyo vya mtundu uwu. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Algeria, muli njoka, viyuni vinyake ivyo vikwenda. Viyuni vinandi sono vyafwa, kusazgapo nkharamu za ku Barbary, nkhalamira za ku Atlas na ng'ona.<ref>"[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014734 Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810113430/http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734|date=10 August 2018}}". ''[[PLOS ONE]]''. 25 February 2011.</ref> Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli makuni ghanyake nga ni makuni gha macchia, makuni gha maolive, makuni gha oak, makuni gha sidara, na makuni ghanyake. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli makuni ghakuru gha makuni gha sidara (Aleppo pine, juniper, na oak) kweniso makuni ghanyake gha makuni gha sidara. Makuni gha mkuyu, eucalyptus, agave, na makuni ghanyake gha mikama ghakumera mu malo ghakuzizima. Vipambi vya mpheska vikufuma ku mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara, muli makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha acacia agho ghali na maolive gha mu thengere ndigho ghakukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara. Charu cha Algeria chikaŵa pa nambara 5.22/10, ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 106 pa vyaru 172. Ngamila zikugwiliskirika nchito comene; mu mapopa muli njoka zinonono na zambura kununkha, mphumphi, na tusomba tunandi. == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Algeria}} [[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023) (cropped).jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], President of Algeria since 2019]] Ŵandyali awo ŵali kusankhika ŵakuŵa na mazaza ghacoko comene pa caru ca Algeria. M'malo mwake, gulu la ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari awo ŵakusoleka yayi, ŵakucemeka "décideurs" ("ŵakusankha"), awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "le pouvoir" ("nkhongono"), ndiwo ŵakulongozga caru, ndipo ŵakusankha uyo wakwenera kuŵa pulezidenti. Munthu wankhongono chomene pa ŵanthu wose wakaŵa Mohamed Mediène, mulara wa ŵapolisi ŵa nkhondo, pambere wandawuskike mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵasilikari ŵanandi aŵa ŵali kufwa, ŵali kupumura pa nchito, panji ŵali kujalirika mu jere. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Jenerale Larbi Belkheir, pulezidenti wakale Bouteflika wakaŵika ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ku maudindo ghakuzirwa, chomene ku Sonatrach, ndipo wakasunga malango agho ghakamovwira kuti wasankhikeso kwamuyirayira, m'paka apo wakathereskekera mu 2019 pa viphikiro.<ref>{{cite news |title=The president and the police |url=http://www.economist.com/node/15612455 |newspaper=The Economist |date=4 May 2010 |access-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104202443/http://www.economist.com/node/15612455 |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mulongozgi wa boma ni pulezidenti wa Algeria, uyo wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Muwuso wa pulezidenti ukuŵa wa vilimika vinkhondi. Chisankho chaposachedwapa cha purezidenti chikadakhala mu Epulo 2019, koma ziwonetsero zazikulu zidachitika pa 22 February motsutsana ndi chisankho cha purezidenti kuti achite nawo chisankho, zomwe zidapangitsa Purezidenti Bouteflika kulengeza kuti achoka pa Epulo 3. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, uyo wakaŵa wakujiyimira payekha, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti mavoti ghachitika pa Disembala 12, 2019. Awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakakana kuzomerezga Tebboune kuŵa pulezidenti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma lisinthe vinthu vyose. Ŵanthu wose mu Algeria ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha para ŵafika vyaka 18. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakulongozga ŵasilikari, wupu wa nduna, na wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakwimika nduna yikuru iyo nayo ni mutu wa boma.<ref name="president">Articles: 85, 87, 77, 78 and 79 of the Algerian constitution {{cite web|last=Algerian government|title=Constitution|url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz/Constitution08_6.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422193224/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz/Constitution08_6.htm|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Hémicycle de l'assemblée populaire nationale (Algérie).jpg|thumb|The [[People's National Assembly]]]] Nyumba ya mafumu ya Algeria njakukhora; nyumba yaciŵiri, People's National Assembly, yili na mamembala 462 agho ghakusankhika mwakudunjika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi, apo nyumba ya pachanya, Council of the Nation, yili na mamembala 144 agho ghakuteŵetera nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Kuyana na dango la boma ili, palije wupu wa ndyali uwo ungapangika usange uli "wakupambana cisopa, ciyowoyero, mtundu, kugonana, nchito, panji cigaŵa". Mwakusazgirapo, ma kampeni gha ndyali ghakwenera kufumako ku nkhani izo zazunulika. Malo ghakusoperapo ghakaŵa mu Meyi 2017. Pa mavoti agha, FLN yikaluza vithuzithuzi 44, kweni yikalutilira kuŵa chipani cikuru comene na vithuzithuzi 164, gulu la National Rally for Democracy ilo likovwirika na ŵasilikari likapokera vithuzithuzi 100, ndipo gulu la Muslim Brotherhood Movement of Society for Peace likapokera vithuzithuzi 33.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPU PARLINE database: ALGERIA (Al-Majlis Al-Chaabi Al-Watani), Full text|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2003.htm|access-date=10 February 2021|website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> ===Maubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Algeria}} [[File:Abdelaziz Bouteflika and George W Bush 20080707.jpg|thumb|President [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] and [[George W. Bush]] exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are [[Dmitriy Medvedev]], left, and [[Yasuo Fukuda]], right.]] Charu cha Algeria chili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera ku vyaru vyapafupi. Kupeleka viwovwirano na kutumbika awo ŵakuchita makora chomene, kweniso kupeleka ndalama mwaluŵiro kweniso mwakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri, ni fundo zikuru ziŵiri izo zili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2014. Ndondomeko iyi yili na ndalama zakukwana 15.4 biliyoni ndipo yikovwira chomene pa ntchito zinyake. Mu 2009, boma la France likazomerezga kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka pa viyezgo vya nyukiliya ku Algeria. Nduna ya vyavikiliro Herve Morin yikati: "Ni nyengo yakuti caru cithu ciŵe pa mtende na umo ciliri, cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo nduzga", apo yikapelekanga dango lakukhwaskana na malipiro agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Algeria na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti iyi ni nthowa yiwemi yakwamba ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti nthowa iyi yingawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵapokere njombe. Vinthu vyakukondweska pakati pa Algeria na Morocco pa nkhani ya Western Sahara vyapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na wupu wa Arab Maghreb Union, uwo ukaŵako mu 1989. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2021, Algeria yikapharazga kuti yatondeka kukolerana na Morocco.<ref>{{cite news |title=Algeria stops gas supplies to Spain via Morocco, as diplomatic row with Rabat intensifies |url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/politics/algeria-stops-gas-supplies-to-spain-via-morocco-as-diplomatic-row-with-rabat-intensifies/2-1-1092219 |work=[[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream]] |date=2 November 2021}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Military of Algeria}} [[File:Al-chihab.jpg|thumb|A [[Djebel Chenoua-class corvette|''Djebel Chenoua''-class corvette]], designed and assembled in Algeria]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Algeria lili na ŵasilikari ŵa People's National Army (ANP), Algeria National Navy (MRA), na Algeria Air Force (QJJ), pamoza na Territorial Air Defense Forces. Chipani ichi ndicho chikapokeleranga wanangwa wa National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale panji ALN), chigaŵa cha National Liberation Front icho chikarwanga nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Ŵasilikari wose ŵakusazgapo 147,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera, 150,000 awo ŵali mu malo ghakusungirako ŵasilikari, na 187,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari (2008 estimate). Ŵanalume ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 19 na 30 ŵakwenera kugwira nchito ya usilikari kwa myezi 12. Mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa 4.3% ya GDP. Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵasilikari ŵaciŵiri pa caru cose ca kumpoto kwa Africa. Vinthu vinandi vya ku Algeria vikufuma ku Russia, uyo ni mubwezi wake.<ref name="AlgeriaSpending">{{cite web |title=Algeria buying military equipment |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/03/11/Algerias-military-goes-on-an-arms-spree/UPI-89581363031700/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113051727/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/03/11/Algerias-military-goes-on-an-arms-spree/UPI-89581363031700/ |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |work=United Press International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb228/index.htm|title=The Nuclear Vault: The Algerian Nuclear Problem|publisher=Gwu.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302044856/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb228/index.htm|archive-date=2 March 2013|access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> Mu 2007, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Algeria ŵakachita phangano na Russia kuti ŵagure ndege 49 za MiG-29SMT na 6 za MiG-29UBT. Russia wakuzengaso maboti ghaŵiri gha mtundu wa 636 gha ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/news/view/12214/| title=Venezuela's Chavez To Finalise Russian Submarines Deal| agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]| date=14 June 2007| access-date=31 August 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214143/http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/news/view/12214/| archive-date=12 February 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{Main|Human rights in Algeria}} Boma la United States la Freedom House, likamba kulemba vya charu cha Algeria kuti "chalije wanangwa" mu 1972, kweni mu 1989, 1990, na 1991, charu ichi chikalembeka kuti "chalije wanangwa". Mu Disembala 2016, wupu wa Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor ukalemba lipoti lakukhwaskana na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Algeria. Likati boma la Algeria likakanizga wanangwa wa vyalo; wanangwa wa kuyowoya; wanangwa wa kususka, kususka na kuwungana mwamtendere kweniso likakanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kuŵerenga nkhani mu manyuzipepara na pa webusayiti. Chifukwa chakuti ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ŵaboma ŵakuwuskapo malaisensi gha mawupu ghanyake gha vyakupharazga. Makampani agho ghakujiyimira payekha ghakusuzgika na boma, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakukakika na kukanizgika kwendera fundo zawo. Mu 2016, Ku Algeria, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48703377|title=Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?|date=24 June 2019|access-date=17 July 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref>Para munthu wakucita uzaghali pa wumba, wakukakhala mu jere vyaka viŵiri. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵanthu pafupifupi 26% ku Algeria ŵakuwona kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka, mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer mu 2019. Charu cha Algeria ndicho chikazomerezganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT kuluska vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch watimba boma la Algeria kuti likugwiliskira ntchito nthenda ya COVID-19 nga ni chifukwa chakukanizgira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwendera demokalase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/during-pandemic-algeria-tightens-vise-protest-movement|title=During Pandemic, Algeria Tightens Vise on Protest Movement|access-date=29 April 2020|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=29 April 2020}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Provinces of Algeria|Districts of Algeria|Municipalities of Algeria}} Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 (wilayas), vigaŵa 553 (daïras), na maboma 1,541 (baladiyah). Chigaŵa chilichose, chigaŵa chilichose, na msumba uliwose vikuchemeka kuyana na msumba ukuru uwo ulipo. Kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa uwu, malo agha ghakasintha kanandi waka. Para ŵaŵika vigaŵa viphya, ŵakusunga manambara gha vigaŵa vyakale, ntheura ŵakwendera mu ndondomeko ya vilembo yayi. Mazuŵa ghano (kwambira mu 1983) ŵali na nambara zawo.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Algeria|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> {{Algeria Wilayas}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Algeria}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Algeria.png| upright=1.35|thumb|right|GDP per capita development in Algeria]] [[File:Algeria Product Exports (2019).svg| upright=1.35|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Algeria exports, 2019]] Ndalama za ku Algeria ni dinari (DZD). Boma likulutilira kulamulira vyachuma, ndipo ni ciyelezgero ca umo caru cikacitira pamanyuma pakuti cajiyimira pawekha. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Algeria lalekeska kupanga vinthu vya boma na kukanizga vyakurya vyakunjilira mu vyaru vinyake. Nangauli pasono malango agha ghakwamba waka kuwuskikapo, kweni pali mafumbo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umo chuma cha Algeria chikuŵira. Charu cha Algeria chikusuzgika kupanga vyakumera vinyake padera pa mafuta chifukwa cha unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Ivyo boma likucita kuti likhozge vinthu vinyake mu caru ici mwa kukopa ndalama za caru na za ku caru cinyake padera pa za magesi, vyawovwira comene yayi kuti ŵawukirano ŵaleke kugwira nchito panji kuti ŵaleke kusoŵa nyumba. Charu ichi chikukumana na masuzgo ghakupambanapambana gha nyengo yicoko na yapakati, kusazgapo kukhumbikwa kwa kupangiska vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na cuma cakupambanapambana, kukhozga ndondomeko za ndyali, za ndyali na za ndalama, kunozga vinthu vya bizinesi, na kuchepeska upusikizgi pakati pa vigaŵa. Mu Febuluwale na Malichi 2011, boma la Algeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 23 biliyoni ku ŵanthu kuti liŵawovwire. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ndalama za boma zakwera na 27 peresenti pa caka. Ndondomeko ya ndalama za boma ya 2010-14 yikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola 286 biliyoni gha ku America, ndipo 40% gha ndalama izi ghapelekekenge ku vya ŵanthu. Cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo charu cha Algeria chikusanga kufuma ku vyakurya vya mafuta, chili na ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 173. Kweniso ngongoli ya caru cose ya Algeria njakukhora comene, pafupifupi 2% ya GDP. Vyaru vya Algeria vikuthemba comene pa vyakurya vya mafuta, ndipo nangauli vili na ndalama zinandi (US$178 biliyoni, izo zikuyana na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu vyaru vinyake kwa vyaka vitatu), kweni ndalama izo ŵakuguliska zikukwera. Charu cha Algeria nchindanjire mu WTO nangauli pajumpha vyaka vinandi, kweni nchimoza mwa vyaru vya ku Arabia ivyo vili na malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda na vyaru vya ku Africa. Ndalama izo Turkey yikugwiliskira nchito mu Algeria zaŵiraso zinandi comene, ndipo zakukwana madola 5 biliyoni. Kuzakafika mu 2022, makampani gha ku Turkey agho ghali mu Algeria ghajumpha 1,400. Mu 2020, nangauli kukaŵa nthenda iyi, makampani ghakujumpha 130 gha ku Turkey ghakasangika mu Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubessy |first=Frédéric |title=Turkey strengthens its investments in Algeria |url=https://en.econostrum.info/Turkey-strengthens-its-investments-in-Algeria_a1362.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Econostrum {{!}} Economic News in the Mediterranean |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423015337/https://en.econostrum.info/Turkey-strengthens-its-investments-in-Algeria_a1362.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mafuta na vya chilengiwa=== {{see also|Mining industry of Algeria}} [[File:Algeria pipelines map.jpg|thumb|left|Pipelines across Algeria]] Charu cha Algeria, icho chuma chake chikuthemba pa mafuta, chili mu gulu la OPEC kwamba mu 1969. Likupanga mafuta pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni pa zuŵa, kweni likufumiskaso gasi ndipo likukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Kwa nyengo yitali, vyakumera ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa chuma cha charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili pa nambara 10 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi chomene pa charu chose. U.S. Wupu wakuwona vya magesi (Energy Information Administration) ukati mu 2005, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na magesi ghakukwana 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160×1012 cu ft). Kweniso lili pa nambara 16 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/> Kukula kwa vyakurya vyakupambanapambana na mafuta gha hydrocarbon mu 2011 kukaghanaghanika kuŵa 5%. Kuti ŵamarane na masuzgo gha ŵanthu, boma likasazgirako ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito, comenecomene pa vyakurya, kupanga nchito, kovwira ma KMS, na kukwezga malipiro. Mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta wakovwira kuti ndalama zikhalenge makora pa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Ndalama zakufuma ku mafuta na gasi zikakwera mu 2011 cifukwa cakuti mafuta ghakalutilira kuŵa na mtengo wapachanya, nangauli vyakufumiska vikakwera. Mulimo wa kupanga mafuta na gasi ukuchepa chomene, kufuma pa matani 43.2 miliyoni mu 2007 kufika pa matani 32 miliyoni mu 2011. Kweni mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivi chikaŵa 98 peresenti ya vyakurya vyose ivyo vikatoleka, apo mu 1962 chikaŵa 48 peresenti. Kampani ya mafuta ya ku Algeria ni Sonatrach, iyo yikugwira nchito yikuru mu vigaŵa vyose vya mafuta na gasi mu Algeria. Ŵaganyu wose ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakwenera kwendera lumoza na Sonatrach, uyo kanandi wakuguliska katundu mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵalije nkhongono zakugwilira ntchito vinthu vyakuthupi. Mu 2016, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 0.53 pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose. Mu 2016, charu cha Algeria chikagwiliskira ntchito mahekitala gha viŵeto 2.4 pa munthu yumoza. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakumera vinandi comene kuluska ivyo vili mu Algeria. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca Algeria cili na suzgo la vyamoyo. Mu Epulero 2022, ŵadipuloma ŵakufuma ku Italy na Spain ŵakadumbiskana pamanyuma pakuti boma la Rome lacitapo kanthu kuti lisungilire mafuta ghanandi gha ku Algeria. Mwakukolerana na kampani ya Sonatrach ya ku Algeria na Eni ya ku Italy, charu cha Algeria chizamutumizga mafuta ghanyake ghakukwana mamita 9 biliyoni ku Italy m'paka chaka chikwiza kweniso mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Italy looks to demote Russia and make Algeria its top gas supplier |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-turns-to-algeria-to-replace-russian-gas/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=POLITICO |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Research and alternative energy sources=== Charu cha Algeria chaŵika ndalama zakukwana madinari mabiliyoni 100 kuti chiŵe na malo ghakwendeskera kafukufuku. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti paŵe nkhongono zinyake, comenecomene za zuŵa na mphepo. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571 |title=Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Algerian Program (English Version) |access-date=31 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101749/http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571 |archive-date=1 November 2016 }}</ref>Ku Algeria ndiko kuli nkhongono zinandi za zuŵa mu Mediterranean, ntheura boma likovwira kuti ku Hassi R'Mel kuŵe malo ghakusungirako vya sayansi. Pasono, ku Algeria kuli ŵasambizgi 20,000 pa maunivesite ghakupambanapambana na ma laboratories ghakujumpha 780. Boma likukhumba kuti ŵasambizgi aŵa ŵakwaniske 1,000. Padera pa nkhongono ya dazi, ku Algeria kuli vyakupenjera vya mlengalenga na vya pa wayilesi, vya nyukiliya, na vya munkhwala. ===Labour market=== Mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura nchito cikaŵa 10%, kweni chikalutilira kuŵa pacanya pakati pa ŵawukirano, ndipo pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, cikaŵa 21.5%. Mu 2011, boma likakhozga ndondomeko ya ntchito iyo yikamba mu 1988, comenecomene mu ndondomeko ya kovwira awo ŵakupenja nchito. Nangauli unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakhira, kweni unandi wa ŵawukirano na ŵanakazi ŵambura nchito ngukuru comene.<ref name="imfart4">{{cite web|title=Algeria: 2011 Article IV Consultation|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1220.pdf|publisher=IMF|access-date=6 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311020241/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1220.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Algeria}} [[File:Giants - Rock towers in the Algerian Sahara.jpg|thumb|[[Djanet]]]] Pakwamba, vyalo vya ku Algeria vikaŵavya vyakwendeskera, kweni kwambira mu 2004, vyalo vya ku Algeria vikamba kupanga mahoteli ghanandi. Ku Algeria kuli malo ghanandi agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha UNESCO, kusazgapo Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, msumba ukuru wakwamba wa ufumu wa Hammadid; Tipasa, tawuni ya Ŵafoinike ndipo pamasinda yikazgoka tawuni ya Ŵaroma; na Djémila na Timgad, tawuni za Ŵaroma; M'Zab Valley, chigodobu cha malibwe gha malibwe agho ghali na malo ghakurughakuru. Malo ghamoza pera agho ghali kulembeka kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ni mapiri gha Tassili n'Ajjer.<ref>{{cite web|last=UNESCO|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919064425/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz|archive-date=19 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Algeria}} [[File:Autoroute est ouest ghomri2.JPG|thumb|The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the [[Cairo–Dakar Highway]] project]] Misewu ya ku Algeria ndiyo njakudumura chomene mu Africa; utali wake uli pa 180,000 km (110,000 mi) ya misewu, na vyakuzengeka vyakujumpha 3,756 na chiŵerengero cha vipata vya 85%. Mtundu uwu uzamusazgikaso na msewu ukuru wa East-West Highway, uwo ni mulimo ukuru comene uwo ukuchitika sono. Ni msewu wa makilomita 1,216 (756 mi), uwo ukuyaniska Annaba ku mafumiro gha dazi na Tlemcen kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweniso ku Algeria kuli msewu ukuru wakuchemeka Trans-Sahara Highway. Boma la Algeria likovwira kuti nthowa iyi yikwendere makora ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru 6 ivi: Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, na Tunisia. == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Algeria}} {{see also|List of cities in Algeria}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Algeria ŵalipo pafupifupi 44 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mbaarabu.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/><ref name="ons">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html/ |title=Algérie a atteint 40,4 millions d'habitants (ONS) |publisher=ons |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205120223/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |archive-date=5 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ber_evidance">{{cite journal |last1=Arredi |first1=Barbara |first2=Estella S. |last2=Poloni |first3=Silvia |last3=Paracchini |author-link3=Silvia Paracchini |first4=Tatiana |last4=Zerjal |last5=Dahmani |first5=M. Fathallah |first6=Mohamed |last6=Makrelouf |last7=Vincenzo |first7=L. Pascali |first8=Andrea |last8=Novelletto |first9=Chris |last9=Tyler-Smith |title=A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa|date=7 June 2004 |pmc=1216069 |pmid=15202071 |doi=10.1086/423147 |volume=75 |issue=2 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |pages=338–45}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90% ŵa ku Algeria ŵakukhala kumpoto, mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵanthu ŵa mu mapopa gha Sahara ŵakukhala chomene mu malo ghakuchemeka oases. Ŵanthu 28.1% ŵa ku Algeria ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 15. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 90,000 m'paka 165,000 ŵakufuma ku Western Sahara ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku Sahara, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapopa gha Sahara ku Algeria. Paliso ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 4,000 awo mbacimbizi ŵa ku Palestina, awo ŵali kuweleramo makora mu caru cawo ndipo ŵandapemphe wovwiri ku United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Mu 2009, ku Algeria kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku China ŵakukwana 35,000. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵakufuma ku France, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop |title=Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée&nbsp;– Immigrés 2012 |publisher=Insee |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220075247/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop |archive-date=20 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === {{Main|Ethnic groups in Algeria}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yinyake nga ni Ŵaarabu, Ŵaberi, Ŵafenikiya, Ŵaroma, Ŵavandal, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Byzantium, Ŵaturuki, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, na Ŵafalansa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algiers na misumba yinyake ŵalipo awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵakufuma ku Andalusia. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Aragon na Castile awo ŵakaŵa Ŵamorisco ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi m'paka m'ma 1700.<ref>{{cite book|last=De Epalza|first=Mikel|title=El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII)|year=2011|publisher=Universitat de València|pages=32–38–39–444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC|isbn=978-84-370-8415-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020075020/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Tenus traditionnelles algériennes 27.png|left|thumb|Some of Algeria's traditional clothes]] Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu (75%-85%). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵalipo 15 m'paka 20 peresenti ŵali kugaŵika mu magulu ghanandi. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Kabyles, awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Kabylie kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algiers, Chaoui ŵa kumpoto kwa Algeria, Tuareg mu chipalamba cha kumwera na ŵanthu ŵa Shenwa ŵa kumpoto kwa Algeria. Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi (10% mu 1960) awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Pied-Noirs. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku France, Spain, na Italy. Ŵanandi ŵakafumapo pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya wanangwa panji pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 |title=Migration and Development Co-Operation |page=25 |author1=De Azevedo |author2=Raimond Cagiano |publisher=Council of Europe |isbn=9789287126115 |year=1994 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025429/https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Algeria}} [[File:Tizi Ouzou Tasdawit.jpg|thumb|Signs in the [[University of Tizi Ouzou]] in three languages: [[Arabic]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], and French]] [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Berber language|Berber]] are the official languages.<ref name="Constitution of Algeria">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria|title=Constitution of Algeria|via=Wikisource}}</ref> [[Algerian Arabic]] (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Wexler |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA174 |title=The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2393-7 |language=en}}</ref> [[Berber language|Berber]] has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01 |title=L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh |publisher=Magharebia.com |date=2 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216045948/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01 |archive-date=16 February 2011 }}</ref> [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]], the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of [[Kabylie]]. Kabyle has a significant [[Arabic]], [[French language|French]], [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] and [[Punic language|Punic]] substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baldauf |first1=Richard B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA50 |title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa |last2=Kaplan |first2=Robert B. |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-011-1 |language=en}}</ref> In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Although [[French language|French]] has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html |title=La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie |publisher=Senat.fr |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201075711/http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 }} () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."</ref> and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to [[French rule in Algeria|Algeria's colonial history]]. It can be regarded as a [[lingua franca]] of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le dénombrement des francophones |url=http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052949/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 |publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}} () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 2008¹)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'[[Office national des statistiques d'Algérie]]."</ref> An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French, or 18 million people out of a total of 30 million at the time. Following a period during which the Algerian government tried to phase out French, in recent decades the government has changed course and reinforced the study of French, and some television programs are broadcast in the language. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dargin|first=Justin |url= http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/ |title=Algeria's Liberation, Terrorism, and Arabization |work=The New York Times |date=19 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130831/http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/ |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-access = registration }}</ref> Colloquial [[Algerian Arabic]] is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.<ref name="leclerc">{{cite web |author=Leclerc, Jacques |title=Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique |work=L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde |language=fr |publisher=[[Université Laval]] |date=5 April 2009 |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/AFRIQUE/algerie-1demo.htm |access-date=8 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124150058/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/algerie-1demo.htm |archive-date=24 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Algeria}} {{See also|Islam in Algeria|Early African Church|History of the Jews in Algeria}} [[File:Mosque Hassan Pacha Oran 1790 (6).jpg|thumb|right|[[Hassan Pasha Mosque]] in [[Oran]] ]] Chisilamu ndicho chisopa chikuru mu Algeria, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga chisopa ichi, chomenechomene ŵa Sunni, ŵalipo 99 peresenti ya ŵanthu. Mu chigaŵa cha Ghardaia, mu Dambo la M'zab muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 290,000 ŵa mtundu wa Ibadi. Pambere charu cha Algeria chindambe kujiwusa chekha, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.3 miliyoni ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku France ŵakati ŵafumako ku France.<ref>De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 Migration and development co-operation.]''. Council of Europe. p. 25. {{ISBN|92-871-2611-9}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Area Handbook for Morocc|first=Richard |last=F. Nyrop|year= 1972| isbn= 9780810884939| page =97|publisher=University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|quote=}}</ref> Mazuŵa ghano, ciŵelengero ca Ŵakhristu cili pakati pa 20,000 na 200,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria awo Mbakhristu ŵali mu magulu gha Chiprotesitanti. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2018 na 2019, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria (99.1%) ŵakulutilira kujiwona kuti Mbasilamu. Lipoti la June 2019 la Arab Barometer-BBC News likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa yayi chakura kufuma pa 8% mu 2013 kufika pa 15% mu 2018. Buku la Arab Barometer December 2019, likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa yayi chikukura chomene chifukwa cha ŵawukirano. Ndipouli, lipoti la 2021 Arab Barometer likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuti ŵakusopa yayi ku Algeria chikakhira chomene, ndipo ŵanthu 2.6 pera ndiwo ŵakuti ŵakusopa yayi. Mu lipoti lenelili, ŵanthu 69,5% ŵa ku Algeria ŵakatenge ŵakusopa ndipo ŵanyake 27,8% ŵakatenge ŵakusopa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer |url=https://www.arabbarometer.org/survey-data/data-analysis-tool/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bheria |date=2022-02-17 |title=Arabs Are Getting More Religious. Why Isn't Western Media Reporting It? |url=https://muslimskeptic.com/2022/02/17/arabs-are-getting-more-religious-why-isnt-western-media-reporting-it/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=The Muslim Skeptic |language=en-US}}</ref> Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵali na nkharo yiwemi, nga ni Emir Abdelkader, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem, Malek Bennabi na Mohamed Arkoun. ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Algeria}} Mu 2018, charu cha Algeria ndicho chikaŵa na ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya Maghreb (1,72 pa ŵanthu 1,000), ŵantchito ŵa munesi (2,23 pa ŵanthu 1,000), na ŵadokotala ŵa mino (0,31 pa ŵanthu 1,000). Ŵanthu 97.4% mu misumba ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi ndipo 98.7% mu vikaya ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ŵakukwana 99%, ndipo awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakukwana 93.4%. Wupu wa World Bank ukati charu cha Algeria chili kufiska chilato chake chakuti "paka chaka cha 2015 chichepeskeko na hafu chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵalije maji ghakumwa ndiposo malo ghawemi ghakukhala". Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria mbawukirano, boma likutemwa chomene kupwelelera umoyo wa ŵalwari. Pakulondezga fundo iyi, boma likucita ndondomeko ya katemera. Ndipouli, maji ghakukazuzga na maubendezi ghambura kwenelera, ghakulutilira kunanga umoyo wa ŵanthu. Kanandi ŵakavu ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala kwaulere. Mabuku gha vyaumoyo ghakusungika mu Algeria kwambira mu 1882 ndipo ŵakamba kusazgako visopo vya Ŵasilamu awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera mu 1905.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kemp, Thomas Jay|title=International Vital Records Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afnc6_o5AqoC&pg=PA347|year=2009|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=978-0-8063-1793-9|page=347|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024608/https://books.google.com/books?id=afnc6_o5AqoC&pg=PA347|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Algeria|List of universities in Algeria}} [[File:UIS Literacy Rate Algeria population plus15 1980 2015.png|thumb|[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics|UIS]] literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015]] Mu ma 1970, boma la Algeria likapeleka dango lakuti ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 15 ŵalutilire kusambira sukulu. Kwambira mu 1972, ciarabu cikuyowoyeka pa sukulu vyaka 9. Kufuma waka pa chaka chacitatu, ŵakusambira Cifurenci, ndipo ni ciyowoyero ico ŵakusambizgaso masambiro gha sayansi. Ŵasambiri ŵangasambiraso Cingelezi, Citaliyana, Cisipanishi, na Cigiriki. Mu 2008, masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakaŵa ghaphya, ntheura sukulu yikwamba para munthu wafika vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza. Padera pa masukulu ghapadera 122, masukulu gha boma ghakusambizga ŵanthu kwambura kulipira. Para ŵamara vyaka 9 vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ŵakuluta ku sekondare panji ku sukulu yinyake. Sukulu iyi yili na masambiro ghaŵiri: lakupambanapambana panji la luso. Paumaliro wa chaka chachitatu cha sukulu ya sekondare, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakuchita masambiro gha baccalaureate. Ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 15 ŵakwenera kusambira sukulu. Mu 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira na kulemba awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 10 chikaŵa 22.3%, 15.6% ku ŵanalume na 29.0% ku ŵanakazi. Chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikaŵa cha Algiers, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu 11.6%, ndipo chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikaŵa cha Djelfa, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu 35.5%. Ku Algeria kuli masukulu ghapachanya 26 na masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya 67, ndipo mu 2008, masukulu agha ghakwenera kupokelera ŵanthu 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria na 80,000 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Yunivesite ya Algiers, iyo yikaŵako mu 1879, ndiyo njakale comene, ndipo yikupeleka masambiro mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana (malango, munkhwala, sayansi na mabuku). Pa maunivesite agha, 25 na pafupifupi masukulu ghose gha masambiro ghapacanya ghakaŵako pamanyuma pakuti caru capokera wanangwa. Nangauli masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizga ŵanthu mu Chiarabu, nga ni malango na vya cuma, kweni visambizgo vinandi vya sayansi na vyadokotala vikulutilira kusambizgika mu Cifurenci na Cingelezi. Pa mayunivesite ghakuzirwa chomene, pali Yunivesite ya Sayansi na Mavinjeru Houari Boumediene, Yunivesite ya Mentouri Constantine, na Yunivesite ya Oran Es-Senia. Yunivesite ya Abou Bekr Belkaïd ku Tlemcen na Yunivesite ya Batna Hadj Lakhdar zili pa malo 26 na 45 mu Africa. Charu cha Algeria chili pa malo 120 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 113 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|publisher=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Miksumba ikulu === {{Largest cities | country = Algeria | stat_ref = According to the 2008 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/algeria/cities/ |title=Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | list_by_pop = <!-- link to the list of cities in the given country, if possible sorted by population --> | div_name = Province | div_link = <!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field --> | city_1 = Algiers | div_1 = Algiers Province | pop_1 = 2,364,230 | img_1 = Alger View Oct-2010 IMG 1039.JPG | city_2 = Oran | div_2 = Oran Province | pop_2 = 803,329 | img_2 = Oran facade maritime.JPG | city_3 = Constantine, Algeria{{!}}Constantine | div_3 = Constantine Province | pop_3 = 448,028 | img_3 = Constantine10.JPG | city_4 = Annaba| div_4 = Annaba Province | pop_4 = 342,703 | img_4 = Annaba, algeria04.jpg | city_5 = Blida| div_5 = Blida Province | pop_5 = 331,779 | city_6 = Batna, Algeria{{!}}Batna | div_6 = Batna Province | pop_6 = 289,504 | city_7 = Djelfa| div_7 = Djelfa Province | pop_7 = 265,833 | city_8 = Sétif | div_8 = Sétif Province | pop_8 = 252,127 | city_9 = Sidi Bel Abbès | div_9 = Sidi Bel Abbès Province | pop_9 = 210,146 | city_10 = Biskra | div_10 = Biskra Province | pop_10 = 204,661 | city_11 = Tébessa | div_11 = Tébessa Province | pop_11 = 194,461 | city_12 = El Oued | div_12 = El Oued Province | pop_12 = 186,525 | city_13 = Skikda | div_13 = Skikda Province | pop_13 = 182,903 | city_14 = Tiaret | div_14 = Tiaret Province | pop_14 = 178,915 | city_15 = Béjaïa | div_15 = Béjaïa Province | pop_15 = 176,139 | city_16 = Tlemcen | div_16 = Tlemcen Province | pop_16 = 173,531 | city_17 = Ouargla | div_17 = Ouargla Province | pop_17 = 169,928 | city_18 = Béchar | div_18 = Béchar Province | pop_18 = 165,241 | city_19 = Mostaganem{{!}}Mostaganem | div_19 = Mostaganem Province | pop_19 = 162,885 | city_20 = Bordj Bou Arréridj | div_20 = Bordj Bou Arréridj Province | pop_20 = 158,812 }} ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Algeria}} [[File:Bensari2.jpg|thumb|Algerian musicians in [[Tlemcen]], [[Ottoman Algeria]]; by [[Bachir Yellès]]]] Mabuku gha ku Algeria gha mazuŵa ghano, agho ghali kugaŵika pakati pa Ciarabu, CiTamazight na Cifurenci, ghakhwaskika comene na mbiri ya caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako mabuku agha ni Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine na Ahlam Mosteghanemi. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 ni Rachid Mimouni, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Amnesty International, na Tahar Djaout, uyo wakakomeka na gulu la chisopa cha Cisilamu mu 1993 cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghake. Malek Bennabi na Frantz Fanon ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani ya kuleka kukoloneska caru; Augustine wa ku Hippo wakababikira ku Tagaste (uko sono ni Souk Ahras); ndipo Ibn Khaldun, nangauli wakababikira ku Tunis, wakalemba Muqaddima apo wakaŵa ku Algeria. Mulimo wa mbumba ya Sanusi mu nyengo iyo caru cikanjira yayi mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, ndiposo wa Emir Abdelkader na Sheikh Ben Badis mu nyengo ya mawoko gha ŵanthu, ukuzunulika comene. Apuleius wakababikira ku Madaurus (Mdaourouch), mu caru ico pamanyuma cikazgoka Algeria. Sinema ya ku Algeria yikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Pali kusintha kwa mafilimu kufuma ku mafilimu agho ghakulongosora za nkhondo ya kujithemba kuya ku mafilimu agho ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Short guide to contemporary Algerian cinema |publisher=Mapping Contemporary Cinema |url=http://www.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/?p=550 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311032134/http://www.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/?p=550 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Wayilesi=== {{main|Media of Algeria}} ===Luso=== [[File:Portrait-racim.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|[[Mohammed Racim]]; founder of the Algerian school for painting]] Ŵakupenta ŵa ku Algeria, nga ni Mohammed Racim na Baya, ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mbiri ya ku Algeria pambere France yindafike mu caru cawo. Mu chigaŵa ichi, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel nawo ŵaweleraso kwizira mu luso ili, vithuzithuzi vya mdauko wa chalo ichi, vizgoŵi na mitheto ya kale na umoyo wa ku chigaŵa. Vinthu vinyake viphya vyakuyelezgera na ivyo M'hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda na Bachir Yelles ŵakalemba, vikawoneka mu luso lwa ku Algeria. Mohammed Khadda na M'hamed Issiakhem ŵakumanyikwa comene mu vyaka vyasonosono apa.<ref name="art">{{cite web |title=Mohammed Khadda |url=http://www.khadda.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402061339/http://www.khadda.com/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=18 January 2013 |publisher=Khadda.com}}</ref> === Mabuku === {{Main|Algerian literature|List of Algerian writers}} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 250 | image1 = Lucius Apuleius Platonicus, from 'Crabbes Historical Dictionary', published in 1825 (C19).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Apuleius]] | image2 = Kateb Yacine Nedjma authograph.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Kateb Yacine]] | footer = }} Mabuku gha ku Algeria ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Numidiya na Roma, apo Apuleius wakalemba buku lakuti The Golden Ass, ilo likaŵa buku lakwamba mu Chilatini. Nyengo iyi yikaŵaso na Augustine wa ku Hippo, Nonius Marcellus, na Martianus Capella. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 C.E. na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalemba mabuku gha Chiarabu ŵakasintha chomene mabuku gha mu charu ichi. Albert Camus wakababika ku Algeria. Mu 1957, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. Mazuŵa ghano, mu caru ca Algeria muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca mabuku ghawo, kweniso mabuku ghanyake gha Cirabu na Cifurenci. Pakuyamba, mabuku a ku Algeria adadziwika ndi ntchito zomwe cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kutsimikizira mtundu waku Algeria, pali kufalitsa mabuku monga trilogy ya Algeria ya Mohammed Dib, kapena ngakhale Nedjma wa Kateb Yacine buku lomwe nthawi zambiri limawerengedwa ngati ntchito yayikulu komanso yayikulu. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakawovwira kuti mabuku gha ku Algeria ghaŵepo ni Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zakaria, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, Mouloud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, na Assia Djebar.[[File:Ahlem Mosteghanemi at Beirut Book Fair 2012.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Ahlam Mosteghanemi]], the most widely read female writer in the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Honorary and Goodwill Ambassadors |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/algerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis/ |title=Algerian novelist Ahlem Mosteghanemi designated UNESCO artist for peace|website= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |date=20 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507062814/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/algerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis/}}</ref>]] Pambuyo pa ufulu, olemba angapo atsopano adawonekera pazolemba za ku Algeria, omwe adzayesa kudzera m'mabuku awo kuwulula mavuto ambiri, pakati pawo pali Rachid Boudjedra, Rachid Mimouni, Leila Sebbar, Tahar Djaout ndi Tahir Wattar. Pasono, chigaŵa chimoza cha ŵalembi ŵa ku Algeria chikuwoneka kuti chili na mazgu ghakukhuŵazga, chifukwa cha uchigeŵenga uwo ukachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikuwoneka kuti chili na kalembero kanyake ka mabuku ako kakulongosora umo munthu wakuwonera vinthu. Pakati pa mabuku gha sonosono apa, pali mlembi uyu, The Swallows of Kabul and the Attack of Yasmina Khadra, The Oath of Barbarians of Boualem Sansal, Memory of the Flesh of Ahlam Mosteghanemi na buku laumaliro la Assia Djebar Nowhere in My Father's House. ===Sumo=== {{Main|Music of Algeria}} [[File:Anka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|[[El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka]]]] Sumu ya Chaâbi ni sumu ya ku Algeria iyo yili na viyimbiro na ma Qacidate mu chiyowoyero cha Chiarabu. El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka wakuwoneka kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa comene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakucita maseŵero agha. Wakalemba sumu zakujumpha 350 na kupanga malekodi 130 pambere wandafwe mu 1978. Ŵasambiri ŵake ŵanandi ŵakazgoka ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa. Mtundu wa Constantinois Malouf ukuponoskeka na wakwimba uyo Mohamed Tahar Fergani wakwimba.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Rabah |last=Saadallah |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/581750786 |title=El-Hadj Mh́amed el-Anka : maître et rénovateur de la musique chaabi |date=1981 |publisher=Maison des livres |oclc=581750786}}</ref> Sumu za ŵanthu zikusazgapo sumu za Ŵabedouin, izo zikuzunulika na sumu zakutowa izo zikufuma mu kacida (ndakatulo) yitali; sumu za Kabyle, izo zikufuma mu sumu zakutowa izo zikuzunulika mu miwiro yakupambanapambana; sumu za Shawiya, za ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mapiri gha Aurès. Sumu izo Rahaba wakwimba ni za mbumba ya Aures pera. Souad Massi ni wakwimba wa ku Algeria. Ŵakwimba ŵanyake ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa Manel Filali wa ku Germany na Kenza Farah wa ku France. Sumu za Tergui zikuzunulika mu viyowoyero vya Chitaareg. Paumaliro, sumu za staïfi zikababikira mu Sétif ndipo zikulutilira kuŵa zapadera. Sumu za mazuŵa ghano zili na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Muzi wa rap, uwo wafuma sonosono mu Algeria, ukukura comene. ===Vyakuonelela=== {{Main|Cinema of Algeria}} [[File:Mohamed LAKHDAR HAMINA.png|thumb|[[Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina]], one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema.]] Boma la Algeria likutemwa chomene mafilimu, lekani likupeleka ndalama zakukwana 200 miliyoni DZD (1,3 miliyoni EUR) pa chaka, kweniso likuchita vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na mafilimu. Ndalama izo boma likupeleka, kwizira mu Ndalama za Kukhozgeramo Vinthu Vya Maluso, Maluso na Mafilimu (FDATIC) na wupu wa Algeria's Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), ni vyakuzirwa comene pakovwira kuti vinthu vya mu caru viŵe makora. Pakati pa 2007 na 2013, FDATIC yikapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera mafilimu 98 (mafilimu gha vithuzithuzi, vyakutimbanizga na ghafupi). Mu 2013, AARC yikawovwirapo kale mafilimu 78, kusazgapo mafilimu 42, mafilimu ghafupi 6 na mafilimu 30 gha nkhani.<ref>Ali, Sahar (25 March 2014) [http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf ALGÉRIE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203213653/http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf |date=3 February 2016 }}. European Audiovisual Observatory</ref> Mwakuyana na LUMIERE database ya European Audiovisual Observatory, mafilimu 41 gha ku Algeria ghakagaŵirika mu Europe pakati pa 1996 na 2013; mafilimu 21 mu mabuku agha ghakaŵa gha ku Algeria na France. Days of Glory (2006) na Outside the Law (2010) ndiwo ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene mu Europe, ghakaŵa 3,172,612 na 474,722. Algeria wakatora Palme d'Or chifukwa cha filimu ya Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), ndipo wakatora ma Oscars ghaŵiri chifukwa cha filimu ya Z (1969), na ma award ghanyake chifukwa cha filimu ya ku Algeria yakuchemeka The Battle of Algiers. ===Kaphikilo ka chakulya=== {{Main|Algerian cuisine}} [[File:Couscous (Algérie, lieu exact non précisé).jpg|thumb|upright| [[Couscous]], the national dish of Algeria]] Vyakurya vya ku Algeria ni vinandi chomene. Charu ichi ŵakachiwonanga nga ni "malo ghakusungiramo vyakurya gha Romu". Ku malo agha kuli vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuyana na chigaŵa na nyengo. Mu vyakurya vyawo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakurya vya tirigu, cifukwa nyengo zose vikusangika vinandi mu caru ici. Palije cakurya ico palije vyamuminda.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8804/ |title = Luce Ben Aben, Moorish Women Preparing Couscous, Algiers, Algeria |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1899 |access-date = 26 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130928205945/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8804/ |archive-date = 28 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vyakurya vya ku Algeria vikupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Munganozga nyama, somba, na mphangwe. Pakati pa vyakurya vyakumanyikwa, couscous, chorba, rechta, chakhchoukha, berkoukes, shakshouka, mthewem, chtitha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc. Soseji ya Merguez yikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu Algeria, kweni yikupambana kuyana na cigaŵa na vyakununkhira ivyo ŵakusazgako. Vyakurya ivi ŵakuguliska mu misumba ya ku Algeria, Europe, na North America. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakuphika makeke agha pa nyumba zawo mwakuyana na mitheto ya mbumba zawo. Vyakurya ivi ni Tamina, Baklawa, Chrik, Garn logzelles, Griouech, Kalb el-louz, Makroud, Mbardja, Mchewek, Samsa, Tcharak, Baghrir, Khfaf, Zlabia, Aarayech, Ghroubiya na Mghergchette. Vyakurya vinyake vya ku Algeria ni vya ku Tunisia na France. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska na vyakurya vya ku nyumba vikuŵa nga ni Kessra panji Khmira panji Harchaya, tumakuni na vinthu vinyake vyakuchemeka Khoubz dar panji Matloue. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska mu misewu ni mhadjeb panji mahjouba, karantika, doubara, chakhchoukha, hassouna, na t'chicha. ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Algeria}} [[File:Algérie_-_Arménie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d'Algérie.jpg|thumb|The [[Algeria national football team]]]] Mu Algeria mukaŵa maseŵera ghakupambanapambana kwamba kale chomene. Mu chigaŵa cha Aures, ŵanthu ŵakaseŵeranga maseŵero ghanandi nga ni El Kherba panji El khergueba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakutemwa kuseŵera makadi, makadi, na maseŵero gha chesi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakutemwa kuphalirako ŵanyawo vya maseŵero gha kuvina. Munthu wakwamba wa ku Algeria na wa ku Africa uyo wakapokera mendulo ya golide wakaŵa Boughera El Ouafi pa maseŵero gha ku Amsterdam mu 1928. Alain Mimoun ndiyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kupokera mendulo ya ku Algeria pa maseŵero gha ku Melbourne mu 1956. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa maseŵero gha maseŵero mu ma 1990, kusazgapo Noureddine Morceli, Hassiba Boulmerka, Nouria Merah-Benida, na Taoufik Makhloufi, wose ŵakathamanga mtunda wapakati. Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Algeria. Mazina ghanandi ghali kulembeka mu mdauko wa maseŵero agha, kusazgapo Lakhdar Belloumi, Rachid Mekhloufi, Hassen Lalmas, Rabah Madjer, Riyad Mahrez, Salah Assad na Djamel Zidane. Chikwata cha mpira cha dziko la Algeria chikakwera mu 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup, 2010 FIFA World Cup na 2014 FIFA World Cup. Kweniso, mabungwe ghanandi gha mpira ghawina mphumphu za pa charu chose nga ni ES Sétif panji JS Kabylia. Chipani cha mpira wa ku Algeria (Algerian Football Federation) ndi chipani cha mabungwe a mpira wa ku Algeria omwe amakonza mipikisano ya dziko ndi masewera apadziko lonse a kusankha timu ya mpira wa ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/teams/algeria | title=Algeria national football team | access-date=9 December 2012 | work=Sky Sports | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102003120/http://www1.skysports.com/football/teams/algeria | archive-date=2 November 2012 | url-status=live}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Algeria}} * [[Index of Algeria-related articles]] * [[Outline of Algeria]] == Wonani vinyake == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=nb}} == Mazgo == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Mabuku == {{refbegin|30em}} * Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). ''Modern Algeria&nbsp;– A History from 1830 to the Present''. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: [[C. Hurst & Co|Hurst]]. {{ISBN|978-0-86543-266-6}}. * Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). ''Algeria in Transition&nbsp;– Reforms and Development Prospects''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-0-415-34848-5}}. * Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). ''The Making of Contemporary Algeria&nbsp;– Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-30150-3}}. * [[Frantz Fanon|Fanon, Frantz]] (1966; 2005 paperback). ''The Wretched of the Earth''. [[Grove Press]]. ASIN B0007FW4AW, {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4132-3}}. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Algeria | volume= 1 |last1= Gibson |first1= Walcot |author1-link= Walcot Gibson |last2= Cana |first2= Frank Richardson |author2-link= |last3= Girault |first3= Arthur |author3-link= |pages = 642&ndash;653 }} * [[Alistair Horne|Horne, Alistair]] (1977). ''A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962''. [[Viking Adult]]. {{ISBN|978-0-670-61964-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-59017-218-6}} (2006 reprint) * Laouisset, Djamel (2009). ''A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry''. New York City: [[Nova Publishers]]. {{ISBN|978-1-61761-190-2}}. * Roberts, Hugh (2003). ''The Battlefield&nbsp;– Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity''. London: [[Verso Books]]. {{ISBN|978-1-85984-684-1}}. * Ruedy, John (1992). ''Modern Algeria&nbsp;– The Origins and Development of a Nation''. Bloomington: [[Indiana University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-253-34998-9}}. * Stora, Benjamin (2001). ''Algeria, 1830–2000&nbsp;– A Short History''. Ithaca, New York: [[Cornell University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-3715-1}}. * Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military&nbsp;– Algeria 1962–2008". [https://books.google.com/books?id=UouRFVxywIQC ''Religion and Politics&nbsp;– Islam and Muslim Civilisation'']. Farnham: [[Ashgate Publishing]]. {{ISBN|0-7546-7418-5}}. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Algeria|Algeria}} {{Wikibooks|Wikijunior:Countries A–Z|Algeria}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005003110/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/ People's Democratic Republic of Algeria] ''Official government website'' {{in lang|ar|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150802020104/http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/ Portal of the First Ministry] ''Portal of the First Ministry'' {{in lang|ar|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184359/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ Algeria]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{GovPubs|algeria}} * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Algeria}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118852 Algeria profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Cite map |title=Algeria Atlas Map |date=April 2007 |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) |url=ftp://undp-pogar.org/LocalUser/pogarp/other/maps/algeria-apr07.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6mdDU9gLR?url=ftp://undp-pogar.org/LocalUser/pogarp/other/maps/algeria-apr07.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 December 2016 }} * {{Wikiatlas|Algeria}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DZ Key Development Forecasts for Algeria] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170126063811/http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=1 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria] {{Algeria}} {{Algeria topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Algeria |list = {{Countries and territories of Africa}} {{Countries and territories of North Africa}} {{Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea}} {{Middle East}} {{Arab League}} {{African Union}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}} {{G-15 nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|28|N|2|E|scale:10000000_type:country_region:DZ|format=dms|display=title}} [[Category:Algeria| ]] [[Category:North African countries]] [[Category:Maghrebi countries]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:Arab republics]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:Member states of OPEC]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1962]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Algeria]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 6jig743yhncadd6rb5075kr24slt5hw 116235 116234 2026-06-03T01:16:08Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 ChiTumbuka 116235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in North Africa}} {{About|chalo ichi||Algeria (disambiguation)}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Ŵanthu cha Algeria | name = {{ubl|{{native name|ar|الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية|italic=no}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš{{nbh}}Šaʿbiyya}}}}|{{midsize|{{native name|fr|République algérienne démocratique et populaire}}}}}} | common_name = Algeria | image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg | image_coat = National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{lang|ar|بالشعب وللشعب}}<br />("By the people and for the people")<ref name="CONST-AR">{{cite web|url=http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11 |id= language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber|publisher=El-mouradia.dz |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name="CONST-EN">{{cite web |url= http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |title=Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11 |publisher=Apn-dz.org |date=28 November 1996 |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725130249/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/english/constitution96/titre_01.htm |archive-date=25 July 2013 }}</ref> | national_anthem = ''[[Kassaman]]''<br />({{lang-en|"We Pledge"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of Algeria, by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]}}</div> | image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |Makhalilo gha '''Algeria''' || | |}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Algiers]] | coordinates = {{Coord|36|42|N|3|13|E|type:city_region:DZ}} | largest_city = capital | religion = {{unbulleted list|99% [[Islam in Algeria|Sunni Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) |1% other (inc. [[Christianity in Algeria|Christians]] and [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Jews]])<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Algeria|access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>}} | official_languages = {{Plainlist| * [[Arabic]] * [[Standard Algerian Berber|Tamazight]] }} | languages_type = Other languages | languages = [[Algerian Arabic]]<br />[[French language|French]]<ref name="CIA" />{{efn| ''[[French language|French]]'' although not officially recognized, remains a common language, understood by the majority of the population.}}<!--end nowrap:--> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |75%–85% [[Arabs]]<ref name="CIA" /> | 15%–25% [[Berbers]]<ref name="CIA" />}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769|title=Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language|newspaper=BBC News|date=2016-02-07}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Algeria|Algerian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Algeria|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sifi Ghrieb]] | leader_title3 = [[List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)|Council President]] | leader_name3 = [[Azouz Nasri]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)|Assembly President]] | leader_name4 = [[Ibrahim Boughali]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Council of the Nation]] | lower_house = [[People's National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Algeria|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]] | established_date1 = 600 BC | established_event2 = [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginians]] | established_date2 = 500 BC | established_event3 = [[Numidia]] | established_date3 = 202 BC | established_event4 = [[Mauro-Roman Kingdom|Kingdom of Altava]] | established_date4 = 477 | established_event5 = [[Emirate of Tlemcen|Ifranid dynasty]] | established_date5 = 757 | established_event6 = [[Rustamid dynasty]] | established_date6 = 776 | established_event7 = [[Sulaymanid dynasty]] | established_date7 = 786 | established_event8 = [[Zirid dynasty]] | established_date8 = 972 | established_event9 = [[Hammadid dynasty]] | established_date9 = 1014 | established_event10 = [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid dynasty]] | established_date10 = 1235 | established_event11 = [[Regency of Algiers]] | established_date11 = 1516 | established_event12 = [[Emirate of Abdelkader]] | established_date12 = 1832 | established_event13 = [[French Algeria]] | established_date13 = 5 July 1830 | established_event14 = [[Algerian War|Modern Algeria]] | established_date14 = 5 July 1962 | area_km2 = 2381741 | area_rank = 10th | area_sq_mi = 919595 | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 44,700,000<ref name="ONS 2020">{{cite web | title=Démographie | website=Office National des Statistiques | date=18 May 2020 | url=http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/demographie2019_bis.pdf | language=fr | trans-title=Demography | access-date=3 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721155425/http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/demographie2019_bis.pdf | archive-date=21 July 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 32nd | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 17.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 47 | population_density_rank = 168th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $708.568 billion<ref name="IMFWEOAG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=612,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 43rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $13,324<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 111th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $190.155 billion<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 58th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,151<ref name="IMFWEOAG"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 130th | Gini = 27.6 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of Family Income&nbsp;– Gini Index |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=1 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118143415/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=DZ |archive-date=18 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.745<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2021-22 Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping Our Future in an Uncertain World|date=8 September 2022|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|pages=289–292|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 91st | currency = [[Algerian dinar]] | currency_code = DZD | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Algeria|+213]] | cctld = [[.dz]]<br />الجزائر. | today = }}'''Algeria''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg|æ|l|ˈ|dʒ|ɪər|i|ə}} {{respell|al|JEER|ee|ə}}; {{Lang-ar|الجزائر|al-Jazāʾir}}, {{IPA-ar|al.d͡ʒazaːʔir|}}; {{Lang-fr|Algérie}}}} panji kuti '''''Democratic People's Republic of Algeria''''', ni chalo icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa. Charu cha Algeria chili kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Tunisia]], kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Libya]], kumwera kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Niger]], kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], na [[Western Sahara]], kumanjiliro gha dazi na [[Morocco]], kumpoto na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]]. Charu ichi chili ku [[Northern Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na vyakumera vinandi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili na malo ghakukwana 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), ndipo ni charu cha nambara 10 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa: largest countries by area 2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1207844/largest-countries-in-africa-by-area/|access-date=9 February 2022|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> Ku Algeria kuli ŵanthu 44 miliyoni. Ili ni charu cha nambara 10 pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Msumba ukuru wa Algiers, uwo uli kumpoto chomene, uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu maufumu, maufumu, na mafumu, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Numidia]], [[Mauretania]], [[Phoenicians]], [[Carthaginians]], [[Romans]], [[Vandals]], [[Mauro-Romans]], [[Byzantines]], [[Umayyads]], [[Ifranids]], Abbasids, [[Rustamids]], [[Idrisids]], Sulaymanids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, Hafsids na Zayyanids. Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Mu 1516, caru ca Algeria cikapangika na ŵa Ottoman, ndipo ici cikakopa ŵanthu kufuma mu vyaru vyose vya ku Mediterranean. Vinthu vikamba kunangika mu ma 1800, ndipo mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakathereska charu ichi m'paka mu 1903, ndipo mu 1848, charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa [[France]]. Nkhondo ya Sétif na Guelma mu 1945 yikaŵa nyengo yakupambanapambana mu vyalo vya France na Algeria ndipo yikambiska Nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Nkhondo iyi yikamara apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake pa Julayi 5, 1962, ndipo pa Seputembala 25 chaka chenechicho, charu cha Algeria chikamba kulamulira. Viyowoyero vya boma mu Algeria ni [[Chiarabic]] na [[Chiberberber]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu, ndipo ŵakusopa Cisilamu.<ref name="CIA" /> Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Algeria. Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vinthu vinyake, kweni chilije udindo. Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 na vikaya 1,541. Charu cha Algeria chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Mu vyaru vyose vya mu [[Africa]], charu ichi ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakukura mwauzimu. Charu cha Algeria chili na mafuta ghanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose pa charu. Sonatrach, kampani ya mafuta iyo yikugwira nchito mu caru ici, ndiyo yikuru comene mu Africa, ndipo yikuguliska gasi munandi comene ku Europe. Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Algeria ndimoza mwa magulu ghakuru comene mu Africa, ndipo lili na bajeti yikuru comene ya kuvikilira caru. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Arab League, OIC, OPEC, United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, ndipo chili mu wupu uwu. == Zina == Zina linyake la zina ili ni: {{lang-ar|الجزائر|al-Jazāʾir}}, {{lang-arq|الدزاير|al-dzāyīr}}; [[Berber languages]]: ''{{transliteration|ber|dzayer}}'', {{lang|ber-Tfng|ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ}},{{refn|group=nb|The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not [[Codification (linguistics)|codified]].<ref name="El Watan 2020">{{cite web | title=La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ? | website=El Watan | date=22 April 2020 | url=https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020 | language=fr | access-date=14 March 2021 | archive-date=14 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314144817/https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>}} {{lang|ber-Arab|دزاير|labels=none}};{{refn|group=nb|The transcription of Tamazight in the Arabic alphabet is not [[Codification (linguistics)|codified]].<ref name="El Watan 2020" />}} {{lang-fr|Algérie}}.Charu ichi chikuchemeka kuti Democratic People's Republic of Algeria (Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš-Šaʿbiyya; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire, wakafupiskika kuti RADP). ===Etymology=== Zina la charu cha Algeria lili kufuma ku msumba wa [[Algiers]] (Algiers), ndipo lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, "vyirwa") pakuyowoya vya virwa vinayi vichoko ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Buluggin ibn Ziri ndiyo wakazenga msumba uwu mu 950 C.E. pa malo agho ghakaŵa mabingu gha msumba wa Icosium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=les origines d'alger, conference faite le 16 juin 1941, comite du vieil alger; venis |url=http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/alger_son_histoire/textes/3_origines_alger_1941_feuillets.htm |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=alger-roi.fr}}</ref>Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalemba vya charu ŵakaŵa Muhammad al-Idrisi na Yaqut al-Hamawi. [[Ufumu wa Ottoman]] ukamba kuchema msumba uwu kuti [[al-Jazā'ir.]] Ntheura, lizgu ili likuyana na malo ghanyake ghanandi, nga ni Alzira ku [[Valença, Portugal|Valencia]], Algeciras ku Andalusia, Lezíria ku [[Portugal]], Cizre ku [[Turkey]], Gżira ku [[Malta]], chilumba cha [[Nile]] ku Gezira ku [[Egypt]], na chigaŵa cha [[Gezira]] ku [[Sudan]]. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Algeria}} ===Mbili yakwambilila na yakale=== {{main|Prehistoric North Africa|North Africa during Antiquity}} Vinthu vyakuzengeka na malibwe vyakufuma ku Ain Hanech (Algeria) ivyo vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.8 miliyoni, vikamanyikwa kuti ni vinthu vyakale chomene ku North Africa.<ref name="science.org">{{cite journal |display-authors=etal |last1=Sahnouni |title=1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria |journal=Science |date=14 December 2018 |volume=362 |issue=6420 |pages=1297–1301 |doi=10.1126/science.aau0008 |pmid=30498166 |bibcode=2018Sci...362.1297S |hdl=10072/383164 |s2cid=54166305 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0008 |access-date=22 November 2021|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Vinthu vya mu malibwe na viwangwa ivyo vikazengeka kufupi na Ain Boucherit vikulongora kuti vikaŵa vyaka pafupifupi 1.9 miliyoni. Ntheura, ukaboni wa ku Ain Boucherit ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean kumpoto kwa Africa. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti kale chomene ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga na kugwiliskira ntchito malibwe kufuma ku East Africa.<ref name="science.org" /> [[File:Djémila-109038.jpg|thumb|left|Roman ruins at [[Djémila]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal ndiwo ŵakapanga visulo vya mawoko mu nyengo ya Levalloisian na Mousterian (43,000 B.C.E.) nga umo vikaŵira ku Levant. Ku Algeria ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito vinthu vyamalibwe. Vyakovwira vya nyengo iyi, vyeneivyo vikamba kuzengeka pafupifupi 30,000 B.C.E., vikuchemeka Aterian (kuyana na malo ghakuzengera vinthu vyakale gha Bir el Ater, kumwera kwa Tebessa).<ref name="science.org" /> Makampani ghakwambilira agho ghakapanganga malupanga ku North Africa ghakachemekanga Iberomaurusian (ghakaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Oran). Vinthu ivi vikwenera kuti vikaŵa mu vigaŵa vyose vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Maghreb pakati pa 15,000 na 10,000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic (ŵakaŵanga na viŵeto na kulima) ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Sahara na Mediterranean Maghreb, panyake m'ma 11,000 B.C. panji m'ma 6000 na 2000 B.C. Umoyo uwu, uwo ukulongosoreka makora chomene mu vithuzithuzi vya Tassili n'Ajjer, ndiwo ukaŵa wakuzirwa chomene mu Algeria m'paka mu nyengo yakale. Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa awo ŵakakhalanga pamoza ŵakazgoka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa kuti Ŵaberi.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Berbers|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=1997|chapter=Berbers in Antiquity|isbn=978-0-631-20767-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zcz91t29ukC|author1=Brett, Michael |author2=Fentress, Elizabeth }}</ref>[[File:Timgad rue.jpg|thumb|right|Ancient [[Roman Empire|Roman]] ruins of [[Timgad]] on the street leading to the local [[Arch of Trajan (Timgad)|Arch of Trajan]]]] Ku Carthage, uko kukaŵa msumba wawo ukuru, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghachoko waka mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa Africa. Kufika mu 600 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Phoenicia ŵakakhalanga ku Tipasa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Cherchell, Hippo Regius (lero ni Annaba) na Rusicade (lero ni Skikda). Malo agha ghakaŵanga na misika kweniso malo ghakukhazikika. Apo ufumu wa Carthage ukakuranga, ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage nawo ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakaŵa kale pa nyengo iyo kulima, kupanga vinthu, malonda, na ndyali vikawovwiranga vyaru vinandi. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pakati pa Carthage na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vigaŵa, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakazgoka ŵazga panji ŵasilikari.[[File:GM Massinissa.png|thumb|left|[[Masinissa]] (c.&nbsp;238–148&nbsp;BC), first king of Numidia]] Kuzakafika kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Berber ŵakagaluka kufuma mu 241 m'paka mu 238 B.C.E. ŵakati ŵaleka kupokera malipiro chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa msumba wa Carthage mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Punic. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo ŵakapanga ndalama izo zikaŵa na zina lakuti Libyan. Boma la Carthage likamara cifukwa cakuti Ŵaroma ŵakathereskeka kanandi waka pa Nkhondo za Punic. Mu 146 B.C.E., msumba wa Carthage ukaparanyika. Apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Carthage ŵakamba kuchepa, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵaberi ghakaŵa kuti ghababika. Vinyake viŵiri vikaŵa ku Numidia, kuseri kwa malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Cartagena. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Numidia kukaŵa charu cha Mauretania, icho chikambukanga Mlonga wa Moulouya mu caru ico sono ni Morocco na kufika ku Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakamba kuŵa na chitemwa chikuru chomene m'paka apo Almohad na Almoravid ŵakizira.[[File:Justinian555AD.png|thumb|right| The lands which comprise modern day Algeria were part of the Byzantine Empire (The empire in 555 under [[Justinian the Great]], at its greatest extent since the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] ([[vassal state|vassals]] in pink))]] Masinissa wakati wafwa mu 148 B.C.E., maufumu gha Ŵaberi ghakagaŵikana na kuwungana kanandi waka. Mzere wa Masinissa ukakhala m'paka mu 24 C.E., apo chigaŵa cha Ŵaberi icho chikakhalako chikapokelereka na Ufumu wa Roma. [[File:Side face (2).jpg|thumb|Roman inscription from Agueneb in the province of Laghouat]] Kwa vyaka vinandi, Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakalongozganga charu cha Algeria. Ŵakazenga malo ghanandi mu charu ichi. Mu 146 B.C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵamara kuthereska msumba wa Carthage, ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa Africa. Ŵakazenga misumba yakujumpha 500. Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene mu ufumu wa Roma. Augustine wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Hippo Regius (uno ni Annaba, Algeria), mu cigaŵa ca ku Africa. Mu 429 C.E., Ŵajeremani ŵa ku Geiseric ŵakanjira mu North Africa, ndipo mu 435 C.E., ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Numidia. Ŵakaŵavya malo ghakukhalako chifukwa mitundu yinyake yikaŵasuzganga. Nakuti apo Ŵabyzantine ŵakafikanga, msumba wa Leptis Magna ukaŵa kuti walekeka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Msellata ŵakakhalanga mu muzi wa Laguatan. Kweniso mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, Ŵabyzantine, Ŵavandal, Ŵacarthage, na Ŵaotoman, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵekha panji ŵacoko comene mu North Africa awo ŵakaŵa ŵakujiyimira ŵekha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156|title=The Middle East and North Africa 2003 |publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781857431322|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118|title=Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War |first=Hugh Mulleneux|last=Walmsley|date=1 April 1858|publisher=Chapman and Hall|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167|title=The Kabyle People|first=Glora M.|last=Wysner |date=30 January 2013|publisher=Read Books Ltd|isbn=9781447483526|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ&q=Kabylia|title=The Encyclopedia Americana|date=1 April 1990 |publisher=Grolier|isbn=9780717201211|via=Google Books}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene mwakuti nanga ni apo Ŵasilamu ŵakathereskanga kumpoto kwa Africa, ŵakalutilira kulamulira mapiri ghawo. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawa, ndipo ukapangiska kuti paŵe ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava (uno ku Algeria). Ufumu unyake uwo ukaŵa ku Altava ndiwo ukamulondezga. Mu nyengo ya kuwusa kwa Kusaila, chigaŵa chake chikafuma ku chigaŵa cha lero cha Fez kumanjiliro gha dazi kukafika ku Aurès kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kairaouan pamanyuma na mukati mwa Ifriqiya kumafumiro gha dazi.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&pg=PT139 The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy] Hachette UK,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yeUjAQAAIAAJ&q=Koceila+,+chef+Fès+aux Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil] Zakya Daoud Séguier</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dCcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 The History of Northern Africa] Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA458 Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places] Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AIMRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17 Historical Dictionary of Tunisia] Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ciOAAAAMAAJ&q=+kairouan+kusaila Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events] Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications,</ref> ===Middle Ages=== {{main|Medieval Muslim Algeria}} [[File:Mansourah-1.jpg|thumb|right|Mansourah mosque, Tlemcen]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakana, kweni Ŵasilamu ŵa mu ufumu wa Umayyad ŵakathereska charu cha Algeria kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 800. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakazgoka Ŵasilamu. Ŵakhristu, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiberberberia na Chilatini ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu Tunisia m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Ndipo Ŵasilamu ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. Pamanyuma pakuti ufumu wa Umayyad wathereskeka, pakaŵa mafumu ghanandi agho ghakawusa mu charu ichi nga ni Rustamids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, na Zayyanids. Ŵakhristu ŵakafumapo mu vigaŵa vitatu: mu nyengo ya 10 na 11 C.E., ŵakati ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily ndiwo ŵakaŵafumiska ndipo awo ŵakakhalako ŵakafwa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400.<ref name="jonathan">Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365 {{ISBN|978-0-521-19697-0}}</ref>[[File:Fatimid.jpg|thumb|left|Fatimid Caliphate, a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] dynasty that ruled much of North Africa, c.&nbsp;960–1100]] [[File:Statue of Dyhia in Khenchela (Algeria).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dihya]] memorial in [[Khenchela]], Algeria]] Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵanandi, ŵatuŵa, na mafumu, kusazgapo Judah Ibn Quraysh, uyo wakaŵa wakwamba kuyowoya viyowoyero vya ChiSemite na Chiberber, ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa Sufi, Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan) na Sidi El Houari, kweniso Emirs Abd Al Mu'min na Yāghmūrasen. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵafatemidi panji ŵana ŵa Fatima, mwana wa Muhammad, ŵakiza ku Maghreb. ŴaFatimidi aŵa ŵakalutilira kuwusa kwa nyengo yitali mu vyaru vya Maghreb, Hejaz, na Levant. Ufumu wa Fatimid ukayamba kumara apo ŵawusi ŵake ŵa Zirids ŵakajipatura. Kuti ŵaŵalangire, Ŵafatemidi ŵakatuma Ŵaarabu, Ŵanu Hilal na Ŵanu Sulaym kuti ŵaŵawukire. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika yikuzunulika mu buku la Tāghribāt. Mu buku la Al-Tāghrībāt, Mulongozgi wa Ŵaamazigh Zirid, Khālīfā Al-Zānatī, wakupempha zuŵa lililose kuti wachitenge viphalizgano kuti watonde mulongozgi wa Ŵahilalan, Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵa Ŵaarabu. Ndipouli, paumaliro Ŵaziri ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵakamba kulondezga mitheto na kakhaliro ka Ŵaarabu. Ndipouli, mafuko gha Ŵamazigi ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira pawekha, ndipo ghakalondezganga fuko lawo, malo na nyengo iyo ŵakakhalanga. Boma la Chisilamu la Fatimid, ilo likumanyikwaso kuti Caliphate la Fatimid, likapangiska ufumu wa Chisilamu uwo ukaŵa na vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz na Yemen. Macaliphate gha kumpoto kwa Africa ghakaguliskanga vinthu na maufumu ghanyake gha nyengo yawo, kweniso ghakaŵa na maboma ghanyake gha Cisilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ŵakaŵa na mafuko ghanandi. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivi vikaŵa Botr na Barnès, ivyo vikagaŵikana mu mafuko, kweniso mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko. Chigaŵa chilichose cha Maghreb chikaŵa na mafuko ghanandi (nga ni Sanhadja, Houara, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, na Berghwata). Mafuko ghose agha ghakasankhanga yekha malo agho ghakeneranga kukhala. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., mu vyaru vya ku Maghreb na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi mukaŵa mafumu ghanandi gha Ŵaamazigi. Ibn Khaldun wakulongosora vya mafumu gha ku Maghreb, Zirid, Ifranid, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa na Hafsid. Mafumu gha Hammadid na Zirid kweniso gha Fatimids ghakawusa mu vyaru vyose vya Maghreb. Ŵa Ziridi ŵakalongozganga charu icho sono ni Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta, na Italy. Ŵahamadidi ŵakathereska na kuwusa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa nga ni Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli na Fez. ŴaFatimidi awo ŵakapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku Kutama ŵakathereska vyaru vyose vya kumpoto kwa Africa kweniso Sicily na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Middle East. Pamanyuma pa kugaluka kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber, vyaru vinandi vya ku Maghreb vikamba kujiyimira. Mu Algeria, ufumu wa Rustamid ukapangika. Ufumu wa Rustamidi ukambira ku Tafilalt ku Morocco mpaka ku mapiri gha Nafusa ku Libya kusazgapo kumwera, pakati na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Tunisia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Girisi ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chose cha Maghreb, chigaŵa cha Spain, na Sicily. Ŵaziridi ŵakamanya kuti Ŵafatisimu ŵa ku Cairo ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Muwusi wa Zirid, zina lake El Mu'izz, wakazomerezga yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵaŵe na wanangwa uwu. Ŵaziridi ŵakalweraso maufumu ghanyake gha Zenata, nga ni Maghrawa, ufumu wa Ŵaberi uwo ukafuma ku Algeria ndipo nyengo yinyake ukaŵa wankhongono chomene ku Maghreb.<ref>Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LnMcAAAAMAAJ&q=maghrawa+dynasty In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara] Edward Alexander Powell Century Company</ref><ref>Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3wFBAAAAYAAJ&q=+Atïa+maghreb Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque] Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni</ref>[[File:Maghrawa dynasty - dynastie maghraoua.jpg|thumb|Territories controlled by the Maghrawa]] Pakuti boma la Ŵafatisimu likaŵa lambura nkhongono pa nyengo iyi, ŵakasanga nthowa yinyake yakuwezgera. Pakati pa Mlonga wa Nile na Nyanja Yiswesi pakaŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin agho ghakacimbizgika ku Arabia cifukwa ca kugaluka kwawo. Mwaciyelezgero, Ŵana Hilal na Ŵana Sulaym, awo kanandi ŵakasuzganga ŵalimi ŵa mu Dambo la Nayelo cifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda ŵakaphanga minda yawo. Muwusi wa ku Fatimid wakakhumbanga kuparanya vinthu ivyo wakatondeka kuvilamulira, ndipo wakaleka kukolerana na ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin. ŴaFatimidi ŵakaŵapa nanga ni ndalama kuti ŵafumemo. Mafuko ghose ghakafuma pamoza na ŵanakazi, ŵana, ŵalara, viŵeto, na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanyake ŵakimilira pa nthowa, comenecomene ku Cyrenaica, uko ŵachali vinthu vyakuzirwa comene pa malo agha, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafika ku Ifriqiya kufuma ku Gabes, mu 1051. Fumu ya ku Zirid yikayezga kukanizga nkhondo iyi, kweni pa nkhondo yiliyose iyo yikacitikanga, yaumaliro iyo yikacitikanga pasi pa viliŵa vya Kairouan, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakathereskeka ndipo Ŵaarabu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo. Kanandi Ŵaarabu ŵakathereskanga yayi misumba, kweni ŵakayiphanganga na kuyibwangandura.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXN0AwAAQBAJ&q=1048+banu+hilal&pg=PT66 |title=Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour |date=11 September 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4711-3546-0 |language=en}}</ref> Nkhondo iyi yikalutilira, ndipo mu 1057 Ŵaarabu ŵakafika mu vigaŵa vya Constantine uko ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Qalaa wa Banu Hammad (mzinda ukuru wa Hammadid Emirate). Kufuma apo, ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku Algiers na Oran. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi vikawuskikapo na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1200. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵaŵe na chiyowoyero na maluso gha Chiarabu. Ibn Khaldun wakalemba kuti malo agho ghakasakazika na mafuko gha Banu Hilal ghakazgoka mapopa. Ŵalmohad ŵakafuma ku Morocco, nangauli ŵakakhazikiskika na munthu wa ku Algeria zina lake Abd al-Mu'min. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Almohad, fuko la Abd al-Mu'min, la Koumïa, ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa ufumu. Ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Almoravid uwo ukalopwa na kwamba kulamulira Morocco mu 1147, ŵakanjira mu Algeria mu 1152, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira Tlemcen, Oran, na Algiers. Ŵalmohad ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya ku Las Navas de Tolosa mu 1212, ŵakamba kusuzgika, ndipo mu 1235, kazembe wa ku Algeria, Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan, wakapharazga kuti waŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Ŵakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Almohad awo ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 13. Ŵakaŵathereska mu 1248 ŵati ŵakoma Khalifa wawo. Ŵa Zayyanid ŵakalutilira kulamulira charu cha Algeria kwa vyaka 300. Vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa muwuso wa Hafsid, nangauli Emirate wa Bejaia uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vya Algeria vya Hafsids nyengo zinyake ukaŵa wakujiyimira payekha. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Zayyanid ukaŵa na mazaza ghakuru, ufumu uwu ukaŵa na caru cose ca Morocco ico cikaŵa pasi pawo.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o3SRAAAAIAAJ Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives] Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires,</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qpdyAAAAMAAJ Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2] Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions,</ref><ref name=Constantine2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ&q=vassal+tlemcen Recueil des Notices et Memoires], Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine </ref><ref name=Constantine>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ Recueil des Notices et Memoires], Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine</ref><ref name=Cour>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oD9FAAAAYAAJ&q=Wattâside+vassal+d%27tlemcen La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs] (1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. Geuthner</ref><ref name=Arnolet>[https://books.google.com/books?id=q6AwAQAAMAAJ&q=vassal+d%27tlemcen Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine] L. Arnolet,</ref> Pamanyuma pa nkhondo zinandi na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Barbary awo ŵakalongozgekanga na mafumu gha Zayyanid, Spain wakaluta ku Algeria na kuthereska ufumu wa Tlemcen. Mu 1505, ŵakarwa nkhondo na kupoka Mers el Kébir, ndipo mu 1509 ŵakati ŵathereska msumba wa Oran. Ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵaalgeria, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira misumba yinyake ya ku Algeria. Mu 1510, ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Bejaia, ndipo ŵakathereska msumba wa Algiers. Kweniso ŵakazingilizga msumba wa Tlemcen. Mu 1511, ŵakatora msumba wa Cherchell na Jijel, ndipo ŵakathereska Mostaganem. Nangauli ŵakatondeka kuwupoka, kweni ŵakaŵakanizga kupeleka msonkho. === Ottoman era === {{main|Ottoman Algeria}} [[File:Maghreb 15th Century.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Zayyanid kingdom]] of Tlemcen in the fifteenth century and its neighbors]] Mu 1516, ŵabali ŵa ku Ottoman, Aruj na Hayreddin Barbarossa, awo ŵakateŵeteranga mwakukondwa mu ufumu wa Hafsids, ŵakasamukira ku Algiers. Ŵakapoka msumba wa Jijel na Algiers kufuma ku Spain na wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha awo ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbawomboli ŵa Ŵakhristu, kweni pamanyuma ŵabali aŵa ŵakakoma Salim al-Tumi, munthu wakuzirwa wa ku malo agha. Apo Aruj wakakomekanga mu 1518 apo wakawukira msumba wa Tlemcen, Hayreddin ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Algiers. Fumu ya Ottoman yikamupa zina lakuti beylerbey na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 2,000. Na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari aŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria, Hayreddin wakathereska chigaŵa chose pakati pa Constantine na Oran (nangauli msumba wa Oran ukaŵa mu mawoko gha Spain m'paka mu 1792).<ref name="csa16">{{cite web |title=Algeria&nbsp;– Ottoman Rule |url=http://countrystudies.us/algeria/16.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014191245/http://countrystudies.us/algeria/16.htm |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=Country Studies}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze">{{cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=847}}</ref> [[File:Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]]] Mubali munyake uyo wakaŵa Beylerbey wakaŵa mwana wa Hayreddin zina lake Hasan. Wakaŵa wa mtundu wa Kouloughli panji wa mitundu yakupambanapambana, pakuti anyina ŵakaŵa wa ku Algeria. M'paka mu 1587, Beylerbeylik wa ku Algiers wakawusikanga na Beylerbeys. Pamanyuma, boma likamba kulamulira, ndipo ŵalongozgi awo ŵakachemekanga kuti pasha ŵakateŵeteranga vyaka vitatu. Pasha wakawovwirikanga na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Janissary, awo ŵakamanyikwanga mu Algeria kuti Ojaq. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, Ojak ŵakakwiya chomene chifukwa chakuti ŵakapokeranga yayi malipiro nyengo zose. Pa cifukwa ici, agha ŵakamba kumupa mulandu Pasha wa vimbundi na kutondeka kucita makora vinthu, ndipo ŵakamba kuwusa mu 1659. Matenda agha ghakaŵa kuti ghazara comene mu misumba ya ku North Africa. Mu 1620, ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 50,000 ŵakafwa na muliri uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa mu 1654, 1665, 1691 na 1740.<ref name="Davis">{{cite book|author=Robert Davis|title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2003|isbn=978-0-333-71966-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392|url-access=registration}}</ref>[[File:Debarquement et maltraitement de prisonniers a alger.JPG|thumb|[[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Christian slaves]] in Algiers, 1706]] Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary ŵakalyeranga Ŵakhristu na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi mu nyanja ya Mediterranean. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakatoranga ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu ngalaŵa na kuŵaguliska panji kuŵa ŵazga. Kweniso ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi kuti ŵawombore ŵanthu ŵanyake. Robert Davis wakati kwamba mu ma 1500 m'paka mu 1800, ŵankhungu ŵakakora ŵazga ŵa ku Europe pakati pa 1 miliyoni na 1.25 miliyoni. Kanandi ŵakalutanga ku misumba ya ku mpoto kuti ŵakatore ŵazga awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu na kuguliska ku misika ya ŵazga ku North Africa na vigaŵa vinyake vya Ufumu wa Ottoman. Mwaciyelezgero, mu 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa wakapoka cirwa ca Ischia, wakatora ŵakayidi 4,000, ndipo wakapanga ŵazga ŵanthu pafupifupi 9,000 ŵa ku Lipari. Mu 1551, Turgut Reis, kazembe wa ku Algiers, uyo wakaŵa wa Ufumu wa Ottoman, wakapangiska ŵanthu wose ŵa pa cirwa ca Gozo kuŵa ŵazga. Kanandi ŵankhungu ŵakizanga na kuwukira virwa vya Balearic. Cinthu ici cikaŵa cakofya comene mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakaleka kukhala pa cirwa ca Formentera. Mu ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito ngalaŵa zakupambanapambana. Mu Julayi 1627, ngaraŵa ziŵiri za ŵankhungu izo zikalongozgekanga na Jan Janszoon, zikafuma ku Algiers na kuluta ku Iceland. Masabata ghaŵiri kumasinda, ngaraŵa yinyake yakufuma ku Salé, Morocco, nayo yikanjira mu Iceland. Ŵazga ŵanyake awo ŵakiza ku Algiers, pamasinda ŵakaŵawombora na kuluta nawo ku Iceland, kweni ŵanyake ŵakasankha kukhala ku Algeria. Mu 1629, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakiza ku Faroe Islands.<ref>[http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=66655 "Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081705/http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=66655|date=6 February 2015}}. ''Vísindavefurinn''.</ref> Mu 1671, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakagaluka, ŵakakoma Agha, na kuŵika yumoza wa iwo pa mazaza. Mulongozgi muphya wakapokera zina lakuti Dey. Pamanyuma pa 1689, wanangwa wakusankha ŵamazaza ukafika ku divan, wupu wa mafumu 60. Pakwamba, wakalizganga chomene woyimbiro wa ojaq, kweni m'ma 1800, wakazgoka wayimbiro wa dey. Mu 1710, Dey wakapangiska Sultani kuti wazomerezge kuti iyo na awo ŵakamulondezganga ŵaŵe muwusi. Nangauli msumba wa Algiers ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni ukachitanga vinthu mwakuyana yayi na Ufumu wa Ottoman. Iyo wakaŵa muwusi wankhaza. Dey wakasankhikanga umoyo wake wose, kweni mu vyaka 159 (1671-1830) apo boma ili likaŵako, ŵa dey 14 pa 29 ŵakakomeka. Nangauli boma la Deylikal likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweni vinthu vikendanga makora. Nangauli boma ili likawovwiranga chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakakolerananga yayi, chifukwa kanandi ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga na masuzgo chifukwa cha msonkho. Boma la mafuko ghakupambanapambana likazomerezgekanga, ndipo mazaza gha muwusi ghakaŵanga ghachoko chomene mu Kabylia, nangauli mu 1730 muwusi uyu wakamanya kuwusa Ufumu wa Kuku kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kabylia. Matawuni ghanandi gha kumpoto kwa mapopa gha Algeria ghakalipanga misonkho ku Algiers panji ku Bey, nangauli ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakalutilira kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku Spain. Mu 1784, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kuwukira msumba wa Algiers. Ŵakaponya mabomba ghakujumpha 20,000, msumba wose na vigongwe vyake vikaparanyika, ndipo sitima zinandi za ku Algeria zikabira. Mu 1792, msumba wa Algiers ukawuskapo msumba wa Oran na Mers el Kébir, ivyo vikaŵa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakhalanga. Mu chaka chenechichi, ŵakathereska chigaŵa cha Rif na Oujda, ndipo ŵakamalizga kuvisida mu 1795.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WQFyAAAAMAAJ Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman] – Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104</ref>[[File:De Engels-Nederlandse vloot in de Baai van Algiers ter ondersteuning van het ultimatum tot vrijlating van blanke slaven, 26 augustus 1816. Rijksmuseum SK-A-1377.jpeg|thumb|[[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]] by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Caribbean. Ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakamba kuwukira ŵamalonda ŵa ku America, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya ku Barbary. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, ŵasilikari ŵa Anglo-Dutch awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Lord Exmouth, ŵakabomba msumba wa Algiers kuti ŵaleke kukoma ŵalovi ŵa ku Europe. Ivyo ŵakacita vikaŵa vyakukondweska, nangauli ŵankhungu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakalutilira kucita vinthu vyacigeŵenga m'paka apo ŵa ku France ŵakaŵaparanyira mu 1830.<ref>{{cite book |author=Littell, Eliakim |title=The Museum of foreign literature, science and art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48L1w21XYI4C&pg=PA231 |year=1836 |publisher=E. Littell |page=231 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021446/https://books.google.com/books?id=48L1w21XYI4C&pg=PA231 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Kuwusa kwa France (1830-1962) === {{main|French Algeria|Algerian War}} {{see also|French North Africa}} [[File:Vernet-Combat de Somah.jpg|thumb|Battle of Somah in 1836]] Mu 1830, Ŵafarisi ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Algiers na kuwupoka. Pakuyowoya za umo Ŵafarisi ŵakathereskera Algeria, Ben Kiernan wakalemba kuti: "Mu 1875, Ŵafarisi ŵakamara kuthereska charu chose. Nkhondo iyi yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 825,000 ŵa ku Algeria kwambira mu 1830". Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu ciŵaya ici kufuma mu 1831 m'paka mu 1851. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaŵa 2.9 miliyoni mu 1872, kweni mu 1960 ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 11 miliyoni. Ndondomeko ya caru ca France yikaŵa yakuti caru ici ciŵe "cakutchuka". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakaleka kuguliska ŵazga na kunanga vinthu vyawo ŵakati ŵathereskeka na ŵa ku France. Pakutora nyengo yitali kuti Ŵafarisi ŵapoke charu cha Algeria ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka. Chifukwa cha nkhaza na matenda, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria chikakhira chomene pakati pa 1830 na 1872. Pa Seputembala 17, 1860, Napoleon III wakayowoya kuti: "Cinthu cakwamba ico tikwenera kucita nkhuwoneseska kuti Ŵaarabu mamiliyoni ghatatu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici ŵakukhala makora". Mu nyengo iyi, Kabylia yekha ndiyo wakakananga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Kabylia ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake yayi m'paka apo ŵakagalukira boma la Mokrani mu 1871.<ref name="Tocqueville 2023, pp.47">Alexis de Tocqueville, ''Travels in Algeria'', ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023</ref> [[File:Abd al-Qadir.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Abdelkader El Djezairi|Emir Abdelkader]], Algerian leader insurgent against French colonial rule, 1865]] Kwambira mu 1848 m'paka apo charu cha Algeria chikapokera wanangwa wake, charu cha France chikalongozganga chigaŵa chose cha Algeria. Chinyake mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha France kwa nyengo yitali chomene, ni Algeria. Pakati pa 1825 na 1847, ŵanthu 50,000 ŵa ku France ŵakaluta ku Algeria. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasanga chandulo chifukwa chakuti boma la France likapoka malo gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweniso chifukwa cha kulondezga nthowa zamasono zakulimi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhazikika mu tawuni ya Oran na Algiers, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, iwo ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵanandi mu misumba yose iyi.<ref>Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323 A history of the Arab peoples]''". Harvard University Press. p.323. {{ISBN|0-674-01017-5}}</ref> [[File:Six chefs FLN - 1954.jpg|thumb|The six historical Leaders of the FLN: [[Rabah Bitat]], [[Mustapha Benboulaïd|Mostefa Ben Boulaïd]], [[Didouche Mourad]], [[Mohammed Boudiaf]], [[Krim Belkacem]] and [[Larbi Ben M'Hidi]].]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakaŵa na chiŵelengero ichi. Boma la France likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Algeria chiŵe chigaŵa cha charu cha France, ndipo likagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zinandi pa nkhani ya masambiro, chomenechomene kufuma mu 1900. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakasuskanga chomene fundo iyi, kweni mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa ku Central Asia na Caucasus, charu cha Algeria chikalutilira kuŵa na maluso ghake na ulimi uwo ukaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Algeria chikathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy.<ref name="USMA-1945">{{cite book |author=United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering |title=The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KThNAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5 |year=1947 |publisher=Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy |location=West Point, NY |pages=4–5}}</ref> Pachoko na pachoko, Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kukhorwa na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu charu ichi ŵakamba kukhumba kujilamulira ŵekha. Mu Meyi 1945, ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakomeka mu msumba wa Sétif na Guelma. Nkhondo ya ku Algeria yikamba mu 1954, apo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru viŵiri ivi ŵakakolerana. Ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti ŵanthu 30,000 m'paka 150,000 ŵa mtundu wa Harki na awo ŵakathembanga iwo ŵakakomeka na gulu la National Liberation Front (FLN) panji ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵakoma ku Algeria. Gulu la FLN likagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhondo iyi ku Algeria na France. Kweniso Ŵafarisi ŵakaparanya vikaya vyakujumpha 8,000 na kusamuska ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ku misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵafwe na kupwetekeka. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko, nga ni Alistair Horne na Raymond Aron, ŵakuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya Ŵasilamu ku Algeria chikaŵa chikuru chomene kuluska icho chikalembeka na gulu la FLN kweniso ku France, kweni chikaŵa chichoko chomene kuluska chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 1 miliyoni awo ŵakafwa. Horne wakati mu vyaka 8 ivyo vikajumpha, ku Algeria kukafwa ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo. Nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la France yikamara mu 1962, apo charu cha Algeria chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. === Vyaka 30 vyakwambilira vya wanangwa (1962-1991) === {{main|History of Algeria (1962–99)}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pied-Noir awo ŵakachimbira ku Algeria ŵakakwana 900,000 pakati pa 1962 na 1964.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ussama Samir Makdisi|author2=Paul A. Silverstein|title=Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VlR9Uh22EgC&pg=PA160|year=2006 |publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34655-1|page=160|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125539/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VlR9Uh22EgC&pg=PA160 |archive-date=16 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku caru ca France pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Oran mu 1962, apo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakanjira mu vigaŵa vya ku Europe na kwamba kuwukira ŵanthu.. [[File:Houari Boumediene's Portrait.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|[[Houari Boumediene]]]] Pulezidenti wakwamba wa Algeria wakaŵa Ahmed Ben Bella, mulongozgi wa Front de Libération Nationale (FLN). Ivyo charu cha Morocco chikayowoya vyakuti chili na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Algeria, vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo ya mchenga mu 1963. Mu 1965, Houari Boumédiène, uyo kale wakaŵa mubwezi wake kweniso nduna ya vyavikiliro, wakathereska Ben Bella. Mu nyengo ya Ben Bella, boma likamba kuŵa la wupu wakulongozga ŵanthu, ndipo Boumédienne wakalutilira. Ndipouli, wakathemba comene ŵasilikari kuti ŵamovwirenge, ndipo wakapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵekha awo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵacitenge vinthu mwakuthupi. Wakakhozga comene ulimi na kwamba kupanga vinthu vinandi. Vipinda vya mafuta vikaŵa vya boma. Ici cikawovwira comene ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Britain pamanyuma pa suzgo la mafuta mu 1973. Chadli Bendjedid, uyo wakanjira m'malo mwa Boumédienne, wakambiska vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na ndalama. Wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵaŵe Ŵaarabu. Ŵasambizgi ŵa Ciarabu awo ŵakafuma ku vyaru vinyake vya Ciislamu, ŵakathandazga visambizgo vya Cisilamu mu masukulu ndipo ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵawelere ku cisopa ca Orthodox. Chuma cha ku Algeria chikamba kuthemba chomene mafuta, ndipo chikaŵa chinonono chomene chifukwa mafuta ghakaŵa ghanandi chomene mu ma 1980. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ku Algeria kukaŵa vivulupi chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likachitika chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mafuta pa charu chose. Maboma ghakupambanapambana gha ndyali, nga ni Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), gulu likuru la visopa vya Cisilamu.<ref name="faco">{{cite web |title=Country Profile: Algeria |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213054455/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all |archive-date=13 December 2010 |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office}}</ref> === Nkhondo ya Caru (1991-2002) na umaliro wake === {{main|Algerian Civil War}} [[File:Algerian massacres 1997-1998.png|thumb|[[List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War|Massacres]] of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The [[Armed Islamic Group|Armed Islamic Group (GIA)]] claimed responsibility for many of them.]] Mu Disembala 1991, gulu la Islamic Salvation Front ndilo likaluska pa vigaŵa viŵiri vyakwambilira vya maungano gha boma. Pakopa kuti boma la Cisilamu lingasankhika, boma likacitapo kanthu pa Janyuwale 11, 1992, na kulekeska maungano. Bendjedid wakaleka mulimo wake ndipo pakaŵa Wupu Wakulongozga wa Boma uwo ukacitanga mulimo wa kuwusa. Likakanizga gulu la FIS, ndipo likapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa gulu la ŵasilikari la FIS, la Armed Islamic Group, na ŵasilikari ŵa boma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakakomeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa cisopa ca Ciyuda ŵakamba kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa nyengo zinandi za nkhondo iyi, vinthu mu Algeria vikaŵa vyakukondweska pa caru cose, comenecomene pa nyengo ya suzgo ya ndege ya Air France Flight 8969, iyo yikatoleka na gulu la Armed Islamic Group. Gulu la Asilamu likapharazga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira mu Okutobala 1997.<ref name="faco" /> Mu 1999, ku Algeria kukaŵa mavoti agho ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakawona kuti ghakaŵa ghaheni. Wakayezgayezga kuwezgerapo mtende wa ndyali mu caru ici ndipo wakapharazga za ndondomeko ya "Civil Concord", iyo yikazomerezgeka mu referendum, umo ŵakayidi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali ŵakagowokereka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa magulu ghakwimikana na ndyali ŵakafwatulika ku khoti. Gulu la AIS likamara ndipo nkhaza za ŵanthu ŵakugaluka zikakhira. Gulu la Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC), gulu ilo likafumako ku gulu la Armed Islamic Group, likalutizga kampeni yakofya ya kuwukira boma. Bouteflika wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha pulezidenti mu Epulero 2004 pamanyuma pa kucita kampeni pa ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo wenenawene. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa ya kusintha vinthu pa vya cuma, ndyali, na vya cikaya kuti caru ciŵe ca mazuŵa ghano, kukwezga umoyo wa ŵanthu, na kumazga masuzgo agho ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanyawo. Chikaŵaso na phangano laciŵiri lakuti ŵanthu wose ŵagowokereke, la Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, ilo likapokelereka mu Seputembala 2005. Likapeleka wanangwa ku ŵasilikari ŵanandi na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Mu Novembala 2008, Dango la ku Algeria likasinthika pamanyuma pa kuvota mu Nyumba ya Malamulo, kufumiska mphaka ya nyengo ziŵiri za wupu wakulamulira. Kusintha uku kukamovwira Bouteflika kuti waŵikike pa mavoti gha 2009 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu Epulero 2009. Pa nyengo ya kampeni yake na pamanyuma pa kuwuskikaso, Bouteflika wakalayizga kusazgirako ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo mtende na ndalama zakukwana madola 150 biliyoni kuti wapange nchito ziphya zakukwana mamiliyoni ghatatu, kuzenga nyumba ziphya zakukwana miliyoni yimoza, na kulutilira na mapulogiramu ghakusintha vinthu vya boma. Pa Disembala 28, 2010, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitika ku Middle East na North Africa. Pa Febuluwale 24, 2011, boma likawuskapo dango la vyakofya ilo likaŵa mu Algeria kwa vyaka 19. Boma likakhazikiska malango ghakukhwaskana na vipani vya ndyali, malango ghakwendeskera mavoti, na kuŵapo kwa ŵanakazi mu wupu wakulongozga. Mu Epulero 2011, Bouteflika wakalayizga kuti wazamuchitaso kusintha kwa ndyali na malango. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakususka maungano gha visopa chifukwa cha vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikuchitika pa maungano agha. Pa 2 Epulero, 2019, Bouteflika wakafumapo pa udindo wake wa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuska kuti waŵepo pa nyengo yakwamba. Mu Disembala 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune wakazgoka purezidenti wa Algeria, wati watonda chigaŵa chakwamba cha chisankho cha purezidenti na chiŵerengero chakukwana cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakana. Tebboune wakususkika kuti wali pafupi na ŵasilikari ndipo ngwakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti uyo wali kukanizgika. Tebboune wakukana ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumuyowoyera, ndipo wakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhumba kumukora. Wakukumbuskaso awo ŵakumususka kuti wakafumiskika mu boma mu Ogasiti 2017 pa chilato cha ma oligarchs agho ghali mu jele.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2019 |title=Algeria: Who is new president Abdelmadjid Tebboune? |work=The Africa Report.com |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/21301/algeria-who-is-new-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune/}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Algeria}} [[File:Algeria relief.png|thumb|The [[Sahara]], the [[Hoggar Mountains]] and the [[Atlas Mountains]] compose the Algerian relief.]] [[File:Dunes.jpg|thumb|The [[Algerian Desert]] makes up more than 90% of the country's total area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Earth from Space: Algerian sands |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Earth_from_Space_Algerian_sands |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>]] Kufuma apo Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011, ndipo pakapangika South Sudan, Algeria ndiyo yikaŵa caru cikuru comene mu Africa, ndiposo mu Mediterranean Basin. Ku chigaŵa chakumwera kwa charu ichi kuli chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahara. Ku mpoto, mtunda wa Tell Atlas ukuyana na mtunda wa Sahara Atlas, ndipo kumwera, mtunda uwu uli na malo ghaŵiri ghakuyana waka. Ma Atlas ghose ghaŵiri ghakusangana kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria. Mapiri ghakuru gha Aures na Nememcha ghali kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria, ndipo ghali kufupi na mphaka ya Tunisia. Phiri la Tahat ndilo lili pachanya chomene. Charu cha Algeria chili pakati pa latitude 19° na 37°N (chigaŵa chichoko chomene chili kumpoto kwa latitude 37°N na kumwera kwa latitude 19°N), kweniso pa longitude 9°W na 12°E. Malo ghanandi agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ghali na tumapiri, ndipo kuli maboma ghachoko waka. Malo agho ghali kufupi na nyanja m'paka ku Tell Atlas ngakupambika makora. Kumwera kwa Tell Atlas kuli mapiri agho ghakumalira pa mapiri gha Sahara Atlas; kumwera kwake kuli mapopa gha Sahara.<ref name=LOC>{{cite web|last=Metz |first=Helen Chapin |title=Algeria : a country study |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html |publisher=United States Library of Congress |access-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052428/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dztoc.html |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> Mapiri gha Hoggar (Arabic), agho ghakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Hoggar, ni malo gha mapiri ghapakati pa Sahara, kumwera kwa Algeria. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,500 kumwera kwa msumba ukuru wa Algiers, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, na Annaba ni misumba yikuru ya Algeria.<ref name=LOC /> [[File:Djurdjura mountains.jpg|thumb|The Babor mountains and the Jijel Coast. The Erraguene lake can be seen on the right.]] === Nyengo na maji === {{Main|Climate of Algeria}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map DZA present.svg|thumb|left|Algeria map of [[Köppen climate classification]].]] Mu chigaŵa ichi, mu mapopa nyengo ya muhanya yikuŵa yakuzizima caka cose. Kweni para dazi lanjira, mphepo yakuzizima yikumazga luŵiro chithukivu, ndipo usiku ukuzizima. Ku malo agha, zuŵa lililose kutentha kukusinthanga comene. Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Tell Atlas, kukulokwa vula zinandi chomene. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algeria ndiko kukulokwa chomene. Ku vigaŵa vinyake, vula yikuchepa. Ku Algeria kuli mapiri ghanandi agho ghali na mchenga. Mu nyengo ya chihanya, para mphepo yikuputa chomene, nkhongono zikukwera kufika pa 43.3°C. {{Excerpt|Climate change in Algeria|hat=no}} === Fauna and flora === {{Main|Wildlife of Algeria}} [[File:Vulpes zerda.JPG|thumb|left|The [[fennec fox]] is the [[national animal]] of Algeria]] Vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vya ku Algeria ni vyamumaji, vya mu mapiri, na vyamuthondo. Viyuni vinandi vya ku Algeria vikukhala kufupi na ŵanthu. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika comene ni mphumphi, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, na viyuni vya mu nkhorongo. Ku Algeria nako kuli nyalubwe muchoko waka wa ku Africa na chiŵeta cha ku Sahara, kweni vikusangika viŵi yayi. Ciŵinda cinyake, ico cikucemeka Barbary stag, cikukhala mu nkhorongo za kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi. Nkhaŵala iyi ndiyo ni nyama ya ku Algeria. Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni ŵakutemwa kuwona viyuni vyakupambanapambana. Mu nkhorongo iyi muli nkharamu na viŵeto vinyake. Viyuni vya mtundu wa Barbary macaques ndivyo ni vyamoyo vya mtundu uwu. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Algeria, muli njoka, viyuni vinyake ivyo vikwenda. Viyuni vinandi sono vyafwa, kusazgapo nkharamu za ku Barbary, nkhalamira za ku Atlas na ng'ona.<ref>"[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014734 Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810113430/http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014734|date=10 August 2018}}". ''[[PLOS ONE]]''. 25 February 2011.</ref> Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi, kuli makuni ghanyake nga ni makuni gha macchia, makuni gha maolive, makuni gha oak, makuni gha sidara, na makuni ghanyake. Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri muli makuni ghakuru gha makuni gha sidara (Aleppo pine, juniper, na oak) kweniso makuni ghanyake gha makuni gha sidara. Makuni gha mkuyu, eucalyptus, agave, na makuni ghanyake gha mikama ghakumera mu malo ghakuzizima. Vipambi vya mpheska vikufuma ku mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara, muli makuni gha mikama. Makuni gha acacia agho ghali na maolive gha mu thengere ndigho ghakukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Sahara. Charu cha Algeria chikaŵa pa nambara 5.22/10, ndipo chikaŵa pa nambara 106 pa vyaru 172. Ngamila zikugwiliskirika nchito comene; mu mapopa muli njoka zinonono na zambura kununkha, mphumphi, na tusomba tunandi. == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Algeria}} [[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023) (cropped).jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], President of Algeria since 2019]] Ŵandyali awo ŵali kusankhika ŵakuŵa na mazaza ghacoko comene pa caru ca Algeria. M'malo mwake, gulu la ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari awo ŵakusoleka yayi, ŵakucemeka "décideurs" ("ŵakusankha"), awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti "le pouvoir" ("nkhongono"), ndiwo ŵakulongozga caru, ndipo ŵakusankha uyo wakwenera kuŵa pulezidenti. Munthu wankhongono chomene pa ŵanthu wose wakaŵa Mohamed Mediène, mulara wa ŵapolisi ŵa nkhondo, pambere wandawuskike mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵasilikari ŵanandi aŵa ŵali kufwa, ŵali kupumura pa nchito, panji ŵali kujalirika mu jere. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Jenerale Larbi Belkheir, pulezidenti wakale Bouteflika wakaŵika ŵanthu ŵakugomezgeka ku maudindo ghakuzirwa, chomene ku Sonatrach, ndipo wakasunga malango agho ghakamovwira kuti wasankhikeso kwamuyirayira, m'paka apo wakathereskekera mu 2019 pa viphikiro.<ref>{{cite news |title=The president and the police |url=http://www.economist.com/node/15612455 |newspaper=The Economist |date=4 May 2010 |access-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104202443/http://www.economist.com/node/15612455 |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mulongozgi wa boma ni pulezidenti wa Algeria, uyo wakusankhika kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Muwuso wa pulezidenti ukuŵa wa vilimika vinkhondi. Chisankho chaposachedwapa cha purezidenti chikadakhala mu Epulo 2019, koma ziwonetsero zazikulu zidachitika pa 22 February motsutsana ndi chisankho cha purezidenti kuti achite nawo chisankho, zomwe zidapangitsa Purezidenti Bouteflika kulengeza kuti achoka pa Epulo 3. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, uyo wakaŵa wakujiyimira payekha, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti pamanyuma pakuti mavoti ghachitika pa Disembala 12, 2019. Awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakakana kuzomerezga Tebboune kuŵa pulezidenti, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma lisinthe vinthu vyose. Ŵanthu wose mu Algeria ŵakuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha para ŵafika vyaka 18. Pulezidenti ndiyo wakulongozga ŵasilikari, wupu wa nduna, na wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wakwimika nduna yikuru iyo nayo ni mutu wa boma.<ref name="president">Articles: 85, 87, 77, 78 and 79 of the Algerian constitution {{cite web|last=Algerian government|title=Constitution|url=http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz/Constitution08_6.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422193224/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz/Constitution08_6.htm|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Hémicycle de l'assemblée populaire nationale (Algérie).jpg|thumb|The [[People's National Assembly]]]] Nyumba ya mafumu ya Algeria njakukhora; nyumba yaciŵiri, People's National Assembly, yili na mamembala 462 agho ghakusankhika mwakudunjika kwa nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi, apo nyumba ya pachanya, Council of the Nation, yili na mamembala 144 agho ghakuteŵetera nyengo ya vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza. Kuyana na dango la boma ili, palije wupu wa ndyali uwo ungapangika usange uli "wakupambana cisopa, ciyowoyero, mtundu, kugonana, nchito, panji cigaŵa". Mwakusazgirapo, ma kampeni gha ndyali ghakwenera kufumako ku nkhani izo zazunulika. Malo ghakusoperapo ghakaŵa mu Meyi 2017. Pa mavoti agha, FLN yikaluza vithuzithuzi 44, kweni yikalutilira kuŵa chipani cikuru comene na vithuzithuzi 164, gulu la National Rally for Democracy ilo likovwirika na ŵasilikari likapokera vithuzithuzi 100, ndipo gulu la Muslim Brotherhood Movement of Society for Peace likapokera vithuzithuzi 33.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPU PARLINE database: ALGERIA (Al-Majlis Al-Chaabi Al-Watani), Full text|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2003.htm|access-date=10 February 2021|website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> ===Maubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Algeria}} [[File:Abdelaziz Bouteflika and George W Bush 20080707.jpg|thumb|President [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] and [[George W. Bush]] exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are [[Dmitriy Medvedev]], left, and [[Yasuo Fukuda]], right.]] Charu cha Algeria chili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera ku vyaru vyapafupi. Kupeleka viwovwirano na kutumbika awo ŵakuchita makora chomene, kweniso kupeleka ndalama mwaluŵiro kweniso mwakukolerana na umo vinthu viliri, ni fundo zikuru ziŵiri izo zili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) iyo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2014. Ndondomeko iyi yili na ndalama zakukwana 15.4 biliyoni ndipo yikovwira chomene pa ntchito zinyake. Mu 2009, boma la France likazomerezga kupeleka wovwiri ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakomeka pa viyezgo vya nyukiliya ku Algeria. Nduna ya vyavikiliro Herve Morin yikati: "Ni nyengo yakuti caru cithu ciŵe pa mtende na umo ciliri, cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya kuwezgerapo nduzga", apo yikapelekanga dango lakukhwaskana na malipiro agha. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Algeria na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti iyi ni nthowa yiwemi yakwamba ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti nthowa iyi yingawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵapokere njombe. Vinthu vyakukondweska pakati pa Algeria na Morocco pa nkhani ya Western Sahara vyapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na wupu wa Arab Maghreb Union, uwo ukaŵako mu 1989. Pa Ogasiti 24, 2021, Algeria yikapharazga kuti yatondeka kukolerana na Morocco.<ref>{{cite news |title=Algeria stops gas supplies to Spain via Morocco, as diplomatic row with Rabat intensifies |url=https://www.upstreamonline.com/politics/algeria-stops-gas-supplies-to-spain-via-morocco-as-diplomatic-row-with-rabat-intensifies/2-1-1092219 |work=[[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream]] |date=2 November 2021}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === {{Main|Military of Algeria}} [[File:Al-chihab.jpg|thumb|A [[Djebel Chenoua-class corvette|''Djebel Chenoua''-class corvette]], designed and assembled in Algeria]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Algeria lili na ŵasilikari ŵa People's National Army (ANP), Algeria National Navy (MRA), na Algeria Air Force (QJJ), pamoza na Territorial Air Defense Forces. Chipani ichi ndicho chikapokeleranga wanangwa wa National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale panji ALN), chigaŵa cha National Liberation Front icho chikarwanga nkhondo ya ku Algeria. Ŵasilikari wose ŵakusazgapo 147,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera, 150,000 awo ŵali mu malo ghakusungirako ŵasilikari, na 187,000 awo ŵakuteŵetera mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari (2008 estimate). Ŵanalume ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 19 na 30 ŵakwenera kugwira nchito ya usilikari kwa myezi 12. Mu 2012, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhondo zikaŵa 4.3% ya GDP. Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵasilikari ŵaciŵiri pa caru cose ca kumpoto kwa Africa. Vinthu vinandi vya ku Algeria vikufuma ku Russia, uyo ni mubwezi wake.<ref name="AlgeriaSpending">{{cite web |title=Algeria buying military equipment |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/03/11/Algerias-military-goes-on-an-arms-spree/UPI-89581363031700/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113051727/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/03/11/Algerias-military-goes-on-an-arms-spree/UPI-89581363031700/ |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |work=United Press International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb228/index.htm|title=The Nuclear Vault: The Algerian Nuclear Problem|publisher=Gwu.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302044856/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb228/index.htm|archive-date=2 March 2013|access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> Mu 2007, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Algeria ŵakachita phangano na Russia kuti ŵagure ndege 49 za MiG-29SMT na 6 za MiG-29UBT. Russia wakuzengaso maboti ghaŵiri gha mtundu wa 636 gha ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/news/view/12214/| title=Venezuela's Chavez To Finalise Russian Submarines Deal| agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]| date=14 June 2007| access-date=31 August 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212214143/http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/news/view/12214/| archive-date=12 February 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> === Wanangwa wa '''ŵa'''nthu === {{Main|Human rights in Algeria}} Boma la United States la Freedom House, likamba kulemba vya charu cha Algeria kuti "chalije wanangwa" mu 1972, kweni mu 1989, 1990, na 1991, charu ichi chikalembeka kuti "chalije wanangwa". Mu Disembala 2016, wupu wa Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor ukalemba lipoti lakukhwaskana na kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Algeria. Likati boma la Algeria likakanizga wanangwa wa vyalo; wanangwa wa kuyowoya; wanangwa wa kususka, kususka na kuwungana mwamtendere kweniso likakanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kuŵerenga nkhani mu manyuzipepara na pa webusayiti. Chifukwa chakuti ŵapharazgi na ŵanthu ŵakususka boma, ŵaboma ŵakuwuskapo malaisensi gha mawupu ghanyake gha vyakupharazga. Makampani agho ghakujiyimira payekha ghakusuzgika na boma, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakukakika na kukanizgika kwendera fundo zawo. Mu 2016, Ku Algeria, kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhukanizgika. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48703377|title=Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?|date=24 June 2019|access-date=17 July 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref>Para munthu wakucita uzaghali pa wumba, wakukakhala mu jere vyaka viŵiri. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵanthu pafupifupi 26% ku Algeria ŵakuwona kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka, mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer mu 2019. Charu cha Algeria ndicho chikazomerezganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa LGBT kuluska vyaru vinyake vya ku Arabia. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch watimba boma la Algeria kuti likugwiliskira ntchito nthenda ya COVID-19 nga ni chifukwa chakukanizgira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kwendera demokalase.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/29/during-pandemic-algeria-tightens-vise-protest-movement|title=During Pandemic, Algeria Tightens Vise on Protest Movement|access-date=29 April 2020|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=29 April 2020}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Provinces of Algeria|Districts of Algeria|Municipalities of Algeria}} Charu cha Algeria chili na vigaŵa 58 (wilayas), vigaŵa 553 (daïras), na maboma 1,541 (baladiyah). Chigaŵa chilichose, chigaŵa chilichose, na msumba uliwose vikuchemeka kuyana na msumba ukuru uwo ulipo. Kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa uwu, malo agha ghakasintha kanandi waka. Para ŵaŵika vigaŵa viphya, ŵakusunga manambara gha vigaŵa vyakale, ntheura ŵakwendera mu ndondomeko ya vilembo yayi. Mazuŵa ghano (kwambira mu 1983) ŵali na nambara zawo.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Algeria|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> {{Algeria Wilayas}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Algeria}} [[File:GDP per capita development in Algeria.png| upright=1.35|thumb|right|GDP per capita development in Algeria]] [[File:Algeria Product Exports (2019).svg| upright=1.35|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Algeria exports, 2019]] Ndalama za ku Algeria ni dinari (DZD). Boma likulutilira kulamulira vyachuma, ndipo ni ciyelezgero ca umo caru cikacitira pamanyuma pakuti cajiyimira pawekha. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Algeria lalekeska kupanga vinthu vya boma na kukanizga vyakurya vyakunjilira mu vyaru vinyake. Nangauli pasono malango agha ghakwamba waka kuwuskikapo, kweni pali mafumbo ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na umo chuma cha Algeria chikuŵira. Charu cha Algeria chikusuzgika kupanga vyakumera vinyake padera pa mafuta chifukwa cha unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Ivyo boma likucita kuti likhozge vinthu vinyake mu caru ici mwa kukopa ndalama za caru na za ku caru cinyake padera pa za magesi, vyawovwira comene yayi kuti ŵawukirano ŵaleke kugwira nchito panji kuti ŵaleke kusoŵa nyumba. Charu ichi chikukumana na masuzgo ghakupambanapambana gha nyengo yicoko na yapakati, kusazgapo kukhumbikwa kwa kupangiska vyaru vinyake kuti viŵe na cuma cakupambanapambana, kukhozga ndondomeko za ndyali, za ndyali na za ndalama, kunozga vinthu vya bizinesi, na kuchepeska upusikizgi pakati pa vigaŵa. Mu Febuluwale na Malichi 2011, boma la Algeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 23 biliyoni ku ŵanthu kuti liŵawovwire. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ndalama za boma zakwera na 27 peresenti pa caka. Ndondomeko ya ndalama za boma ya 2010-14 yikugwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana madola 286 biliyoni gha ku America, ndipo 40% gha ndalama izi ghapelekekenge ku vya ŵanthu. Cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo charu cha Algeria chikusanga kufuma ku vyakurya vya mafuta, chili na ndalama zakukwana madola mabiliyoni 173. Kweniso ngongoli ya caru cose ya Algeria njakukhora comene, pafupifupi 2% ya GDP. Vyaru vya Algeria vikuthemba comene pa vyakurya vya mafuta, ndipo nangauli vili na ndalama zinandi (US$178 biliyoni, izo zikuyana na ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska mu vyaru vinyake kwa vyaka vitatu), kweni ndalama izo ŵakuguliska zikukwera. Charu cha Algeria nchindanjire mu WTO nangauli pajumpha vyaka vinandi, kweni nchimoza mwa vyaru vya ku Arabia ivyo vili na malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda na vyaru vya ku Africa. Ndalama izo Turkey yikugwiliskira nchito mu Algeria zaŵiraso zinandi comene, ndipo zakukwana madola 5 biliyoni. Kuzakafika mu 2022, makampani gha ku Turkey agho ghali mu Algeria ghajumpha 1,400. Mu 2020, nangauli kukaŵa nthenda iyi, makampani ghakujumpha 130 gha ku Turkey ghakasangika mu Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubessy |first=Frédéric |title=Turkey strengthens its investments in Algeria |url=https://en.econostrum.info/Turkey-strengthens-its-investments-in-Algeria_a1362.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Econostrum {{!}} Economic News in the Mediterranean |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423015337/https://en.econostrum.info/Turkey-strengthens-its-investments-in-Algeria_a1362.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mafuta na vya chilengiwa=== {{see also|Mining industry of Algeria}} [[File:Algeria pipelines map.jpg|thumb|left|Pipelines across Algeria]] Charu cha Algeria, icho chuma chake chikuthemba pa mafuta, chili mu gulu la OPEC kwamba mu 1969. Likupanga mafuta pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni pa zuŵa, kweni likufumiskaso gasi ndipo likukolerana na vyaru vinyake. Kwa nyengo yitali, vyakumera ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa chuma cha charu ichi. Charu cha Algeria chili pa nambara 10 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi chomene pa charu chose. U.S. Wupu wakuwona vya magesi (Energy Information Administration) ukati mu 2005, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na magesi ghakukwana 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160×1012 cu ft). Kweniso lili pa nambara 16 pa vyaru ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/> Kukula kwa vyakurya vyakupambanapambana na mafuta gha hydrocarbon mu 2011 kukaghanaghanika kuŵa 5%. Kuti ŵamarane na masuzgo gha ŵanthu, boma likasazgirako ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito, comenecomene pa vyakurya, kupanga nchito, kovwira ma KMS, na kukwezga malipiro. Mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta wakovwira kuti ndalama zikhalenge makora pa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Ndalama zakufuma ku mafuta na gasi zikakwera mu 2011 cifukwa cakuti mafuta ghakalutilira kuŵa na mtengo wapachanya, nangauli vyakufumiska vikakwera. Mulimo wa kupanga mafuta na gasi ukuchepa chomene, kufuma pa matani 43.2 miliyoni mu 2007 kufika pa matani 32 miliyoni mu 2011. Kweni mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha vyakurya ivi chikaŵa 98 peresenti ya vyakurya vyose ivyo vikatoleka, apo mu 1962 chikaŵa 48 peresenti. Kampani ya mafuta ya ku Algeria ni Sonatrach, iyo yikugwira nchito yikuru mu vigaŵa vyose vya mafuta na gasi mu Algeria. Ŵaganyu wose ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakwenera kwendera lumoza na Sonatrach, uyo kanandi wakuguliska katundu mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵalije nkhongono zakugwilira ntchito vinthu vyakuthupi. Mu 2016, charu cha Algeria chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 0.53 pa munthu yumoza pa charu chose. Mu 2016, charu cha Algeria chikagwiliskira ntchito mahekitala gha viŵeto 2.4 pa munthu yumoza. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakumera vinandi comene kuluska ivyo vili mu Algeria. Pa cifukwa ici, caru ca Algeria cili na suzgo la vyamoyo. Mu Epulero 2022, ŵadipuloma ŵakufuma ku Italy na Spain ŵakadumbiskana pamanyuma pakuti boma la Rome lacitapo kanthu kuti lisungilire mafuta ghanandi gha ku Algeria. Mwakukolerana na kampani ya Sonatrach ya ku Algeria na Eni ya ku Italy, charu cha Algeria chizamutumizga mafuta ghanyake ghakukwana mamita 9 biliyoni ku Italy m'paka chaka chikwiza kweniso mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Italy looks to demote Russia and make Algeria its top gas supplier |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-turns-to-algeria-to-replace-russian-gas/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=POLITICO |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Research and alternative energy sources=== Charu cha Algeria chaŵika ndalama zakukwana madinari mabiliyoni 100 kuti chiŵe na malo ghakwendeskera kafukufuku. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti paŵe nkhongono zinyake, comenecomene za zuŵa na mphepo. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571 |title=Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Algerian Program (English Version) |access-date=31 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101749/http://portail.cder.dz/spip.php?article1571 |archive-date=1 November 2016 }}</ref>Ku Algeria ndiko kuli nkhongono zinandi za zuŵa mu Mediterranean, ntheura boma likovwira kuti ku Hassi R'Mel kuŵe malo ghakusungirako vya sayansi. Pasono, ku Algeria kuli ŵasambizgi 20,000 pa maunivesite ghakupambanapambana na ma laboratories ghakujumpha 780. Boma likukhumba kuti ŵasambizgi aŵa ŵakwaniske 1,000. Padera pa nkhongono ya dazi, ku Algeria kuli vyakupenjera vya mlengalenga na vya pa wayilesi, vya nyukiliya, na vya munkhwala. ===Labour market=== Mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura nchito cikaŵa 10%, kweni chikalutilira kuŵa pacanya pakati pa ŵawukirano, ndipo pa ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 24, cikaŵa 21.5%. Mu 2011, boma likakhozga ndondomeko ya ntchito iyo yikamba mu 1988, comenecomene mu ndondomeko ya kovwira awo ŵakupenja nchito. Nangauli unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakhira, kweni unandi wa ŵawukirano na ŵanakazi ŵambura nchito ngukuru comene.<ref name="imfart4">{{cite web|title=Algeria: 2011 Article IV Consultation|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1220.pdf|publisher=IMF|access-date=6 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311020241/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1220.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Algeria}} [[File:Giants - Rock towers in the Algerian Sahara.jpg|thumb|[[Djanet]]]] Pakwamba, vyalo vya ku Algeria vikaŵavya vyakwendeskera, kweni kwambira mu 2004, vyalo vya ku Algeria vikamba kupanga mahoteli ghanandi. Ku Algeria kuli malo ghanandi agho ghali ku chigaŵa cha UNESCO, kusazgapo Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, msumba ukuru wakwamba wa ufumu wa Hammadid; Tipasa, tawuni ya Ŵafoinike ndipo pamasinda yikazgoka tawuni ya Ŵaroma; na Djémila na Timgad, tawuni za Ŵaroma; M'Zab Valley, chigodobu cha malibwe gha malibwe agho ghali na malo ghakurughakuru. Malo ghamoza pera agho ghali kulembeka kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ni mapiri gha Tassili n'Ajjer.<ref>{{cite web|last=UNESCO|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919064425/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/dz|archive-date=19 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Algeria}} [[File:Autoroute est ouest ghomri2.JPG|thumb|The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the [[Cairo–Dakar Highway]] project]] Misewu ya ku Algeria ndiyo njakudumura chomene mu Africa; utali wake uli pa 180,000 km (110,000 mi) ya misewu, na vyakuzengeka vyakujumpha 3,756 na chiŵerengero cha vipata vya 85%. Mtundu uwu uzamusazgikaso na msewu ukuru wa East-West Highway, uwo ni mulimo ukuru comene uwo ukuchitika sono. Ni msewu wa makilomita 1,216 (756 mi), uwo ukuyaniska Annaba ku mafumiro gha dazi na Tlemcen kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweniso ku Algeria kuli msewu ukuru wakuchemeka Trans-Sahara Highway. Boma la Algeria likovwira kuti nthowa iyi yikwendere makora ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru 6 ivi: Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, na Tunisia. == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Algeria}} {{see also|List of cities in Algeria}} Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Algeria ŵalipo pafupifupi 44 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mbaarabu.<ref name="AlgeriaFactbook"/><ref name="ons">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html/ |title=Algérie a atteint 40,4 millions d'habitants (ONS) |publisher=ons |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205120223/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |archive-date=5 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ber_evidance">{{cite journal |last1=Arredi |first1=Barbara |first2=Estella S. |last2=Poloni |first3=Silvia |last3=Paracchini |author-link3=Silvia Paracchini |first4=Tatiana |last4=Zerjal |last5=Dahmani |first5=M. Fathallah |first6=Mohamed |last6=Makrelouf |last7=Vincenzo |first7=L. Pascali |first8=Andrea |last8=Novelletto |first9=Chris |last9=Tyler-Smith |title=A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa|date=7 June 2004 |pmc=1216069 |pmid=15202071 |doi=10.1086/423147 |volume=75 |issue=2 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |pages=338–45}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90% ŵa ku Algeria ŵakukhala kumpoto, mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵanthu ŵa mu mapopa gha Sahara ŵakukhala chomene mu malo ghakuchemeka oases. Ŵanthu 28.1% ŵa ku Algeria ŵali na vyaka vyambura kukwana 15. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 90,000 m'paka 165,000 ŵakufuma ku Western Sahara ŵakukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ku Sahara, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapopa gha Sahara ku Algeria. Paliso ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 4,000 awo mbacimbizi ŵa ku Palestina, awo ŵali kuweleramo makora mu caru cawo ndipo ŵandapemphe wovwiri ku United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Mu 2009, ku Algeria kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku China ŵakukwana 35,000. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria ŵakufuma ku France, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop |title=Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée&nbsp;– Immigrés 2012 |publisher=Insee |access-date=18 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220075247/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop |archive-date=20 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === {{Main|Ethnic groups in Algeria}} Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yinyake nga ni Ŵaarabu, Ŵaberi, Ŵafenikiya, Ŵaroma, Ŵavandal, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Byzantium, Ŵaturuki, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, na Ŵafalansa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algiers na misumba yinyake ŵalipo awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵakufuma ku Andalusia. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Aragon na Castile awo ŵakaŵa Ŵamorisco ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi m'paka m'ma 1700.<ref>{{cite book|last=De Epalza|first=Mikel|title=El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII)|year=2011|publisher=Universitat de València|pages=32–38–39–444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC|isbn=978-84-370-8415-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020075020/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Tenus traditionnelles algériennes 27.png|left|thumb|Some of Algeria's traditional clothes]] Vyaka vinandi kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakasamukira ku Maghreb, ŵakasintha vinthu mu charu cha Algeria. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria Mbaarabu (75%-85%). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵalipo 15 m'paka 20 peresenti ŵali kugaŵika mu magulu ghanandi. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Kabyles, awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Kabylie kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Algiers, Chaoui ŵa kumpoto kwa Algeria, Tuareg mu chipalamba cha kumwera na ŵanthu ŵa Shenwa ŵa kumpoto kwa Algeria. Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, ku Europe kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi (10% mu 1960) awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Pied-Noirs. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku France, Spain, na Italy. Ŵanandi ŵakafumapo pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya wanangwa panji pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 |title=Migration and Development Co-Operation |page=25 |author1=De Azevedo |author2=Raimond Cagiano |publisher=Council of Europe |isbn=9789287126115 |year=1994 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025429/https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Algeria}} [[File:Tizi Ouzou Tasdawit.jpg|thumb|Signs in the [[University of Tizi Ouzou]] in three languages: [[Arabic]], [[Berber languages|Berber]], and French]] [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Berber language|Berber]] are the official languages.<ref name="Constitution of Algeria">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria|title=Constitution of Algeria|via=Wikisource}}</ref> [[Algerian Arabic]] (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Wexler |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA174 |title=The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews |date=2012-02-01 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2393-7 |language=en}}</ref> [[Berber language|Berber]] has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01 |title=L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh |publisher=Magharebia.com |date=2 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216045948/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01 |archive-date=16 February 2011 }}</ref> [[Kabyle language|Kabyle]], the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of [[Kabylie]]. Kabyle has a significant [[Arabic]], [[French language|French]], [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] and [[Punic language|Punic]] substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baldauf |first1=Richard B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA50 |title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa |last2=Kaplan |first2=Robert B. |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-84769-011-1 |language=en}}</ref> In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Although [[French language|French]] has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html |title=La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie |publisher=Senat.fr |access-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201075711/http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 }} () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."</ref> and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to [[French rule in Algeria|Algeria's colonial history]]. It can be regarded as a [[lingua franca]] of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le dénombrement des francophones |url=http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052949/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 |publisher=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}} () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 2008¹)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'[[Office national des statistiques d'Algérie]]."</ref> An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French, or 18 million people out of a total of 30 million at the time. Following a period during which the Algerian government tried to phase out French, in recent decades the government has changed course and reinforced the study of French, and some television programs are broadcast in the language. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dargin|first=Justin |url= http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/ |title=Algeria's Liberation, Terrorism, and Arabization |work=The New York Times |date=19 November 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130831/http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/ |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-access = registration }}</ref> Colloquial [[Algerian Arabic]] is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.<ref name="leclerc">{{cite web |author=Leclerc, Jacques |title=Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique |work=L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde |language=fr |publisher=[[Université Laval]] |date=5 April 2009 |url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/AFRIQUE/algerie-1demo.htm |access-date=8 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124150058/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/algerie-1demo.htm |archive-date=24 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Algeria}} {{See also|Islam in Algeria|Early African Church|History of the Jews in Algeria}} [[File:Mosque Hassan Pacha Oran 1790 (6).jpg|thumb|right|[[Hassan Pasha Mosque]] in [[Oran]] ]] Chisilamu ndicho chisopa chikuru mu Algeria, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga chisopa ichi, chomenechomene ŵa Sunni, ŵalipo 99 peresenti ya ŵanthu. Mu chigaŵa cha Ghardaia, mu Dambo la M'zab muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 290,000 ŵa mtundu wa Ibadi. Pambere charu cha Algeria chindambe kujiwusa chekha, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.3 miliyoni ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku France ŵakati ŵafumako ku France.<ref>De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 Migration and development co-operation.]''. Council of Europe. p. 25. {{ISBN|92-871-2611-9}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Area Handbook for Morocc|first=Richard |last=F. Nyrop|year= 1972| isbn= 9780810884939| page =97|publisher=University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign|quote=}}</ref> Mazuŵa ghano, ciŵelengero ca Ŵakhristu cili pakati pa 20,000 na 200,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria awo Mbakhristu ŵali mu magulu gha Chiprotesitanti. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2018 na 2019, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algeria (99.1%) ŵakulutilira kujiwona kuti Mbasilamu. Lipoti la June 2019 la Arab Barometer-BBC News likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa yayi chakura kufuma pa 8% mu 2013 kufika pa 15% mu 2018. Buku la Arab Barometer December 2019, likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵakusopa yayi chikukura chomene chifukwa cha ŵawukirano. Ndipouli, lipoti la 2021 Arab Barometer likulongora kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuti ŵakusopa yayi ku Algeria chikakhira chomene, ndipo ŵanthu 2.6 pera ndiwo ŵakuti ŵakusopa yayi. Mu lipoti lenelili, ŵanthu 69,5% ŵa ku Algeria ŵakatenge ŵakusopa ndipo ŵanyake 27,8% ŵakatenge ŵakusopa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer |url=https://www.arabbarometer.org/survey-data/data-analysis-tool/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bheria |date=2022-02-17 |title=Arabs Are Getting More Religious. Why Isn't Western Media Reporting It? |url=https://muslimskeptic.com/2022/02/17/arabs-are-getting-more-religious-why-isnt-western-media-reporting-it/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=The Muslim Skeptic |language=en-US}}</ref> Charu cha Algeria chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵali na nkharo yiwemi, nga ni Emir Abdelkader, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem, Malek Bennabi na Mohamed Arkoun. ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Algeria}} Mu 2018, charu cha Algeria ndicho chikaŵa na ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene mu vyaru vya Maghreb (1,72 pa ŵanthu 1,000), ŵantchito ŵa munesi (2,23 pa ŵanthu 1,000), na ŵadokotala ŵa mino (0,31 pa ŵanthu 1,000). Ŵanthu 97.4% mu misumba ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi ndipo 98.7% mu vikaya ŵakaŵa na maji ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ŵakukwana 99%, ndipo awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakukwana 93.4%. Wupu wa World Bank ukati charu cha Algeria chili kufiska chilato chake chakuti "paka chaka cha 2015 chichepeskeko na hafu chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵalije maji ghakumwa ndiposo malo ghawemi ghakukhala". Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria mbawukirano, boma likutemwa chomene kupwelelera umoyo wa ŵalwari. Pakulondezga fundo iyi, boma likucita ndondomeko ya katemera. Ndipouli, maji ghakukazuzga na maubendezi ghambura kwenelera, ghakulutilira kunanga umoyo wa ŵanthu. Kanandi ŵakavu ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala kwaulere. Mabuku gha vyaumoyo ghakusungika mu Algeria kwambira mu 1882 ndipo ŵakamba kusazgako visopo vya Ŵasilamu awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera mu 1905.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kemp, Thomas Jay|title=International Vital Records Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afnc6_o5AqoC&pg=PA347|year=2009|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=978-0-8063-1793-9|page=347|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024608/https://books.google.com/books?id=afnc6_o5AqoC&pg=PA347|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in Algeria|List of universities in Algeria}} [[File:UIS Literacy Rate Algeria population plus15 1980 2015.png|thumb|[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics|UIS]] literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015]] Mu ma 1970, boma la Algeria likapeleka dango lakuti ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 15 ŵalutilire kusambira sukulu. Kwambira mu 1972, ciarabu cikuyowoyeka pa sukulu vyaka 9. Kufuma waka pa chaka chacitatu, ŵakusambira Cifurenci, ndipo ni ciyowoyero ico ŵakusambizgaso masambiro gha sayansi. Ŵasambiri ŵangasambiraso Cingelezi, Citaliyana, Cisipanishi, na Cigiriki. Mu 2008, masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakaŵa ghaphya, ntheura sukulu yikwamba para munthu wafika vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza. Padera pa masukulu ghapadera 122, masukulu gha boma ghakusambizga ŵanthu kwambura kulipira. Para ŵamara vyaka 9 vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ŵakuluta ku sekondare panji ku sukulu yinyake. Sukulu iyi yili na masambiro ghaŵiri: lakupambanapambana panji la luso. Paumaliro wa chaka chachitatu cha sukulu ya sekondare, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakuchita masambiro gha baccalaureate. Ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 15 ŵakwenera kusambira sukulu. Mu 2008, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira na kulemba awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 10 chikaŵa 22.3%, 15.6% ku ŵanalume na 29.0% ku ŵanakazi. Chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikaŵa cha Algiers, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu 11.6%, ndipo chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikaŵa cha Djelfa, icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu 35.5%. Ku Algeria kuli masukulu ghapachanya 26 na masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya 67, ndipo mu 2008, masukulu agha ghakwenera kupokelera ŵanthu 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Algeria na 80,000 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Yunivesite ya Algiers, iyo yikaŵako mu 1879, ndiyo njakale comene, ndipo yikupeleka masambiro mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana (malango, munkhwala, sayansi na mabuku). Pa maunivesite agha, 25 na pafupifupi masukulu ghose gha masambiro ghapacanya ghakaŵako pamanyuma pakuti caru capokera wanangwa. Nangauli masukulu ghanyake ghakusambizga ŵanthu mu Chiarabu, nga ni malango na vya cuma, kweni visambizgo vinandi vya sayansi na vyadokotala vikulutilira kusambizgika mu Cifurenci na Cingelezi. Pa mayunivesite ghakuzirwa chomene, pali Yunivesite ya Sayansi na Mavinjeru Houari Boumediene, Yunivesite ya Mentouri Constantine, na Yunivesite ya Oran Es-Senia. Yunivesite ya Abou Bekr Belkaïd ku Tlemcen na Yunivesite ya Batna Hadj Lakhdar zili pa malo 26 na 45 mu Africa. Charu cha Algeria chili pa malo 120 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 113 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD – Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|publisher=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Miksumba ikulu === {{Largest cities | country = Algeria | stat_ref = According to the 2008 Census<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/algeria/cities/ |title=Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | list_by_pop = <!-- link to the list of cities in the given country, if possible sorted by population --> | div_name = Province | div_link = <!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field --> | city_1 = Algiers | div_1 = Algiers Province | pop_1 = 2,364,230 | img_1 = Alger View Oct-2010 IMG 1039.JPG | city_2 = Oran | div_2 = Oran Province | pop_2 = 803,329 | img_2 = Oran facade maritime.JPG | city_3 = Constantine, Algeria{{!}}Constantine | div_3 = Constantine Province | pop_3 = 448,028 | img_3 = Constantine10.JPG | city_4 = Annaba| div_4 = Annaba Province | pop_4 = 342,703 | img_4 = Annaba, algeria04.jpg | city_5 = Blida| div_5 = Blida Province | pop_5 = 331,779 | city_6 = Batna, Algeria{{!}}Batna | div_6 = Batna Province | pop_6 = 289,504 | city_7 = Djelfa| div_7 = Djelfa Province | pop_7 = 265,833 | city_8 = Sétif | div_8 = Sétif Province | pop_8 = 252,127 | city_9 = Sidi Bel Abbès | div_9 = Sidi Bel Abbès Province | pop_9 = 210,146 | city_10 = Biskra | div_10 = Biskra Province | pop_10 = 204,661 | city_11 = Tébessa | div_11 = Tébessa Province | pop_11 = 194,461 | city_12 = El Oued | div_12 = El Oued Province | pop_12 = 186,525 | city_13 = Skikda | div_13 = Skikda Province | pop_13 = 182,903 | city_14 = Tiaret | div_14 = Tiaret Province | pop_14 = 178,915 | city_15 = Béjaïa | div_15 = Béjaïa Province | pop_15 = 176,139 | city_16 = Tlemcen | div_16 = Tlemcen Province | pop_16 = 173,531 | city_17 = Ouargla | div_17 = Ouargla Province | pop_17 = 169,928 | city_18 = Béchar | div_18 = Béchar Province | pop_18 = 165,241 | city_19 = Mostaganem{{!}}Mostaganem | div_19 = Mostaganem Province | pop_19 = 162,885 | city_20 = Bordj Bou Arréridj | div_20 = Bordj Bou Arréridj Province | pop_20 = 158,812 }} ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of Algeria}} [[File:Bensari2.jpg|thumb|Algerian musicians in [[Tlemcen]], [[Ottoman Algeria]]; by [[Bachir Yellès]]]] Mabuku gha ku Algeria gha mazuŵa ghano, agho ghali kugaŵika pakati pa Ciarabu, CiTamazight na Cifurenci, ghakhwaskika comene na mbiri ya caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako mabuku agha ni Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine na Ahlam Mosteghanemi. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 ni Rachid Mimouni, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Amnesty International, na Tahar Djaout, uyo wakakomeka na gulu la chisopa cha Cisilamu mu 1993 cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghake. Malek Bennabi na Frantz Fanon ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani ya kuleka kukoloneska caru; Augustine wa ku Hippo wakababikira ku Tagaste (uko sono ni Souk Ahras); ndipo Ibn Khaldun, nangauli wakababikira ku Tunis, wakalemba Muqaddima apo wakaŵa ku Algeria. Mulimo wa mbumba ya Sanusi mu nyengo iyo caru cikanjira yayi mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, ndiposo wa Emir Abdelkader na Sheikh Ben Badis mu nyengo ya mawoko gha ŵanthu, ukuzunulika comene. Apuleius wakababikira ku Madaurus (Mdaourouch), mu caru ico pamanyuma cikazgoka Algeria. Sinema ya ku Algeria yikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi. Pali kusintha kwa mafilimu kufuma ku mafilimu agho ghakulongosora za nkhondo ya kujithemba kuya ku mafilimu agho ghakulongosora vya umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Short guide to contemporary Algerian cinema |publisher=Mapping Contemporary Cinema |url=http://www.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/?p=550 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311032134/http://www.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/?p=550 |archive-date=11 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Wayilesi=== {{main|Media of Algeria}} ===Luso=== [[File:Portrait-racim.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|[[Mohammed Racim]]; founder of the Algerian school for painting]] Ŵakupenta ŵa ku Algeria, nga ni Mohammed Racim na Baya, ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mbiri ya ku Algeria pambere France yindafike mu caru cawo. Mu chigaŵa ichi, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel nawo ŵaweleraso kwizira mu luso ili, vithuzithuzi vya mdauko wa chalo ichi, vizgoŵi na mitheto ya kale na umoyo wa ku chigaŵa. Vinthu vinyake viphya vyakuyelezgera na ivyo M'hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda na Bachir Yelles ŵakalemba, vikawoneka mu luso lwa ku Algeria. Mohammed Khadda na M'hamed Issiakhem ŵakumanyikwa comene mu vyaka vyasonosono apa.<ref name="art">{{cite web |title=Mohammed Khadda |url=http://www.khadda.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402061339/http://www.khadda.com/ |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=18 January 2013 |publisher=Khadda.com}}</ref> === Mabuku === {{Main|Algerian literature|List of Algerian writers}} {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 250 | image1 = Lucius Apuleius Platonicus, from 'Crabbes Historical Dictionary', published in 1825 (C19).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Apuleius]] | image2 = Kateb Yacine Nedjma authograph.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Kateb Yacine]] | footer = }} Mabuku gha ku Algeria ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Numidiya na Roma, apo Apuleius wakalemba buku lakuti The Golden Ass, ilo likaŵa buku lakwamba mu Chilatini. Nyengo iyi yikaŵaso na Augustine wa ku Hippo, Nonius Marcellus, na Martianus Capella. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 C.E. na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalemba mabuku gha Chiarabu ŵakasintha chomene mabuku gha mu charu ichi. Albert Camus wakababika ku Algeria. Mu 1957, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. Mazuŵa ghano, mu caru ca Algeria muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanyikwa cifukwa ca mabuku ghawo, kweniso mabuku ghanyake gha Cirabu na Cifurenci. Pakuyamba, mabuku a ku Algeria adadziwika ndi ntchito zomwe cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kutsimikizira mtundu waku Algeria, pali kufalitsa mabuku monga trilogy ya Algeria ya Mohammed Dib, kapena ngakhale Nedjma wa Kateb Yacine buku lomwe nthawi zambiri limawerengedwa ngati ntchito yayikulu komanso yayikulu. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵakawovwira kuti mabuku gha ku Algeria ghaŵepo ni Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zakaria, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, Mouloud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, na Assia Djebar.[[File:Ahlem Mosteghanemi at Beirut Book Fair 2012.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Ahlam Mosteghanemi]], the most widely read female writer in the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{cite web |author= Honorary and Goodwill Ambassadors |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/algerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis/ |title=Algerian novelist Ahlem Mosteghanemi designated UNESCO artist for peace|website= United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |date=20 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507062814/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/algerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis/}}</ref>]] Pambuyo pa ufulu, olemba angapo atsopano adawonekera pazolemba za ku Algeria, omwe adzayesa kudzera m'mabuku awo kuwulula mavuto ambiri, pakati pawo pali Rachid Boudjedra, Rachid Mimouni, Leila Sebbar, Tahar Djaout ndi Tahir Wattar. Pasono, chigaŵa chimoza cha ŵalembi ŵa ku Algeria chikuwoneka kuti chili na mazgu ghakukhuŵazga, chifukwa cha uchigeŵenga uwo ukachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, ndipo chigaŵa chinyake chikuwoneka kuti chili na kalembero kanyake ka mabuku ako kakulongosora umo munthu wakuwonera vinthu. Pakati pa mabuku gha sonosono apa, pali mlembi uyu, The Swallows of Kabul and the Attack of Yasmina Khadra, The Oath of Barbarians of Boualem Sansal, Memory of the Flesh of Ahlam Mosteghanemi na buku laumaliro la Assia Djebar Nowhere in My Father's House. ===Sumo=== {{Main|Music of Algeria}} [[File:Anka.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|left|[[El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka]]]] Sumu ya Chaâbi ni sumu ya ku Algeria iyo yili na viyimbiro na ma Qacidate mu chiyowoyero cha Chiarabu. El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka wakuwoneka kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa comene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakucita maseŵero agha. Wakalemba sumu zakujumpha 350 na kupanga malekodi 130 pambere wandafwe mu 1978. Ŵasambiri ŵake ŵanandi ŵakazgoka ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa. Mtundu wa Constantinois Malouf ukuponoskeka na wakwimba uyo Mohamed Tahar Fergani wakwimba.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Rabah |last=Saadallah |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/581750786 |title=El-Hadj Mh́amed el-Anka : maître et rénovateur de la musique chaabi |date=1981 |publisher=Maison des livres |oclc=581750786}}</ref> Sumu za ŵanthu zikusazgapo sumu za Ŵabedouin, izo zikuzunulika na sumu zakutowa izo zikufuma mu kacida (ndakatulo) yitali; sumu za Kabyle, izo zikufuma mu sumu zakutowa izo zikuzunulika mu miwiro yakupambanapambana; sumu za Shawiya, za ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mapiri gha Aurès. Sumu izo Rahaba wakwimba ni za mbumba ya Aures pera. Souad Massi ni wakwimba wa ku Algeria. Ŵakwimba ŵanyake ŵa ku Algeria awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa Manel Filali wa ku Germany na Kenza Farah wa ku France. Sumu za Tergui zikuzunulika mu viyowoyero vya Chitaareg. Paumaliro, sumu za staïfi zikababikira mu Sétif ndipo zikulutilira kuŵa zapadera. Sumu za mazuŵa ghano zili na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Muzi wa rap, uwo wafuma sonosono mu Algeria, ukukura comene. ===Vyakuonelela=== {{Main|Cinema of Algeria}} [[File:Mohamed LAKHDAR HAMINA.png|thumb|[[Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina]], one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema.]] Boma la Algeria likutemwa chomene mafilimu, lekani likupeleka ndalama zakukwana 200 miliyoni DZD (1,3 miliyoni EUR) pa chaka, kweniso likuchita vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na mafilimu. Ndalama izo boma likupeleka, kwizira mu Ndalama za Kukhozgeramo Vinthu Vya Maluso, Maluso na Mafilimu (FDATIC) na wupu wa Algeria's Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), ni vyakuzirwa comene pakovwira kuti vinthu vya mu caru viŵe makora. Pakati pa 2007 na 2013, FDATIC yikapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera mafilimu 98 (mafilimu gha vithuzithuzi, vyakutimbanizga na ghafupi). Mu 2013, AARC yikawovwirapo kale mafilimu 78, kusazgapo mafilimu 42, mafilimu ghafupi 6 na mafilimu 30 gha nkhani.<ref>Ali, Sahar (25 March 2014) [http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf ALGÉRIE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203213653/http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf |date=3 February 2016 }}. European Audiovisual Observatory</ref> Mwakuyana na LUMIERE database ya European Audiovisual Observatory, mafilimu 41 gha ku Algeria ghakagaŵirika mu Europe pakati pa 1996 na 2013; mafilimu 21 mu mabuku agha ghakaŵa gha ku Algeria na France. Days of Glory (2006) na Outside the Law (2010) ndiwo ghakaŵa ghakutowa chomene mu Europe, ghakaŵa 3,172,612 na 474,722. Algeria wakatora Palme d'Or chifukwa cha filimu ya Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), ndipo wakatora ma Oscars ghaŵiri chifukwa cha filimu ya Z (1969), na ma award ghanyake chifukwa cha filimu ya ku Algeria yakuchemeka The Battle of Algiers. ===Kaphikilo ka chakulya=== {{Main|Algerian cuisine}} [[File:Couscous (Algérie, lieu exact non précisé).jpg|thumb|upright| [[Couscous]], the national dish of Algeria]] Vyakurya vya ku Algeria ni vinandi chomene. Charu ichi ŵakachiwonanga nga ni "malo ghakusungiramo vyakurya gha Romu". Ku malo agha kuli vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuyana na chigaŵa na nyengo. Mu vyakurya vyawo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vyakurya vya tirigu, cifukwa nyengo zose vikusangika vinandi mu caru ici. Palije cakurya ico palije vyamuminda.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8804/ |title = Luce Ben Aben, Moorish Women Preparing Couscous, Algiers, Algeria |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1899 |access-date = 26 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130928205945/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8804/ |archive-date = 28 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vyakurya vya ku Algeria vikupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Munganozga nyama, somba, na mphangwe. Pakati pa vyakurya vyakumanyikwa, couscous, chorba, rechta, chakhchoukha, berkoukes, shakshouka, mthewem, chtitha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc. Soseji ya Merguez yikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu Algeria, kweni yikupambana kuyana na cigaŵa na vyakununkhira ivyo ŵakusazgako. Vyakurya ivi ŵakuguliska mu misumba ya ku Algeria, Europe, na North America. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakuphika makeke agha pa nyumba zawo mwakuyana na mitheto ya mbumba zawo. Vyakurya ivi ni Tamina, Baklawa, Chrik, Garn logzelles, Griouech, Kalb el-louz, Makroud, Mbardja, Mchewek, Samsa, Tcharak, Baghrir, Khfaf, Zlabia, Aarayech, Ghroubiya na Mghergchette. Vyakurya vinyake vya ku Algeria ni vya ku Tunisia na France. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska na vyakurya vya ku nyumba vikuŵa nga ni Kessra panji Khmira panji Harchaya, tumakuni na vinthu vinyake vyakuchemeka Khoubz dar panji Matloue. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska mu misewu ni mhadjeb panji mahjouba, karantika, doubara, chakhchoukha, hassouna, na t'chicha. ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Algeria}} [[File:Algérie_-_Arménie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d'Algérie.jpg|thumb|The [[Algeria national football team]]]] Mu Algeria mukaŵa maseŵera ghakupambanapambana kwamba kale chomene. Mu chigaŵa cha Aures, ŵanthu ŵakaseŵeranga maseŵero ghanandi nga ni El Kherba panji El khergueba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakutemwa kuseŵera makadi, makadi, na maseŵero gha chesi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Algeria ŵakutemwa kuphalirako ŵanyawo vya maseŵero gha kuvina. Munthu wakwamba wa ku Algeria na wa ku Africa uyo wakapokera mendulo ya golide wakaŵa Boughera El Ouafi pa maseŵero gha ku Amsterdam mu 1928. Alain Mimoun ndiyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kupokera mendulo ya ku Algeria pa maseŵero gha ku Melbourne mu 1956. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa maseŵero gha maseŵero mu ma 1990, kusazgapo Noureddine Morceli, Hassiba Boulmerka, Nouria Merah-Benida, na Taoufik Makhloufi, wose ŵakathamanga mtunda wapakati. Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Algeria. Mazina ghanandi ghali kulembeka mu mdauko wa maseŵero agha, kusazgapo Lakhdar Belloumi, Rachid Mekhloufi, Hassen Lalmas, Rabah Madjer, Riyad Mahrez, Salah Assad na Djamel Zidane. Chikwata cha mpira cha dziko la Algeria chikakwera mu 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup, 2010 FIFA World Cup na 2014 FIFA World Cup. Kweniso, mabungwe ghanandi gha mpira ghawina mphumphu za pa charu chose nga ni ES Sétif panji JS Kabylia. Chipani cha mpira wa ku Algeria (Algerian Football Federation) ndi chipani cha mabungwe a mpira wa ku Algeria omwe amakonza mipikisano ya dziko ndi masewera apadziko lonse a kusankha timu ya mpira wa ku Algeria.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/teams/algeria | title=Algeria national football team | access-date=9 December 2012 | work=Sky Sports | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102003120/http://www1.skysports.com/football/teams/algeria | archive-date=2 November 2012 | url-status=live}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Algeria}} * [[Index of Algeria-related articles]] * [[Outline of Algeria]] == Wonani vinyake == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=nb}} == Mazgo == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Mabuku == {{refbegin|30em}} * Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). ''Modern Algeria&nbsp;– A History from 1830 to the Present''. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: [[C. Hurst & Co|Hurst]]. {{ISBN|978-0-86543-266-6}}. * Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). ''Algeria in Transition&nbsp;– Reforms and Development Prospects''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-0-415-34848-5}}. * Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). ''The Making of Contemporary Algeria&nbsp;– Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-30150-3}}. * [[Frantz Fanon|Fanon, Frantz]] (1966; 2005 paperback). ''The Wretched of the Earth''. [[Grove Press]]. ASIN B0007FW4AW, {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4132-3}}. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Algeria | volume= 1 |last1= Gibson |first1= Walcot |author1-link= Walcot Gibson |last2= Cana |first2= Frank Richardson |author2-link= |last3= Girault |first3= Arthur |author3-link= |pages = 642&ndash;653 }} * [[Alistair Horne|Horne, Alistair]] (1977). ''A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962''. [[Viking Adult]]. {{ISBN|978-0-670-61964-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-59017-218-6}} (2006 reprint) * Laouisset, Djamel (2009). ''A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry''. New York City: [[Nova Publishers]]. {{ISBN|978-1-61761-190-2}}. * Roberts, Hugh (2003). ''The Battlefield&nbsp;– Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity''. London: [[Verso Books]]. {{ISBN|978-1-85984-684-1}}. * Ruedy, John (1992). ''Modern Algeria&nbsp;– The Origins and Development of a Nation''. Bloomington: [[Indiana University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-253-34998-9}}. * Stora, Benjamin (2001). ''Algeria, 1830–2000&nbsp;– A Short History''. Ithaca, New York: [[Cornell University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8014-3715-1}}. * Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military&nbsp;– Algeria 1962–2008". [https://books.google.com/books?id=UouRFVxywIQC ''Religion and Politics&nbsp;– Islam and Muslim Civilisation'']. Farnham: [[Ashgate Publishing]]. {{ISBN|0-7546-7418-5}}. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Algeria|Algeria}} {{Wikibooks|Wikijunior:Countries A–Z|Algeria}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005003110/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/ People's Democratic Republic of Algeria] ''Official government website'' {{in lang|ar|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150802020104/http://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/ Portal of the First Ministry] ''Portal of the First Ministry'' {{in lang|ar|fr}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184359/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ Algeria]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{GovPubs|algeria}} * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Algeria}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14118852 Algeria profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Cite map |title=Algeria Atlas Map |date=April 2007 |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) |url=ftp://undp-pogar.org/LocalUser/pogarp/other/maps/algeria-apr07.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6mdDU9gLR?url=ftp://undp-pogar.org/LocalUser/pogarp/other/maps/algeria-apr07.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 December 2016 }} * {{Wikiatlas|Algeria}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DZ Key Development Forecasts for Algeria] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170126063811/http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=1 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria] {{Algeria}} {{Algeria topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Algeria |list = {{Countries and territories of Africa}} {{Countries and territories of North Africa}} {{Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea}} {{Middle East}} {{Arab League}} {{African Union}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}} {{G-15 nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|28|N|2|E|scale:10000000_type:country_region:DZ|format=dms|display=title}} [[Category:Algeria| ]] [[Category:North African countries]] [[Category:Maghrebi countries]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:Arab republics]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:Member states of OPEC]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1962]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Algeria]] [[Category:1962 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 80vza3ar0i39u0g8cb9em194zbfa64s 0 6956 116222 115482 2026-06-03T00:58:01Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Wupu wa Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|italics=off}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br />{{lang|ar|علم أي امة}}<br />"Every nation has its own flag"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = Somalia (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{Legend|#336733|Territory controlled}} {{Legend|#49c946|Territory claimed but not controlled ([[Somaliland]])}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Mogadishu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Arabic]]<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021}}</ref> | national_languages = | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] ([[State Religion|official]])<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | demonym = [[Somalis|Somali]]<ref name="factbook"/> | government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Somalia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] | leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Somalia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hamza Abdi Barre]] | leader_title3 = [[House of People|House Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Aden Madobe]] | legislature = [[Federal Parliament of Somalia]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Somalia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of the People (Somalia)|House of the People]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Somalia|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Italy]] and the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[British Somaliland]] | established_date1 = 1887 | established_event2 = [[Italian Somaliland]] | established_date2 = 1889 | established_event3 = [[Independence Day (Somalia)|Independence]] and union with the [[State of Somaliland]] | established_date3 = 1 July 1960 | established_event4 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 141|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date4 = 20 September 1960 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Somalia|Current constitution]] | established_date5 = 1 August 2012 | area_km2 = 637,657<ref name="factbook"/> | area_rank = 43rd <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = 12,693,796<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Somalia|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 78th | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition.|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 199th | GDP_PPP = [[United States dollar|US$]]20.641 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 155th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = [[United States dollar|US$]]1,322<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Somalia {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=SO |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 222nd | GDP_nominal = [[United States dollar|US$]]7.62 billion<ref name="WorldBank">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/somalia |title=Somalia , 2021 |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |website=worldbank.org |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 184th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = [[United States dollar|US$]]544<ref name="IMFWEOSO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=726&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 211th | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only-->0.361 | HDI_year = <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->2021 | HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = {{efn|The UN does not calculate the HDI of Somalia. Data taken from Radboud University's Global Data Lab.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/SOM/?levels=1&years=2021&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |title=Subnational HDI – Somalia |publisher=Global Data Lab |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>}} | HDI_rank = 192nd | currency = [[Somali shilling]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Somalia|+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Somalis|Somali]] 85% * [[Demographics of Somalia|Other]] 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} '''Somalia''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə|,_|s|oʊ|-}} {{respell|sə|MAH|lee|ə|,_|soh|-}};<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=3-12-539683-2 }}</ref><ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Somalia}}</ref><ref>{{Dictionary.com|Somalia}}</ref> {{lang-so|Soomaaliya}} {{IPA-so|sɔːmɑːlijæ|}}, [[Osmanya script]]: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; {{lang-ar|الصومال|aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}}} mwaboma, '''Charu cha Somalia'''<ref name="provisional">The ''Federal Republic of Somalia'' is the country's name per Article 1 of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf Provisional Constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }},</ref> ({{Lang-so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}; {{Lang-ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية}}), ni chalo icho chili ku [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na charu cha [[Ethiopia]] kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Djibouti]] kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, [[Gulf of Aden]] kumpoto, [[Indian Ocean]] kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Kenya]] kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu cha Somalia chili na mumphepete mwa nyanja utali comene kuluska vyaru vinyake vyose vya mu Africa. Charu ichi chili na mapiri ghatali, vipalamba, na mapiri.<ref name="factbook"/> Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa mphepo zakotcha, ndipo vula zikulokwa mwambura kwenelera. Ku Somalia kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 17.1 miliyoni, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa Mogadishu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi ŵalipo pafupifupi 85 peresenti. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala kumwera. Viyowoyero vya boma vya ku Somalia ni Chisomali na Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici Mbacisilamu, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mbacisilamu.<ref name="Abdullahi 2001 1">{{Harvnb|Abdullahi|2001|p=1}}.</ref> In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center.<ref>John Kenrick 1855) ''Phoenicia'', B. Fellowes, p. 199.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Casson|first1=Lionel|title=Ancient Trade and Society|date=1984|publisher=Mich.|isbn=0-8143-1740-5|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> It is among the most probable locations of the ancient [[Land of Punt]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Charnan Simon|title=Explorers of the Ancient World|year=1990|publisher=Childrens Press|isbn=0-516-03053-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/explorersofancie00simo/page/26 26]|url=https://archive.org/details/explorersofancie00simo|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>Christine El Mahdy (2005) ''Egypt : 3000 Years of Civilization Brought to Life'', Raincoast Books, p. 297, {{ISBN|1-55192-879-5}}.</ref> Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., maufumu ghanandi gha ku Somalia ghakaŵa na mazaza pa malonda gha mu chigaŵa ichi, nga ni Ajuran Sultanate, Adal Sultanate, na Geledi Sultanate.<ref>Stefan Goodwin (2006) ''Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent'', Lexington Books, p. 48, {{ISBN|0-7391-0731-3}}.</ref> Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mafumu gha ku Somalia nga ni Isaaq Sultanate na Majeerteen Sultanate ghakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Italy na Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakambiska vyaru ivi, ndipo ŵakaviŵika mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Pa nyengo iyi, mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu, Ŵaderivi awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ŵakalimbana na Abyssinia, Italian Somaliland, na British Somaliland kwa vyaka 20. Ŵataliya ŵakamba kulamulira kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi, kumafumiro gha dazi, pakati, na kumwera, ŵakati ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Majeerteen na Hobyo. Mu 1960, vigaŵa viŵiri ivi vikakolerana na kuzgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha cha Somalia.<ref name="Illustrated Library 1967 338.2">''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', Greystone Press: 1967, p. 338.</ref> Siad Barre wa Supreme Revolutionary Council wakatora mazaza mu 1969 ndipo wakambiska boma la Somali Democratic Republic, ndipo wakayezga kukanizga nkhondo ya kujithemba ya Somaliland kumpoto kwa chalo. SRC yikamara mu 1991, apo Nkhondo ya ku Somalia yikambanga. Charu cha Somaliland chikulutilira kulamulira kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia. Kufuma mu nyengo iyi, vigaŵa vinandi vikamba kulondezga malango gha mu charu na chisopa. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, maboma ghakupambanapambana ghakapangika. Boma la Transitional National Government (TNG) likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 2000, ndipo boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG) likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 2004.<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Nytsnnpm">{{cite news|author=Jeffrey Gettleman|date=23 June 2011|title=Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |access-date=23 June 2011}}</ref> Mu 2006, na wovwiri wa boma la Ethiopia, boma la TFG likapoka mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa charu kufuma ku Islamic Courts Union (ICU). Gulu la ICU pamasinda likapambana mu magulu ghakuru, kusazgapo ma jihadists al-Shabaab, agho ghakarwa nkhondo na TFG na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa AMISOM kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa chigaŵa. Kuzakafika pakatikati pa 2012, ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakataya vigaŵa vinandi ivyo ŵakathereska, ndipo ŵakamba kupenja malo ghakukhazikika gha demokilase. Nangauli vili nthena, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵachali na mazaza pa chigaŵa chikuru cha pakati na kumwera, ndipo ŵakulongozga mu vigaŵa ivyo boma likuwusa, ndipo msumba wa Jilib ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Al-Shabab |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia|website=www.aa.com.tr |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875|access-date=2022-02-13}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2012, boma la Somalia likapanga dango liphya lakwamba. Mu mwezi wenewura, boma la Somalia likapangika ndipo nyengo yakuzengaso yikamba mu Mogadishu, nangauli al-Shabaab kanandi waka wakawukiranga ŵanthu. Charu cha Somalia chili na GDP yichoko chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chili mu gulu la vyaru vyakutalulira. Mu 2019, charu cha Somalia chikaŵa na chiŵelengero chichoko chomene pa charu chose, ndipo mu chaka chenechichi, ŵanthu 69 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakakhalanga pasi pa ukavu. Kufika mu 2020, chalo cha Somalia chili pa malo ghaciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika. Boma ili lili na chuma chakuthupi yayi, ndipo likuthemba chomene pa viŵeto, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakupeleka ku vyaru vinyake, kweniso pa nkhani ya kutumirana mameseji. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, Non-Aligned Movement, na Organization of Islamic Cooperation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States|url=https://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en|access-date=27 August 2021|website=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Somalia}} ===Prehistory=== <!-- Paleolithic & Neolithic are prehistoric --> [[File:Laas Geel single cow.jpg|thumb|Neolithic rock art at the [[Laas Geel]] complex depicting a long-horned cow.]] Charu cha Somalia ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kukhalamo ŵanthu chifukwa cha malo agho chikaŵa. Ŵalwani awo ŵakafumanga mu Africa, ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga kuno pambere ŵandafume. Mu nyengo ya malibwe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Doian na Hargeisan ŵakakhalanga mu malo agha.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Robertshaw|title=A History of African Archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican0000unse_j3c5/page/105|year=1990|publisher=J. Currey|isbn=978-0-435-08041-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican0000unse_j3c5/page/105 105]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gutherz|first1=Xavier|last2=Diaz|first2=Amélie|last3=Ménard|first3=Clément|last4=Bon|first4=François|last5=Douze|first5=Katja|last6=Léa|first6=Vanessa|last7=Lesur|first7=Joséphine|last8=Sordoillet|first8=Dominique|date=Sep 2014|title=The Hargeisan revisited: Lithic industries from shelter 7 of Laas Geel, Somaliland and the transition between the Middle and Late Stone Age in the Horn of Africa|journal=Quaternary International|language=en|volume=343|pages=69–84|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.038|bibcode=2014QuInt.343...69G}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Clark|first=J. D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCb6xzeydigC&q=somalia+stillbay+culture&pg=PA201|title=The Prehistoric Cultures of the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Stone Age Cultural and Climatic Succession in the Somalilands and Eastern Parts of Abyssinia|date=2013-03-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-63536-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Phillipson|first=D. W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRDYAW4wXOYC&q=Eburran+industry&pg=PA125|title=African Archaeology|date=2005-05-05|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54002-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Delson|first1=Eric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C|title=Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition|last2=Tattersall|first2=Ian|last3=Couvering|first3=John Van|last4=Brooks|first4=Alison S.|date=2004-11-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-58228-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Petraglia|first1=Michael D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6o4XLIKN0UC&q=hargesian+culture&pg=PA199|title=The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia: Paleoenvironments, Prehistory and Genetics|last2=Rose|first2=Jeffrey I.|date=2009-11-27|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2719-1|language=en}}</ref> Ukaboni wakale comene wa maluso gha kusungika mu malo ghakusungako ŵakufwa mu caru ca Horn of Africa ngwakufuma ku malo ghakusungako ŵakufwa mu Somalia agho ghakaŵako m'ma 1000 B.C.E. Mu 1909, ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti vinthu ivi vikafuma ku malo gha ku Jalelo. Ŵasayansi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Asia ŵakiza mu chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufuma ku malo agho mbumba iyi yikakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Diamond | first1 = J | last2 = Bellwood | first2 = P | year = 2003 | title = Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions | journal = Science | volume = 300| issue = 5619| pages = 597–603| doi = 10.1126/science.1078208 | pmid = 12714734 | bibcode = 2003Sci...300..597D | s2cid = 13350469 }}</ref> Malo gha Laas Geel agho ghali kufupi na tawuni ya Hargeisa, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia, ghakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 5,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu malo ghanyake gha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Dhambalin, muli vithuzithuzi vinyake ivyo vikulongora mulwani uyo wakwera hachi. Vinthu vya mu jalawe ivi vikalembeka mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1,000 na 3,000 B.C.E. Kweniso pakati pa matawuni gha Las Khorey na El Ayo kumpoto kwa Somalia kuli Karinhegane, uko kuli vithuzithuzi vinandi vya vinyama. Pa cithuzithuzi cilicose pali malemba agho ghali kulembeka pasi pake, ndipo ghose ghali na vyaka pafupifupi 2,500.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hodd|first=Michael|title=East African Handbook|year=1994|publisher=Trade & Travel Publications|isbn=0-8442-8983-3|page=640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ali|first=Ismail Mohamed|title=Somalia Today: General Information|year=1970|publisher=Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somali Democratic Republic|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMVAAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> ===Antiquity and classical era=== {{Main|Somali Architecture|Sesea}} Vinthu vyakale nga ni mapiramidi, ma mausoleum, misumba iyo yili kubwanganduka, na viliŵa vya malibwe nga ni linga la Wargaade, mbukaboni wakuti kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga makora ku Somali. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku Eguputo na Greece kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., ivyo vikukhozgera fundo yakuti ku Somalia panji ku vigaŵa vinyake kukaŵa charu cha Punt.<ref name="Nthos">{{cite book |last=Njoku |first=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-313-37857-7 |pages=29–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Abdel Monem A. H. Sayed |editor=Zahi A. Hawass |title=Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology|year=2003|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-674-8|pages=432–433|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1E13DorsFMEC}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Punt, awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵakaguliskanga mure, vyakununkhira, golide, eboni, ng'ombe za masengwe ghafupi, njovu, na lubani na Ŵaeguputo, Ŵafoinike, Ŵababuloni, Ŵahindi, Ŵachinayi, na Ŵaroma. Pa visimi vya mu tempile la Deir el-Bahari, pakalembeka vya ulendo wa ku Eguputo wa ku Punt uwo wakacita Fumukazi Hatshepsut. Mu 2015, ŵasayansi ŵakasanda minthumbo ya vikoko vya ku Punt ivyo ŵakiza navyo ku Eguputo nga ntchawanangwa. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Macrobian, awo ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia, ŵakakhazikiska ufumu wankhongono uwo ukalamuliranga chigaŵa chikuru cha Somalia. Ŵakaŵa na mbiri ya kukhala nyengo yitali na kuŵa ŵasambazi, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakaŵa "ŵanalume ŵatali na ŵakutowa comene". Ŵanthu ŵa ku Macrobian ŵakaŵa ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto na ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa. Herodotus wakayowoya kuti Themba la ku Peresiya, Cambyses II, likati lakora Eguputo mu 525 B.C.E., likatuma mathenga ku Macrobiya kuti ghazakamupe vyawanangwa vinandi. Fumu ya Macrobiya, iyo yikasankhika cifukwa ca msinkhu wake na kutowa kwake, yikamuzgora na kumuphalira munthu munyake wa ku Peresiya kuti waŵikenge uta: Usange Ŵaperesiya ŵangakwaniska kuwukoma, mbwenu ŵangaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwukira caru cake. Kweni m'paka nyengo iyo, ŵakwenera kuwonga ŵachiuta cifukwa cakuti Macrobiya ŵakakana kuwukira ufumu wawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Macrobian ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakamanyikwanga cifukwa ca luso lwawo lwa kuzenga na usambazi wawo wa golide. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti ngamila zikaŵako mu nyengo ya pakati pa 2 na 3 B.C.E. Kufuma kura, yikathandazgikira ku Eguputo na ku Maghreb. Mu nyengo yakale, misumba ya Barbara iyo yikumanyikwaso na mazina ghakuti, Sesia of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon, na Sarapion, yikaŵa na malonda ghanandi, ndipo yikakolerananga na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, Nabataean Kingdom, na Roman Empire. Ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ngaraŵa yakale ya ku Somalia yakucemeka beden pakunyamura katundu wawo.[[File:Beden.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Beden]] is a fast, ancient Somali single or double-masted maritime ship.]] Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Nabataean na kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ku Aden kuti ŵaleke kunanga vinthu vyawo, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Somalia ŵakakolerana na Ŵaroma kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga ngaraŵa za ku India kuti zileke kwenda mu misumba ya ku Arabia kuti ŵavikilire ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na Arabia pa malonda agho ghakacitikanga pakati pa Nyanja Yiswesi na ya Meditereniyani. Ndipouli, ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ŵakalutilira kuguliska vinthu mu misumba ya ku dowoko la Somali, iyo yikaŵa kutali na Ŵaroma. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵamalonda ŵa ku India ŵakayeghanga sinamoni yinandi kufuma ku Ceylon na Spice Islands kuluta nayo ku Somalia na Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti uko kukafuma sinamoni na vyakununkhira vinyake kukaŵa kwakubisika chomene ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Somalia. Phangano ilo ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na Ŵaarabu ŵakachita likakhozga mtengo wa sinamoni wa ku India na China ku North Africa, ku Near East, na ku Europe, ndipo likapangiska kuti malonda gha sinamoni ghaŵe na phindu, comenecomene ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakendeskanga vinthu vinandi pa nyanja na pa mtunda.<ref name="EHW">{{Harvnb|Warmington|1995|p=229}}.</ref> ===Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages=== {{Main|Somali aristocratic and court titles|Ifat Sultanate|Walashma dynasty|Sultanate of Mogadishu|Adal Sultanate|Ajuran Sultanate|}} [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Silk Road]] extending from China to southern Europe, Arabia, Somalia, Egypt, Persia, India, and Java.]] Chisilamu chikapharazgika mu chigaŵa ichi na Ŵasilamu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Mecca awo ŵakachimbiranga ku khoti pa nyengo ya Hejira wakwamba. Iyi ni yimoza mwa nyumba zakuluska zose mu Africa. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., Al-Yaqubi wakalemba kuti Ŵasilamu ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Somalia. Wakayowoyaso kuti msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Ufumu wa Adal. Leo Africanus wakati Ufumu wa Adal ukawusikanga na mafumu gha ku Somalia ndipo ufumu wake ukaŵa pakati pa Bab el Mandeb na Cape Guardafui. Ntheura kumwera kukaŵa Ufumu wa Ajuran ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa Ufumu wa Abyssinia. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaluta ku Somaliland. Mu 1332, Themba la Adal ilo likaŵa ku Zeila, likakomeka pa nkhondo iyo yikaŵa na cilato ca kukanizga Amda Seyon I, themba la ku Abyssinia, kunjira mu msumba uwu. Mu 1410, Themba Dawit I likakoma Sa'ad ad-Din II, themba la Ifat. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, msumba ukuru wa Adal ukasamukira ku tawuni ya Dakkar, uko Sabr ad-Din II, mwana mulara wa Sa'ad ad-Din II, wakambiska msasa uphya wati wawerako ku Yemen.<ref>{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=Philip |title=Bradt Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia|year=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-371-9|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&pg=PA10}}</ref><ref name="Lewispd">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|year=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=0-85255-280-7|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17}}</ref> <br />[[File:ShenDuGiraffePainting.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Ajuran Sultanate]] maintained commercial ties with the [[Ming dynasty]] and other kingdoms.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, likuru la Adal likasamuskikaso, ndipo pa nyengo iyi likaluta kumwera ku Harar. Kufuma ku msumba uphya uwu, Adal wakanozga ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad "Gurey" panji "Gran"; wose ŵakang'anamuranga "mwankhongono") awo ŵakanjira mu ufumu wa Abyssinia. Nkhondo iyi yikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ndipo yikucemeka kuti Kupoka Abisinia (Futuh al-Habash). Mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, Imam Ahmad ndiyo wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero ivyo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukapeleka, ndipo wakavitora ku Zeila na kuviŵika pa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Abyssinia na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa ku Portugal. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti nkhondo iyi yikulongora kuti vilwero vya nkhondo nga ni mathipa, futi, na mivi vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene. Mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ajuran, misumba ya Merca, Mogadishu, Barawa, Hobyo na madoko ghawo ghakakura chomene ndipo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu ku vyaru vinyake. Vasco da Gama, uyo wakajumpha mu Mogadishu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, wakati msumba uwu ukaŵa ukuru chomene ndipo ukaŵa na nyumba zakudikanya kweniso nyumba zikuruzikuru. Ŵanthu ŵa Harla, awo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵatali chomene ŵa ku Hamitic awo ŵakakhalanga ku Somalia, Tchertcher, na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Horn, nawo ŵakazenga malaro ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Duarte Barbosa wakalemba kuti ngaraŵa zinandi izo zikafumanga ku Ufumu wa Cambaya ku India, zikalutanga ku Mogadishu na salu na vyakununkhira. Barbosa wakayowoyaso za unandi wa nyama, tirigu, balere, mahachi, na vipasi ivyo vikusangika mu misika ya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mogadishu, msumba uwo ukaŵa na makampani gha vyakuvwara, pamoza na Merca na Barawa, ukaŵa malo ghakwendakwenda gha ŵamalonda ŵa Chiswahili ŵakufuma ku Mombasa na Malindi. Ŵamalonda Ŵachiyuda ŵakufuma ku Hormuz ŵakizanga na vyakuvwara vyawo vya ku India na vipambi ku Somali kuti ŵazakapeleke tirigu na nkhuni. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuguliska malaya, ambergris, na porcelain. Viyuni vya girafu, zebra, na vyakununkhira vikatolekera ku Ufumu wa Ming ku China, uko ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia ŵakamba kuchita malonda pakati pa East Asia na Horn. Ŵamalonda ŵa Chihindu ŵakufuma ku Surat na ŵa ku Southeast Africa ŵakufuma ku Pate, ŵakakhumbanga kujumphizga chigaŵa cha ku India icho Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵakanizganga (pamanyuma pake, ku Oman), ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito malo gha ku Merca na Barawa ku Somalia (uko kukaŵavya ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru viŵiri ivi) kuti ŵaguliskenge vinthu vyawo mwakufwasa kweniso kwambura suzgo.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edward A. Alpers|title=East Africa and the Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNHvb6nSN-AC&pg=PA79|year=2009|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=978-1-55876-453-8|page=21}}</ref> ===Early modern era and the scramble for Africa=== {{Main|Geledi sultanate|Majeerteen Sultanate|Sultanate of Hobyo|l2 = Isaaq Sultanate|Dervish movement (Somali)}} {{see also|Italian Somaliland|British Somaliland}} Mu nyengo yakwambilira, maufumu agho ghakalondezganga Ufumu wa Adal na Ajuran ghakamba kukura mu Somalia. Ŵakaŵa Hiraab Imamate, Geledi Sultanate (Gobroon dynasty), Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), na Hobyo Sultanate (Obbia). Iwo ŵakalutilira kuzenga vipata na kwenda pa nyanja nga umo vikaŵira mu maufumu ghanyake gha ku Somalia. Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, uyo wakaŵa wachitatu kufuma mu nyumba ya Gobroon, ndiyo wakamba muwuso wa ufumu wa Gobroon. Ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakathereska nkhondo ya Bardheere Jihad, iyo yikawezgerapo bata mu cigaŵa ici na kuwezgerapo malonda gha njovu ku East Africa. Kweniso wakaŵa paubwezi uwemi na ŵanthu ŵa mu maufumu ghapafupi na kutali nga ni Oman, Witu, na Yemen. Mwana wa Sultan Ibrahim, Ahmed Yusuf, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 ku East Africa. Mu Somalland, ufumu wa Isaaq ukapangika mu 1750. Ufumu wa Isaaq ukaŵa ufumu wa Somalia uwo ukalamuliranga vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800. Malo agha ghakaŵa gha fuko la Isaaq, ilo likafuma ku fuko la Banu Hashim, mu malo agho sono ni Somaliland na Ethiopia. Ufumu wa Rer Guled ndiwo ukalamuliranga ufumu uwu. Ufumu uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kwa charu cha Somaliland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taariikhda Toljecle|url=https://www.tashiwanaag.com/toljecle-taariikh-ahaan.html |access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.tashiwanaag.com}}</ref> Mwakuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya, pambere muwuso wa Guled undafike, mbumba ya Isaaq yikalongozgekanga na muwuso wa Tolje'lo. Pakaŵa mafumu ghankhondi na ghatatu gha Tolje'lo, kwambira na Boqor Harun (Lang-so) uyo wakawusa ufumu wa Isaaq kwa vyaka vinandi kwambira mu 13th century. Mulongozgi waumaliro wa ŵa Tolje'lo, Garad Dhuh Barar, wakathereskeka na mbumba za Isaaq. Ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Tolje'lo awo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono ŵakambininika ndipo ŵakabisama ku ŵanthu ŵa Habr Awal awo ŵacali kukhala nawo.<ref>{{Citation|title=Taariikhda Boqortooyadii Axmed Sheikh Isaxaaq ee Toljecle 1787 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MfB4XvREbI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/6MfB4XvREbI| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-08-15}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. 65 Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia 1988 – 2000 Guido Ambroso, Table 1, pg.5</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-07|title=Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland |url=https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Hubaal Media|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lewisapd">I. M. Lewis, ''A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa'', (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p. 157.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa {{!}} Somalidiasporanews.com|url=http://www.qurbejoog.com/taariikhda-beerta-suldaan-cabdilaahi-ee-hargeysa/|access-date=2021-01-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Genealogies of the Somal|date=1896|publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode (London)|language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). {{!}} Togdheer News Network|url=http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/|access-date=2021-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Garesadihafun.jpg|thumb|left|One of the forts of the [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] in [[Hafun]].]] [[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mogadishu under Italian rule|Mogadishu]], capital of [[Italian Somaliland]], with the [[Mogadiscio Cathedral|Catholic Cathedral]] at the center and the Arch monument in honor of [[Umberto I of Italy|King Umberto I of Italy]].]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1884, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana kuti ŵatore charu cha Africa. Mu caka ici, caru ca Britain cikamba kulamulira cigaŵa cinyake ca Somalia, ico cili mumphepete mwa Africa, kufupi na South Yemen. Pakwamba, cigaŵa ici cikaŵa pasi pa ofesi ya ku India, ndipo cikaŵa cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa India. Mu 1898, London ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa cigaŵa ici. Mu 1889, boma la Italy likakhazikiska boma la Italy ku Somalia, ndipo pamasinda likamba kulamulira charu ichi. Gulu la Dervish likathereska ufumu wa Britain maulendo ghanayi ndipo likapangiska kuti uwelere ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵa Darawiish ŵakathereska ŵamazaza ŵa ku Italy, Britain, Abyssinia kanandi waka, chomenechomene mu 1903, apo Suleiman Aden Galaydh ndiyo wakathereska ŵamazaza ŵa ku Cagaarweyne. Paumaliro, mu 1920, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari aŵa. Nkhondo ya fascism yikamba mu ma 1920 ndipo yikapangiska kuti Italy yisinthe nthowa zake, chifukwa chakuti ma sultanates gha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi gha charu ichi ghakeneranga kunjizgika mu chigaŵa cha La Grande Somalia ("Greater Somalia") mwakuyana na ndondomeko ya Fascist Italy. Apo Kazembe Cesare Maria De Vecchi wakizanga pa Disembala 15, 1923, vinthu vikamba kusintha mu chigaŵa ichi. Malo ghaumaliro agho Italy ghakapoka ku Somalia ghakaŵa Oltre Giuba, mu cigaŵa ca Jubaland, mu 1925. Ŵa Italiya ŵakamba kuzenga vipatala, minda, na masukulu. Mu 1935, boma la Fascist la Italy, pasi pa muwuso wa Benito Mussolini, likawukira Abyssinia (Ethiopia) na cilato cakuti liŵawukire. Wupu wa League of Nations ukasuska nkhondo iyi, kweni pakaŵavya ico cikacitikapo kuti ulekeske panji kufwatura Ethiopia. Mu 1936, chalo cha Italy cha Somalia chikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Italy East Africa, pamoza na Eritrea na Ethiopia. Pa 3 Ogasiti 1940, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy, kusazgapo maboma gha Somalia, ŵakambuka kufuma ku Ethiopia kuti ŵanjire mu British Somaliland, ndipo pa 14 Ogasiti, ŵakakwaniska kutora Berbera ku British. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, kusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵakamba nkhondo mu Janyuwale 1941 kufuma ku Kenya kuti ŵafwature Somaliland na Ethiopia. Kuzakafika mu Febuluwale, chigaŵa chikuru cha Somaliland cha ku Italy chikaŵa kuti chazengeka, ndipo mu Malichi, chigaŵa cha British Somaliland chikazengeka. Ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu wa Britain awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu Somaliland ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Africa, West Africa, na East Africa. Ŵakawovwirika na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Somalia awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdulahi Hassan, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko la Isaaq, Dhulbahante, na Warsangali ndiwo ŵakawovwirapo. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga ku Somalia chikamba kuchepa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, ndipo mu 1960 chikaŵa pasi pa 10,000.<ref name="Tripodi1999">{{cite book |author=Paolo Tripodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ |title=The Colonial Legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu: From Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope |publisher=Macmillan Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-312-22393-9 |page=68}}</ref> ===Independence (1960–1969)=== {{Main|State of Somaliland|Somali Republic|Greater Somalia|Somali Youth League}} [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|upright|An avenue in downtown [[Mogadishu]] in 1963.]] Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, Britain yikalutilira kulamulira chigaŵa cha British Somaliland na Italian Somaliland. Mu 1945, pa ungano wa ku Potsdam, wupu wa United Nations ukapeleka ku Italy mazaza ghakulongozga chigaŵa cha Italian Somaliland nga ni malo ghakulongozga chigaŵa cha Somaliland, pa fundo iyo yikayowoyeka na wupu wa Somali Youth League (SYL) na mawupu ghanyake gha ndyali gha ku Somalia, nga ni Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) na Somali National League (SNL) kuti Somalia yisange wanangwa mu vyaka 10. Charu cha British Somaliland chikaŵa pasi pa Britain m'paka mu 1960. Pakuti caru ca Italy cikaŵa na mazaza gha wupu wa UN, nduna iyi yikapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia kuti ŵasambire vya ndyali za ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ivi vikaŵa vyandulo ivyo charu cha British Somaliland, icho chikeneranga kuŵa mu boma liphya la Somalia, chikaŵavya. Nangauli mu ma 1950, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, kweni boma la Britain likalutilira yayi. Vyaru viŵiri ivi vikaŵa vyakupambana comene pa nkhani ya vyachuma ndiposo vya ndyali.<ref>[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ed. (1992) [http://countrystudies.us/somalia ''Somalia: A Country Study'']. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyira, mu 1948, cifukwa ca kukakamizgika na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ndipo ici cikakwiyiska comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia, ŵa ku Britain ŵakawezgera Haud (malo ghakuŵeta gha ku Somalia agho ghakwenera kuti ghakavikilirika na mapangano gha Britain na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia mu 1884 na 1886) na cigaŵa ca Somali ku Ethiopia. Nangauli Britain yikaŵikapo dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵalutilire kujilamulira ŵekha, kweni Etiyopiya nayo wakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe ghake. Ici cikapangiska kuti mu 1956 Britain yilute ku Somalia kuti yikagure malo agho yikagaŵako. Kweniso boma la Britain likapelekaso boma la Northern Frontier District (NFD) ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Kenya. Ivi vikacitika nangauli pakaŵa maungano gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Somalia ŵakukhumba kuŵa ku cigaŵa ca Somalia. Mu 1958, ku Djibouti (uko kale kukachemekanga French Somaliland) kukachitika referendum. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe ŵamoza na France. Pakaŵaso upusikizgi ukuru comene, ndipo Ŵacifurenci ŵakacimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia pambere ŵanthu ŵandafike ku mavoti. Ŵanandi awo ŵakazomera yayi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakakolerana na fundo ya umo boma la Somalia lingakhalira pamoza, nga umo Mahmoud Harbi, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa boma wakacitira. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, Harbi wakafwa pa ngozi ya ndege. Mu 1977, Djibouti wakafwatuka ku France, ndipo Hassan Gouled Aptidon, wa ku Somalia uyo wakachitanga kampeni kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵavomerepo pa referendum ya mu 1976, wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba wa Djibouti. Pa Julayi 1, 1960, mazuŵa ghankhondi kufuma apo chigaŵa icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa boma la British Somaliland chikapokera wanangwa wake, chigaŵa ichi chikasazgikana na chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa boma la Somaliland. Boma likapangika na Abdullahi Issa na Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal pamoza na mamembala ghanyake gha boma la wupu wakulongozga, na Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden nga ni purezidenti wa chalo cha Somalia, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar nga ni purezidenti wa chalo cha Somalia, ndipo Abdirashid Ali Shermarke nga nd nd nd nd nd nduna yikuru (panyuma kuti waŵe purezidenti kufuma 1967 mpaka 1969). Pa 20 Julayi 1961 ndipo kwizira mu referendum, chikazomerezgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia pasi pa Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somaliland Protectorate ŵakakhumba yayi kutora chigaŵa mu referendum, nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Somaliland awo ŵakakhumba kutora chigaŵa mu referendum ŵakavotera kukana dango liphya, ilo likanozgeka mu 1960. Mu 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal wakaŵa nduna yikuru, ndipo Shermarke ndiyo wakamusankha. Egal wakazgoka purezidenti wa chigaŵa cha Somaliland kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Somalia. Pa Okutobala 15, 1969, apo wakalutanga ku tawuni ya Las Anod, pulezidenti wa ku Somalia, Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, wakakomeka na yumoza wa ŵavikiliri ŵake. Kufwa kwake kukalondezgana mwaluŵiro na kuzgoka kwa boma kwa ŵasilikari pa 21 Okutobala 1969 (zuŵa lakulondezgapo nyifwa yake), umo ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakatora mazaza kwambura kukumana na ŵanthu ŵakugaluka. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgeka na Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa boma.<ref>Moshe Y. Sachs (1988) ''Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations'', Vol. 2, Worldmark Press, p. 290, {{ISBN|0-471-62406-3}}.</ref> ===Somali Democratic Republic (1969–1991)=== {{Main|Somali Democratic Republic|1969 Somali coup d'état}} [[File:Muhammad Siad Barre - 40866X9X9.jpg|thumb|Major General [[Mohamed Siad Barre]], Chairman of the [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Supreme Revolutionary Council]], meeting with President of Romania [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]].]] Pamanyuma pa Barre, Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) iyo yikapoka mazaza pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa Pulezidenti Sharmarke yikalongozgekanga na Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye na Chief of Police Jama Korshel. Kediye wakaŵa na zina lakuti "Wiske wa Nkhondo", ndipo Barre wakazgoka mulongozgi wa SRC. Kufuma apo, SRC yikasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Somali Democratic Republic, yikawuskapo nyumba ya malango na Khoti Likuru Chomene, ndipo yikalekeska ntchito ya dango. Gulu la ŵasilikari likakhazikiska mapulogiramu ghakurughakuru ghakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye kuŵazga na kulemba. Padera pa ndondomeko ya kukanizga vyalo na vyaru, boma liphya la Somalia likaŵika mtima pa kukolerana kwa visopa na vyaru vya Ŵaarabu. Mu chaka chenechicho, Barre wakaŵaso mulongozgi wa wupu wa Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Mu Julayi 1976, SRC ya Barre yikagaŵikana ndipo yikakhazikiska chipani cha Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), boma la chipani chimoza ilo likajintha pa socialism ya sayansi na visambizgo vya Chisilamu. SRSP yikaŵa nthowa yakuyezgera visambizgo vya boma na visambizgo vya chisopa cha boma mwa kusintha visambizgo vya Marxist ku vinthu vya mu caru. Ŵakaŵikapo mtima chomene pa fundo za Chisilamu za chitukuko, kuyana, na urunji, izo boma likayowoya kuti ni fundo yikuru ya chisopa cha sayansi, kweniso likayowoyanga chomene vya kujikora, umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito, na kuwusa ŵanthu. Nangauli SRSP yikakhozgeranga ndalama za ŵanthu ŵekha mu vigaŵa vichoko waka, kweni boma ili likaŵa lachikomyunizimu.<ref name="Pjdlfw">de la Fosse Wiles, Peter John (1982) [https://books.google.com/books?id=lgMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279 ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy''], Taylor & Francis, p. 279 {{ISBN|0-7099-2709-6}}.</ref> Mu Julayi 1977, Nkhondo ya Ogaden yikamba pamanyuma pakuti boma la Barre likagwiliskira ntchito chilato cha kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia kuti likhazikiske chigaŵa cha Ogaden icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Mu sabata yakwamba ya nkhondo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakatora chigaŵa cha kumwera na chapakati cha Ogaden. Kufika mu Seputembala 1977, Somalia yikaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha Ogaden ndipo yikapoka misumba yakuzirwa nga ni Jijiga. Pamanyuma pa kukanizgika kwa Harar, ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵawovwire boma la Ethiopia. Kuzakafika mu 1978, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia ŵakacimbizgika mu Ogaden. Boma la Barre likakhuka chomene apo likapokera wovwiri wa Soviet Union. Paumaliro, boma la United States, ilo likakolerana na boma la Somalia kwa nyengo yitali, likakolerana na boma la Soviet Union. Paumaliro, ubwezi uwo ukaŵa pakati pa Somalia na Soviet Union, kweniso pakati pa iyo na United States, ukawovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na ŵasilikari ŵanandi comene mu Africa. Mu 1979, boma likapeleka dango liphya lakuti paŵe maungano gha ŵanthu. Ndipouli, boma la Barre likalutilira kulamulira. Mu Okutobala 1980, SRSP yikamara, ndipo Supreme Revolutionary Council yikakhazikiskikaso. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Barre likamba kutchuka yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakakhuŵara na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu charu cha ŵasilikari. Boma la Somalia likalutilira kuchepa mu ma 1980 apo Nkhondo Yakuzizima yikamaranga. Boma likalutilira kuŵa na mazaza, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Ethiopia. Pakati pa magulu agha pakaŵa chipani cha Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), United Somali Congress (USC), Somali National Movement (SNM) na Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), pamoza na chipani cha Democratic Movement (SDM), Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA) na Somali Manifesto Group (SMG). ===Somalia Civil War=== {{Main|Somali Civil War|History of Somalia (1991–2006)|Isaaq genocide|Somaliland War of Independence}} [[File:Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the Isaaq genocide.jpg|thumb|Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the [[Isaaq genocide]] found from a mass grave site located in [[Berbera]], [[Somaliland]].]] [[File:Isaaq genocide map.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of the sites related to the [[Isaaq genocide]]]] Apo boma la Barre likalutilira kunangika, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Somalia ŵakakhuŵara na umoyo wa ŵasilikari. Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, magulu ghakwimikana na boma la Ethiopia ghakawuka. Barre wakazgora na kuŵalangura kuti ŵalangire awo ŵakakolerana na gulu la ŵakugaluka, comenecomene awo ŵakaŵa kumpoto. Kulimbana uku kukusazgapo kuponya mabomba mu misumba, na malo gha Hargeisa kumpoto kwa charu cha Somalia, malo ghakukhazikika gha Somali National Movement (SNM), pakati pa malo agho ghakapwetekeka mu 1988. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgekanga na Jenerale Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, mukweni wa Barre. Mu 1990, mu msumba wa Mogadishu, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuwungana pa wumba wa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha ŵatatu panji ŵanayi. Chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mafuta, magalimoto ghakaŵa mu mizere yitali pa malo ghakuŵikapo mafuta. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama, mtengo wa tchizi (tchizi wakomira wa ku Italy, uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa chomene pa nyengo iyo) ukakwera kufika pa madola 5 pa kilogalamu. Mtengo wa khat, uyo ŵakamuguliskanga zuŵa lililose kufuma ku Kenya, nawo ukaŵa madola ghankhondi gha ku America. Ndalama za mapepara zikaŵa za mtengo ucoko comene mwakuti pakakhumbikwanga ndalama zinandi kuti munthu wapeleke cakurya. Mu msumba uwu mukaŵa msika wakufipa, chifukwa mabanki ghakasuzgikanga kusanga ndalama zakwendakwenda. Usiku, msumba wa Mogadishu ukaŵa mu mdima. Ŵanthu wose ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakizanga ku malo agha ŵakalondezgekanga. Ŵakaŵa na malango ghakusuzga ghakwendeskera ndalama za caru cinyake. Nangauli ŵalendo ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuluta ku caru cinyake, kweni ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kutorapo vithuzi vya malo ghanandi. Muhanya ku Mogadishu, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakawonekanga bweka yayi. Ndipouli, pa ivyo boma likayowoya kuti likucita usiku, ŵanthu "ŵakazgeŵa" mu nyumba zawo. Mu 1991, boma la Barre likathereskeka na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakususkana na boma la Ethiopia la Derg na Libya. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa Somali National Movement na ŵalara ŵa mafuko gha kumpoto, chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa charu ichi icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Britain chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Nangauli charu ichi ntchakujiyimira paŵekha ndipo ntchakukhora pakuyaniska na vyaru vya kumwera, kweni palije boma la ku vyaru vinyake ilo likuchimanya.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1367554.stm |title=Somaliland citizens ask to be recognized as a state |work=[[BBC News]] |date=4 June 2001 |access-date=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1361394.stm |title=Somaliland votes for independence |work=[[BBC News]] |date=31 May 2001 |access-date=25 February 2009}}</ref>[[File:Mogadishu.jpg|thumb|Prior to the civil war, Mogadishu was known as the "White pearl of the Indian Ocean".<ref>Al J. Venter (1975) ''Africa Today'', p. 152, {{ISBN|0-86954-023-8}}</ref>]] Pamanyuma, magulu ghanandi ghakwimikana nagho ghakamba kuphalizgana kuti ghaŵe na mazaza mu boma ilo likaŵa pasi pa Barre. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera, magulu gha nkhondo agho ghakalongozgekanga na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa USC, Jenerale Mohamed Farah Aidid na Ali Mahdi Mohamed, ŵakasangana apo waliyose wakakhumbanga kuwusa msumba ukuru. Mu 1991, ku Djibouti kukachitika ungano wa mitundu yose wakukhwaskana na Somalia. Aidid wakakana ungano wakwamba cifukwa ca kususka. Cifukwa ca kuzomerezgeka kwa Muhammad na ungano wa ku Djibouti, pamanyuma pake wupu wa vyaru vyose ukamuzomera kuŵa pulezidenti muphya wa Somalia. Djibouti, Egypt, Saudi Arabia na Italy vikaŵa pakati pa vyaru ivyo vikazomera boma la Muhammad. Wakaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinyake vya msumba ukuru yayi. Mu malo mwake, ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga na ŵalongozgi ŵa magulu ghanyake kumwera kwa Somalia na vyaru vinyake vya kumpoto. Pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Djibouti, pakaŵa mapangano ghaŵiri ghambura kukwaniliskika ghakukhwaskana na kuwezgerapo mtende na kufumiska vilwero, agho ghakasayinika na ŵandyali 15. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1990, cifukwa cakuti boma la Somalia likaŵavya muwuso, likamba kucemeka kuti "mboma lakutondeka". Ken Menkhaus, uyo wakusanda vya ndyali, wakati vinthu vikulongora kuti mu ma 1980, charu ichi chikaŵa kuti chamba kale kuŵa na masuzgo. Rotberg nayo wakayowoya kuti boma likaleka kuwusa pambere Barre wandawuskike. Hoehne (2009), Branwen (2009) na Verhoeven (2009) nawo ŵakagwiliskira nchito Somalia mu nyengo iyi nga ni ciyerezgero ca kususka vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya nkhani ya "kutondeka kwa boma".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories|first1=Tobias|last1=Hagmann|first2=Markus V.|last2=Hoehne|journal=Journal of International Development|volume=21|issue=1|pages=42–57|year=2009|doi=10.1002/jid.1482}};{{cite journal |title=The global political economy of social crisis: Towards a critique of the 'failed state' ideology|first=Branwen|last=Gruffydd Jones|journal=Review of International Political Economy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=180–205|year=2008|doi=10.1080/09692290701869688|s2cid=154286071}}; {{cite journal |title=The self-fulfilling prophecy of failed states: Somalia, state collapse and the Global War on Terror|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|first=Harry|last=Verhoeven|volume=3|issue=2|pages=405–425|year=2009|doi=10.1080/17531050903273719|s2cid=154281885}}</ref> ===Transitional institutions=== {{Main|Transitional National Government|Transitional Federal Institutions|Transitional Federal Government|Transitional Federal Parliament}} Boma la Transitional National Government (TNG) likakhazikiskika mu mwezi wa Epulero/Meyi 2000 pa ungano wa Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) uwo ukachitikira ku Arta, Djibouti. Abdiqasim Salad Hassan wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti wa boma liphya la Transitional National Government (TNG), boma la kanyengo kachoko ilo likapangika kuti lilongozge Somalia ku boma lake lachitatu. Suzgo izo TNG yikaŵa nazo mukati zikapangiska kuti Prime Minister wasinthike kanayi mu vyaka vitatu, ndipo wupu uwu ukaleka kugwira ntchito mu Disembala 2003. Mulimo wake ukamalira penepapo. Pa 10 Okutobala 2004, ŵa malango ŵakasora Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed kuŵa purezidenti wakudanga wa Transitional Federal Government (TFG), wakulondezgapo wa Transitional National Government. TFG yikaŵa boma laciŵiri la nyengo yicoko ilo likakhumbanga kuwezgerapo maboma gha chalo ku Somalia pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa boma la Siad Barre mu 1991 na nkhondo ya cikaya iyo yikati yacitika. Boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG) ndilo likaŵa boma la Somalia ilo likamanyikwa pa caru cose mpaka pa Ogasiti 20, 2012, apo nyengo yake ya kuwusa yikamara. Likakhazikiskika nga ni yimoza mwa maboma gha Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) nga umo likulongosolera mu Transitional Federal Charter (TFC) ilo likapokeka mu Novembala 2004 na Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). Boma la Transitional Federal likaŵa na wupu wakulongozga, ndipo TFP ndiyo yikaŵa wupu wakulongozga. Boma likalongozgekanga na pulezidenti wa Somalia, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma. Ndipouli, likang'anamuraso vigaŵa vyose vitatu.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm2">{{cite news|date=21 August 2012|title=Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'|newspaper=Forum on China-Africa Cooperation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> === Islamic Courts Union === {{See also|Islamic Courts Union}} [[File:Icu somalia map.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Map showing the ICU at the peak of its influence.]] Mu 2006, Islamic Courts Union (ICU), yikamba kuwusa chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kwa myezi 6 na kukhazikiska dango la Sharia. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa UN ŵakuti nyengo iyi yikaŵa 'nyengo ya golide' mu mbiri ya ndyali za ku Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia Mourns a 'Golden Era' as Crisis Worsens {{!}} Africa Faith and Justice Network|url=https://afjn.org/somalia-mourns-a-golden-era-as-crisis-worsens/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=afjn.org|date=11 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2007-11-20|title=As Somali Crisis Swells, Experts See a Void in Aid|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html|access-date=2021-09-04}}</ref> === Transitional Federal Government === {{See also|Somalia War (2006–2009)|Battle of Mogadishu (2006)}} Boma la Transitional Federal likayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghake, ndipo, na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia, ŵasilikari ŵa African Union na wovwiri wa ndege wa United States, ŵakafumiska ICU na kukhozga muwuso wake. Pa 8 January 2007, Mulongozgi wa TFG, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, wakanjira mu Mogadishu na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kakwamba kufuma apo wakasankhikira. Boma likasamukira ku Villa Somalia mu msumba wa Baidoa. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kufuma apo boma la Siad Barre likathereskeka mu 1991, kuti boma la Britain liŵe na mazaza pa caru cose.<ref name="Gosppsdott">{{cite web|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=558:somalia-president-parliament-speaker-dispute-over-tfg-term&catid=55:somalia&Itemid=79|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131640/http://www.garoweonline.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=558%3Asomalia-president-parliament-speaker-dispute-over-tfg-term&catid=55%3Asomalia&Itemid=79|archive-date=14 May 2011|title=Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term|publisher=Garoweonline.com|date=12 January 2011|access-date=12 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Al Shabaab insurgency === {{See also|Al-Shabaab (militant group)}} Al-Shabaab ŵakasuska kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia mu Somalia ndipo ŵakalutilira kuwukira boma la TFG. Mu 2007 na 2008, gulu la Al-Shabaab likapambana nkhondo, ndipo likapoka misumba yikuruyikuru na virwa vya ku Somalia. Mu Janyuwale 2009, Al-Shabaab na magulu ghanyake ghakacicizga ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia kuti ŵawelere, ndipo ŵakasida ŵasilikari ŵa African Union awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vyakukwana yayi kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵa Transitional Federal Government. Chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama na ŵanthu, kukanizgika kugwiliskira nchito vilwero ivyo vikapangiska kuti ciŵe cakusuzga kuwezgerapo ŵasilikari ŵa boma, kweniso cifukwa cakuti caru cose cikaŵa cambura kupwelelera, Yusuf wakawona kuti nchakukhumbikwa kutuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi kufuma ku Puntland kuluta ku Mogadishu kuti ŵakawovwire nkhondo yakwimikana na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ku cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa caru ici. Boma la chigaŵa ichi ndilo likawovwira pa ntchito iyi. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Puntland na ŵantchito ŵa boma ŵaleke kusanga ndalama zinandi. Pa 29 Disembala, 2008, Yusuf wakapharazga panthazi pa pharalamende yakukolerana mu Baidoa kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa Pulezidenti wa Somalia. Mu kayowoyero kake, ako kakapharazgika pa wayilesi ya caru cose, Yusuf wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa na citima cifukwa ca kutondeka kumazga nkhondo iyo yacitika mu caru ici kwa vilimika 17, nga umo boma lake likalangulira. Wakasuskaso wupu wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana cifukwa ca kutondeka kovwira boma, ndipo wakati speaker wa nyumba ya ma parliament ndiyo wazamunjira mu malo ghake kuyana na chitupa cha Transitional Federal Government.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a790e984-d590-11dd-a9cc-000077b07658.html "Somali President Yusuf resigns"], Reuters (FT.com), 29 December 2008.</ref> ===End of transitional period=== {{See also|Hizbul Islam|Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a|Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia|Somali Civil War (2009–present)|2009 timeline of the War in Somalia}} [[File:Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed.jpg|thumb|[[Sharif Sheikh Ahmed]] ]] Pakati pa Meyi 31 na Juni 9, 2008, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Somalia na Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) ŵakanjilirapo pa maungano gha mtende mu Djibouti agho ghakacitikanga na Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah uyo wakaŵa thenga lapadera la United Nations ku Somalia. Ungano uwu ukamara na phangano lakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Ethiopia ŵafumemo mu charu ichi. Nyumba ya malango yikasazgikira ku malo 550 kuti yikhazikiske mamembala gha ARS, agho ghakasora Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed kuŵa pulezidenti.<ref name="factbook"/> [[File:Somali Civil War Map on the 5th October 2024.svg|alt=SVG map showing relative control of the central government, Somaliland, and other actors|thumb|Political and military situation in Somalia as of September 2024]] Na wovwiri wa gulu licoko waka la ŵasilikari ŵan African Union, TFG yikamba kucitapo kanthu mu Febuluwale 2009 kuti yambe kuwusa chigaŵa ca kumwera kwa caru ici. Kuti yikhozge muwuso wake, TFG yikapangiska mgwirizano na Islamic Courts Union, mamembala ghanyake gha Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, na Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a, gulu la ma Sufi. Kweniso, Al-Shabaab na Hezbol Islam, magulu ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru gha Islamist agho ghakwimikana, ghakamba kurwa nkhondo pakati pawo mu 2009. Mu Malichi 2009, boma la TFG likapharazga kuti lizamuwezgerapo dango la Sharia kuŵa dango lakuzomerezgeka. Ndipouli, nkhondo yikalutilira kumwera na pakati pa caru ici. Mu myezi yichoko waka, boma la TFG likamba kulamulira vigaŵa 70 pa vigaŵa 70 vya kumwera na pakati kwa Somalia, ndipo likaluza vigaŵa vyakujumpha 80 pa vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikaŵa na mphindano. Mu Okutobala 2011, ntchito yakukolerana, Operation Linda Nchi pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia na Kenya na ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinandi yikamba kwimikana na Al-Shabaab kumwera kwa Somalia. Kufika mu Seputembala 2012, ŵasilikari ŵa Somalia, Kenya, na Raskamboni ŵakakwaniska kupoka msumba wa Kismayo, uwo ukaŵa msumba waumaliro wa Al-Shabaab. Mu Julayi 2012, maofesi ghatatu gha wupu wa European Union ghakamba kugwira ntchito na Somalia: EUTM Somalia, EU Naval Force Somalia Operation Atalanta kufupi na Horn of Africa, na EUCAP Nestor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html |title=Analysis of EUCAP Nestor by the Global Governance Institute |publisher=Global Governance Institute |date=26 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402205646/http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref>[[File:Parlament of Somalia 2012-2016.svg|thumb|left|Structure of the [[Federal Parliament of Somalia]].]] Monga chigawo cha "Roadmap for the End of Transition", ndondomeko yandale yomwe inapereka njira zomveka zomwe zimatsogolera ku mapangidwe a mabungwe osatha a demokalase ku Somalia, ulamuliro wa Federal Transitional Government unatha pa 20 August 2012. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Somalia yikamba kulamulira.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm2"/> === Federal government === Boma la Somalia, ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kulamulira kwamuyirayira mu charu ichi kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira. Mu Ogasiti 2014, boma la Somalia likambiska ntchito ya Indian Ocean pa malo agho ŵakugaluka ŵakukhala.<ref>{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: President says Godane is dead, now is the chance for the members of al-Shabaab to embrace peace|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/somalia-president-says-godane-is-dead-now-is-the-chance-for-the-members-of-al-shabaab-to-embrace-peace/|access-date=6 September 2014|agency=Raxanreeb|date=5 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906202740/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/09/somalia-president-says-godane-is-dead-now-is-the-chance-for-the-members-of-al-shabaab-to-embrace-peace/|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Somalia}} Charu cha Somalia chili kumafumiro gha dazi na charu cha Ethiopia, kumpoto na Gulf of Aden, kumafumiro gha dazi na Nyanja ya Somalia na Guardafui Channel, ndipo kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kenya. Charu cha Somalia chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 637,657. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli makilomita ghakujumpha 3,333, ndipo ni mtunda utali chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Ŵanyake ŵakuti chili nga ni "nambara 7". Ku chigaŵa chakutali cha kumpoto, mapiri gha Ogo agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi ghali pa mtunda wakupambanapambana na nyanja ya Gulf of Aden. Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa chithukivu chaka chose. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti ku malo agha kuli visulo vinandi. Charu cha Somalia chili kutali na vyaru vya Seychelles na Nyanja ya Somalia, ndipo chili kutali na Socotra na Mlonga wa Guardafui.<ref name="ClimateSom">{{cite news|url=http://countrystudies.us/somalia/34.htm|publisher=countrystudies.us|title=Somalia – Climate|date=14 May 2009}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{Main|Administrative divisions of Somalia|States and regions of Somalia}} Boma la Somalia lili kugaŵika vigaŵa 13 na vigaŵa 5 (gobollada, singular gobol). Vigaŵa ivi ni:<ref name="factbook"/> [[File:A map of Somalia regions.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of Somalia's regions.|alt=]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Regions of Somalia |- ! Region ! Area (km²) ! Population ! Capital |- | [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] | 70,088 | 719,512 | [[Bosaso]] |- | [[Nugal, Somalia|Nugal]] | 26,180 | 392,697 | [[Garowe]] |- | [[Mudug]] | 72,933 | 717,863 | [[Galkayo]] |- | [[Galguduud]] | 46,126 | 569,434 | [[Dusmareb]] |- | [[Hiran, Somalia|Hiran]] | 31,510 | 520,685 | [[Beledweyne]] |- | [[Middle Shabelle]] | 22,663 | 516,036 | [[Jowhar]] |- | [[Banaadir]] | 370 | 1,650,227 | [[Mogadishu]] |- | [[Lower Shabelle]] | 25,285 | 1,202,219 | [[Barawa]] |- | [[Bakool]] | 26,962 | 367,226 | [[Xuddur]] |- | [[Bay, Somalia|Bay]] | 35,156 | 792,182 | [[Baidoa]] |- | [[Gedo]] | 60,389 | 508,405 | [[Garbahaarreey]] |- | [[Middle Juba]] | 9,836 | 362,921 | [[Bu'aale]] |- | [[Lower Juba]] | 42,876 | 489,307 | [[Kismayo]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Claimed regions |- ! Claimed region ! Area (km²) ! Population ! Capital |- | [[Awdal]] | 21,374 | 673,263 | [[Borama]] |- | [[Woqooyi Galbeed]] | 28,836 | 1,242,003 | [[Hargeisa]] |- | [[Togdheer]] | 38,663 | 721,363 | [[Burao]] |- | [[Sanaag]] | 53,374 | 544,123 | [[Erigavo]] |- | [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]] | 25,036 | 327,428 | [[Las Anod]] |} Kumpoto kwa Somalia pasono kuli vigaŵa viŵiri, Puntland (iyo yikujiwona kuti ni boma lakujiyimira palekha) na Somaliland (iyo yikujiyimira yekha kweni njambura kuzomerezgeka). Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Somalia, Galmudug ni chigaŵa chinyake icho chili kumwera kwa Puntland. Chigaŵa cha Jubaland, icho chili kumwera kwa charu ichi, ndicho ntchigaŵa chachinayi mu charu ichi. Mu 2014, boma liphya la Southwestern Somalia nalo likapangika. Mu Epulero 2015, ŵakaŵaso na ungano wa umo ŵangapangira chigaŵa chiphya cha Central Regions. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Somalia yili na mulimo wa kusankha chiŵelengero na mphaka za vyaru vya ku Somalia.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia – Harmonized Draft Constitution|url=http://dastuurkeenna.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/120708-Harmonized-Draft-Constitution-Eng-Tran-_incl-errata-changes.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021519/http://dastuurkeenna.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/120708-Harmonized-Draft-Constitution-Eng-Tran-_incl-errata-changes.pdf|archive-date=20 January 2013|publisher=Federal Government of Somalia|access-date=2 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021547/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ===Location=== [[File:Almadow Overview.JPG|thumb|The [[Cal Madow]] mountain range in Somaliland features the nation's highest peak, [[Shimbiris]].]] {{wide image|COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bedding van de rivier Balada in de omgeving van Bender Gasem TMnr 60027146.jpg |300px|[[Baalade]] Valley near Bendergazim photographed by French explorer & diplomat Georges Revoil in 1881}} Charu cha Somalia chili kumafumiro gha dazi na Kenya, kumpoto na Gulf of Aden, kumafumiro gha dazi na Guardafui Channel na Indian Ocean, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi na Ethiopia. Charu ichi chikuyowoya kuti chili na mphaka na Djibouti kwizira mu chigaŵa cha Somaliland kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Chigaŵa ichi chili pakati pa latitude 2°S na 12°N, kweniso longitude 41° na 52°E. Charu ichi chili pa malo ghawemi chomene pa mulomo wa Bab el-Mandeb, uko kukunjira Nyanja Yiswesi na Suez Canal.<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Hadden">Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102547/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA464006 "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science"]. Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center</ref> ===Waters=== {{Main|Islands of Somalia}} Chilumba cha Somalia chili na mtunda wa makilomita 3,333. Malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali, mapiri ghatali, na mapiri ghatali. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 637,657 square kilometres (246,201 sq mi) agho ghali na maji 10,320 square kilometres (3,980 sq mi). Malire gha charu cha Somalia ghakukwana makilomita 2,340 (1,450 mi); makilomita 58 (36 mi) mwa agha ghali na Djibouti, makilomita 682 (424 mi) na Kenya, na makilomita 1,626 (1,010 mi) na Ethiopia. Malo agha ghakusazgapo maji gha mu vigaŵa ivyo vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 370. Chirwa cha Somalia chili na virwa vinandi na virwa vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Virwa ivi ni Bajuni Islands na Saad ad-Din Archipelago.[[File:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Jubba River]]]] ===Habitat=== Mu charu cha Somalia muli vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: nkhorongo za ku Ethiopia, nkhorongo za kumpoto kwa Zanzibar, nkhorongo za ku nyanja za ku Inhambane, nkhorongo za ku Somalia, nkhorongo za ku Ethiopia, nkhorongo za ku Hobyo, nkhorongo za ku Somalia, nkhorongo za ku East Africa. Kumpoto kwa charu ichi kuli mapopa ghanandi agho ghakumara yayi. Cikaŵa na usani wa makilomita 12 kumanjiliro gha dazi na makilomita ghaŵiri kumafumiro gha dazi. Para vula yalokwa, makuni na utheka vikusintha na kuŵa vyakumera. Mphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli vyakumera vya ku Ethiopia. Cal Madow ni phiri ilo lili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici. Chilumbachi chili pamtunda wa makilomita angapo kumadzulo kwa mzinda wa Bosaso mpaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Erigavo, chili ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri ku Somalia, Shimbiris, lomwe lili pamtunda wa mamita 2,416 (7,927 ft). Mapiri gha Karkaar agho ghali kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi, nagho ghali mukati mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Aden. Mu vigaŵa vyapakati, mapiri gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghali na mapiri ghakunyang'amira na maji ghakukhoma. Ndipo chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ogo chikunjira mu Haud, malo ghakuŵeta viŵeto. Ku Somalia kuli milonga yiŵiri pera, Jubba na Shabele, iyo yikwamba mu mapiri gha ku Ethiopia. Milonga iyi yikwenda kumwera, ndipo Jubba wakunjira mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean ku Kismaayo. Nyengo yinyake, mlonga wa Shabele ukafikanga ku nyanja kufupi na Merca, kweni sono ukufika kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mogadishu. Pamanyuma pake, malo agha ghakaŵa na vyakumera na malo ghakomira pambere ghandaleke kuwoneka mu mapopa gha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Jilib, kufupi na Mlonga wa Jubba.<ref name="Hadden"/> ===Environment=== [[File:Somcoralreef.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Somalia's [[coral reef]]s, ecological parks and protected areas]] Charu cha Somalia chili na vyakumera vinandi chomene. Wupu wakwamba wakovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya chilengiwa ukaŵa wa Ecoterra Somalia na Somali Ecological Society. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora chilengiwa na kwambiska mapulogiramu ghakovwira ŵanthu pa nkhani ya chilengiwa. Kwambira mu 1971, boma la Siad Barre likamba kulima makuni ghanandi mu caru cose kuti likanizge makuni ghanandi gha mchenga agho ghakaŵa pafupi kubira mu matawuni, misewu, na minda. Kuzakafika mu 1988, mahekitala 265 pa mahekitala 336 agho ghakeneranga kuzengeka ghakaŵa kuti ghazengeka. Mu 1986, Ecoterra International yikakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya vinyama na vyakumera (Wildlife Rescue, Research and Monitoring Centre), uwo ukaŵa na cilato ca kovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangapwelelera vyamoyo. Mu 1989, boma la Somalia likadumura kuti likolerane na CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). [[File:Aerial views of Kismayo 06 (8071381265).jpg|thumb|left|The coast south of Mogadishu]]<!-- one beach file --> Pamanyuma, Fatima Jibrell, uyo wakaŵa wakuvikilira malo ku Somalia, wakambiska upharazgi wakovwira kuti makuni ghakale gha makuni gha akasiya agho ghali kumpoto kwa Somalia ghaleke kunangika. Makuni agha, agho ghakukhala vyaka 500, ghakadumulikanga kuti ghapangire makara agho ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa comene mu caru ca Arabia, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Bedouin ŵakagomezganga kuti khuni la akasiya ndakupatulika.<ref name="Gilbert">Geoffrey Gilbert (2004) ''World poverty'', ABC-CLIO, p. 111, {{ISBN|1-85109-552-7}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hornrelief.org/goldman-prize-2002.htm |title=Goldman Prize |publisher=Horn Relief |date=22 April 2002 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712071037/http://www.hornrelief.org/goldman-prize-2002.htm |archive-date=12 July 2010 }}</ref><ref name="IWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214204154/http://www.unep.org/women_env/w_details.asp?w_id=397 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2007 |title=International Women's Day – 8 March 2006 – Fatima Jibrell |publisher=Unep.org |date=8 March 2006 |access-date=27 June 2010 }}</ref> Ndipouli, nangauli ng'anjo njakudura yayi ndipo yikukhorweska munthu, kweni kanandi yikupangiska kuti makuni ghaphye na kuzgoka mapopa. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, Jibrell pamoza na wupu wa Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization (Horn Relief; sono Adeso), uwo wakambiska na kulongozga, ŵakasambizga ŵawukirano ŵanyake kuti ŵasambizge ŵanthu za uheni uwo ungaŵapo para munthu wapanga malasha. Mu 1999, wupu wa Horn Relief ukalongozga ungano wa mtende mu chigaŵa cha Puntland, kumpoto kwa Somalia, kuti ŵamazge nkhondo za makara. Chifukwa cha ivyo Jibrell wakachitanga, boma la Puntland likakanizga ŵanthu kuguliska makala mu 2000. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma likakanizga vyakurya ivi, ndipo vikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivi vichepeko na 80 peresenti. Mu 2002, Jibrell wakapokera chawanangwa chakuchemeka Goldman Environmental Prize chifukwa cha kulimbana na kunangika kwa chilengiwa. Mu 2008, wakapokera chawanangwa cha National Geographic Society/Buffett Foundation Award for Leadership in Conservation. Pamanyuma pa tsunami uyo wakacitika mu Disembala 2004, pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoya kuti apo nkhondo ya mukati mu caru ya ku Somalia yikambanga kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, mtunda utali na wakutali comene wa ku Somalia ukaŵa malo ghakusungiramo viswaswa. Mafunde ghakuru agho ghakatimba kumpoto kwa Somalia pamanyuma pa tsunami, ghakwenera kuti ghakatumphuska matani ghanandi gha vyakuponthora vya nyukiliya na vyakofya ivyo vikwenera kuti vikaŵikika mu charu ichi na makampani gha ku vyaru vinyake. Gulu la European Green Party likati lawona ivyo vikachitika, likapeleka ku ŵapharazgi na ku Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Europe mu Strasbourg, tumakope twa mapangano agho ghakalembeka na makampani ghaŵiri gha ku Europe, kampani ya ku Italy ya ku Switzerland yakucemeka Achair Partners, na kampani ya ku Italy yakucemeka Progresso, pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa pulezidenti wa Somalia, Ali Mahdi Mohamed, kuti ŵapokere matani 10 gha viswaswa vya poyizoni mu mtengo wa madola 80 miliyoni (panthazi pake pafupifupi mapaundi 60 miliyoni). Lipoti la United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala kufupi na tawuni ya Hobyo na Benadir, ku mpoto kwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ŵakusuzgika na matenda gha radiation sickness. UNEP yikusazgirapo kuti vinthu ivyo vikucitika mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Somalia ni vyakofya comene ku malo agha kweniso ku cigaŵa ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref name="Toxic">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece|title=Somalia's secret dumps of toxic waste washed ashore by tsunami|work=The Times|date=4 March 2005|access-date=25 February 2009|location=London|author=Jonathan Clayton}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Somalia map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Somalia map of Köppen climate classification.]] {{See also|Climate change in Somalia}} Cifukwa cakuti Somalia yili pafupi na equator, nyengo yikusintha yayi. Nyengo zinyake mu charu ichi mukuŵa chithukivu, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuwa vula. Pa zuŵa, matenthedwe ghakujumpha 30°C mpaka 40°F. Mwaciyelezgero, mu mwezi wa Epulero, mu Mogadishu, muhanya wakuzizima comene ni 28 mpaka 32 °C. Ku Berbera, kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukuŵa kotcha chomene, ndipo kufuma mu Juni m'paka Seputembala, kukuŵa kotcha chomene. Pa caru cose, zuŵa lililose para maji ghamara ghakuŵa pakati pa 15 na 30 °C. Nyengo yikuru chomene yili kumpoto kwa Somalia, uko mu Julayi mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja, nyengo zinyake kuzizima kwake kukujumpha 45 °C. Ku chigaŵa ichi, chithukivu chikuŵa pa 40 peresenti namise mpaka 85 peresenti usiku. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pa latitude iyi, ku Somalia nyengo njakomira comene kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na pakati pa caru. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukulokwa maji ghachoko chomene pa chaka. Ndipouli, kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, kukulokwa vula yinandi comene, pafupifupi 510 m'paka 610 mm pa caka. Nangauli mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja mukuŵa chithukivu kweniso maji ghakututuka chaka chose, kweni mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu mukuŵa chithukivu kweniso moto. Pali nyengo zinayi zikuruzikuru izo zikupangiska kuti viŵeto vilimenge na kulima. Kufuma mu Disembala m'paka mu Malichi, nyengo ya Jilal ndiyo njakusuzga comene. Nyengo yikuru ya vula, yakucemeka Gu, yikwamba mu Epulero mpaka Juni. Nyengo iyi yikulongora kuti nyengo ya mphepo ya kumwera kwa charu ichi yikwiza, ndipo yikovwira kuti malo gha viŵeto ghaŵe ghawemi, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa chapakati. Kufuma mu Julayi m'paka Seputembala, nyengo yachiŵiri ya chilangalanga yikuchemeka Xagaa. Nyengo ya chivula iyo yikuŵa yifupi comene ni Dayr, ndipo yikumalira mu Okutobala m'paka Disembala. Nyengo ya tangambili iyo yili pakati pa nyengo ziŵiri izi (Okutobala-Novembala na Malichi-Meyi) njakutenthera ndiposo njakuthukira.<ref name="Hadden"/><ref name="Hadden" /> ===Wildlife=== {{Main|Wildlife of Somalia}} [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|left|A camel in the northern mountains.]] Ku Somalia kuli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa cha malo na nyengo. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vichalipo ni cheetah, nkhalamu, giraffe, babuini, serval, njovu, nkhumba za mu thengere, mbuzi, ibex, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, mbunda ya ku Somalia, mbunda ya ku Reedbuck na Grévy, njovu ya shrew, rock hyrax, golden mole na antilope. Kweniso kuli ngamila zinandi. Ku Somalia kuli viyuni vya mitundu pafupifupi 727. Pa vyamoyo ivi, vinkhondi na viŵiri ni vyamoyo vya pa caru cose, cimoza ni vyamoyo ivyo ŵanthu ŵakanjizga, ndipo cimoza ni vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika bweka yayi. Pa caru cose pali vyamoyo 14 ivyo vili pangozi. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi ni nkhunda ya ku Somalia, Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Lesser Hoopoe-Lark, Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark, Mirafra ashi, Ash's Bushlark, Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark, Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark, Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae), na Warsangli Linnet. Malo agha ndigho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuloŵera somba za mu nyanja nga ni tuna. Pa malo agha pali somba zinandi na vyakumera vinyake. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi ni Cirrhitichthys randalli (Cirrhitidae), Symphurus fuscus (Cynoglossidae), Parapercis simulata OC (Pinguipedidae), Cociella somaliensis OC (Platycephalidae), na Pseudochromis melanotus (Pseudochromidae). Pali vyamoyo pafupifupi 235 vya mitundu yakupambanapambana. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi hafu ŵakukhala kumpoto. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu Somalia ni Hughes' saw-scaled viper, Southern Somali garter snake, racer (Platyceps messanai), diadem snake (Spalerosophis josephscorteccii), the Somali sand boa, the angled worm lizard, a spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx macfadyeni), Lanza's agama, a gecko (Hemidactylus granchii), the Somali semaphore gecko, and a sand lizard (Mesalina or Eremias). Njoka yakuchemeka colubrid (Aprosdoketophis andreonei) na njoka yakuchemeka Haacke-Greer's skink (Haackgreerius miopus) ni vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi.<ref>Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, htUetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (e Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 8 December 2013</ref> ==Ndale na boma== {{Main|Politics of Somalia}} [[File:Jawari.png|thumb|upright|[[Mohamed Osman Jawari]], Former Speaker of the [[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Federal Parliament]]]]<!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below --> Boma la Somalia ni boma la demokilase. Purezidenti wa Somalia ndiye mutu wa boma ndi mkulu wa asilikali a Somalia ndipo amasankha Prime Minister kuti achite ntchito ngati mutu wa boma. Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Somalia ni nyumba ya mafumu ya chalo cha Somalia. Wupu Wakulongozga uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri, ni Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga (low house) na Senate (upper house). Nyumba ya malango yikusora pulezidenti, pulezidenti wa nyumba ya malango, na madirector. Kweniso lili na mazaza ghakuzomerezga malango na kuŵika veto. Boma la Somalia likulongosoreka na Dango lakwamba la boma la Somalia. Pa 1 Ogasiti 2012 wupu wa National Constitutional Assembly ku Mogadishu ndiwo ukalemba chikalata ichi. Likovwira kuti boma la Germany liŵe na mazaza. Makhoti gha mu vyaru ivi ghali na makhoti ghatatu: Khoti la Malango, makhoti gha boma na gha boma. Wupu wa Judicial Service Commission uwo uli na ŵanthu 9, ndiwo ukusora munthu waliyose wa mu wupu uwu. Dango la Somalia lili kufuma ku malango ghatatu: malango gha boma, malango gha Chisilamu, na malango gha mitheto. Pamanyuma pakuti Somalia yabwanganduka mu 1991, pakaŵavya kukolerana pakati pa boma la Somaliland, ilo likati ni caru, na boma la Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-06|title=Somalia-Somaliland: A Halting Embrace of Dialogue|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/somalia-somaliland-halting-embrace-dialogue|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Crisis Group|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-04|title=Russia Digs into Somaliland-Somalia Feud as Envoy Calls for Resumption of Talks – East African Business Week|language=en-GB|work=East African Business Week|url=https://www.busiweek.com/russia-digs-into-somaliland-somalia-feud-as-envoy-calls-for-resumption-of-talks/|access-date=2021-06-02|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531055428/https://www.busiweek.com/russia-digs-into-somaliland-somalia-feud-as-envoy-calls-for-resumption-of-talks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Somalia}} [[File:2015 01 25 Turkish President Visit to Somalia-1 (16176887607).jpg|alt=|thumb|President of Somalia [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] with Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] opening the new terminal of Aden Abdulle International Airport in Mogadishu, Somalia. (25 January 2015)]] Boma la Somalia likwendeskeka na pulezidenti uyo ni mulongozgi wa boma, nduna yikuru iyo ni mulongozgi wa boma, ndipo ofesi ya munthavi ya boma ndiyo yikwendeska vinthu vya mu charu ichi.<ref name="Frspc">{{cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia – Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003021031/http://somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=13 March 2013}}</ref> [[File:Mogturkemb.jpg|thumb|[[Turkey|Turkish]] embassy in Mogadishu]] Kuyana na ndime 54 ya dango la chalo, kugaŵikana kwa mazaza na vyakukhumbikwa pakati pa boma la Somalia na vyaru ivyo vili mu boma la Somalia vikudumbiskana na kukolerana na boma la Somalia na vyaru ivyo vili mu boma la Somalia, padera pa nkhani zakukhwaskana na vyaru vya kuwaro, kuvikilira chalo, wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia, na ndyali. Ndime 53 yikulongosoraso kuti boma la Germany likudumbiskana na boma la Germany pa nkhani zikuruzikuru zakukhwaskana na mapangano gha caru cose, kusazgapo nkhani zakukhwaskana na malonda gha ku caru cinyake, vya ndalama na mapangano. Boma la Germany likuŵa paubwezi na maboma ghanyake gha caru cose. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Djibouti, Ethiopia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Turkey, Italy, United Kingdom, Denmark, France, United States, People's Republic of China, Japan, Russian Federation na South Korea. Kuonjezera apo, Somalia ili na maofesi gha vyaru vinyake. Paliso maboma na mawupu gha vyaru vinyake mu Mogadishu, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi. Charu cha Somalia chili mu wupu wa United Nations, African Union na Arab League. Mu 1969, charu ichi chikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Islamic Cooperation Organization. Maboma ghanyake agho ghali mu wupu uwu ni African Development Bank, Group of 77, Intergovernmental Authority on Development, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Development Association, International Finance Corporation, Non-Aligned Movement, World Federation of Trade Unions na World Meteorological Organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Member states|url=http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv2/states/|publisher=Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|access-date=6 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209072808/http://www.oic-oci.org/oicv2/states/|archive-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> ===Military=== {{Main|Somali Armed Forces}} [[File:2015 03 25 SNA PASSOUT-5 (16739095620).jpg|thumb|Instructors from the [[European Union Training Mission in Somalia]] (EUTM) take Somali soldiers through training drills at Jazeera Training Camp in Mogadishu.]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Somalia (SAF) ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Somalia. Ŵakulongozgeka na pulezidenti uyo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ndipo ŵali na mazaza kuti ŵavikilire muwuso wa caru, wanangwa wawo, na malo ghawo. Pakwamba, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja, ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo, ŵapolisi, na ŵasilikari ŵa boma. Pakati pajumpha nyengo kufuma apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa, chikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose. Nkhondo ya mukati mu caru yikacitika mu 1991, ndipo yikapangiska kuti gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Somalia lileke kugwira nchito. Mu 2004, ndondomeko ya kuzenga ŵasilikari yikanjira m'malo na kukhazikiska boma la Transitional Federal Government (TFG). Gulu la ŵasilikari la Somalia sono likulaŵilirika na Unduna wa vya Vyankhondo wa boma la Somalia, ilo likapangika pakati pa 2012. Mu Janyuwale 2013, boma la Somalia likambaso kuzenga ofesi ya wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Mogadishu, ndipo likasintha zina la ofesi iyi kuŵa National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA). Boma la Somaliland na la Puntland lili na mawupu gha ŵapolisi na ŵaboma.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia Re-Opens its National Intelligence & Security Agency|url=http://www.waltainfo.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6968:somalia-re-opens-its-national-intelligence-a-security-agency&catid=70:international-news&Itemid=309|access-date=1 September 2013|newspaper=Walta Info|date=10 January 2013}}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Somalia}} Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume ŵanyawo ŵakuŵa ŵambura kuzomerezgeka na dango. Pa Okutobala 3, 2020, mulaŵiliri wa UN wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakadandawura chifukwa cha boma la Somalia kuleka kufiska ivyo likukhumba. Kuyana na ivyo mulaŵiliri wa kafukufuku uyu wakasanga, boma la Somalia likuleka kufiska ivyo likakhumbanga kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu pa nkhani ya vyachuma, umoyo wa ŵanthu na mitheto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/un-expert-somalia-backtracking-human-rights-commitments |title= UN Expert: Somalia Backtracking on Human Rights Commitments |access-date= 3 October 2020 |website= Voice of America – English}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Somalia}} [[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|[[Air Somalia]] Tupolev [[Tupolev Tu-154|Tu-154]] in [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. Somalia today has several private airlines]] [[File:Somalia Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Somalia exports, 2019]] Kuyana na CIA na Central Bank of Somalia, nangauli ku Somalia kuli vivulupi, kweni chalo ichi chili na chuma chakukhora yayi, ndipo chikuthemba pa viŵeto, makampani ghakwendeska ndalama na ma telefoni. Cifukwa ca kusoŵa kwa maukaboni gha boma ndiposo nkhondo iyo yikacitika sonosono apa, nchakusuzga kumanya ukuru wa cuma panji umo cikukulira. Mu 1994, wupu wa CIA ukati caru cikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 3.3 biliyoni. Mu 2001, ndalama izi zikaŵa pafupifupi madola 4.1 biliyoni. Kufika mu 2009, CIA yikati GDP yikakura kufika pa $5.731 biliyoni, ndipo yikaghanaghananga kuti yikurenge pa 2.6%. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa British Chambers of Commerce wa mu 2007, nchito ya ŵanthu ŵekha yikakura, comenecomene mu nchito ya mauteŵeti. Mwakupambana na nyengo iyo nkhondo yikaŵa kuti yindacitike, apo maofesi ghanandi gha boma na vyamalonda vikaŵa mu mawoko gha boma, maboma ghakaŵa na ndalama zinandi chomene mu vyamalonda. Munthu munyake wakusanda vya cuma, zina lake Peter Leeson, wakati cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu caru ici ni dango la cikaya la ku Somalia.<ref name="Petletbet">{{cite web |title=Better Off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse |url=http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> [[File:2016 04 Eid Preparions-11 (27469932863).jpg|thumb|Shoppers in Hamarwayne market in Mogadishu]] Kuyana na banki ya ku Somalia, GDP ya munthu yumoza mu charu ichi mu 2012 yikaŵa $226, ndipo yikakhira pachoko kufuma mu 1990. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 43% ŵakukhala na ndalama zakuchepera dola limoza pa zuŵa, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 24% ŵakukhala mu matawuni ndipo 54% ŵakukhala ku mizi. Chuma cha ku Somalia chikupangika na vinthu vya mazuŵa ghano kweniso vya kale. Ku Somalia ndiko kuli ngamila zinandi chomene pa charu chose. Kuyana na banki yikuru ya ku Somalia, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80 pa 100 ŵali na viŵeto vya mbuzi, mberere, ngamila na ng'ombe. Ŵalendo aŵa ŵakusangaso vyakumera vinyake kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Cbsef2">{{cite web |title=Central Bank of Somalia – Economy and Finance |url=http://www.somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124192809/http://somalbanca.org/economy-and-finance.html |archive-date=24 January 2009 |access-date=30 December 2010 |publisher=Somalbanca.org}}</ref> === Agriculture === {{See also|Agriculture in Somalia}} Vyaru ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa comene mu Somalia. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵagwire nchito. Viŵeto vikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe pafupifupi 40 peresenti, ndipo vyakufumira ku vyaru vinyake vikupangiska kuti vyakurya ivi vipelekeke ku vyaru vinyake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ni somba, makara, na nthochi. Kuyana na banki yikuru ya ku Somalia, katundu uyo wakunjira mu caru ici wakukwana madola 460 miliyoni pa caka. Vinthu ivyo vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, ivyo vikukwana pafupifupi madola 270 miliyoni pa caka, vikuluska ivyo vikaguliskikanga pambere nkhondo yindambe. Boma la Somalia lili na suzgo la ndalama pafupifupi madola 190 miliyoni pa chaka, kweni ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakutumizga ku vyaru vinyake zikuluska ndalama izi. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia ŵakulimbana na boma la Australia chifukwa chakuti lili pafupi na chirwa cha Arabia. Pa cifukwa ici, vyaru vya ku Gulf vyamba kupanga ndalama mu caru ici, ndipo Saudi Arabia yikuzenga malo ghakuliskako viŵeto ndipo United Arab Emirates yikugura malo ghakurughakuru. Charu cha Somalia ndicho chikupanga lubani na mure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elmt-relpa.org/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/elmt/201004/Final%20Report%20Annex%203%20-%20sector%20profiles%20-%20logos.pdf |title=Expanding Investment Finance in Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands |access-date=30 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513155643/http://www.elmt-relpa.org/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/elmt/201004/Final%20Report%20Annex%203%20-%20sector%20profiles%20-%20logos.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref>[[File:Bosaso port.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Bosaso]]]] Makampani gha vyakurya agho ghakupanga vyakurya, ghakupanga 10% ya GDP ya Somalia. Kuyana na wupu wakuwona vya malonda na vyamakampani ku Somalia, makampani gha ndege ghakujumpha 6 ghakupeleka maulendo gha ndege ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni Daallo Airlines, Jubba Airways, African Express Airways, East Africa 540, Central Air na Hajara. Mu 2008, boma la Puntland likasaina phangano la madola mamiliyoni ghanandi na Lootah Group wa ku Dubai, gulu la vyamalonda ilo likugwira ntchito ku Middle East na Africa. Mwakuyana na phangano ili, cigaŵa cakwamba ca ndalama izi cili na ndalama zakukwana 170 million Dhs. Wupu wa Bosaso Airport Company ndiwo uzamunozga chiŵanja cha ndege ichi kuti chikolerane na fundo za pa charu chose. Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene yindambe mu 1991, makampani 53 gha boma ghakurughakuru, gha pakati na ghakurughakuru ghakaleka kugwira nchito. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakugwiliskira nchito, maofesi ghanandi gha ku Somalia ghajulika ndipo ghanyake ghapangika. Vinthu ivi ni vyakusungiramo somba na vyakusungiramo nyama mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto, kweniso mafakitale pafupifupi 25 mu msumba wa Mogadishu, agho ghakupanga makaroni, maji gha mafuta, vyakununkhira, mathumba gha pulasitiki, salu, vikumba na vikumba vya nyama, munkhwala wakugeziskira na sopo, aluminiyamu, matiresi na makuseŵe gha visulo, maboti ghakuloŵera somba, kupakira vinthu, na kupanga malibwe. Mu 2004, mu tawuni iyi mukajulikaso fakitare ya Coca-Cola ya mtengo wa madola 8.3 miliyoni. Makampani ghanyake gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana nga ni General Motors na Dole Fruit, nagho ghakasanga ndalama mu vyaru ivi.<ref>Little, Peter D. (2003) ''Somalia: Economy without State''. Indiana University Press, p. 4, {{ISBN|0-85255-865-1}}.</ref> ===Monetary and payment system=== {{Main|Central Bank of Somalia|Somali shilling}} [[File:Obverse 2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard.jpg|thumb|2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard (100 shillings)]] Banki ya ku Somalia ndiyo yikulaŵilira ndalama mu Somalia. Pa nkhani ya ndalama, iyo wakugwira nchito ya kupanga na kufiska ndondomeko ya ndalama. Cifukwa ca kuleka kugomezga ndalama za ku Somalia, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito dola ya ku America. Nangauli ndalama za ku Somalia zikwenda pa dollar, kweni ndalama izi zikukwera chomene, comenecomene pa malonda gha ndalama zicoko. Kuyana na banki iyi, vinthu ivi vizamumara para iyo wayamba kulamulira ndalama na kunjira mu malo mwa ndalama za boma. Nangauli boma la Somalia likaŵavya boma lakulamulira ndalama kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 15 kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira mu 1991 m'paka apo boma la Somalia likambiraso kulamulira mu 2009, kweni ndalama izo likagwiliskiranga ntchito zikwenda makora chomene. Makampani ghakupeleka ndalama agha (hawalas) ghazgoka makampani ghakurughakuru mu Somalia, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 1.6 biliyoni pa chaka. Ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵali mu wupu wa Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), wupu uwo ukwendeska ntchito ya kutumizga ndalama mu charu ichi. Kampani yikuru comene ya ku Somalia ni Dahabshiil, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2,000 mu vyaru 144.<ref name="Towhamrec">{{cite news|url=http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730|title=Decades of community service recognised with award|newspaper=Tower Hamlets Recorder|date=13 April 2007|access-date=3 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511205333/http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref>[[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|left|500 [[Somali shilling]] banknote]] As the reconstituted Central Bank of Somalia fully assumes its monetary policy responsibilities, some of the existing money transfer companies are expected in the near future to seek licenses so as to develop into full-fledged commercial banks. This will serve to expand the national payments system to include formal cheques, which in turn is expected to reinforce the efficacy of the use of monetary policy in domestic [[Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] management.<ref name="Paysys">{{cite web |title=Central Bank of Somalia – Payment system |url=http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122232449/http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html |archive-date=22 January 2009 |access-date=30 December 2010 |publisher=Somalbanca.org}}</ref> Chifukwa chakuti vinthu vikenda makora mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakamba kuwelera ku caru cawo kuti ŵazakasange ndalama. Ndalama za ku Somalia zikukwera comene cifukwa ca ndalama za ku caru cinyake. Kuzakafika mu Malichi 2014, ndalama izi zikaŵa kuti zakwera pafupifupi 60 peresenti pakuyaniska na dola ya ku United States. Shilling ya ku Somalia ndiyo yikaŵa yakukhora comene pa ndalama zakupambanapambana zakukwana 175 izo Bloomberg yikaguliskanga. Somalia Stock Exchange (SSE) ni msika wa ku Somalia. Bungwe ili likakhazikiskika mu 2012 na Idd Mohamed wa ku Somalia, uyo ni nthumi yachilendo na wachiŵiri wa nthumi ya United Nations. Boma la Somalia likakhazikiska SSE kuti likopere ndalama kufuma ku makampani gha ku Somalia na gha pa caru cose kuti liŵawovwire kunozga vinthu mu Somalia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808|access-date=5 December 2013|work=Reuters|date=8 August 2012|archive-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930100728/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Energy and natural resources=== {{Main|Mineral industry of Somalia|Oil exploration in Puntland}} Banki ya Caru Cose yikupharazga kuti sono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugura magesi mu vyaru ivi. Mu vyaru ivi muli kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Somali Energy Company, iyo yikugwira ntchito ya kupanga, kutumizga na kupeleka magesi. Mu 2010, caru ici cikapanga magesi 310 miliyoni na kugwiliskira nchito magesi 288.3 miliyoni, ndipo cikaŵa pa malo 170 na 177, kuyana na CIA.<ref name="factbook"/> [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Oil exploration in Puntland|Oil blocks]] in Puntland]] Boma la Somalia lili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi nga ni uranium, iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, mkuwa, mchere na gasi. Wupu wa CIA ukati pali magesi ghakukwana mabiliyoni 5,663. Palije ukaboni wakuti ku Somalia kuli mafuta ghanandi. Wupu wa CIA ukuti m'paka mu 2011, mu charu ichi mulije mafuta ghakukwana, apo wupu wa UNCTAD ukuti mafuta ghanandi agho ghalipo mu Somalia ghali kumpoto kwa charu ichi, mu chigaŵa cha Somaliland. Gulu la mafuta ilo lili na katundu mu Sydney, Range Resources, likati chigaŵa cha Puntland kumpoto kwa charu ichi chili na mafuta ghakukwana mabarali 5 biliyoni (790×106 m3) m'paka 10 biliyoni (1.6×109 m3), pakuyaniska na mabarali 6.7 biliyoni gha mafuta gha mu Sudan. Chifukwa cha ivyo vikachitika, boma likakhazikiska wupu wa Somalia Petroleum Corporation. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1960, ŵasayansi ŵa UN ŵakasanga kuti ku Somalia kuli usambazi ukuru wa uranium na vinthu vinyake vyakununkhira. Ŵasayansi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghakujumpha 25 peresenti ya malo ghakukwana matani 800,000 gha uranium agho ghakasangika pa charu chose. Mu 1984, IUREP Orientation Phase Mission ku Somalia yikati caru ici cikaŵa na matani 5,000 gha uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), matani 11,000 gha uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) mu calcrete deposits, kweniso matani 0150,000 gha uranium speculative resources (SR) mu sandstone na calcrete deposits. Somalia yikazgoka caru cikuru ico cikupanga uranium, ndipo makampani gha ku America, UAE, Italy na Brazil ghakakwesananga kuti ghapoke. Natural Link Resources yili na chigaŵa mu chigaŵa chapakati, ndipo Kilimanjaro Capital yili na chigaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA), icho chikusazgapo kupenja uranium. Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company ni kampani ya vya magesi iyo yili ku Mogadishu. Wakawovwira makampani ghanayi ghakuru gha ku Somalia gha malonda, vya ndalama, kuvikilira na kwendera mauthenga gha pa foni. Pakwamba, kampani iyi yikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 1 biliyoni ndipo yikambiska ntchito ya Somalia Peace Dividend Project. Kuyana na Banki yikuru ya Somalia, apo chalo ichi chikuluta ku nthowa yakuzengaso, chuma cha chalo ichi chikulindizgika kuti chizamukwaniska waka ivyo vikaŵako pambere nkhondo yindambe, kweniso kuti chizamukulirakulira chifukwa cha vinthu vyakuthupi vyambura kugwiliskirika nchito.<ref name="Cbsef2"/> ===Telecommunications and media=== {{Main|Communications in Somalia|Media of Somalia}} [[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hormuud Telecom]] building in Mogadishu]] Nkhondo yikati yayamba, makampani ghanyake ghakwendeska mawupu ghakamba kupanga mawupu agha. Makampani agha ghakupokera ndalama kufuma ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku Somalia na wovwiri wakufuma ku China, South Korea na Europe. Ŵalendo ŵangatumizga ndalama (nga umo ŵakuchitira na Dahabshiil) na mabanki ghanyake pa mafoni, kweniso ŵangasanga Intaneti. Pamanyuma pa kukolerana na makampani ghanyake nga ni Sprint, ITT na Telenor, makampani agha sono ghakupeleka mauthenga ghapachanya kweniso ghakudura chomene mu Africa. Makampani agha ghakwendeskaso ma telefoni mu misumba yose ya ku Somalia. Pasono pali ma telefoni pafupifupi 25 pa ŵanthu 1,000, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito telefoni kuluska mu vyaru vinyake. Makampani gha telecommunication gha ku Somalia ghakumanyikwa ni Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom na Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom yekha ndiyo wakupeleka ndalama pafupifupi madola 40 miliyoni pa caka. Nangauli pali mphindano, kweni mu 2005, ŵabwezi ŵa vyamaseŵera aŵa ŵakasazga phangano lakuti ŵaŵikengepo mtengo wa vinthu ivyo ŵakuguliska, kuŵawovwira kuti ŵalutilire kukhozga na kusazgirako maunyoro ghawo, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kuthera pa mphindano. Kugwiliskira nchito ndalama mu vyakupharazga ni cimanyikwiro cakuti cuma ca Somalia cikulutilira kukura nangauli mu vigaŵa vinyake muli nkhondo.<ref name="Telfirm">{{cite news|author=Abdinasir Mohamed|author2=Sarah Childress|date=11 May 2010|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984|title=Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War, Shattered Economy|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Televizioni ya boma ya Somalia ndiyo yikupharazga pa TV. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 20, siteshoni iyi yikambaso pa Epulero 4, 2011. Wupu wa Radio Mogadishu nawo ukupeleka mauthenga kufuma ku msumba uwu. TV ya ku Somaliland na Puntland TV na Radio zikufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Kweniso, ku Somalia kuli mawayilesi ghanandi na mawayilesi. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Horn Cable Television na Universal TV. Manyuzipepara gha Xog Doon, Xog Ogaal, na Horyaal Sports ghakupharazga mu tawuni iyi. Kweniso pali manyuzipepara ghanandi agho ghakulemba nkhani za mu charu ichi, nga ni Garowe Online, Wardheernews, na Puntland Post. Chigaŵa cha pa Intaneti (country code top-level domain, ccTLD) cha Somalia ni.so. Pa Novembala 1, 2010 yikambaso kugwira ntchito. Boma la Japan ndilo likulemba makalata agha. Pa Malichi 22, 2012, nduna za boma la Somalia nazo zikakolerana na dango lakuyowoya vya mawupu. Ndondomeko iyi yikovwira kuti paŵe wupu wakuwona vya mawupu gha pa caru cose pa nkhani ya kwimba na kwimba. Mu Novembala 2013, pamanyuma pa Memorandum of Understanding iyo yikalembeka na Emirates Post mu Epulero chaka chenechichi, Unduna wa vya Makalata na Mafoni ukazengaso ofesi ya ku Somalia Postal Service (Somali Post). Mu Okutobala 2014, ofesi iyi yikambaso kupeleka makalata kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndondomeko ya kutumizga makalata iyi yikunozgekera mu vigaŵa vyose 18 vya mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Weekly Statement: Progress of the Somali Government|url=http://diplomat.so/2014/10/11/weekly-statement-progress-of-the-somali-government-3/|access-date=12 October 2014|agency=Diplomat News Network|date=11 October 2014|archive-date=14 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014202435/http://diplomat.so/2014/10/11/weekly-statement-progress-of-the-somali-government-3/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Somalia}} [[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Ancient cave paintings at the [[Laas Geel]], Hargeisa]] Ku Somalia kuli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta, nga ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale, milyango ya nyanja, vimaji, mapiri, na malo ghakutowa. Ntchito ya kwendakwenda yikulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya Ulendo. Vigaŵa vya Puntland na Somaliland vili na maofesi ghawo ghakwendakwenda. Bungwe la Tourism Association la ku Somalia (SOMTA) likupeleka ulongozgi ku ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi.<ref name="SOMTA">{{cite web|title=Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA)|url=http://somta.so/|publisher=Somali Tourism Association|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2015, Unduna wa Vyakwendakwenda na Vinyama wa ku South West State ukati ukukhumba kukhazikiska malo ghanyake ghakusungirako nyama. Boma la United States likucenjezga ŵalendo kuti ŵaleke kuluta ku Somalia. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuwona ni mphanji za Laas Geel izo zili na vinthu vyakuzengeka kufuma ku miyala; mapiri gha Cal Madow, Golis Mountains, na Ogo Mountains; maji gha Iskushuban na Lamadaya; Hargeisa National Park, Jilib National Park, Kismayo National Park, na Lag Badana National Park. ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Somalia|List of airports in Somalia}} [[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|The [[Aden Adde International Airport]]]] Misewu ya ku Somalia yili na utali wa makilomita 22,100. Mu 2000, misewu ya makilomita 2,608 yikaŵa ya pawaro ndipo makilomita 19,492 yikaŵa yambura pawaro. Msewu wa makilomita 750 (470 mi) ukukumana na matawuni ghakuru gha kumpoto kwa charu, nga ni Bosaso, Galkayo na Garowe, na matawuni gha kumwera. Boma la Somalia Civil Aviation Authority (SOMCAA) ni boma la Somalia ilo likuwona vya ndege. Pamanyuma pa nyengo yitali yakulamulirika na wupu wa Civil Aviation Caretaker Authority for Somalia (CACAS), wupu wa SOMCAA ukwenera kuwusa malo gha mu Somalia m'paka pa 31 Disembala 2013. Ku Somalia kuli ma eyapoti 62, ndipo 7 mwa ma eyapoti agha ghali na misewu. Pa malo agha, ghanayi ghali na misewu ya mamita ghakujumpha 3,047 (9,997 ft); ghaŵiri ghali pakati pa mamita 2,438 na 3,047 (7,999 na 9,997 ft) ndipo limoza lili na mamita 1,524 m'paka 2,437 (5,000 m'paka 7,995 ft). Pali ma eyapoti 55 agho ghalije malo ghakukwelera. Yimoza yili na mtunda wa mamita ghakujumpha 3,047; zinayi zili pakati pa mamita 2,438 na 3,047 mu utali; makumi ghaŵiri ghali na mtunda wa mamita 1,524 mpaka 2,437; makumi ghaŵiri na ghanayi ghali na mtunda wa mamita 914 mpaka 1,523; ndipo ghankhondi na limoza ghali pasi pa mamita 914. Malo ghakurughakuru gha ndege mu chalo ichi ni Aden Adde International Airport mu Mogadishu, Hargeisa International Airport mu Hargeisa, Kismayo Airport mu Kismayo, Baidoa Airport mu Baidoa, na Bender Qassim International Airport mu Bosaso. Ndege ya Somali Airlines yikakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 1964. Gulu ili likamara kugwira nchito mu nyengo ya nkhondo. Ndipouli, boma la Somalia ilo likambaso kuwusa likamba kunozgekera mu 2012 kuti ndege iyi yikwambireso kugwira ntchito, ndipo ndege yakwamba ya Somali Airlines yikeneranga kupelekeka kuumaliro wa Disembala 2013. Kuyana na wupu wakuwona vya malonda na vyamalonda wa ku Somalia, malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito chifukwa cha kujara kwa ndege iyi ghazuzgika na ndege zinyake za ku Somalia. Makampani gha ndege ghakujumpha ghankhondi na limoza ghakupeleka maulendo gha ndege ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni Daallo Airlines, Jubba Airways, African Express Airways, East Africa 540, Central Air na Hajara. Pakuti ku Somalia kuli nyanja yitali chomene pa charu chose, kuli maboma ghanandi. Malo ghakwendeskera vinthu pa nyanja ghali mu misumba ya Mogadishu, Bosaso, Berbera, Kismaayo na Merca. Paliso sitima yinyake ya pa nyanja. Wakapangika mu 2008, ndipo wakwendeska katundu.<ref name="factbook"/> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Somalia}} {{see also|List of cities in Somalia by population}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Ku Somalia kulije maukaboni ghakugomezgeka ghakukhwaskana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Charu ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 17.1 miliyoni mu 2021; unandi wa ŵanthu kuyana na kalembera wa 1975 ukaŵa 3.3 miliyoni. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2013 na 2014 na wupu wa United Nations Population Fund, wakalongora kuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 12,316,895. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 85 pa ŵanthu 100 awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi mba fuko la Chisomali. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, nga ni vigaŵa vya viŵeto, maufumu, mafumu, na misumba. Nkhondo ya mukati mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵafumemo mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Bravanese, Bantus, Bajuni, Ŵaetiyopiya (makamaka Ŵaoromo), Ŵayemeni, Ŵaindiya, Ŵaperesiya, Ŵaitaliya, na Ŵabritani. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantus, ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu Somalia, ndipo mbana ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakatoleka ku Africa na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Arabia na Somalia. Mu 1940, ku Italian Somaliland kukaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 50,000 ŵa ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakafumako ku Somalia ŵakati ŵajiyimira ŵekha.[[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Population per age group]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ku Western, nga ni United States (mwakudumura mu chigaŵa cha Minnesota) na United Kingdom (mwakudumura mu London), Sweden, Canada, Norway, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Australia, Switzerland, Austria, na Italy. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakunjilirapo comene pa ndyali na vinthu vya mu caru ici. Purezidenti wa Somalia, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, wakaŵa wa ku Somalia ndipo wakaŵa na wanangwa wa kukhala ku America. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Somalia ŵakukura na 1,75% pa caka, ndipo pa ŵanthu 1,000 ŵakubabika 40.87. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu Somalia ni ŵana 6.08 pa mwanakazi yumoza (kuyana na kafukufuku wa mu 2014), ndipo ni chachinayi pa charu chose, kuyana na CIA World Factbook. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha mbawukirano, ndipo ŵali na vyaka 17.7; ŵanthu 44% ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 0 na 14, 52.4% ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 64, ndipo 2.3% ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa 65 na kujumpha apa. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakuyana waka. Palije maukaboni ghakugomezgeka ghakulongora kuti mu Somalia muli misumba yinandi. Ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghakurughakuru ndipo ŵakukwaniska 4.79% pa chaka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko ghachoko ŵali kusama kufuma ku mizi kuluta ku misumba kufuma apo nkhondo yikambira, comenecomene ku Mogadishu na Kismaayo. Mu 2008, ŵanthu 37.7% mu charu ichi ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni.<ref name="factbook"/> ===Languages=== {{Main|Languages of Somalia}} Viyowoyero vya boma mu Somalia ni Chisomali na Chiarabic. Chiyowoyero cha ku Somalia ndicho ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakuyowoya. Chiyowoyero ichi chili mu gulu la viyowoyero vya Cushitic vya mu banja la viyowoyero vya Afro-Asia. ChiSomali ndicho ntchiyowoyero chakumanyikwa chomene pa viyowoyero vyose vya ku Kushiti, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasambirapo viyowoyero ivi pambere chaka cha 1900 chindafike.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lecarme|Maury|1987|p=22}}.</ref><ref>I. M. Lewis (1998) ''Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho'', Red Sea Press, p. 11, {{ISBN|1-56902-104-X}}.</ref><ref name="Frspc" /><ref name="factbook" /> [[File:Kaddare Alphabet Chart.jpg|thumb|The [[Kaddare alphabet|Kaddare]] writing script]] Viyowoyero vya ku Somalia vili kugaŵika mu magulu ghatatu: Northern, Benadir na Maay. Chiyowoyero cha Northern Somali (panji Northern-Central Somali) ndicho chili pakwamba kulemba chiyowoyero ichi. Chinenero cha Benadir (chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti ChiSomali cha m'mphepete mwa nyanja) chimayankhulidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Benadir, kuchokera ku Adale mpaka kumwera kwa Merca kuphatikizapo Mogadishu, komanso m'dera lakumbuyo. Viyowoyero vya mumphepete mwa nyanja vili na mazgu ghanyake agho mulije mu Chisomali. Chiyowoyero cha Maay chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Digil na Mirifle (Rahanweyn) awo ŵakukhala kumwera kwa Somalia. Chinenero cha Benadiri ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu charu ichi, mwakupambana na chiyowoyero cha Northern Somali icho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu Somaliland. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakupambanapambana pakulemba chiyowoyero cha Chisomali. Pa vilembo ivi, vilembo vya Chisamariya ndivyo vikugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, ndipo ndivyo vikulembeka mu boma la Somalia kufuma waka apo Wupu Wakulongozga ukaŵikapo mu Okutobala 1972. Chilembo ichi chikapangika na nkhwantha ya chiSomali Shire Jama Ahmed chomenechomene pa chiSomali, ndipo chikugwiliskira ntchito vilembo vyose vya chiLatin cha Chingelezi padera pa p, v na z. Padera pa cilembo ca ciLatini ca Ahmed, vilembo vinyake ivyo vyalembeka kwa vilimika vinandi kuti ŵalembe ciyowoyero ca Cisobali ni cilembo ca Ciarabu na ca Wadaad. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya Osmanya, Borama, na Kaddare. Padera pa Chisomali, Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene mu Somalia. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici cifukwa ca kukolerana na caru ca Ŵaarabu kwa vyaka vinandi, kweniso cifukwa ca nkhani za mu mabuku gha Cirabu, kweniso kusambizgika vya cisopa.<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov (2003) ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', Kِppe, pp. 70–71.</ref><ref>Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993) ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."</ref><ref>Fiona MacDonald et al. (2000) ''Peoples of Africa'', Vol. 10, Marshall Cavendish, p. 178.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya na kusambizga Cingelezi. Chiyowoyero ichi chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma mu chigaŵa cha British Somaliland ndipo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vinthu pa charu chose, sono chikuyowoyeka chomene mu Somalia. Chingelezi ndicho chikusambizgika pa ma yunivesite ghanandi mu Somalia, ndipo ni chiyowoyero chimoza mwa viyowoyero vikuruvikuru ivyo mabungwe ghambura vya boma ghakuchita mu Somalia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://somalia.savethechildren.net/|title=Somalia {{!}} Save the Children|website=somalia.savethechildren.net|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ri.org/reach/africa/somalia|title=Somalia|website=Relief International|language=en|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.care-international.org/where-we-work/somalia|title=Where We Work {{!}} Care International|website=www.care-international.org|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drc.ngo/where-we-work/east-africa/somalia|title=Somalia {{!}} DRC|website=drc.ngo|language=da-DK|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802100739/https://drc.ngo/where-we-work/east-africa/somalia|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chiitaliya chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma mu chigaŵa cha Italian Somaliland kweniso mu nyengo ya muwuso wa boma, kweni chikamba kuchepa chomene. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mazgu agha, kusazgapo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma na ŵanthu ŵakusambira.<ref name="Dubnov"/><ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵachoko ni Bravanese, chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuyowoya mu Swahili. ===Urban areas=== {{Largest cities of Somalia}} ===Religion=== {{bar box|float=right |title=[[Religion in Somalia]] 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=27 December 2013|page=49}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion|right1=Percent |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam in Somalia|Islam]]|green|99.8}} {{bar percent|Other|red|0.2}} }} {{Main|Religion in Somalia}} [[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Mosque of Islamic Solidarity]] in Mogadishu is the largest mosque in the Horn region]] Kuyana na wupu wa Pew Research Center, ŵanthu 99.8 pa 100 ŵaliwose mu Somalia Mbacisilamu.<ref name="Pew"/>Ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Sunni na cha Shafi'i. Chisopa cha Sufism, icho ntchisopa cha chisopa cha Chisilamu, nacho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa kusopa. Ndondomeko ya boma la Somalia yikulongosora kuti cisopa ca Cisilamu ni cisopa ca boma la Somalia, ndipo dango la Cisilamu la Sharia ndilo likulongozga malango gha caru. Kweniso likusambizga kuti palije dango ilo lingaŵa lakususkana na fundo za Sharia. Chisopa cha Cisilamu cikanjira mu cigaŵa ici mwaluŵiro comene, apo gulu la Ŵasilamu awo ŵakatambuzgikanga ŵakapenja malo ghakubisamamo kujumpha mu Nyanja Yiswesi mu mphinjika ya Africa cifukwa ca kuciskika na nchimi ya Cisilamu, Muhammad.<ref>Rafiq Zakaria (1991) ''Muhammad and The Quran,'' New Delhi: Penguin Books, pp. 403–4. {{ISBN|0-14-014423-4}}</ref> Ntheura, cisopa ca Ciisilamu cikwenera kuti cikamba mu Somalia pambere cisopa ici cindajinthe misisi mu caru ici. Kweniso, mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵali kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kusintha chomene masambiro gha Cisilamu mu caru ca Horn of Africa, Arabia, na kunyake. Pakati pa ŵasambizgi aŵa pakaŵa Uthman bin Ali Zayla'i wa ku Zeila, uyo wakalembako buku lakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya chisopa cha Chisilamu. Chikhristu ntchisopa cha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ku Somalia, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga chisopa ichi ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene kuluska 0.1% mu 2010. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mu Somalia muli Ŵakhristu pafupifupi 1,000. Mu caru cose ici, muli Diocese ya Mogadishu, iyo yikati mu 2004, mu caru ici mukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵa Katolika pafupifupi 100. Mu 1913, mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa boma la Britain, mu vigaŵa vya Somali, mukaŵavya Ŵakhristu. Mu nyengo yeneyiyi, mu Somaliland mukaŵavya ŵapharazgi ŵa Katolika. Mu ma 1970, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Marx ku Somalia, masukulu agho ghakaŵa gha matchalitchi ghakajalika ndipo ŵamishonale ŵakaŵatuma kukwawo. Kwamba mu 1989, mu caru ici mulije bishopu mulara, ndipo tchalitchi likuru la ku Mogadishu likaparanyika comene pa nyengo ya nkhondo. Mu Disembala 2013, Unduna wa vya Malango na Vyachisopa ukafumiskaso dango lakukanizga vikondwelero vya Chikhristu mu charu ichi. Kuyana na lipoti la Pew Research Center, mu 2010 ŵanthu ŵachoko waka pa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Somalia ndiwo ŵakalondezganga visopa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yinyake iyo yikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasambira mitheto iyi ku ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵa ku Southeast Africa. Kweniso, kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center, mu 2010 ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Somalia ŵakaŵa ŵa cisopa ca Ciyuda, Cihindu, Cibuddha, panji ŵa visopa vinyake.<ref name="Pew"/> ===Health=== {{Main|Healthcare in Somalia|Child marriage in Somalia}} [[File:Life expectancy in Somalia.svg|thumb|right|Life expectancy in Somalia, 1950 to 2019]] Mpaka apo boma la Somalia likamalira mu 1991, nduna ya vyaumoyo ndiyo yikalongozganga ndyali. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa munthavi ŵakaŵa na mazaza, kweni vyose vikendanga makora. Boma la Siad Barre, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa Somalia, likalekeska ntchito ya udokotala mu 1972. Ndalama zinandi izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa nkhondo zikapelekeka ku ŵasilikari. Ndondomeko ya vyaumoyo ya ku Somalia yikaparanyika comene mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya cikaya. Nga umo vikaŵira na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa vya boma kale, ŵapharazgi ŵambura kuzomerezgeka ŵanjira mu malo mwa boma ndipo ŵanjira m'malo mwa boma. Pa nyengo iyi, maofesi ghanandi gha munthavi, maofesi gha munthavi, vipatala, na madokotala ghapangika mu Somalia. Ndalama zakwendeskera maofesi agha ni zicoko comene, ni $5.72 pa ulendo umoza mu vipatala (pa ŵanthu awo ŵalipo 95 peresenti) na $1.89-$3.97 pa ulendo umoza wa pa cipatala na $7.83-$13.95 pa zuŵa mu vipatala vyakwambilira na vyapacanya. Para tingayaniska nyengo ya 2005 na 2010 na vyaka 50 pambere nkhondo yindambe (1985 na 1990), umoyo ukaŵa utali comene kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Mwakuyana waka, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa chaka chimoza awo ŵali kupokera munkhwala wakulwera nthenda ya nthomba chikakwera kufuma pa 30% mu 1985 kufika pa 40% mu 2000 m'paka mu 2005, ndipo chiŵelengero cha awo ŵali kupokera munkhwala wakulwera nthenda ya chikhoso cha TB chikakwera pafupifupi 20% kufuma pa 31% kufika pa 50% mu nyengo yeneyiyi.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Wbunses"/><ref name="Uhdrsom01" /><ref name="Wbunses">World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-2004. Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank.</ref><ref name="Uhdrsom01">UNDP (2001). Human Development Report 2001-Somalia. New York: UNDP.</ref><ref name="Udasom">{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Somalia |title=UNdata – Somalia |publisher=United Nations |date=20 September 1960 |access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/choice/country/som/cost/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626140831/http://www.who.int/choice/country/som/cost/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2006 |title=Estimates of Unit Costs for Patient Services for Somalia |publisher=World Health Organization |date=6 December 2010 |access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakababika ŵachoko chikakhira kufuma pa 16 pa ŵanthu 1,000 kufika pa 0.3, ndipo pa nyengo yeneyiyi chikachepa na 15%.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref>World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-1999. Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank.</ref> Pakati pa 2005 na 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵababa 1,000 chikakhira kufuma pa 152 kufika pa 109.6.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Udasom"/> Kufwa kwa ŵanakazi pa ŵana 100,000 kukakhira kufuma pa 1,600 pambere nkhondo yindambe mu 1985 m'paka 1990 kufika pa 1,100 mu 2000 m'paka 2005.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref>UNDP (2006). Human Development Report 2006. New York: UNDP.</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵadokotala pa ŵanthu 100,000 nacho chikakwera kufuma pa 3.4 kufika pa 4 mu nyengo yeneyiyi, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakutowa chikakwera kufuma pa 18% kufika pa 26%.<ref name="Uhdrsom01" /><ref name="Wbunses" /><ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Wbunses"/> Kuyana na umo wupu wa United Nations Population Fund ukulongosolera, ku Somalia kuli ŵamama 429 awo ŵakugwira ntchito ya wovwiri wa ŵanakazi. Pasono mu caru ici muli maofesi gha ŵabwezi 8, ndipo ghaŵiri mwa maofesi agha nga ŵanthu ŵekha. Mapulogiramu gha kusambizga ŵabwezi ghakutora myezi 12 m'paka 18. Ŵasambiri awo ŵanjira sukulu iyi ŵakukwana 100 peresenti, ndipo mu 2009 ŵakaŵa 180. Boma ndilo likulongozga ntchito iyi, ndipo munthu wakwenera kuŵa na layisensi. Kweniso pali kulembeska ŵabwezi awo ŵali na malayisensi. Kweniso, ŵamama awo ŵakovwira ŵanakazi awo ŵababa ŵana mu caru ici ŵakwimira wupu wa ŵamama awo ŵali na mamembara 350.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> [[File:Somali boy receives a polio vaccination.jpg|thumb|A Somali boy receiving a [[Polio vaccine|polio]] vaccination.]] Kuyana na ivyo wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukayowoya mu 2005, ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana 97.9% ŵa ku Somalia ŵakakomekanga na nthumbo. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakuchiska ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge nthena.<ref>Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby (1995) ''Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide'', Libraries Unlimited, p. 257, {{ISBN|1-56308-131-8}}.</ref><ref>Goldenstein, Rachel. "Female Genital Cutting: Nursing Implications". ''Journal of Transcultural Nursing''. 25.1 (2014): 95–101. Web. 19 February 2014.</ref> Kufika mu 2013, wupu wa UNICEF pamoza na boma la Somalia, ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵasungwana ŵa vyaka 1 m'paka 14 mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa Puntland na Somaliland chachepa kufika pa 25%. Ŵanalume pafupifupi 93% mu Somalia nawo ŵakukotoleka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf |title=Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis by Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, and Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Papers :: Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference|publisher= Center for International Development at Harvard University |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Charu cha Somalia chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi awo ŵali na HIV. Ici nchifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia mba Cisilamu ndipo ŵakulondezga malango gha Cisilamu. Nangauli mu 1987 (mu chaka icho ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakasangika na HIV mu Somalia) ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1% pa ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima, kweni lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2012 likuti kwamba mu 2004, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵanthu ŵakukwana 0.7% m'paka 1%. Nangauli sono wovwiri wa vyaumoyo wa ŵanthu wose uli ku chigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵekha, kweni boma likuwoneseska kuti wovwiri wa vyaumoyo wa ŵanthu wose uweleremo. Nduna ya vyaumoyo ni Qamar Adan Ali. Chigaŵa cha Puntland chili na Unduna wa vya Umoyo, ndipo chigaŵa cha Somaliland chili na Unduna wa vya Umoyo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://somalilandgov.com/govt-ministries/|title=Somaliland – Government Ministries |publisher=Somalilandgov.com |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni East Bardera Mothers and Children's Hospital, Abudwak Maternity and Children's Hospital, Edna Adan Maternity Hospital na West Bardera Maternity Unit. ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Somalia}}<!-- northwest; northeast and south-central below --> Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikacitika mu 1991, makomiti ghakusambizga ŵanthu agho ghakaŵako mu masukulu 94 pa 100 mu Somalia, ndigho ghakamba kwendeska masukulu. Pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi pa nkhani ya masambiro mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi na ku ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wuwo, masambiro ghawemi, masambiro gha ku masukulu ghakovwira, masambiro gha pa sukulu, ndondomeko na ndondomeko za masambiro, mauteŵeti, na ndalama. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo ili, ŵakucita ndondomeko za masambiro izo zikovwira kuti masambiro ghamare makora. Mu chigaŵa cha Puntland, dango ili likusazgapo ndondomeko ya masambiro iyo yikukolerana na fundo za pa caru cose, nga umo viliri mu Covenant on the Rights of the Child (CRC) na Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Viyelezgero vinyake ivyo vikulongora umo boma la chigaŵa ili likuchitira pa nkhani ya masambiro ni malango agho ghakovwira ŵana ŵasungwana kuti ŵasambire makora, kovwirapo pa ntchito ya kusambizga ŵana kuti ŵambe kusambira makora, kweniso kuti ŵapapi na awo ŵakuŵapwelelera ŵafike ku nyumba zawo kweniso ku malo ghakusambizgirako ŵana ŵa vyaka 0 m'paka 5, kweniso kukhozga ŵasambizgi kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito ku mizi yakutali. Unduna wa vya masambiro ndiwo uli na udindo wa masambiro mu Somalia, ndipo ukuwona vya masukulu gha ku pulayimale, sekondare, ma technical na ma vocational, kweniso masukulu gha masukulu gha ku pulayimale na ma technical na masukulu gha ku sukulu. Pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya ndalama izo boma likupeleka ku sukulu. Vigaŵa vya Puntland na Somaliland vili na maofesi ghawo gha vya masambiro. Mu 2006, Puntland yikaŵa chigaŵa chachiŵiri mu Somalia pamanyuma pa Somaliland kukhazikiska masukulu ghapachanya ghaulere, ndipo ŵasambizgi sono ŵakupokera malipiro ghawo ku boma la Puntland. Kufuma mu 2005/2006 m'paka mu 2006/2007, mu Puntland mukaŵa masukulu ghanandi, ndipo ghakaŵapo 137. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo pera, mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa masukulu 504 ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵanyake 762 ŵakasazgikira. Ŵana ŵasungwana ndiwo ŵakaluta panthazi chomene pa ŵana ŵanalume mu vigaŵa vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalembeskanga mu sukulu izi mu chigaŵa cha Bari, icho chili kumpoto chomene kwa charu ichi. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakasambiranga mu matawuni ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakasambizganga mu matawuni.<ref name="Basic education survey">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Mid-year Review Education Program |url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/BES_presentation2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205150949/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/BES_presentation2007.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=Puntland Ministry of Education and UNICEF Somalia}}</ref>[[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|[[Mogadishu University]]'s main campus in Mogadishu.]] Pasono masambiro ghapacanya mu Somalia ni gha ŵanthu ŵekha. Masukulu ghakupambanapambana mu chalo ichi, kusazgapo Yunivesite ya Mogadishu, ghalembeka pakati pa masukulu ghapachanya gha 100 mu Africa nangauli vinthu vili makora yayi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti ni viwemi chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kusambira.<ref name="Somtroap">{{cite web |title=Somalia: The Resilience of a People |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112218/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4693 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=30 December 2010 |publisher=The African Executive}}</ref> Maunivesite ghanyake agho ghakusambizga masambiro ghapachanya kumwera ni Benadir University, Somalia National University, Kismaayo University na University of Gedo. Ku Puntland, masambiro ghapachanya ghakupika na Yunivesite ya Puntland State na East Africa University. Ku Somaliland, sukulu iyi yikupelekeka na Yunivesite ya Amoud, Yunivesite ya Hargeisa, Yunivesite ya Technology ya Somaliland na Yunivesite ya Burao. Sukulu za Qur'anic (izo zikumanyikwaso kuti dugsi quran panji mal'aamad quran) zikulutilira kuŵa nthowa yakusambizgira visopa mu Somalia. Ŵakusambizga ŵana visambizgo vya Cisilamu, ndipo ŵakuŵa na udindo wa cisopa na wa mtende mu caru ici. Ŵakumanyikwa kuti ni masukulu ghakusambizga vya cisopa na makhaliro ghawemi agho ghakukhazikika comene pa malo agha. Ndondomeko ya Qur'an, iyo yikusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi chomene pakuyaniska na vigaŵa vinyake vya masambiro, kanandi ndiyo njekha yikovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakusama. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakacitika mu 1993, wakalongora kuti pa ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa Koran, pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa ŵasungwana. Pakukhumba kumazga suzgo la visambizgo vya cisopa, boma la Somalia likambiska Unduna wa vya Chisopa na Nkhani za Cisilamu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~ginie/somalia/pdf/koran.pdf |title=Koranic School Project|access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Somalia}} ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Somali cuisine}} [[File:Somali food.jpg|thumb|Various types of popular [[Somali cuisine|Somali dishes]]]] Vyakurya vya ku Somalia vikupambana mu vigaŵa na vigaŵa. Ndico cifukwa cakuti mu Somalia muli malonda ghanandi. Nangauli vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kweni pali cinthu cimoza ico cikukolerana na vyakurya vya mu vyaru ivi. Ntheura, palije vyakurya vya nyama ya nkhumba, palije moŵa, palije cakurya ico cikufwa yekha, ndipo palije ndopa izo zikuŵikika. Kanandi cakurya ca Qaddo panji ca mise cikuŵa cakunowa comene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya mpunga wakuchemeka 'bariis.' Vyakununkhira nga ni kumini, cardamom, cloves, sinamoni, na salvia, vikusazgirako vyakununkhira ku vyakurya ivi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakurya cakurya ca mise para pajumpha maora 9. Mu nyengo ya Ramadan, chakurya cha mise kanandi chikupelekeka pamanyuma pa malurombo gha Tarawih; nyengo zinyake mpaka 11 koloko mise. 'Xalwo' (halva) ni cakumwa cakunowa ico ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya pa viphikiro vyapadera nga ni Eid panji ukwati. Yikuŵako kufuma ku chiŵiya cha chimanga, shuga, makhadamomu, nutmeg, na ghee. Nyengo zinyake ŵakusazgako phere kuti liŵe liwemi.<ref>Barlin Ali (2007) ''Somali Cuisine'', AuthorHouse, p. 79, {{ISBN|1-4259-7706-5}}.</ref> Para ŵanthu ŵarya, ŵakutemwa kununkhira na vyakununkhira vya lubani (lubaan) panji vyakununkhira (cuunsi). ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Somalia}} Charu cha Somalia chili na sumu zinandi izo zikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Sumu zinandi za ku Somalia zikuŵa na sumu za pentatonic. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito tuvizingo tuchoko waka pa octave, mwakupambana na tuvizingo tuchokotuchoko (tuŵiri) nga ni major scale. Pakudanga kupulika, sumu za ku Somalia zingawoneka nga ni za ku vigaŵa vyapafupi nga ni Ethiopia, Sudan panji Arabia, kweni paumaliro zikumanyikwa na sumu zake na masitayelo ghake. Sumu za ku Somalia kanandi zikulembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mazgu (midho), awo ŵakulemba sumu (laxan) na ŵakwimba (codka panji "mazgu").<ref>{{Harvnb|Abdullahi|2001|pp=170–1}}.</ref> ===Literature=== {{Main|Literature of Somalia}} Ŵasayansi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakasambira mabuku ghanandi gha Chisilamu kwa vyaka vinandi. Mu 1972, apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya Chilatini, ŵalembi ŵanandi ŵa ku Somalia ŵakalemba mabuku ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa pa charu chose. Pa ŵalembi aŵa, Nuruddin Farah ndiyo wakumanyikwa comene. Mabuku nga ni From a Crooked Rib na Links ghakuwoneka nga ni mabuku ghakuzirwa, ndipo ghakamovwira kuti wapokere chawanangwa cha 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lettre-ulysses-award.org/authors03/farah.html |title=Lettre Ulysses Award for the Art of Reportage – Nuruddin Farah |publisher=Lettre-ulysses-award.org |access-date=30 December 2010}}</ref> Faarax M.J. Munthu munyake wa ku Somalia uyo wakamanyikwa na buku ili wakati: "Kumanya yayi ni mulwani wa chitemwa". ===Sports=== [[File:Bile Abdi (482x321).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abdi Bile]], Somalia's most decorated athlete and holder of the most national records.|alt=]] {{Main|Sports in Somalia}} Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Somalia. Mpikisano waku Somalia ndi League ndi Somalia Cup, pomwe timu ya mpira waku Somalia imasewera padziko lonse lapansi. Mu caru ici mukucitikaso maseŵero gha basketball. FIFA Africa Championship 1981 yikachitikira ku Mogadishu kwambira pa 15 mpaka 23 December 1981. Gulu ili likuchitaso maseŵera gha basketball pa Pan Arab Games. Mu 2013, timu ya chalo cha Somalia ya bandy yikapangika ku Borlänge. Mu vyaru vya martial arts, Faisal Jeylani Aweys na Mohamed Deq Abdulle ŵa timu ya taekwondo ya chalo cha Indonesia ŵakatora mendulo ya siliva na malo ghachinayi, pa 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup ku Tongeren. Komiti ya Olimpiki ya ku Somalia yili kunozga pulogiramu yapadera kuti yikovwire kuti maseŵero gha munthazi ghamare makora. Kweniso, Mohamed Jama wali kuwina maudindo gha pa charu chose na Europe mu K-1 na Thai Boxing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=Malta Independent|date=10 February 2010}}</ref> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Somali architecture}} [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|The [[Citadel]] of [[Gondershe]]]] Nyumba zakuzenga za ku Somalia ni nyumba zakuzenga izo zili na vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni misumba yakuzengeka na malibwe, nyumba zachifumu, vigongwe, vigongwe, masisiteri, mausoleya, tempile, vigongwe, vikhuni, malibwe ghakunyang'amira, malibwe ghakurughakuru, ma menhirs, dolmens, ma malaro, ma tumulus, ma stele, ma cistern, ma aqueducts, na majini. Mu nyumba iyi muli vinthu vya mu nyengo yakale, vyaka vyapakati, na vyaka vyakwambilira. Kale ku Somalia, ŵanthu ŵakasunganga vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni mapiramidi. Nyumba zikazengekanga na malibwe ghakuyana na agho ŵakazenganga ku Eguputo. Paliso viyelezgero vya maluŵaza na viliŵa vikuruvikuru vya malibwe ivyo vikazingilizga malo ghakukhalamo ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakati ŵamba kugomezga chisopa cha Chiisilamu, ŵakakhwaskika na vinthu vya ku Arabia na Peresiya. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kuzenga nyumba mu malibwe ghakukhoma na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na malibwe agha. Nyumba zinandi izo ŵakazenganga, nga ni masisiteri, ŵakazenganga pa malo agho pakaŵa nyumba zakale.<ref>{{Harvnb|Abdullahi|2001|p=102}}.</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Somalia|Africa|Countries}} * [[Outline of Somalia]] * [[Index of Somalia-related articles]]{{-}} ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} ==Mabuku== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last= Abdullahi |first= Mohamed Diriye |year= 2001 |title= Culture and Customs of Somalia |location= Westport,&nbsp;CT |publisher= [[Greenwood Press]] |isbn= 978-0-313-31333-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri }} * {{Cite journal |last= Alpers |first= Edward A. |year= 1976 |title= Gujarat and the Trade of East Africa, c. 1500–1800 |journal=[[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–44 |doi= 10.2307/217389 |jstor= 217389 }} * {{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke <!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --> |year= 2009 |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4}} * {{Cite book |last= Laitin |first= David D. |year= 1977 |title= Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience |location= Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1= Lecarme |first1= Jacqueline |last2= Maury |first2= Carole |year= 1987 |title= A Software Tool for Research in Linguistics and Lexicography: Application to Somali |journal= Computers and Translation |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131 |s2cid= 6515240 }} * Mauri, Arnaldo, ''Somalia'', in G, Dell'Amore (ed.), "Banking Systems of Africa", Cariplo-Finafrica, Milan, 1971, pp.&nbsp;209–217.[http://ssrn.com/abstract=958442 Banking Development in Somalia] * {{Cite book |last= Samatar |first= Said S. |year= 1982 |title = Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism |location= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9 }} * {{Cite book |last= Schraeder |first= Peter J. |year= 2006 |chapter= From Irredentism to Secession: The Decline of Pan-Somali Nationalism |title= ''In Lowell W. Barrington, ed.,'' After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States ''(pp.&nbsp;107–137)'' |location= Ann Arbor, MI |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9 }} * Shay, Shaul. ''Somalia in Transition Since 2006.'' Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2014. * {{Cite book |last= Warmington |first= Eric Herbert |year= 1995 |title= The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India |publisher= South Asia Books |isbn= 81-215-0670-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Zolberg |first1= Aristide R. |last2= Suhrke |first2= Astri |last3= Aguayo |first3= Sergio |author3-link= Sergio Aguayo |year= 1989 |title= Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World |location= New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-505592-4 }} * {{cite book |author1=A. Rosati|author2=A. Tewolde|author3=C. Mosconi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av8qvZ-0sHUC&pg=PA169|title=Animal Production and Animal Science Worldwide|date=2007|publisher=Wageningen Academic Pub|isbn=978-90-8686-034-0|page=169}} {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Somalia|voy=Somalia}} * {{wikiatlas|Somalia}} * [http://www.somaligov.net/ Federal Government of Somalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408021606/http://www.somaligov.net/ |date=8 April 2015 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250822103819/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ Somalia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{GovPubs|somalia}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Somalia}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094503 Somalia profile] from [[BBC News]] {{Somalia}} {{Somalia topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Somali Plate}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Countries bordering the Red Sea}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}} {{Arab League}} {{Non-Aligned Movement}} {{African Union}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)}} }} {{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} {{Authority control}} <!-- lowest per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - country subcat under regional parent categories --> [[Category:Somalia| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Somalia]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Somali is an official language]] 0dnj999vh8ln7s4wlj1lh1c3rl0onu6 0 7037 116223 26653 2026-06-03T00:58:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116223 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mogadishu.png|thumb|300x300px]] '''Mogadishu''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha [[Somalia]]. {{Somalia}} [[Category:Somalia]] itlnmoaeh2crl0toabo5f96ivxqxumd 0 7046 116224 23411 2026-06-03T00:58:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HargeisaDrone.jpg|thumb|261x261px]] '''Hargeisa''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha [[Somaliland]]. {{Somalia}} [[Category:Somaliland]] iwz2h07n8is8hkza0ivn2vrxdvwhhzx 0 30235 116219 79541 2026-06-03T00:46:07Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 116219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Zulu-based pidgin of South Africa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}} {{Infobox language|name=Fanakalo|nativename=Pidgin Zulu|region=Southern Africa-KwaZulu-Natal|speakers=L1: none|date=2022|ref=e25|speakers2=[[L2 speakers]]: 5,000<ref name=e25/>|speakers_label=Speakers|family=[[Pidgin|Pidginisation]] of [[Zulu language|Zulu]]|dia1=Chilapalapa|dia2=Zulu|familycolor=Pidgin|iso3=fng|glotto=fana1235|glottorefname=Fanagalo|guthrie=S40A|lingua=99-AUT-fh}} '''Fanagalo''', panji '''Fanakalo''', ni chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chomene mu chiyowoyero cha [[ChiZulu|Zulu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mesthrie|first=Rajend|date=2007|title=Differentiating Pidgin from Early Interlanguage – A Comparison of Pidgin Nguni (Fanakalo) and Interlanguage Varieties of Xhosa and Zulu|journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies|language=en|volume=25|pages=75–89|doi=10.2989/16073610709486447|s2cid=144973893}}</ref> Chiyowoyero ichi chikuyowoyeka chomene mu vyaru vya South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Zambia, na Zimbabwe. Nangauli likuyowoyeka nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri pera, kweni mu 1975 ŵanthu "ŵakukwana vikwi vinandi" ndiwo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici. Apo charu cha South Africa chikamba kujiyimira pawekha, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuyowoya Chingelezi, ndipo chikaŵa chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga. == Viyowoyero == Zina lakuti "Fanakalo" likufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Nguni icho chikuchemeka fana-ga-lo. Zina linyake la zina ili ni Fanagalo na Fanekolo. Likumanyikwaso kuti Isikula, Lololo panji Isilololo, Piki panji Isipiki, na Silunguboi. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵavya ciyowoyero cakulembeka, cilembo ca Fanagalo cikaŵa cakukolerana yayi. Nga umo vikuŵira na chiyowoyero cha ku Turkey, chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo chikuŵa na mavowel ghanandi. Mu viyowoyero vya Ŵanguni, chilembo chakwamba Mu- panji Ma- chikung'anamura munthu yumoza, apo Bu- panji Ba- chikung'anamura ŵanthu ŵanandi, ntheura Muntu = mwanalume; Bantu = ŵanalume, chomenechomene para ŵakuyowoya za mafuko. Ma-tabele. Mwakuyana waka, chilembo chakwamba Chi- panji Si- chikulongora chiyowoyero icho fuko ili likayowoyanga. Mwachiyelezgero, ŵanalume ŵa fuko la Lozi ŵakuchemeka Ba-rotse (kulemba kwawo nkhuyana yayi), ndipo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Si-lozi. Ntheura chi-lapa-lapa ni "chilankhulo" icho chili kufuma ku lapa = "pali", ndipo chikuŵa na mazgu ghakuwerezgawerezga. == Mbiri na kugwiliskira nchito == Fanagalo ni chiyowoyero chimoza mwa viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Africa ivyo vikamba kuyowoyeka mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Chiyowoyero ichi chikuchemekaso kuti chiyowoyero cha migodi icho ŵantchito ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵamazge suzgo la chiyowoyero. Tikumanya makora yayi umo chiyowoyero ichi chikapangikira chifukwa pali vigomezgo vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Fanakalo wakapangika chifukwa cha ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana (awo ŵakafuma ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana mu South Africa na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi) awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi ya migodi m'ma 1800. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, viyowoyero ivi vikasazgikana ndipo chiyowoyero chinyake chikamba kusangika kuti ŵagege suzgo la ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu migodi. Fanakalo yikathandazgika mu caru cose ndiposo kumwera kwa Africa. Ntheura, chiyowoyero cha Fanakalo chikayowoyekanga nga ni "chiyowoyero cha kukumana nacho" mu migodi pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku mafuko ghakupambanapambana mu South Africa na vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu Southern Africa, kweniso pakati pa ŵantchito na ŵantchito [Afirikaans na English speaking] Ŵachizungu, na ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Europe (nga ni Ŵapwitikizi, Ŵapoli na Ŵachijeremani) awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa Fanakalo ŵayowoyenge mu migodi. Kweni ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakususka fundo iyi chifukwa chakuti chiyowoyero cha Fanakalo ntcha Chizulu ndipo chikuyowoyeka mu chiyowoyero cha Afrikaans na Chingelezi. Kweni mazgu agho ŵali kuboleka mu viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi na vyaru vinyake ivyo vili pafupi na charu ichi (nga ni Mozambique, Zimbabwe, na vinyake) ghakumanyikwa yayi. Fundo yinyake iyo Adendorff na ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakayowoya njakuti chiyowoyero cha Fanakalo chikafuma ku Natal. Chiyowoyero ichi chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakakhalanga ku Natal na ŵa ku Afrika ŵakafika ku Natal kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, kukiza ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku England. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti chiyowoyero cha Pidgin chikamba chifukwa cha suzgo la kudumbiskana. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi na ŵantchito ŵa ku India awo ŵakaŵatolera ku Natal na ŵamazaza ŵa Britain. Kweni tikwenera kumanya kuti chiyowoyero ichi chikukolerana yayi na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku India. Nakuti viyowoyero vya ku India vikaŵa vyambura kuzirwa pa nkhani ya ndalama. Fanakalo wakasambizgikanga mu migodi ya golide apo ŵanalume ŵa ku Zulu ŵakafumanga ku Natal kuluta ku Witwatersrand kukagwira nchito mu migodi. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakususkana na fundo iyi chifukwa chakuti, kasi vikenda wuli kuti chiyowoyero cha Pidgin kufuma ku Natal chisangike ku migodi ya golide ku Witwatersrand na migodi ya dayamondi ku Kimberly, kweni vikulongora kuti pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Zulu (awo ŵakalutilira kukwera) kufuma ku Natal kuluta ku chigaŵa cha Transvaal na Cape (ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku Orange Free State) kukagwirako ntchito mu migodi iyo yikukhozgera fundo iyi chifukwa migodi yinandi mu South Africa yili mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Sotho na Tswana ndiwo ŵakendeskanga chomene, kweni kulije lizgu nanga ndimoza mu chiyowoyero cha Fanakalo ilo lili kufuma ku viyowoyero viŵiri ivi kweniso ku viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu kufuma ku South Africa na vyaru vinyake vyapafupi. Adendorff wakalongosora mitundu yiŵiri ya ciyowoyero ici, Mine Fanagalo na Garden Fanagalo. Zina laumaliro ili likung'anamura ŵateŵeti ŵa mu nyumba. Pakwamba ŵakachemekanga Kitchen Kaffir. Fanagalo na Kitchen Kaffir wose ŵakawovwira kuti chiyowoyero chiŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi, chifukwa Kitchen Kaffir yikapangika kuti yapambaniskenge ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi na ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi. (Mu caru ca South Africa, lizgu lakuti "kaffir" likagwiranga nchito nga ni lizgu lakuyuyura ŵanthu ŵafipa, ndipo sono likuwoneka kuti ndakukhozga soni comene. Lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu Lachihebere lakuti Kafir, kung'anamura wambura kugomezga.) Pali vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikapangiska kuti chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo chileke kuŵa chiyowoyero chikuru. Caciŵiri, ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuyowoya ciyowoyero ca Fanagalo, ico cikang'anamuranga kuti mu mbumba mukaŵavya ciyowoyero ici ndipo kukaŵavya nthowa zinandi zakupharazgira ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ici. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 mu South Africa, boma likayezgayezga kukhozga chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo kuti chiŵe chiyowoyero chachiŵiri. Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, makampani gha migodi ghakamba kuleka kuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo. Kweniso, pakaŵa kuyezgayezga kukhozga ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi mu vigaŵa ivyo Fanagalo yikagwiranga nchito comene. Ravyse (2018) wakulongosora umo Fanagalo wakukanira kususka fundo za boma, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kumususka. Fanagalo wali kukolerana na mitheto ya makampani gha migodi, ndipo kuti walutilire, vikuthemba pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya ciyowoyero ici, m'malo mwa ndondomeko ya makampani. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito viŵiya vya Fanagalo viŵi yayi, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuviwona kuti ni vyakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya migodi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Fangalo ŵakaŵa ŵakukolerana chomene, ntheura ŵakakana kuti chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi chiŵepo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ravyse|first=Natasha|date=2018|title=Against All Odds: The Survival of Fanagalo in South African Mines|journal=Language Matters|language=en|volume=49|pages=3–24|doi=10.1080/10228195.2018.1440319|s2cid=150025140}}</ref> Adendorff wakulongosora kuti Fanagalo wali na vilato viheni ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku South Africa. Ndipouli, wakuyowoya kuti nyengo zinyake Fanagalo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakati pa ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa, comenecomene awo ŵali ku caru cinyake, kulongora kuti ŵali ku South Africa ndiposo kuti ŵakulongora kuti mbakukolerana. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cifurikansi, nanga ni awo ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Rhodesia ŵakalutanga ku Lourenço Marques ku Mozambique (uko sono ni Maputo). Pali mabuku ghacoko waka, malangizi na madikishonare agho ghalembeka pa nkhani ya Fanagalo.<ref>Cole, Desmond T. "Fanagalo and the Bantu languages in South Africa." ''African Studies'' 12, no. 1 (1953): 1-9.</ref><ref>Bold, J. D. ''Fanagalo: Phrase-book Grammar Dictionary''. JL van Schaik, 1990.</ref> Vikuwoneka kuti ŵantchito Ŵachizungu ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mabuku agha kuluska awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu. == Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mu viyowoyero vinyake == Fanagalo ya ku South Africa na Zimbabwe yikuthemba pa mazgu gha Chizulu (pafupifupi 70%), na Chingelezi (pafupifupi 25%) na mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma mu ChiAfrikaans (5%). Lizgu ili likuyana yayi na lizgu la Cizulu, ndipo likuyana waka na lizgu la Cingelezi. Adendorff wakulongosora kuti Mine Fanagalo na Garden Fanagalo ni viyowoyero vyakuyana waka. Iyo wakuti munda wa Fanagalo ukwenera kuwoneka nga uli ku chigaŵa cha Chingelezi, ndipo Mine Fanagalo wakwenera kuwoneka kufupi na chigaŵa cha Zulu. Mtundu uwu ku Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) ukuchemeka Chilapalapa ndipo ukukhwaskika na chiyowoyero cha Shona, apo ku Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) ukuchemeka Cikabanga (wakuchemeka Chikabanga), ndipo nyengo zinyake wakuchemeka Bemba. Pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupambaniska chiyowoyero cha Fanagalo na viyowoyero vya Nguni (nga ni Chizulu na Chixhosa). Lo wakuŵa waka chilembo chakulongora umo vinthu viliri mu Chizulu. Lapha likung'anamura "pano", kweniso likung'anamura "pali" para lizgu lakwamba lalembeka, ndipo likuyowoyaso kuti malo. (Ici cikung'anamura kuti "pa", "pafupi", na vinyake.) Kweni mu Cizulu, lizgu lakuti lapha likung'anamura "pano". Kweniso, Fanagalo wakugwiliskira nchito vimanyikwiro vya wanangwa pera: mina, thina, wena, ena, kung'anamura "ine, ise, imwe, iyo/iye/iwo". Ŵazulu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vimanyikwiro pera pakudidimizgira, ndipo ŵakuthemba vilembo ivyo vikulongora umo mazgu gha chiyowoyero ichi ghakugwilira ntchito. Nyengo iyo yajumpha ya viyowoyero vya viyowoyero ivi yikuŵa na lizgu lakuti -ile (hamba "Nkhuluta, nkhuluta!", hambile "Nkhuluta"), ndipo kunthazi kuli lizgu lakuti azi (azi hamba "nkhuluta"). Wonani viyelezgero viŵiri (makalata ghose ghakuzunulika):- {{lang|fng|Koki Lobin}} Cock Robin {{lang|fng|Zonke nyoni lapa moyo ena kala, ena kala}} All birds of air, they cried, they cried {{lang|fng|Ena izwile ena file lo nyoni Koki Lobin}} They heard the death the bird Cock Robin {{lang|fng|Ena izwile, ena file, ena izwile ena file Cocky Lobin.}} {{lang|fng|Kubani ena bulalile Koki Lobin?}} Who they killed Cock Robin {{lang|fng|Mina kruma lo Sparrow}} Me, said the sparrow {{lang|fng|Na lo picannin bow and arrow kamina}} With the little bow & arrow of mine {{lang|fng|Mina bulalile Koki Lobin.}} I killed Cock Robin {{lang|fng|TANDAZO'}} (The Lord's Prayer)<poem>{{lang|fng|Baba ga tina, Wena kona pezulu,}} Father of ours, You are above< {{lang|fng|Tina bonga lo Gama ga wena; }} We thank (for) the name of you<br /> {{lang|fng|Tina vuma lo mteto ga wena Lapa mhlaba, fana na pezulu. Niga tina namuhla lo zinkwa yena izwasisa;}} Give us today etc., etc... {{lang|fng|Futi, yekelela masono gatina, Loskati tina yekelela masono ga lomunye. Hayi letisa tina lapa lo cala; Kodwa, sindisa tina ku lo bubi, Ndaba Wena kona lo-mteto, lo mandla, na lo dumela, Zonkeskat. Amen.}} </poem> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Pidgin|Pidgin]] * [[:en:Creole_language|Creole language]] * [[:en:Tsotsitaal|Tsotsitaal]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> * {{Cite book|last=Adendorff|first=Ralph|title=Language in South Africa|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79105-2|language=en|chapter=Fanakalo – a Pidgin in South Africa}} * Lunga, Violet Bridget (2004). "Mapping African Postcoloniality: Linguistic and Cultural Spaces of Hybridity". ''Perspectives on Global Development and Technology''. '''3''' (3): 291–326. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:10.1163/1569150042442502. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] 1569-1500 * Mesthrie, Rajend (2019-08-27). "Fanakalo as a mining language in South Africa: A new overview". ''International Journal of the Sociology of Language''. '''2019''' (258): 13–33. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:10.1515/ijsl-2019-2027. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] 0165-2516. * == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == # https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/fanakalo-language-mining-culture # https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321276626_Fanakalo * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230329132739/http://salanguages.com/fanagalo/ South African Language: Fanagalo] * [http://www.bablefishfx.com/english-to-fanagalo-translator/ Fanagalo translation] * [http://burawoy.berkeley.edu/Books/Color/Six.pdf] {{Languages of Zimbabwe}}{{Languages of South Africa}} btu2avbvbj7h33s6ae8x91t8s1ha58f 0 47516 116196 2026-06-02T12:33:48Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Karlovy Vary]] kwa [[Czechia]]. Lili na ŵanthu 12,683 (2026).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011537/http://www.dgeec.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/proyeccion%20nacional/Proyeccion%20Distrital.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Czechia]]" 116196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Karlovy Vary]] kwa [[Czechia]]. Lili na ŵanthu 12,683 (2026).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011537/http://www.dgeec.gov.py/Publicaciones/Biblioteca/proyeccion%20nacional/Proyeccion%20Distrital.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Czechia]] odt3hwp8mi9zh1bueunvst2aqqhcc1u 0 47517 116197 2026-06-02T12:37:13Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Moravia-Silesia]] kwa [[Czechia]]. Lili na ŵanthu 249 (2025).<ref>https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/population-of-municipalities-t4l3n8d2iw</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Czechia]]" 116197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Moravia-Silesia]] kwa [[Czechia]]. Lili na ŵanthu 249 (2025).<ref>https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/population-of-municipalities-t4l3n8d2iw</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Czechia]] 2ybsqsfbviron0txo7s5228raus6hb0 0 47518 116198 2026-06-02T12:40:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[Republika Srpska]] kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. Lili na ŵanthu 171 (2013).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204747/http://nasbih.com/village/221279</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]]" 116198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[Republika Srpska]] kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. Lili na ŵanthu 171 (2013).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204747/http://nasbih.com/village/221279</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] 00b4zvmmlm0fzxgzcconn6i1rnt13pi 0 47519 116199 2026-06-02T12:48:34Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Trn''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Velika Kladuša]], [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]], [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. Lili na ŵanthu 376 (2013). [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]]" 116199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Trn''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Velika Kladuša]], [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]], [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. Lili na ŵanthu 376 (2013). [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] t31jvj5hm6y6vk8fzvmu05w700jbtbw 116200 116199 2026-06-02T12:49:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Trn''' ni muzi cha [[boma la Velika Kladuša]], [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]], [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. Lili na ŵanthu 376 (2013). [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] rd79tfdcff8m908rarqi7ricssnfud6 0 47520 116201 2026-06-02T12:53:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} [[File:FBIH_outline.png|right|230px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Republika Srpska]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]]" 116201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:FBIH_outline.png|right|230px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Republika Srpska]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] pf0y76jrnv5yj1evc5tec4v3sf33yif 116202 116201 2026-06-02T12:53:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:FBIH_outline.png|right|230px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano cha [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Republika Srpska]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] tkdjwtly0wfez5n8yrihguqa1siwyj1 116203 116202 2026-06-02T12:53:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:FBIH_outline.png|right|230px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Republika Srpska]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] pf0y76jrnv5yj1evc5tec4v3sf33yif 116204 116203 2026-06-02T12:54:54Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FBIH_outline.png|right|230px]] {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Republika Srpska]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] r8g32zdsc9yfqol5kuyaq2s3ma1kr2u 116205 116204 2026-06-02T12:55:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/116204|116204]] by [[Special:Contributions/Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|talk]]) 116205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:FBIH_outline.png|right|230px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Republika Srpska]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] pf0y76jrnv5yj1evc5tec4v3sf33yif 116258 116205 2026-06-03T04:08:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:FBIH_outline.png|right|230px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Republika Srpska]]. {{Bosnia na Herzegovina}} [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] 2yezdsteq1aageg4podin5hdheblrck 0 47521 116206 2026-06-02T12:56:32Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Republika_Srpska_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|right|235px]] {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]]" 116206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Republika_Srpska_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|right|235px]] {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] obl24h8sxnbbjrhiwng7x5wtatipv60 116207 116206 2026-06-02T12:57:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Republika_Srpska_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|right|235px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] ch996cryoho8pscr1o6nm6i1keg6e6g 116208 116207 2026-06-02T12:57:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Republika_Srpska_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|right|240px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] jiveg9q3sxeplhs4hqux7rm2h4s8ztu 116259 116208 2026-06-03T04:08:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Republika_Srpska_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|right|240px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni chimoza mwa viŵiri vigaŵa vya mgwirizano kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], linyake likaŵa [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. {{Bosnia na Herzegovina}} [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] rkqdafw0ttvoc0yjuoz3snf9dwbsg6s 0 47522 116209 2026-06-02T13:02:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} [[File:Brcko_District_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|right|240px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma lakujilamulira kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]]" 116209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Brcko_District_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|right|240px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma lakujilamulira kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] p9b11yz7lqpcg0bff5l20z13qd5bd8k 116260 116209 2026-06-03T04:08:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Brcko_District_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|right|240px]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni boma lakujilamulira kwa [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]. {{Bosnia na Herzegovina}} [[Category:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] cbjvs9mwmt5n8ix1mihbrudv4le1lc7 0 47523 116211 2026-06-03T00:04:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Ahmadi]] kwa [[Kuwait]]. [[Category:Kuwait]]" 116211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Ahmadi]] kwa [[Kuwait]]. [[Category:Kuwait]] snkue6h7f0yr9wesoe6hzdsvghosfnf 116212 116211 2026-06-03T00:05:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Al Ahmadi]] kwa [[Kuwait]]. [[Category:Kuwait]] 45450w0s7kplquuc46dljnp3m4q41xw 0 47524 116213 2026-06-03T00:08:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Ash Sharqiyah South]] kwa [[Oman]].<ref>http://www.maplandia.com/oman/a-sharqiya/masirah/kalban/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Oman]]" 116213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Ash Sharqiyah South]] kwa [[Oman]].<ref>http://www.maplandia.com/oman/a-sharqiya/masirah/kalban/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Oman]] sbbwc6azwvzqgjavvuhbgcv97v8hgs1 116214 116213 2026-06-03T00:09:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (Kalban) ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Ash Sharqiyah South]] kwa [[Oman]].<ref>http://www.maplandia.com/oman/a-sharqiya/masirah/kalban/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Oman]] f5uryn6tt2w61f4nb46ngv2kcd87tt2 0 47525 116216 2026-06-03T00:13:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (ar: ولاية جعلان بني بو علي) ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Ash Sharqiyah South]] kwa [[Oman]]. Nyengo ya chigaŵa: [[UTC+4]] [[Category:Oman]]" 116216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (ar: ولاية جعلان بني بو علي) ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Ash Sharqiyah South]] kwa [[Oman]]. Nyengo ya chigaŵa: [[UTC+4]] [[Category:Oman]] 1kzn5gb21na0r6y5xeq2txlpaiw2azw 116217 116216 2026-06-03T00:14:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (ولاية جعلان بني بو علي) ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Ash Sharqiyah South]] kwa [[Oman]]. Nyengo ya chigaŵa: [[UTC+4]] [[Category:Oman]] ga06tqn1iqq1h63xoawd4b5icnhmrli 116218 116217 2026-06-03T00:16:38Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (ولاية جعلان بني بو علي) ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Ash Sharqiyah South]] kwa [[Oman]]. Lili na ŵanthu 61,356.{{citation needed}} Nyengo ya chigaŵa: [[UTC+4]] [[Category:Oman]] t7ewusn75skkl4x50jl4ih3fh82uznm 0 47526 116220 2026-06-03T00:51:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Sool]] kwa [[Somalia]]. Lili na ŵanthu 156,438 (2014).<ref>https://www.academia.edu/44590322</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Somalia]]" 116220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Sool]] kwa [[Somalia]]. Lili na ŵanthu 156,438 (2014).<ref>https://www.academia.edu/44590322</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Somalia]] 7jad0ojfydvjdi3k3d1i3ofzwjl8gfi 116226 116220 2026-06-03T01:00:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Sool]] kwa [[Somalia]]. Lili na ŵanthu 156,438 (2014).<ref>https://www.academia.edu/44590322</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Somalia}} [[Category:Somalia]] 0msx197yy61yf5nma4isqzllxozd0pg 10 47527 116221 2026-06-03T00:56:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Navbox |name = Somalia |title = [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Somalia]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Mogadishu]]''' | group1 = Mizinda kukula |list1 = * [[Mogadishu]] * [[Galkayo]] * [[Bosaso]] * [[Borama]] * [[Burco]] * [[Hargeisa]]* }}" 116221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Somalia |title = [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Somalia]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Mogadishu]]''' | group1 = Mizinda kukula |list1 = * [[Mogadishu]] * [[Galkayo]] * [[Bosaso]] * [[Borama]] * [[Burco]] * [[Hargeisa]]* }} fmvffd1ez4i2bgesusgoh3xuhtg6p8e 14 47528 116225 2026-06-03T00:59:10Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Somalia]] [[Category:Afrika]]" 116225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Somalia]] [[Category:Afrika]] pxxffmyupkbmc2a0dqpoy1458vt8z1c 14 47529 116227 2026-06-03T01:01:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[{{PAGENAME}}]]" 116227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] ewjikusk4kvxxflz6s1v2f1pd62lyq4 116228 116227 2026-06-03T01:01:52Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Afrika]] ezobczie86nuoq35sr8d5ff64bc4meb 10 47530 116229 2026-06-03T01:06:38Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Navbox |name = Algeria |title = [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Algeria]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Algiers]]''' | group1 = Mizinda kukula |list1 = * [[Algiers]] * [[Oran]] * [[Annaba]] * [[Constantine]] * [[Blida]] * [[Batna]] * [[Sétif]] * [[Béchar]] * [[Sidi bel Abbès]] * [[Tamanrasset]] }}" 116229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Algeria |title = [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Algeria]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Algiers]]''' | group1 = Mizinda kukula |list1 = * [[Algiers]] * [[Oran]] * [[Annaba]] * [[Constantine]] * [[Blida]] * [[Batna]] * [[Sétif]] * [[Béchar]] * [[Sidi bel Abbès]] * [[Tamanrasset]] }} 771sntc999u3n9v97qmhqldtzdp4aeu 116242 116229 2026-06-03T01:31:41Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Algeria |title = [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Algeria]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Algiers]]''' | group1 = Mizinda kukula |list1 = * [[Algiers]] * [[Oran]] * [[Annaba]] * [[Constantine (Algeria)|Constantine]] * [[Blida]] * [[Batna]] * [[Sétif]] * [[Béchar]] * [[Sidi bel Abbès]] * [[Tamanrasset]] }} k0vgtxn7t0gr978d7rju2w7qw3giyxl 0 47531 116231 2026-06-03T01:09:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tamanrasset]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025). ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tamanrasset]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025). ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] k3m1buq5r0gtmgqf7vsvd45kq2z44k5 116232 116231 2026-06-03T01:10:32Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Vilembo vifupi */ 116232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tamanrasset]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025). {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 4ipw0dr79i1v7sp22hyjpcnitquyz0u 116236 116232 2026-06-03T01:22:34Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tamanrasset]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025).<ref>''Tamanrasset'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 4bfo4hqli4y7qwoql9pb72pip7cpih9 116248 116236 2026-06-03T01:55:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tamanrasset]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025).<ref>''Tamanrasset'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 9821k98crjbuq70g3fbfs7c0isuwh57 0 47532 116233 2026-06-03T01:12:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Algiers''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha [[Algeria]]. {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Algiers''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha [[Algeria]]. {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 8omk9bhghlkmhpxnz0oq3sufuuznm0m 0 47533 116237 2026-06-03T01:23:02Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Sidi Bel Abbès]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 212,935 (2008).<ref>''Sidi Bel Abbes'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Sidi Bel Abbès]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 212,935 (2008).<ref>''Sidi Bel Abbes'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] tk7y0kfwtk0ubnydi390t8c35qzjh3m 0 47534 116238 2026-06-03T01:24:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Annaba]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 464,740 (2019).<ref>''Annaba'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110721112810/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w23_p1.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Annaba]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 464,740 (2019).<ref>''Annaba'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110721112810/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w23_p1.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 8mzrllqu74axwghg2bom1m0gl0fqmb8 0 47535 116239 2026-06-03T01:28:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda kukula cha [[chigaŵa cha Oran]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 803,329 (2008).<ref>''Oran'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Ni msumba kukula chomene mu chigaŵa cha Oran ndipo ngwachiŵiri pa msumba wose mu charu ichi pamanyuma pa [[Algiers]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Alger..." 116239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda kukula cha [[chigaŵa cha Oran]] kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 803,329 (2008).<ref>''Oran'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Ni msumba kukula chomene mu chigaŵa cha Oran ndipo ngwachiŵiri pa msumba wose mu charu ichi pamanyuma pa [[Algiers]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] hneepw8rmscqyz6n3k8onvu3vmw0src 0 47536 116240 2026-06-03T01:30:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tamanrasset]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025).<ref>''Tamanrasset'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Ni msumba kukula chomene mu chigaŵa cha Constantine ndipo ngwachitatu pa msumba wose mu charu ichi pamanyuma pa [[Algiers]] na [[Oran]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{A..." 116240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tamanrasset]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025).<ref>''Tamanrasset'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Ni msumba kukula chomene mu chigaŵa cha Constantine ndipo ngwachitatu pa msumba wose mu charu ichi pamanyuma pa [[Algiers]] na [[Oran]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 2kd40uny3ntlkh6umx90xp2l19dxsmw 116241 116240 2026-06-03T01:31:00Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Constantine''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tamanrasset]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025).<ref>''Tamanrasset'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Ni msumba kukula chomene mu chigaŵa cha Constantine ndipo ngwachitatu pa msumba wose mu charu ichi pamanyuma pa [[Algiers]] na [[Oran]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] ovkoo1ud5jbsi9055ip6axd5bsa9i4z 116243 116241 2026-06-03T01:31:59Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Constantine''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Constantine]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025).<ref>''Tamanrasset'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Ni msumba kukula chomene mu chigaŵa cha Constantine ndipo ngwachitatu pa msumba wose mu charu ichi pamanyuma pa [[Algiers]] na [[Oran]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] l8fhl9vl2128k6xi9rzh0dh2o4n7ok0 116244 116243 2026-06-03T01:32:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Constantine''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Constantine]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 140,955 (2025).<ref>''Constantine'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Ni msumba kukula chomene mu chigaŵa cha Constantine ndipo ngwachitatu pa msumba wose mu charu ichi pamanyuma pa [[Algiers]] na [[Oran]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 2c9ykz1dn7cx45wg5uw31gb1nwdiuyw 0 47537 116245 2026-06-03T01:53:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} [[File:Žemaitija_location_Lithuania.svg|right|290px]] '''Samogitia''' ([[ChiLithuania]]: '''Žemaitija'''; [[ChiSamogitia]]: '''Žemaitėjė''') ni chigaŵa cha chikhalilo kwa [[Lithuania]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 16,872 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 506,665 (2021).<ref>https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?indicator=S3R166#/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Lithuania}} [[Category:Lithuania]]" 116245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Žemaitija_location_Lithuania.svg|right|290px]] '''Samogitia''' ([[ChiLithuania]]: '''Žemaitija'''; [[ChiSamogitia]]: '''Žemaitėjė''') ni chigaŵa cha chikhalilo kwa [[Lithuania]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 16,872 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 506,665 (2021).<ref>https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?indicator=S3R166#/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Lithuania}} [[Category:Lithuania]] gm7ga1d8kuu52evzaxf9g2jsrqwa5oh 116250 116245 2026-06-03T02:08:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Žemaitija_location_Lithuania.svg|right|290px]] '''Samogitia''' ([[ChiLithuania]]: '''Žemaitija'''; [[ChiSamogitia]]: '''Žemaitėjė''') ni chigaŵa cha chikhalilo kwa [[Lithuania]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 16,872 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 506,665 (2021).<ref>https://osp.stat.gov.lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?indicator=S3R166#/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Lithuania}} [[Category:Lithuania]] [[Category:Samogitia| ]] 4l2i1yb7gyd592vir9dh76gvlks9vn9 14 47538 116246 2026-06-03T01:54:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Europe]]" 116246 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Europe]] is1ry2o9r9zrqvju0uwg51lo14t677z 0 47539 116249 2026-06-03T02:06:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Infobox language|name=ChiSamogitia|nativename=''Žemaitėška''|states=[[Lithuania]]|region=[[Samogitia]]|speakers=< 500,000|date=2009 census|ref=<ref>http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2009-050_sgs.pdf</ref>|familycolor=Indo-European|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]|fam3=[[Baltic languages|Baltic]]|fam4=[[East Baltic languages|East Baltic]]|fam5=[[Lithuanian languages|Lithuanian]]|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[#Alphabet|Samogitian alphabet]])|iso3=..." 116249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language|name=ChiSamogitia|nativename=''Žemaitėška''|states=[[Lithuania]]|region=[[Samogitia]]|speakers=< 500,000|date=2009 census|ref=<ref>http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2009-050_sgs.pdf</ref>|familycolor=Indo-European|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]|fam3=[[Baltic languages|Baltic]]|fam4=[[East Baltic languages|East Baltic]]|fam5=[[Lithuanian languages|Lithuanian]]|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[#Alphabet|Samogitian alphabet]])|iso3=sgs|glotto=samo1265}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Samogitia]], chigaŵa chinyake cha ku [[Lithuania]]. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=bat-smg}} [[Category:Languages of Lithuania]] [[Category:Samogitia]] 9tdta773uusrnsuef85b6pg6ir422uq 0 47540 116251 2026-06-03T02:14:54Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Infobox language | name = ChiLatvia | nativename = ''Latviešu'' | states = [[Latvia]] | speakers = 1.5 million | date = 2023 | ref = <ref name=":0">https://valoda.lv/valsts-valoda/</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] | fam3 = [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] | fam4 = [[East Baltic languages|East Baltic]] | script =..." 116251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiLatvia | nativename = ''Latviešu'' | states = [[Latvia]] | speakers = 1.5 million | date = 2023 | ref = <ref name=":0">https://valoda.lv/valsts-valoda/</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] | fam3 = [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] | fam4 = [[East Baltic languages|East Baltic]] | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[#Alphabet|Latvian alphabet]]) | iso1 = lv | iso2 = lav | iso3 = lav | glotto = latv1249 | nation = [[Latvia]] }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''Latviešu'') ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Latvia]]. Chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni.<ref name=":0"/> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=lv}} [[Category:Languages of Latvia]] [[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]] ltquhitcamrg11q046z1cgfm5eumegz 10 47541 116255 2026-06-03T04:06:39Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Navbox |name = Bosnia na Herzegovina |title = [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Sarajevo]]''' | group1 = Mizinda kukula |list1 = * [[Sarajevo]] * [[Banja Luka]] * [[Tuzla]] * [[Zenica]] * [[Bijeljina]] * [[Mostar]] * [[Prijedor]] * [[Brčko]] * [[Doboj]] | group2 = Vigaŵa |list2 = * [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]] * Republi..." 116255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Bosnia na Herzegovina |title = [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Sarajevo]]''' | group1 = Mizinda kukula |list1 = * [[Sarajevo]] * [[Banja Luka]] * [[Tuzla]] * [[Zenica]] * [[Bijeljina]] * [[Mostar]] * [[Prijedor]] * [[Brčko]] * [[Doboj]] | group2 = Vigaŵa |list2 = * [[Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]] * [[Republika Srpska]] * [[Boma la Brčko]] }} imt3uvfsnw99rrven204xc7oi5rj5c1 0 47542 116262 2026-06-03T05:54:26Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Naga]] kwa [[Japan]]. Lili na ŵanthu 367,353 (2022). [[Category:Japan]]" 116262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Naga]] kwa [[Japan]]. Lili na ŵanthu 367,353 (2022). [[Category:Japan]] op95fzh28k5rtvfg9ho6gbpireamyjt 116263 116262 2026-06-03T05:54:37Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (奈良市) ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Naga]] kwa [[Japan]]. Lili na ŵanthu 367,353 (2022). [[Category:Japan]] t0y9lsdk9qeoyj81lobz7sris544rd8 0 47543 116264 2026-06-03T06:04:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Bile''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Odesa]] kwa [[Ukraine]]. Wakakhazikiskika mu 2007. [[Category:Ukraine]]" 116264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bile''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Odesa]] kwa [[Ukraine]]. Wakakhazikiskika mu 2007. [[Category:Ukraine]] gm9g8bzb67hyx8ad2woin2irebmnu2q 0 47544 116265 2026-06-03T09:24:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Basarabeasca]] kwa [[Moldova]]. Lili na ŵanthu 4,660 (2014).<ref>http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Moldova]]" 116265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Basarabeasca]] kwa [[Moldova]]. Lili na ŵanthu 4,660 (2014).<ref>http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=479</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Moldova]] h50se79457inj1teggtsrau18b6t9ln 0 47545 116266 2026-06-03T09:27:29Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Rožaje]] kwa [[Montenegro]]. Lili na ŵanthu 159 (2011). [[Category:Montenegro]]" 116266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Rožaje]] kwa [[Montenegro]]. Lili na ŵanthu 159 (2011). [[Category:Montenegro]] t5kt3lafofa9cenddjq8qrhb2tqpe1c 0 47546 116267 2026-06-03T09:30:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Japan''' (Јапан) ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Andrijevica]] kwa [[Montenegro]]. [[Category:Montenegro]]" 116267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Japan''' (Јапан) ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Andrijevica]] kwa [[Montenegro]]. [[Category:Montenegro]] c057fxdom37oypgjha4org0wvamrkbx 116268 116267 2026-06-03T09:31:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 116268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Japan''' (Јапан), wakumanyikwaso kuti '''Yapan''', ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Andrijevica]] kwa [[Montenegro]]. [[Category:Montenegro]] gjvsn33yeb7iyc9gn5dm9736clmxkij 0 47547 116269 2026-06-03T09:32:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Andrijevica]] kwa [[Montenegro]]. Lili na ŵanthu 43 (2023). [[Category:Montenegro]]" 116269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Andrijevica]] kwa [[Montenegro]]. Lili na ŵanthu 43 (2023). [[Category:Montenegro]] 1mg9sxgaskqwa8e7oeebaejk35t4kjo 0 47548 116270 2026-06-03T09:34:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Blida]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 182,447 (2012).<ref>''Blida'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Blida]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 182,447 (2012).<ref>''Blida'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] iikxxhv9ach8pq9xeskhwwstdplwtv6 0 47549 116271 2026-06-03T09:37:04Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda kukula cha [[chigaŵa cha Batna]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 290,645 (2008).<ref>''Batna'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda kukula cha [[chigaŵa cha Batna]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 290,645 (2008).<ref>''Batna'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] niw0skhhg8zt21qe6az18vrslv6zer0 0 47550 116272 2026-06-03T09:39:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (بشار) ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha {{PAGENAME}}]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 165,627 (2008).<ref>''Béchar'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Béchar wakasanga candulo cifukwa ca mulimo wa migodi ya malasha m’paka apo msika ukamba kupanga mafuta.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130216230905/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov..." 116272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (بشار) ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha {{PAGENAME}}]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 165,627 (2008).<ref>''Béchar'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref> Béchar wakasanga candulo cifukwa ca mulimo wa migodi ya malasha m’paka apo msika ukamba kupanga mafuta.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20130216230905/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/Historique.htm</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 3z9yt5eaxuheb5s9pv431d8owkv4oov 0 47551 116273 2026-06-03T09:41:16Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Djanet]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 14,655 (2008).<ref>''Djanet'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref><ref>http://www.ons.dz/collections/w33_p1.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Djanet]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 14,655 (2008).<ref>''Djanet'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref><ref>http://www.ons.dz/collections/w33_p1.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 6nijewcwf270x80zkabh1hrt7ev0bgh 0 47552 116274 2026-06-03T09:43:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tindouf]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 150,000 (2008).<ref>''Tindouf'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref><ref>http://www.ons.dz/collections/w37_p2.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda cha [[chigaŵa cha Tindouf]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 150,000 (2008).<ref>''Tindouf'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html</ref><ref>http://www.ons.dz/collections/w37_p2.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 92u46g5zblqohj9hqppmbszct1g6hg1 0 47553 116275 2026-06-03T09:45:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha In Guezzam]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 4,157 (2008).<ref>''Tin Zaouatine'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref>http://www.ons.dz/collections/w11_p1.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]]" 116275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha In Guezzam]] kwa [[Algeria]]. Lili na ŵanthu 4,157 (2008).<ref>''Tin Zaouatine'', lexicorient.com (Encyclopaedia of the Orient), internet article.</ref><ref>http://www.ons.dz/collections/w11_p1.pdf</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Algeria}} [[Category:Algeria]] 20wssu1r4svqie5n7kp5egifhfkgdzw 0 47554 116276 2026-06-03T09:48:32Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Kidal]] kwa [[Mali]]. Lili na ŵanthu 207. [[Category:Mali]]" 116276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Kidal]] kwa [[Mali]]. Lili na ŵanthu 207. [[Category:Mali]] h4vkajdbst91n9fu7e6e4tlht8dj2kd 0 47555 116277 2026-06-03T09:50:12Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Kidal]] kwa [[Mali]]. Lili na ŵanthu 4,585 (2009).{{citation needed}} [[Category:Mali]]" 116277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni muzi cha [[chigaŵa cha Kidal]] kwa [[Mali]]. Lili na ŵanthu 4,585 (2009).{{citation needed}} [[Category:Mali]] 795kfh4avbg4qexiuslgf8ug6jk75kh