Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6919 117477 116528 2026-07-14T17:06:08Z en>Bender the Bot 0 /* Human rights */ HTTP to HTTPS for [[Wayback Machine]], replaced: http://web.archive.org/ → https://web.archive.org/ 117477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{About|the country|other uses|Cameroon (disambiguation)}} {{Featured article}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-pc}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cameroon | common_name = Cameroon | native_name = {{Native name|fr|République du Cameroun}} | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | alt_flag = Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = <br />{{Native phrase|fr|"Paix – Travail – Patrie"|italics=off}}<br />"Peace – Work – Fatherland" | national_anthem = <br />{{Native phrase|fr|"Chant de Ralliement"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />"[[The Rallying Song|Rallying Song]]"<br />{{Center| }} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cameroon (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | alt_map = Location of Cameroon on the globe. | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yaoundé]]<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Cameroon |section=People and Society |date=16 May 2022 }}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|3|51|41|N|11|31|14|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Douala]] | official_languages = [[French language|French]] {{*}} [[English language|English]] | regional_languages = [[Grassfields languages|Grassfields languages]] {{*}}[[Beti languages|Beti]] {{*}}[[Fula language|Fufulde]] {{*}}[[Sawabantu languages|Sawa]] {{*}}[[Hausa language|Hausa]] {{*}}[[Baka language|Baka]] {{*}}[[Basaa language|Bassa]] {{*}}[[Chadian Arabic]] {{*}}[[Bafia languages|Bafia]] {{*}}[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]] {{*}}[[Cameroonian Pidgin English|Pidgin]] {{*}}[[Camfranglais]] {{*}}[[Biu–Mandara languages|Mandara]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/peuls-du-cameroun-pr%C3%A9server-lethos-suivre-lair-du-temps-/2888983/ |title=Peuls du Cameroun: Préserver l'ethos, suivre l'air du temps |access-date=10 July 2024 |via=Anadolu Agency-FR }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | {{Nowrap | 22.2% [[Bamileke people|Bamileke]], [[Bamum people|Bamun]] }} | 16.4% [[Biu–Mandara languages|Biu-Mandara]] | 13.5% [[Baggara Arabs|Shuwa Arab]], [[Hausa people|Hausa]] and [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] | 13.1% [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Beti]]-[[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa]] | 12.0% [[Fula people|Fulani]] | 9.9% [[Tikar people|Tikar]] | 9.8% [[Adamawa–Ubangi languages|Adamawa-Ubangi]] ([[Mbum languages|Mbum]]-[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]]) | 4.6% [[Duala people|Sawa people]] | 4.3% [[Manenguba languages|Southwest Bantu]] | 2.3% [[African Pygmies|Pygmy peoples]] | 3.8% others/foreigners }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022 | religion = {{Ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | {{Tree list}} * 66.3% [[Christianity]] ** 33.1% [[Catholic Church in Cameroon|Catholic]] ** 27.1% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] ** 6.1% other [[Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} | 30.6% [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] | 1.3% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]] | 1.1% [[Irreligion|no religion]] | 0.7% other religions }} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brilliantmaps.com/country-maps/map-of-cameroon/|title=Map of Cameroon Created By The CIA|access-date=March 11, 2026}}</ref> | demonym = [[Cameroonians|Cameroonian]] | government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] dictatorship | leader_title1 = [[President of Cameroon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Cameroon|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = ''Vacant''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Atabong |first1=Amindeh Blaise |title=Cameroon approves role of vice president to 93-year-old Biya |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/cameroon-approves-role-of-vice-president-to-93-year-old-biya/ar-AA209quQ?ocid=BingNewsVerp |agency=Reuters |date=4 April 2026}}</ref> | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Joseph Ngute]] | leader_title4 = [[Senate (Cameroon)|President of Senate]] | leader_name4 = Aboubakary Abdoulaye | leader_title5 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|President of National Assembly]] | leader_name5 = Theodore Datouo | legislature = [[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Cameroon|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Cameroon|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Cameroon|Formation]] | established_event1 = Independence of [[French Cameroons]] from [[France]] | established_date1 = 1 January 1960 | established_event2 = Independence of [[Southern Cameroons|British Southern Cameroons]] from the [[United Kingdom]] and establishment of the Federal Republic of Cameroon | established_date2 = 1 October 1961 | established_event3 = [[1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|Cameroonian constitutional referendum of 1972]] and establishment of the [[Unitary State]] | established_date3 = 20 May 1972 | established_event4 = Current constitution | established_date4 = 18 January 1996 | area_km2 = 475,442 | area_rank = 53rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] sourced from the UN--> | area_sq_mi = 183,569 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 0.57 <ref name="CIA"/> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 30,987,821<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Cameroon |access-date=22 June 2025 |year=2025 }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 51st | population_density_km2 = 39.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $183.320 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/October/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Cameroon) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180456/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 86th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,960<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 147th | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $67.520 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 91st | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $2,200<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 152nd | Gini = 42.2<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 }}</ref> | HDI = 0.588 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDR2025">{{Cite report |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509000000/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 155th | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon|+237]] | cctld = [[.cm]] | footnote_a = These are the titles as given in the ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Article X ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |date=28 February 2006 |title=English}} and {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm |date=28 February 2006 |title=French}} versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called {{Lang|fr|Chant de Ralliement}}, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in [[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 61. }} '''Cameroon''',{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|k|æ|m|ə|ˈ|r|uː|n}} {{Respell|KAM|ə|ROON}}; {{Langx|fr|Cameroun}} {{IPA|fr|kamʁun||LL-Q150 (fra)-Mecanautes-Cameroun.wav}}.}} officially the '''Republic of Cameroon''',{{Efn|{{Langx|fr|République du Cameroun|links=no}}.}} is a country in [[Central Africa]]. It shares boundaries with [[Nigeria]] to the west and north, [[Chad]] to the northeast, the [[Central African Republic]] to the east, and [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], and the [[Republic of the Congo]] to the south. Its coastline lies on the [[Bight of Biafra]], part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]], and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between [[West Africa]] and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both geostrategic locations. Cameroon's population of nearly 31 million people speak 250 native languages, in addition to the national tongues of English and French. The capital city of the country is [[Yaoundé]]. Early inhabitants of the territory included the [[Sao civilisation]] around [[Lake Chad]] and the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese explorers]] reached the coast in the 15th century. [[Fula people|Fulani]] soldiers founded the [[Adamawa Emirate]] in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and [[Fon (title)|fondoms]]. Cameroon became a [[German Empire|German colony]] in 1884 known as [[Kamerun]]. After [[World War I]], it was divided between [[French Third Republic|France]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] as [[League of Nations mandate]]s until independence in 1960 and 1961 respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dupraz |first=Yannick |date=September 2019 |title=French and British Colonial Legacies in Education: Evidence from the Partition of Cameroon |url=https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/119359/1/WRAP-French-British-colonial-Cameroon-Dupraz-2019.pdf |journal=The Journal of Economic History |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=628–668 |doi=10.1017/S0022050719000299 |issn=0022-0507 }}</ref> The [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] (UPC) political party advocated independence but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to a [[Bamileke War|national liberation insurgency]] between [[French Armed Forces]] and the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) until January 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic of Cameroun, under President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]]. The [[Southern Cameroons|southern part]] of [[British Cameroon]]s federated with it in 1961 to form the [[Federal republic|Federal Republic]] of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was renamed the [[Unitary state|United Republic]] of Cameroon in 1972 and back to the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 by a presidential decree by President [[Paul Biya]]. Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward. Cameroon is governed as a unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]. Biya is the world's longest-serving non-royal leader, having ruled for over four decades in an [[authoritarian]] manner. Consequently, his [[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] governs the country as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Letsa |first1=Natalie Wenzell |title='The people's choice': popular (il)legitimacy in autocratic Cameroon |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=December 2017 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=647–679 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X17000428}}</ref> The [[official language]]s of Cameroon are French and English. Christianity is the majority [[religion in Cameroon]], with significant minorities practising [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] and [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]]. It has experienced [[Anglophone problem|tensions]] from the English-speaking territories, where politicians have advocated for greater decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in the [[Southern Cameroons National Council]]). In 2017, tensions over the creation of an [[Ambazonia]]n state in the English-speaking territories escalated into [[Anglophone Crisis|open warfare]]. Large numbers of Cameroonians live as [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmers]]. The country is often referred to as "Africa in miniature" for its geological, linguistic, and cultural diversity. Its natural features include beaches, [[desert]]s, mountains, [[rainforest]]s, and [[savanna]]s. Cameroon's highest point, at almost {{convert|4100|m|ft}}, is [[Mount Cameroon]] in the [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest Region]]. Cameroon's most populous cities are [[Douala]] on the [[Wouri River]], its economic capital and main seaport; [[Yaoundé]], its political capital; and [[Garoua]]. [[Limbé, Cameroon|Limbé]] in the southwest has a natural seaport. Cameroon is well known for its native music styles, particularly [[Makossa]], Njang, and [[Bikutsi]], and its successful [[Cameroon national football team|national football team]]. It is a member state of the [[African Union]], the United Nations, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]}} (OIF), the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. ==Etymology== Originally, Cameroon was the [[exonym]] given by the Portuguese to the [[Wouri River]], which they called {{lang|pt|Rio dos Camarões}} meaning 'river of [[shrimps]]' or 'shrimp river', referring to the then abundant [[Cameroon ghost shrimp]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Cameroon |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104102318/https://www.etymonline.com/word/cameroon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Camarões: o que os crustáceos têm a ver com o país? |trans-title=Cameroon: what do the crustaceans have to do with the country? |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais/ |first=Sérgio |last=Rodrigues |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220050611/https://veja.abril.com.br/coluna/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais |url-status=live }}</ref> The country's name in Portuguese remains {{lang|pt|Camarões}}.<ref name="h574">{{cite book |last=Ngefac |first=Aloysius |title=Aspects of Cameroon Englishes |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=8 February 2022 |isbn=978-1-5275-8029-9 |page=19 }}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of Cameroon}} ===Early history=== [[File:Shumom-text.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bamum script]] is a writing system developed by King Njoya in the late 19th century.]] Evidence from [[archaeological excavation]]s at [[Shum Laka]] in the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest Region]] shows human occupation in Cameroon dating back 30,000 years.<ref name=Lavachery2001>Lavachery, Philippe (2001) The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 18(4):213-247.</ref><ref name=Cornelissen2003>Cornelissen, Els (2003) On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 20(1):1-24.</ref> The longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] ([[Pygmy peoples|Pygmies]]).<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 2.</ref> From there, [[Bantu expansion|Bantu migrations]] into eastern, southern and central Africa are believed to have occurred about 2,000 years ago.<ref name="history"/> The [[Sao civilisation|Sao]] culture arose around Lake Chad, {{circa|500 CE}}, and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Bornu Empire]]. Kingdoms, [[Fon (title)|fondoms]], and [[chiefdom]]s arose in the west.<ref name=Njung/> [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese sailors]] reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of the ghost shrimp ''[[Lepidophthalmus turneranus]]'' in the [[Wouri River]] and named it {{lang|pt|Rio dos Camarões}} (''Shrimp River''), which became ''Cameroon'' in English.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pondi |first=J.E. |title=Cameroon and the Commonwealth of nations |journal=The Round Table |volume=86 |issue=344 |pages=563–570 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/00358539708454389 |issn=0035-8533 }}</ref> Over the following few centuries, European interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian [[missionaries]] pushed inland.<ref name=Fanso/> In 1896, Sultan [[Ibrahim Njoya]] created the [[Bamum script]], or Shu Mom, for the [[Bamum language]].<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 59</ref><ref name="NMAA">{{cite web |url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |title=Bamum |publisher=National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101155844/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref> It is taught in Cameroon by the [[Bamum Scripts and Archives Project]].<ref name="NMAA"/> ===European colonisation=== ====German Empire==== {{main|Kamerun}} Germany began to establish roots in Cameroon in 1868 when the Woermann Company of Hamburg built a warehouse. It was built on the estuary of the Wouri River. Later, [[Gustav Nachtigal]] made a treaty with one of the local kings to annex the region for the German emperor.<ref name=historyworld>{{cite web |url=http://historyworld.net |title=historyworld |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407073336/http://historyworld.net/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> The [[German Empire]] claimed the territory as the colony of [[Kamerun]] in 1884 and began a steady push inland; the natives resisted in the [[Bafut Wars]] and [[Adamawa Wars]]. Under the aegis of Germany, commercial companies were local administrations. These [[Concession (contract)|concession]]s used [[Unfree labour|forced labour]] to run profitable banana, rubber, palm oil, and cocoa plantations.<ref name=historyworld/> Even infrastructure projects relied on a regimen of forced labour. This economic policy was much criticised by the other colonial powers.<ref name="DeLancey 125">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 125.</ref> ====French and British Mandates==== {{main|French Cameroon|British Cameroon}} [[File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg|thumb|right|Leaders of the pro-independence [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon|UPC]]]] With the defeat of Germany in [[World War I]], Kamerun became a [[League of Nations mandate]] territory and was split into [[French Cameroon]] ({{langx|fr|Cameroun}}) and [[British Cameroon]] in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroon with that of France<ref name="DeLancey 5">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 5.</ref> and improved the infrastructure with capital investments and skilled workers, modifying the colonial system of [[forced labour]].<ref name="DeLancey 125"/> Britain offered German owned plantations to the highest bidder with the intent of paying the proceeds into a [[World War I reparations]] account. But few investors were willing to buy at the London auctions. Eventually Britain sold the majority of German plantations in British Cameroon back to their original German owners and opened up African maritime ports for German trade. The British also encouraged German investment in the [[Tanganyika Territory]]. German companies built warehouses in [[Douala]] but were not allowed to purchase land.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Susan Pedersen |title=The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190226398 |pages=234 & 236 |year=2015 }}</ref> The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour altogether but angering the local natives, who felt swamped.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 4.</ref> The League of Nations mandates were converted into [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|United Nations Trusteeships]] in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroon.<ref name="DeLancey 5"/> France outlawed the pro-independence political party, the [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] ({{langx|fr|Union des Populations du Cameroun}}, UPC), on 13 July 1955.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Terretta |first1=M. |title=Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-African Accra |doi=10.1017/S0021853710000253 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=189–212 |year=2010 |s2cid=154604590 }}</ref> This prompted a [[Bamileke War|long guerrilla war]] waged by the UPC and the assassination of several of the party's leaders, including [[Ruben Um Nyobè]], [[Félix-Roland Moumié]] and [[Ernest Ouandie]]. In the British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroon or join Nigeria; the British ruled out the option of independence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takougang |first1=J. |title=Nationalism, democratisation and political opportunism in Cameroon |doi=10.1080/0258900032000142455 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=427–445 |year=2003 |s2cid=153564848 }}</ref> ===Republic of Cameroon=== On 1 January 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France under President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] as the Republic of Cameroon. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon until 1972, when the federation was abandoned and the country renamed the United Republic of Cameroon. In 1984, President Paul Biya restored the name Republic of Cameroon via presidential decree. ====Federal Republic of Cameroon==== [[File:Flag of Cameroon (1961–1975).svg|thumb|Flag of the Federal Republic of Cameroon]] On 1 October 1961, the British [[Southern Cameroons]] gained independence from the United Kingdom by vote of the UN General Assembly and merged into the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federal republic was composed of two federated states, [[East Cameroon]] and [[West Cameroon]], each with its own legislature, government, and prime minister. 1 October is now observed as [[Unification Day (Cameroon)|Unification Day]], a [[Public holidays in Cameroon|public holiday]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Diane Cook |title=Cameroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jn7TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95 |date=2 September 2014 |publisher=Mason Crest |isbn=978-1-4222-9434-5 |page=95 }}</ref> Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.<ref name="DeLancey 6">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 6.</ref> ====United Republic of Cameroon==== [[File:Ahmadou Ahidjo.jpg|thumb|Former president [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] ruled from 1960 until 1982.]] Ahidjo's political party, the [[Cameroonian National Union|Cameroon National Union]] (CNU), became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966, and on 20 May 1972, a [[1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|referendum]] was passed to abolish the [[Federation|federal system of government]] in favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from [[Yaoundé]].<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 19.</ref> This day is now the country's [[National Day (Cameroon)|National Day]], a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prc.cm/en/multimedia/photo-albums/37-20-may-national-day |title=20 May National Day |website=Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164656/https://www.prc.cm/en/multimedia/photo-albums/37-20-may-national-day |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of [[planned liberalism]], prioritising [[cash crops]] and petroleum development. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 7.</ref> The [[Flag of Cameroon|national flag]] was changed on 20 May 1975 with the two stars removed and replaced with a large central star as a symbol of national unity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Whitney |author-link=Whitney Smith |date=27 July 2011 |title=Flag of Cameroon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Cameroon |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> ====Republic of Cameroon under Biya==== Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, [[Paul Biya]]. However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed [[Cameroonian Palace Guard Revolt|coup d'état]] nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 8.</ref> Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward, making him the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|longest consecutively serving current non-royal national leader in the world]] and the [[Lists of state leaders by age|oldest current head of state]] in the world. In 1987, [[Dja Faunal Reserve]], Cameroon's first [[World Heritage Site]], was inscribed on the list by [[UNESCO]].<ref name="b394">{{cite web |title=Dja Faunal Reserve |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/407/ |language=rw |access-date=25 October 2024 }}</ref> An [[Cameroonian economic crisis|economic crisis]] took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and [[cronyism]]. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and [[Privatization|privatised]] industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, the former British Southern Cameroons pressure groups called for greater autonomy, and the [[Southern Cameroons National Council]] advocated complete secession as the Republic of [[Ambazonia]].<ref name="DeLancey 9">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 9.</ref> The 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon gives workers the freedom to belong to a trade union or not to belong to any trade union at all. It is the choice of a worker to join any trade union in their occupation since there is more than one trade union in each occupation.<ref>''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 Ginna Violet Yella. "Freedom of Trade Union Membership: An Appraisal of the 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon" United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 18–25.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605133204/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 |date=5 June 2022 }}''</ref> [[File:Paul Biya 2014.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Paul Biya]] has ruled the country since 1982.]] In June 2006, talks concerning a territorial dispute over the [[Bakassi]] peninsula were resolved. The talks involved President Paul Biya of Cameroon, then President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of Nigeria, and then UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], and resulted in Cameroonian control of the oil-rich peninsula. The northern portion of the territory was formally handed over to the Cameroonian government in August 2006, and the remainder of the peninsula was left to Cameroon two years later, in 2008.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200606130612.html Cameroon: Presidents Obasanjo And Biya Shake Hands on Disputed Bakassi Peninsula] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063651/http://allafrica.com/stories/200606130612.html |date=17 February 2017 }}, ''Allafrica'', 13 June 2006</ref> The boundary change triggered a [[Bakassi conflict|local separatist insurgency]], as many Bakassians refused to accept Cameroonian rule. While most militants laid down their arms in November 2009,<ref>[https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/ Cameroon Rebels Threaten Security in Oil-Rich Gulf of Guinea] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000328/https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/ |date=29 August 2018 }}, Jamestown Foundation, 24 November 2010. Accessed 28 August 2018.</ref> some carried on fighting for years.<ref>Ngwane, George. "Preventing renewed violence through peacebuilding in the Bakassi peninsula (Cameroon)."</ref> In February 2008, Cameroon experienced its worst violence in 15 years when a transport union strike in Douala escalated into [[2008 Cameroonian anti-government protests|violent protests]] in 31 municipal areas.<ref name=Nkemngu/><ref name=Matthews/> In May 2014, in the wake of the [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping]], presidents Paul Biya of Cameroon and [[Idriss Déby]] of Chad announced they were waging war on [[Boko Haram]], and deployed troops to the Nigerian border.<ref> {{cite news |title=Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram – Nigeria |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=10 June 2014 |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173813/http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram |archive-date=14 July 2014}} </ref> Boko Haram launched several attacks into Cameroon, killing 84 civilians in a [[December 2014 Cameroon clashes|December 2014 raid]], but suffering a heavy defeat in a [[January 2015 raid on Kolofata|raid in January 2015]]. Cameroon declared victory over Boko Haram on Cameroonian territory in September 2018.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514110414/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 |date=14 May 2019 }}, CBC News, 30 September 2018. Accessed 18 June 2019.</ref> Since November 2016, [[2016–17 Cameroonian protests|protesters]] from the predominantly English-speaking [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest]] and [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest]] regions of the country have been campaigning for continued use of the English language in schools and courts. People were killed and hundreds were jailed as a result of these protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html |title=Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon |author=Radina Gigova |website=CNN |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227172641/https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Biya's government blocked the regions' access to the Internet for three months.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41468149 |title=Cameroon internet shut for separatists |date=2 October 2017 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084339/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41468149 |archive-date=20 September 2018 }}</ref> In September, separatists started [[Anglophone Crisis|a guerilla war]] for the independence of the Anglophone region as the Federal Republic of [[Ambazonia]]. The government responded with a military offensive, and the insurgency spread across the Northwest and Southwest regions. {{As of|2019}}, fighting between separatist guerillas and government forces continues.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44561929 |title=Burning Cameroon: Images you're not meant to see |date=25 June 2018 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919204526/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44561929 |archive-date=19 September 2018 }}</ref> During 2020, numerous terrorist attacks—many of them carried out without claims of credit—and government reprisals have led to bloodshed throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ekonde |first1=Daniel |date=18 November 2020 |title=The world's most neglected conflict |url=https://www.newframe.com/the-worlds-most-neglected-conflict/ |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=New Frame |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130094247/https://www.newframe.com/the-worlds-most-neglected-conflict/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2016, more than 450,000 people have fled their homes.<ref name="humanrights">{{cite news |last1=Tisdall |first1=Simon |title=In a world full of wars, why are so many of them ignored? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/world-full-of-wars-so-many-ignored-central-africa-sudan-boko-haram |work=The Guardian |date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180340/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/world-full-of-wars-so-many-ignored-central-africa-sudan-boko-haram |url-status=live }}</ref> The conflict indirectly led to an [[Chad Basin campaign (2018–2019)|upsurge]] in Boko Haram attacks, as the Cameroonian military largely withdrew from the north to focus on fighting the Ambazonian separatists.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190312124436/https://natimesnews.com/2019/02/25/cameroon-national-times-there-has-been-growing-insecurity-in-the-three-northern-regions-of-cameroon-as-both-the-government-and-the-military-concentrate-their-strength-and-might-in-fighting-an-endles/ Insecurity Escalates In North Region As Gov't, Military Concentrate In Anglophone Regions]}}, The National Times, 25 February 2019.Accessed 25 February 2019.</ref> More than 30,000 people in northern Cameroon fled to Chad after ethnic clashes over [[Water conflict|access to water]] between [[Musgum people|Musgum]] fishermen and ethnic [[Chadian Arabic|Arab Choa]] herders in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands flee northern Cameroon after deadly intercommunal clashes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |work=France 24 |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108163838/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Cameroon bears brunt of inter-ethnic clashes, 22 dead, 30 injured |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |work=[[Africanews]] |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101223009/https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[2025 Cameroonian presidential election]], a [[2025 Cameroonian protests|series of protests]] broke out after allegations of electoral fraud were made by the opposition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corey-Boulet |first1=Robbie |title=Cameroon security forces killed 48 in election protests, UN sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-security-forces-killed-48-election-protests-un-sources-say-2025-11-04/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 November 2025}}</ref> ==Politics and government== {{Main|Politics of Cameroon|Elections in Cameroon}} [[File:YaoundeUnityPalace.png|thumb|Unity Palace – Cameroon Presidency]] The [[List of presidents of Cameroon|President of Cameroon]] is elected and creates policy, administers government agencies, commands the [[Cameroon Armed Forces|armed forces]], negotiates and ratifies treaties, and declares a state of emergency.<ref name="Neba 250">[[#Neba|Neba]] 250.</ref> The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|prime minister]] (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors and divisional officers.<ref name=msu>{{cite web |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon: Government |publisher=Michigan State University: Broad College of Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507153207/http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |archive-date=7 May 2013 }}</ref> The president is selected by popular vote every seven years.<ref name="CIA"/> The [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year.<ref name=msu/> Laws are passed on a majority vote.<ref name="CIA"/> The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]]. The government recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and [[Lamido|lamibe]] to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.<ref name="State Dept"/><ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 252.</ref> Cameroon's legal system is a mixture of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]], [[common law]], and [[customary law]].<ref name="CIA"/> Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]].<ref name="State Dept"/> The president appoints judges at all levels.<ref name=msu/> The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the [[Court of Appeal of Cameroon|court of appeal]], and the [[Supreme Court of Cameroon|supreme court]]. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member [[High Court of Justice (Cameroon)|High Court of Justice]] that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon: Institutional Situation |publisher=Montesquieu University of Bordeaux |author=Abdourhamane, Boubacar Issa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921001254/http://etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html |archive-date=21 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Government in Cameroon |publisher=Commonwealth of Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328164623/http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/ |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> ===Political culture=== [[File:Statue d'un chef coutumier à Bana.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A statue of a chief in [[Bana, Cameroon|Bana]], West Region]] Cameroon [[Corruption in Cameroon|is viewed as rife with corruption]] at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational,<ref name="IRIN"/> and in 2012, [[Transparency International]] placed Cameroon at number 144 on a list of 176 countries ranked from least to most corrupt.<ref name=Corruption/> On 18 January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the [[National Anti-Corruption Observatory]].<ref name="IRIN"/> There are several high corruption risk areas in Cameroon, for instance, customs, public health sector and public procurement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Cameroon |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the corruption has gotten worse, regardless of the existing anti-corruption bureaus, as Transparency International ranked Cameroon 152 on a list of 180 countries in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018 |title=2018 – CPI |website=Transparency.org |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513063746/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> President Biya's [[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the [[Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)|Social Democratic Front]] (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by [[John Fru Ndi]].<ref name = "lergai">[[#West|West]] 11.</ref> Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, which rivals contend were unfair.<ref name="DeLancey 9"/> Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/> In particular, English-speaking people are discriminated against; protests often escalate into violent clashes and killings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/ |title=Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon |author=Radina Gigova |date=15 December 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318083433/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> In 2017, President Biya shut down the Internet in the English-speaking region for 94 days, at the cost of hampering five million people, including [[Silicon Mountain]] startups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/ |title=Cameroon goes offline after Anglophone revolt |author=Kieron Monks |date=3 February 2017 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003526/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> [[Freedom House]] ranks Cameroon as "not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.<ref>Cameroon is rated at six in both categories on a scale of one to seven, with one being "most free" and seven being "least free". [[#House|Freedom House]].</ref> The last [[2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] were held on 9 February 2020.<ref name=Kandemeh/> ===Foreign relations=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Cameroon}} [[File:Paul Biya with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|President [[Paul Biya]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in 2014]] Cameroon is a member of both the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]].<ref>Julia, Marion (December 2008). "La démocratie dans le projet politique de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie". ''[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]''. '''97''' (399): 825–838. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00358530802485825|10.1080/00358530802485825]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143862365 145202906].</ref> Its [[Foreign relations of Cameroon|foreign policy]] closely follows that of its main ally, France (one of its former colonial rulers).<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 126</ref><ref>Ngoh 328.</ref> Cameroon relies heavily on France for its defence,<ref name="State Dept"/> although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 30.</ref> President Biya has engaged in a decades-long clash with the government of Nigeria over possession of the oil-rich [[Bakassi]] peninsula.<ref name="lergai" /> Cameroon and Nigeria share a 1,000-mile (1,600&nbsp;km) border and have disputed the sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula. In 1994 Cameroon petitioned the [[International Court of Justice]] to resolve the dispute. The two countries attempted to establish a cease-fire in 1996; however, fighting continued for years. In 2002, the ICJ ruled that the [[Anglo-German Agreement of 1913]] gave sovereignty to Cameroon. The ruling called for a withdrawal by both countries and denied the request by Cameroon for compensation due to Nigeria's long-term occupation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/world/court-rules-for-cameroon-in-oil-dispute-with-nigeria.html |title=Court Rules for Cameroon In Oil Dispute With Nigeria |last1=Banerjee |first2=Marc |last2=Lacey |first1= Neela |date=11 October 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130042/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/world/court-rules-for-cameroon-in-oil-dispute-with-nigeria.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref> By 2004, Nigeria had failed to meet the deadline to hand over the peninsula. A UN-mediated summit in June 2006 facilitated an agreement for Nigeria to withdraw from the region and both leaders signed the [[Greentree Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm |title=Agreement Transferring Authority over Bakassi Peninsula from Nigeria to Cameroon 'Triumph for the Rule of Law' Secretary-General Says in Message for Ceremony |website=United Nations |date=14 August 2008 |language=en |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131052103/http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm |archive-date=31 January 2018 }}</ref> The withdrawal and handover of control was completed by August 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13148483 |title=Cameroon profile - Timeline |date=1 November 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209213130/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13148483 |archive-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Cameroon, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's [[Xinjiang re-education camps|treatment of Uyghurs]] in the [[Xinjiang]] region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Cameroonian Armed Forces}} [[File:Vehicules militaires pendant le défilé7.jpg|thumb|Military vehicles during a parade]] The Cameroon Armed Forces (French: ''Forces armées camerounaises'', FAC) consists of the country's army (''Armée de Terre''), the country's navy (''Marine Nationale de la République'' (MNR), including naval infantry), the Cameroonian Air Force (''Armée de l'Air du Cameroun'', AAC), and the [[Gendarmerie]].<ref name="CIA" /> The military is crucial in supporting Cameroon's authoritarian government since independence in 1960. The military has been involved in defeating rebellions, controlling protests for democratic reforms, combating [[Boko Haram insurgency|Boko Haram]] since 2014, and handling the Anglophone separatist movement that began in 2017.<ref name="g211">{{cite book |last=Harkness |first=Kristen A. |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |chapter=Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=17 December 2020 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800 |page= }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{see also|Human rights in Cameroon}} Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, [[LGBT rights in Cameroon|homosexuals]], and political activists.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> United Nations figures indicate that more than 21,000 people have fled to neighbouring countries, while 160,000 have been internally displaced by the violence, many reportedly hiding in forests.<ref name = "un">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23404&LangID=E |title=OHCHR – UN Human Rights Chief deeply alarmed by reports of serious rights breaches in Cameroon |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014220/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23404&LangID=E |archive-date=3 August 2018 }}</ref> Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities,<ref name = "Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government.<ref name="Freedom House"/> However, since the first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> On 25 July 2018, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Zeid Raad Al Hussein|Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein]] expressed deep concern about reports of violations and abuses in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-25 |title=Cameroon violence needs urgent investigation, says UN rights chief Zeid |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/07/1015512 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724215605/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/07/1015512 |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2026-05-20 |work=UN News |language=en}}</ref> According to OCHA, more than 1.7 million people require humanitarian assistance in the northwest and southwest regions. OCHA also estimates that at least 628,000 people have been internally displaced by violence in the two regions, while more than 87,000 have fled to Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/cameroon/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608190445/https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="un"/> [[LGBTQ rights in Cameroon|LGBTQ acts]] are banned by section 347-1 of the penal code with a penalty of from 6 months up to 5 years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf |title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same-sex activity between consenting adults |last=Ottosson |first=Daniel |date=May 2008 |publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) |page=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021141/http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2009 }}</ref> Since December 2020, [[Human Rights Watch]] claimed that Islamist armed group Boko Haram has stepped up attacks and killed at least 80 civilians in towns and villages in the Far North region of Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north |title=Cameroon: Boko Haram Attacks Escalate in Far North |date=5 April 2021 |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405134313/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|Regions of Cameroon|Departments of Cameroon}} [[File:Provinces of Cameroon EN.svg|thumb|upright|Cameroon is divided into 10 regions.]] The [[Constitution of Cameroon|constitution]] divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected [[Regional Council (Cameroon)|Regional Council]]. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.<ref name="Neba 250"/> These leaders are charged with implementing the will of the president, reporting on the general mood and conditions of the regions, administering the civil service, keeping the peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative units. Governors have broad powers: they may order propaganda in their area and call in the army, [[Gendarmerie|gendarmes]], and police.<ref name="Neba 250"/> All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |title=Cameroon |publisher=US Department of State |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French {{lang|fr|départements}}). These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers ({{lang|fr|[[Prefect|préfets]]}}). The divisions are further split into sub-divisions ({{lang|fr|arrondissements}}), headed by assistant divisional officers ({{lang|fr|sous-prefets}}). The districts, administered by district heads ({{lang|fr|chefs de district}}), are the smallest administrative units.<ref name=unhchr>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Core document forming part of the reports of States Parties: Cameroon |publisher=UNHCHR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023091521/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> The three northernmost regions are the [[Far North Region, Cameroon|Far North]] ({{lang|fr|Extrême Nord}}), [[North Region (Cameroon)|North]] ({{lang|fr|Nord}}), and [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]] ({{lang|fr|Adamaoua}}). Directly south of them are the [[Centre Region (Cameroon)|Centre]] ({{lang|fr|Centre}}) and [[East Region (Cameroon)|East]] ({{lang|fr|Est}}). The [[South Region (Cameroon)|South Province]] ({{lang|fr|Sud}}) lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller regions: the [[Littoral Region (Cameroon)|Littoral]] ({{lang|fr|Littoral}}) and [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|South-West]] ({{lang|fr|Sud-Ouest}}) regions are on the coast, and the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|North-West]] ({{lang|fr|Nord-Ouest}}) and [[West Region (Cameroon)|West]] ({{lang|fr|Ouest}}) regions are in the western grassfields.<ref name=unhchr/> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Cameroon|Geology of Cameroon}} [[File:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|[[Volcanic plugs]] dot the landscape near [[Rhumsiki]], Far North Region.]] At {{convert|475442|km2|sqmi}}, Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country.<ref name="Demographic Yearbook"/> The country is located in Central Africa and West Africa, on the [[Bight of Bonny]], part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/countries/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Country Profiles |publisher=UCLA African Studies Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303170914/http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/countries/ |archive-date=3 March 2013 }}</ref> Cameroon lies between latitudes [[1st parallel north|1°]] and [[13th parallel north|13°N]], and longitudes [[8th meridian east|8°]] and [[17th meridian east|17°E]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Cameroon/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyuimbe |first=Gasu Gideon |last2=Endomo |first2=Herve Endomo |date=June 2023 |title=Ocean Governance Study for Cameroon |url=https://www.un.org/oceancapacity/sites/www.un.org.oceancapacity/files/files/Projects/Norad/OGS/oceangovernancestudy_cameroon_english_0.pdf |website=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 16.</ref> The country's neighbours are Nigeria and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south.<ref name="CIA"/> Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends {{convert|15|to|150|km|mi|0}} inland from the Gulf of Guinea<ref name=Fomensky/> and has an average elevation of {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 14.</ref> Exceedingly hot and humid with a short [[dry season]], this belt is densely forested and includes some of the [[Debundscha|wettest places]] on earth, part of the [[Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests]].<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 28.</ref><ref name=Extremes/> The [[South Cameroon Plateau]] rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of {{convert|650|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Neba 16">[[#Neba|Neba]] 16.</ref> Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between [[wet season|wet]] and dry seasons makes it less humid than the coast. This area is part of the [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf |publisher=UNIDO |title=ICAM of Kribi Campo |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506165602/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 }}</ref> [[File:Elephants around tree in Waza, Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Elephants in [[Waza National Park]]]] An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the [[Cameroon line|Cameroon range]] extends from [[Mount Cameroon]] on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at {{convert|4095|m|ft|0}}<ref name="Neba 17"/>—almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern border at 13°05'N. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the [[Western High Plateau]], although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon.<ref name="Neba 17">[[#Neba|Neba]] 17.</ref> Volcanism here has created [[volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]s. On 21 August 1986, one of these, [[Lake Nyos]], belched carbon dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 161 report 1,700 killed; [[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1054 say "at least 2,000"; West 10 says "more than 2,000".</ref> This area has been delineated by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as the [[Cameroonian Highlands forests]] ecoregion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/cameroon_highlands_forests.cfm |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=WWF |title=Cameroon Highlands Forests |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501144939/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/cameroon_highlands_forests.cfm |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}</ref> The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged [[Adamawa Plateau]]. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is {{convert|1100|m|ft|0}},<ref name="Neba 16"/> and its average temperature ranges from {{convert|22|C|F|1}} to {{convert|25|C|F}} with high rainfall between April and October peaking in July and August.<ref name=Gwanfogbe/><ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 29.</ref> The [[East Sudanian savanna|northern lowland region]] extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of {{convert|300|to|350|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Neba 17"/> Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.<ref name=Green/> Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the [[Ntem River|Ntem]], [[Nyong River|Nyong]], [[Sanaga River|Sanaga]], and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The [[Dja River|Dja]] and [[Kadéï River|Kadéï]] drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the [[Benue River|Bénoué River]] runs north and west and empties into the [[Niger River|Niger]]. The [[Logon River|Logone]] flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Files: Cameroon |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/T0360E/T0360E04.htm |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611075925/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0360e/T0360E04.htm |archive-date=11 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Wildlife=== {{Main|Wildlife of Cameroon}} Cameroon's wildlife is composed of its [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. It is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second-highest level of biodiversity.<ref name="Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/africa/cameroon.aspx |title=Cameroon |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society }}</ref><ref name="Regional">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/125/125/CentralAfrica.htm |title=Beyond Boundaries:Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization |last1=Wilkie |first1=D. S. |first2=E. |last2=Hakizumwami |first3=N. |last3=Gami |first4=B. |last4=Difara }}</ref> In Cameroon, [[forest cover]] is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to {{cvt|20,340,480|ha}} of forest in 2020, down from {{cvt|22,500,000|ha}} in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forests covered {{cvt|20,279,380|ha}}, and planted forests covered {{cvt|61,100|ha}}. Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Cameroon |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CMR/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations }}</ref> To preserve its wildlife, Cameroon has more than 20 protected reserves comprising national parks, zoos, forest reserves, and sanctuaries. The protected areas were first created in the northern region under the colonial administration in 1932; the first two reserves established were [[Mozogo Gokoro Reserve]] and the [[Bénoué National Park|Bénoué Reserve]], which was followed by the [[Waza National Park|Waza Reserve]] on 24 March 1934. The coverage of reserves was initially about 4 percent of the country's area, rising to 12 percent; the administration proposes to cover 30 percent of the land area.<ref name="Cartesia">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |title=Mapping of Protected Areas Evolution in Cameroon from the Beginning to 2000: Lesson to Learn and Perspectives. |first1=Mesmin |last1=Tchindjang |first2=Clair |last2=Réné Banga |first3=Appolinaire |last3=Nankam |first4=Jean |last4=Sylvestre Makak |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization }}</ref> Its rich wildlife consists of 8,260 recorded plant species including 156 [[endemic species]], 409 species of [[mammals]] of which 14 are endemic, 690 species of birds which includes 8 endemic species, 250 species of reptiles, and 200 species of [[amphibians]].<ref name="Africa"/><ref name="Regional"/> The habitats of these species include the southern region comprising tropical lowland, coastline on the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. [[Mangrove]] forests, {{convert|270000|ha|acre|sp=us}} in size, are along the coast line. [[Montane forests]] and [[savannahs|savannas]] are in the northern region of the country. Important protected areas for these species are the [[Mbam Djerem National Park]], Benoue National Park, [[Korup National Park]], [[Takamanda National Park]], and the [[Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary]].<ref name="Africa"/> Cameroon is an important breeding area for marine and freshwater species such as [[crustacean]]s, [[mollusks]], fish, and birds.<ref name="Regional"/> ==Economy and infrastructure== {{Main|Economy of Cameroon}} Cameroon's per capita GDP ([[Purchasing power parity]]) was estimated at US$5.760 in 2025. Major export markets include the Netherlands, France, China, Belgium, Italy, Algeria, and Malaysia.<ref name="CIA"/> Cameroon has its GDP growing at an average of 4% per year. During the 2004–2008 period, public debt was reduced from over 60% of GDP to 10% and official reserves quadrupled to over US$3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html |title=Cameroon Financial Sector Profile |publisher=MFW4A |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110637/http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cameroon is part of the [[Bank of Central African States]] (of which it is the dominant economy),<ref name="Musa Biya plan"/> the [[Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa]] (UDEAC) and the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php |title=The business law portal in Africa |publisher=OHADA |access-date=22 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref> Its currency is the [[CFA franc]].<ref name="CIA"/> Unemployment was estimated at 3.38% in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameroon Unemployment rate – data, chart |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Cameroon/unemployment_rate/ |website=TheGlobalEconomy.com |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185110/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Cameroon/unemployment_rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and 23.8% of the population was living below the international [[poverty threshold]] of US$1.90 a day in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of the population) – Cameroon {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CM |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806173719/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CM |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, Cameroon has been following programmes advocated by the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to reduce poverty, privatise industries, and increase economic growth.<ref name="State Dept"/> The government has taken measures to encourage [[Tourism in Cameroon|tourism]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nl.nabc.nl/Portals/0/docs/Country%20information%20pdf/CAMEROON%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |title=Cameroon Business Mission Fact Sheet 2010–2011 |publisher=Netherlands-African Business Council |year=2011 |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013032607/http://nl.nabc.nl/Portals/0/docs/Country%20information%20pdf/CAMEROON%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 }}</ref> An estimated 70% of the population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 16.7% of GDP in 2017.<ref name="CIA"/> Most agriculture is done at the subsistence scale by local farmers using simple tools. They sell their surplus produce, and some maintain separate fields for commercial use. Urban centres are particularly reliant on peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs. Soils and climate on the coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of bananas, cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South Cameroon Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a major cash crop in the western highlands, and in the north, natural conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and rice. Production of [[Fair trade#Textiles|Fairtrade cotton]] was initiated in Cameroon in 2004.<ref>Fairtrade International, University of Greenwich and Institute of Development Studies, [https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf Fairtrade Cotton: Assessing Impact in Mali, Senegal, Cameroon and India] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831045046/https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf |date=31 August 2021 }}, published May 2011, accessed 31 August 2021</ref> [[File:Taureaux et vaches hollandais à wallya Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Dutch bulls and cows at Wallya community during the rainy season in Cameroon]] Livestock are raised throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/figure10.htm |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon livestock production map |publisher=FAO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605182824/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/figure10.htm |archive-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref> Fishing employs 5,000 people and provides over 100,000 tons of seafood each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0229E/x0229e05.htm |access-date=12 April 2013 |author=Som, Julienne |title=Women's role in Cameroon fishing communities |publisher=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603014448/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0229E/x0229e05.htm |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name=awf>{{cite web |url=http://www.awf.org/country/cameroon |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon |publisher=AWF |date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416202141/http://www.awf.org/country/cameroon |archive-date=16 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Bushmeat]], long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is a delicacy in the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat trade has now surpassed deforestation as the main threat to wildlife in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=BBC |title=UK project tackles bushmeat diet |date=10 April 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon's bushmeat dilemma |date=14 March 2008 |publisher=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529040509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm |archive-date=29 May 2012 }}</ref> The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover 37% of Cameroon's total land area.<ref name=awf/> However, large areas of the forest are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned firms,<ref name=awf/> provides the government US$60&nbsp;million a year in taxes ({{as of|1998|lc=yes}}), and laws mandate the safe and sustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the least regulated in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/problems/deforestation/logging/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608041738/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/problems/deforestation/logging/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=WWF |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Logging in the Green Heart of Africa }}</ref> Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 26.5% of GDP in 2017.<ref name="CIA"/> More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial strength is located in [[Douala]] and [[Bonabéri]]. Cameroon possesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not extensively mined (see ''[[Mining in Cameroon]]'').<ref name="State Dept"/> Petroleum exploitation has fallen since 1986, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips in prices have a strong effect on the economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pdp/2006/pdp02.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Strengthening Transparency in the Oil Sector in Cameroon |author=Cossé, Stéphane |publisher=IMF |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606061216/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pdp/2006/pdp02.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2012 }}</ref> Rapids and waterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply most of Cameroon's energy. The Sanaga River powers the largest hydroelectric station, located at Edéa. The rest of Cameroon's energy comes from oil-powered thermal engines. Much of the country remains without reliable power supplies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi,%202010-03-27,%20Parlementarians.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Harnessing Central Africa's Hydropower Potential |author=Prevost, Yves |publisher=Climate Parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082535/http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi%2C%202010-03-27%2C%20Parlementarians.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref> Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Cameroon:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trans-African Highways Network Routes |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/29736-wd-e_-_tah_annex_i_tah_network.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2026 |website=[[African Union]]}}</ref> * [[File:Schild TAH8.svg|20px]] the [[Lagos-Mombasa Highway]] * [[File:Schild TAH3.svg|20px]] the [[Tripoli-Cape Town Highway]] * [[File:Schild TAH5.svg|20px]] the [[Dakar-N'Djamena Highway]] [[Transport in Cameroon]] is often difficult. Only 6.6% of the roadways are tarred.<ref name="CIA"/> Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from travellers.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1036.</ref> Road banditry has long hampered transport along the eastern and western borders, and since 2005, the problem has intensified in the east as the Central African Republic has further destabilised.<ref name="Musa Gunmen"/> [[File:Bateau au port de Douala1.jpg|thumb|Douala seaport]] [[Intercity bus service]]s run by multiple private companies connect all major cities. They are the most popular means of transportation followed by the rail service ''[[Camrail]]''. Rail service runs from [[Kumba, Cameroon|Kumba]] in the west to [[Bélabo]] in the east and north to [[Ngaoundéré]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/cameroon/getting-around |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=World Travel Guide |title=Getting around Cameroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627051533/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/cameroon/getting-around |archive-date=27 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> International airports are located in [[Douala International Airport|Douala]] and [[Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport|Yaoundé]], with a third under construction in [[Maroua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cameroononline.org/2013/04/03/equipments-for-the-future-maroua-international-airport/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Equipment for the Future Maroua International Airport |publisher=Cameroon Online |date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509073605/http://www.cameroononline.org/2013/04/03/equipments-for-the-future-maroua-international-airport/ |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref> Douala is the country's principal seaport<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/where-we-help/africa/cameroon/douala/pages/default.aspx |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=SOS Children's Village Douala |publisher=SOS Children's Villages |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615075059/http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/where-we-help/africa/cameroon/douala/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> and [[Kribi Deepwater Port]] started operations in 2014. In the north, the Bénoué River is seasonally navigable from Garoua across into Nigeria.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 68.</ref> Cameroon was ranked 116th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/cameroon |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Cameroon|List of municipalities of Cameroon by population}} The population of Cameroon was {{UN_Population|Cameroon}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, up from 4,466,000 in 1950.{{UN_Population|ref}} The life expectancy was 62.3&nbsp;years (60.6&nbsp;years for males and 64&nbsp;years for females).<ref name="CIA"/> [[File:GedWomenDay.JPG|thumb|Cameroonian women on Women's Day Celebration, 2015]] Cameroon has slightly more women (50.5%) than men (49.5%). Over 60% of the population is under age 25. People over 65 years of age account for only 3.11% of the total population.<ref name="CIA" /> Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural dwellers.<ref name="West 3">[[#West|West]] 3.</ref> Population density is highest in the large urban centres, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 109–11.</ref> Douala, Yaoundé, and [[Garoua]] are the largest cities. In contrast, the Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bénoué depression, and most of the South Cameroon Plateau are sparsely populated.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 111.</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), the [[fertility rate]] was 4.8 in 2013 with a population growth rate of 2.56%.<ref name=":1" /> People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the coastal plantation zone and urban centres for employment.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 105–6.</ref> Smaller movements are occurring as workers seek employment in lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 106.</ref> Although the national sex ratio is relatively even, these out-migrants are primarily males, which leads to unbalanced ratios in some regions.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 103–4.</ref> [[File:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|The homes of the [[Musgum dwelling units|Musgum]], in the Far North Region, made of earth and grass]] Both [[monogamy|monogamous]] and [[polygamy|polygamous]] marriage are practised, and the average Cameroonian family is large and extended.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 139.</ref> In the north, women tend to the home, and men herd cattle or work as farmers. In the south, women grow the family's food, and men provide meat and grow cash crops. Cameroonian society is male-dominated, and violence and discrimination against women are common.<ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 141.</ref> The number of distinct ethnic and linguistic groups in Cameroon is estimated to be between 230 and 282.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 65, 67.</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 13.</ref> The Adamawa Plateau broadly bisects these into northern and southern divisions. The northern peoples are [[Central Sudanic languages|''Sudanic'']] groups, who live in the central highlands and the northern lowlands, and the [[Fula people|Fulani]], who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of [[Baggara|Shuwa]] Arabs live near Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] and [[Semi-Bantu]] languages. Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languages live in the Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Gyele and Baka [[Pygmy peoples]] roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or live in small, roadside settlements.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 48.</ref> Nigerians make up the largest group of foreign nationals.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 108.</ref> Approximately 14,000 non-Africans live in Cameroon, including more than 6,000 [[French people]] and around 1,000 [[Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/cameroon/10294.htm |title=Cameroon (12/99) }}</ref> {{Largest cities of Cameroon}} ===Refugees=== {{Main|Refugees in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon Complex Crisis 120625(5) v1.pdf|thumb|250x250px|Map of the [[humanitarian crisis]] in Cameroon]] As of 2025, Cameroon hosted 431,000 [[Refugee|refugees]] and [[Asylum seeker|asylum seekers]], according to [[UNHCR]] figures. Regarding the countries of origin, around 277,888 refugees were from the Central African Republic, 127,090 from Nigeria, and 1,866 from Chad. Political instability and the volatile security situation in neighbouring states, exacerbated by [[Violent non-state actor|non-state armed group]] attacks on [[Civilian|civilians]], have led to mass forced displacement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.unhcr.org/where-we-work/countries/cameroon |access-date=11 July 2026 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) |language=en}}</ref> By comparison, Cameroon hosted approximately 97,400 refugees and asylum seekers in 2007. Of these, 49,300 were from the Central African Republic (many driven west by war),<ref name=RCross/> 41,600 from Chad, and 2,900 from Nigeria.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news |title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002225617/http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-date=2 October 2008 }}</ref> Kidnappings of Cameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased since 2005.<ref name="Musa Gunmen"/> In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the Central African Republic arrived in Cameroon.<ref> {{cite news |title=Cameroon: Location of Refugees and Main Entry Points (as of 02 May 2014) – Cameroon |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url=http://reliefweb.int/map/cameroon/cameroon-location-refugees-and-main-entry-points-02-may-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220137/http://reliefweb.int/map/cameroon/cameroon-location-refugees-and-main-entry-points-02-may-2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014}} </ref> On 4 June 2014, AlertNet reported: {{blockquote| Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said. "Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the road, foraging for food," said [[Ertharin Cousin]], executive director of the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP).<ref> {{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Katie |title=Cameroon: Starving, Exhausted CAR Refugees Stream Into Cameroon – UN |work=allAfrica.com |access-date=8 June 2014 |date=4 June 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610095552/http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html |archive-date=10 June 2014}} </ref> }} ===Languages=== {{Further|Languages of Cameroon}} [[File:Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png|thumb|Map of the region's indigenous languages|250x250px]] The official percentage of French and English speakers by the Presidency of Cameroon is estimated to be 70% and 30% respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prc.cm/en/cameroon/presentation |title=Presentation of Cameroon |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329093847/https://www.prc.cm/en/cameroon/presentation |url-status=live}}.</ref> German, the language of the original colonisers, has long since been displaced by French and English. [[Cameroonian Pidgin English]] is the lingua franca in the formerly British-administered territories.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 94.</ref> A mixture of English, French, and Pidgin called [[Camfranglais]] has been gaining popularity in urban centres since the mid-1970s.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 131</ref><ref name=Niba/> In addition to the official languages, there are between 250 and 280 languages spoken by nearly 20&nbsp;million Cameroonians.<ref name=":4">Kouega, Jean-Paul. 'The Language Situation in Cameroon', Current Issues in Language Planning, vol. 8/no. 1, (2007), pp. 3–94.</ref> The number of languages makes Cameroon one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |title=Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World |date=16 June 2011 |website=languagesoftheworld.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=4 July 2019 |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya }}</ref> In 2017, there were language protests by the Anglophone population against perceived oppression by francophone speakers.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://calrev.org/2019/02/11/african-powder-keg-cameroonian-conflict-and-african-security/ |title=African Powder Keg: Cameroonian Conflict and African Security |last=Genin |first=Aaron |date=11 February 2019 |website=The California Review |language=en-US |access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> The military was deployed against the protesters and people were killed, hundreds imprisoned and thousands fled the country.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/03/deaths-and-detentions-as-cameroon-cracks-down-on-anglophone-activists Deaths and detentions as Cameroon cracks down on anglophone activists] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103125739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/03/deaths-and-detentions-as-cameroon-cracks-down-on-anglophone-activists |date=3 January 2018}} ''The Guardian'', 2018</ref> This culminated in the declaration of an independent [[Republic of Ambazonia]],<ref>Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, Gabriel Tiobo Wose Kinge, and Victor Ojakorotu. "Political crisis, protests and implications on nation building in Cameroon." African Renaissance 15.Special Issue 1 (2018): 121–139.</ref> which has since evolved into the [[Anglophone Crisis]].<ref name=":3" /> It is estimated that by June 2020, 740,000 people had been internally displaced as a result of this crisis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020 |title=Relief Web Humanitarian Dashboard |date=11 November 2020 |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810211913/https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Religion=== {{main|Religion in Cameroon}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Cameroon]] (2022 estimate by the [[The World Factbook|CIA]])<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Religion |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115101251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=22 May 2024 |date=9 August 2023 }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Cameroon|Catholic Christianity]]|#7D007D|33.1}} {{bar percent|[[Protestant Christianity]]|#BA55D3|27.1}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christians]]|#B695C0|6.1}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]]|green|30.6}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk religions]]|brown|1.3}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|beige|1.2}} {{bar percent|Other religions|lightgrey|0.7}} }} Cameroon has a high level of [[Religion in Cameroon|religious freedom]] and diversity.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The majority faith is Christianity, practised by about two-thirds of the population, while [[Islam]] is the second largest religion, adhered to by just under one-third.<ref name="Religion" /> In addition, traditional faiths are practised by many. Muslims are most concentrated in the north, while Christians are concentrated primarily in the southern and western regions, but practitioners of both faiths can be found throughout the country.<ref name=IRFR>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |title=July–December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report – Cameroon |publisher=US Department of State |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105101810/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=live}}<!--note that this is outdated; the CIA Factbook is from 2018--></ref> Large cities have significant populations of both groups.<ref name=IRFR/> Muslims in Cameroon are divided into [[Sufis]], [[Salafi]]s,<ref name="The Economist">{{cite news |title=The veil in west Africa: Banning the burqa: Why more countries are outlawing the full-face veil |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa |access-date=15 February 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214211305/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa |archive-date=14 February 2016 }}</ref> [[Shia]]s, and [[non-denominational Muslims]].<ref name="The Economist"/><ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref> [[File:Yaoundé_Cathédrale.jpg|left|thumb|[[Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Yaoundé|Our Lady of Victories Cathedral]], a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Church in [[Yaoundé]]]] People from the North-West and South-West provinces, which used to be a part of [[British Cameroons]], have the highest proportion of Protestants. The French-speaking regions of the southern and western regions are largely Catholic.<ref name=IRFR/> Southern ethnic groups predominantly follow Christian or traditional African [[animist]] beliefs or a [[syncretic]] combination of the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and the government outlaws such practices.<ref name=Geschiere/> Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The Islamist jihadist group [[Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)|Ansar al-Islam]] has been reported as operating in North Cameroon.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888 Boko Haram timeline: From preachers to slave raiders] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114221630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888 |date=14 November 2018}}. BBC News. 15 May 2013. retrieved 19 June 2013</ref> [[File:LamidoGrandMosque.jpg|thumb|[[Lamido Grand Mosque]] in [[Ngaoundéré]]]] In the northern regions, the locally dominant [[Fulani]] ethnic group is almost completely Muslim, but the overall population is fairly evenly divided among Muslims, Christians, and followers of indigenous religious beliefs (called ''[[Kirdi]]'' ("pagan") by the Fulani).<ref name=IRFR/> The [[Bamum people|Bamum]] ethnic group of the West Region is largely Muslim.<ref name=IRFR/> Native traditional religions are practised in rural areas throughout the country but rarely are practised publicly in cities, in part because many indigenous religious groups are intrinsically local.<ref name=IRFR/> ===Education and health=== {{main|Education in Cameroon|Health in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroonian school children gather around U.S. Army Master Sgt. John Reid, center, for a group photo near Douala, Cameroon, March 19, 2014, during Central Accord 14 140319-A-PP104-039.jpg|thumb|School children in Cameroon in 2014]] In 2013, the total adult [[literacy]] rate in Cameroon was estimated to be 71.3%. Among youths aged 15–24, the literacy rate was 85.4% for males and 76.4% for females.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cameroon_statistics.html |title=Statistics |work=UNICEF |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101348/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cameroon_statistics.html |archive-date=24 December 2017 }}</ref> Most children have access to state-run schools that are cheaper than private and religious facilities.<ref name="Mbaku 15">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 15.</ref> The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents,<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 105–6.</ref> with most instruction in English or French.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 16.</ref> Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa.<ref name="Mbaku 15" /> Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage, pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south,<ref name="Mbaku 15"/> a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> In 2013, the primary school enrollment rate was 93.5%.<ref name=":0" /> School attendance in Cameroon is also affected by [[child labour]]. Indeed, the [[United States Department of Labor]] Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor reported that 56% of children aged 5 to 14 were working children and that almost 53% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school.<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/cameroon.htm 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor -Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303052129/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/cameroon.htm |date=3 March 2015 }}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> In December 2014, a ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' issued by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]] mentioned Cameroon among the countries that resorted to child labor in the production of cocoa.<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ |date=10 June 2015}}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> [[File:Life expectancy of Cameroon.svg|thumb|Life expectancy in Cameroon|upright=1.2]] The quality of health care is generally low.<ref name = "yqheor">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 21.</ref> Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 56 years in 2012, with 48 healthy life years expected.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/countries/cmr.pdf?ua=1 |title=Cameroon: WHO Statistical Profile |date=January 2015 |website=World Health Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321113025/http://www.who.int/gho/countries/cmr.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=21 March 2017 }}</ref> Fertility rate remains high in Cameroon with an average of 4.8 births per woman and an average mother's age of 19.7 years old at first birth.<ref name=":1" /> In Cameroon, there is only one doctor for every 5,000 people, according to the WHO.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 medical marvels saving lives |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/health/cnnheroes-medical-marvels/index.html |access-date=18 November 2013 |newspaper=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122034216/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/health/cnnheroes-medical-marvels/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, just 4.1% of total GDP expenditure was allocated to healthcare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=cameroon |title=UNdata {{!}} country profile {{!}} Cameroon |website=data.un.org |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003329/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=cameroon |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> Due to financial cuts in the health care system, there are few professionals. Doctors and nurses who were trained in Cameroon emigrate because in Cameroon the payment is poor while the workload is high. Nurses are unemployed even though their help is needed. Some of them help out voluntarily so they will not lose their skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=The need is so great |author=Rose Futrih N. Njini |work=D+C |publisher=D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu |date=December 2012 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624235243/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective |archive-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref> Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped.<ref name="West 64">[[#West|West]] 64.</ref> In 2012, the top three deadly diseases were [[HIV/AIDS]], [[lower respiratory tract infection]], and [[diarrhea]]l diseases.<ref name=":1" /> Endemic diseases include [[dengue fever]], [[filariasis]], [[leishmaniasis]], [[malaria]], [[meningitis]], [[schistosomiasis]], and [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]].<ref>[[#West|West]] 58–60.</ref> The HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in 2016 was estimated at 3.8% for those aged 15–49,<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cameroon |title=Cameroon |website=www.unaids.org |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042316/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cameroon |archive-date=23 December 2017 }}</ref> although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low.<ref name = "yqheor"/> 46,000 children under age 14 were estimated to be living with HIV in 2016. In Cameroon, 58% of those living with HIV know their status, and just 37% receive [[Management of HIV/AIDS|ARV]] treatment. In 2016, 29,000 deaths due to AIDS occurred in both adults and children.<ref name=":2" /> [[Breast ironing]], a traditional practice that is prevalent in Cameroon, may affect girls' health.<ref>Joe, Randy. (23 June 2006) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Africa | Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007}}. BBC News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf BBC World Service – Outlook, Fighting 'Breast Ironing' in Cameroon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120111044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf |date=20 January 2014}}. Bbc.co.uk (16 January 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk Campaigners warn of 'breast ironing' in the UK – Channel 4 News] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820113942/http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk |date=20 August 2014 }}. Channel4.com (18 April 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>Bawe, Rosaline Ngunshi (24 August 2011) [http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf Breast Ironing: A harmful traditional practice in Cameroon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226024853/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf |date=26 February 2015}}. Gender Empowerment and Development(GeED)</ref> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM), while not widespread, is practised among some populations; according to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name="UNICEF2013p27">[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}, p. 27.</ref> 1% of women in Cameroon have undergone FGM. Also impacting women's and girls' health, the contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated to be just 34.4% in 2014. [[Traditional medicine|Traditional healers]] remain a popular alternative to [[evidence-based medicine]].<ref name="Lantum" /> In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Cameroon ranks 79th out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Cameroon's GHI score is 18.3, which is considered moderate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Cameroon}} ===Music and dance=== {{further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} [[File:Baka dancers June 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Dancers greet visitors to the East Region, 2006.]] [[Music of Cameroon|Music]] and [[dance in Cameroon|dance]] are integral parts of Cameroonian ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 189</ref><ref name="West 18"/> Traditional dances are highly choreographed with men and women often participating separately.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 204.</ref> The dances' purposes range from pure entertainment to religious devotion.<ref name="West 18">[[#West|West]] 18.</ref> Traditionally, music is transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes a soloist.<ref name="Mbaku 189">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 189.</ref> Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and stamping feet,<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 191.</ref> but traditional instruments include bells worn by dancers, clappers, drums, and [[talking drum]]s, flutes, horns, rattles, scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; combinations of these vary by ethnic group and region. Some performers sing complete songs alone, accompanied by a harplike instrument.<ref name="Mbaku 189"/><ref>[[#West|West]] 18–9.</ref> Popular music styles include [[ambasse bey]] of the coast, [[assiko]] of the Bassa, [[mangambeu]] of the [[Bamileke|Bangangte]], and [[tsamassi]] of the Bamileke.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 184.</ref> [[Music of Nigeria|Nigerian music]] has influenced Anglophone Cameroonian performers, and [[Prince Nico Mbarga]]'s [[highlife]] hit "[[Sweet Mother]]" is the top-selling African record in history.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 200.</ref> The two most popular music styles are [[makossa]] and [[bikutsi]]. Makossa developed in Douala and mixes folk music, highlife, [[Soul music|soul]], and [[Soukous|Congo music]]. Performers such as [[Manu Dibango]], [[Francis Bebey]], [[Moni Bilé]], and [[Petit-Pays]] popularised the style worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war music among the Ewondo. Artists such as [[Anne-Marie Nzié]] developed it into popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers such as [[Mama Ohandja]] and [[Les Têtes Brulées]] popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 51</ref><ref name= Nkolo/> ===Holidays=== {{further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} The most notable holiday associated with patriotism in Cameroon is [[National Day (Cameroon)|National Day]], also called Unity Day. Among the most notable religious holidays are [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption Day]], and [[Ascension Day]], which is typically 39 days after Easter. In the Northwest and Southwest provinces, collectively called [[Ambazonia]], 1 October is considered a national holiday, a date Ambazonians consider the day of their independence from Cameroon.<ref>Keke, Reginald Chikere. "Southern Cameroons/Ambazonia Conflict: A Political Economy", ''Theory & Event'' 23.2 (2020): 329–351.</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{further|Cameroonian cuisine}} [[File:Ndolè à la viande, morue et crevettes.jpg|thumb|Plantains and "Bobolo" (made from cassava) served with Ndolè (meat and shrimp)]] [[Cuisine of Cameroon|Cuisine]] varies by region, but a large, one-course, evening meal is common throughout the country. A typical dish is based on cocoyams, maize, [[cassava]] (manioc), [[millet]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantains]], potatoes, rice, or [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]], often pounded into dough-like [[fufu]]. This is served with a sauce, soup, or stew made from greens, [[Peanut|groundnut]]s, [[palm oil]], or other ingredients.<ref>[[#West|West]] 84–5.</ref> Meat and fish are popular but expensive additions, with chicken often reserved for special occasions.<ref name="Mbaku 121-2">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121–2.</ref> Dishes are often quite spicy; common seasonings include red pepper sauce and [[maggi]] mixes.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1047</ref><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 122</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 84.</ref> Cutlery is common, but food is traditionally eaten with the right hand. Breakfast consists of leftovers of bread and fruit with coffee or tea. Generally, breakfast is made from wheat flour in different ways such as puff-puff (doughnuts), accra banana, bean cakes and et cetera. Snacks are popular, especially in larger towns where they may be bought from [[street vendor]]s.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121</ref><ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1049.</ref> ===Fashion=== [[File:Camerounais en tenue traditionnelle.jpg|thumb|upright|Cameroonian fashion is varied and often mixes modern and traditional elements. Note the wearing of [[sun glasses]], [[monk shoe]]s, [[sandals]], and a [[Smartwatch]].]] Cameroon's relatively large and diverse population is likewise diverse in its fashions. Climate, religious, ethnic, and cultural beliefs, and the influences of colonialism, imperialism, and globalisation are all factors in contemporary Cameroonian dresses. Noteworthy Cameroonian dresses include [[Pagnes]], [[sarong]]s worn by Cameroon women; [[Chechia]], a traditional hat; kwa, a male handbag; and [[Gandura]], male custom attire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html |title=Cameroon clothing – A description of the traditional attire of Cameroon. |website=Cameroon-Today.com |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804232108/https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Wrappers and [[loincloths]] are used extensively by both women and men but their use varies by region, with influences from [[Fulani]] styles more present in the north and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] styles more often in the south and west.<ref>Culture and Customs of Cameroon, 2000, pg. 135, by, John Mukum Mbaku</ref> [[Imane Ayissi]] is one of Cameroon's most prominent fashion designers and has received international recognition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/ |title=Cameroon:Imane Ayissi {{as written|detrem|ined [sic]}} to project Cameroon's couture |work=Journal du Cameroun |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414150322/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Local arts and crafts=== [[File:Woman weaving baskets near Lake Ossa.jpg|thumb|A woman weaves a basket near [[Lake Ossa]], Littoral Region. Cameroonians practise such handicrafts throughout the country.]] Traditional arts and crafts are practised throughout the country for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes. Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.<ref>[[#West|West]] 17.</ref> The high-quality clay of the western highlands is used for pottery and ceramics.<ref name="West 18"/> Other crafts include [[basket weaving]], [[beadwork]]ing, brass and bronze working, [[calabash]] carving and painting, [[embroidery]], and [[Leather crafting|leather]] working. Traditional housing styles use local materials and vary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic [[Wodaabe|Mbororo]] to the rectangular mud-and-thatch homes of southern peoples. Dwellings of materials such as cement and tin are increasingly common.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 110–3.</ref> [[Contemporary art]] is mainly promoted by independent cultural organisations ([[Doual'art]], [[Africréa]]) and [[artist-run initiative]]s ([[Art Wash]], [[Atelier Viking]], [[ArtBakery]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690 |access-date=12 April 2013 |work=The Post |author=Mulenga, Andrew |date=30 April 2010 |title=Cameroon's indomitable contemporary art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124956/http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690 |archive-date=11 March 2014 }}</ref> ===Literature=== {{main|Literature of Cameroon}} Cameroonian literature has concentrated on both European and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as [[Louis-Marie Pouka]] and [[Sankie Maimo]] were educated by European missionary societies and advocated [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] into European culture to bring Cameroon into the modern world.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 80–1</ref> After [[World War II]], writers such as [[Mongo Beti]] and [[Ferdinand Oyono]] analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation.<ref name=Fitzpatrick/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 77, 83–4</ref><ref name=Volet/> ===Media=== {{main|Mass media in Cameroon|Freedom of Speech in Cameroon|Cameroon Radio Television}} Although press freedoms have improved since the first decade of the 21st century, the press is corrupt and beholden to special interests and political groups.<ref name="Reporters">"Cameroon – Annual Report 2007".</ref> Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The major radio and television stations are state-run and other [[communications in Cameroon|communications]], such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 20.</ref> However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have increased dramatically since the first decade of the 21st century<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 20–1.</ref> and are largely unregulated.<ref name="Freedom House"/> ===Films and literature=== {{further|Cinema of Cameroon}} Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as [[Jean-Paul Ngassa]] and [[Thérèse Sita-Bella]] explored similar themes.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 119–120</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 20.</ref> In the 1960s, [[Mongo Beti]], [[Ferdinand Léopold Oyono]] and other writers explored postcolonialism, problems of African development, and the recovery of African identity.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 85–6.</ref> In the mid-1970s, filmmakers such as [[Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa]] and [[Daniel Kamwa]] dealt with the conflicts between traditional and postcolonial society. Literature and films during the next two decades focused more on wholly Cameroonian themes.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 120.</ref> ===Sports=== {{main|Sport in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon vs Germany 2003.jpg|thumb|[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] facing [[Germany national football team|Germany]] at [[Zentralstadion]] in Leipzig, 17 November 2004]] National policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and wrestling, and several hundred runners participate in the {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Mount Cameroon Race of Hope]] each year.<ref>[[#West|West]] 127.</ref> Cameroon is one of the few tropical countries to have [[Cameroon at the 2002 Winter Olympics|competed]] in the [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title=Isaac Menyoli Skis For A Greater Cause- Impossible Moments |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/original-series/episode/isaac-menyoli-skis-for-a-greater-cause-impossible-moments |website= |location= |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Sport in Cameroon is dominated by football. Amateur football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under corporate sponsors. The [[Cameroon national football team|national team]] has been one of the most successful in Africa since its strong showing in the [[1982 Football World Cup|1982]] and [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]s. Cameroon has won five [[African Cup of Nations]] titles and the gold medal at the [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2000 Olympics]].<ref>[[#West|West]] 92–93, 127.</ref> Cameroon was the host country of the [[Africa Women Cup of Nations|Women Africa Cup of Nations]] in November–December 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/africa-women-cup-of-nations-cameroon-opening-ceremony-football |title=Africa Women Cup of Nations kicks off in Cameroon |date=20 November 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |last1=Shearlaw |first1=Maeve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123163325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/africa-women-cup-of-nations-cameroon-opening-ceremony-football |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> the [[2020 African Nations Championship]] and the [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations]]. The [[Cameroon women's national football team|women's football team]] is known as the "Indomitable Lionesses", and like their men's counterparts, are also successful on the international stage, although it has not won any major trophy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nwiki |first=Walter |date=24 August 2023 |title=Cameroon |url=https://forgotten-heroines.com/2023/08/24/cameroon/ |website=Forgotten Heroines |location= |publisher= |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Cricket has also entered into Cameroon as an emerging sport with the Cameroon Cricket Federation participating in international matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Cricket Association |url=https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=118 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=africacricket.com |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125180153/https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=118 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cameroon has produced multiple [[National Basketball Association]] players including [[Pascal Siakam]], [[Joel Embiid]], [[D. J. Strawberry]], [[Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje]], [[Christian Koloko]], and [[Luc Mbah a Moute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players |title=Cameroon NBA Players – RealGM |publisher=Basketball.realgm.com |date= |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502204345/https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players |url-status=live }}</ref> The former [[UFC Heavyweight Champion]], [[Francis Ngannou]], hails from Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morgan |first=Emmanuel |date=21 January 2022 |title=The Fearsome, Quiet Champion |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426072359/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Cameroon|Countries|Africa }} * [[Outline of Cameroon]] * [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon]] {{clear}} ==References== === Notes === {{Notelist}} ===Citations=== <references> <ref name=Fanso>Fanso, V. G. (1989). ''Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd., p. 84, {{ISBN|0333471210}}.</ref> <ref name=Matthews>Matthews, Andy (12 March 2008). "[http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 Cameroon protests in USA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 |date=6 December 2008 }}", Africa News. Retrieved 13 March 2008.</ref> <ref name="IRIN">"[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 Cameroon: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421180241/http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 |date=21 April 2007 }}". 27 January 2006. ''IRIN''. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Njung>Njung, GN, Lucas Tazanu Mangula, and Emmanuel Nfor Nkwiyir (2003). ''Introduction to History: Cameroon''. ANUCAM, pp. 5–6.</ref> <ref name=Corruption>"[http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ Corruption Perceptions Index 2012] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013918/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ |date=29 November 2013 }}". Transparency International.</ref> <ref name=Nkemngu>Nkemngu, Martin A. (11 March 2008). "[http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html Facts and Figures of the Tragic Protests]", ''[[Cameroon Tribune]]''. Retrieved 12 March 2008.{{subscription required}} {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313004646/http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html |date=13 March 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="Amnesty">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/0001/2006/en/ |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 April 2007 |work=Amnesty International Report 2006 |date=21 May 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025065226/http://www.amnesty.de/umleitung/2006/deu01/025?print=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="State Dept">"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm U.S. Relations With Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |date=4 June 2019 }} ". United States Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book |ref=House |chapter=Cameroon (2006) |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 |title=Country Report: 2006 Edition |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=6 April 2007 |date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220940/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> <ref name="Human Rights Report">"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78723.htm Cameroon] ". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="EHRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR41/006/2006/en/ |title=2006 Elections to the Human Rights Council: Background information on candidate countries |access-date=6 February 2007 |date=30 April 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311093310/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior41/006/2006/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Kandemeh>Kandemeh, Emmanuel (17 July 2007). "[http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200707170411.html Journalists Warned against Declaring Election Results]", ''Cameroon Tribune''. Retrieved 18 July 2007 {{subscription required}}.</ref> <ref name=Lantum>Lantum, Daniel M., and Martin Ekeke Monono (2005). "Republic of Cameroon", ''Who Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. [[World Health Organization]], p. 14.</ref> <ref name="Demographic Yearbook">[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf ''Demographic Yearbook 2004''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |date=14 November 2012 }}. United Nations Statistics Division.</ref> <ref name=Fomensky>Fomensky, R., M. Gwanfogbe, and F. Tsala, editorial advisers (1985) ''Macmillan School Atlas for Cameroon.'' Malaysia: Macmillan Education, p. 6</ref> <ref name=Extremes>"[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes] {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |date=25 May 2012 }}". Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]], 9 August 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Gwanfogbe>Gwanfogbe, Mathew; Meligui, Ambrose; Moukam, Jean and Nguoghia, Jeanette (1983). ''Geography of Cameroon.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education, p. 20, {{ISBN|0333366905}}.</ref> <!--<ref name=Area>"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html Rank Order – Area] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |date=9 February 2014 }}". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref>--> <ref name=Green>Green, RH (1969). "The Economy of Cameroon Federal Republic". In Robson, Peter, and DA Lury (eds). ''The Economies of Africa'', p.&nbsp;239. Allen and Unwin.</ref> <ref name="Musa Biya plan">Musa, Tansa (8 April 2008). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL08308448 Biya plan to keep power in Cameroon clears hurdle] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132016/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/08/idUSL08308448 |date=24 September 2015 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</ref> <ref name="Musa Gunmen">Musa, Tansa (27 June 2007). "[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm Gunmen kill one, kidnap 22 in Cameroon near CAR] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170646/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm |date=29 June 2007 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=RCross>International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (28 May 2007). "[https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070613175522/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-73N32R?OpenDocument Cameroon: Population Movement; DREF Bulletin no. MDRCM004]". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 18 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=Niba>Niba, Francis Ngwa (20 February 2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm New language for divided Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221172852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm |date=21 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Fitzpatrick>Fitzpatrick, Mary (2002). "Cameroon." ''Lonely Planet West Africa'', 5th ed. China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd., p. 38</ref> <ref name=Geschiere>Geschiere, Peter (1997). ''The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, pp. 169–170, {{ISBN|0813917034}}.</ref> <ref name=Nkolo>Nkolo, Jean-Victor, and Graeme Ewens (2000). "Cameroon: Music of a Small Continent". ''World Music, Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. London: Rough Guides Ltd., p. 43, {{ISBN|1858286352}}.</ref> <ref name=Volet>Volet, Jean-Marie (10 November 2006). "[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html Cameroon Literature at a glance] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811215426/http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html |date=11 August 2011 }}". ''Reading women writers and African literatures''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> </references> ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=DeLancey |author1=DeLancey, Mark W. |author2=DeLancey, Mark Dike |year=2000 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon |edition=3rd |place=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0810837751}} * {{cite book |ref=Hudgens |author1=Hudgens, Jim |author2=Trillo, Richard |year=1999 |title=West Africa: The Rough Guide |edition=3rd |place=London |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1858284682}} * {{cite book |ref=Mbaku |author=Mbaku, John Mukum |year=2005 |title=Culture and Customs of Cameroon |place=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313332319}} * {{cite book |ref=Neba |author=Neba, Aaron |year=1999 |title=Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon |edition=3rd |place=Bamenda |publisher=Neba Publishers}} * {{cite book |ref=West |author=West, Ben |year=2004 |title=Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide |place=Guilford, Connecticut |publisher=The Globe Pequot Press |isbn=978-1841620787}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |title=Cameroon – Annual Report 2007 |access-date=7 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152356/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |archive-date=26 May 2007}} . Reporters without Borders. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113020758/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |archive-date=13 January 2007}} . ''Human Development Report 2006''. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cameroon | volume= 5 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 110–113 |short= 1}} * Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997). ''Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service''. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. * MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", ''Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much Is Too Much?'' McGill-Queen's University Press. * [[Dorothy L. Njeuma|Njeuma, Dorothy L.]] (no date). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152111/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm Country Profiles: Cameroon]". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Retrieved 11 April 2008. * Rechniewski, Elizabeth. "1947: Decolonisation in the Shadow of the Cold War: the Case of French Cameroon." ''Australian & New Zealand Journal of European Studies'' 9.3 (2017). [https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/ANZJES/article/download/15186/13370 online] * Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * Tsogang Fossi, Richard. Comment « Cameroons » est devenu allemand. Histoire d'une appropriation par la manipulation et par la force. In: Collective (ed.), [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DE_L_ABSENCE_version_francaise.pdf Atlas de l'absence. Le patrimoine culturel du Cameroun en Allemagne], Berlin 2023, (English working translation [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DER_ABWESENHEIT_EN_DeepL.pdf online]) Berlin 2023, p. 31-44. * Wright, Susannah, ed. (2006). ''Cameroon''. Madrid: MTH Multimedia S.L. * "[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx World Economic and Financial Surveys] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102523/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx |date=11 February 2009 }}". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2007. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Cameroon|Cameroon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260115101251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ Cameroon]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx Cameroon Corruption Profile] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |date=24 March 2014 }} from Business Anti-Corruption Portal * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153516/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm Cameroon] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13146029 Cameroon profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas |Cameroon}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CM Key Development Forecasts for Cameroon] from [[International Futures]] '''Government''' * [https://www.prc.cm/en/ Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715013604/http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1 Prime Minister's Office] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805071905/http://www.assemblenationale.cm/ National Assembly of Cameroon] * [http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/Cameroon/2010/ Global Integrity Report: Cameroon] has reporting on anti-corruption in Cameroon * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080443/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/cameroon.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] '''Trade''' * [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary Summary Trade Statistics] from World Bank {{Cameroon topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Cameroon |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state =collapsed}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6|N|12|E|display=title}} [[Category:Cameroon| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Cameroon]] [[Category:Countries in Central Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Countries and territories where French is an official language]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] 4kr1w4xmrpqnwbiprmadii2t217i514 117478 117477 2026-07-16T13:47:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Cameroon]] 117477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{About|the country|other uses|Cameroon (disambiguation)}} {{Featured article}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-pc}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cameroon | common_name = Cameroon | native_name = {{Native name|fr|République du Cameroun}} | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | alt_flag = Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = <br />{{Native phrase|fr|"Paix – Travail – Patrie"|italics=off}}<br />"Peace – Work – Fatherland" | national_anthem = <br />{{Native phrase|fr|"Chant de Ralliement"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />"[[The Rallying Song|Rallying Song]]"<br />{{Center| }} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cameroon (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | alt_map = Location of Cameroon on the globe. | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yaoundé]]<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Cameroon |section=People and Society |date=16 May 2022 }}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|3|51|41|N|11|31|14|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Douala]] | official_languages = [[French language|French]] {{*}} [[English language|English]] | regional_languages = [[Grassfields languages|Grassfields languages]] {{*}}[[Beti languages|Beti]] {{*}}[[Fula language|Fufulde]] {{*}}[[Sawabantu languages|Sawa]] {{*}}[[Hausa language|Hausa]] {{*}}[[Baka language|Baka]] {{*}}[[Basaa language|Bassa]] {{*}}[[Chadian Arabic]] {{*}}[[Bafia languages|Bafia]] {{*}}[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]] {{*}}[[Cameroonian Pidgin English|Pidgin]] {{*}}[[Camfranglais]] {{*}}[[Biu–Mandara languages|Mandara]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/peuls-du-cameroun-pr%C3%A9server-lethos-suivre-lair-du-temps-/2888983/ |title=Peuls du Cameroun: Préserver l'ethos, suivre l'air du temps |access-date=10 July 2024 |via=Anadolu Agency-FR }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | {{Nowrap | 22.2% [[Bamileke people|Bamileke]], [[Bamum people|Bamun]] }} | 16.4% [[Biu–Mandara languages|Biu-Mandara]] | 13.5% [[Baggara Arabs|Shuwa Arab]], [[Hausa people|Hausa]] and [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] | 13.1% [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Beti]]-[[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa]] | 12.0% [[Fula people|Fulani]] | 9.9% [[Tikar people|Tikar]] | 9.8% [[Adamawa–Ubangi languages|Adamawa-Ubangi]] ([[Mbum languages|Mbum]]-[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]]) | 4.6% [[Duala people|Sawa people]] | 4.3% [[Manenguba languages|Southwest Bantu]] | 2.3% [[African Pygmies|Pygmy peoples]] | 3.8% others/foreigners }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022 | religion = {{Ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | {{Tree list}} * 66.3% [[Christianity]] ** 33.1% [[Catholic Church in Cameroon|Catholic]] ** 27.1% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] ** 6.1% other [[Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} | 30.6% [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] | 1.3% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]] | 1.1% [[Irreligion|no religion]] | 0.7% other religions }} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brilliantmaps.com/country-maps/map-of-cameroon/|title=Map of Cameroon Created By The CIA|access-date=March 11, 2026}}</ref> | demonym = [[Cameroonians|Cameroonian]] | government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] dictatorship | leader_title1 = [[President of Cameroon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Cameroon|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = ''Vacant''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Atabong |first1=Amindeh Blaise |title=Cameroon approves role of vice president to 93-year-old Biya |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/cameroon-approves-role-of-vice-president-to-93-year-old-biya/ar-AA209quQ?ocid=BingNewsVerp |agency=Reuters |date=4 April 2026}}</ref> | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Joseph Ngute]] | leader_title4 = [[Senate (Cameroon)|President of Senate]] | leader_name4 = Aboubakary Abdoulaye | leader_title5 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|President of National Assembly]] | leader_name5 = Theodore Datouo | legislature = [[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Cameroon|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Cameroon|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Cameroon|Formation]] | established_event1 = Independence of [[French Cameroons]] from [[France]] | established_date1 = 1 January 1960 | established_event2 = Independence of [[Southern Cameroons|British Southern Cameroons]] from the [[United Kingdom]] and establishment of the Federal Republic of Cameroon | established_date2 = 1 October 1961 | established_event3 = [[1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|Cameroonian constitutional referendum of 1972]] and establishment of the [[Unitary State]] | established_date3 = 20 May 1972 | established_event4 = Current constitution | established_date4 = 18 January 1996 | area_km2 = 475,442 | area_rank = 53rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] sourced from the UN--> | area_sq_mi = 183,569 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 0.57 <ref name="CIA"/> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 30,987,821<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Cameroon |access-date=22 June 2025 |year=2025 }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 51st | population_density_km2 = 39.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $183.320 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/October/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Cameroon) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180456/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 86th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,960<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 147th | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $67.520 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 91st | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $2,200<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 152nd | Gini = 42.2<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 }}</ref> | HDI = 0.588 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDR2025">{{Cite report |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509000000/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 155th | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon|+237]] | cctld = [[.cm]] | footnote_a = These are the titles as given in the ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Article X ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |date=28 February 2006 |title=English}} and {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm |date=28 February 2006 |title=French}} versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called {{Lang|fr|Chant de Ralliement}}, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in [[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 61. }} '''Cameroon''',{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|k|æ|m|ə|ˈ|r|uː|n}} {{Respell|KAM|ə|ROON}}; {{Langx|fr|Cameroun}} {{IPA|fr|kamʁun||LL-Q150 (fra)-Mecanautes-Cameroun.wav}}.}} officially the '''Republic of Cameroon''',{{Efn|{{Langx|fr|République du Cameroun|links=no}}.}} is a country in [[Central Africa]]. It shares boundaries with [[Nigeria]] to the west and north, [[Chad]] to the northeast, the [[Central African Republic]] to the east, and [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], and the [[Republic of the Congo]] to the south. Its coastline lies on the [[Bight of Biafra]], part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]], and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between [[West Africa]] and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both geostrategic locations. Cameroon's population of nearly 31 million people speak 250 native languages, in addition to the national tongues of English and French. The capital city of the country is [[Yaoundé]]. Early inhabitants of the territory included the [[Sao civilisation]] around [[Lake Chad]] and the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese explorers]] reached the coast in the 15th century. [[Fula people|Fulani]] soldiers founded the [[Adamawa Emirate]] in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and [[Fon (title)|fondoms]]. Cameroon became a [[German Empire|German colony]] in 1884 known as [[Kamerun]]. After [[World War I]], it was divided between [[French Third Republic|France]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] as [[League of Nations mandate]]s until independence in 1960 and 1961 respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dupraz |first=Yannick |date=September 2019 |title=French and British Colonial Legacies in Education: Evidence from the Partition of Cameroon |url=https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/119359/1/WRAP-French-British-colonial-Cameroon-Dupraz-2019.pdf |journal=The Journal of Economic History |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=628–668 |doi=10.1017/S0022050719000299 |issn=0022-0507 }}</ref> The [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] (UPC) political party advocated independence but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to a [[Bamileke War|national liberation insurgency]] between [[French Armed Forces]] and the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) until January 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic of Cameroun, under President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]]. The [[Southern Cameroons|southern part]] of [[British Cameroon]]s federated with it in 1961 to form the [[Federal republic|Federal Republic]] of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was renamed the [[Unitary state|United Republic]] of Cameroon in 1972 and back to the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 by a presidential decree by President [[Paul Biya]]. Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward. Cameroon is governed as a unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]. Biya is the world's longest-serving non-royal leader, having ruled for over four decades in an [[authoritarian]] manner. Consequently, his [[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] governs the country as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Letsa |first1=Natalie Wenzell |title='The people's choice': popular (il)legitimacy in autocratic Cameroon |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=December 2017 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=647–679 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X17000428}}</ref> The [[official language]]s of Cameroon are French and English. Christianity is the majority [[religion in Cameroon]], with significant minorities practising [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] and [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]]. It has experienced [[Anglophone problem|tensions]] from the English-speaking territories, where politicians have advocated for greater decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in the [[Southern Cameroons National Council]]). In 2017, tensions over the creation of an [[Ambazonia]]n state in the English-speaking territories escalated into [[Anglophone Crisis|open warfare]]. Large numbers of Cameroonians live as [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmers]]. The country is often referred to as "Africa in miniature" for its geological, linguistic, and cultural diversity. Its natural features include beaches, [[desert]]s, mountains, [[rainforest]]s, and [[savanna]]s. Cameroon's highest point, at almost {{convert|4100|m|ft}}, is [[Mount Cameroon]] in the [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest Region]]. Cameroon's most populous cities are [[Douala]] on the [[Wouri River]], its economic capital and main seaport; [[Yaoundé]], its political capital; and [[Garoua]]. [[Limbé, Cameroon|Limbé]] in the southwest has a natural seaport. Cameroon is well known for its native music styles, particularly [[Makossa]], Njang, and [[Bikutsi]], and its successful [[Cameroon national football team|national football team]]. It is a member state of the [[African Union]], the United Nations, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]}} (OIF), the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. ==Etymology== Originally, Cameroon was the [[exonym]] given by the Portuguese to the [[Wouri River]], which they called {{lang|pt|Rio dos Camarões}} meaning 'river of [[shrimps]]' or 'shrimp river', referring to the then abundant [[Cameroon ghost shrimp]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Cameroon |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104102318/https://www.etymonline.com/word/cameroon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Camarões: o que os crustáceos têm a ver com o país? |trans-title=Cameroon: what do the crustaceans have to do with the country? |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais/ |first=Sérgio |last=Rodrigues |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220050611/https://veja.abril.com.br/coluna/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais |url-status=live }}</ref> The country's name in Portuguese remains {{lang|pt|Camarões}}.<ref name="h574">{{cite book |last=Ngefac |first=Aloysius |title=Aspects of Cameroon Englishes |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=8 February 2022 |isbn=978-1-5275-8029-9 |page=19 }}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of Cameroon}} ===Early history=== [[File:Shumom-text.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bamum script]] is a writing system developed by King Njoya in the late 19th century.]] Evidence from [[archaeological excavation]]s at [[Shum Laka]] in the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest Region]] shows human occupation in Cameroon dating back 30,000 years.<ref name=Lavachery2001>Lavachery, Philippe (2001) The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 18(4):213-247.</ref><ref name=Cornelissen2003>Cornelissen, Els (2003) On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 20(1):1-24.</ref> The longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] ([[Pygmy peoples|Pygmies]]).<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 2.</ref> From there, [[Bantu expansion|Bantu migrations]] into eastern, southern and central Africa are believed to have occurred about 2,000 years ago.<ref name="history"/> The [[Sao civilisation|Sao]] culture arose around Lake Chad, {{circa|500 CE}}, and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Bornu Empire]]. Kingdoms, [[Fon (title)|fondoms]], and [[chiefdom]]s arose in the west.<ref name=Njung/> [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese sailors]] reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of the ghost shrimp ''[[Lepidophthalmus turneranus]]'' in the [[Wouri River]] and named it {{lang|pt|Rio dos Camarões}} (''Shrimp River''), which became ''Cameroon'' in English.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pondi |first=J.E. |title=Cameroon and the Commonwealth of nations |journal=The Round Table |volume=86 |issue=344 |pages=563–570 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/00358539708454389 |issn=0035-8533 }}</ref> Over the following few centuries, European interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian [[missionaries]] pushed inland.<ref name=Fanso/> In 1896, Sultan [[Ibrahim Njoya]] created the [[Bamum script]], or Shu Mom, for the [[Bamum language]].<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 59</ref><ref name="NMAA">{{cite web |url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |title=Bamum |publisher=National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101155844/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref> It is taught in Cameroon by the [[Bamum Scripts and Archives Project]].<ref name="NMAA"/> ===European colonisation=== ====German Empire==== {{main|Kamerun}} Germany began to establish roots in Cameroon in 1868 when the Woermann Company of Hamburg built a warehouse. It was built on the estuary of the Wouri River. Later, [[Gustav Nachtigal]] made a treaty with one of the local kings to annex the region for the German emperor.<ref name=historyworld>{{cite web |url=http://historyworld.net |title=historyworld |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407073336/http://historyworld.net/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> The [[German Empire]] claimed the territory as the colony of [[Kamerun]] in 1884 and began a steady push inland; the natives resisted in the [[Bafut Wars]] and [[Adamawa Wars]]. Under the aegis of Germany, commercial companies were local administrations. These [[Concession (contract)|concession]]s used [[Unfree labour|forced labour]] to run profitable banana, rubber, palm oil, and cocoa plantations.<ref name=historyworld/> Even infrastructure projects relied on a regimen of forced labour. This economic policy was much criticised by the other colonial powers.<ref name="DeLancey 125">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 125.</ref> ====French and British Mandates==== {{main|French Cameroon|British Cameroon}} [[File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg|thumb|right|Leaders of the pro-independence [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon|UPC]]]] With the defeat of Germany in [[World War I]], Kamerun became a [[League of Nations mandate]] territory and was split into [[French Cameroon]] ({{langx|fr|Cameroun}}) and [[British Cameroon]] in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroon with that of France<ref name="DeLancey 5">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 5.</ref> and improved the infrastructure with capital investments and skilled workers, modifying the colonial system of [[forced labour]].<ref name="DeLancey 125"/> Britain offered German owned plantations to the highest bidder with the intent of paying the proceeds into a [[World War I reparations]] account. But few investors were willing to buy at the London auctions. Eventually Britain sold the majority of German plantations in British Cameroon back to their original German owners and opened up African maritime ports for German trade. The British also encouraged German investment in the [[Tanganyika Territory]]. German companies built warehouses in [[Douala]] but were not allowed to purchase land.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Susan Pedersen |title=The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190226398 |pages=234 & 236 |year=2015 }}</ref> The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour altogether but angering the local natives, who felt swamped.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 4.</ref> The League of Nations mandates were converted into [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|United Nations Trusteeships]] in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroon.<ref name="DeLancey 5"/> France outlawed the pro-independence political party, the [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] ({{langx|fr|Union des Populations du Cameroun}}, UPC), on 13 July 1955.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Terretta |first1=M. |title=Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-African Accra |doi=10.1017/S0021853710000253 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=189–212 |year=2010 |s2cid=154604590 }}</ref> This prompted a [[Bamileke War|long guerrilla war]] waged by the UPC and the assassination of several of the party's leaders, including [[Ruben Um Nyobè]], [[Félix-Roland Moumié]] and [[Ernest Ouandie]]. In the British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroon or join Nigeria; the British ruled out the option of independence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takougang |first1=J. |title=Nationalism, democratisation and political opportunism in Cameroon |doi=10.1080/0258900032000142455 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=427–445 |year=2003 |s2cid=153564848 }}</ref> ===Republic of Cameroon=== On 1 January 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France under President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] as the Republic of Cameroon. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon until 1972, when the federation was abandoned and the country renamed the United Republic of Cameroon. In 1984, President Paul Biya restored the name Republic of Cameroon via presidential decree. ====Federal Republic of Cameroon==== [[File:Flag of Cameroon (1961–1975).svg|thumb|Flag of the Federal Republic of Cameroon]] On 1 October 1961, the British [[Southern Cameroons]] gained independence from the United Kingdom by vote of the UN General Assembly and merged into the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federal republic was composed of two federated states, [[East Cameroon]] and [[West Cameroon]], each with its own legislature, government, and prime minister. 1 October is now observed as [[Unification Day (Cameroon)|Unification Day]], a [[Public holidays in Cameroon|public holiday]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Diane Cook |title=Cameroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jn7TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95 |date=2 September 2014 |publisher=Mason Crest |isbn=978-1-4222-9434-5 |page=95 }}</ref> Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.<ref name="DeLancey 6">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 6.</ref> ====United Republic of Cameroon==== [[File:Ahmadou Ahidjo.jpg|thumb|Former president [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] ruled from 1960 until 1982.]] Ahidjo's political party, the [[Cameroonian National Union|Cameroon National Union]] (CNU), became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966, and on 20 May 1972, a [[1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|referendum]] was passed to abolish the [[Federation|federal system of government]] in favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from [[Yaoundé]].<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 19.</ref> This day is now the country's [[National Day (Cameroon)|National Day]], a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prc.cm/en/multimedia/photo-albums/37-20-may-national-day |title=20 May National Day |website=Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164656/https://www.prc.cm/en/multimedia/photo-albums/37-20-may-national-day |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of [[planned liberalism]], prioritising [[cash crops]] and petroleum development. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 7.</ref> The [[Flag of Cameroon|national flag]] was changed on 20 May 1975 with the two stars removed and replaced with a large central star as a symbol of national unity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Whitney |author-link=Whitney Smith |date=27 July 2011 |title=Flag of Cameroon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Cameroon |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> ====Republic of Cameroon under Biya==== Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, [[Paul Biya]]. However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed [[Cameroonian Palace Guard Revolt|coup d'état]] nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 8.</ref> Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward, making him the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|longest consecutively serving current non-royal national leader in the world]] and the [[Lists of state leaders by age|oldest current head of state]] in the world. In 1987, [[Dja Faunal Reserve]], Cameroon's first [[World Heritage Site]], was inscribed on the list by [[UNESCO]].<ref name="b394">{{cite web |title=Dja Faunal Reserve |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/407/ |language=rw |access-date=25 October 2024 }}</ref> An [[Cameroonian economic crisis|economic crisis]] took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and [[cronyism]]. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and [[Privatization|privatised]] industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, the former British Southern Cameroons pressure groups called for greater autonomy, and the [[Southern Cameroons National Council]] advocated complete secession as the Republic of [[Ambazonia]].<ref name="DeLancey 9">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 9.</ref> The 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon gives workers the freedom to belong to a trade union or not to belong to any trade union at all. It is the choice of a worker to join any trade union in their occupation since there is more than one trade union in each occupation.<ref>''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 Ginna Violet Yella. "Freedom of Trade Union Membership: An Appraisal of the 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon" United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 18–25.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605133204/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 |date=5 June 2022 }}''</ref> [[File:Paul Biya 2014.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Paul Biya]] has ruled the country since 1982.]] In June 2006, talks concerning a territorial dispute over the [[Bakassi]] peninsula were resolved. The talks involved President Paul Biya of Cameroon, then President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of Nigeria, and then UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], and resulted in Cameroonian control of the oil-rich peninsula. The northern portion of the territory was formally handed over to the Cameroonian government in August 2006, and the remainder of the peninsula was left to Cameroon two years later, in 2008.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200606130612.html Cameroon: Presidents Obasanjo And Biya Shake Hands on Disputed Bakassi Peninsula] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063651/http://allafrica.com/stories/200606130612.html |date=17 February 2017 }}, ''Allafrica'', 13 June 2006</ref> The boundary change triggered a [[Bakassi conflict|local separatist insurgency]], as many Bakassians refused to accept Cameroonian rule. While most militants laid down their arms in November 2009,<ref>[https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/ Cameroon Rebels Threaten Security in Oil-Rich Gulf of Guinea] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000328/https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/ |date=29 August 2018 }}, Jamestown Foundation, 24 November 2010. Accessed 28 August 2018.</ref> some carried on fighting for years.<ref>Ngwane, George. "Preventing renewed violence through peacebuilding in the Bakassi peninsula (Cameroon)."</ref> In February 2008, Cameroon experienced its worst violence in 15 years when a transport union strike in Douala escalated into [[2008 Cameroonian anti-government protests|violent protests]] in 31 municipal areas.<ref name=Nkemngu/><ref name=Matthews/> In May 2014, in the wake of the [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping]], presidents Paul Biya of Cameroon and [[Idriss Déby]] of Chad announced they were waging war on [[Boko Haram]], and deployed troops to the Nigerian border.<ref> {{cite news |title=Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram – Nigeria |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=10 June 2014 |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173813/http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram |archive-date=14 July 2014}} </ref> Boko Haram launched several attacks into Cameroon, killing 84 civilians in a [[December 2014 Cameroon clashes|December 2014 raid]], but suffering a heavy defeat in a [[January 2015 raid on Kolofata|raid in January 2015]]. Cameroon declared victory over Boko Haram on Cameroonian territory in September 2018.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514110414/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 |date=14 May 2019 }}, CBC News, 30 September 2018. Accessed 18 June 2019.</ref> Since November 2016, [[2016–17 Cameroonian protests|protesters]] from the predominantly English-speaking [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest]] and [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest]] regions of the country have been campaigning for continued use of the English language in schools and courts. People were killed and hundreds were jailed as a result of these protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html |title=Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon |author=Radina Gigova |website=CNN |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227172641/https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Biya's government blocked the regions' access to the Internet for three months.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41468149 |title=Cameroon internet shut for separatists |date=2 October 2017 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084339/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41468149 |archive-date=20 September 2018 }}</ref> In September, separatists started [[Anglophone Crisis|a guerilla war]] for the independence of the Anglophone region as the Federal Republic of [[Ambazonia]]. The government responded with a military offensive, and the insurgency spread across the Northwest and Southwest regions. {{As of|2019}}, fighting between separatist guerillas and government forces continues.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44561929 |title=Burning Cameroon: Images you're not meant to see |date=25 June 2018 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919204526/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44561929 |archive-date=19 September 2018 }}</ref> During 2020, numerous terrorist attacks—many of them carried out without claims of credit—and government reprisals have led to bloodshed throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ekonde |first1=Daniel |date=18 November 2020 |title=The world's most neglected conflict |url=https://www.newframe.com/the-worlds-most-neglected-conflict/ |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=New Frame |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130094247/https://www.newframe.com/the-worlds-most-neglected-conflict/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2016, more than 450,000 people have fled their homes.<ref name="humanrights">{{cite news |last1=Tisdall |first1=Simon |title=In a world full of wars, why are so many of them ignored? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/world-full-of-wars-so-many-ignored-central-africa-sudan-boko-haram |work=The Guardian |date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180340/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/world-full-of-wars-so-many-ignored-central-africa-sudan-boko-haram |url-status=live }}</ref> The conflict indirectly led to an [[Chad Basin campaign (2018–2019)|upsurge]] in Boko Haram attacks, as the Cameroonian military largely withdrew from the north to focus on fighting the Ambazonian separatists.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190312124436/https://natimesnews.com/2019/02/25/cameroon-national-times-there-has-been-growing-insecurity-in-the-three-northern-regions-of-cameroon-as-both-the-government-and-the-military-concentrate-their-strength-and-might-in-fighting-an-endles/ Insecurity Escalates In North Region As Gov't, Military Concentrate In Anglophone Regions]}}, The National Times, 25 February 2019.Accessed 25 February 2019.</ref> More than 30,000 people in northern Cameroon fled to Chad after ethnic clashes over [[Water conflict|access to water]] between [[Musgum people|Musgum]] fishermen and ethnic [[Chadian Arabic|Arab Choa]] herders in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands flee northern Cameroon after deadly intercommunal clashes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |work=France 24 |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108163838/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Cameroon bears brunt of inter-ethnic clashes, 22 dead, 30 injured |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |work=[[Africanews]] |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101223009/https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[2025 Cameroonian presidential election]], a [[2025 Cameroonian protests|series of protests]] broke out after allegations of electoral fraud were made by the opposition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corey-Boulet |first1=Robbie |title=Cameroon security forces killed 48 in election protests, UN sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-security-forces-killed-48-election-protests-un-sources-say-2025-11-04/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 November 2025}}</ref> ==Politics and government== {{Main|Politics of Cameroon|Elections in Cameroon}} [[File:YaoundeUnityPalace.png|thumb|Unity Palace – Cameroon Presidency]] The [[List of presidents of Cameroon|President of Cameroon]] is elected and creates policy, administers government agencies, commands the [[Cameroon Armed Forces|armed forces]], negotiates and ratifies treaties, and declares a state of emergency.<ref name="Neba 250">[[#Neba|Neba]] 250.</ref> The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|prime minister]] (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors and divisional officers.<ref name=msu>{{cite web |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon: Government |publisher=Michigan State University: Broad College of Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507153207/http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |archive-date=7 May 2013 }}</ref> The president is selected by popular vote every seven years.<ref name="CIA"/> The [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year.<ref name=msu/> Laws are passed on a majority vote.<ref name="CIA"/> The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]]. The government recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and [[Lamido|lamibe]] to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.<ref name="State Dept"/><ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 252.</ref> Cameroon's legal system is a mixture of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]], [[common law]], and [[customary law]].<ref name="CIA"/> Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]].<ref name="State Dept"/> The president appoints judges at all levels.<ref name=msu/> The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the [[Court of Appeal of Cameroon|court of appeal]], and the [[Supreme Court of Cameroon|supreme court]]. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member [[High Court of Justice (Cameroon)|High Court of Justice]] that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon: Institutional Situation |publisher=Montesquieu University of Bordeaux |author=Abdourhamane, Boubacar Issa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921001254/http://etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html |archive-date=21 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Government in Cameroon |publisher=Commonwealth of Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328164623/http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/ |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> ===Political culture=== [[File:Statue d'un chef coutumier à Bana.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A statue of a chief in [[Bana, Cameroon|Bana]], West Region]] Cameroon [[Corruption in Cameroon|is viewed as rife with corruption]] at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational,<ref name="IRIN"/> and in 2012, [[Transparency International]] placed Cameroon at number 144 on a list of 176 countries ranked from least to most corrupt.<ref name=Corruption/> On 18 January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the [[National Anti-Corruption Observatory]].<ref name="IRIN"/> There are several high corruption risk areas in Cameroon, for instance, customs, public health sector and public procurement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Cameroon |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the corruption has gotten worse, regardless of the existing anti-corruption bureaus, as Transparency International ranked Cameroon 152 on a list of 180 countries in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018 |title=2018 – CPI |website=Transparency.org |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513063746/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> President Biya's [[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the [[Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)|Social Democratic Front]] (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by [[John Fru Ndi]].<ref name = "lergai">[[#West|West]] 11.</ref> Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, which rivals contend were unfair.<ref name="DeLancey 9"/> Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/> In particular, English-speaking people are discriminated against; protests often escalate into violent clashes and killings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/ |title=Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon |author=Radina Gigova |date=15 December 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318083433/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> In 2017, President Biya shut down the Internet in the English-speaking region for 94 days, at the cost of hampering five million people, including [[Silicon Mountain]] startups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/ |title=Cameroon goes offline after Anglophone revolt |author=Kieron Monks |date=3 February 2017 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003526/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> [[Freedom House]] ranks Cameroon as "not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.<ref>Cameroon is rated at six in both categories on a scale of one to seven, with one being "most free" and seven being "least free". [[#House|Freedom House]].</ref> The last [[2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] were held on 9 February 2020.<ref name=Kandemeh/> ===Foreign relations=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Cameroon}} [[File:Paul Biya with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|President [[Paul Biya]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in 2014]] Cameroon is a member of both the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]].<ref>Julia, Marion (December 2008). "La démocratie dans le projet politique de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie". ''[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]''. '''97''' (399): 825–838. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00358530802485825|10.1080/00358530802485825]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143862365 145202906].</ref> Its [[Foreign relations of Cameroon|foreign policy]] closely follows that of its main ally, France (one of its former colonial rulers).<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 126</ref><ref>Ngoh 328.</ref> Cameroon relies heavily on France for its defence,<ref name="State Dept"/> although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 30.</ref> President Biya has engaged in a decades-long clash with the government of Nigeria over possession of the oil-rich [[Bakassi]] peninsula.<ref name="lergai" /> Cameroon and Nigeria share a 1,000-mile (1,600&nbsp;km) border and have disputed the sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula. In 1994 Cameroon petitioned the [[International Court of Justice]] to resolve the dispute. The two countries attempted to establish a cease-fire in 1996; however, fighting continued for years. In 2002, the ICJ ruled that the [[Anglo-German Agreement of 1913]] gave sovereignty to Cameroon. The ruling called for a withdrawal by both countries and denied the request by Cameroon for compensation due to Nigeria's long-term occupation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/world/court-rules-for-cameroon-in-oil-dispute-with-nigeria.html |title=Court Rules for Cameroon In Oil Dispute With Nigeria |last1=Banerjee |first2=Marc |last2=Lacey |first1= Neela |date=11 October 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130042/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/world/court-rules-for-cameroon-in-oil-dispute-with-nigeria.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref> By 2004, Nigeria had failed to meet the deadline to hand over the peninsula. A UN-mediated summit in June 2006 facilitated an agreement for Nigeria to withdraw from the region and both leaders signed the [[Greentree Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm |title=Agreement Transferring Authority over Bakassi Peninsula from Nigeria to Cameroon 'Triumph for the Rule of Law' Secretary-General Says in Message for Ceremony |website=United Nations |date=14 August 2008 |language=en |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131052103/http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm |archive-date=31 January 2018 }}</ref> The withdrawal and handover of control was completed by August 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13148483 |title=Cameroon profile - Timeline |date=1 November 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209213130/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13148483 |archive-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Cameroon, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's [[Xinjiang re-education camps|treatment of Uyghurs]] in the [[Xinjiang]] region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Cameroonian Armed Forces}} [[File:Vehicules militaires pendant le défilé7.jpg|thumb|Military vehicles during a parade]] The Cameroon Armed Forces (French: ''Forces armées camerounaises'', FAC) consists of the country's army (''Armée de Terre''), the country's navy (''Marine Nationale de la République'' (MNR), including naval infantry), the Cameroonian Air Force (''Armée de l'Air du Cameroun'', AAC), and the [[Gendarmerie]].<ref name="CIA" /> The military is crucial in supporting Cameroon's authoritarian government since independence in 1960. The military has been involved in defeating rebellions, controlling protests for democratic reforms, combating [[Boko Haram insurgency|Boko Haram]] since 2014, and handling the Anglophone separatist movement that began in 2017.<ref name="g211">{{cite book |last=Harkness |first=Kristen A. |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |chapter=Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=17 December 2020 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800 |page= }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{see also|Human rights in Cameroon}} Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, [[LGBT rights in Cameroon|homosexuals]], and political activists.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> United Nations figures indicate that more than 21,000 people have fled to neighbouring countries, while 160,000 have been internally displaced by the violence, many reportedly hiding in forests.<ref name = "un">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23404&LangID=E |title=OHCHR – UN Human Rights Chief deeply alarmed by reports of serious rights breaches in Cameroon |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014220/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23404&LangID=E |archive-date=3 August 2018 }}</ref> Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities,<ref name = "Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government.<ref name="Freedom House"/> However, since the first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> On 25 July 2018, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Zeid Raad Al Hussein|Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein]] expressed deep concern about reports of violations and abuses in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-25 |title=Cameroon violence needs urgent investigation, says UN rights chief Zeid |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/07/1015512 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724215605/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/07/1015512 |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2026-05-20 |work=UN News |language=en}}</ref> According to OCHA, more than 1.7 million people require humanitarian assistance in the northwest and southwest regions. OCHA also estimates that at least 628,000 people have been internally displaced by violence in the two regions, while more than 87,000 have fled to Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/cameroon/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608190445/https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="un"/> [[LGBTQ rights in Cameroon|LGBTQ acts]] are banned by section 347-1 of the penal code with a penalty of from 6 months up to 5 years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf |title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same-sex activity between consenting adults |last=Ottosson |first=Daniel |date=May 2008 |publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) |page=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021141/http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2009 }}</ref> Since December 2020, [[Human Rights Watch]] claimed that Islamist armed group Boko Haram has stepped up attacks and killed at least 80 civilians in towns and villages in the Far North region of Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north |title=Cameroon: Boko Haram Attacks Escalate in Far North |date=5 April 2021 |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405134313/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|Regions of Cameroon|Departments of Cameroon}} [[File:Provinces of Cameroon EN.svg|thumb|upright|Cameroon is divided into 10 regions.]] The [[Constitution of Cameroon|constitution]] divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected [[Regional Council (Cameroon)|Regional Council]]. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.<ref name="Neba 250"/> These leaders are charged with implementing the will of the president, reporting on the general mood and conditions of the regions, administering the civil service, keeping the peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative units. Governors have broad powers: they may order propaganda in their area and call in the army, [[Gendarmerie|gendarmes]], and police.<ref name="Neba 250"/> All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |title=Cameroon |publisher=US Department of State |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French {{lang|fr|départements}}). These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers ({{lang|fr|[[Prefect|préfets]]}}). The divisions are further split into sub-divisions ({{lang|fr|arrondissements}}), headed by assistant divisional officers ({{lang|fr|sous-prefets}}). The districts, administered by district heads ({{lang|fr|chefs de district}}), are the smallest administrative units.<ref name=unhchr>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Core document forming part of the reports of States Parties: Cameroon |publisher=UNHCHR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023091521/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> The three northernmost regions are the [[Far North Region, Cameroon|Far North]] ({{lang|fr|Extrême Nord}}), [[North Region (Cameroon)|North]] ({{lang|fr|Nord}}), and [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]] ({{lang|fr|Adamaoua}}). Directly south of them are the [[Centre Region (Cameroon)|Centre]] ({{lang|fr|Centre}}) and [[East Region (Cameroon)|East]] ({{lang|fr|Est}}). The [[South Region (Cameroon)|South Province]] ({{lang|fr|Sud}}) lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller regions: the [[Littoral Region (Cameroon)|Littoral]] ({{lang|fr|Littoral}}) and [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|South-West]] ({{lang|fr|Sud-Ouest}}) regions are on the coast, and the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|North-West]] ({{lang|fr|Nord-Ouest}}) and [[West Region (Cameroon)|West]] ({{lang|fr|Ouest}}) regions are in the western grassfields.<ref name=unhchr/> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Cameroon|Geology of Cameroon}} [[File:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|[[Volcanic plugs]] dot the landscape near [[Rhumsiki]], Far North Region.]] At {{convert|475442|km2|sqmi}}, Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country.<ref name="Demographic Yearbook"/> The country is located in Central Africa and West Africa, on the [[Bight of Bonny]], part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/countries/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Country Profiles |publisher=UCLA African Studies Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303170914/http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/countries/ |archive-date=3 March 2013 }}</ref> Cameroon lies between latitudes [[1st parallel north|1°]] and [[13th parallel north|13°N]], and longitudes [[8th meridian east|8°]] and [[17th meridian east|17°E]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Cameroon/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyuimbe |first=Gasu Gideon |last2=Endomo |first2=Herve Endomo |date=June 2023 |title=Ocean Governance Study for Cameroon |url=https://www.un.org/oceancapacity/sites/www.un.org.oceancapacity/files/files/Projects/Norad/OGS/oceangovernancestudy_cameroon_english_0.pdf |website=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 16.</ref> The country's neighbours are Nigeria and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south.<ref name="CIA"/> Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends {{convert|15|to|150|km|mi|0}} inland from the Gulf of Guinea<ref name=Fomensky/> and has an average elevation of {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 14.</ref> Exceedingly hot and humid with a short [[dry season]], this belt is densely forested and includes some of the [[Debundscha|wettest places]] on earth, part of the [[Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests]].<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 28.</ref><ref name=Extremes/> The [[South Cameroon Plateau]] rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of {{convert|650|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Neba 16">[[#Neba|Neba]] 16.</ref> Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between [[wet season|wet]] and dry seasons makes it less humid than the coast. This area is part of the [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf |publisher=UNIDO |title=ICAM of Kribi Campo |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506165602/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 }}</ref> [[File:Elephants around tree in Waza, Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Elephants in [[Waza National Park]]]] An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the [[Cameroon line|Cameroon range]] extends from [[Mount Cameroon]] on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at {{convert|4095|m|ft|0}}<ref name="Neba 17"/>—almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern border at 13°05'N. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the [[Western High Plateau]], although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon.<ref name="Neba 17">[[#Neba|Neba]] 17.</ref> Volcanism here has created [[volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]s. On 21 August 1986, one of these, [[Lake Nyos]], belched carbon dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 161 report 1,700 killed; [[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1054 say "at least 2,000"; West 10 says "more than 2,000".</ref> This area has been delineated by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as the [[Cameroonian Highlands forests]] ecoregion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/cameroon_highlands_forests.cfm |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=WWF |title=Cameroon Highlands Forests |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501144939/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/cameroon_highlands_forests.cfm |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}</ref> The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged [[Adamawa Plateau]]. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is {{convert|1100|m|ft|0}},<ref name="Neba 16"/> and its average temperature ranges from {{convert|22|C|F|1}} to {{convert|25|C|F}} with high rainfall between April and October peaking in July and August.<ref name=Gwanfogbe/><ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 29.</ref> The [[East Sudanian savanna|northern lowland region]] extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of {{convert|300|to|350|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Neba 17"/> Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.<ref name=Green/> Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the [[Ntem River|Ntem]], [[Nyong River|Nyong]], [[Sanaga River|Sanaga]], and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The [[Dja River|Dja]] and [[Kadéï River|Kadéï]] drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the [[Benue River|Bénoué River]] runs north and west and empties into the [[Niger River|Niger]]. The [[Logon River|Logone]] flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Files: Cameroon |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/T0360E/T0360E04.htm |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611075925/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0360e/T0360E04.htm |archive-date=11 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Wildlife=== {{Main|Wildlife of Cameroon}} Cameroon's wildlife is composed of its [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. It is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second-highest level of biodiversity.<ref name="Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/africa/cameroon.aspx |title=Cameroon |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society }}</ref><ref name="Regional">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/125/125/CentralAfrica.htm |title=Beyond Boundaries:Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization |last1=Wilkie |first1=D. S. |first2=E. |last2=Hakizumwami |first3=N. |last3=Gami |first4=B. |last4=Difara }}</ref> In Cameroon, [[forest cover]] is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to {{cvt|20,340,480|ha}} of forest in 2020, down from {{cvt|22,500,000|ha}} in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forests covered {{cvt|20,279,380|ha}}, and planted forests covered {{cvt|61,100|ha}}. Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Cameroon |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CMR/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations }}</ref> To preserve its wildlife, Cameroon has more than 20 protected reserves comprising national parks, zoos, forest reserves, and sanctuaries. The protected areas were first created in the northern region under the colonial administration in 1932; the first two reserves established were [[Mozogo Gokoro Reserve]] and the [[Bénoué National Park|Bénoué Reserve]], which was followed by the [[Waza National Park|Waza Reserve]] on 24 March 1934. The coverage of reserves was initially about 4 percent of the country's area, rising to 12 percent; the administration proposes to cover 30 percent of the land area.<ref name="Cartesia">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |title=Mapping of Protected Areas Evolution in Cameroon from the Beginning to 2000: Lesson to Learn and Perspectives. |first1=Mesmin |last1=Tchindjang |first2=Clair |last2=Réné Banga |first3=Appolinaire |last3=Nankam |first4=Jean |last4=Sylvestre Makak |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization }}</ref> Its rich wildlife consists of 8,260 recorded plant species including 156 [[endemic species]], 409 species of [[mammals]] of which 14 are endemic, 690 species of birds which includes 8 endemic species, 250 species of reptiles, and 200 species of [[amphibians]].<ref name="Africa"/><ref name="Regional"/> The habitats of these species include the southern region comprising tropical lowland, coastline on the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. [[Mangrove]] forests, {{convert|270000|ha|acre|sp=us}} in size, are along the coast line. [[Montane forests]] and [[savannahs|savannas]] are in the northern region of the country. Important protected areas for these species are the [[Mbam Djerem National Park]], Benoue National Park, [[Korup National Park]], [[Takamanda National Park]], and the [[Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary]].<ref name="Africa"/> Cameroon is an important breeding area for marine and freshwater species such as [[crustacean]]s, [[mollusks]], fish, and birds.<ref name="Regional"/> ==Economy and infrastructure== {{Main|Economy of Cameroon}} Cameroon's per capita GDP ([[Purchasing power parity]]) was estimated at US$5.760 in 2025. Major export markets include the Netherlands, France, China, Belgium, Italy, Algeria, and Malaysia.<ref name="CIA"/> Cameroon has its GDP growing at an average of 4% per year. During the 2004–2008 period, public debt was reduced from over 60% of GDP to 10% and official reserves quadrupled to over US$3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html |title=Cameroon Financial Sector Profile |publisher=MFW4A |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110637/http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cameroon is part of the [[Bank of Central African States]] (of which it is the dominant economy),<ref name="Musa Biya plan"/> the [[Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa]] (UDEAC) and the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php |title=The business law portal in Africa |publisher=OHADA |access-date=22 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref> Its currency is the [[CFA franc]].<ref name="CIA"/> Unemployment was estimated at 3.38% in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameroon Unemployment rate – data, chart |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Cameroon/unemployment_rate/ |website=TheGlobalEconomy.com |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185110/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Cameroon/unemployment_rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and 23.8% of the population was living below the international [[poverty threshold]] of US$1.90 a day in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of the population) – Cameroon {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CM |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806173719/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CM |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, Cameroon has been following programmes advocated by the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to reduce poverty, privatise industries, and increase economic growth.<ref name="State Dept"/> The government has taken measures to encourage [[Tourism in Cameroon|tourism]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nl.nabc.nl/Portals/0/docs/Country%20information%20pdf/CAMEROON%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |title=Cameroon Business Mission Fact Sheet 2010–2011 |publisher=Netherlands-African Business Council |year=2011 |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013032607/http://nl.nabc.nl/Portals/0/docs/Country%20information%20pdf/CAMEROON%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 }}</ref> An estimated 70% of the population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 16.7% of GDP in 2017.<ref name="CIA"/> Most agriculture is done at the subsistence scale by local farmers using simple tools. They sell their surplus produce, and some maintain separate fields for commercial use. Urban centres are particularly reliant on peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs. Soils and climate on the coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of bananas, cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South Cameroon Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a major cash crop in the western highlands, and in the north, natural conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and rice. Production of [[Fair trade#Textiles|Fairtrade cotton]] was initiated in Cameroon in 2004.<ref>Fairtrade International, University of Greenwich and Institute of Development Studies, [https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf Fairtrade Cotton: Assessing Impact in Mali, Senegal, Cameroon and India] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831045046/https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf |date=31 August 2021 }}, published May 2011, accessed 31 August 2021</ref> [[File:Taureaux et vaches hollandais à wallya Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Dutch bulls and cows at Wallya community during the rainy season in Cameroon]] Livestock are raised throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/figure10.htm |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon livestock production map |publisher=FAO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605182824/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/figure10.htm |archive-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref> Fishing employs 5,000 people and provides over 100,000 tons of seafood each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0229E/x0229e05.htm |access-date=12 April 2013 |author=Som, Julienne |title=Women's role in Cameroon fishing communities |publisher=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603014448/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0229E/x0229e05.htm |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name=awf>{{cite web |url=http://www.awf.org/country/cameroon |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon |publisher=AWF |date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416202141/http://www.awf.org/country/cameroon |archive-date=16 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Bushmeat]], long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is a delicacy in the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat trade has now surpassed deforestation as the main threat to wildlife in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=BBC |title=UK project tackles bushmeat diet |date=10 April 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon's bushmeat dilemma |date=14 March 2008 |publisher=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529040509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm |archive-date=29 May 2012 }}</ref> The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover 37% of Cameroon's total land area.<ref name=awf/> However, large areas of the forest are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned firms,<ref name=awf/> provides the government US$60&nbsp;million a year in taxes ({{as of|1998|lc=yes}}), and laws mandate the safe and sustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the least regulated in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/problems/deforestation/logging/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608041738/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/problems/deforestation/logging/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=WWF |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Logging in the Green Heart of Africa }}</ref> Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 26.5% of GDP in 2017.<ref name="CIA"/> More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial strength is located in [[Douala]] and [[Bonabéri]]. Cameroon possesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not extensively mined (see ''[[Mining in Cameroon]]'').<ref name="State Dept"/> Petroleum exploitation has fallen since 1986, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips in prices have a strong effect on the economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pdp/2006/pdp02.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Strengthening Transparency in the Oil Sector in Cameroon |author=Cossé, Stéphane |publisher=IMF |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606061216/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pdp/2006/pdp02.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2012 }}</ref> Rapids and waterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply most of Cameroon's energy. The Sanaga River powers the largest hydroelectric station, located at Edéa. The rest of Cameroon's energy comes from oil-powered thermal engines. Much of the country remains without reliable power supplies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi,%202010-03-27,%20Parlementarians.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Harnessing Central Africa's Hydropower Potential |author=Prevost, Yves |publisher=Climate Parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082535/http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi%2C%202010-03-27%2C%20Parlementarians.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref> Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Cameroon:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trans-African Highways Network Routes |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/29736-wd-e_-_tah_annex_i_tah_network.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2026 |website=[[African Union]]}}</ref> * [[File:Schild TAH8.svg|20px]] the [[Lagos-Mombasa Highway]] * [[File:Schild TAH3.svg|20px]] the [[Tripoli-Cape Town Highway]] * [[File:Schild TAH5.svg|20px]] the [[Dakar-N'Djamena Highway]] [[Transport in Cameroon]] is often difficult. Only 6.6% of the roadways are tarred.<ref name="CIA"/> Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from travellers.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1036.</ref> Road banditry has long hampered transport along the eastern and western borders, and since 2005, the problem has intensified in the east as the Central African Republic has further destabilised.<ref name="Musa Gunmen"/> [[File:Bateau au port de Douala1.jpg|thumb|Douala seaport]] [[Intercity bus service]]s run by multiple private companies connect all major cities. They are the most popular means of transportation followed by the rail service ''[[Camrail]]''. Rail service runs from [[Kumba, Cameroon|Kumba]] in the west to [[Bélabo]] in the east and north to [[Ngaoundéré]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/cameroon/getting-around |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=World Travel Guide |title=Getting around Cameroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627051533/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/cameroon/getting-around |archive-date=27 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> International airports are located in [[Douala International Airport|Douala]] and [[Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport|Yaoundé]], with a third under construction in [[Maroua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cameroononline.org/2013/04/03/equipments-for-the-future-maroua-international-airport/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Equipment for the Future Maroua International Airport |publisher=Cameroon Online |date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509073605/http://www.cameroononline.org/2013/04/03/equipments-for-the-future-maroua-international-airport/ |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref> Douala is the country's principal seaport<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/where-we-help/africa/cameroon/douala/pages/default.aspx |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=SOS Children's Village Douala |publisher=SOS Children's Villages |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615075059/http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/where-we-help/africa/cameroon/douala/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> and [[Kribi Deepwater Port]] started operations in 2014. In the north, the Bénoué River is seasonally navigable from Garoua across into Nigeria.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 68.</ref> Cameroon was ranked 116th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/cameroon |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Cameroon|List of municipalities of Cameroon by population}} The population of Cameroon was {{UN_Population|Cameroon}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, up from 4,466,000 in 1950.{{UN_Population|ref}} The life expectancy was 62.3&nbsp;years (60.6&nbsp;years for males and 64&nbsp;years for females).<ref name="CIA"/> [[File:GedWomenDay.JPG|thumb|Cameroonian women on Women's Day Celebration, 2015]] Cameroon has slightly more women (50.5%) than men (49.5%). Over 60% of the population is under age 25. People over 65 years of age account for only 3.11% of the total population.<ref name="CIA" /> Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural dwellers.<ref name="West 3">[[#West|West]] 3.</ref> Population density is highest in the large urban centres, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 109–11.</ref> Douala, Yaoundé, and [[Garoua]] are the largest cities. In contrast, the Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bénoué depression, and most of the South Cameroon Plateau are sparsely populated.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 111.</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), the [[fertility rate]] was 4.8 in 2013 with a population growth rate of 2.56%.<ref name=":1" /> People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the coastal plantation zone and urban centres for employment.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 105–6.</ref> Smaller movements are occurring as workers seek employment in lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 106.</ref> Although the national sex ratio is relatively even, these out-migrants are primarily males, which leads to unbalanced ratios in some regions.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 103–4.</ref> [[File:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|The homes of the [[Musgum dwelling units|Musgum]], in the Far North Region, made of earth and grass]] Both [[monogamy|monogamous]] and [[polygamy|polygamous]] marriage are practised, and the average Cameroonian family is large and extended.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 139.</ref> In the north, women tend to the home, and men herd cattle or work as farmers. In the south, women grow the family's food, and men provide meat and grow cash crops. Cameroonian society is male-dominated, and violence and discrimination against women are common.<ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 141.</ref> The number of distinct ethnic and linguistic groups in Cameroon is estimated to be between 230 and 282.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 65, 67.</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 13.</ref> The Adamawa Plateau broadly bisects these into northern and southern divisions. The northern peoples are [[Central Sudanic languages|''Sudanic'']] groups, who live in the central highlands and the northern lowlands, and the [[Fula people|Fulani]], who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of [[Baggara|Shuwa]] Arabs live near Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] and [[Semi-Bantu]] languages. Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languages live in the Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Gyele and Baka [[Pygmy peoples]] roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or live in small, roadside settlements.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 48.</ref> Nigerians make up the largest group of foreign nationals.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 108.</ref> Approximately 14,000 non-Africans live in Cameroon, including more than 6,000 [[French people]] and around 1,000 [[Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/cameroon/10294.htm |title=Cameroon (12/99) }}</ref> {{Largest cities of Cameroon}} ===Refugees=== {{Main|Refugees in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon Complex Crisis 120625(5) v1.pdf|thumb|250x250px|Map of the [[humanitarian crisis]] in Cameroon]] As of 2025, Cameroon hosted 431,000 [[Refugee|refugees]] and [[Asylum seeker|asylum seekers]], according to [[UNHCR]] figures. Regarding the countries of origin, around 277,888 refugees were from the Central African Republic, 127,090 from Nigeria, and 1,866 from Chad. Political instability and the volatile security situation in neighbouring states, exacerbated by [[Violent non-state actor|non-state armed group]] attacks on [[Civilian|civilians]], have led to mass forced displacement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.unhcr.org/where-we-work/countries/cameroon |access-date=11 July 2026 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) |language=en}}</ref> By comparison, Cameroon hosted approximately 97,400 refugees and asylum seekers in 2007. Of these, 49,300 were from the Central African Republic (many driven west by war),<ref name=RCross/> 41,600 from Chad, and 2,900 from Nigeria.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news |title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002225617/http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-date=2 October 2008 }}</ref> Kidnappings of Cameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased since 2005.<ref name="Musa Gunmen"/> In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the Central African Republic arrived in Cameroon.<ref> {{cite news |title=Cameroon: Location of Refugees and Main Entry Points (as of 02 May 2014) – Cameroon |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url=http://reliefweb.int/map/cameroon/cameroon-location-refugees-and-main-entry-points-02-may-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220137/http://reliefweb.int/map/cameroon/cameroon-location-refugees-and-main-entry-points-02-may-2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014}} </ref> On 4 June 2014, AlertNet reported: {{blockquote| Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said. "Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the road, foraging for food," said [[Ertharin Cousin]], executive director of the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP).<ref> {{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Katie |title=Cameroon: Starving, Exhausted CAR Refugees Stream Into Cameroon – UN |work=allAfrica.com |access-date=8 June 2014 |date=4 June 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610095552/http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html |archive-date=10 June 2014}} </ref> }} ===Languages=== {{Further|Languages of Cameroon}} [[File:Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png|thumb|Map of the region's indigenous languages|250x250px]] The official percentage of French and English speakers by the Presidency of Cameroon is estimated to be 70% and 30% respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prc.cm/en/cameroon/presentation |title=Presentation of Cameroon |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329093847/https://www.prc.cm/en/cameroon/presentation |url-status=live}}.</ref> German, the language of the original colonisers, has long since been displaced by French and English. [[Cameroonian Pidgin English]] is the lingua franca in the formerly British-administered territories.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 94.</ref> A mixture of English, French, and Pidgin called [[Camfranglais]] has been gaining popularity in urban centres since the mid-1970s.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 131</ref><ref name=Niba/> In addition to the official languages, there are between 250 and 280 languages spoken by nearly 20&nbsp;million Cameroonians.<ref name=":4">Kouega, Jean-Paul. 'The Language Situation in Cameroon', Current Issues in Language Planning, vol. 8/no. 1, (2007), pp. 3–94.</ref> The number of languages makes Cameroon one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |title=Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World |date=16 June 2011 |website=languagesoftheworld.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=4 July 2019 |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya }}</ref> In 2017, there were language protests by the Anglophone population against perceived oppression by francophone speakers.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://calrev.org/2019/02/11/african-powder-keg-cameroonian-conflict-and-african-security/ |title=African Powder Keg: Cameroonian Conflict and African Security |last=Genin |first=Aaron |date=11 February 2019 |website=The California Review |language=en-US |access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> The military was deployed against the protesters and people were killed, hundreds imprisoned and thousands fled the country.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/03/deaths-and-detentions-as-cameroon-cracks-down-on-anglophone-activists Deaths and detentions as Cameroon cracks down on anglophone activists] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103125739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/03/deaths-and-detentions-as-cameroon-cracks-down-on-anglophone-activists |date=3 January 2018}} ''The Guardian'', 2018</ref> This culminated in the declaration of an independent [[Republic of Ambazonia]],<ref>Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, Gabriel Tiobo Wose Kinge, and Victor Ojakorotu. "Political crisis, protests and implications on nation building in Cameroon." African Renaissance 15.Special Issue 1 (2018): 121–139.</ref> which has since evolved into the [[Anglophone Crisis]].<ref name=":3" /> It is estimated that by June 2020, 740,000 people had been internally displaced as a result of this crisis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020 |title=Relief Web Humanitarian Dashboard |date=11 November 2020 |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810211913/https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Religion=== {{main|Religion in Cameroon}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Cameroon]] (2022 estimate by the [[The World Factbook|CIA]])<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Religion |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115101251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=22 May 2024 |date=9 August 2023 }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Cameroon|Catholic Christianity]]|#7D007D|33.1}} {{bar percent|[[Protestant Christianity]]|#BA55D3|27.1}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christians]]|#B695C0|6.1}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]]|green|30.6}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk religions]]|brown|1.3}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|beige|1.2}} {{bar percent|Other religions|lightgrey|0.7}} }} Cameroon has a high level of [[Religion in Cameroon|religious freedom]] and diversity.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The majority faith is Christianity, practised by about two-thirds of the population, while [[Islam]] is the second largest religion, adhered to by just under one-third.<ref name="Religion" /> In addition, traditional faiths are practised by many. Muslims are most concentrated in the north, while Christians are concentrated primarily in the southern and western regions, but practitioners of both faiths can be found throughout the country.<ref name=IRFR>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |title=July–December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report – Cameroon |publisher=US Department of State |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105101810/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=live}}<!--note that this is outdated; the CIA Factbook is from 2018--></ref> Large cities have significant populations of both groups.<ref name=IRFR/> Muslims in Cameroon are divided into [[Sufis]], [[Salafi]]s,<ref name="The Economist">{{cite news |title=The veil in west Africa: Banning the burqa: Why more countries are outlawing the full-face veil |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa |access-date=15 February 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214211305/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa |archive-date=14 February 2016 }}</ref> [[Shia]]s, and [[non-denominational Muslims]].<ref name="The Economist"/><ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref> [[File:Yaoundé_Cathédrale.jpg|left|thumb|[[Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Yaoundé|Our Lady of Victories Cathedral]], a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Church in [[Yaoundé]]]] People from the North-West and South-West provinces, which used to be a part of [[British Cameroons]], have the highest proportion of Protestants. The French-speaking regions of the southern and western regions are largely Catholic.<ref name=IRFR/> Southern ethnic groups predominantly follow Christian or traditional African [[animist]] beliefs or a [[syncretic]] combination of the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and the government outlaws such practices.<ref name=Geschiere/> Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The Islamist jihadist group [[Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)|Ansar al-Islam]] has been reported as operating in North Cameroon.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888 Boko Haram timeline: From preachers to slave raiders] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114221630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888 |date=14 November 2018}}. BBC News. 15 May 2013. retrieved 19 June 2013</ref> [[File:LamidoGrandMosque.jpg|thumb|[[Lamido Grand Mosque]] in [[Ngaoundéré]]]] In the northern regions, the locally dominant [[Fulani]] ethnic group is almost completely Muslim, but the overall population is fairly evenly divided among Muslims, Christians, and followers of indigenous religious beliefs (called ''[[Kirdi]]'' ("pagan") by the Fulani).<ref name=IRFR/> The [[Bamum people|Bamum]] ethnic group of the West Region is largely Muslim.<ref name=IRFR/> Native traditional religions are practised in rural areas throughout the country but rarely are practised publicly in cities, in part because many indigenous religious groups are intrinsically local.<ref name=IRFR/> ===Education and health=== {{main|Education in Cameroon|Health in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroonian school children gather around U.S. Army Master Sgt. John Reid, center, for a group photo near Douala, Cameroon, March 19, 2014, during Central Accord 14 140319-A-PP104-039.jpg|thumb|School children in Cameroon in 2014]] In 2013, the total adult [[literacy]] rate in Cameroon was estimated to be 71.3%. Among youths aged 15–24, the literacy rate was 85.4% for males and 76.4% for females.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cameroon_statistics.html |title=Statistics |work=UNICEF |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101348/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cameroon_statistics.html |archive-date=24 December 2017 }}</ref> Most children have access to state-run schools that are cheaper than private and religious facilities.<ref name="Mbaku 15">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 15.</ref> The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents,<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 105–6.</ref> with most instruction in English or French.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 16.</ref> Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa.<ref name="Mbaku 15" /> Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage, pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south,<ref name="Mbaku 15"/> a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> In 2013, the primary school enrollment rate was 93.5%.<ref name=":0" /> School attendance in Cameroon is also affected by [[child labour]]. Indeed, the [[United States Department of Labor]] Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor reported that 56% of children aged 5 to 14 were working children and that almost 53% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school.<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/cameroon.htm 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor -Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303052129/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/cameroon.htm |date=3 March 2015 }}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> In December 2014, a ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' issued by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]] mentioned Cameroon among the countries that resorted to child labor in the production of cocoa.<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ |date=10 June 2015}}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> [[File:Life expectancy of Cameroon.svg|thumb|Life expectancy in Cameroon|upright=1.2]] The quality of health care is generally low.<ref name = "yqheor">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 21.</ref> Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 56 years in 2012, with 48 healthy life years expected.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/countries/cmr.pdf?ua=1 |title=Cameroon: WHO Statistical Profile |date=January 2015 |website=World Health Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321113025/http://www.who.int/gho/countries/cmr.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=21 March 2017 }}</ref> Fertility rate remains high in Cameroon with an average of 4.8 births per woman and an average mother's age of 19.7 years old at first birth.<ref name=":1" /> In Cameroon, there is only one doctor for every 5,000 people, according to the WHO.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 medical marvels saving lives |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/health/cnnheroes-medical-marvels/index.html |access-date=18 November 2013 |newspaper=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122034216/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/health/cnnheroes-medical-marvels/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, just 4.1% of total GDP expenditure was allocated to healthcare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=cameroon |title=UNdata {{!}} country profile {{!}} Cameroon |website=data.un.org |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003329/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=cameroon |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> Due to financial cuts in the health care system, there are few professionals. Doctors and nurses who were trained in Cameroon emigrate because in Cameroon the payment is poor while the workload is high. Nurses are unemployed even though their help is needed. Some of them help out voluntarily so they will not lose their skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=The need is so great |author=Rose Futrih N. Njini |work=D+C |publisher=D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu |date=December 2012 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624235243/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective |archive-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref> Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped.<ref name="West 64">[[#West|West]] 64.</ref> In 2012, the top three deadly diseases were [[HIV/AIDS]], [[lower respiratory tract infection]], and [[diarrhea]]l diseases.<ref name=":1" /> Endemic diseases include [[dengue fever]], [[filariasis]], [[leishmaniasis]], [[malaria]], [[meningitis]], [[schistosomiasis]], and [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]].<ref>[[#West|West]] 58–60.</ref> The HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in 2016 was estimated at 3.8% for those aged 15–49,<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cameroon |title=Cameroon |website=www.unaids.org |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042316/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cameroon |archive-date=23 December 2017 }}</ref> although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low.<ref name = "yqheor"/> 46,000 children under age 14 were estimated to be living with HIV in 2016. In Cameroon, 58% of those living with HIV know their status, and just 37% receive [[Management of HIV/AIDS|ARV]] treatment. In 2016, 29,000 deaths due to AIDS occurred in both adults and children.<ref name=":2" /> [[Breast ironing]], a traditional practice that is prevalent in Cameroon, may affect girls' health.<ref>Joe, Randy. (23 June 2006) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Africa | Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007}}. BBC News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf BBC World Service – Outlook, Fighting 'Breast Ironing' in Cameroon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120111044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf |date=20 January 2014}}. Bbc.co.uk (16 January 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk Campaigners warn of 'breast ironing' in the UK – Channel 4 News] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820113942/http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk |date=20 August 2014 }}. Channel4.com (18 April 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>Bawe, Rosaline Ngunshi (24 August 2011) [http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf Breast Ironing: A harmful traditional practice in Cameroon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226024853/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf |date=26 February 2015}}. Gender Empowerment and Development(GeED)</ref> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM), while not widespread, is practised among some populations; according to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name="UNICEF2013p27">[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}, p. 27.</ref> 1% of women in Cameroon have undergone FGM. Also impacting women's and girls' health, the contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated to be just 34.4% in 2014. [[Traditional medicine|Traditional healers]] remain a popular alternative to [[evidence-based medicine]].<ref name="Lantum" /> In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Cameroon ranks 79th out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Cameroon's GHI score is 18.3, which is considered moderate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Cameroon}} ===Music and dance=== {{further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} [[File:Baka dancers June 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Dancers greet visitors to the East Region, 2006.]] [[Music of Cameroon|Music]] and [[dance in Cameroon|dance]] are integral parts of Cameroonian ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 189</ref><ref name="West 18"/> Traditional dances are highly choreographed with men and women often participating separately.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 204.</ref> The dances' purposes range from pure entertainment to religious devotion.<ref name="West 18">[[#West|West]] 18.</ref> Traditionally, music is transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes a soloist.<ref name="Mbaku 189">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 189.</ref> Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and stamping feet,<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 191.</ref> but traditional instruments include bells worn by dancers, clappers, drums, and [[talking drum]]s, flutes, horns, rattles, scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; combinations of these vary by ethnic group and region. Some performers sing complete songs alone, accompanied by a harplike instrument.<ref name="Mbaku 189"/><ref>[[#West|West]] 18–9.</ref> Popular music styles include [[ambasse bey]] of the coast, [[assiko]] of the Bassa, [[mangambeu]] of the [[Bamileke|Bangangte]], and [[tsamassi]] of the Bamileke.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 184.</ref> [[Music of Nigeria|Nigerian music]] has influenced Anglophone Cameroonian performers, and [[Prince Nico Mbarga]]'s [[highlife]] hit "[[Sweet Mother]]" is the top-selling African record in history.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 200.</ref> The two most popular music styles are [[makossa]] and [[bikutsi]]. Makossa developed in Douala and mixes folk music, highlife, [[Soul music|soul]], and [[Soukous|Congo music]]. Performers such as [[Manu Dibango]], [[Francis Bebey]], [[Moni Bilé]], and [[Petit-Pays]] popularised the style worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war music among the Ewondo. Artists such as [[Anne-Marie Nzié]] developed it into popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers such as [[Mama Ohandja]] and [[Les Têtes Brulées]] popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 51</ref><ref name= Nkolo/> ===Holidays=== {{further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} The most notable holiday associated with patriotism in Cameroon is [[National Day (Cameroon)|National Day]], also called Unity Day. Among the most notable religious holidays are [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption Day]], and [[Ascension Day]], which is typically 39 days after Easter. In the Northwest and Southwest provinces, collectively called [[Ambazonia]], 1 October is considered a national holiday, a date Ambazonians consider the day of their independence from Cameroon.<ref>Keke, Reginald Chikere. "Southern Cameroons/Ambazonia Conflict: A Political Economy", ''Theory & Event'' 23.2 (2020): 329–351.</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{further|Cameroonian cuisine}} [[File:Ndolè à la viande, morue et crevettes.jpg|thumb|Plantains and "Bobolo" (made from cassava) served with Ndolè (meat and shrimp)]] [[Cuisine of Cameroon|Cuisine]] varies by region, but a large, one-course, evening meal is common throughout the country. A typical dish is based on cocoyams, maize, [[cassava]] (manioc), [[millet]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantains]], potatoes, rice, or [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]], often pounded into dough-like [[fufu]]. This is served with a sauce, soup, or stew made from greens, [[Peanut|groundnut]]s, [[palm oil]], or other ingredients.<ref>[[#West|West]] 84–5.</ref> Meat and fish are popular but expensive additions, with chicken often reserved for special occasions.<ref name="Mbaku 121-2">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121–2.</ref> Dishes are often quite spicy; common seasonings include red pepper sauce and [[maggi]] mixes.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1047</ref><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 122</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 84.</ref> Cutlery is common, but food is traditionally eaten with the right hand. Breakfast consists of leftovers of bread and fruit with coffee or tea. Generally, breakfast is made from wheat flour in different ways such as puff-puff (doughnuts), accra banana, bean cakes and et cetera. Snacks are popular, especially in larger towns where they may be bought from [[street vendor]]s.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121</ref><ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1049.</ref> ===Fashion=== [[File:Camerounais en tenue traditionnelle.jpg|thumb|upright|Cameroonian fashion is varied and often mixes modern and traditional elements. Note the wearing of [[sun glasses]], [[monk shoe]]s, [[sandals]], and a [[Smartwatch]].]] Cameroon's relatively large and diverse population is likewise diverse in its fashions. Climate, religious, ethnic, and cultural beliefs, and the influences of colonialism, imperialism, and globalisation are all factors in contemporary Cameroonian dresses. Noteworthy Cameroonian dresses include [[Pagnes]], [[sarong]]s worn by Cameroon women; [[Chechia]], a traditional hat; kwa, a male handbag; and [[Gandura]], male custom attire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html |title=Cameroon clothing – A description of the traditional attire of Cameroon. |website=Cameroon-Today.com |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804232108/https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Wrappers and [[loincloths]] are used extensively by both women and men but their use varies by region, with influences from [[Fulani]] styles more present in the north and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] styles more often in the south and west.<ref>Culture and Customs of Cameroon, 2000, pg. 135, by, John Mukum Mbaku</ref> [[Imane Ayissi]] is one of Cameroon's most prominent fashion designers and has received international recognition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/ |title=Cameroon:Imane Ayissi {{as written|detrem|ined [sic]}} to project Cameroon's couture |work=Journal du Cameroun |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414150322/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Local arts and crafts=== [[File:Woman weaving baskets near Lake Ossa.jpg|thumb|A woman weaves a basket near [[Lake Ossa]], Littoral Region. Cameroonians practise such handicrafts throughout the country.]] Traditional arts and crafts are practised throughout the country for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes. Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.<ref>[[#West|West]] 17.</ref> The high-quality clay of the western highlands is used for pottery and ceramics.<ref name="West 18"/> Other crafts include [[basket weaving]], [[beadwork]]ing, brass and bronze working, [[calabash]] carving and painting, [[embroidery]], and [[Leather crafting|leather]] working. Traditional housing styles use local materials and vary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic [[Wodaabe|Mbororo]] to the rectangular mud-and-thatch homes of southern peoples. Dwellings of materials such as cement and tin are increasingly common.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 110–3.</ref> [[Contemporary art]] is mainly promoted by independent cultural organisations ([[Doual'art]], [[Africréa]]) and [[artist-run initiative]]s ([[Art Wash]], [[Atelier Viking]], [[ArtBakery]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690 |access-date=12 April 2013 |work=The Post |author=Mulenga, Andrew |date=30 April 2010 |title=Cameroon's indomitable contemporary art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124956/http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690 |archive-date=11 March 2014 }}</ref> ===Literature=== {{main|Literature of Cameroon}} Cameroonian literature has concentrated on both European and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as [[Louis-Marie Pouka]] and [[Sankie Maimo]] were educated by European missionary societies and advocated [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] into European culture to bring Cameroon into the modern world.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 80–1</ref> After [[World War II]], writers such as [[Mongo Beti]] and [[Ferdinand Oyono]] analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation.<ref name=Fitzpatrick/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 77, 83–4</ref><ref name=Volet/> ===Media=== {{main|Mass media in Cameroon|Freedom of Speech in Cameroon|Cameroon Radio Television}} Although press freedoms have improved since the first decade of the 21st century, the press is corrupt and beholden to special interests and political groups.<ref name="Reporters">"Cameroon – Annual Report 2007".</ref> Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The major radio and television stations are state-run and other [[communications in Cameroon|communications]], such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 20.</ref> However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have increased dramatically since the first decade of the 21st century<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 20–1.</ref> and are largely unregulated.<ref name="Freedom House"/> ===Films and literature=== {{further|Cinema of Cameroon}} Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as [[Jean-Paul Ngassa]] and [[Thérèse Sita-Bella]] explored similar themes.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 119–120</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 20.</ref> In the 1960s, [[Mongo Beti]], [[Ferdinand Léopold Oyono]] and other writers explored postcolonialism, problems of African development, and the recovery of African identity.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 85–6.</ref> In the mid-1970s, filmmakers such as [[Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa]] and [[Daniel Kamwa]] dealt with the conflicts between traditional and postcolonial society. Literature and films during the next two decades focused more on wholly Cameroonian themes.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 120.</ref> ===Sports=== {{main|Sport in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon vs Germany 2003.jpg|thumb|[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] facing [[Germany national football team|Germany]] at [[Zentralstadion]] in Leipzig, 17 November 2004]] National policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and wrestling, and several hundred runners participate in the {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Mount Cameroon Race of Hope]] each year.<ref>[[#West|West]] 127.</ref> Cameroon is one of the few tropical countries to have [[Cameroon at the 2002 Winter Olympics|competed]] in the [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title=Isaac Menyoli Skis For A Greater Cause- Impossible Moments |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/original-series/episode/isaac-menyoli-skis-for-a-greater-cause-impossible-moments |website= |location= |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Sport in Cameroon is dominated by football. Amateur football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under corporate sponsors. The [[Cameroon national football team|national team]] has been one of the most successful in Africa since its strong showing in the [[1982 Football World Cup|1982]] and [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]s. Cameroon has won five [[African Cup of Nations]] titles and the gold medal at the [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2000 Olympics]].<ref>[[#West|West]] 92–93, 127.</ref> Cameroon was the host country of the [[Africa Women Cup of Nations|Women Africa Cup of Nations]] in November–December 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/africa-women-cup-of-nations-cameroon-opening-ceremony-football |title=Africa Women Cup of Nations kicks off in Cameroon |date=20 November 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |last1=Shearlaw |first1=Maeve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123163325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/africa-women-cup-of-nations-cameroon-opening-ceremony-football |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> the [[2020 African Nations Championship]] and the [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations]]. The [[Cameroon women's national football team|women's football team]] is known as the "Indomitable Lionesses", and like their men's counterparts, are also successful on the international stage, although it has not won any major trophy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nwiki |first=Walter |date=24 August 2023 |title=Cameroon |url=https://forgotten-heroines.com/2023/08/24/cameroon/ |website=Forgotten Heroines |location= |publisher= |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Cricket has also entered into Cameroon as an emerging sport with the Cameroon Cricket Federation participating in international matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Cricket Association |url=https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=118 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=africacricket.com |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125180153/https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=118 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cameroon has produced multiple [[National Basketball Association]] players including [[Pascal Siakam]], [[Joel Embiid]], [[D. J. Strawberry]], [[Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje]], [[Christian Koloko]], and [[Luc Mbah a Moute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players |title=Cameroon NBA Players – RealGM |publisher=Basketball.realgm.com |date= |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502204345/https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players |url-status=live }}</ref> The former [[UFC Heavyweight Champion]], [[Francis Ngannou]], hails from Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morgan |first=Emmanuel |date=21 January 2022 |title=The Fearsome, Quiet Champion |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426072359/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Cameroon|Countries|Africa }} * [[Outline of Cameroon]] * [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon]] {{clear}} ==References== === Notes === {{Notelist}} ===Citations=== <references> <ref name=Fanso>Fanso, V. G. (1989). ''Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd., p. 84, {{ISBN|0333471210}}.</ref> <ref name=Matthews>Matthews, Andy (12 March 2008). "[http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 Cameroon protests in USA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 |date=6 December 2008 }}", Africa News. Retrieved 13 March 2008.</ref> <ref name="IRIN">"[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 Cameroon: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421180241/http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 |date=21 April 2007 }}". 27 January 2006. ''IRIN''. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Njung>Njung, GN, Lucas Tazanu Mangula, and Emmanuel Nfor Nkwiyir (2003). ''Introduction to History: Cameroon''. ANUCAM, pp. 5–6.</ref> <ref name=Corruption>"[http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ Corruption Perceptions Index 2012] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013918/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ |date=29 November 2013 }}". Transparency International.</ref> <ref name=Nkemngu>Nkemngu, Martin A. (11 March 2008). "[http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html Facts and Figures of the Tragic Protests]", ''[[Cameroon Tribune]]''. Retrieved 12 March 2008.{{subscription required}} {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313004646/http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html |date=13 March 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="Amnesty">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/0001/2006/en/ |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 April 2007 |work=Amnesty International Report 2006 |date=21 May 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025065226/http://www.amnesty.de/umleitung/2006/deu01/025?print=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="State Dept">"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm U.S. Relations With Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |date=4 June 2019 }} ". United States Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book |ref=House |chapter=Cameroon (2006) |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 |title=Country Report: 2006 Edition |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=6 April 2007 |date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220940/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> <ref name="Human Rights Report">"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78723.htm Cameroon] ". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="EHRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR41/006/2006/en/ |title=2006 Elections to the Human Rights Council: Background information on candidate countries |access-date=6 February 2007 |date=30 April 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311093310/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior41/006/2006/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Kandemeh>Kandemeh, Emmanuel (17 July 2007). "[http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200707170411.html Journalists Warned against Declaring Election Results]", ''Cameroon Tribune''. Retrieved 18 July 2007 {{subscription required}}.</ref> <ref name=Lantum>Lantum, Daniel M., and Martin Ekeke Monono (2005). "Republic of Cameroon", ''Who Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. [[World Health Organization]], p. 14.</ref> <ref name="Demographic Yearbook">[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf ''Demographic Yearbook 2004''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |date=14 November 2012 }}. United Nations Statistics Division.</ref> <ref name=Fomensky>Fomensky, R., M. Gwanfogbe, and F. Tsala, editorial advisers (1985) ''Macmillan School Atlas for Cameroon.'' Malaysia: Macmillan Education, p. 6</ref> <ref name=Extremes>"[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes] {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |date=25 May 2012 }}". Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]], 9 August 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Gwanfogbe>Gwanfogbe, Mathew; Meligui, Ambrose; Moukam, Jean and Nguoghia, Jeanette (1983). ''Geography of Cameroon.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education, p. 20, {{ISBN|0333366905}}.</ref> <!--<ref name=Area>"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html Rank Order – Area] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |date=9 February 2014 }}". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref>--> <ref name=Green>Green, RH (1969). "The Economy of Cameroon Federal Republic". In Robson, Peter, and DA Lury (eds). ''The Economies of Africa'', p.&nbsp;239. Allen and Unwin.</ref> <ref name="Musa Biya plan">Musa, Tansa (8 April 2008). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL08308448 Biya plan to keep power in Cameroon clears hurdle] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132016/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/08/idUSL08308448 |date=24 September 2015 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</ref> <ref name="Musa Gunmen">Musa, Tansa (27 June 2007). "[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm Gunmen kill one, kidnap 22 in Cameroon near CAR] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170646/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm |date=29 June 2007 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=RCross>International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (28 May 2007). "[https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070613175522/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-73N32R?OpenDocument Cameroon: Population Movement; DREF Bulletin no. MDRCM004]". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 18 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=Niba>Niba, Francis Ngwa (20 February 2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm New language for divided Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221172852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm |date=21 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Fitzpatrick>Fitzpatrick, Mary (2002). "Cameroon." ''Lonely Planet West Africa'', 5th ed. China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd., p. 38</ref> <ref name=Geschiere>Geschiere, Peter (1997). ''The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, pp. 169–170, {{ISBN|0813917034}}.</ref> <ref name=Nkolo>Nkolo, Jean-Victor, and Graeme Ewens (2000). "Cameroon: Music of a Small Continent". ''World Music, Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. London: Rough Guides Ltd., p. 43, {{ISBN|1858286352}}.</ref> <ref name=Volet>Volet, Jean-Marie (10 November 2006). "[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html Cameroon Literature at a glance] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811215426/http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html |date=11 August 2011 }}". ''Reading women writers and African literatures''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> </references> ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=DeLancey |author1=DeLancey, Mark W. |author2=DeLancey, Mark Dike |year=2000 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon |edition=3rd |place=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0810837751}} * {{cite book |ref=Hudgens |author1=Hudgens, Jim |author2=Trillo, Richard |year=1999 |title=West Africa: The Rough Guide |edition=3rd |place=London |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1858284682}} * {{cite book |ref=Mbaku |author=Mbaku, John Mukum |year=2005 |title=Culture and Customs of Cameroon |place=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313332319}} * {{cite book |ref=Neba |author=Neba, Aaron |year=1999 |title=Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon |edition=3rd |place=Bamenda |publisher=Neba Publishers}} * {{cite book |ref=West |author=West, Ben |year=2004 |title=Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide |place=Guilford, Connecticut |publisher=The Globe Pequot Press |isbn=978-1841620787}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |title=Cameroon – Annual Report 2007 |access-date=7 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152356/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |archive-date=26 May 2007}} . Reporters without Borders. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113020758/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |archive-date=13 January 2007}} . ''Human Development Report 2006''. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cameroon | volume= 5 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 110–113 |short= 1}} * Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997). ''Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service''. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. * MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", ''Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much Is Too Much?'' McGill-Queen's University Press. * [[Dorothy L. Njeuma|Njeuma, Dorothy L.]] (no date). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152111/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm Country Profiles: Cameroon]". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Retrieved 11 April 2008. * Rechniewski, Elizabeth. "1947: Decolonisation in the Shadow of the Cold War: the Case of French Cameroon." ''Australian & New Zealand Journal of European Studies'' 9.3 (2017). [https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/ANZJES/article/download/15186/13370 online] * Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * Tsogang Fossi, Richard. Comment « Cameroons » est devenu allemand. Histoire d'une appropriation par la manipulation et par la force. In: Collective (ed.), [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DE_L_ABSENCE_version_francaise.pdf Atlas de l'absence. Le patrimoine culturel du Cameroun en Allemagne], Berlin 2023, (English working translation [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DER_ABWESENHEIT_EN_DeepL.pdf online]) Berlin 2023, p. 31-44. * Wright, Susannah, ed. (2006). ''Cameroon''. Madrid: MTH Multimedia S.L. * "[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx World Economic and Financial Surveys] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102523/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx |date=11 February 2009 }}". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2007. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Cameroon|Cameroon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260115101251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ Cameroon]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx Cameroon Corruption Profile] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |date=24 March 2014 }} from Business Anti-Corruption Portal * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153516/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm Cameroon] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13146029 Cameroon profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas |Cameroon}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CM Key Development Forecasts for Cameroon] from [[International Futures]] '''Government''' * [https://www.prc.cm/en/ Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715013604/http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1 Prime Minister's Office] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805071905/http://www.assemblenationale.cm/ National Assembly of Cameroon] * [http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/Cameroon/2010/ Global Integrity Report: Cameroon] has reporting on anti-corruption in Cameroon * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080443/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/cameroon.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] '''Trade''' * [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary Summary Trade Statistics] from World Bank {{Cameroon topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Cameroon |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state =collapsed}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6|N|12|E|display=title}} [[Category:Cameroon| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Cameroon]] [[Category:Countries in Central Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Countries and territories where French is an official language]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] 4kr1w4xmrpqnwbiprmadii2t217i514 10 9778 117473 38459 2025-09-23T21:17:23Z en>Pppery 0 Clean subst 117473 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="font-size: 85%;">{{{1}}}</span><includeonly>{{SAFESUBST:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using small with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Small]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 }}{{SAFESUBST:#if:{{{1|}}}||[[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 43wvbhslbipv3afe7bq06ykm7the2ah 117474 117473 2026-07-16T13:47:13Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Small]] 117473 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="font-size: 85%;">{{{1}}}</span><includeonly>{{SAFESUBST:#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using small with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Small]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 }}{{SAFESUBST:#if:{{{1|}}}||[[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 43wvbhslbipv3afe7bq06ykm7the2ah 10 12908 117406 33288 2024-02-17T04:47:19Z en>Pppery 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Delink]]": Dependency of fully-protected (and on [[WP:CASC]]) [[Template:Fix]] ([Edit=Require administrator access] (indefinite) [Move=Require administrator access] (indefinite)) 33287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:delink|delink}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> nxxwkb2lon9wgne4irg9ctbsle6zwiy 117407 117406 2026-07-16T13:08:20Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Delink]] 33287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:delink|delink}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> nxxwkb2lon9wgne4irg9ctbsle6zwiy 10 12968 117426 33424 2026-04-18T06:45:16Z en>Santiago Claudio 0 Sync with sandbox per edit request 117426 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ /* this is a block */ .multiimageinner { display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .trow { display: flex; flex-direction: row; clear: left; flex-wrap: wrap; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; } /* this is a cell */ .tsingle { margin: 1px; float: left; } .theader { clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; align-self: center; background-color: transparent; width: 100%; } .thumbcaption { background-color: transparent; } .text-align-left { text-align: left; } .text-align-right { text-align: right; } .text-align-center { text-align: center; } @media all and ( max-width: 720px ) { .thumbinner { /* not !important usage can be removed when these are no longer inline styles inside Template:Multiple image and media query using min-width is introduced */ width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none !important; align-items: center; } .trow { justify-content: center; } .tsingle { /* not !important usage can be removed when these are no longer inline styles inside Template:Multiple image and media query using min-width is introduced */ float: none !important; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; } .tsingle .thumbcaption { text-align: left; } .trow > .thumbcaption { text-align: center; } } @media screen { .multiimageinner .thumbimage { background-color: inherit; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img, html.skin-theme-clientpref-day .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.bg-transparent) img { background-color: white; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img { background-color: white; } } lf0p4p3o604razcb6ed3kk5mm9lba0y 117427 117426 2026-07-16T13:08:34Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Multiple_image/styles.css]] 117426 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ /* this is a block */ .multiimageinner { display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .trow { display: flex; flex-direction: row; clear: left; flex-wrap: wrap; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; } /* this is a cell */ .tsingle { margin: 1px; float: left; } .theader { clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; align-self: center; background-color: transparent; width: 100%; } .thumbcaption { background-color: transparent; } .text-align-left { text-align: left; } .text-align-right { text-align: right; } .text-align-center { text-align: center; } @media all and ( max-width: 720px ) { .thumbinner { /* not !important usage can be removed when these are no longer inline styles inside Template:Multiple image and media query using min-width is introduced */ width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none !important; align-items: center; } .trow { justify-content: center; } .tsingle { /* not !important usage can be removed when these are no longer inline styles inside Template:Multiple image and media query using min-width is introduced */ float: none !important; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; } .tsingle .thumbcaption { text-align: left; } .trow > .thumbcaption { text-align: center; } } @media screen { .multiimageinner .thumbimage { background-color: inherit; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img, html.skin-theme-clientpref-day .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.bg-transparent) img { background-color: white; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img { background-color: white; } } lf0p4p3o604razcb6ed3kk5mm9lba0y 828 12970 117428 33428 2026-06-16T23:01:59Z en>Frietjes 0 adding tracking with [[Category:Pages using multiple image with zero images]] and [[Category:Pages using multiple image with one image]] per request 117428 Scribunto text/plain -- implements [[Template:Multiple image]] local p = {} local autoscaledimages local nonautoscaledimages local numberofimages = -1 local function isnotempty(s) return s and s:match( '^%s*(.-)%s*$' ) ~= '' end local function removepx(s) return tostring(s or ''):match('^(.*)[Pp][Xx]%s*$') or s end local function getdimensions(s, w, h) if tonumber(w) and tonumber(h) then nonautoscaledimages = true return tonumber(w), tonumber(h) end local file = s and mw.title.new('File:' .. mw.uri.decode(mw.ustring.gsub(s,'%|.*$',''), 'WIKI')) file = file and file.file or {width = 0, height = 0} w = tonumber(file.width) or 0 h = tonumber(file.height) or 0 autoscaledimages = true return w, h end local function renderImageCell(image, width, height, link, alt, thumbtime, caption, class, textalign, istyle, border, tcolor) local root = mw.html.create('') local altstr = '' local classstr = class and ('|class=' .. class) or '' local linkstr = link and ('|link=' .. link) or '' local widthstr = '|' .. tostring(width) .. 'px' local thumbtimestr = '' if isnotempty( alt ) then altstr = '|alt=' .. alt end if widthstr == '|-nanpx' then widthstr = '' end if isnotempty( thumbtime ) then thumbtimestr = '|thumbtime=' .. thumbtime end local imagediv = root:tag('div') imagediv:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbimage' or nil) imagediv:cssText(istyle) if height then imagediv:css('height', tostring(height) .. 'px') imagediv:css('overflow', 'hidden') end imagediv:wikitext('[[File:' .. image .. classstr .. widthstr .. linkstr .. altstr .. thumbtimestr .. ']]') if isnotempty(caption) then local captiondiv = root:tag('div') captiondiv:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbcaption' or nil) if isnotempty(textalign) then captiondiv:addClass('text-align-' .. textalign) end if tcolor ~= '' then captiondiv:css('color', tcolor) end captiondiv:wikitext(caption) end return tostring(root) end local function getWidth(w1, w2) local w if isnotempty(w1) then w = tonumber(w1) elseif isnotempty(w2) then w = tonumber(w2) end return w or 200 end local function getPerRow(pstr, ic) -- split string into array using any non-digit as a dilimiter local pr = mw.text.split(pstr or '', '[^%d][^%d]*') -- if split failed, assume a single row if (#pr < 1) then pr = {tostring(ic)} end -- convert the array of strings to an array of numbers, -- adding any implied/missing numbers at the end of the array local r = 1 local thisrow = tonumber(pr[1] or ic) or ic local prownum = {} while( ic > 0 ) do prownum[r] = thisrow ic = ic - thisrow r = r + 1 -- use the previous if the next is missing and -- make sure we don't overstep the number of images thisrow = math.min(tonumber(pr[r] or thisrow) or ic, ic) end return prownum end local function renderMultipleImages(frame) local pargs = frame:getParent().args local args = frame.args local width = removepx(pargs['width'] or '') local dir = pargs['direction'] or '' local border = pargs['border'] or args['border'] or '' local align = pargs['align'] or args['align'] or (border == 'infobox' and 'center' or '') local capalign = pargs['caption_align'] or args['caption_align'] or '' local totalwidth = removepx(pargs['total_width'] or args['total_width'] or '') local imgstyle = pargs['image_style'] or args['image_style'] local header = pargs['header'] or pargs['title'] or '' local footer = pargs['footer'] or '' local imagegap = tonumber(pargs['image_gap'] or '1') or 1 local thumbclass = { ["left"] = 'floatleft', ["none"] = 'tnone', ["center"] = 'tnone', ["centre"] = 'tnone', ["right"] = 'floatright' } -- find all the nonempty images local imagenumbers = {} local imagecount = 0 for k, v in pairs( pargs ) do local i = tonumber(tostring(k):match( '^%s*image([%d]+)%s*$' ) or '0') if i > 0 and isnotempty(v) then table.insert( imagenumbers, i) imagecount = imagecount + 1 end end -- save number of images for tracking category numberofimages = imagecount -- sort the imagenumbers table.sort(imagenumbers) -- create an array with the number of images per row local perrow = getPerRow(dir == 'vertical' and '1' or pargs['perrow'], imagecount) -- compute the number of rows local rowcount = #perrow -- store the image widths and compute row widths and maximum row width local heights = {} local widths = {} local widthmax = 0 local widthsum = {} local k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do widthsum[r] = 0 for c=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if k <= imagecount then local i = imagenumbers[k] if isnotempty(totalwidth) then widths[k], heights[k] = getdimensions(pargs['image' .. i], pargs['width' .. i], pargs['height' .. i]) else widths[k] = getWidth(width, pargs['width' .. i]) end widthsum[r] = widthsum[r] + widths[k] end end widthmax = math.max(widthmax, widthsum[r]) end -- make sure the gap is non-negative if imagegap < 0 then imagegap = 0 end -- if total_width has been specified, rescale the image widths if isnotempty(totalwidth) then totalwidth = tonumber(totalwidth) widthmax = 0 k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do local koffset = k local tw = totalwidth - (3 + imagegap) * (perrow[r] - 1) - 12 local ar = {} local arsum = 0 for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if k<= imagecount then local h = heights[k] or 0 if (h > 0) then ar[j] = widths[k]/h heights[k] = h else ar[j] = widths[k]/100 end arsum = arsum + ar[j] end end local ht = tw/arsum local ws = 0 k = koffset for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if k<= imagecount then widths[k] = math.floor(ar[j]*ht + 0.5) ws = ws + widths[k] if heights[k] then heights[k] = math.floor(ht) end end end widthsum[r] = ws widthmax = math.max(widthmax, widthsum[r]) end end -- start building the array of images, if there are images if imagecount > 0 then -- compute width of outer div local bodywidth = 0 for r=1,rowcount do if widthmax == widthsum[r] then bodywidth = widthmax + (3 + imagegap) * (perrow[r] - 1) + 12 end end -- The body has a min-width of 100, which needs to be taken into account on specific widths bodywidth = math.max( 100, bodywidth - 8); local tc = pargs['color'] or pargs['text_color'] or '' local bg = pargs['bg_color'] or pargs['background_color'] or pargs['background color'] or '' -- create the array of images local root = mw.html.create('div') root:addClass('thumb') root:addClass('tmulti') -- root:addClass('tmulti-sandbox') root:addClass(thumbclass[align] or 'floatright') if align == 'center' or align == 'centre' then root:addClass('center') end if tc ~= '' then root:css('color', tc) end local div = root:tag('div') div:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbinner multiimageinner' or 'multiimageinner') div:css('width', tostring(bodywidth) .. 'px') :css('max-width', tostring(bodywidth) .. 'px') if bg ~= '' then div:css('background-color', bg) end if tc ~= '' then div:css('color', tc) end if border == 'infobox' or border == 'none' then div:css('border', 'none') end -- add the header if isnotempty(header) then div:tag('div') :addClass('trow') :tag('div') :addClass('theader') :css('text-align', pargs['header_align']) :css('background-color', (pargs['header_background'] ~= '') and pargs['header_background'] or nil) :wikitext(header) end -- loop through the images k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do local rowdiv = div:tag('div'):addClass('trow'); for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if k <= imagecount then local imagediv = rowdiv:tag('div') imagediv:addClass('tsingle') if bg ~= '' then imagediv:css('background-color', bg); end if imagegap > 1 and k < imagecount then if dir == 'vertical' then imagediv:css('margin-bottom', tostring(imagegap) .. 'px') elseif j < perrow[r] then imagediv:css('margin-right', tostring(imagegap) .. 'px') end end local i = imagenumbers[k] local img = pargs['image' .. i] local w = widths[k] imagediv:css('width', tostring(2 + w) .. 'px') :css('max-width', tostring(2 + w) .. 'px') imagediv:wikitext(renderImageCell(img, w, heights[k], pargs['link' .. i], pargs['alt' .. i], pargs['thumbtime' .. i], pargs['caption' .. i], pargs['class' .. i], capalign, imgstyle, border, tc)) end end end -- add the footer if isnotempty(footer) then local falign = string.lower(pargs['footer_align'] or args['footer_align'] or '') falign = (falign == 'centre') and 'center' or falign div:tag('div') :addClass('trow') :css('display', (falign ~= '') and 'flow-root' or 'flex') :tag('div') :addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbcaption' or nil) :css('text-align', (falign ~= '') and falign or nil) :css('background-color', (pargs['footer_background'] ~= '') and pargs['footer_background'] or nil) :css('color', (tc ~= '') and tc or nil) :wikitext(footer) end return tostring(root) end return '' end function p.render( frame ) autoscaledimages = false nonautoscaledimages = false numberofimages = 0 local check = require('Module:Check for unknown parameters')._check local tracking = check({ ['unknown'] = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'main other', args = {'[[Category:Pages using multiple image with unknown parameters|_VALUE_ ]]'} }, ['preview'] = 'Page using [[Template:Multiple image]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"', ['ignoreblank'] = 'y', regexp1 = 'image%d+', regexp2 = 'width%d+', regexp3 = 'height%d+', regexp4 = 'class%d+', regexp5 = 'alt%d+', regexp6 = 'link%d+', regexp7 = 'thumbtime%d+', regexp8 = 'caption%d+', 'align', 'direction', 'header_background', 'header_align', 'header', 'width', 'total_width', 'caption_align', 'footer_background', 'footer_align', 'footer', 'perrow', 'title', 'image_gap', 'border', 'image_style', 'color', 'text_color', 'bg_color', 'background_color', 'background color' }, frame:getParent().args) return frame:extensionTag {name = 'templatestyles', args = {src = 'Multiple image/styles.css', wrapper = ".tmulti"}} .. renderMultipleImages( frame ) .. (autoscaledimages and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]' or '') .. (nonautoscaledimages and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images]]' or '') .. ( (numberofimages == 0) and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with zero images]]' or '') .. ( (numberofimages == 1) and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with one image]]' or '' ) .. tracking end p[''] = function( frame ) return p.render( frame:newChild{title = frame:getTitle()} ) end return p 1jra72gaczn0tp0tit5n2alifdd9moi 117429 117428 2026-07-16T13:08:34Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Multiple_image]] 117428 Scribunto text/plain -- implements [[Template:Multiple image]] local p = {} local autoscaledimages local nonautoscaledimages local numberofimages = -1 local function isnotempty(s) return s and s:match( '^%s*(.-)%s*$' ) ~= '' end local function removepx(s) return tostring(s or ''):match('^(.*)[Pp][Xx]%s*$') or s end local function getdimensions(s, w, h) if tonumber(w) and tonumber(h) then nonautoscaledimages = true return tonumber(w), tonumber(h) end local file = s and mw.title.new('File:' .. mw.uri.decode(mw.ustring.gsub(s,'%|.*$',''), 'WIKI')) file = file and file.file or {width = 0, height = 0} w = tonumber(file.width) or 0 h = tonumber(file.height) or 0 autoscaledimages = true return w, h end local function renderImageCell(image, width, height, link, alt, thumbtime, caption, class, textalign, istyle, border, tcolor) local root = mw.html.create('') local altstr = '' local classstr = class and ('|class=' .. class) or '' local linkstr = link and ('|link=' .. link) or '' local widthstr = '|' .. tostring(width) .. 'px' local thumbtimestr = '' if isnotempty( alt ) then altstr = '|alt=' .. alt end if widthstr == '|-nanpx' then widthstr = '' end if isnotempty( thumbtime ) then thumbtimestr = '|thumbtime=' .. thumbtime end local imagediv = root:tag('div') imagediv:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbimage' or nil) imagediv:cssText(istyle) if height then imagediv:css('height', tostring(height) .. 'px') imagediv:css('overflow', 'hidden') end imagediv:wikitext('[[File:' .. image .. classstr .. widthstr .. linkstr .. altstr .. thumbtimestr .. ']]') if isnotempty(caption) then local captiondiv = root:tag('div') captiondiv:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbcaption' or nil) if isnotempty(textalign) then captiondiv:addClass('text-align-' .. textalign) end if tcolor ~= '' then captiondiv:css('color', tcolor) end captiondiv:wikitext(caption) end return tostring(root) end local function getWidth(w1, w2) local w if isnotempty(w1) then w = tonumber(w1) elseif isnotempty(w2) then w = tonumber(w2) end return w or 200 end local function getPerRow(pstr, ic) -- split string into array using any non-digit as a dilimiter local pr = mw.text.split(pstr or '', '[^%d][^%d]*') -- if split failed, assume a single row if (#pr < 1) then pr = {tostring(ic)} end -- convert the array of strings to an array of numbers, -- adding any implied/missing numbers at the end of the array local r = 1 local thisrow = tonumber(pr[1] or ic) or ic local prownum = {} while( ic > 0 ) do prownum[r] = thisrow ic = ic - thisrow r = r + 1 -- use the previous if the next is missing and -- make sure we don't overstep the number of images thisrow = math.min(tonumber(pr[r] or thisrow) or ic, ic) end return prownum end local function renderMultipleImages(frame) local pargs = frame:getParent().args local args = frame.args local width = removepx(pargs['width'] or '') local dir = pargs['direction'] or '' local border = pargs['border'] or args['border'] or '' local align = pargs['align'] or args['align'] or (border == 'infobox' and 'center' or '') local capalign = pargs['caption_align'] or args['caption_align'] or '' local totalwidth = removepx(pargs['total_width'] or args['total_width'] or '') local imgstyle = pargs['image_style'] or args['image_style'] local header = pargs['header'] or pargs['title'] or '' local footer = pargs['footer'] or '' local imagegap = tonumber(pargs['image_gap'] or '1') or 1 local thumbclass = { ["left"] = 'floatleft', ["none"] = 'tnone', ["center"] = 'tnone', ["centre"] = 'tnone', ["right"] = 'floatright' } -- find all the nonempty images local imagenumbers = {} local imagecount = 0 for k, v in pairs( pargs ) do local i = tonumber(tostring(k):match( '^%s*image([%d]+)%s*$' ) or '0') if i > 0 and isnotempty(v) then table.insert( imagenumbers, i) imagecount = imagecount + 1 end end -- save number of images for tracking category numberofimages = imagecount -- sort the imagenumbers table.sort(imagenumbers) -- create an array with the number of images per row local perrow = getPerRow(dir == 'vertical' and '1' or pargs['perrow'], imagecount) -- compute the number of rows local rowcount = #perrow -- store the image widths and compute row widths and maximum row width local heights = {} local widths = {} local widthmax = 0 local widthsum = {} local k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do widthsum[r] = 0 for c=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if k <= imagecount then local i = imagenumbers[k] if isnotempty(totalwidth) then widths[k], heights[k] = getdimensions(pargs['image' .. i], pargs['width' .. i], pargs['height' .. i]) else widths[k] = getWidth(width, pargs['width' .. i]) end widthsum[r] = widthsum[r] + widths[k] end end widthmax = math.max(widthmax, widthsum[r]) end -- make sure the gap is non-negative if imagegap < 0 then imagegap = 0 end -- if total_width has been specified, rescale the image widths if isnotempty(totalwidth) then totalwidth = tonumber(totalwidth) widthmax = 0 k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do local koffset = k local tw = totalwidth - (3 + imagegap) * (perrow[r] - 1) - 12 local ar = {} local arsum = 0 for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if k<= imagecount then local h = heights[k] or 0 if (h > 0) then ar[j] = widths[k]/h heights[k] = h else ar[j] = widths[k]/100 end arsum = arsum + ar[j] end end local ht = tw/arsum local ws = 0 k = koffset for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if k<= imagecount then widths[k] = math.floor(ar[j]*ht + 0.5) ws = ws + widths[k] if heights[k] then heights[k] = math.floor(ht) end end end widthsum[r] = ws widthmax = math.max(widthmax, widthsum[r]) end end -- start building the array of images, if there are images if imagecount > 0 then -- compute width of outer div local bodywidth = 0 for r=1,rowcount do if widthmax == widthsum[r] then bodywidth = widthmax + (3 + imagegap) * (perrow[r] - 1) + 12 end end -- The body has a min-width of 100, which needs to be taken into account on specific widths bodywidth = math.max( 100, bodywidth - 8); local tc = pargs['color'] or pargs['text_color'] or '' local bg = pargs['bg_color'] or pargs['background_color'] or pargs['background color'] or '' -- create the array of images local root = mw.html.create('div') root:addClass('thumb') root:addClass('tmulti') -- root:addClass('tmulti-sandbox') root:addClass(thumbclass[align] or 'floatright') if align == 'center' or align == 'centre' then root:addClass('center') end if tc ~= '' then root:css('color', tc) end local div = root:tag('div') div:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbinner multiimageinner' or 'multiimageinner') div:css('width', tostring(bodywidth) .. 'px') :css('max-width', tostring(bodywidth) .. 'px') if bg ~= '' then div:css('background-color', bg) end if tc ~= '' then div:css('color', tc) end if border == 'infobox' or border == 'none' then div:css('border', 'none') end -- add the header if isnotempty(header) then div:tag('div') :addClass('trow') :tag('div') :addClass('theader') :css('text-align', pargs['header_align']) :css('background-color', (pargs['header_background'] ~= '') and pargs['header_background'] or nil) :wikitext(header) end -- loop through the images k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do local rowdiv = div:tag('div'):addClass('trow'); for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if k <= imagecount then local imagediv = rowdiv:tag('div') imagediv:addClass('tsingle') if bg ~= '' then imagediv:css('background-color', bg); end if imagegap > 1 and k < imagecount then if dir == 'vertical' then imagediv:css('margin-bottom', tostring(imagegap) .. 'px') elseif j < perrow[r] then imagediv:css('margin-right', tostring(imagegap) .. 'px') end end local i = imagenumbers[k] local img = pargs['image' .. i] local w = widths[k] imagediv:css('width', tostring(2 + w) .. 'px') :css('max-width', tostring(2 + w) .. 'px') imagediv:wikitext(renderImageCell(img, w, heights[k], pargs['link' .. i], pargs['alt' .. i], pargs['thumbtime' .. i], pargs['caption' .. i], pargs['class' .. i], capalign, imgstyle, border, tc)) end end end -- add the footer if isnotempty(footer) then local falign = string.lower(pargs['footer_align'] or args['footer_align'] or '') falign = (falign == 'centre') and 'center' or falign div:tag('div') :addClass('trow') :css('display', (falign ~= '') and 'flow-root' or 'flex') :tag('div') :addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbcaption' or nil) :css('text-align', (falign ~= '') and falign or nil) :css('background-color', (pargs['footer_background'] ~= '') and pargs['footer_background'] or nil) :css('color', (tc ~= '') and tc or nil) :wikitext(footer) end return tostring(root) end return '' end function p.render( frame ) autoscaledimages = false nonautoscaledimages = false numberofimages = 0 local check = require('Module:Check for unknown parameters')._check local tracking = check({ ['unknown'] = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'main other', args = {'[[Category:Pages using multiple image with unknown parameters|_VALUE_ ]]'} }, ['preview'] = 'Page using [[Template:Multiple image]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"', ['ignoreblank'] = 'y', regexp1 = 'image%d+', regexp2 = 'width%d+', regexp3 = 'height%d+', regexp4 = 'class%d+', regexp5 = 'alt%d+', regexp6 = 'link%d+', regexp7 = 'thumbtime%d+', regexp8 = 'caption%d+', 'align', 'direction', 'header_background', 'header_align', 'header', 'width', 'total_width', 'caption_align', 'footer_background', 'footer_align', 'footer', 'perrow', 'title', 'image_gap', 'border', 'image_style', 'color', 'text_color', 'bg_color', 'background_color', 'background color' }, frame:getParent().args) return frame:extensionTag {name = 'templatestyles', args = {src = 'Multiple image/styles.css', wrapper = ".tmulti"}} .. renderMultipleImages( frame ) .. (autoscaledimages and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]' or '') .. (nonautoscaledimages and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images]]' or '') .. ( (numberofimages == 0) and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with zero images]]' or '') .. ( (numberofimages == 1) and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with one image]]' or '' ) .. tracking end p[''] = function( frame ) return p.render( frame:newChild{title = frame:getTitle()} ) end return p 1jra72gaczn0tp0tit5n2alifdd9moi 828 13403 117422 34304 2026-06-20T00:20:13Z en>Uzume 0 remove artificial dependence on [[Module:GetParameters]] 117422 Scribunto text/plain require ('strict'); local p = {} p.trim = function(frame) return mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") end p.sentence = function (frame) -- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not. frame.args[1] = frame:callParserFunction('lc', frame.args[1]) return p.ucfirst(frame) end p.ucfirst = function (frame) local s = frame.args[1]; if not s or '' == s or s:match ('^%s+$') then -- when <s> is nil, empty, or only whitespace return s; -- abandon because nothing to do end s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local s1 = "" local prefix_patterns_t = { -- sequence of prefix patterns '^\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-%a+%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- stripmarker '^([%*;:#]+)', -- various list markup '^(\'\'\'*)', -- bold / italic markup '^(%b<>)', -- html-like tags because some templates render these '^(&%a+;)', -- html character entities because some templates render these '^(&#%d+;)', -- html numeric (decimal) entities because some templates render these '^(&#x%x+;)', -- html numeric (hexadecimal) entities because some templates render these '^(%s+)', -- any whitespace characters '^([%(%)%-%+%?%.%%!~!@%$%^&_={}/`,‘’„“”ʻ|\"\'\\]+)', -- miscellaneous punctuation } local prefixes_t = {}; -- list, bold/italic, and html-like markup, & whitespace saved here local function prefix_strip (s) -- local function to strip prefixes from <s> for _, pattern in ipairs (prefix_patterns_t) do -- spin through <prefix_patterns_t> if s:match (pattern) then -- when there is a match local prefix = s:match (pattern); -- get a copy of the matched prefix table.insert (prefixes_t, prefix); -- save it s = s:sub (prefix:len() + 1); -- remove the prefix from <s> return s, true; -- return <s> without prefix and flag; force restart at top of sequence because misc punct removal can break stripmarker end end return s; -- no prefix found; return <s> with nil flag end local prefix_removed; -- flag; boolean true as long as prefix_strip() finds and removes a prefix repeat -- one by one remove list, bold/italic, html-like markup, whitespace, etc from start of <s> s, prefix_removed = prefix_strip (s); until (not prefix_removed); -- until <prefix_removed> is nil s1 = table.concat (prefixes_t); -- recreate the prefix string for later reattachment local first_text = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^%]]+%]%]'); -- extract wikilink at start of string if present; TODO: this can be string.match()? local upcased; if first_text then if first_text:match ('^%[%[[^|]+|[^%]]+%]%]') then -- if <first_text> is a piped link upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^|]+|%W*(%w)'); -- get first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%[[^|]+|%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased); -- replace else -- here when <first_text> is a wikilink but not a piped link upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[%W*%w'); -- get '[[' and first letter upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%[%[%W*%w', upcased); -- replace; no capture needed here end elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s+[^%]]+%]') then -- if <s> is a ext link of some sort; must have label text upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%S+%s+%W*(%w)'); -- get first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%S+%s+%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased); -- replace elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s*%]') then -- if <s> is a ext link without label text; nothing to do return s1 .. s; -- reattach prefix string (if present) and done else -- <s> is not a wikilink or ext link; assume plain text upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%W*%w'); -- get the first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%W*%w', upcased); -- replace; no capture needed here end return s1 .. s; -- reattach prefix string (if present) and done end p.title = function (frame) -- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html -- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual: -- "Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents, -- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor." local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1, ['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1, ['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1, ['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 } local res = '' local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local words = mw.text.split( s, " ") for i, s in ipairs(words) do -- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not. s = frame:callParserFunction('lc', s) if i == 1 or alwayslower[s] ~= 1 then s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s) end words[i] = s end return table.concat(words, " ") end -- findlast finds the last item in a list -- the first unnamed parameter is the list -- the second, optional unnamed parameter is the list separator (default = comma space) -- returns the whole list if separator not found p.findlast = function(frame) local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local sep = frame.args[2] or "" if sep == "" then sep = ", " end local pattern = ".*" .. sep .. "(.*)" local a, b, last = s:find(pattern) if a then return last else return s end end -- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units) -- e.g "0940" -> "940"; "Year: 0023" -> "Year: 23"; "00.12" -> "0.12" p.stripZeros = function(frame) local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") local n = tonumber( string.match( s, "%d+" ) ) or "" s = string.gsub( s, "%d+", n, 1 ) return s end -- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string -- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode p.nowiki = function(frame) local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") return mw.text.nowiki(str) end -- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator -- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1) -- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false -- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false -- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true p.split = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = args[1] or args.txt or "" if txt == "" then return nil end local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or ""):gsub('"', '') local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1 local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or "true"):sub(1,1) plain = (plain ~= "f" and plain ~= "n" and plain ~= "0") local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain ) if idx < 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end return splittbl[idx] end -- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string. p.val2percent = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") if txt == "" then return nil end local function v2p (x) x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100 if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end return x .. "%" end txt = txt:gsub("%d[%d%.]*", v2p) -- store just the string return txt end -- one2a scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each occurrence of 'one ' into either 'a ' or 'an ' and returns the resultant string. p.one2a = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") if txt == "" then return nil end txt = txt:gsub(" one ", " a "):gsub("^one", "a"):gsub("One ", "A "):gsub("a ([aeiou])", "an %1"):gsub("A ([aeiou])", "An %1") return txt end -- findpagetext returns the position of a piece of text in a page -- First positional parameter or |text is the search text -- Optional parameter |title is the page title, defaults to current page -- Optional parameter |plain is either true for plain search (default) or false for Lua pattern search -- Optional parameter |nomatch is the return value when no match is found; default is nil p._findpagetext = function(args) -- process parameters local nomatch = args.nomatch or "" if nomatch == "" then nomatch = nil end -- local text = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.text or "") if text == "" then return nil end -- local title = args.title or "" local titleobj if title == "" then titleobj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() else titleobj = mw.title.new(title) end -- local plain = args.plain or "" if plain:sub(1, 1) == "f" then plain = false else plain = true end -- get the page content and look for 'text' - return position or nomatch local content = titleobj and titleobj:getContent() return content and mw.ustring.find(content, text, 1, plain) or nomatch end p.findpagetext = function(frame) local args = frame.args local pargs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(pargs) do args[k] = v end if not (args[1] or args.text) then return nil end -- just the first value return (p._findpagetext(args)) end -- returns the decoded url. Inverse of parser function {{urlencode:val|TYPE}} -- Type is: -- QUERY decodes + to space (default) -- PATH does no extra decoding -- WIKI decodes _ to space p._urldecode = function(url, type) url = url or "" type = (type == "PATH" or type == "WIKI") and type return mw.uri.decode( url, type ) end -- {{#invoke:String2|urldecode|url=url|type=type}} p.urldecode = function(frame) return mw.uri.decode( frame.args.url, frame.args.type ) end -- what follows was merged from [[Module:StringFunc]] -- Argument list helper function, as per [[Module:String]] function p._getParameters( frame_args, arg_list ) local new_args = {}; local index = 1; local value; for i,arg in ipairs( arg_list ) do value = frame_args[arg] if value == nil then value = frame_args[index]; index = index + 1; end new_args[arg] = value; end return new_args; end -- Escape Pattern helper function so that all characters are treated as plain text, as per [[Module:String]] function p._escapePattern( pattern_str ) return mw.ustring.gsub( pattern_str, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1" ) end -- Helper Function to interpret boolean strings, as per [[Module:String]] function p._getBoolean( boolean_str ) local boolean_value; if type( boolean_str ) == 'string' then boolean_str = boolean_str:lower(); if boolean_str == 'false' or boolean_str == 'no' or boolean_str == '0' or boolean_str == '' then boolean_value = false; else boolean_value = true; end elseif type( boolean_str ) == 'boolean' then boolean_value = boolean_str; else error( 'No boolean value found' ); end return boolean_value end --[[ Strip This function Strips characters from string Usage: {{#invoke:String2|strip|source_string|characters_to_strip|plain_flag}} Parameters source: The string to strip chars: The pattern or list of characters to strip from string, replaced with '' plain: A flag indicating that the chars should be understood as plain text. defaults to true. Leading and trailing whitespace is also automatically stripped from the string. ]] function p.strip( frame ) local new_args = p._getParameters( frame.args, {'source', 'chars', 'plain'} ) local source_str = new_args['source'] or '' local chars = new_args['chars'] or '' or 'characters' source_str = mw.text.trim(source_str) if source_str == '' or chars == '' then return source_str end local l_plain = p._getBoolean( new_args['plain'] or true ) if l_plain then chars = p._escapePattern( chars ) end local result result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, "["..chars.."]", '') return result end --[[ Match any Returns the index of the first given pattern to match the input. Patterns must be consecutively numbered. Returns the empty string if nothing matches for use in {{#if:}} Usage: {{#invoke:String2|matchAll|source=123 abc|456|abc}} returns '2'. Parameters: source: the string to search plain: A flag indicating that the patterns should be understood as plain text. defaults to true. 1, 2, 3, ...: the patterns to search for ]] function p.matchAny(frame) local source_str = frame.args['source'] or error('The source parameter is mandatory.') local l_plain = p._getBoolean( frame.args['plain'] or true ) for i = 1, math.huge do local pattern = frame.args[i] if not pattern then return '' end if mw.ustring.find(source_str, pattern, 1, l_plain) then return tostring(i) end end end --[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >-------------------------------------------------- Converts a hyphen to a dash under certain conditions. The hyphen must separate like items; unlike items are returned unmodified. These forms are modified: letter - letter (A - B) digit - digit (4-5) digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5) letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5) digitletter - digitletter (5a - 5d) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d) any other forms are returned unmodified. str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list ]] function p.hyphen_to_dash( str, spacing ) if (str == nil or str == '') then return str end local accept str = mw.text.decode(str, true ) -- replace html entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split local out = {} local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*') -- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any for _, item in ipairs (list) do -- for each item in the list item = mw.text.trim(item) -- trim whitespace item, accept = item:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') if accept == 0 and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[%-–—]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then -- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators if item:match ('^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*%-%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or -- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit) item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or -- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter) item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') or -- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit item:match ('^%d+%s*%-%s*%d+$') or -- digit hyphen digit item:match ('^%a+%s*%-%s*%a+$') then -- letter hyphen letter item = item:gsub ('(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*%-%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1–%2') -- replace hyphen, remove extraneous space characters else item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[–—]%s*', '–') -- for endash or emdash separated ranges, replace em with en, remove extraneous whitespace end end table.insert (out, item) -- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table end local temp_str = table.concat (out, ',' .. spacing) -- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string temp_str, accept = temp_str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out if accept ~= 0 then temp_str = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') -- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value end return temp_str end function p.hyphen2dash( frame ) local str = frame.args[1] or '' local spacing = frame.args[2] or ' ' -- space is part of the standard separator for normal spacing (but in conjunction with templates r/rp/ran we may need a narrower spacing return p.hyphen_to_dash(str, spacing) end -- Similar to [[Module:String#endswith]] function p.startswith(frame) return (frame.args[1]:sub(1, frame.args[2]:len()) == frame.args[2]) and 'yes' or '' end -- Implements [[Template:Isnumeric]] function p.isnumeric(frame) local s = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1] local boolean = (frame.args.boolean or frame:getParent().args.boolean) == 'true' if type(s) == 'string' and mw.getContentLanguage():parseFormattedNumber( s ) then return boolean and 1 or s end return boolean and 0 or '' end -- Checks if a value in a group of numbers is not an interger. -- Allows usage of an |empty= parameter to allow empty values to be skipped. function p.isInteger(frame) local values = frame.args or frame:getParent().args local allow_empty = frame.args.empty or frame:getParent().args.empty for _, value in ipairs(values) do -- Trim spaces value = value and value:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") if value == "" or value == nil then if not allow_empty then return false -- Empty values are not allowed end else value = tonumber(value) if not (type(value) == "number" and value == math.floor(value)) then return false end end end return true end -- Returns an error found in a string. function p.getError(frame) local text = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1] local error_message = text:match('(<strong class="error">.-</strong>)') return error_message or nil end return p ph89g30kzy2uwl0t05s6jtpby1w86b8 117423 117422 2026-07-16T13:08:34Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:String2]] 117422 Scribunto text/plain require ('strict'); local p = {} p.trim = function(frame) return mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") end p.sentence = function (frame) -- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not. frame.args[1] = frame:callParserFunction('lc', frame.args[1]) return p.ucfirst(frame) end p.ucfirst = function (frame) local s = frame.args[1]; if not s or '' == s or s:match ('^%s+$') then -- when <s> is nil, empty, or only whitespace return s; -- abandon because nothing to do end s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local s1 = "" local prefix_patterns_t = { -- sequence of prefix patterns '^\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-%a+%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- stripmarker '^([%*;:#]+)', -- various list markup '^(\'\'\'*)', -- bold / italic markup '^(%b<>)', -- html-like tags because some templates render these '^(&%a+;)', -- html character entities because some templates render these '^(&#%d+;)', -- html numeric (decimal) entities because some templates render these '^(&#x%x+;)', -- html numeric (hexadecimal) entities because some templates render these '^(%s+)', -- any whitespace characters '^([%(%)%-%+%?%.%%!~!@%$%^&_={}/`,‘’„“”ʻ|\"\'\\]+)', -- miscellaneous punctuation } local prefixes_t = {}; -- list, bold/italic, and html-like markup, & whitespace saved here local function prefix_strip (s) -- local function to strip prefixes from <s> for _, pattern in ipairs (prefix_patterns_t) do -- spin through <prefix_patterns_t> if s:match (pattern) then -- when there is a match local prefix = s:match (pattern); -- get a copy of the matched prefix table.insert (prefixes_t, prefix); -- save it s = s:sub (prefix:len() + 1); -- remove the prefix from <s> return s, true; -- return <s> without prefix and flag; force restart at top of sequence because misc punct removal can break stripmarker end end return s; -- no prefix found; return <s> with nil flag end local prefix_removed; -- flag; boolean true as long as prefix_strip() finds and removes a prefix repeat -- one by one remove list, bold/italic, html-like markup, whitespace, etc from start of <s> s, prefix_removed = prefix_strip (s); until (not prefix_removed); -- until <prefix_removed> is nil s1 = table.concat (prefixes_t); -- recreate the prefix string for later reattachment local first_text = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^%]]+%]%]'); -- extract wikilink at start of string if present; TODO: this can be string.match()? local upcased; if first_text then if first_text:match ('^%[%[[^|]+|[^%]]+%]%]') then -- if <first_text> is a piped link upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[[^|]+|%W*(%w)'); -- get first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%[[^|]+|%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased); -- replace else -- here when <first_text> is a wikilink but not a piped link upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%[%W*%w'); -- get '[[' and first letter upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%[%[%W*%w', upcased); -- replace; no capture needed here end elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s+[^%]]+%]') then -- if <s> is a ext link of some sort; must have label text upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%[%S+%s+%W*(%w)'); -- get first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^(%[%S+%s+%W*)%w', '%1' .. upcased); -- replace elseif s:match ('^%[%S+%s*%]') then -- if <s> is a ext link without label text; nothing to do return s1 .. s; -- reattach prefix string (if present) and done else -- <s> is not a wikilink or ext link; assume plain text upcased = mw.ustring.match (s, '^%W*%w'); -- get the first letter character upcased = mw.ustring.upper (upcased); -- upcase first letter character s = mw.ustring.gsub (s, '^%W*%w', upcased); -- replace; no capture needed here end return s1 .. s; -- reattach prefix string (if present) and done end p.title = function (frame) -- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html -- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual: -- "Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents, -- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor." local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1, ['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1, ['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1, ['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 } local res = '' local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local words = mw.text.split( s, " ") for i, s in ipairs(words) do -- {{lc:}} is strip-marker safe, string.lower is not. s = frame:callParserFunction('lc', s) if i == 1 or alwayslower[s] ~= 1 then s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s) end words[i] = s end return table.concat(words, " ") end -- findlast finds the last item in a list -- the first unnamed parameter is the list -- the second, optional unnamed parameter is the list separator (default = comma space) -- returns the whole list if separator not found p.findlast = function(frame) local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" ) local sep = frame.args[2] or "" if sep == "" then sep = ", " end local pattern = ".*" .. sep .. "(.*)" local a, b, last = s:find(pattern) if a then return last else return s end end -- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units) -- e.g "0940" -> "940"; "Year: 0023" -> "Year: 23"; "00.12" -> "0.12" p.stripZeros = function(frame) local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") local n = tonumber( string.match( s, "%d+" ) ) or "" s = string.gsub( s, "%d+", n, 1 ) return s end -- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string -- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode p.nowiki = function(frame) local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "") return mw.text.nowiki(str) end -- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator -- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1) -- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false -- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false -- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true p.split = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = args[1] or args.txt or "" if txt == "" then return nil end local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or ""):gsub('"', '') local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1 local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or "true"):sub(1,1) plain = (plain ~= "f" and plain ~= "n" and plain ~= "0") local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain ) if idx < 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end return splittbl[idx] end -- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string. p.val2percent = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") if txt == "" then return nil end local function v2p (x) x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100 if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end return x .. "%" end txt = txt:gsub("%d[%d%.]*", v2p) -- store just the string return txt end -- one2a scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each occurrence of 'one ' into either 'a ' or 'an ' and returns the resultant string. p.one2a = function(frame) local args = frame.args if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "") if txt == "" then return nil end txt = txt:gsub(" one ", " a "):gsub("^one", "a"):gsub("One ", "A "):gsub("a ([aeiou])", "an %1"):gsub("A ([aeiou])", "An %1") return txt end -- findpagetext returns the position of a piece of text in a page -- First positional parameter or |text is the search text -- Optional parameter |title is the page title, defaults to current page -- Optional parameter |plain is either true for plain search (default) or false for Lua pattern search -- Optional parameter |nomatch is the return value when no match is found; default is nil p._findpagetext = function(args) -- process parameters local nomatch = args.nomatch or "" if nomatch == "" then nomatch = nil end -- local text = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.text or "") if text == "" then return nil end -- local title = args.title or "" local titleobj if title == "" then titleobj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() else titleobj = mw.title.new(title) end -- local plain = args.plain or "" if plain:sub(1, 1) == "f" then plain = false else plain = true end -- get the page content and look for 'text' - return position or nomatch local content = titleobj and titleobj:getContent() return content and mw.ustring.find(content, text, 1, plain) or nomatch end p.findpagetext = function(frame) local args = frame.args local pargs = frame:getParent().args for k, v in pairs(pargs) do args[k] = v end if not (args[1] or args.text) then return nil end -- just the first value return (p._findpagetext(args)) end -- returns the decoded url. Inverse of parser function {{urlencode:val|TYPE}} -- Type is: -- QUERY decodes + to space (default) -- PATH does no extra decoding -- WIKI decodes _ to space p._urldecode = function(url, type) url = url or "" type = (type == "PATH" or type == "WIKI") and type return mw.uri.decode( url, type ) end -- {{#invoke:String2|urldecode|url=url|type=type}} p.urldecode = function(frame) return mw.uri.decode( frame.args.url, frame.args.type ) end -- what follows was merged from [[Module:StringFunc]] -- Argument list helper function, as per [[Module:String]] function p._getParameters( frame_args, arg_list ) local new_args = {}; local index = 1; local value; for i,arg in ipairs( arg_list ) do value = frame_args[arg] if value == nil then value = frame_args[index]; index = index + 1; end new_args[arg] = value; end return new_args; end -- Escape Pattern helper function so that all characters are treated as plain text, as per [[Module:String]] function p._escapePattern( pattern_str ) return mw.ustring.gsub( pattern_str, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1" ) end -- Helper Function to interpret boolean strings, as per [[Module:String]] function p._getBoolean( boolean_str ) local boolean_value; if type( boolean_str ) == 'string' then boolean_str = boolean_str:lower(); if boolean_str == 'false' or boolean_str == 'no' or boolean_str == '0' or boolean_str == '' then boolean_value = false; else boolean_value = true; end elseif type( boolean_str ) == 'boolean' then boolean_value = boolean_str; else error( 'No boolean value found' ); end return boolean_value end --[[ Strip This function Strips characters from string Usage: {{#invoke:String2|strip|source_string|characters_to_strip|plain_flag}} Parameters source: The string to strip chars: The pattern or list of characters to strip from string, replaced with '' plain: A flag indicating that the chars should be understood as plain text. defaults to true. Leading and trailing whitespace is also automatically stripped from the string. ]] function p.strip( frame ) local new_args = p._getParameters( frame.args, {'source', 'chars', 'plain'} ) local source_str = new_args['source'] or '' local chars = new_args['chars'] or '' or 'characters' source_str = mw.text.trim(source_str) if source_str == '' or chars == '' then return source_str end local l_plain = p._getBoolean( new_args['plain'] or true ) if l_plain then chars = p._escapePattern( chars ) end local result result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, "["..chars.."]", '') return result end --[[ Match any Returns the index of the first given pattern to match the input. Patterns must be consecutively numbered. Returns the empty string if nothing matches for use in {{#if:}} Usage: {{#invoke:String2|matchAll|source=123 abc|456|abc}} returns '2'. Parameters: source: the string to search plain: A flag indicating that the patterns should be understood as plain text. defaults to true. 1, 2, 3, ...: the patterns to search for ]] function p.matchAny(frame) local source_str = frame.args['source'] or error('The source parameter is mandatory.') local l_plain = p._getBoolean( frame.args['plain'] or true ) for i = 1, math.huge do local pattern = frame.args[i] if not pattern then return '' end if mw.ustring.find(source_str, pattern, 1, l_plain) then return tostring(i) end end end --[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >-------------------------------------------------- Converts a hyphen to a dash under certain conditions. The hyphen must separate like items; unlike items are returned unmodified. These forms are modified: letter - letter (A - B) digit - digit (4-5) digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5) letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5) digitletter - digitletter (5a - 5d) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d) any other forms are returned unmodified. str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list ]] function p.hyphen_to_dash( str, spacing ) if (str == nil or str == '') then return str end local accept str = mw.text.decode(str, true ) -- replace html entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split local out = {} local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*') -- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any for _, item in ipairs (list) do -- for each item in the list item = mw.text.trim(item) -- trim whitespace item, accept = item:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') if accept == 0 and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[%-–—]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then -- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators if item:match ('^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*%-%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or -- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit) item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or -- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter) item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') or -- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit item:match ('^%d+%s*%-%s*%d+$') or -- digit hyphen digit item:match ('^%a+%s*%-%s*%a+$') then -- letter hyphen letter item = item:gsub ('(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*%-%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1–%2') -- replace hyphen, remove extraneous space characters else item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[–—]%s*', '–') -- for endash or emdash separated ranges, replace em with en, remove extraneous whitespace end end table.insert (out, item) -- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table end local temp_str = table.concat (out, ',' .. spacing) -- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string temp_str, accept = temp_str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out if accept ~= 0 then temp_str = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1') -- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value end return temp_str end function p.hyphen2dash( frame ) local str = frame.args[1] or '' local spacing = frame.args[2] or ' ' -- space is part of the standard separator for normal spacing (but in conjunction with templates r/rp/ran we may need a narrower spacing return p.hyphen_to_dash(str, spacing) end -- Similar to [[Module:String#endswith]] function p.startswith(frame) return (frame.args[1]:sub(1, frame.args[2]:len()) == frame.args[2]) and 'yes' or '' end -- Implements [[Template:Isnumeric]] function p.isnumeric(frame) local s = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1] local boolean = (frame.args.boolean or frame:getParent().args.boolean) == 'true' if type(s) == 'string' and mw.getContentLanguage():parseFormattedNumber( s ) then return boolean and 1 or s end return boolean and 0 or '' end -- Checks if a value in a group of numbers is not an interger. -- Allows usage of an |empty= parameter to allow empty values to be skipped. function p.isInteger(frame) local values = frame.args or frame:getParent().args local allow_empty = frame.args.empty or frame:getParent().args.empty for _, value in ipairs(values) do -- Trim spaces value = value and value:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") if value == "" or value == nil then if not allow_empty then return false -- Empty values are not allowed end else value = tonumber(value) if not (type(value) == "number" and value == math.floor(value)) then return false end end end return true end -- Returns an error found in a string. function p.getError(frame) local text = frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1] local error_message = text:match('(<strong class="error">.-</strong>)') return error_message or nil end return p ph89g30kzy2uwl0t05s6jtpby1w86b8 828 13420 117424 105223 2025-12-10T08:08:14Z en>Johnuniq 0 update from [[Module:Age/sandbox]]: bda, dda format output date to match the input if no df/mf parameter per [[User:Zackmann08]]'s suggestion at [[Module talk:Age#Updating df/mf syntax]] 117424 Scribunto text/plain -- Implement various "age of" and other date-related templates. local mtext = { -- Message and other text that should be localized. -- Also need to localize text in table names in function dateDifference. ['mt-bad-param2'] = 'Parameter $1=$2 is invalid', ['mt-bad-show'] = 'Parameter show=$1 is not supported here', ['mt-cannot-add'] = 'Cannot add "$1"', ['mt-conflicting-show'] = 'Parameter show=$1 conflicts with round=$2', ['mt-date-wrong-order'] = 'The second date must be later in time than the first date', ['mt-dd-future'] = 'Death date (first date) must not be in the future', ['mt-dd-wrong-order'] = 'Death date (first date) must be later in time than the birth date (second date)', ['mt-invalid-bd-age'] = 'Invalid birth date for calculating age', ['mt-invalid-dates-age'] = 'Invalid dates for calculating age', ['mt-invalid-end'] = 'Invalid end date in second parameter', ['mt-invalid-start'] = 'Invalid start date in first parameter', ['mt-need-jdn'] = 'Need valid Julian date number', ['mt-need-valid-bd'] = 'Need valid birth date: year, month, day', ['mt-need-valid-bd2'] = 'Need valid birth date (second date): year, month, day', ['mt-need-valid-date'] = 'Need valid date', ['mt-need-valid-dd'] = 'Need valid death date (first date): year, month, day', ['mt-need-valid-ymd'] = 'Need valid year, month, day', ['mt-need-valid-ymd-current'] = 'Need valid year|month|day or "currentdate"', ['mt-need-valid-ymd2'] = 'Second date should be year, month, day', ['mt-template-bad-name'] = 'The specified template name is not valid', ['mt-template-x'] = 'The template invoking this must have "|template=x" where x is the wanted operation', ['mt-warn-param1'] = 'Invalid parameter $1', ['mt-warn-param2'] = 'Parameter $1=$2 is invalid', ['txt-affirmative'] = { y = true, yes = true, Y = true, Yes = true, YES = true }, -- valid values for df + mf parameters ['txt-yes'] = { y = true, yes = true, on = true }, -- valid values for parameters introduced with this module ['txt-and'] = ' and ', ['txt-or'] = '&nbsp;or ', ['txt-category'] = 'Category:Pages using age template with invalid date', ['txt-comma-and'] = ', and ', ['txt-error'] = 'Error: ', ['txt-format-default'] = 'mf', -- 'df' (day first = dmy) or 'mf' (month first = mdy) ['txt-module-convertnumeric'] = 'Module:ConvertNumeric', ['txt-module-date'] = 'Module:Date', ['txt-sandbox'] = 'sandbox', ['txt-bda'] = '<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">$1</span>) </span>$2<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;$3)</span>', ['txt-dda'] = '$2<span style="display:none">($1)</span> (aged&nbsp;$3)', ['txt-bda-disp'] = 'disp_raw', -- disp_raw → age is a number only; disp_age → age is a number and unit (normally years but months or days if very young) ['txt-dda-disp'] = 'disp_raw', ['txt-dmy'] = '%-d %B %-Y', ['txt-mdy'] = '%B %-d, %-Y', } local isWarning = { ['mt-warn-param1'] = true, ['mt-warn-param2'] = true, } -- yes[parameter] is true if parameter should be interpreted as "yes". -- Do not want to accept mixed upper/lowercase unless done by previously used templates. -- Need to accept "on" because "round=on" is wanted. local yes = mtext['txt-yes'] -- Max valid age. local MAX_AGE = 130 local translate, from_en, to_en, isZero if translate then -- Functions to translate from en to local language and reverse go here. -- See example at [[:bn:Module:বয়স]]. else from_en = function (text) return text end isZero = function (text) return tonumber(text) == 0 end end local _Date, _currentDate local function getExports(frame) -- Return objects exported from the date module or its sandbox. if not _Date then local sandbox = frame:getTitle():find(mtext['txt-sandbox'], 1, true) and ('/' .. mtext['txt-sandbox']) or '' local datemod = require(mtext['txt-module-date'] .. sandbox) local realDate = datemod._Date _currentDate = datemod._current if to_en then _Date = function (...) local args = {} for i, v in ipairs({...}) do args[i] = to_en(v) end return realDate(unpack(args)) end else _Date = realDate end end return _Date, _currentDate end local Collection -- a table to hold items Collection = { add = function (self, item) if item ~= nil then self.n = self.n + 1 self[self.n] = item end end, join = function (self, sep) return table.concat(self, sep) end, remove = function (self, pos) if self.n > 0 and (pos == nil or (0 < pos and pos <= self.n)) then self.n = self.n - 1 return table.remove(self, pos) end end, sort = function (self, comp) table.sort(self, comp) end, new = function () return setmetatable({n = 0}, Collection) end } Collection.__index = Collection local function stripToNil(text) -- If text is a string, return its trimmed content, or nil if empty. -- Otherwise return text (which may, for example, be nil). if type(text) == 'string' then text = text:match('(%S.-)%s*$') end return text end local function substituteParameters(text, ...) -- Return text after substituting any given parameters for $1, $2, etc. return mw.message.newRawMessage(text, ...):plain() end local function message(msg, ...) -- Return formatted message text for an error or warning. local function getText(msg) return mtext[msg] or error('Bug: message "' .. tostring(msg) .. '" not defined') end local categories = { error = mtext['txt-category'], warning = mtext['txt-category'], } local a, b, k, category local text = substituteParameters(getText(msg), ...) if isWarning[msg] then a = '^{[<i>' b = '</i>]}' k = 'warning' else a = '<strong class="error">' .. getText('txt-error') b = '</strong>' k = 'error' end if mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespaces(0) then -- Category only in namespaces: 0=article. category = '[[' .. categories[k] .. ']]' end return a .. mw.text.nowiki(text) .. b .. (category or '') end local function dateFormat(args, options) -- Return -- nil, f if parameter is valid -- m, f otherwise -- where -- m = string for warning message with category -- f = string for wanted date format local wanted if options.suppliedformat == 'dmy' then wanted = 'df' elseif options.suppliedformat == 'mdy' then wanted = 'mf' else wanted = mtext['txt-format-default'] end local problem local other = wanted == 'df' and 'mf' or 'df' local parm = args[other] or '' if mtext['txt-affirmative'][parm] then wanted = other elseif parm ~= '' then problem = message('mt-warn-param2', other, parm) end return problem, wanted == 'df' and mtext['txt-dmy'] or mtext['txt-mdy'] end local function formatNumber(number) -- Return the given number formatted with commas as group separators, -- given that the number is an integer. local numstr = tostring(number) local length = #numstr local places = Collection.new() local pos = 0 repeat places:add(pos) pos = pos + 3 until pos >= length places:add(length) local groups = Collection.new() for i = places.n, 2, -1 do local p1 = length - places[i] + 1 local p2 = length - places[i - 1] groups:add(numstr:sub(p1, p2)) end return groups:join(',') end local function spellNumber(number, options, i) -- Return result of spelling number, or -- return number (as a string) if cannot spell it. -- i == 1 for the first number which can optionally start with an uppercase letter. number = tostring(number) return require(mtext['txt-module-convertnumeric']).spell_number( number, nil, -- fraction numerator nil, -- fraction denominator i == 1 and options.upper, -- true: 'One' instead of 'one' not options.us, -- true: use 'and' between tens/ones etc options.adj, -- true: hyphenated options.ordinal -- true: 'first' instead of 'one' ) or number end local function makeExtra(args, flagCurrent) -- Return extra text that will be inserted before the visible result -- but after any sort key. local extra = args.prefix or '' if mw.ustring.len(extra) > 1 then -- Parameter "~" gives "~3" whereas "over" gives "over 3". if extra:sub(-6, -1) ~= '&nbsp;' then extra = extra .. ' ' end end if flagCurrent then extra = '<span class="currentage"></span>' .. extra end return extra end local function makeSort(value, sortable) -- Return a sort key if requested. -- Assume value is a valid number which has not overflowed. if sortable == 'sortable_table' or sortable == 'sortable_on' or sortable == 'sortable_debug' then local sortKey if value == 0 then sortKey = '5000000000000000000' else local mag = math.floor(math.log10(math.abs(value)) + 1e-14) if value > 0 then sortKey = 7000 + mag else sortKey = 2999 - mag value = value + 10^(mag+1) end sortKey = string.format('%d', sortKey) .. string.format('%015.0f', math.floor(value * 10^(14-mag))) end local result if sortable == 'sortable_table' then result = 'data-sort-value="_SORTKEY_"|' elseif sortable == 'sortable_debug' then result = '<span data-sort-value="_SORTKEY_♠"><span style="border:1px solid">_SORTKEY_♠</span></span>' else result = '<span data-sort-value="_SORTKEY_♠"></span>' end return (result:gsub('_SORTKEY_', sortKey)) end end local translateParameters = { abbr = { off = 'abbr_off', on = 'abbr_on', }, disp = { age = 'disp_age', raw = 'disp_raw', }, format = { raw = 'format_raw', commas = 'format_commas', }, round = { on = 'on', yes = 'on', months = 'ym', weeks = 'ymw', days = 'ymd', hours = 'ymdh', }, sep = { comma = 'sep_comma', [','] = 'sep_comma', serialcomma = 'sep_serialcomma', space = 'sep_space', }, show = { hide = { id = 'hide' }, y = { 'y', id = 'y' }, ym = { 'y', 'm', id = 'ym' }, ymd = { 'y', 'm', 'd', id = 'ymd' }, ymw = { 'y', 'm', 'w', id = 'ymw' }, ymwd = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', id = 'ymwd' }, yd = { 'y', 'd', id = 'yd', keepZero = true }, m = { 'm', id = 'm' }, md = { 'm', 'd', id = 'md' }, w = { 'w', id = 'w' }, wd = { 'w', 'd', id = 'wd' }, h = { 'H', id = 'h' }, hm = { 'H', 'M', id = 'hm' }, hms = { 'H', 'M', 'S', id = 'hms' }, M = { 'M', id = 'M' }, s = { 'S', id = 's' }, d = { 'd', id = 'd' }, dh = { 'd', 'H', id = 'dh' }, dhm = { 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'dhm' }, dhms = { 'd', 'H', 'M', 'S', id = 'dhms' }, ymdh = { 'y', 'm', 'd', 'H', id = 'ymdh' }, ymdhm = { 'y', 'm', 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'ymdhm' }, ymwdh = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', 'H', id = 'ymwdh' }, ymwdhm = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'ymwdhm' }, }, sortable = { off = false, on = 'sortable_on', table = 'sortable_table', debug = 'sortable_debug', }, } local spellOptions = { cardinal = {}, Cardinal = { upper = true }, cardinal_us = { us = true }, Cardinal_us = { us = true, upper = true }, ordinal = { ordinal = true }, Ordinal = { ordinal = true, upper = true }, ordinal_us = { ordinal = true, us = true }, Ordinal_us = { ordinal = true, us = true, upper = true }, } local function dateExtract(frame) -- Return part of a date after performing an optional operation. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local parms = {} for i, v in ipairs(args) do parms[i] = v end if yes[args.fix] then table.insert(parms, 'fix') end if yes[args.partial] then table.insert(parms, 'partial') end local show = stripToNil(args.show) or 'dmy' local date = Date(unpack(parms)) if not date then if show == 'format' then return 'error' end return message('mt-need-valid-date') end local add = stripToNil(args.add) if add then for item in add:gmatch('%S+') do date = date + item if not date then return message('mt-cannot-add', item) end end end local sortKey, result local sortable = translateParameters.sortable[args.sortable] if sortable then local value = (date.partial and date.partial.first or date).jdz sortKey = makeSort(value, sortable) end if show ~= 'hide' then result = date[show] if result == nil then result = from_en(date:text(show)) elseif type(result) == 'boolean' then result = result and '1' or '0' else result = from_en(tostring(result)) end end return (sortKey or '') .. makeExtra(args) .. (result or '') end local function rangeJoin(range) -- Return text to be used between a range of ages. return range == 'dash' and '–' or mtext['txt-or'] end local function makeText(values, components, names, options, noUpper) -- Return wikitext representing an age or duration. local text = Collection.new() local count = #values local sep = names.sep or '' for i, v in ipairs(values) do -- v is a number (say 4 for 4 years), or a table ({4,5} for 4 or 5 years). local islist = type(v) == 'table' if (islist or v > 0) or (text.n == 0 and i == count) or (text.n > 0 and components.keepZero) then local fmt, vstr if options.spell then fmt = function(number) return spellNumber(number, options.spell, noUpper or i) end elseif i == 1 and options.format == 'format_commas' then -- Numbers after the first should be small and not need formatting. fmt = formatNumber else fmt = tostring end if islist then vstr = fmt(v[1]) .. rangeJoin(options.range) noUpper = true vstr = vstr .. fmt(v[2]) else vstr = fmt(v) end local name = names[components[i]] if name then if type(name) == 'table' then name = mw.getContentLanguage():plural(islist and v[2] or v, name) end text:add(vstr .. sep .. name) else text:add(vstr) end end end local first, last if options.join == 'sep_space' then first = ' ' last = ' ' elseif options.join == 'sep_comma' then first = ', ' last = ', ' elseif options.join == 'sep_serialcomma' and text.n > 2 then first = ', ' last = mtext['txt-comma-and'] else first = ', ' last = mtext['txt-and'] end for i, v in ipairs(text) do if i < text.n then text[i] = v .. (i + 1 < text.n and first or last) end end local sign = '' if options.isnegative then -- Do not display negative zero. if text.n > 1 or (text.n == 1 and text[1]:sub(1, 1) ~= '0' ) then if options.format == 'format_raw' then sign = '-' -- plain hyphen so result can be used in a calculation else sign = '−' -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN end end end return (options.sortKey or '') .. (options.extra or '') .. sign .. text:join() .. (options.suffix or '') end local function dateDifference(parms) -- Return a formatted date difference using the given parameters -- which have been validated. local names = { -- Each name is: -- * a string if no plural form of the name is used; or -- * a table of strings, one of which is selected using the rules at -- https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Plural/Mediawiki_plural_rules abbr_off = { sep = '&nbsp;', y = {'year', 'years'}, m = {'month', 'months'}, w = {'week', 'weeks'}, d = {'day', 'days'}, H = {'hour', 'hours'}, M = {'minute', 'minutes'}, S = {'second', 'seconds'}, }, abbr_on = { y = 'y', m = 'm', w = 'w', d = 'd', H = 'h', M = 'm', S = 's', }, abbr_infant = { -- for {{age for infant}} sep = '&nbsp;', y = {'yr', 'yrs'}, m = {'mo', 'mos'}, w = {'wk', 'wks'}, d = {'day', 'days'}, H = {'hr', 'hrs'}, M = {'min', 'mins'}, S = {'sec', 'secs'}, }, abbr_raw = {}, } local diff = parms.diff -- must be a valid date difference local show = parms.show -- may be nil; default is set below local abbr = parms.abbr or 'abbr_off' local defaultJoin if abbr ~= 'abbr_off' then defaultJoin = 'sep_space' end if not show then show = 'ymd' if parms.disp == 'disp_age' then if diff.years < 3 then defaultJoin = 'sep_space' if diff.years >= 1 then show = 'ym' else show = 'md' end else show = 'y' end end end if type(show) ~= 'table' then show = translateParameters.show[show] end if parms.disp == 'disp_raw' then defaultJoin = 'sep_space' abbr = 'abbr_raw' elseif parms.wantSc then defaultJoin = 'sep_serialcomma' end local diffOptions = { round = parms.round, duration = parms.wantDuration, range = parms.range and true or nil, } local sortKey if parms.sortable then local value = diff.age_days + (parms.wantDuration and 1 or 0) -- days and fraction of a day if diff.isnegative then value = -value end sortKey = makeSort(value, parms.sortable) end local textOptions = { extra = parms.extra, format = parms.format, join = parms.sep or defaultJoin, isnegative = diff.isnegative, range = parms.range, sortKey = sortKey, spell = parms.spell, suffix = parms.suffix, -- not currently used } if show.id == 'hide' then return sortKey or '' end local values = { diff:age(show.id, diffOptions) } if values[1] then return makeText(values, show, names[abbr], textOptions) end if diff.partial then -- Handle a more complex range such as -- {{age_yd|20 Dec 2001|2003|range=yes}} → 1 year, 12 days or 2 years, 11 days local opt = { format = textOptions.format, join = textOptions.join, isnegative = textOptions.isnegative, spell = textOptions.spell, } return (textOptions.sortKey or '') .. makeText({ diff.partial.mindiff:age(show.id, diffOptions) }, show, names[abbr], opt) .. rangeJoin(textOptions.range) .. makeText({ diff.partial.maxdiff:age(show.id, diffOptions) }, show, names[abbr], opt, true) .. (textOptions.suffix or '') end return message('mt-bad-show', show.id) end local function getDates(frame, getopt) -- Parse template parameters and return one of: -- * date (a date table, if single) -- * date1, date2 (two date tables, if not single) -- * text (a string error message) -- A missing date is optionally replaced with the current date. -- If wantMixture is true, a missing date component is replaced -- from the current date, so can get a bizarre mixture of -- specified/current y/m/d as has been done by some "age" templates. -- Some results may be placed in table getopt. local Date, currentDate = getExports(frame) getopt = getopt or {} local function flagCurrent(text) -- This allows the calling template to detect if the current date has been used, -- that is, whether both dates have been entered in a template expecting two. -- For example, an infobox may want the age when an event occurred, not the current age. -- Don't bother detecting if wantMixture is used because not needed and it is a poor option. if not text then if getopt.noMissing then return nil -- this gives a nil date which gives an error end text = 'currentdate' if getopt.flag == 'usesCurrent' then getopt.usesCurrent = true end end return text end local args = frame:getParent().args local fields = {} local isNamed = args.year or args.year1 or args.year2 or args.month or args.month1 or args.month2 or args.day or args.day1 or args.day2 if isNamed then fields[1] = args.year1 or args.year fields[2] = args.month1 or args.month fields[3] = args.day1 or args.day fields[4] = args.year2 fields[5] = args.month2 fields[6] = args.day2 else for i = 1, 6 do fields[i] = args[i] end end local imax = 0 for i = 1, 6 do fields[i] = stripToNil(fields[i]) if fields[i] then imax = i end if getopt.omitZero and i % 3 ~= 1 then -- omit zero months and days as unknown values but keep year 0 which is 1 BCE if isZero(fields[i]) then fields[i] = nil getopt.partial = true end end end local fix = getopt.fix and 'fix' or '' local partialText = getopt.partial and 'partial' or '' local dates = {} if isNamed or imax >= 3 then local nrDates = getopt.single and 1 or 2 if getopt.wantMixture then -- Cannot be partial since empty fields are set from current. local components = { 'year', 'month', 'day' } for i = 1, nrDates * 3 do fields[i] = fields[i] or currentDate[components[i > 3 and i - 3 or i]] end for i = 1, nrDates do local index = i == 1 and 1 or 4 local y, m, d = fields[index], fields[index+1], fields[index+2] if (m == 2 or m == '2') and (d == 29 or d == '29') then -- Workaround error with following which attempt to use invalid date 2001-02-29. -- {{age_ymwd|year1=2001|year2=2004|month2=2|day2=29}} -- {{age_ymwd|year1=2001|month1=2|year2=2004|month2=1|day2=29}} -- TODO Get rid of wantMixture because even this ugly code does not handle -- 'Feb' or 'February' or 'feb' or 'february'. if not ((y % 4 == 0 and y % 100 ~= 0) or y % 400 == 0) then d = 28 end end dates[i] = Date(y, m, d) end else -- If partial dates are allowed, accept -- year only, or -- year and month only -- Do not accept year and day without a month because that makes no sense -- (and because, for example, Date('partial', 2001, nil, 12) sets day = nil, not 12). for i = 1, nrDates do local index = i == 1 and 1 or 4 local y, m, d = fields[index], fields[index+1], fields[index+2] if (getopt.partial and y and (m or not d)) or (y and m and d) then dates[i] = Date(fix, partialText, y, m, d) elseif not y and not m and not d then dates[i] = Date(flagCurrent()) end end end else getopt.textdates = true -- have parsed each date from a single text field dates[1] = Date(fix, partialText, flagCurrent(fields[1])) if not getopt.single then dates[2] = Date(fix, partialText, flagCurrent(fields[2])) end end if not dates[1] then return message(getopt.missing1 or 'mt-need-valid-ymd') end if getopt.textdates then getopt.suppliedformat = dates[1].format end if getopt.single then return dates[1] end if not dates[2] then return message(getopt.missing2 or 'mt-need-valid-ymd2') end return dates[1], dates[2] end local function ageGeneric(frame) -- Return the result required by the specified template. -- Can use sortable=x where x = on/table/off/debug in any supported template. -- Some templates default to sortable=on but can be overridden. local name = frame.args.template if not name then return message('mt-template-x') end local args = frame:getParent().args local specs = { age_days = { -- {{age in days}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_days_nts = { -- {{age in days nts}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, duration_days = { -- {{duration in days}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', duration = true, }, duration_days_nts = { -- {{duration in days nts}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', duration = true, }, age_full_years = { -- {{age}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', flag = 'usesCurrent', omitZero = true, range = 'dash', }, age_full_years_nts = { -- {{age nts}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, age_in_years = { -- {{age in years}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', negative = 'error', range = 'dash', }, age_in_years_nts = { -- {{age in years nts}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', negative = 'error', range = 'dash', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, age_infant = { -- {{age for infant}} -- Do not set show because special processing is done later. abbr = yes[args.abbr] and 'abbr_infant' or 'abbr_off', disp = 'disp_age', sep = 'sep_space', sortable = 'on', }, age_m = { -- {{age in months}} show = 'm', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_w = { -- {{age in weeks}} show = 'w', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_wd = { -- {{age in weeks and days}} show = 'wd', }, age_yd = { -- {{age in years and days}} show = 'yd', format = 'format_commas', sep = args.sep ~= 'and' and 'sep_comma' or nil, }, age_yd_nts = { -- {{age in years and days nts}} show = 'yd', format = 'format_commas', sep = args.sep ~= 'and' and 'sep_comma' or nil, sortable = 'on', }, age_ym = { -- {{age in years and months}} show = 'ym', sep = 'sep_comma', }, age_ymd = { -- {{age in years, months and days}} show = 'ymd', range = true, }, age_ymwd = { -- {{age in years, months, weeks and days}} show = 'ymwd', wantMixture = true, }, } local spec = specs[name] if not spec then return message('mt-template-bad-name') end if name == 'age_days' then local su = stripToNil(args['show unit']) if su then if su == 'abbr' or su == 'full' then spec.disp = nil spec.abbr = su == 'abbr' and 'abbr_on' or nil end end end local partial, autofill local range = stripToNil(args.range) or spec.range if range then -- Suppose partial dates are used and age could be 11 or 12 years. -- "|range=" (empty value) has no effect (spec is used). -- "|range=yes" or spec.range == true sets range = true (gives "11 or 12") -- "|range=dash" or spec.range == 'dash' sets range = 'dash' (gives "11–12"). -- "|range=no" or spec.range == 'no' sets range = nil and fills each date in the diff (gives "12"). -- ("on" is equivalent to "yes", and "off" is equivalent to "no"). -- "|range=OTHER" sets range = nil and rejects partial dates. range = ({ dash = 'dash', off = 'no', no = 'no', [true] = true })[range] or yes[range] if range then partial = true -- accept partial dates with a possible age range for the result if range == 'no' then autofill = true -- missing month/day in first or second date are filled from other date or 1 range = nil end end end local getopt = { fix = yes[args.fix], flag = stripToNil(args.flag) or spec.flag, omitZero = spec.omitZero, partial = partial, wantMixture = spec.wantMixture, } local date1, date2 = getDates(frame, getopt) if type(date1) == 'string' then return date1 end local format = stripToNil(args.format) local spell = spellOptions[format] if format then format = 'format_' .. format elseif name == 'age_days' and getopt.textdates then format = 'format_commas' end local parms = { diff = date2:subtract(date1, { fill = autofill }), wantDuration = spec.duration or yes[args.duration], range = range, wantSc = yes[args.sc], show = args.show == 'hide' and 'hide' or spec.show, abbr = spec.abbr, disp = spec.disp, extra = makeExtra(args, getopt.usesCurrent and format ~= 'format_raw'), format = format or spec.format, round = yes[args.round], sep = spec.sep, sortable = translateParameters.sortable[args.sortable or spec.sortable], spell = spell, } if (spec.negative or frame.args.negative) == 'error' and parms.diff.isnegative then return message('mt-date-wrong-order') end return from_en(dateDifference(parms)) end local function isFake(args) -- Some templates have TemplateData with an auto value like "{{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}". -- Return true if that appears to be the case so the caller can output nothing rather than an error. return args[1] == 'YYYY' end local function bda(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Birth date and age]]. local args = frame:getParent().args if isFake(args) then return '' end local options = { missing1 = 'mt-need-valid-bd', noMissing = true, single = true, } local date = getDates(frame, options) if type(date) == 'string' then return date -- error text end local Date = getExports(frame) local diff = Date('currentdate') - date if diff.isnegative or diff.years > MAX_AGE then return message('mt-invalid-bd-age') end local disp = mtext['txt-bda-disp'] local show = 'y' if diff.years < 2 then disp = 'disp_age' if diff.years == 0 and diff.months == 0 then show = 'd' else show = 'm' end end local problem, format = dateFormat(args, options) local result = substituteParameters( mtext['txt-bda'], date:text('%-Y-%m-%d'), from_en(date:text(format)), from_en(dateDifference({ diff = diff, show = show, abbr = 'abbr_off', disp = disp, sep = 'sep_space', })) ) .. (problem or '') local warnings = tonumber(frame.args.warnings) if warnings and warnings > 0 then local good = { df = true, mf = true, day = true, day1 = true, month = true, month1 = true, year = true, year1 = true, } local invalid local imax = options.textdates and 1 or 3 for k, _ in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then if k > imax then invalid = tostring(k) break end else if not good[k] then invalid = k break end end end if invalid then result = result .. message('mt-warn-param1', invalid) end end return result end local function dda(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Death date and age]]. local args = frame:getParent().args if isFake(args) then return '' end local options = { missing1 = 'mt-need-valid-dd', missing2 = 'mt-need-valid-bd2', noMissing = true, partial = true, } local date1, date2 = getDates(frame, options) if type(date1) == 'string' then return date1 end local diff = date1 - date2 if diff.isnegative then return message('mt-dd-wrong-order') end local Date = getExports(frame) local today = Date('currentdate') + 1 -- one day in future allows for timezones if date1 > today then return message('mt-dd-future') end local years if diff.partial then years = diff.partial.years years = type(years) == 'table' and years[2] or years else years = diff.years end if years > MAX_AGE then return message('mt-invalid-dates-age') end local fmt_date, fmt_ymd, problem if date1.day then -- y, m, d known problem, fmt_date = dateFormat(args, options) fmt_ymd = '%-Y-%m-%d' elseif date1.month then -- y, m known; d unknown fmt_date = '%B %-Y' fmt_ymd = '%-Y-%m-00' else -- y known; m, d unknown fmt_date = '%-Y' fmt_ymd = '%-Y-00-00' end local sortKey local sortable = translateParameters.sortable[args.sortable] if sortable then local value = (date1.partial and date1.partial.first or date1).jdz sortKey = makeSort(value, sortable) end local result = (sortKey or '') .. substituteParameters( mtext['txt-dda'], date1:text(fmt_ymd), from_en(date1:text(fmt_date)), from_en(dateDifference({ diff = diff, show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_off', disp = mtext['txt-dda-disp'], range = 'dash', sep = 'sep_space', })) ) .. (problem or '') local warnings = tonumber(frame.args.warnings) if warnings and warnings > 0 then local good = { df = true, mf = true, } local invalid local imax = options.textdates and 2 or 6 for k, _ in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then if k > imax then invalid = tostring(k) break end else if not good[k] then invalid = k break end end end if invalid then result = result .. message('mt-warn-param1', invalid) end end return result end local function dateToGsd(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Gregorian serial date]]. -- Return Gregorian serial date of the given date, or the current date. -- The returned value is negative for dates before 1 January 1 AD -- despite the fact that GSD is not defined for such dates. local date = getDates(frame, { wantMixture=true, single=true }) if type(date) == 'string' then return date end return tostring(date.gsd) end local function jdToDate(frame) -- Return formatted date from a Julian date. -- The result includes a time if the input includes a fraction. -- The word 'Julian' is accepted for the Julian calendar. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local date = Date('juliandate', args[1], args[2]) if date then return from_en(date:text()) end return message('mt-need-jdn') end local function dateToJd(frame) -- Return Julian date (a number) from a date which may include a time, -- or the current date ('currentdate') or current date and time ('currentdatetime'). -- The word 'Julian' is accepted for the Julian calendar. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local date = Date(args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5], args[6], args[7]) if date then return tostring(date.jd) end return message('mt-need-valid-ymd-current') end local function timeInterval(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Time interval]]. -- There are two positional arguments: date1, date2. -- The default for each is the current date and time. -- Result is date2 - date1 formatted. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local parms = { extra = makeExtra(args), wantDuration = yes[args.duration], range = yes[args.range] or (args.range == 'dash' and 'dash' or nil), wantSc = yes[args.sc], } local fix = yes[args.fix] and 'fix' or '' local date1 = Date(fix, 'partial', stripToNil(args[1]) or 'currentdatetime') if not date1 then return message('mt-invalid-start') end local date2 = Date(fix, 'partial', stripToNil(args[2]) or 'currentdatetime') if not date2 then return message('mt-invalid-end') end parms.diff = date2 - date1 for argname, translate in pairs(translateParameters) do local parm = stripToNil(args[argname]) if parm then parm = translate[parm] if parm == nil then -- test for nil because false is a valid setting return message('mt-bad-param2', argname, args[argname]) end parms[argname] = parm end end if parms.round then local round = parms.round local show = parms.show if round ~= 'on' then if show then if show.id ~= round then return message('mt-conflicting-show', args.show, args.round) end else parms.show = translateParameters.show[round] end end parms.round = true end return from_en(dateDifference(parms)) end local function templateGeneric(frame) -- Example: {{#invoke:age||template=age_days|1 Apr 1980|1 Apr 2080|format=raw}} → 36525 local name = frame.args.template if not name then return message('mt-template-x') end return ageGeneric(frame:newChild({title = mw.title.new(name, 10), args = frame.args})) end return { age_generic = ageGeneric, -- can emulate several age templates birth_date_and_age = bda, -- Template:Birth_date_and_age death_date_and_age = dda, -- Template:Death_date_and_age gsd = dateToGsd, -- Template:Gregorian_serial_date extract = dateExtract, -- Template:Extract jd_to_date = jdToDate, -- Template:? JULIANDAY = dateToJd, -- Template:JULIANDAY time_interval = timeInterval, -- Template:Time_interval [''] = templateGeneric, -- same as age_generic, but can be invoked directly } 5jfartpt852zyo065229cuu9b3q1sqo 117425 117424 2026-07-16T13:08:34Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Age]] 117424 Scribunto text/plain -- Implement various "age of" and other date-related templates. local mtext = { -- Message and other text that should be localized. -- Also need to localize text in table names in function dateDifference. ['mt-bad-param2'] = 'Parameter $1=$2 is invalid', ['mt-bad-show'] = 'Parameter show=$1 is not supported here', ['mt-cannot-add'] = 'Cannot add "$1"', ['mt-conflicting-show'] = 'Parameter show=$1 conflicts with round=$2', ['mt-date-wrong-order'] = 'The second date must be later in time than the first date', ['mt-dd-future'] = 'Death date (first date) must not be in the future', ['mt-dd-wrong-order'] = 'Death date (first date) must be later in time than the birth date (second date)', ['mt-invalid-bd-age'] = 'Invalid birth date for calculating age', ['mt-invalid-dates-age'] = 'Invalid dates for calculating age', ['mt-invalid-end'] = 'Invalid end date in second parameter', ['mt-invalid-start'] = 'Invalid start date in first parameter', ['mt-need-jdn'] = 'Need valid Julian date number', ['mt-need-valid-bd'] = 'Need valid birth date: year, month, day', ['mt-need-valid-bd2'] = 'Need valid birth date (second date): year, month, day', ['mt-need-valid-date'] = 'Need valid date', ['mt-need-valid-dd'] = 'Need valid death date (first date): year, month, day', ['mt-need-valid-ymd'] = 'Need valid year, month, day', ['mt-need-valid-ymd-current'] = 'Need valid year|month|day or "currentdate"', ['mt-need-valid-ymd2'] = 'Second date should be year, month, day', ['mt-template-bad-name'] = 'The specified template name is not valid', ['mt-template-x'] = 'The template invoking this must have "|template=x" where x is the wanted operation', ['mt-warn-param1'] = 'Invalid parameter $1', ['mt-warn-param2'] = 'Parameter $1=$2 is invalid', ['txt-affirmative'] = { y = true, yes = true, Y = true, Yes = true, YES = true }, -- valid values for df + mf parameters ['txt-yes'] = { y = true, yes = true, on = true }, -- valid values for parameters introduced with this module ['txt-and'] = ' and ', ['txt-or'] = '&nbsp;or ', ['txt-category'] = 'Category:Pages using age template with invalid date', ['txt-comma-and'] = ', and ', ['txt-error'] = 'Error: ', ['txt-format-default'] = 'mf', -- 'df' (day first = dmy) or 'mf' (month first = mdy) ['txt-module-convertnumeric'] = 'Module:ConvertNumeric', ['txt-module-date'] = 'Module:Date', ['txt-sandbox'] = 'sandbox', ['txt-bda'] = '<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">$1</span>) </span>$2<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;$3)</span>', ['txt-dda'] = '$2<span style="display:none">($1)</span> (aged&nbsp;$3)', ['txt-bda-disp'] = 'disp_raw', -- disp_raw → age is a number only; disp_age → age is a number and unit (normally years but months or days if very young) ['txt-dda-disp'] = 'disp_raw', ['txt-dmy'] = '%-d %B %-Y', ['txt-mdy'] = '%B %-d, %-Y', } local isWarning = { ['mt-warn-param1'] = true, ['mt-warn-param2'] = true, } -- yes[parameter] is true if parameter should be interpreted as "yes". -- Do not want to accept mixed upper/lowercase unless done by previously used templates. -- Need to accept "on" because "round=on" is wanted. local yes = mtext['txt-yes'] -- Max valid age. local MAX_AGE = 130 local translate, from_en, to_en, isZero if translate then -- Functions to translate from en to local language and reverse go here. -- See example at [[:bn:Module:বয়স]]. else from_en = function (text) return text end isZero = function (text) return tonumber(text) == 0 end end local _Date, _currentDate local function getExports(frame) -- Return objects exported from the date module or its sandbox. if not _Date then local sandbox = frame:getTitle():find(mtext['txt-sandbox'], 1, true) and ('/' .. mtext['txt-sandbox']) or '' local datemod = require(mtext['txt-module-date'] .. sandbox) local realDate = datemod._Date _currentDate = datemod._current if to_en then _Date = function (...) local args = {} for i, v in ipairs({...}) do args[i] = to_en(v) end return realDate(unpack(args)) end else _Date = realDate end end return _Date, _currentDate end local Collection -- a table to hold items Collection = { add = function (self, item) if item ~= nil then self.n = self.n + 1 self[self.n] = item end end, join = function (self, sep) return table.concat(self, sep) end, remove = function (self, pos) if self.n > 0 and (pos == nil or (0 < pos and pos <= self.n)) then self.n = self.n - 1 return table.remove(self, pos) end end, sort = function (self, comp) table.sort(self, comp) end, new = function () return setmetatable({n = 0}, Collection) end } Collection.__index = Collection local function stripToNil(text) -- If text is a string, return its trimmed content, or nil if empty. -- Otherwise return text (which may, for example, be nil). if type(text) == 'string' then text = text:match('(%S.-)%s*$') end return text end local function substituteParameters(text, ...) -- Return text after substituting any given parameters for $1, $2, etc. return mw.message.newRawMessage(text, ...):plain() end local function message(msg, ...) -- Return formatted message text for an error or warning. local function getText(msg) return mtext[msg] or error('Bug: message "' .. tostring(msg) .. '" not defined') end local categories = { error = mtext['txt-category'], warning = mtext['txt-category'], } local a, b, k, category local text = substituteParameters(getText(msg), ...) if isWarning[msg] then a = '^{[<i>' b = '</i>]}' k = 'warning' else a = '<strong class="error">' .. getText('txt-error') b = '</strong>' k = 'error' end if mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespaces(0) then -- Category only in namespaces: 0=article. category = '[[' .. categories[k] .. ']]' end return a .. mw.text.nowiki(text) .. b .. (category or '') end local function dateFormat(args, options) -- Return -- nil, f if parameter is valid -- m, f otherwise -- where -- m = string for warning message with category -- f = string for wanted date format local wanted if options.suppliedformat == 'dmy' then wanted = 'df' elseif options.suppliedformat == 'mdy' then wanted = 'mf' else wanted = mtext['txt-format-default'] end local problem local other = wanted == 'df' and 'mf' or 'df' local parm = args[other] or '' if mtext['txt-affirmative'][parm] then wanted = other elseif parm ~= '' then problem = message('mt-warn-param2', other, parm) end return problem, wanted == 'df' and mtext['txt-dmy'] or mtext['txt-mdy'] end local function formatNumber(number) -- Return the given number formatted with commas as group separators, -- given that the number is an integer. local numstr = tostring(number) local length = #numstr local places = Collection.new() local pos = 0 repeat places:add(pos) pos = pos + 3 until pos >= length places:add(length) local groups = Collection.new() for i = places.n, 2, -1 do local p1 = length - places[i] + 1 local p2 = length - places[i - 1] groups:add(numstr:sub(p1, p2)) end return groups:join(',') end local function spellNumber(number, options, i) -- Return result of spelling number, or -- return number (as a string) if cannot spell it. -- i == 1 for the first number which can optionally start with an uppercase letter. number = tostring(number) return require(mtext['txt-module-convertnumeric']).spell_number( number, nil, -- fraction numerator nil, -- fraction denominator i == 1 and options.upper, -- true: 'One' instead of 'one' not options.us, -- true: use 'and' between tens/ones etc options.adj, -- true: hyphenated options.ordinal -- true: 'first' instead of 'one' ) or number end local function makeExtra(args, flagCurrent) -- Return extra text that will be inserted before the visible result -- but after any sort key. local extra = args.prefix or '' if mw.ustring.len(extra) > 1 then -- Parameter "~" gives "~3" whereas "over" gives "over 3". if extra:sub(-6, -1) ~= '&nbsp;' then extra = extra .. ' ' end end if flagCurrent then extra = '<span class="currentage"></span>' .. extra end return extra end local function makeSort(value, sortable) -- Return a sort key if requested. -- Assume value is a valid number which has not overflowed. if sortable == 'sortable_table' or sortable == 'sortable_on' or sortable == 'sortable_debug' then local sortKey if value == 0 then sortKey = '5000000000000000000' else local mag = math.floor(math.log10(math.abs(value)) + 1e-14) if value > 0 then sortKey = 7000 + mag else sortKey = 2999 - mag value = value + 10^(mag+1) end sortKey = string.format('%d', sortKey) .. string.format('%015.0f', math.floor(value * 10^(14-mag))) end local result if sortable == 'sortable_table' then result = 'data-sort-value="_SORTKEY_"|' elseif sortable == 'sortable_debug' then result = '<span data-sort-value="_SORTKEY_♠"><span style="border:1px solid">_SORTKEY_♠</span></span>' else result = '<span data-sort-value="_SORTKEY_♠"></span>' end return (result:gsub('_SORTKEY_', sortKey)) end end local translateParameters = { abbr = { off = 'abbr_off', on = 'abbr_on', }, disp = { age = 'disp_age', raw = 'disp_raw', }, format = { raw = 'format_raw', commas = 'format_commas', }, round = { on = 'on', yes = 'on', months = 'ym', weeks = 'ymw', days = 'ymd', hours = 'ymdh', }, sep = { comma = 'sep_comma', [','] = 'sep_comma', serialcomma = 'sep_serialcomma', space = 'sep_space', }, show = { hide = { id = 'hide' }, y = { 'y', id = 'y' }, ym = { 'y', 'm', id = 'ym' }, ymd = { 'y', 'm', 'd', id = 'ymd' }, ymw = { 'y', 'm', 'w', id = 'ymw' }, ymwd = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', id = 'ymwd' }, yd = { 'y', 'd', id = 'yd', keepZero = true }, m = { 'm', id = 'm' }, md = { 'm', 'd', id = 'md' }, w = { 'w', id = 'w' }, wd = { 'w', 'd', id = 'wd' }, h = { 'H', id = 'h' }, hm = { 'H', 'M', id = 'hm' }, hms = { 'H', 'M', 'S', id = 'hms' }, M = { 'M', id = 'M' }, s = { 'S', id = 's' }, d = { 'd', id = 'd' }, dh = { 'd', 'H', id = 'dh' }, dhm = { 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'dhm' }, dhms = { 'd', 'H', 'M', 'S', id = 'dhms' }, ymdh = { 'y', 'm', 'd', 'H', id = 'ymdh' }, ymdhm = { 'y', 'm', 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'ymdhm' }, ymwdh = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', 'H', id = 'ymwdh' }, ymwdhm = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'ymwdhm' }, }, sortable = { off = false, on = 'sortable_on', table = 'sortable_table', debug = 'sortable_debug', }, } local spellOptions = { cardinal = {}, Cardinal = { upper = true }, cardinal_us = { us = true }, Cardinal_us = { us = true, upper = true }, ordinal = { ordinal = true }, Ordinal = { ordinal = true, upper = true }, ordinal_us = { ordinal = true, us = true }, Ordinal_us = { ordinal = true, us = true, upper = true }, } local function dateExtract(frame) -- Return part of a date after performing an optional operation. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local parms = {} for i, v in ipairs(args) do parms[i] = v end if yes[args.fix] then table.insert(parms, 'fix') end if yes[args.partial] then table.insert(parms, 'partial') end local show = stripToNil(args.show) or 'dmy' local date = Date(unpack(parms)) if not date then if show == 'format' then return 'error' end return message('mt-need-valid-date') end local add = stripToNil(args.add) if add then for item in add:gmatch('%S+') do date = date + item if not date then return message('mt-cannot-add', item) end end end local sortKey, result local sortable = translateParameters.sortable[args.sortable] if sortable then local value = (date.partial and date.partial.first or date).jdz sortKey = makeSort(value, sortable) end if show ~= 'hide' then result = date[show] if result == nil then result = from_en(date:text(show)) elseif type(result) == 'boolean' then result = result and '1' or '0' else result = from_en(tostring(result)) end end return (sortKey or '') .. makeExtra(args) .. (result or '') end local function rangeJoin(range) -- Return text to be used between a range of ages. return range == 'dash' and '–' or mtext['txt-or'] end local function makeText(values, components, names, options, noUpper) -- Return wikitext representing an age or duration. local text = Collection.new() local count = #values local sep = names.sep or '' for i, v in ipairs(values) do -- v is a number (say 4 for 4 years), or a table ({4,5} for 4 or 5 years). local islist = type(v) == 'table' if (islist or v > 0) or (text.n == 0 and i == count) or (text.n > 0 and components.keepZero) then local fmt, vstr if options.spell then fmt = function(number) return spellNumber(number, options.spell, noUpper or i) end elseif i == 1 and options.format == 'format_commas' then -- Numbers after the first should be small and not need formatting. fmt = formatNumber else fmt = tostring end if islist then vstr = fmt(v[1]) .. rangeJoin(options.range) noUpper = true vstr = vstr .. fmt(v[2]) else vstr = fmt(v) end local name = names[components[i]] if name then if type(name) == 'table' then name = mw.getContentLanguage():plural(islist and v[2] or v, name) end text:add(vstr .. sep .. name) else text:add(vstr) end end end local first, last if options.join == 'sep_space' then first = ' ' last = ' ' elseif options.join == 'sep_comma' then first = ', ' last = ', ' elseif options.join == 'sep_serialcomma' and text.n > 2 then first = ', ' last = mtext['txt-comma-and'] else first = ', ' last = mtext['txt-and'] end for i, v in ipairs(text) do if i < text.n then text[i] = v .. (i + 1 < text.n and first or last) end end local sign = '' if options.isnegative then -- Do not display negative zero. if text.n > 1 or (text.n == 1 and text[1]:sub(1, 1) ~= '0' ) then if options.format == 'format_raw' then sign = '-' -- plain hyphen so result can be used in a calculation else sign = '−' -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN end end end return (options.sortKey or '') .. (options.extra or '') .. sign .. text:join() .. (options.suffix or '') end local function dateDifference(parms) -- Return a formatted date difference using the given parameters -- which have been validated. local names = { -- Each name is: -- * a string if no plural form of the name is used; or -- * a table of strings, one of which is selected using the rules at -- https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Plural/Mediawiki_plural_rules abbr_off = { sep = '&nbsp;', y = {'year', 'years'}, m = {'month', 'months'}, w = {'week', 'weeks'}, d = {'day', 'days'}, H = {'hour', 'hours'}, M = {'minute', 'minutes'}, S = {'second', 'seconds'}, }, abbr_on = { y = 'y', m = 'm', w = 'w', d = 'd', H = 'h', M = 'm', S = 's', }, abbr_infant = { -- for {{age for infant}} sep = '&nbsp;', y = {'yr', 'yrs'}, m = {'mo', 'mos'}, w = {'wk', 'wks'}, d = {'day', 'days'}, H = {'hr', 'hrs'}, M = {'min', 'mins'}, S = {'sec', 'secs'}, }, abbr_raw = {}, } local diff = parms.diff -- must be a valid date difference local show = parms.show -- may be nil; default is set below local abbr = parms.abbr or 'abbr_off' local defaultJoin if abbr ~= 'abbr_off' then defaultJoin = 'sep_space' end if not show then show = 'ymd' if parms.disp == 'disp_age' then if diff.years < 3 then defaultJoin = 'sep_space' if diff.years >= 1 then show = 'ym' else show = 'md' end else show = 'y' end end end if type(show) ~= 'table' then show = translateParameters.show[show] end if parms.disp == 'disp_raw' then defaultJoin = 'sep_space' abbr = 'abbr_raw' elseif parms.wantSc then defaultJoin = 'sep_serialcomma' end local diffOptions = { round = parms.round, duration = parms.wantDuration, range = parms.range and true or nil, } local sortKey if parms.sortable then local value = diff.age_days + (parms.wantDuration and 1 or 0) -- days and fraction of a day if diff.isnegative then value = -value end sortKey = makeSort(value, parms.sortable) end local textOptions = { extra = parms.extra, format = parms.format, join = parms.sep or defaultJoin, isnegative = diff.isnegative, range = parms.range, sortKey = sortKey, spell = parms.spell, suffix = parms.suffix, -- not currently used } if show.id == 'hide' then return sortKey or '' end local values = { diff:age(show.id, diffOptions) } if values[1] then return makeText(values, show, names[abbr], textOptions) end if diff.partial then -- Handle a more complex range such as -- {{age_yd|20 Dec 2001|2003|range=yes}} → 1 year, 12 days or 2 years, 11 days local opt = { format = textOptions.format, join = textOptions.join, isnegative = textOptions.isnegative, spell = textOptions.spell, } return (textOptions.sortKey or '') .. makeText({ diff.partial.mindiff:age(show.id, diffOptions) }, show, names[abbr], opt) .. rangeJoin(textOptions.range) .. makeText({ diff.partial.maxdiff:age(show.id, diffOptions) }, show, names[abbr], opt, true) .. (textOptions.suffix or '') end return message('mt-bad-show', show.id) end local function getDates(frame, getopt) -- Parse template parameters and return one of: -- * date (a date table, if single) -- * date1, date2 (two date tables, if not single) -- * text (a string error message) -- A missing date is optionally replaced with the current date. -- If wantMixture is true, a missing date component is replaced -- from the current date, so can get a bizarre mixture of -- specified/current y/m/d as has been done by some "age" templates. -- Some results may be placed in table getopt. local Date, currentDate = getExports(frame) getopt = getopt or {} local function flagCurrent(text) -- This allows the calling template to detect if the current date has been used, -- that is, whether both dates have been entered in a template expecting two. -- For example, an infobox may want the age when an event occurred, not the current age. -- Don't bother detecting if wantMixture is used because not needed and it is a poor option. if not text then if getopt.noMissing then return nil -- this gives a nil date which gives an error end text = 'currentdate' if getopt.flag == 'usesCurrent' then getopt.usesCurrent = true end end return text end local args = frame:getParent().args local fields = {} local isNamed = args.year or args.year1 or args.year2 or args.month or args.month1 or args.month2 or args.day or args.day1 or args.day2 if isNamed then fields[1] = args.year1 or args.year fields[2] = args.month1 or args.month fields[3] = args.day1 or args.day fields[4] = args.year2 fields[5] = args.month2 fields[6] = args.day2 else for i = 1, 6 do fields[i] = args[i] end end local imax = 0 for i = 1, 6 do fields[i] = stripToNil(fields[i]) if fields[i] then imax = i end if getopt.omitZero and i % 3 ~= 1 then -- omit zero months and days as unknown values but keep year 0 which is 1 BCE if isZero(fields[i]) then fields[i] = nil getopt.partial = true end end end local fix = getopt.fix and 'fix' or '' local partialText = getopt.partial and 'partial' or '' local dates = {} if isNamed or imax >= 3 then local nrDates = getopt.single and 1 or 2 if getopt.wantMixture then -- Cannot be partial since empty fields are set from current. local components = { 'year', 'month', 'day' } for i = 1, nrDates * 3 do fields[i] = fields[i] or currentDate[components[i > 3 and i - 3 or i]] end for i = 1, nrDates do local index = i == 1 and 1 or 4 local y, m, d = fields[index], fields[index+1], fields[index+2] if (m == 2 or m == '2') and (d == 29 or d == '29') then -- Workaround error with following which attempt to use invalid date 2001-02-29. -- {{age_ymwd|year1=2001|year2=2004|month2=2|day2=29}} -- {{age_ymwd|year1=2001|month1=2|year2=2004|month2=1|day2=29}} -- TODO Get rid of wantMixture because even this ugly code does not handle -- 'Feb' or 'February' or 'feb' or 'february'. if not ((y % 4 == 0 and y % 100 ~= 0) or y % 400 == 0) then d = 28 end end dates[i] = Date(y, m, d) end else -- If partial dates are allowed, accept -- year only, or -- year and month only -- Do not accept year and day without a month because that makes no sense -- (and because, for example, Date('partial', 2001, nil, 12) sets day = nil, not 12). for i = 1, nrDates do local index = i == 1 and 1 or 4 local y, m, d = fields[index], fields[index+1], fields[index+2] if (getopt.partial and y and (m or not d)) or (y and m and d) then dates[i] = Date(fix, partialText, y, m, d) elseif not y and not m and not d then dates[i] = Date(flagCurrent()) end end end else getopt.textdates = true -- have parsed each date from a single text field dates[1] = Date(fix, partialText, flagCurrent(fields[1])) if not getopt.single then dates[2] = Date(fix, partialText, flagCurrent(fields[2])) end end if not dates[1] then return message(getopt.missing1 or 'mt-need-valid-ymd') end if getopt.textdates then getopt.suppliedformat = dates[1].format end if getopt.single then return dates[1] end if not dates[2] then return message(getopt.missing2 or 'mt-need-valid-ymd2') end return dates[1], dates[2] end local function ageGeneric(frame) -- Return the result required by the specified template. -- Can use sortable=x where x = on/table/off/debug in any supported template. -- Some templates default to sortable=on but can be overridden. local name = frame.args.template if not name then return message('mt-template-x') end local args = frame:getParent().args local specs = { age_days = { -- {{age in days}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_days_nts = { -- {{age in days nts}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, duration_days = { -- {{duration in days}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', duration = true, }, duration_days_nts = { -- {{duration in days nts}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', duration = true, }, age_full_years = { -- {{age}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', flag = 'usesCurrent', omitZero = true, range = 'dash', }, age_full_years_nts = { -- {{age nts}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, age_in_years = { -- {{age in years}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', negative = 'error', range = 'dash', }, age_in_years_nts = { -- {{age in years nts}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', negative = 'error', range = 'dash', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, age_infant = { -- {{age for infant}} -- Do not set show because special processing is done later. abbr = yes[args.abbr] and 'abbr_infant' or 'abbr_off', disp = 'disp_age', sep = 'sep_space', sortable = 'on', }, age_m = { -- {{age in months}} show = 'm', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_w = { -- {{age in weeks}} show = 'w', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_wd = { -- {{age in weeks and days}} show = 'wd', }, age_yd = { -- {{age in years and days}} show = 'yd', format = 'format_commas', sep = args.sep ~= 'and' and 'sep_comma' or nil, }, age_yd_nts = { -- {{age in years and days nts}} show = 'yd', format = 'format_commas', sep = args.sep ~= 'and' and 'sep_comma' or nil, sortable = 'on', }, age_ym = { -- {{age in years and months}} show = 'ym', sep = 'sep_comma', }, age_ymd = { -- {{age in years, months and days}} show = 'ymd', range = true, }, age_ymwd = { -- {{age in years, months, weeks and days}} show = 'ymwd', wantMixture = true, }, } local spec = specs[name] if not spec then return message('mt-template-bad-name') end if name == 'age_days' then local su = stripToNil(args['show unit']) if su then if su == 'abbr' or su == 'full' then spec.disp = nil spec.abbr = su == 'abbr' and 'abbr_on' or nil end end end local partial, autofill local range = stripToNil(args.range) or spec.range if range then -- Suppose partial dates are used and age could be 11 or 12 years. -- "|range=" (empty value) has no effect (spec is used). -- "|range=yes" or spec.range == true sets range = true (gives "11 or 12") -- "|range=dash" or spec.range == 'dash' sets range = 'dash' (gives "11–12"). -- "|range=no" or spec.range == 'no' sets range = nil and fills each date in the diff (gives "12"). -- ("on" is equivalent to "yes", and "off" is equivalent to "no"). -- "|range=OTHER" sets range = nil and rejects partial dates. range = ({ dash = 'dash', off = 'no', no = 'no', [true] = true })[range] or yes[range] if range then partial = true -- accept partial dates with a possible age range for the result if range == 'no' then autofill = true -- missing month/day in first or second date are filled from other date or 1 range = nil end end end local getopt = { fix = yes[args.fix], flag = stripToNil(args.flag) or spec.flag, omitZero = spec.omitZero, partial = partial, wantMixture = spec.wantMixture, } local date1, date2 = getDates(frame, getopt) if type(date1) == 'string' then return date1 end local format = stripToNil(args.format) local spell = spellOptions[format] if format then format = 'format_' .. format elseif name == 'age_days' and getopt.textdates then format = 'format_commas' end local parms = { diff = date2:subtract(date1, { fill = autofill }), wantDuration = spec.duration or yes[args.duration], range = range, wantSc = yes[args.sc], show = args.show == 'hide' and 'hide' or spec.show, abbr = spec.abbr, disp = spec.disp, extra = makeExtra(args, getopt.usesCurrent and format ~= 'format_raw'), format = format or spec.format, round = yes[args.round], sep = spec.sep, sortable = translateParameters.sortable[args.sortable or spec.sortable], spell = spell, } if (spec.negative or frame.args.negative) == 'error' and parms.diff.isnegative then return message('mt-date-wrong-order') end return from_en(dateDifference(parms)) end local function isFake(args) -- Some templates have TemplateData with an auto value like "{{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}". -- Return true if that appears to be the case so the caller can output nothing rather than an error. return args[1] == 'YYYY' end local function bda(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Birth date and age]]. local args = frame:getParent().args if isFake(args) then return '' end local options = { missing1 = 'mt-need-valid-bd', noMissing = true, single = true, } local date = getDates(frame, options) if type(date) == 'string' then return date -- error text end local Date = getExports(frame) local diff = Date('currentdate') - date if diff.isnegative or diff.years > MAX_AGE then return message('mt-invalid-bd-age') end local disp = mtext['txt-bda-disp'] local show = 'y' if diff.years < 2 then disp = 'disp_age' if diff.years == 0 and diff.months == 0 then show = 'd' else show = 'm' end end local problem, format = dateFormat(args, options) local result = substituteParameters( mtext['txt-bda'], date:text('%-Y-%m-%d'), from_en(date:text(format)), from_en(dateDifference({ diff = diff, show = show, abbr = 'abbr_off', disp = disp, sep = 'sep_space', })) ) .. (problem or '') local warnings = tonumber(frame.args.warnings) if warnings and warnings > 0 then local good = { df = true, mf = true, day = true, day1 = true, month = true, month1 = true, year = true, year1 = true, } local invalid local imax = options.textdates and 1 or 3 for k, _ in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then if k > imax then invalid = tostring(k) break end else if not good[k] then invalid = k break end end end if invalid then result = result .. message('mt-warn-param1', invalid) end end return result end local function dda(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Death date and age]]. local args = frame:getParent().args if isFake(args) then return '' end local options = { missing1 = 'mt-need-valid-dd', missing2 = 'mt-need-valid-bd2', noMissing = true, partial = true, } local date1, date2 = getDates(frame, options) if type(date1) == 'string' then return date1 end local diff = date1 - date2 if diff.isnegative then return message('mt-dd-wrong-order') end local Date = getExports(frame) local today = Date('currentdate') + 1 -- one day in future allows for timezones if date1 > today then return message('mt-dd-future') end local years if diff.partial then years = diff.partial.years years = type(years) == 'table' and years[2] or years else years = diff.years end if years > MAX_AGE then return message('mt-invalid-dates-age') end local fmt_date, fmt_ymd, problem if date1.day then -- y, m, d known problem, fmt_date = dateFormat(args, options) fmt_ymd = '%-Y-%m-%d' elseif date1.month then -- y, m known; d unknown fmt_date = '%B %-Y' fmt_ymd = '%-Y-%m-00' else -- y known; m, d unknown fmt_date = '%-Y' fmt_ymd = '%-Y-00-00' end local sortKey local sortable = translateParameters.sortable[args.sortable] if sortable then local value = (date1.partial and date1.partial.first or date1).jdz sortKey = makeSort(value, sortable) end local result = (sortKey or '') .. substituteParameters( mtext['txt-dda'], date1:text(fmt_ymd), from_en(date1:text(fmt_date)), from_en(dateDifference({ diff = diff, show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_off', disp = mtext['txt-dda-disp'], range = 'dash', sep = 'sep_space', })) ) .. (problem or '') local warnings = tonumber(frame.args.warnings) if warnings and warnings > 0 then local good = { df = true, mf = true, } local invalid local imax = options.textdates and 2 or 6 for k, _ in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then if k > imax then invalid = tostring(k) break end else if not good[k] then invalid = k break end end end if invalid then result = result .. message('mt-warn-param1', invalid) end end return result end local function dateToGsd(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Gregorian serial date]]. -- Return Gregorian serial date of the given date, or the current date. -- The returned value is negative for dates before 1 January 1 AD -- despite the fact that GSD is not defined for such dates. local date = getDates(frame, { wantMixture=true, single=true }) if type(date) == 'string' then return date end return tostring(date.gsd) end local function jdToDate(frame) -- Return formatted date from a Julian date. -- The result includes a time if the input includes a fraction. -- The word 'Julian' is accepted for the Julian calendar. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local date = Date('juliandate', args[1], args[2]) if date then return from_en(date:text()) end return message('mt-need-jdn') end local function dateToJd(frame) -- Return Julian date (a number) from a date which may include a time, -- or the current date ('currentdate') or current date and time ('currentdatetime'). -- The word 'Julian' is accepted for the Julian calendar. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local date = Date(args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5], args[6], args[7]) if date then return tostring(date.jd) end return message('mt-need-valid-ymd-current') end local function timeInterval(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Time interval]]. -- There are two positional arguments: date1, date2. -- The default for each is the current date and time. -- Result is date2 - date1 formatted. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local parms = { extra = makeExtra(args), wantDuration = yes[args.duration], range = yes[args.range] or (args.range == 'dash' and 'dash' or nil), wantSc = yes[args.sc], } local fix = yes[args.fix] and 'fix' or '' local date1 = Date(fix, 'partial', stripToNil(args[1]) or 'currentdatetime') if not date1 then return message('mt-invalid-start') end local date2 = Date(fix, 'partial', stripToNil(args[2]) or 'currentdatetime') if not date2 then return message('mt-invalid-end') end parms.diff = date2 - date1 for argname, translate in pairs(translateParameters) do local parm = stripToNil(args[argname]) if parm then parm = translate[parm] if parm == nil then -- test for nil because false is a valid setting return message('mt-bad-param2', argname, args[argname]) end parms[argname] = parm end end if parms.round then local round = parms.round local show = parms.show if round ~= 'on' then if show then if show.id ~= round then return message('mt-conflicting-show', args.show, args.round) end else parms.show = translateParameters.show[round] end end parms.round = true end return from_en(dateDifference(parms)) end local function templateGeneric(frame) -- Example: {{#invoke:age||template=age_days|1 Apr 1980|1 Apr 2080|format=raw}} → 36525 local name = frame.args.template if not name then return message('mt-template-x') end return ageGeneric(frame:newChild({title = mw.title.new(name, 10), args = frame.args})) end return { age_generic = ageGeneric, -- can emulate several age templates birth_date_and_age = bda, -- Template:Birth_date_and_age death_date_and_age = dda, -- Template:Death_date_and_age gsd = dateToGsd, -- Template:Gregorian_serial_date extract = dateExtract, -- Template:Extract jd_to_date = jdToDate, -- Template:? JULIANDAY = dateToJd, -- Template:JULIANDAY time_interval = timeInterval, -- Template:Time_interval [''] = templateGeneric, -- same as age_generic, but can be invoked directly } 5jfartpt852zyo065229cuu9b3q1sqo 10 13430 117386 34360 2025-09-11T15:06:30Z en>Ahecht 0 Simplify, avoid nested templates 117386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Error|error|{{{message|{{{1}}}}}}|tag=span|style=font-size:inherit}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> hnkvrfis3ah1x3eijkfnl3mnf6fdn7m 117387 117386 2026-07-16T12:48:18Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Error-small]] 117386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Error|error|{{{message|{{{1}}}}}}|tag=span|style=font-size:inherit}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> hnkvrfis3ah1x3eijkfnl3mnf6fdn7m 10 13455 117408 46976 2024-10-08T21:27:59Z en>Stjn 0 actually matching colours for night mode 117408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{content|}}}|<span class="{{{span-class|cleanup-needed-content}}}" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">{{{content|}}}</span>}}{{#switch:{{{subst|¬}}} |¬={{category handler |template=[[Category:Templates needing substitution checking]] |nocat={{{nocat|<noinclude>true</noinclude>}}} }} |SUBST=[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates]] }}{{Category handler |main={{Fix/category |cat-date={{{cat-date|}}} |cat={{{cat|}}} |cat-date2={{{cat-date2|}}} |cat2={{{cat2|}}} |cat-date3={{{cat-date3|}}} |cat3={{{cat3|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }} |template={{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}||{{#if:{{{date|}}}||[[Category:Templates including undated clean-up tags]]}}}}}} |subpage=no }}{{#if:{{{special|}}} |{{{special|}}} |<sup class="noprint Inline-Template {{{class|}}}" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>{{#if:{{{pre-text|}}} |{{{pre-text}}}&#32; }}[[{{{link|Wikipedia:Cleanup}}}|<span title="{{#invoke:decodeEncode|encode|s={{{title|{{{link|Wikipedia:Cleanup}}}}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}}|({{{date}}})}}}}">{{{text|}}}</span>]]{{#if:{{{post-text|}}} |&#32;{{{post-text}}} }}</i>&#93;</sup> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> mh6qnbkgwzuiogtkt4972zoj59tzrem 117409 117408 2026-07-16T13:08:21Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Fix-span]] 117408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{content|}}}|<span class="{{{span-class|cleanup-needed-content}}}" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">{{{content|}}}</span>}}{{#switch:{{{subst|¬}}} |¬={{category handler |template=[[Category:Templates needing substitution checking]] |nocat={{{nocat|<noinclude>true</noinclude>}}} }} |SUBST=[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates]] }}{{Category handler |main={{Fix/category |cat-date={{{cat-date|}}} |cat={{{cat|}}} |cat-date2={{{cat-date2|}}} |cat2={{{cat2|}}} |cat-date3={{{cat-date3|}}} |cat3={{{cat3|}}} |date={{{date|}}} }} |template={{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{name}}}|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}||{{#if:{{{date|}}}||[[Category:Templates including undated clean-up tags]]}}}}}} |subpage=no }}{{#if:{{{special|}}} |{{{special|}}} |<sup class="noprint Inline-Template {{{class|}}}" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>{{#if:{{{pre-text|}}} |{{{pre-text}}}&#32; }}[[{{{link|Wikipedia:Cleanup}}}|<span title="{{#invoke:decodeEncode|encode|s={{{title|{{{link|Wikipedia:Cleanup}}}}}} {{#if:{{{date|}}}|({{{date}}})}}}}">{{{text|}}}</span>]]{{#if:{{{post-text|}}} |&#32;{{{post-text}}} }}</i>&#93;</sup> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> mh6qnbkgwzuiogtkt4972zoj59tzrem 828 15051 117430 37151 2025-11-12T22:08:00Z en>Zackmann08 0 Check for nested calls. See [[Template_talk:URL]] for more details. 117430 Scribunto text/plain -- -- This module implements {{URL}} -- -- See unit tests at [[Module:URL/testcases]] local p = {} local function safeUri(s) local success, uri = pcall(function() return mw.uri.new(s) end) if success then return uri end end local function extractUrl(args) for name, val in pairs(args) do if name ~= 2 and name ~= "msg" then local url = name .. "=" .. val; url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '^[Hh][Tt][Tt][Pp]([Ss]?):(/?)([^/])', 'http%1://%3') local uri = safeUri(url); if uri and uri.host then return url end end end end function p._url(url, text, msg) url = mw.text.trim(url or '') text = mw.text.trim(text or '') -- Check for pre-formatted url. Catches '{{url|{{url|google.com}}}}' that can occur via template if (mw.ustring.match(url, '^<span class="url">')) then return url, text, msg end local nomsg = (msg or ''):sub(1,1):lower() == "n" or msg == 'false' -- boolean: true if msg is "false" or starts with n or N if url == '' then if text == '' then if nomsg then return nil else return mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{ title = 'tlx', args = { 'URL', "''example.com''", "''optional display text''" } } end else return text end end -- If the URL contains any unencoded spaces, encode them, because MediaWiki will otherwise interpret a space as the end of the URL. url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '%s', function(s) return mw.uri.encode(s, 'PATH') end) -- If there is an empty query string or fragment id, remove it as it will cause mw.uri.new to throw an error url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '#$', '') url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '%?$', '') -- If it's an HTTP[S] URL without the double slash, fix it. url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '^[Hh][Tt][Tt][Pp]([Ss]?):(/?)([^/])', 'http%1://%3') local uri = safeUri(url) -- Handle URL's without a protocol and URL's that are protocol-relative, -- e.g. www.example.com/foo or www.example.com:8080/foo, and //www.example.com/foo if uri and (not uri.protocol or (uri.protocol and not uri.host)) and url:sub(1, 2) ~= '//' then url = 'http://' .. url uri = safeUri(url) end if text == '' then if uri then if uri.path == '/' then uri.path = '' end local port = '' if uri.port then port = ':' .. uri.port end text = mw.ustring.lower(uri.host or '') .. port .. (uri.relativePath or '') -- Add <wbr> before _/.-# sequences text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(/+)","<wbr/>%1") -- This entry MUST be the first. "<wbr/>" has a "/" in it, you know. text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(%.+)","<wbr/>%1") -- text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(%-+)","<wbr/>%1") -- DISABLED for now text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(%#+)","<wbr/>%1") text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(_+)","<wbr/>%1") else -- URL is badly-formed, so just display whatever was passed in text = url end end return mw.ustring.format('<span class="url">[%s %s]</span>', url, text) end --[[ The main entry point for calling from Template:URL. --]] function p.url(frame) local templateArgs = frame.args local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args local url = templateArgs[1] or parentArgs[1] local text = templateArgs[2] or parentArgs[2] or '' local msg = templateArgs.msg or parentArgs.msg or '' url = url or extractUrl(templateArgs) or extractUrl(parentArgs) or '' return p._url(url, text, msg) end --[[ The entry point for calling from the forked Template:URL2. This function returns no message by default. It strips out wiki-link markup, html tags, and everything after a space. --]] function p.url2(frame) local templateArgs = frame.args local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args local url = templateArgs[1] or parentArgs[1] local text = templateArgs[2] or parentArgs[2] or '' -- default to no message local msg = templateArgs.msg or parentArgs.msg or 'no' url = url or extractUrl(templateArgs) or extractUrl(parentArgs) or '' -- if the url came from a Wikidata call, it might have a pen icon appended -- we want to keep that and add it back at the end. local u1, penicon = mw.ustring.match( url, "(.*)(&nbsp;<span class='penicon.*)" ) if penicon then url = u1 end -- strip out html tags and [ ] from url url = (url or ''):gsub("<[^>]*>", ""):gsub("[%[%]]", "") -- truncate anything after a space url = url:gsub("%%20", " "):gsub(" .*", "") return (p._url(url, text, msg) or "") .. (penicon or "") end return p rc4hltyh23z2og5tb2epk1nszo4pvtx 117431 117430 2026-07-16T13:08:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:URL]] 117430 Scribunto text/plain -- -- This module implements {{URL}} -- -- See unit tests at [[Module:URL/testcases]] local p = {} local function safeUri(s) local success, uri = pcall(function() return mw.uri.new(s) end) if success then return uri end end local function extractUrl(args) for name, val in pairs(args) do if name ~= 2 and name ~= "msg" then local url = name .. "=" .. val; url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '^[Hh][Tt][Tt][Pp]([Ss]?):(/?)([^/])', 'http%1://%3') local uri = safeUri(url); if uri and uri.host then return url end end end end function p._url(url, text, msg) url = mw.text.trim(url or '') text = mw.text.trim(text or '') -- Check for pre-formatted url. Catches '{{url|{{url|google.com}}}}' that can occur via template if (mw.ustring.match(url, '^<span class="url">')) then return url, text, msg end local nomsg = (msg or ''):sub(1,1):lower() == "n" or msg == 'false' -- boolean: true if msg is "false" or starts with n or N if url == '' then if text == '' then if nomsg then return nil else return mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{ title = 'tlx', args = { 'URL', "''example.com''", "''optional display text''" } } end else return text end end -- If the URL contains any unencoded spaces, encode them, because MediaWiki will otherwise interpret a space as the end of the URL. url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '%s', function(s) return mw.uri.encode(s, 'PATH') end) -- If there is an empty query string or fragment id, remove it as it will cause mw.uri.new to throw an error url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '#$', '') url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '%?$', '') -- If it's an HTTP[S] URL without the double slash, fix it. url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '^[Hh][Tt][Tt][Pp]([Ss]?):(/?)([^/])', 'http%1://%3') local uri = safeUri(url) -- Handle URL's without a protocol and URL's that are protocol-relative, -- e.g. www.example.com/foo or www.example.com:8080/foo, and //www.example.com/foo if uri and (not uri.protocol or (uri.protocol and not uri.host)) and url:sub(1, 2) ~= '//' then url = 'http://' .. url uri = safeUri(url) end if text == '' then if uri then if uri.path == '/' then uri.path = '' end local port = '' if uri.port then port = ':' .. uri.port end text = mw.ustring.lower(uri.host or '') .. port .. (uri.relativePath or '') -- Add <wbr> before _/.-# sequences text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(/+)","<wbr/>%1") -- This entry MUST be the first. "<wbr/>" has a "/" in it, you know. text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(%.+)","<wbr/>%1") -- text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(%-+)","<wbr/>%1") -- DISABLED for now text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(%#+)","<wbr/>%1") text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"(_+)","<wbr/>%1") else -- URL is badly-formed, so just display whatever was passed in text = url end end return mw.ustring.format('<span class="url">[%s %s]</span>', url, text) end --[[ The main entry point for calling from Template:URL. --]] function p.url(frame) local templateArgs = frame.args local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args local url = templateArgs[1] or parentArgs[1] local text = templateArgs[2] or parentArgs[2] or '' local msg = templateArgs.msg or parentArgs.msg or '' url = url or extractUrl(templateArgs) or extractUrl(parentArgs) or '' return p._url(url, text, msg) end --[[ The entry point for calling from the forked Template:URL2. This function returns no message by default. It strips out wiki-link markup, html tags, and everything after a space. --]] function p.url2(frame) local templateArgs = frame.args local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args local url = templateArgs[1] or parentArgs[1] local text = templateArgs[2] or parentArgs[2] or '' -- default to no message local msg = templateArgs.msg or parentArgs.msg or 'no' url = url or extractUrl(templateArgs) or extractUrl(parentArgs) or '' -- if the url came from a Wikidata call, it might have a pen icon appended -- we want to keep that and add it back at the end. local u1, penicon = mw.ustring.match( url, "(.*)(&nbsp;<span class='penicon.*)" ) if penicon then url = u1 end -- strip out html tags and [ ] from url url = (url or ''):gsub("<[^>]*>", ""):gsub("[%[%]]", "") -- truncate anything after a space url = url:gsub("%%20", " "):gsub(" .*", "") return (p._url(url, text, msg) or "") .. (penicon or "") end return p rc4hltyh23z2og5tb2epk1nszo4pvtx 10 15057 117432 37163 2025-03-19T15:27:02Z en>Bearcat 0 117432 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{♥|safesubst:}}}#invoke:age|birth_date_and_age}}<!-- Tracking categories -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using birth date and age with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Birth date and age]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | 3 | day | month | year | df | mf }}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | {{#if: {{#invoke:wd|label|raw}} | {{#if: {{#invoke:String|match|{{#invoke:wd|properties|raw|P31}},|Q5,|1|1|true|}} | {{#if: {{#invoke:wd|properties|raw|P569}} | | [[Category:Date of birth not in Wikidata]] }} }} | [[Category:Articles without Wikidata item]] }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 63aqc12xtws4j2e9ii2pd1n6qpg9tr7 117433 117432 2026-07-16T13:08:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Birth_date_and_age]] 117432 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{♥|safesubst:}}}#invoke:age|birth_date_and_age}}<!-- Tracking categories -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using birth date and age with unknown parameters|_VALUE_]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Birth date and age]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | 3 | day | month | year | df | mf }}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACENUMBER}} | 0 | {{#if: {{#invoke:wd|label|raw}} | {{#if: {{#invoke:String|match|{{#invoke:wd|properties|raw|P31}},|Q5,|1|1|true|}} | {{#if: {{#invoke:wd|properties|raw|P569}} | | [[Category:Date of birth not in Wikidata]] }} }} | [[Category:Articles without Wikidata item]] }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 63aqc12xtws4j2e9ii2pd1n6qpg9tr7 828 15094 117436 105262 2025-04-23T18:00:35Z en>MusikBot II 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Module:Parameter names example]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 2500 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite) [Move=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite)) 105261 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{parameter names example}}. local p = {} local function makeParam(s) local lb = '&#123;' local rb = '&#125;' return lb:rep(3) .. s .. rb:rep(3) end local function italicize(s) return "''" .. s .. "''" end local function plain(s) return s end function p._main(args, frame) -- Find how we want to format the arguments to the template. local formatFunc if args._display == 'italics' or args._display == 'italic' then formatFunc = italicize elseif args._display == 'plain' then formatFunc = plain else formatFunc = makeParam end -- Build the table of template arguments. local targs = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then targs[v] = formatFunc(v) elseif not k:find('^_') then targs[k] = v end end --targs['nocat'] = 'yes'; --targs['categories'] = 'no'; --targs['demo'] = 'yes'; -- Find the template name. local template if args._template then template = args._template else local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if currentTitle.prefixedText:find('/sandbox$') then template = currentTitle.prefixedText else template = currentTitle.basePageTitle.prefixedText end end -- Call the template with the arguments. frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame() local success, result = pcall( frame.expandTemplate, frame, {title = template, args = targs} ) if success then return result else return '' end end function p.main(frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Parameter names example' }) return p._main(args, frame) end return p to0eolw8xx8fiql0ynvd8cfvp3ukqw4 117437 117436 2026-07-16T13:08:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Parameter_names_example]] 105261 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{parameter names example}}. local p = {} local function makeParam(s) local lb = '&#123;' local rb = '&#125;' return lb:rep(3) .. s .. rb:rep(3) end local function italicize(s) return "''" .. s .. "''" end local function plain(s) return s end function p._main(args, frame) -- Find how we want to format the arguments to the template. local formatFunc if args._display == 'italics' or args._display == 'italic' then formatFunc = italicize elseif args._display == 'plain' then formatFunc = plain else formatFunc = makeParam end -- Build the table of template arguments. local targs = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then targs[v] = formatFunc(v) elseif not k:find('^_') then targs[k] = v end end --targs['nocat'] = 'yes'; --targs['categories'] = 'no'; --targs['demo'] = 'yes'; -- Find the template name. local template if args._template then template = args._template else local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if currentTitle.prefixedText:find('/sandbox$') then template = currentTitle.prefixedText else template = currentTitle.basePageTitle.prefixedText end end -- Call the template with the arguments. frame = frame or mw.getCurrentFrame() local success, result = pcall( frame.expandTemplate, frame, {title = template, args = targs} ) if success then return result else return '' end end function p.main(frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Parameter names example' }) return p._main(args, frame) end return p to0eolw8xx8fiql0ynvd8cfvp3ukqw4 10 15096 117438 110205 2025-04-23T18:00:14Z en>MusikBot II 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Parameter names example]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 2501 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite) [Move=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite)) 110204 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Parameter names example|main}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --> </noinclude> 4dc1wzmglz31ir81jrn4ik3iy1v4jpt 117439 117438 2026-07-16T13:08:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Parameter_names_example]] 110204 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Parameter names example|main}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here --> </noinclude> 4dc1wzmglz31ir81jrn4ik3iy1v4jpt 10 15109 117440 37273 2025-10-17T12:11:29Z en>Gonnym 0 117440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox|type=content|text=The design and content of [[:Category:People and person infobox templates|biographical infoboxes]] must comply with Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability policy]], as well as the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|infobox]] and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|biographical style guidelines]]. All content displayed by this template must adhere to the '''[[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographies of living persons policy]]''' when applicable. [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Unsourced or poorly sourced]] [[Wikipedia:Contentious|contentious]] material '''must be removed''', especially if it is potentially [[Wikipedia:Libel|libelous]].}}<noinclude> {{documentation |content= {{no documentation}} [[Category:People and person infobox templates]] }} </noinclude> cko6dk6awluiq5pbeleyd4pmnsa4dox 117441 117440 2026-07-16T13:08:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Person_infobox_header]] 117440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox|type=content|text=The design and content of [[:Category:People and person infobox templates|biographical infoboxes]] must comply with Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability policy]], as well as the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes|infobox]] and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography|biographical style guidelines]]. All content displayed by this template must adhere to the '''[[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographies of living persons policy]]''' when applicable. [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Unsourced or poorly sourced]] [[Wikipedia:Contentious|contentious]] material '''must be removed''', especially if it is potentially [[Wikipedia:Libel|libelous]].}}<noinclude> {{documentation |content= {{no documentation}} [[Category:People and person infobox templates]] }} </noinclude> cko6dk6awluiq5pbeleyd4pmnsa4dox 828 16840 117416 109944 2026-07-12T05:09:52Z en>Ahechtbot 0 [[Wikipedia:BOT|Bot]]: Updated page. 117416 Scribunto text/plain return { ["D&D_to-do"] = 6600, ["DANFS"] = 8100, ["DBCatsURL"] = 2000, ["DCS_Sri_Lanka"] = 2000, ["DDR"] = 2900, ["DEC"] = 11000, ["DECADE"] = 322000, ["DEN"] = 7400, ["DEU"] = 19000, ["DGRBM"] = 2000, ["DMC"] = 53000, ["DMCA"] = 3220000, ["DNB"] = 9600, ["DNB-Portal"] = 2300, ["DNB_portal"] = 3600, ["DNK"] = 8600, ["DNZB"] = 3700, ["DOM"] = 2300, ["DOWs"] = 2800, ["DRV_links"] = 4200, ["DWT"] = 2600, ["DYKC"] = 6700, ["DYKF"] = 2100, ["DYK_blue"] = 3400, ["DYK_checklist"] = 24000, ["DYK_conditions"] = 64000, ["DYK_files"] = 2100, ["DYK_header"] = 57000, ["DYK_nompage_links"] = 102000, ["DYK_talk"] = 110000, ["DYK_talk/date"] = 110000, ["DYK_tools"] = 80000, ["DYK_tools/styles.css"] = 80000, ["DYKfile"] = 13000, ["DZA"] = 3000, ["Dab"] = 21000, ["Dagger"] = 24000, ["Dark_red"] = 3400, ["Darkred"] = 3100, ["Dash"] = 2700, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_assignment"] = 35000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_bibliography/bibliography"] = 12000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_bibliography/guide"] = 19000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_bibliography/outline"] = 12000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_course_header"] = 8100, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_course_header/edit-note"] = 8100, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_draft_template/about_this_sandbox"] = 20000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_evaluate_article/guide"] = 24000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_peer_review/guide"] = 27000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_sandbox"] = 130000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_student_editor"] = 118000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_student_program_sandbox"] = 129000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_talk_course_link"] = 120000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_user_talk"] = 2200, ["Date"] = 52000, ["Date-mf"] = 64000, ["Date_table_sorting"] = 45000, ["Dated_maintenance_category"] = 3310000, ["Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)"] = 3260000, ["Dated_maintenance_category_by_type_(articles)"] = 23000, ["Davis_Cup_player"] = 2600, ["Day+1"] = 6900, ["Day-1"] = 8300, ["Dbox"] = 3000, ["Dda"] = 3000, ["Dead_YouTube_link"] = 2300, ["Dead_link"] = 366000, ["Deadlink"] = 2000, ["Deadweight_tonnage"] = 2700, ["Death-date_and_age"] = 5600, ["Death_date"] = 15000, ["Death_date_and_age"] = 528000, ["Death_date_and_given_age"] = 4500, ["Death_date_text"] = 6100, ["Death_year"] = 4500, ["Death_year_and_age"] = 29000, ["Death_year_category_header"] = 2000, ["Decade_link"] = 38000, ["Decimals"] = 3600, ["Declination"] = 11000, ["Decline"] = 2700, ["Declined"] = 3600, ["Decrease"] = 51000, ["Define"] = 4300, ["Deg2DMS"] = 3300, ["Deleted_on_Commons"] = 5600, ["Deletion_review_log_header"] = 6700, ["Deletion_review_log_header/Core"] = 6700, ["Delink"] = 1950000, ["Delink_question_hyphen-minus"] = 441000, ["Delrevxfd"] = 4000, ["Democratic_Party_(US)/meta/shading"] = 19000, ["Description_missing"] = 5600, ["Designation/text"] = 18000, ["Designation_list"] = 7600, ["Details"] = 3500, ["DetailsLink"] = 5400, ["Details_link"] = 6500, ["Detect_singular"] = 253000, ["Deutsche_Bahn_station_codes"] = 2200, ["DfE_performance_tables"] = 4500, ["Dictionary_of_National_Biography"] = 9600, ["Diff"] = 33000, ["Diff2"] = 15000, ["Diffusing_occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header"] = 4300, ["Diffusing_occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/core"] = 7400, ["Digits"] = 6200, ["Directories_box"] = 3200, ["Disamb"] = 2200, ["Disambig"] = 63000, ["Disambig-Class"] = 12000, ["Disambiguation"] = 234000, ["Disambiguation/cat"] = 234000, ["Disambiguation_page_short_description"] = 379000, ["Discogs_artist"] = 25000, ["Discogs_master"] = 16000, ["Discogs_release"] = 3700, ["Discussion_bottom"] = 14000, ["Discussion_top"] = 15000, ["Disestablishment_category_in_country"] = 10000, ["Disestablishment_category_in_country/core"] = 10000, ["Disestablishment_category_in_country_by_decade"] = 2600, ["Disestablishment_category_in_country_by_decade/core"] = 2600, ["DisestcatCountry"] = 10000, ["DisestcatCountry/core"] = 10000, ["DisestcatUSstate"] = 5200, ["DisestcatUSstate/core"] = 5200, ["Disputed"] = 2100, ["Distinguish"] = 127000, ["Disused_Rail_Start"] = 4000, ["Disused_rail_start"] = 4300, ["Div_col"] = 493000, ["Div_col/styles.css"] = 495000, ["Div_col_end"] = 359000, ["Divbox"] = 483000, ["Divbox/styles.css"] = 483000, ["Dividing_line"] = 4500, ["Dmbox"] = 508000, ["Dmbox/styles.css"] = 508000, ["Do_not_move_to_Commons"] = 23000, ["Doc"] = 3800, ["Documentation"] = 152000, ["Documentation_subpage"] = 101000, ["Dog_opentask"] = 4100, ["Doi"] = 29000, ["Doing"] = 4100, ["Don't_edit_this_line"] = 150000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_always_display"] = 650000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_extinct"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_link_target"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_link_text"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_parent"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_rank"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_refs"] = 149000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_same_as"] = 651000, ["Done"] = 123000, ["Doppelganger"] = 2900, ["Double+single"] = 4400, ["Double-dagger"] = 29000, ["Dow_tooltip"] = 2500, ["Dr"] = 3400, ["Dr-logno"] = 3400, ["Dr-make"] = 3400, ["Dr-yr"] = 3400, ["Draft_article"] = 10000, ["Draft_article_check"] = 10000, ["Draft_categories"] = 10000, ["Draft_other"] = 116000, ["Draft_topics"] = 30000, ["Drafts_moved_from_mainspace"] = 9300, ["Draw"] = 4700, ["Draw_key"] = 21000, ["Draw_links"] = 16000, ["Drep"] = 3400, ["DriverDB_driver"] = 2800, ["Drugbankcite"] = 4300, ["Drugbox"] = 6300, ["Drugs.com"] = 3300, ["Dts"] = 44000, ["Dubious"] = 8600, ["Duck"] = 3300, ["Dummytab"] = 6700, ["Duration"] = 44000, ["Dutch_municipality"] = 2700, ["Dyktalk"] = 39000, ["Dynamic_list"] = 14000, ["Module:DYK_checklist"] = 24000, ["Module:DYK_checklist/data"] = 24000, ["Module:DYK_nompage_links"] = 102000, ["Module:Data"] = 111000, ["Module:Date"] = 2100000, ["Module:DateI18n"] = 47000, ["Module:Date_table_sorting"] = 48000, ["Module:Date_time"] = 560000, ["Module:DecodeEncode"] = 147000, ["Module:Delink"] = 4340000, ["Module:Designation"] = 105000, ["Module:Designation/list"] = 105000, ["Module:Designation/lookup"] = 25000, ["Module:Detect_singular"] = 2880000, ["Module:Diff"] = 3300, ["Module:Disambiguation"] = 23000, ["Module:Disambiguation/templates"] = 13200000, ["Module:Distinguish"] = 127000, ["Module:Documentation"] = 206000, ["Module:Documentation/config"] = 206000, ["Module:Documentation/styles.css"] = 206000, ["Module:Domain_handler"] = 14000, ["Module:Draft_topics"] = 30000, ["Module:Dts"] = 3400, ["Module:Duration"] = 252000, } 8l69kymz9z3wcigbf1yzl0pgmngjlfb 117417 117416 2026-07-16T13:08:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Transclusion_count/data/D]] 117416 Scribunto text/plain return { ["D&D_to-do"] = 6600, ["DANFS"] = 8100, ["DBCatsURL"] = 2000, ["DCS_Sri_Lanka"] = 2000, ["DDR"] = 2900, ["DEC"] = 11000, ["DECADE"] = 322000, ["DEN"] = 7400, ["DEU"] = 19000, ["DGRBM"] = 2000, ["DMC"] = 53000, ["DMCA"] = 3220000, ["DNB"] = 9600, ["DNB-Portal"] = 2300, ["DNB_portal"] = 3600, ["DNK"] = 8600, ["DNZB"] = 3700, ["DOM"] = 2300, ["DOWs"] = 2800, ["DRV_links"] = 4200, ["DWT"] = 2600, ["DYKC"] = 6700, ["DYKF"] = 2100, ["DYK_blue"] = 3400, ["DYK_checklist"] = 24000, ["DYK_conditions"] = 64000, ["DYK_files"] = 2100, ["DYK_header"] = 57000, ["DYK_nompage_links"] = 102000, ["DYK_talk"] = 110000, ["DYK_talk/date"] = 110000, ["DYK_tools"] = 80000, ["DYK_tools/styles.css"] = 80000, ["DYKfile"] = 13000, ["DZA"] = 3000, ["Dab"] = 21000, ["Dagger"] = 24000, ["Dark_red"] = 3400, ["Darkred"] = 3100, ["Dash"] = 2700, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_assignment"] = 35000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_bibliography/bibliography"] = 12000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_bibliography/guide"] = 19000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_bibliography/outline"] = 12000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_course_header"] = 8100, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_course_header/edit-note"] = 8100, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_draft_template/about_this_sandbox"] = 20000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_evaluate_article/guide"] = 24000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_peer_review/guide"] = 27000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_sandbox"] = 130000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_student_editor"] = 118000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_student_program_sandbox"] = 129000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_talk_course_link"] = 120000, ["Dashboard.wikiedu.org_user_talk"] = 2200, ["Date"] = 52000, ["Date-mf"] = 64000, ["Date_table_sorting"] = 45000, ["Dated_maintenance_category"] = 3310000, ["Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)"] = 3260000, ["Dated_maintenance_category_by_type_(articles)"] = 23000, ["Davis_Cup_player"] = 2600, ["Day+1"] = 6900, ["Day-1"] = 8300, ["Dbox"] = 3000, ["Dda"] = 3000, ["Dead_YouTube_link"] = 2300, ["Dead_link"] = 366000, ["Deadlink"] = 2000, ["Deadweight_tonnage"] = 2700, ["Death-date_and_age"] = 5600, ["Death_date"] = 15000, ["Death_date_and_age"] = 528000, ["Death_date_and_given_age"] = 4500, ["Death_date_text"] = 6100, ["Death_year"] = 4500, ["Death_year_and_age"] = 29000, ["Death_year_category_header"] = 2000, ["Decade_link"] = 38000, ["Decimals"] = 3600, ["Declination"] = 11000, ["Decline"] = 2700, ["Declined"] = 3600, ["Decrease"] = 51000, ["Define"] = 4300, ["Deg2DMS"] = 3300, ["Deleted_on_Commons"] = 5600, ["Deletion_review_log_header"] = 6700, ["Deletion_review_log_header/Core"] = 6700, ["Delink"] = 1950000, ["Delink_question_hyphen-minus"] = 441000, ["Delrevxfd"] = 4000, ["Democratic_Party_(US)/meta/shading"] = 19000, ["Description_missing"] = 5600, ["Designation/text"] = 18000, ["Designation_list"] = 7600, ["Details"] = 3500, ["DetailsLink"] = 5400, ["Details_link"] = 6500, ["Detect_singular"] = 253000, ["Deutsche_Bahn_station_codes"] = 2200, ["DfE_performance_tables"] = 4500, ["Dictionary_of_National_Biography"] = 9600, ["Diff"] = 33000, ["Diff2"] = 15000, ["Diffusing_occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header"] = 4300, ["Diffusing_occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/core"] = 7400, ["Digits"] = 6200, ["Directories_box"] = 3200, ["Disamb"] = 2200, ["Disambig"] = 63000, ["Disambig-Class"] = 12000, ["Disambiguation"] = 234000, ["Disambiguation/cat"] = 234000, ["Disambiguation_page_short_description"] = 379000, ["Discogs_artist"] = 25000, ["Discogs_master"] = 16000, ["Discogs_release"] = 3700, ["Discussion_bottom"] = 14000, ["Discussion_top"] = 15000, ["Disestablishment_category_in_country"] = 10000, ["Disestablishment_category_in_country/core"] = 10000, ["Disestablishment_category_in_country_by_decade"] = 2600, ["Disestablishment_category_in_country_by_decade/core"] = 2600, ["DisestcatCountry"] = 10000, ["DisestcatCountry/core"] = 10000, ["DisestcatUSstate"] = 5200, ["DisestcatUSstate/core"] = 5200, ["Disputed"] = 2100, ["Distinguish"] = 127000, ["Disused_Rail_Start"] = 4000, ["Disused_rail_start"] = 4300, ["Div_col"] = 493000, ["Div_col/styles.css"] = 495000, ["Div_col_end"] = 359000, ["Divbox"] = 483000, ["Divbox/styles.css"] = 483000, ["Dividing_line"] = 4500, ["Dmbox"] = 508000, ["Dmbox/styles.css"] = 508000, ["Do_not_move_to_Commons"] = 23000, ["Doc"] = 3800, ["Documentation"] = 152000, ["Documentation_subpage"] = 101000, ["Dog_opentask"] = 4100, ["Doi"] = 29000, ["Doing"] = 4100, ["Don't_edit_this_line"] = 150000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_always_display"] = 650000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_extinct"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_link_target"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_link_text"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_parent"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_rank"] = 651000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_refs"] = 149000, ["Don't_edit_this_line_same_as"] = 651000, ["Done"] = 123000, ["Doppelganger"] = 2900, ["Double+single"] = 4400, ["Double-dagger"] = 29000, ["Dow_tooltip"] = 2500, ["Dr"] = 3400, ["Dr-logno"] = 3400, ["Dr-make"] = 3400, ["Dr-yr"] = 3400, ["Draft_article"] = 10000, ["Draft_article_check"] = 10000, ["Draft_categories"] = 10000, ["Draft_other"] = 116000, ["Draft_topics"] = 30000, ["Drafts_moved_from_mainspace"] = 9300, ["Draw"] = 4700, ["Draw_key"] = 21000, ["Draw_links"] = 16000, ["Drep"] = 3400, ["DriverDB_driver"] = 2800, ["Drugbankcite"] = 4300, ["Drugbox"] = 6300, ["Drugs.com"] = 3300, ["Dts"] = 44000, ["Dubious"] = 8600, ["Duck"] = 3300, ["Dummytab"] = 6700, ["Duration"] = 44000, ["Dutch_municipality"] = 2700, ["Dyktalk"] = 39000, ["Dynamic_list"] = 14000, ["Module:DYK_checklist"] = 24000, ["Module:DYK_checklist/data"] = 24000, ["Module:DYK_nompage_links"] = 102000, ["Module:Data"] = 111000, ["Module:Date"] = 2100000, ["Module:DateI18n"] = 47000, ["Module:Date_table_sorting"] = 48000, ["Module:Date_time"] = 560000, ["Module:DecodeEncode"] = 147000, ["Module:Delink"] = 4340000, ["Module:Designation"] = 105000, ["Module:Designation/list"] = 105000, ["Module:Designation/lookup"] = 25000, ["Module:Detect_singular"] = 2880000, ["Module:Diff"] = 3300, ["Module:Disambiguation"] = 23000, ["Module:Disambiguation/templates"] = 13200000, ["Module:Distinguish"] = 127000, ["Module:Documentation"] = 206000, ["Module:Documentation/config"] = 206000, ["Module:Documentation/styles.css"] = 206000, ["Module:Domain_handler"] = 14000, ["Module:Draft_topics"] = 30000, ["Module:Dts"] = 3400, ["Module:Duration"] = 252000, } 8l69kymz9z3wcigbf1yzl0pgmngjlfb 10 16939 117452 41275 2024-06-02T14:03:48Z en>HouseBlaster 0 HouseBlaster moved page [[Template:C]] to [[Template:Category link without namespace]]: expand template name per [[WP:TPN]] 117452 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Category link without namespace]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from move}} }} 3qa60t6mwxjkjff4k91jtkyn2wfm6h0 117453 117452 2026-07-16T13:09:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:C]] 117452 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Category link without namespace]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from move}} }} 3qa60t6mwxjkjff4k91jtkyn2wfm6h0 828 16957 117410 41315 2025-07-14T17:52:23Z en>Steel1943 0 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/1286603030|1286603030]] by [[Special:Contributions/Faster than Thunder|Faster than Thunder]] ([[User talk:Faster than Thunder|talk]]) this just looks odd and nonstandard - needs consensus 117410 Scribunto text/plain local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote') local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list') local mArguments --initialize lazily local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local p = {} function p.redirectDistinguish (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p._redirectDistinguish(args) end function p._redirectDistinguish(args) if not args[1] then return mHatnote.makeWikitextError( 'no redirect supplied', 'Template:Redirect-distinguish', args.category ) end local redirectTitle = mw.title.new(args[1]) local currentTitle = currentTitle or mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if string.match(args[1], 'REDIRECT%d+') or args[1] == 'TERM' or currentTitle.namespace ~= 0 then --do nothing elseif not redirectTitle or not redirectTitle.exists then args[1] = args[1] .. '[[Category:Missing redirects]]' elseif not redirectTitle.isRedirect then if string.find(redirectTitle:getContent(), '#invoke:RfD') then args[1] = args[1] .. '[[Category:Articles with redirect hatnotes impacted by RfD]]' else args[1] = args[1] .. '[[Category:Articles with redirect hatnotes needing review]]' end end if not args[2] then return mHatnote.makeWikitextError( 'no page to be distinguished supplied', 'Template:Redirect-distinguish', args.category ) end args = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) --Assignment by removal here makes for convenient concatenation later local redirect = table.remove(args, 1) local text = string.format( '"%s" redirects here; not to be confused with %s.', redirect, mHatlist.orList(args, true) ) return mHatnote._hatnote(text) end return p th8v3gjtckgr2w5zznwehr438dpv0xw 117411 117410 2026-07-16T13:08:21Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Redirect-distinguish]] 117410 Scribunto text/plain local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote') local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list') local mArguments --initialize lazily local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local p = {} function p.redirectDistinguish (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) return p._redirectDistinguish(args) end function p._redirectDistinguish(args) if not args[1] then return mHatnote.makeWikitextError( 'no redirect supplied', 'Template:Redirect-distinguish', args.category ) end local redirectTitle = mw.title.new(args[1]) local currentTitle = currentTitle or mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if string.match(args[1], 'REDIRECT%d+') or args[1] == 'TERM' or currentTitle.namespace ~= 0 then --do nothing elseif not redirectTitle or not redirectTitle.exists then args[1] = args[1] .. '[[Category:Missing redirects]]' elseif not redirectTitle.isRedirect then if string.find(redirectTitle:getContent(), '#invoke:RfD') then args[1] = args[1] .. '[[Category:Articles with redirect hatnotes impacted by RfD]]' else args[1] = args[1] .. '[[Category:Articles with redirect hatnotes needing review]]' end end if not args[2] then return mHatnote.makeWikitextError( 'no page to be distinguished supplied', 'Template:Redirect-distinguish', args.category ) end args = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) --Assignment by removal here makes for convenient concatenation later local redirect = table.remove(args, 1) local text = string.format( '"%s" redirects here; not to be confused with %s.', redirect, mHatlist.orList(args, true) ) return mHatnote._hatnote(text) end return p th8v3gjtckgr2w5zznwehr438dpv0xw 10 17057 117412 41541 2026-03-27T18:00:12Z en>MusikBot II 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Tsh]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 2516 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite) [Move=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite)) 117412 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Template shortcut]] {{rcatsh| {{R tsh}} }} dbgssn12xup12fq1n1zhkcktef0d05l 117413 117412 2026-07-16T13:08:21Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Tsh]] 117412 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Template shortcut]] {{rcatsh| {{R tsh}} }} dbgssn12xup12fq1n1zhkcktef0d05l 10 18396 117414 105246 2026-07-12T17:07:28Z en>Axolitl 0 Adding {{tl|On Wikipedia}} 117414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Hatnote templates | state = {{{state|expanded}}} | bodyclass = hlist | belowclass = hlist | title = [[WP:Hatnote#Hatnote templates|Hatnote templates]] | above = *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote]] *[[Wikipedia:Disambiguation]] *[[Wikipedia:Redirect]] | group1 = Generic | list1 = *{{tl|Hatnote}} *{{tl|Hatnote group}} *{{tl|Self-reference}} | group2 = For and about | list2 = *{{tl|For}} *{{tl|For-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|For-multi}} (for multiple uses) *{{tl|About}} {{navbox|subgroup| | group1 = Variations | list1 = *{{tl|Other uses}} *{{tl|Other uses of}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-for}} *{{tl|About-distinguish}} *{{tl|About-distinguish-text}} }} | group3 = Other topics | list3 = *{{tl|Other people}} *{{tl|About other people}} (adds "about" description) *{{tl|Similar names}} *{{tl|Other storms}} *{{tl|Other stars by Bayer designation}} *{{tl|Other places}} *{{tl|Other ships}} | group4 = Redirect | list4 = *{{tl|Redirect}} *{{tl|Redirect2}} (for two redirects) *{{tl|Redirect-multi}} (for multiple redirects) *{{tl|Redirect-several}} (for several redirects, without listing each) *{{tl|Redirect-synonym}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-text}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-for}} *{{tl|Technical reasons}} | group5 = Distinguish | list5 = *{{tl|Distinguish}} (supports custom text) *{{tl|About-distinguish}} *{{tl|About-distinguish-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-for}} | group6 = For use in sections | list6 = *{{tl|Main}} *{{tl|Main if exists}} *{{tl|Main list}} *{{tl|Further}} *{{tl|Further-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|Further interlanguage link}} *{{tl|See also}} *{{tl|See also-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|For outline}} *{{tl|For timeline}} | group7 = Special | list7 = *{{tl|Broader}} *{{tl|For introduction}} *{{tl|On Wikipedia}} *{{tl|See Wiktionary}} *{{tl|Transcluding article}} *{{tl|Transcluded section}} | group8 = Subject specific | list8 = *{{tl|About year}} *{{tl|Highway detail hatnote}} *{{tl|For LMST}} *{{tl|WikiIPA}} | below = *{{Icon|cat}} [[:Category:Hatnote templates]] **[[:Category:Hatnote modules|modules]] **[[:Category:Hatnote templates for names|for [family] names]] **[[:Category:Hatnote templates for lists|for lists]] *[[Template:Category hatnote templates|hatnote templates for category pages]] }}<noinclude> {{Navbox documentation|expanded|hatnotes= {{See also|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}} }} {{Sandbox other|| <!-- Add categories below this line, and interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Hatnote templates| ]] [[Category:Documentation see also templates]] }}</noinclude> 4wbz3qcthcvt07bydn7hfd74ry1twm8 117415 117414 2026-07-16T13:08:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Hatnote_templates]] 117414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Hatnote templates | state = {{{state|expanded}}} | bodyclass = hlist | belowclass = hlist | title = [[WP:Hatnote#Hatnote templates|Hatnote templates]] | above = *[[Wikipedia:Hatnote]] *[[Wikipedia:Disambiguation]] *[[Wikipedia:Redirect]] | group1 = Generic | list1 = *{{tl|Hatnote}} *{{tl|Hatnote group}} *{{tl|Self-reference}} | group2 = For and about | list2 = *{{tl|For}} *{{tl|For-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|For-multi}} (for multiple uses) *{{tl|About}} {{navbox|subgroup| | group1 = Variations | list1 = *{{tl|Other uses}} *{{tl|Other uses of}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-for}} *{{tl|About-distinguish}} *{{tl|About-distinguish-text}} }} | group3 = Other topics | list3 = *{{tl|Other people}} *{{tl|About other people}} (adds "about" description) *{{tl|Similar names}} *{{tl|Other storms}} *{{tl|Other stars by Bayer designation}} *{{tl|Other places}} *{{tl|Other ships}} | group4 = Redirect | list4 = *{{tl|Redirect}} *{{tl|Redirect2}} (for two redirects) *{{tl|Redirect-multi}} (for multiple redirects) *{{tl|Redirect-several}} (for several redirects, without listing each) *{{tl|Redirect-synonym}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-text}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-for}} *{{tl|Technical reasons}} | group5 = Distinguish | list5 = *{{tl|Distinguish}} (supports custom text) *{{tl|About-distinguish}} *{{tl|About-distinguish-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish}} *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|Redirect-distinguish-for}} | group6 = For use in sections | list6 = *{{tl|Main}} *{{tl|Main if exists}} *{{tl|Main list}} *{{tl|Further}} *{{tl|Further-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|Further interlanguage link}} *{{tl|See also}} *{{tl|See also-text}} (for custom text) *{{tl|For outline}} *{{tl|For timeline}} | group7 = Special | list7 = *{{tl|Broader}} *{{tl|For introduction}} *{{tl|On Wikipedia}} *{{tl|See Wiktionary}} *{{tl|Transcluding article}} *{{tl|Transcluded section}} | group8 = Subject specific | list8 = *{{tl|About year}} *{{tl|Highway detail hatnote}} *{{tl|For LMST}} *{{tl|WikiIPA}} | below = *{{Icon|cat}} [[:Category:Hatnote templates]] **[[:Category:Hatnote modules|modules]] **[[:Category:Hatnote templates for names|for [family] names]] **[[:Category:Hatnote templates for lists|for lists]] *[[Template:Category hatnote templates|hatnote templates for category pages]] }}<noinclude> {{Navbox documentation|expanded|hatnotes= {{See also|Wikipedia:Hatnote#Hatnote templates}} }} {{Sandbox other|| <!-- Add categories below this line, and interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Hatnote templates| ]] [[Category:Documentation see also templates]] }}</noinclude> 4wbz3qcthcvt07bydn7hfd74ry1twm8 10 18646 117340 48747 2024-12-27T18:00:10Z en>MusikBot II 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Wikidata property link]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 2502 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite) [Move=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite)) 48746 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{id|}}}}}|1}} | N <!--none--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}]] }} | O <!--only--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]] }} | F <!--first--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}|&#58; <small>{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}</small>}} | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}|&#58; <small>{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}</small>}} }} | #default = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}} <small>({{uc:{{{1|}}}}})</small>]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}} <small>(P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}})</small>]] }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> k8jv170qlggs0249fpe48ygwkpgfzbn 117341 117340 2026-07-16T12:45:00Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Wikidata_property_link]] 48746 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{id|}}}}}|1}} | N <!--none--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}]] }} | O <!--only--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]] }} | F <!--first--> = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}|&#58; <small>{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}</small>}} | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}]]{{#if:{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}|&#58; <small>{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}}</small>}} }} | #default = {{#switch:{{str left|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|1}} | P = [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}} <small>({{uc:{{{1|}}}}})</small>]] | [[d:Special:EntityPage/P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}|{{wikidata|label|P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}}}} <small>(P{{uc:{{{1|}}}}})</small>]] }} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> k8jv170qlggs0249fpe48ygwkpgfzbn 10 19097 117475 49357 2025-12-20T21:12:22Z en>Fayenatic london 0 remove obsolete prefix parameter and tracking category 117475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:navbox|navbox |name = {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}| {{#if:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}| {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}} topics}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }} |state = {{{state|{{{1|}}}}}} |border = {{{border|}}} |bodyclass = hlist |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} <!---------------------- Titlebar -----------------------> |titleclass = {{{titleclass|}}} |title = <includeonly>{{#ifexist:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{titlename|}}}|{{!}}{{{titlename}}}}}]]&nbsp;|{{{titlename|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|<span style="white-space:nowrap;color:red;">[Required parameter missing!]</span>}}}}}}}}}}}}&nbsp;<!--(space between Name and "articles" word (if not suppressed)) -->}}<!---- "topics" ---- -->{{#if:{{{_notopicsword|}}} | |{{#ifexist:Index of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|Index of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles}}|articles]]|articles}}}}</includeonly> <!------------------ Image (optional) -------------------> |imagestyle = {{{imagestyle|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} <!-------------- "above" line (optional) ----------------> |abovestyle = {{{abovestyle|}}} |above = {{{above|}}}{{{addtoabove|}}} |group1 = {{{custom1|}}} |list1 = {{{list1|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== HISTORY ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group2 = {{#ifexist:History of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|History of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|History]] | History }} |list2 = {{{history|}}} |group3 = {{{custom2|}}} |list3 = {{{list2|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== GEOGRAPHY / Subdivisions ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group4 = {{#ifexist:Geography of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Geography of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Geography]] | Geography }} |list4 = {{#if:{{{geography|}}}{{{subdivisions|}}} | {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |groupstyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;{{{subgroupstyle|}}} |list1 = {{{geography|}}} |group2 = <!--(only shown if subdivisions provided)--> {{#if:{{{subdivisions_link|}}} | [[{{{subdivisions_link}}}|Subdivisions]] | {{#ifexist:Administrative divisions of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Administrative divisions of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Subdivisions]] | Subdivisions }} }} |list2 = {{{subdivisions|}}} }} }} |group5 = {{{custom3|}}} |list5 = {{{list3|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== POLITICS / Government / Military ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group6 = {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} |[[{{{politics_link}}}|Politics]] | {{#ifexist:Politics of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Politics of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Politics]] | Politics }} }} |list6 = {{#if:{{{politics|}}}{{{governance|}}}{{{government|}}}{{{military|}}} | {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |groupstyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;{{{subgroupstyle|}}} |list1 = {{{politics|}}} |group2 = <!--(only shown if governance provided)--> {{#if:{{{governance_link|}}}|[[{{{governance_link}}}|Governance]]| {{#ifexist:Governance of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Governance of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Governance]] | Governance }} }} |list2 = {{{governance|}}} |group3 = <!--(only shown if government provided)--> {{#if:{{{government_link|}}}|[[{{{government_link}}}|Government]]| {{#ifexist:Government of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Government of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Government]] | Government }} }} |list3 = {{{government|}}} |group4 = <!--(only shown if military provided)--> {{#if:{{{military_link|}}}|[[{{{military_link}}}|Military]]| {{#ifexist:Military of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Military of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Military]] | Military }} }} |list4 = {{{military|}}} }} }} |group7 = {{{custom4|}}} |list7 = {{{list4|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== ECONOMY / Infrastructure / Transport ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group8 = {{#ifexist:Economy of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Economy of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Economy]] | Economy }} |list8 = {{#if:{{{economy|}}}{{{infrastructure|}}}{{{transport|}}} | {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |groupstyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;{{{subgroupstyle|}}} |list1 = {{{economy|}}} |group2 = <!--(Only shown if infrastructure provided)--> {{#ifexist:Infrastructure of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Infrastructure of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Infrastructure]] | Infrastructure }} |list2 = {{{infrastructure|}}} |group3 = <!--(Only shown if transport provided)--> {{#ifexist:Transport in {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Transport in {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Transport]] | Transport }} |list3 = {{{transport|}}} }} }} |group9 = {{{custom5|}}} |list9 = {{{list5|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== SOCIETY/CULTURE / Demographics / Religion / Symbols ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group10 = <!----If society provided, groupname is "Society":----> {{#if:{{{society|}}} <!----If society_link provided, use that to make link,----> | {{#if:{{{society_link|}}} | [[{{{society_link}}}|Society]] <!----...else try "Category:Society of (place's name)",----> | {{#ifexist:Category:Society of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[:Category:Society of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Society]] <!----...else default to plain "Society":----> | Society }} }} <!----...otherwise if culture/demographics/religion/symbols provided, groupname is "Culture":----> | {{#if:{{{culture|}}}{{{demographics|}}}{{{religion|}}}{{{symbols|}}} | {{#ifexist:Culture of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Culture of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Culture]] | Culture }} }} }} |list10 = {{#if:{{{society|}}}{{{culture|}}}{{{demographics|}}}{{{religion|}}}{{{symbols|}}}| {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |groupstyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;{{{subgroupstyle|}}} |list1 = {{{society|}}} |group2 = <!----Groupname only needed for culture if society has also been provided:----> {{#if:{{{society|}}} | {{#if:{{{culture|}}} | [[Culture of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Culture]] | Culture }} }} |list2 = {{{culture|}}} |group3 = <!--(only shown if demographics provided)--> {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Demographics]] | Demographics }} |list3 = {{{demographics|}}} |group4 = <!--(only shown if religion provided)--> {{#ifexist:Religion in {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Religion in {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Religion]] | Religion }} |list4 = {{{religion|}}} |group5 = <!--(only shown if symbols provided)--> {{#if:{{{symbols_link|}}} | [[{{{symbols_link}}}|Symbols]] | {{#ifexist:National symbols of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[National symbols of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Symbols]] | {{#ifexist:Symbols of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Symbols of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Symbols]] | Symbols }} }} }} |list5 = {{{symbols|}}} }} }} |group11 = {{{custom6|}}} |list11 = {{{list6|}}} |group12 = {{{custom7|}}} |list12 = {{{list7|}}} |group13 = {{{custom8|}}} |list13 = {{{list8|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== "below" line/s ===================================================--> </noinclude> |belowstyle = {{#if:{{{below|}}} ||font-weight:bold;}} {{{belowstyle|}}} |below = {{#if:{{{_nobelow|}}} |<!--then this section omitted, else:--> | {{#if:{{{below|}}} |<!--then use-->{{{below}}}<!--line, else:--> | <!------------------------------------- Outline, Index, Bibliography links ------------------------------------- -->{{bulleted list|style=margin-bottom:-0.4em; |1= {{#ifexist:Outline of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Outline of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Outline]]}} }} |2= {{#ifexist:Index of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Index of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles}}|Index]]}} | <!-- Else to capture instances where place is or can be "the [placename]" but its adjective is "[placename]-related", i.e. with no "the" prefix. First we try a hyphen-minus for single-word countries: --> {{#ifexist:Index of {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Index of {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles}}|Index]]}} | <!-- If that doesn't exist, try an en dash (for multi-word countries): --> {{#ifexist:Index of {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}–related articles | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Index of {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}–related articles}}|Index]]}} }} }} }} |3= {{#ifexist:Bibliography of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Bibliography of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Bibliography]]}} }}<!-- -->}}<!---------------------------------------------- Category, Portal ---------------------------------------------- --> {{#ifexist:Category:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}} |* <!--{{icon|Category}}--> [[:Category:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}|Category]] }}{{#ifeq: {{yesno-no|{{{noportal|}}}}}|no|<!-- "noportal" has not been specified -->{{#ifexist:Portal:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->|* <!--{{icon|Portal}}--> [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Portal:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Portal]]<!-- -->}}<!--(end #ifexist:Portal) -->}}<!-- (end #ifeq: {{yesno-no|{{{noportal}}}}}) -->{{#if:{{{addtobelow|}}} |{{{addtobelow}}} }}<!-- -->}}<!--(end #if:below) -->}}<!--(end #if:_nobelow) -->}}<!-- Temporary tracking category -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Namespace detect|main =[[Category:Pages using country topics with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]||template =[[Category:Pages using country topics with unknown parameters|τ_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Country topics]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| _nobelow | _notopicsword | 1 | above | abovestyle | addtoabove | addtobelow | basestyle | below | belowstyle | border | country | culture | custom1 | custom2 | custom3 | custom4 | custom5 | custom6 | custom7 | custom8 | demographics | economy | geography | governance | governance_link | government | government_link | history | image | imagestyle | infrastructure | list1 | list2 | list3 | list4 | list5 | list6 | list7 | list8 | military | military_link | noportal | politics | politics_link | region | religion | society | society_link | state | subdivisions | subdivisions_link | subgroupstyle | symbols | symbols_link | template_name | territory | titleclass | titlename | transport }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> mt5owxn5pw2uxz1ew06upfwe4kd5rw2 117476 117475 2026-07-16T13:47:13Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Country_topics]] 117475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:navbox|navbox |name = {{if empty|{{{template_name|}}}| {{#if:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}| {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}} topics}} | {{FULLPAGENAME}} }} |state = {{{state|{{{1|}}}}}} |border = {{{border|}}} |bodyclass = hlist |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} <!---------------------- Titlebar -----------------------> |titleclass = {{{titleclass|}}} |title = <includeonly>{{#ifexist:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region}}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{titlename|}}}|{{!}}{{{titlename}}}}}]]&nbsp;|{{{titlename|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|<span style="white-space:nowrap;color:red;">[Required parameter missing!]</span>}}}}}}}}}}}}&nbsp;<!--(space between Name and "articles" word (if not suppressed)) -->}}<!---- "topics" ---- -->{{#if:{{{_notopicsword|}}} | |{{#ifexist:Index of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|Index of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles}}|articles]]|articles}}}}</includeonly> <!------------------ Image (optional) -------------------> |imagestyle = {{{imagestyle|}}} |image = {{{image|}}} <!-------------- "above" line (optional) ----------------> |abovestyle = {{{abovestyle|}}} |above = {{{above|}}}{{{addtoabove|}}} |group1 = {{{custom1|}}} |list1 = {{{list1|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== HISTORY ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group2 = {{#ifexist:History of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|History of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|History]] | History }} |list2 = {{{history|}}} |group3 = {{{custom2|}}} |list3 = {{{list2|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== GEOGRAPHY / Subdivisions ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group4 = {{#ifexist:Geography of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Geography of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Geography]] | Geography }} |list4 = {{#if:{{{geography|}}}{{{subdivisions|}}} | {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |groupstyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;{{{subgroupstyle|}}} |list1 = {{{geography|}}} |group2 = <!--(only shown if subdivisions provided)--> {{#if:{{{subdivisions_link|}}} | [[{{{subdivisions_link}}}|Subdivisions]] | {{#ifexist:Administrative divisions of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Administrative divisions of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Subdivisions]] | Subdivisions }} }} |list2 = {{{subdivisions|}}} }} }} |group5 = {{{custom3|}}} |list5 = {{{list3|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== POLITICS / Government / Military ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group6 = {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} |[[{{{politics_link}}}|Politics]] | {{#ifexist:Politics of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Politics of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Politics]] | Politics }} }} |list6 = {{#if:{{{politics|}}}{{{governance|}}}{{{government|}}}{{{military|}}} | {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |groupstyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;{{{subgroupstyle|}}} |list1 = {{{politics|}}} |group2 = <!--(only shown if governance provided)--> {{#if:{{{governance_link|}}}|[[{{{governance_link}}}|Governance]]| {{#ifexist:Governance of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Governance of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Governance]] | Governance }} }} |list2 = {{{governance|}}} |group3 = <!--(only shown if government provided)--> {{#if:{{{government_link|}}}|[[{{{government_link}}}|Government]]| {{#ifexist:Government of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Government of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Government]] | Government }} }} |list3 = {{{government|}}} |group4 = <!--(only shown if military provided)--> {{#if:{{{military_link|}}}|[[{{{military_link}}}|Military]]| {{#ifexist:Military of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Military of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Military]] | Military }} }} |list4 = {{{military|}}} }} }} |group7 = {{{custom4|}}} |list7 = {{{list4|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== ECONOMY / Infrastructure / Transport ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group8 = {{#ifexist:Economy of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Economy of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Economy]] | Economy }} |list8 = {{#if:{{{economy|}}}{{{infrastructure|}}}{{{transport|}}} | {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |groupstyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;{{{subgroupstyle|}}} |list1 = {{{economy|}}} |group2 = <!--(Only shown if infrastructure provided)--> {{#ifexist:Infrastructure of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Infrastructure of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Infrastructure]] | Infrastructure }} |list2 = {{{infrastructure|}}} |group3 = <!--(Only shown if transport provided)--> {{#ifexist:Transport in {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Transport in {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Transport]] | Transport }} |list3 = {{{transport|}}} }} }} |group9 = {{{custom5|}}} |list9 = {{{list5|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== SOCIETY/CULTURE / Demographics / Religion / Symbols ===================================================--> </noinclude> |group10 = <!----If society provided, groupname is "Society":----> {{#if:{{{society|}}} <!----If society_link provided, use that to make link,----> | {{#if:{{{society_link|}}} | [[{{{society_link}}}|Society]] <!----...else try "Category:Society of (place's name)",----> | {{#ifexist:Category:Society of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[:Category:Society of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Society]] <!----...else default to plain "Society":----> | Society }} }} <!----...otherwise if culture/demographics/religion/symbols provided, groupname is "Culture":----> | {{#if:{{{culture|}}}{{{demographics|}}}{{{religion|}}}{{{symbols|}}} | {{#ifexist:Culture of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Culture of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Culture]] | Culture }} }} }} |list10 = {{#if:{{{society|}}}{{{culture|}}}{{{demographics|}}}{{{religion|}}}{{{symbols|}}}| {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |basestyle = {{{basestyle|}}} |groupstyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;{{{subgroupstyle|}}} |list1 = {{{society|}}} |group2 = <!----Groupname only needed for culture if society has also been provided:----> {{#if:{{{society|}}} | {{#if:{{{culture|}}} | [[Culture of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Culture]] | Culture }} }} |list2 = {{{culture|}}} |group3 = <!--(only shown if demographics provided)--> {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Demographics]] | Demographics }} |list3 = {{{demographics|}}} |group4 = <!--(only shown if religion provided)--> {{#ifexist:Religion in {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Religion in {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Religion]] | Religion }} |list4 = {{{religion|}}} |group5 = <!--(only shown if symbols provided)--> {{#if:{{{symbols_link|}}} | [[{{{symbols_link}}}|Symbols]] | {{#ifexist:National symbols of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[National symbols of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Symbols]] | {{#ifexist:Symbols of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Symbols of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Symbols]] | Symbols }} }} }} |list5 = {{{symbols|}}} }} }} |group11 = {{{custom6|}}} |list11 = {{{list6|}}} |group12 = {{{custom7|}}} |list12 = {{{list7|}}} |group13 = {{{custom8|}}} |list13 = {{{list8|}}} <noinclude> <!--=================================================== "below" line/s ===================================================--> </noinclude> |belowstyle = {{#if:{{{below|}}} ||font-weight:bold;}} {{{belowstyle|}}} |below = {{#if:{{{_nobelow|}}} |<!--then this section omitted, else:--> | {{#if:{{{below|}}} |<!--then use-->{{{below}}}<!--line, else:--> | <!------------------------------------- Outline, Index, Bibliography links ------------------------------------- -->{{bulleted list|style=margin-bottom:-0.4em; |1= {{#ifexist:Outline of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Outline of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Outline]]}} }} |2= {{#ifexist:Index of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Index of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles}}|Index]]}} | <!-- Else to capture instances where place is or can be "the [placename]" but its adjective is "[placename]-related", i.e. with no "the" prefix. First we try a hyphen-minus for single-word countries: --> {{#ifexist:Index of {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Index of {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}-related articles}}|Index]]}} | <!-- If that doesn't exist, try an en dash (for multi-word countries): --> {{#ifexist:Index of {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}–related articles | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Index of {{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}–related articles}}|Index]]}} }} }} }} |3= {{#ifexist:Bibliography of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}}} | {{nobold|[[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Bibliography of {{Country prefix the|{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Bibliography]]}} }}<!-- -->}}<!---------------------------------------------- Category, Portal ---------------------------------------------- --> {{#ifexist:Category:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}} |* <!--{{icon|Category}}--> [[:Category:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}|Category]] }}{{#ifeq: {{yesno-no|{{{noportal|}}}}}|no|<!-- "noportal" has not been specified -->{{#ifexist:Portal:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename|}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->|* <!--{{icon|Portal}}--> [[{{#invoke:redirect|main|fulltext=y|Portal:{{{country|{{{territory|{{{region|{{{titlename}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Portal]]<!-- -->}}<!--(end #ifexist:Portal) -->}}<!-- (end #ifeq: {{yesno-no|{{{noportal}}}}}) -->{{#if:{{{addtobelow|}}} |{{{addtobelow}}} }}<!-- -->}}<!--(end #if:below) -->}}<!--(end #if:_nobelow) -->}}<!-- Temporary tracking category -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Namespace detect|main =[[Category:Pages using country topics with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]||template =[[Category:Pages using country topics with unknown parameters|τ_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Country topics]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| _nobelow | _notopicsword | 1 | above | abovestyle | addtoabove | addtobelow | basestyle | below | belowstyle | border | country | culture | custom1 | custom2 | custom3 | custom4 | custom5 | custom6 | custom7 | custom8 | demographics | economy | geography | governance | governance_link | government | government_link | history | image | imagestyle | infrastructure | list1 | list2 | list3 | list4 | list5 | list6 | list7 | list8 | military | military_link | noportal | politics | politics_link | region | religion | society | society_link | state | subdivisions | subdivisions_link | subgroupstyle | symbols | symbols_link | template_name | territory | titleclass | titlename | transport }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> mt5owxn5pw2uxz1ew06upfwe4kd5rw2 10 19137 117444 108520 2026-04-29T22:50:28Z en>Andrybak 0 [[Template:Sandbox other]] 117444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Template | {{Ombox | type = style | image = [[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|40x40px|alt=|link=]] | text = '''This template is a customized [[Wikipedia:Wrapper templates|wrapper]] for {{tl|Infobox person}}'''. Any field from {{tld|Infobox person}} can work{{#if:{{{wrapped|}}}||&#32;so long as it is added to this template first}}. It will also emit the same [[hCard]] and [[Geo (microformat)|Geo]] [[microformat]]s as {{tld|Infobox person}}. Questions? Just ask [[Template talk:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|here]] or over at [[Template talk:Infobox person]]. }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{main|}}} | {{Ombox |text=This infobox wraps the [[Template:{{{main}}}|{{{main}}} template]]. See [[Template:{{{main}}}/doc]] for additional documentation.}} }}<!-- --><includeonly>{{Sandbox other||[[Category:Templates calling Infobox person|{{Remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}</includeonly><!-- -->}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> durg55ogyqq82ow5fb5vu0f4k7im52c 117445 117444 2026-07-16T13:08:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Uses_infobox_person]] 117444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Template | {{Ombox | type = style | image = [[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|40x40px|alt=|link=]] | text = '''This template is a customized [[Wikipedia:Wrapper templates|wrapper]] for {{tl|Infobox person}}'''. Any field from {{tld|Infobox person}} can work{{#if:{{{wrapped|}}}||&#32;so long as it is added to this template first}}. It will also emit the same [[hCard]] and [[Geo (microformat)|Geo]] [[microformat]]s as {{tld|Infobox person}}. Questions? Just ask [[Template talk:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|here]] or over at [[Template talk:Infobox person]]. }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{main|}}} | {{Ombox |text=This infobox wraps the [[Template:{{{main}}}|{{{main}}} template]]. See [[Template:{{{main}}}/doc]] for additional documentation.}} }}<!-- --><includeonly>{{Sandbox other||[[Category:Templates calling Infobox person|{{Remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}</includeonly><!-- -->}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> durg55ogyqq82ow5fb5vu0f4k7im52c 10 19874 117346 51027 2025-11-24T05:04:03Z en>Hike395 0 use merged template 117346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Link if exists|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> gwa3wvz9yntx2rh5snp2dkuyjgvkzig 117347 117346 2026-07-16T12:45:58Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Link_if_exists]] 117346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Link if exists|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> gwa3wvz9yntx2rh5snp2dkuyjgvkzig 10 25872 117348 72115 2025-08-05T05:12:16Z en>Theknightwho 0 Make substable. 117348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> iixsn6gmy5v6zp1aqm79vhpce8m4a1b 117349 117348 2026-07-16T12:45:58Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:If_last_display_both]] 117348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> iixsn6gmy5v6zp1aqm79vhpce8m4a1b 10 31872 117418 83040 2026-07-07T06:42:08Z en>Beland 0 /* Redirects */ {{misspelling}} is often misused and is nominated for deletion 117418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect-distinguish|Template:Confused|Template:Confused?}} {{Documentation subpage}} {{tsh|dist|ntbcw|confuse}} <!-- Please add categories at the bottom of this page, and interwikis at Wikidata (see Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> {{High-use| 65005 }} {{Lua|Module:distinguish}} This template produces a [[WP:HAT|hatnote]] to point out to readers, who may have misspelled their desired title, the existence of one or more pages whose title(s) is, or are, similar to the current page. It is used in cases where the distinction between the titles is generally obvious and does not need further explanation. For cases where an explanation is required, please use the templates {{tl|For}} and {{tl|About}}. For use on category pages, the corresponding template is {{Tl|Category distinguish}}. == Usage == Here is an example of its standard usage on the article about the mathematical [[Astroid]]: :{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Asteroid}}</nowiki>}} This hatnote can be used to distinguish the topic from multiple other topics, as for [[Corundum]] or [[Bangala language]]: :{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Carborundum|Conundrum}}</nowiki>}} :{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Bangla language|Mbangala language|Ngala language}}</nowiki>}} The {{para|text}} parameter can be used to create customized text, in case context is required. An example is on the article [[Phobos (mythology)]], which contains a customized hatnote to distinguish it and "[[Phoebus]]" (a redirect of [[Apollo]]). Both links lead to topics about Greek gods, so the [[WP:NCDAB|parenthetical disambiguation]] in "Phobos (mythology)" is insufficient to disambiguate the two. Since it [[WP:HNR|is typically not preferable to link a redirect]] in a hatnote,{{Clarify|reason=What is the relevant guideline? The link doesn't seem to explain. Please quote the guideline here in a footnote if possible.|date=September 2025}} the article "Apollo" is linked to directly and a short explanation fills in the necessary context: :{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|text=Phoebus, an epithet of the Greek god [[Apollo]]}}</nowiki>}} Note that a final period is automatically added at the end of the sentence, and that only one blue link is used per disambiguated topic (i.e, do not type <code><nowiki>...an [[epithet]] of the [[Greek]] god [[Apollo]].</nowiki></code> When the target is a disambiguation page, display of the parentheses may be avoided by escaping the vertical bar using the [[Help:Magic words#bang|magic word]] {{tlc|!}}: :{{Tick}}{{nbsp}}{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Crossfire (disambiguation){{!}}Crossfire}}</nowiki>}} The escape is necessary, otherwise the template will read the next text as another topic: :{{Cross}}{{nbsp}}{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Crossfire (disambiguation)|Crossfire}}</nowiki>}} == When to use == This hatnote is generally used when readers have misspelled their desired title, and the error would be apparent by simply displaying the alternative term without further explanation. For example, consider a reader looking for the punctuation mark who instead ends up at [[coma]]: : [[Coma]] : {{Distinguish|Comma}} Readers are presumed to recognize that they actually wanted ''comma'' by merely looking at the spelling, and this case generally requires no further explanation. However, {{tlx|distinguish}} is not suitable when the difference is not readily apparent without additional details. Consider a reader looking for a game they believe is named Reversi: : {{cross}} [[Reversi]] : {{Distinguish|Reversis}} In the above hatnote, it is not generally apparent how the suggested Reversis is different from Reversi, which is also a game. In this case you should use {{tlx|about}} instead of {{tlc|distinguish}}. The difference is to provide explanation upfront without requiring the reader to click through and differentiate the terms on their own. : {{tick}} [[Reversi]] : {{hatnote|This article is about the board game. For the card game, see [[Reversis]].}}<!-- Using a custom {{hatnote}} because {{about}} automatically detects the page type so it would replace "article" with "template". --> {{tlc|Distinguish}} should only be used when the ambiguity exists for a portion of the readership that is sufficient to warrant a hatnote. Care should be taken to [[WP:TRHAT|avoid trivial uses]]. == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "Name of article", "description": "Name of article that you want to link to", "type": "wiki-page-name", "suggested": true }, "2": { "label": "Optional additional article to link (2)", "description": "Optional additional article to link", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "3": { "label": "Optional additional article to link (3)", "description": "Optional additional article to link", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "4": { "label": "Optional additional article to link (4)", "description": "Optional additional article to link", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "text": { "label": "Custom text", "description": "Custom message in wikitext; e.g. \"[[foo]] and [[Bar (computer science)|bar]]\" produces \"Not to be confused with [[foo]] and [[Bar (computer science)|bar]].\"", "type": "string" }, "selfref": { "label": "Self reference", "description": "If set, marks note as being a self reference, to not be shown when content is reused", "type": "boolean" } }, "description": "A hatnote used when there is an ambiguity in an article's title.", "paramOrder": [ "1", "2", "3", "4", "text", "selfref" ], "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == Redirects == * {{tl|Confused}} * {{tl|Confuse}} * {{tl|Nottobeconfusedwith}} * {{tl|Ntbcw}} == See also == * {{tl|About}} * {{tl|Category distinguish}} * {{tl|For}} * {{tl|Redirect}} * {{tl|R from misspelling}} {{Hatnote templates}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Add categories below this line, and interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Disambiguation and redirection hatnote templates]] }}</includeonly> 1qyhzcwq9r2xsd8c5nyfgb3y0g1xkte 117419 117418 2026-07-16T13:08:23Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Distinguish/doc]] 117418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect-distinguish|Template:Confused|Template:Confused?}} {{Documentation subpage}} {{tsh|dist|ntbcw|confuse}} <!-- Please add categories at the bottom of this page, and interwikis at Wikidata (see Wikipedia:Wikidata) --> {{High-use| 65005 }} {{Lua|Module:distinguish}} This template produces a [[WP:HAT|hatnote]] to point out to readers, who may have misspelled their desired title, the existence of one or more pages whose title(s) is, or are, similar to the current page. It is used in cases where the distinction between the titles is generally obvious and does not need further explanation. For cases where an explanation is required, please use the templates {{tl|For}} and {{tl|About}}. For use on category pages, the corresponding template is {{Tl|Category distinguish}}. == Usage == Here is an example of its standard usage on the article about the mathematical [[Astroid]]: :{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Asteroid}}</nowiki>}} This hatnote can be used to distinguish the topic from multiple other topics, as for [[Corundum]] or [[Bangala language]]: :{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Carborundum|Conundrum}}</nowiki>}} :{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Bangla language|Mbangala language|Ngala language}}</nowiki>}} The {{para|text}} parameter can be used to create customized text, in case context is required. An example is on the article [[Phobos (mythology)]], which contains a customized hatnote to distinguish it and "[[Phoebus]]" (a redirect of [[Apollo]]). Both links lead to topics about Greek gods, so the [[WP:NCDAB|parenthetical disambiguation]] in "Phobos (mythology)" is insufficient to disambiguate the two. Since it [[WP:HNR|is typically not preferable to link a redirect]] in a hatnote,{{Clarify|reason=What is the relevant guideline? The link doesn't seem to explain. Please quote the guideline here in a footnote if possible.|date=September 2025}} the article "Apollo" is linked to directly and a short explanation fills in the necessary context: :{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|text=Phoebus, an epithet of the Greek god [[Apollo]]}}</nowiki>}} Note that a final period is automatically added at the end of the sentence, and that only one blue link is used per disambiguated topic (i.e, do not type <code><nowiki>...an [[epithet]] of the [[Greek]] god [[Apollo]].</nowiki></code> When the target is a disambiguation page, display of the parentheses may be avoided by escaping the vertical bar using the [[Help:Magic words#bang|magic word]] {{tlc|!}}: :{{Tick}}{{nbsp}}{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Crossfire (disambiguation){{!}}Crossfire}}</nowiki>}} The escape is necessary, otherwise the template will read the next text as another topic: :{{Cross}}{{nbsp}}{{demo-inline|<nowiki>{{distinguish|Crossfire (disambiguation)|Crossfire}}</nowiki>}} == When to use == This hatnote is generally used when readers have misspelled their desired title, and the error would be apparent by simply displaying the alternative term without further explanation. For example, consider a reader looking for the punctuation mark who instead ends up at [[coma]]: : [[Coma]] : {{Distinguish|Comma}} Readers are presumed to recognize that they actually wanted ''comma'' by merely looking at the spelling, and this case generally requires no further explanation. However, {{tlx|distinguish}} is not suitable when the difference is not readily apparent without additional details. Consider a reader looking for a game they believe is named Reversi: : {{cross}} [[Reversi]] : {{Distinguish|Reversis}} In the above hatnote, it is not generally apparent how the suggested Reversis is different from Reversi, which is also a game. In this case you should use {{tlx|about}} instead of {{tlc|distinguish}}. The difference is to provide explanation upfront without requiring the reader to click through and differentiate the terms on their own. : {{tick}} [[Reversi]] : {{hatnote|This article is about the board game. For the card game, see [[Reversis]].}}<!-- Using a custom {{hatnote}} because {{about}} automatically detects the page type so it would replace "article" with "template". --> {{tlc|Distinguish}} should only be used when the ambiguity exists for a portion of the readership that is sufficient to warrant a hatnote. Care should be taken to [[WP:TRHAT|avoid trivial uses]]. == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "Name of article", "description": "Name of article that you want to link to", "type": "wiki-page-name", "suggested": true }, "2": { "label": "Optional additional article to link (2)", "description": "Optional additional article to link", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "3": { "label": "Optional additional article to link (3)", "description": "Optional additional article to link", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "4": { "label": "Optional additional article to link (4)", "description": "Optional additional article to link", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "text": { "label": "Custom text", "description": "Custom message in wikitext; e.g. \"[[foo]] and [[Bar (computer science)|bar]]\" produces \"Not to be confused with [[foo]] and [[Bar (computer science)|bar]].\"", "type": "string" }, "selfref": { "label": "Self reference", "description": "If set, marks note as being a self reference, to not be shown when content is reused", "type": "boolean" } }, "description": "A hatnote used when there is an ambiguity in an article's title.", "paramOrder": [ "1", "2", "3", "4", "text", "selfref" ], "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == Redirects == * {{tl|Confused}} * {{tl|Confuse}} * {{tl|Nottobeconfusedwith}} * {{tl|Ntbcw}} == See also == * {{tl|About}} * {{tl|Category distinguish}} * {{tl|For}} * {{tl|Redirect}} * {{tl|R from misspelling}} {{Hatnote templates}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Add categories below this line, and interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Disambiguation and redirection hatnote templates]] }}</includeonly> 1qyhzcwq9r2xsd8c5nyfgb3y0g1xkte 10 32329 117442 84006 2025-12-27T18:00:09Z en>MusikBot II 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Str startswith]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 2500 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite) [Move=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite)) 84005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:String2|startswith|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> admwkurg6pig74rt1av1zk5dbjjphnq 117443 117442 2026-07-16T13:08:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Str_startswith]] 84005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:String2|startswith|1={{{1}}}|2={{{2}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> admwkurg6pig74rt1av1zk5dbjjphnq 10 47761 117461 116781 2026-07-16T13:28:10Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 117461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar | name = Mndandanda wa Donald Trump | templatestyles = Sidebar person/styles.css | class = sidebar-person vcard hlist | style = border-color: #d69d36 | wraplinks = true | title = <table><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;">[[File:{{PAGENAME:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (3x4 close cropped).jpg}}|75px|border]]</td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>{{color| #FFF|Nkhani iyi njumo mwa <br/>mndandanda wa nkhani za}}</div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">{{colored link| #FFF|Donald Trump|Donald Trump}}</span></span></td> </tr></table> | content1 = ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Umoyo na bizinesi|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Umoyo na bizinesi|y|}}}} *[[Umoyo wakwambilira na masambiro gha Donald Trump|Umoyo wakwambilira na masambiro]] *[[Ntchito za bizinesi za Donald Trump|Ntchito za bizinesi]] **[[The Trump Organization]] **[[Chuma cha Donald Trump|chuma]] **[[Mautesi gha Donald Trump|mautesi]] *[[Ntchito za Donald Trump mu vyakuwoneska|Ntchito mu vyakuwoneska]] **[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|''The Apprentice'']] **[[Mabuku gha Donald Trump|mabuku]] **[[Mafilimu gha Donald Trump|mafilimu]] *[[Mbumba ya Trump|Mbumba]] *[[Vyaka na suzgo za umoyo za Donald Trump|Vyaka na umoyo]] *[[Donald J. Trump Foundation|Maziko]] *[[Mawonekero gha Donald Trump ku ŵanthu|Mawonekero ku ŵanthu]] **[[Donald Trump mu mitheto ya ŵanthu|Mu mitheto ya ŵanthu]] **[[Trump Always Chickens Out|"Trump nyengo zose wakopa"]] **[[Mndandanda wa vinthu ivyo vili na zina la Donald Trump|Mazina ghakufuma ku zina lake]] **[[Mazina ghakubisika agho Donald Trump wakagwiliskiranga ntchito|Mazina ghakubisika]] **[[Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump|Maseŵero ghakumuseka gha ''SNL'']] *[[Nyumba za Donald Trump|Malo ghakukhalamo]] *[[Donald Trump na mpira wa ku America|Mpira wa ku America]] *[[Donald Trump na gofu|Gofu]] *[[Mndandanda wa mphotho na ntchindi izo Donald Trump wakapokera|Ntchindi]] *[[Nkhani za malango za umoyo na bizinesi za Donald Trump|Nkhani za malango]] **[[Milandu yakuyowoyeka pa Donald Trump|Milandu]] *[[Milandu yakuti Donald Trump wakachita nkhaza za kugonana|Milandu ya nkhaza za kugonana]] **[[Umo Donald Trump na Jeffrey Epstein ŵakakolerananga|Makwati gha Epstein]] *[[Vipusikizgo vya Donald Trump|Vipusikizgo]] *[[Donald Trump na kupana mawoko|Kupana mawoko]] *[[Vyakuchitika vya chitetezo vyakukhwaskana na Donald Trump|Milandu yakuti ŵakakhumbanga kumukoma]] **[[2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident|NV]] **[[Kuyeseka kumukoma Donald Trump mu Pennsylvania|PA]] ***[[Thomas Crooks|wakuchita]] ***[[Vithuzi vya Donald Trump wakwezga chinkhupu|vithuzi]] **[[Kuyeseka kumukoma Donald Trump mu Florida|FL]] ***[[Ryan Routh|wakuchita]] **[[2026 White House Correspondents' Dinner shooting|DC]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Trumpism|Mawonekero na fundo za ndyali]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Mawonekero na fundo za ndyali|y|}}}} *[[Trumpism]] *[[Mawonekero gha ndyali gha Donald Trump|Mawonekero gha ndyali]] *[[Mndandanda wa awo awozomera Donald Trump|Kuzomerezga]] *[[Make America Great Again|"Pangaso America yiŵe yikuru"]] **[[Mwendu wa MAGA|Mwendu]] *[[Umo Donald Trump wakuyowoyera|Umo wakuyowoyera]] **[[Mndandanda wa mazina ghakusekeska agho Donald Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito|Mazina ghakusekeska]] *[[Donald Trump na chisopa|Chisopa]] *[[Mawonekero gha mtundu gha Donald Trump|Mawonekero pa nkhani za mitundu]] *[[Donald Trump na kususkana na Ŵayuda|Kususkana na Ŵayuda]] *[[Donald Trump na fascism|Fascism]] *[[Mndandanda wa maghanoghano gha chiwembu agho Donald Trump wakukhozgera|Maghanoghano gha chiwembu]] *[[Mazgu ghautesi panji ghakupuluska gha Donald Trump|Kupharazga vinthu vyautesi]] *[[Trump derangement syndrome|"Matenda gha kusuzgika maghanoghano gha Trump"]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Mulongozgi wa 45 na 47 wa United States|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Mulongozgi wa 45 na 47 wa United States|y|}}}} *Nyengo za ulongozgi **[[Nyengo yakwamba ya ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Nyengo yachiŵiri ya ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|yachiŵiri]] **[[Mndandanda wa nyengo za ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|mndandanda wa nyengo]] *Vikusintha vya maulamuliro **[[Kusintha kwakwamba kwa ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|kwakwamba]] **[[Kusintha kwachiŵiri kwa ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|kwachiŵiri]] *Kwimikika pa udindo wa ulongozgi **[[Kwimikika kwakwamba kwa Donald Trump pa udindo wa ulongozgi|kwakwamba]] **[[Kwimikika kwachiŵiri kwa Donald Trump pa udindo wa ulongozgi|kwachiŵiri]] *[[Layibulare ya ulongozgi ya Donald J. Trump|Layibulare ya ulongozgi]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Nyengo ya ulongozgi|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Nyengo ya ulongozgi|y|}}}} *Masiku 100 ghakwamba **[[Masiku 100 ghakwamba gha nyengo yakwamba ya ulongozgi wa Trump|ghakwamba]] **[[Masiku 100 ghakwamba gha nyengo yachiŵiri ya ulongozgi wa Trump|yachiŵiri]] *[[Mndandanda wa ivyo Donald Trump wakachita nga ni mulongozgi|Ivyo wakachita nga ni mulongozgi]] **[[Mulongozgi wa Trump wakupanga malango (kusazgirapo)|malango gha ulongozgi]] **[[Mndandanda wa mazgu gha Donald Trump nga ni mulongozgi|mazgu gha ulongozgi]] **[[Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo Donald Trump wakaŵalekulira mulandu (kusazgirapo)|kulekelera milandu]] *[[Mndandanda wa maulendo gha Donald Trump nga ni mulongozgi|Maulendo]] **[[Mndandanda wa maulendo gha Donald Trump ku vyaru vinyake|ku vyaru vinyake]] *Kupima maghanoghano gha ŵanthu **[[Kupima maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nyengo yakwamba ya ulongozgi wa Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Kupima maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nyengo yachiŵiri ya ulongozgi wa Trump|yachiŵiri]] *[[Nkhani za malango za Donald Trump|Nkhani za malango]] *[[Kususka Donald Trump|Kususka]] *[[Umo Donald Trump wakugwiliskira ntchito ma social media|Ma social media]] ([[Umo Donald Trump wakugwiliskira ntchito X|X]]) {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Mawonekero gha ndyali gha Donald Trump|Ndondomeko]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Ndondomeko|y|}}}} *Mu charu **[[Ndondomeko ya mu charu ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya mu charu ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] *Vyachuma **[[Ndondomeko ya vyachuma ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya vyachuma ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] **Mautesi gha malonda ***[[Mautesi gha malonda mu boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] ***[[Mautesi gha malonda mu boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] ****[[Mautesi gha zuŵa la wanangwa]] **Nkhondo za malonda ***[[Nkhondo ya malonda ya China na United States|China]] ***[[Nkhondo ya malonda ya United States na Canada kweniso Mexico ya 2025–2026|Canada na Mexico]] *Chilengedwe **[[Ndondomeko ya chilengedwe ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya chilengedwe ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] ***[[Donald Trump na nkhongono ya mphepo|nkhongono ya mphepo]] *Vyachilendo **[[Ndondomeko ya vyachilendo ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya vyachilendo ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] **[[America First (ndondomeko)|America First]] **[[Kusazgirako charu kwa America mu nyengo ya Donald Trump|Kusazgirako charu kwa America]] **[[Chiphunzitso cha Donroe]] ***[[Operation Southern Spear]] ***[[Suzgo la Greenland]] **[[Makwati gha Iran|Iran]] ***[[Umo ubwezi wa Iran na United States ukaŵira mu boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] ***[[Umo ubwezi wa Iran na United States ukaŵira mu boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] ****[[Nkhondo ya Iran ya 2026]] *Boma kujara ntchito **[[Kujara kwa boma la United States mu Janyuwale 2018|2018]] **[[Kujara kwa boma la United States kwa 2018–2019|2018–2019]] **[[Kujara kwa boma la United States kwa 2025|2025]] **[[Kujara kwa maboma gha United States mu 2026|2026]] *Ŵalendo **[[Ndondomeko ya ŵalendo ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya ŵalendo ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] *[[Ndondomeko ya vyakuzenga ya Donald Trump|Vyakuzenga]] *Vya ŵanthu **[[Ndondomeko ya vya ŵanthu ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya vya ŵanthu ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] **chamba ***[[Ndondomeko ya chamba ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] ***[[Ndondomeko ya chamba ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] *Ndondomeko ya mlengalenga **[[Ndondomeko ya mlengalenga ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya mlengalenga ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Kusankhika kwa ŵanthu mu boma la Trump (kusazgirapo)|Kusankhika]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Kusankhika|y|}}}} *[[Kabineti yakwamba ya Donald Trump|Kabineti yakwamba]] *[[Kabineti yachiŵiri ya Donald Trump|Kabineti yachiŵiri]] *[[Mndandanda wa ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru awo Donald Trump wakasankha (kusazgirapo)|Ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru]] *[[Mndandanda wa ŵeruzgi ŵa boma awo Donald Trump wakasankha|Ŵeruzgi ŵa boma]] **[[Kusankhika kwa Neil Gorsuch ku Khoti Likuru Chomene|Gorsuch]] **[[Kusankhika kwa Brett Kavanaugh ku Khoti Likuru Chomene|Kavanaugh]] **[[Kusankhika kwa Amy Coney Barrett ku Khoti Likuru Chomene|Barrett]] **[[Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusankhika ku Khoti Likuru Chomene la Donald Trump|Ŵakusankhika ku Khoti Likuru Chomene]] *[[Kusankhika kwa ŵanthu mu Ofesi Yakulongozga ya Donald Trump (kusazgirapo)|Ŵalongozgi]] *[[Mndandanda wa maloya gha United States agho Donald Trump wakasankha|Maloya gha United States]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Nkhani za ndyali za Donald Trump|Mapulogalamu gha kusankhika ku ulaŵiliri]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Campaigns|y|}}}} *[[Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2000|2000]] **[[Mavoti ghakwamba gha chipani cha Reform Party gha 2000 gha kusankhika kwa mulongozgi|mavoti ghakwamba]] *[[Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2016|2016]] **[[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2016|visola]] **[[Mavoti ghakwamba gha chipani cha Republican gha 2016 gha kusankhika kwa mulongozgi|mavoti ghakwamba]] **[[Mndandanda wa ivyo vikakhozgera pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2016|ivyakukhozgera]] **[[Mndandanda wa maungano gha pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2016|maungano]] **[[Ungano wa National wa chipani cha Republican wa 2016|ungano]] **[[Mijilano ya visola vya mlongozgi wa United States ya 2016|mijilano]] **[[Gulu la Never Trump]] ***[[Mndandanda wa ŵa Republican awo ŵakasuskanga pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2016|ŵanthu]] **[[Tepu ya Donald Trump ya Access Hollywood|tepu ya ''Access Hollywood'']] **[[Ivyo vikayowoyeka vya kutera mafoni ku Trump Tower|ivyakuyowoya vya kutera mafoni]] **[[Spygate (nthowa yakugomezga yayi)|Spygate]] *[[Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2020|2020]] **[[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2020|visola]] **[[Mavoti ghakwamba gha chipani cha Republican gha 2020 gha kusankhika kwa mulongozgi|mavoti ghakwamba]] **ivyakukhozgera ***[[Mndandanda wa ivyo vikakhozgera vya ndyali vya pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2020|vya ndyali]] ***[[Mndandanda wa ivyo vikakhozgera yayi vya ndyali vya pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2020|vya nga ni ndyali yayi]] **[[Mndandanda wa ŵa Republican awo ŵakasuskanga pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2020|kususka]] **[[Mndandanda wa maungano gha Donald Trump (Disembala 2016–2022)#Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa mulongozgi ya 2020|maungano]] **[[Ungano wa National wa chipani cha Republican wa 2020|ungano]] **[[Mijilano ya visola vya mlongozgi wa United States ya 2020|mijilano]] **[[Ivyo ŵa Republican ŵakayowoya pa ivyo Donald Trump wakayowoya vya chinyengo pa visola vya 2020|ivyo ŵa GOP ŵakayowoya pa ivyo vikuyowoyeka vya chinyengo pa visola]] **[[Kuyowoya pa foni kwa Trump na Raffensperger]] *[[Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2024|2024]] **[[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2024|visola]] **[[Mavoti ghakwamba gha chipani cha Republican gha 2024 gha kusankhika kwa mulongozgi|mavoti ghakwamba]] **[[Mndandanda wa ivyo vikakhozgera pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2024|ivyakukhozgera]] **[[Mndandanda wa ŵa Republican awo ŵakasuskanga pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2024|kususka]] **[[Kwenelera kwa Donald Trump kuŵa mulongozgi|kwenelera]] **[[Agenda 47]] **[[Mndandanda wa maungano gha pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2024|maungano]] **[[Ungano wa National wa chipani cha Republican wa 2024|ungano]] **[[Mijilano ya visola vya mlongozgi wa United States ya 2024|mijilano]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Kuyezgeka mu ofesi (Impeachments)|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Impeachments|y|}}}} *[[Ivyo vikachitika kuti Donald Trump wazgeke mu ofesi|Mazgo gha kuyezga]] **[[Mndandanda wa vigamulo vya kuzomera kuyuzga Donald Trump ivyo vikaŵikika|vigamulo]] *[[Kuyuzga kwakwamba kwa Donald Trump|Kuyuzga kwakwamba]] **[[Nkhani ya Trump–Ukraine]] **[[Kafukufuku wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri pa kuyuzga Donald Trump|Kafukufuku wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]] **[[Mlandu wakwamba wa kuyuzga Donald Trump mu Senate|Mlandu mu Senate]] *[[Kuyuzga kachiŵiri kwa Donald Trump|Kuyuzga kachiŵiri]] **[[Kuwukira kwa Capitol ya United States pa 6 Januwale|Kuwukira kwa Capitol]] **[[Mlandu wachiŵiri wa kuyuzga Donald Trump mu Senate|Mlandu mu Senate]] *[[Ivyo vikupemphereka kuti milandu ya kuyuzga Donald Trump yifutike|Ivyo vikupemphereka kuti vifutike]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Milandu ya khoti (Prosecutions)|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Civil and Criminal Prosecutions|y|}}}} *[[Mlandu wa boma la United States pa Donald Trump (mulandu wakukanizga visola vya 2020)|Kuzomera mulandu wa boma pa visola vya 2020]] *[[Mlandu wa boma la United States pa Donald Trump (mulandu wa makalata gha chinsisi)|Kuzomera mulandu wa boma pa makalata gha chinsisi]] **[[Kafukufuku wa wakuphara wapadera Smith|kafukufuku wa wakuphara wapadera]] **[[Kafukufuku wa FBI pa umo Donald Trump wakasungira makalata gha boma|Plasmic Echo]] **[[Kusanda kwa FBI ku Mar-a-Lago]] **''[[Trump v. United States (2022)|Trump v. United States]]'' *[[Kuyuzga Donald Trump ku New York|Kuzomera mulandu ku New York]] **[[Nkhani ya Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump|nkhani ya Stormy Daniels]] **[[Karen McDougal#Ubwezi na Donald Trump|ubwezi wa Karen McDougal]] **[[Kafukufuku wa New York pa bungwe la Trump|chinyengo cha ndalama]] *[[Mlandu wa Georgia pa kukolerana kuti ŵasinthe vyakusora|Kuzomera mulandu wa Georgia]] **[[Kafukufuku wa visola vya Georgia vya 2020|kafukufuku wa visola vya Georgia]] **[[Chithuzi cha Donald Trump pakukakika|chithuzi chakukakika]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Mauchoko gha boma la Trump pa nyengo ya muliri wa COVID-19|Muliri wa COVID-19]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|COVID-19|y|}}}} *[[Gulu la White House la Coronavirus|Gulu lakuwona vya muliri]] *[[Ivyo boma la United States likachita pa muliri wa COVID-19|Ivyo boma likachita]] **[[Malamulo gha kovwira chuma (vyachuma)|malamulo gha kovwira chuma]] ***[[Dango la CARES]] ***[[Dango la Consolidated Appropriations la 2021]] **[[Operation Warp Speed]] *[[Kuphulika kwa COVID-19 mu White House|Kuphulika kwa muliri mu White House]] *[[Kusazgikira kwa ndale za boma la Trump pa mabungwe gha sayansi|Kusazgikira pa mabungwe gha sayansi]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|Donald Trump|<!-- Silekaniko ca zina la pulezidenti pa peji lake likuru la mbiri ya pulezidenti, apo lili kale mu infobox. -->| <div class="skin-invert-image">[[File:{{PAGENAME:Trumpsignature2025.svg}}|150px|class=notpageimage|link=Donald Trump|Zina la Donald Trump lakulemba]]</div>}} [[File:Seal of the President of the United States.svg|link=|alt=Chidindo cha Pulezidenti wa United States|70px]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Donald Trump/doc}} [[Category:President of the United States sidebar templates]] [[Category:Donald Trump-related templates]] </noinclude> tb2umv8x048fa0l1at1zk9dsvqbgzv4 117462 117461 2026-07-16T13:29:30Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 117462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar | name = Mndandanda wa Donald Trump | templatestyles = Sidebar person/styles.css | class = sidebar-person vcard hlist | style = border-color: #d69d36 | wraplinks = true | title = <table><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;">[[File:{{PAGENAME:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (3x4 close cropped).jpg}}|75px|border]]</td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>{{color| #FFF|Nkhani iyi njumo mwa <br/>mndandanda wa nkhani za}}</div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn">{{colored link| #FFF|Donald Trump|Donald Trump}}</span></span></td> </tr></table> | content1 = ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Umoyo na bizinesi|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Umoyo na bizinesi|y|}}}} *[[Umoyo wakwambilira na masambiro gha Donald Trump|Umoyo wakwambilira na masambiro]] *[[Ntchito za bizinesi za Donald Trump|Ntchito za bizinesi]] **[[The Trump Organization]] **[[Chuma cha Donald Trump|chuma]] **[[Mautesi gha Donald Trump|mautesi]] *[[Ntchito za Donald Trump mu vyakuwoneska|Ntchito mu vyakuwoneska]] **[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|''The Apprentice'']] **[[Mabuku gha Donald Trump|mabuku]] **[[Mafilimu gha Donald Trump|mafilimu]] *[[Mbumba ya Trump|Mbumba]] *[[Vyaka na suzgo za umoyo za Donald Trump|Vyaka na umoyo]] *[[Donald J. Trump Foundation|Maziko]] *[[Mawonekero gha Donald Trump ku ŵanthu|Mawonekero ku ŵanthu]] **[[Donald Trump mu mitheto ya ŵanthu|Mu mitheto ya ŵanthu]] **[[Trump Always Chickens Out|"Trump nyengo zose wakopa"]] **[[Mndandanda wa vinthu ivyo vili na zina la Donald Trump|Mazina ghakufuma ku zina lake]] **[[Mazina ghakubisika agho Donald Trump wakagwiliskiranga ntchito|Mazina ghakubisika]] **[[Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump|Maseŵero ghakumuseka gha ''SNL'']] *[[Nyumba za Donald Trump|Malo ghakukhalamo]] *[[Donald Trump na mpira wa ku America|Mpira wa ku America]] *[[Donald Trump na gofu|Gofu]] *[[Mndandanda wa mphotho na ntchindi izo Donald Trump wakapokera|Ntchindi]] *[[Nkhani za malango za umoyo na bizinesi za Donald Trump|Nkhani za malango]] **[[Milandu yakuyowoyeka pa Donald Trump|Milandu]] *[[Milandu yakuti Donald Trump wakachita nkhaza za kugonana|Milandu ya nkhaza za kugonana]] **[[Umo Donald Trump na Jeffrey Epstein ŵakakolerananga|Makwati gha Epstein]] *[[Vipusikizgo vya Donald Trump|Vipusikizgo]] *[[Donald Trump na kupana mawoko|Kupana mawoko]] *[[Vyakuchitika vya chitetezo vyakukhwaskana na Donald Trump|Milandu yakuti ŵakakhumbanga kumukoma]] **[[2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident|NV]] **[[Kuyeseka kumukoma Donald Trump mu Pennsylvania|PA]] ***[[Thomas Crooks|wakuchita]] ***[[Vithuzi vya Donald Trump wakwezga chinkhupu|vithuzi]] **[[Kuyeseka kumukoma Donald Trump mu Florida|FL]] ***[[Ryan Routh|wakuchita]] **[[2026 White House Correspondents' Dinner shooting|DC]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Trumpism|Mawonekero na fundo za ndyali]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Mawonekero na fundo za ndyali|y|}}}} *[[Trumpism]] *[[Mawonekero gha ndyali gha Donald Trump|Mawonekero gha ndyali]] *[[Mndandanda wa awo awozomera Donald Trump|Kuzomerezga]] *[[Make America Great Again|"Pangaso America yiŵe yikuru"]] **[[Mwendu wa MAGA|Mwendu]] *[[Umo Donald Trump wakuyowoyera|Umo wakuyowoyera]] **[[Mndandanda wa mazina ghakusekeska agho Donald Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito|Mazina ghakusekeska]] *[[Donald Trump na chisopa|Chisopa]] *[[Mawonekero gha mtundu gha Donald Trump|Mawonekero pa nkhani za mitundu]] *[[Donald Trump na kususkana na Ŵayuda|Kususkana na Ŵayuda]] *[[Donald Trump na fascism|Fascism]] *[[Mndandanda wa maghanoghano gha chiwembu agho Donald Trump wakukhozgera|Maghanoghano gha chiwembu]] *[[Mazgu ghautesi panji ghakupuluska gha Donald Trump|Kupharazga vinthu vyautesi]] *[[Trump derangement syndrome|"Matenda gha kusuzgika maghanoghano gha Trump"]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Mulongozgi wa 45 na 47 wa United States|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Mulongozgi wa 45 na 47 wa United States|y|}}}} *Nyengo za ulongozgi **[[Nyengo yakwamba ya ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Nyengo yachiŵiri ya ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|yachiŵiri]] **[[Mndandanda wa nyengo za ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|mndandanda wa nyengo]] *Vikusintha vya maulamuliro **[[Kusintha kwakwamba kwa ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|kwakwamba]] **[[Kusintha kwachiŵiri kwa ulongozgi wa Donald Trump|kwachiŵiri]] *Kwimikika pa udindo wa ulongozgi **[[Kwimikika kwakwamba kwa Donald Trump pa udindo wa ulongozgi|kwakwamba]] **[[Kwimikika kwachiŵiri kwa Donald Trump pa udindo wa ulongozgi|kwachiŵiri]] *[[Layibulare ya ulongozgi ya Donald J. Trump|Layibulare ya ulongozgi]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Nyengo ya ulongozgi|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Nyengo ya ulongozgi|y|}}}} *Masiku 100 ghakwamba **[[Masiku 100 ghakwamba gha nyengo yakwamba ya ulongozgi wa Trump|ghakwamba]] **[[Masiku 100 ghakwamba gha nyengo yachiŵiri ya ulongozgi wa Trump|yachiŵiri]] *[[Mndandanda wa ivyo Donald Trump wakachita nga ni mulongozgi|Ivyo wakachita nga ni mulongozgi]] **[[Mulongozgi wa Trump wakupanga malango (kusazgirapo)|malango gha ulongozgi]] **[[Mndandanda wa mazgu gha Donald Trump nga ni mulongozgi|mazgu gha ulongozgi]] **[[Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo Donald Trump wakaŵalekulira mulandu (kusazgirapo)|kulekelera milandu]] *[[Mndandanda wa maulendo gha Donald Trump nga ni mulongozgi|Maulendo]] **[[Mndandanda wa maulendo gha Donald Trump ku vyaru vinyake|ku vyaru vinyake]] *Kupima maghanoghano gha ŵanthu **[[Kupima maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nyengo yakwamba ya ulongozgi wa Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Kupima maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nyengo yachiŵiri ya ulongozgi wa Trump|yachiŵiri]] *[[Nkhani za malango za Donald Trump|Nkhani za malango]] *[[Kususka Donald Trump|Kususka]] *[[Umo Donald Trump wakugwiliskira ntchito ma social media|Ma social media]] ([[Umo Donald Trump wakugwiliskira ntchito X|X]]) {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Mawonekero gha ndyali gha Donald Trump|Ndondomeko]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Ndondomeko|y|}}}} *Mu charu **[[Ndondomeko ya mu charu ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya mu charu ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] *Vyachuma **[[Ndondomeko ya vyachuma ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya vyachuma ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] **Mautesi gha malonda ***[[Mautesi gha malonda mu boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] ***[[Mautesi gha malonda mu boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] ****[[Mautesi gha zuŵa la wanangwa]] **Nkhondo za malonda ***[[Nkhondo ya malonda ya China na United States|China]] ***[[Nkhondo ya malonda ya United States na Canada kweniso Mexico ya 2025–2026|Canada na Mexico]] *Chilengedwe **[[Ndondomeko ya chilengedwe ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya chilengedwe ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] ***[[Donald Trump na nkhongono ya mphepo|nkhongono ya mphepo]] *Vyachilendo **[[Ndondomeko ya vyachilendo ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya vyachilendo ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] **[[America First (ndondomeko)|America First]] **[[Kusazgirako charu kwa America mu nyengo ya Donald Trump|Kusazgirako charu kwa America]] **[[Chiphunzitso cha Donroe]] ***[[Operation Southern Spear]] ***[[Suzgo la Greenland]] **[[Makwati gha Iran|Iran]] ***[[Umo ubwezi wa Iran na United States ukaŵira mu boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] ***[[Umo ubwezi wa Iran na United States ukaŵira mu boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] ****[[Nkhondo ya Iran ya 2026]] *Boma kujara ntchito **[[Kujara kwa boma la United States mu Janyuwale 2018|2018]] **[[Kujara kwa boma la United States kwa 2018–2019|2018–2019]] **[[Kujara kwa boma la United States kwa 2025|2025]] **[[Kujara kwa maboma gha United States mu 2026|2026]] *Ŵalendo **[[Ndondomeko ya ŵalendo ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya ŵalendo ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] *[[Ndondomeko ya vyakuzenga ya Donald Trump|Vyakuzenga]] *Vya ŵanthu **[[Ndondomeko ya vya ŵanthu ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya vya ŵanthu ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] **chamba ***[[Ndondomeko ya chamba ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] ***[[Ndondomeko ya chamba ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] *Ndondomeko ya mlengalenga **[[Ndondomeko ya mlengalenga ya boma lakwamba la Trump|yakwamba]] **[[Ndondomeko ya mlengalenga ya boma lachiŵiri la Trump|yachiŵiri]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Kusankhika kwa ŵanthu mu boma la Trump (kusazgirapo)|Kusankhika]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Kusankhika|y|}}}} *[[Kabineti yakwamba ya Donald Trump|Kabineti yakwamba]] *[[Kabineti yachiŵiri ya Donald Trump|Kabineti yachiŵiri]] *[[Mndandanda wa ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru awo Donald Trump wakasankha (kusazgirapo)|Ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru]] *[[Mndandanda wa ŵeruzgi ŵa boma awo Donald Trump wakasankha|Ŵeruzgi ŵa boma]] **[[Kusankhika kwa Neil Gorsuch ku Khoti Likuru Chomene|Gorsuch]] **[[Kusankhika kwa Brett Kavanaugh ku Khoti Likuru Chomene|Kavanaugh]] **[[Kusankhika kwa Amy Coney Barrett ku Khoti Likuru Chomene|Barrett]] **[[Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusankhika ku Khoti Likuru Chomene la Donald Trump|Ŵakusankhika ku Khoti Likuru Chomene]] *[[Kusankhika kwa ŵanthu mu Ofesi Yakulongozga ya Donald Trump (kusazgirapo)|Ŵalongozgi]] *[[Mndandanda wa maloya gha United States agho Donald Trump wakasankha|Maloya gha United States]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Nkhani za ndyali za Donald Trump|Mapulogalamu gha kusankhika ku ulaŵiliri]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Campaigns|y|}}}} *[[Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2000|2000]] **[[Mavoti ghakwamba gha chipani cha Reform Party gha 2000 gha kusankhika kwa mulongozgi|mavoti ghakwamba]] *[[Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2016|2016]] **[[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2016|visola]] **[[Mavoti ghakwamba gha chipani cha Republican gha 2016 gha kusankhika kwa mulongozgi|mavoti ghakwamba]] **[[Mndandanda wa ivyo vikakhozgera pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2016|ivyakukhozgera]] **[[Mndandanda wa maungano gha pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2016|maungano]] **[[Ungano wa National wa chipani cha Republican wa 2016|ungano]] **[[Mijilano ya visola vya mlongozgi wa United States ya 2016|mijilano]] **[[Gulu la Never Trump]] ***[[Mndandanda wa ŵa Republican awo ŵakasuskanga pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2016|ŵanthu]] **[[Tepu ya Donald Trump ya Access Hollywood|tepu ya ''Access Hollywood'']] **[[Ivyo vikayowoyeka vya kutera mafoni ku Trump Tower|ivyakuyowoya vya kutera mafoni]] **[[Spygate (nthowa yakugomezga yayi)|Spygate]] *[[Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2020|2020]] **[[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2020|visola]] **[[Mavoti ghakwamba gha chipani cha Republican gha 2020 gha kusankhika kwa mulongozgi|mavoti ghakwamba]] **ivyakukhozgera ***[[Mndandanda wa ivyo vikakhozgera vya ndyali vya pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2020|vya ndyali]] ***[[Mndandanda wa ivyo vikakhozgera yayi vya ndyali vya pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2020|vya nga ni ndyali yayi]] **[[Mndandanda wa ŵa Republican awo ŵakasuskanga pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2020|kususka]] **[[Mndandanda wa maungano gha Donald Trump (Disembala 2016–2022)#Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa mulongozgi ya 2020|maungano]] **[[Ungano wa National wa chipani cha Republican wa 2020|ungano]] **[[Mijilano ya visola vya mlongozgi wa United States ya 2020|mijilano]] **[[Ivyo ŵa Republican ŵakayowoya pa ivyo Donald Trump wakayowoya vya chinyengo pa visola vya 2020|ivyo ŵa GOP ŵakayowoya pa ivyo vikuyowoyeka vya chinyengo pa visola]] **[[Kuyowoya pa foni kwa Trump na Raffensperger]] *[[Pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2024|2024]] **[[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2024|visola]] **[[Mavoti ghakwamba gha chipani cha Republican gha 2024 gha kusankhika kwa mulongozgi|mavoti ghakwamba]] **[[Mndandanda wa ivyo vikakhozgera pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2024|ivyakukhozgera]] **[[Mndandanda wa ŵa Republican awo ŵakasuskanga pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2024|kususka]] **[[Kwenelera kwa Donald Trump kuŵa mulongozgi|kwenelera]] **[[Agenda 47]] **[[Mndandanda wa maungano gha pulogalamu ya kusankhika kwa Donald Trump ya 2024|maungano]] **[[Ungano wa National wa chipani cha Republican wa 2024|ungano]] **[[Mijilano ya visola vya mlongozgi wa United States ya 2024|mijilano]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Kuyezgeka mu ofesi (Impeachments)|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Impeachments|y|}}}} *[[Ivyo vikachitika kuti Donald Trump wazgeke mu ofesi|Mazgo gha kuyezga]] **[[Mndandanda wa vigamulo vya kuzomera kuyuzga Donald Trump ivyo vikaŵikika|vigamulo]] *[[Kuyuzga kwakwamba kwa Donald Trump|Kuyuzga kwakwamba]] **[[Nkhani ya Trump–Ukraine]] **[[Kafukufuku wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri pa kuyuzga Donald Trump|Kafukufuku wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]] **[[Mlandu wakwamba wa kuyuzga Donald Trump mu Senate|Mlandu mu Senate]] *[[Kuyuzga kachiŵiri kwa Donald Trump|Kuyuzga kachiŵiri]] **[[Kuwukira kwa Capitol ya United States pa 6 Januwale|Kuwukira kwa Capitol]] **[[Mlandu wachiŵiri wa kuyuzga Donald Trump mu Senate|Mlandu mu Senate]] *[[Ivyo vikupemphereka kuti milandu ya kuyuzga Donald Trump yifutike|Ivyo vikupemphereka kuti vifutike]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=Milandu ya khoti (Prosecutions)|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|Civil and Criminal Prosecutions|y|}}}} *[[Mlandu wa boma la United States pa Donald Trump (mulandu wakukanizga visola vya 2020)|Kuzomera mulandu wa boma pa visola vya 2020]] *[[Mlandu wa boma la United States pa Donald Trump (mulandu wa makalata gha chinsisi)|Kuzomera mulandu wa boma pa makalata gha chinsisi]] **[[Kafukufuku wa wakuphara wapadera Smith|kafukufuku wa wakuphara wapadera]] **[[Kafukufuku wa FBI pa umo Donald Trump wakasungira makalata gha boma|Plasmic Echo]] **[[Kusanda kwa FBI ku Mar-a-Lago]] **''[[Trump v. United States (2022)|Trump v. United States]]'' *[[Kuyuzga Donald Trump ku New York|Kuzomera mulandu ku New York]] **[[Nkhani ya Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump|nkhani ya Stormy Daniels]] **[[Karen McDougal#Ubwezi na Donald Trump|ubwezi wa Karen McDougal]] **[[Kafukufuku wa New York pa bungwe la Trump|chinyengo cha ndalama]] *[[Mlandu wa Georgia pa kukolerana kuti ŵasinthe vyakusora|Kuzomera mulandu wa Georgia]] **[[Kafukufuku wa visola vya Georgia vya 2020|kafukufuku wa visola vya Georgia]] **[[Chithuzi cha Donald Trump pakukakika|chithuzi chakukakika]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{hidden begin|contentstyle=text-align:center;|title=[[Mauchoko gha boma la Trump pa nyengo ya muliri wa COVID-19|Muliri wa COVID-19]]|expanded=<noinclude>y</noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{{expanded|}}}|COVID-19|y|}}}} *[[Gulu la White House la Coronavirus|Gulu lakuwona vya muliri]] *[[Ivyo boma la United States likachita pa muliri wa COVID-19|Ivyo boma likachita]] **[[Malamulo gha kovwira chuma (vyachuma)|malamulo gha kovwira chuma]] ***[[Dango la CARES]] ***[[Dango la Consolidated Appropriations la 2021]] **[[Operation Warp Speed]] *[[Kuphulika kwa COVID-19 mu White House|Kuphulika kwa muliri mu White House]] *[[Kusazgikira kwa ndale za boma la Trump pa mabungwe gha sayansi|Kusazgikira pa mabungwe gha sayansi]] {{hidden end}} ---- {{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|Donald Trump|<!-- Silekaniko ca zina la pulezidenti pa peji lake likuru la mbiri ya pulezidenti, apo lili kale mu infobox. -->| <div class="skin-invert-image">[[File:{{PAGENAME:Trumpsignature2025.svg}}|150px|class=notpageimage|link=Donald Trump|Zina la Donald Trump lakulemba]]</div>}} [[File:Seal of the President of the United States.svg|link=|alt=Chidindo cha Pulezidenti wa United States|70px]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Template:Donald Trump/doc}} [[Category:Ma sidebar template gha Mlongozgi wa United States]] [[Category:Ma template ghakukhwaskana na Donald Trump]] </noinclude> qnitr1no70866ewbip17fclnzdsg3c0 0 47778 117391 116835 2026-07-16T12:50:39Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 117391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Banja la ku America la bizinesi na ndale}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=August 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox family | name = Banja la Trump | image = {{multiple image |align=center |direction=horizontal |border=infobox |image1=Frederick Trump (cropped).jpg |width1=92 |caption1=[[Frederick Trump]] |image2=Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped2) (b).jpg |width2=92 |caption2=[[Fred Trump]] |image3=Donald Trump in the Oval Office, June 2017 (cropped) (b).jpg |width3=96 |caption3=[[Donald Trump]] | total_width = }} | founder = Frederick Trump | origin = [[Kallstadt]], Germany | region = [[Msumba wa New York]] na [[Palm Beach, Florida]], U.S. | members = {{Collapsible list|[[Frederick Trump|Frederick]]|[[Fred Trump|Fred]]|[[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]]|[[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]]|[[Fred Trump III|Fred III]]|[[Mary L. Trump|Mary]]|[[Donald Trump|Donald]]|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Kai Trump|Kai]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|[[Eric Trump|Eric]]|[[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]|[[Barron Trump|Barron]]|[[Robert Trump|Robert]]|[[John G. Trump|John]]}} | connectedmembers = [[Elizabeth Christ Trump]][[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne Trump]][[John W. Walter]][[Melania Trump]][[Jared Kushner]][[Lara Trump]][[Michael Boulos]] | otherfamilies = [[Fuko la MacLeod]][[Banja la Kushner]] | current head = Donald Trump | titles = {{Collapsible list | [[Pulezidenti wa United States]] ([[Ulongozgi wakwamba wa Donald Trump|wa 45]] & [[Ulongozgi wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump|wa 47]]) | [[Mama wakwamba wa United States]] | [[Ofesi ya White House|Mulongozgi wa Ofesi ya Economic Initiatives and Entrepreneurship]] | [[Mulongozgi wa Pulezidenti wa United States#Mndandanda wa alangizi ŵa pulezidenti|Mulongozgi wa Pulezidenti]] | [[Mweruzgi wa boma la United States]] (wa [[Khoti la Chigaŵa la United States la Chigaŵa cha New Jersey|Khoti la Chigaŵa la New Jersey]] na [[Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu|Khoti la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu]]) | [[Udindo wa mweruzgi mukuru|Mweruzgi mukuru]] wa Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu | [[Republican National Committee|Wachiŵiri Mulongozgi wa Republican National Committee]] }} }} {{Donald Trump series|expanded=Life and business}} '''Banja la Trump''' ni banja lakumanyikwa chomene la ku America ilo lili na usambazi ukuru. Munthu uyo wakumanyikwa chomene mu banja ili ni [[Donald Trump]], mutu wa banja, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa 45 ndipo sono ni pulezidenti wa 47 wa [[Pulezidenti wa United States]] (2017–2021, 2025–sono). Ŵa Trump mba [[Ŵa Germany|Ŵa German]].{{cite web |url=https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php |title=Scottish Roots – Donald Trump |website=Scottish Roots |access-date=January 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126235639/https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php |archive-date=January 26, 2018 |url-status=live }} Mbakuchita bizinesi, vyakusanguluska, ndale, na vya malo na nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa mu banja ili ni awiske ŵa Donald Trump [[Fred Trump]], na sekuru ŵake [[Frederick Trump]]. == Banja lapafupi == === Mutu wa banja === ==== Donald Trump ==== {{Main|Donald Trump}} === Wives === ==== Ivana Trump ==== {{Main|Ivana Trump}} Ivana Marie Trump ({{née| Zelníčková}}), muwoli wakwamba wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa February 20, 1949, mu [[Zlín]], [[Czechoslovakia]] (sono [[Czech Republic]]). Wakaŵa wakuwoneska mafashoni na mwanakazi wa bizinesi uyo wakaŵa nzika ya ku United States mu 1988. Ŵakaŵa pa nthengwa kufuma mu 1977 m'paka 1990. Ivana wakafwa mu 2022 chifukwa cha [[Vikuluzikulu vya kuvulala chifukwa cha kugongana mwankhongono|vikuluzikulu vya kuvulala chifukwa cha kugongana mwankhongono]] pa [[Chifuŵa|chigaŵa cha thupi]] pamanyuma pakuti wawa pa masitepu pa nyumba yake ku [[Upper East Side]] ya [[Manhattan]]. Ivana wakaŵa mukuru wa [[Trump Organization]] kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, kusazgapo udindo wa vice president mukuru wa kapangidwe ka mukati mwa nyumba. Wakalongozga kapangidwe ka mukati mwa [[Trump Tower]] uko kukamanyikwa na malibwe gha pink marble. Ivana wakimikika kuŵa CEO kweniso pulezidenti wa [[Trump Castle Hotel and Casino]] mu [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa [[Plaza Hotel]] mu Manhattan. ==== Marla Maples ==== {{main|Marla Maples}} Marla Ann Maples, muwoli wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa October 27, 1963, mu [[Cohutta, Georgia]], U.S. Wakaŵa mulembi wa mafilimu, munthu wakumanyikwa pa kanema wa pa TV, wakuwoneska mafashoni, wakwimba sumu ndiposo wakulongozga mapulogalamu. Ŵakanjira nthengwa mu December 1993, myezi yiŵiri pamanyuma pa kubabika kwa mwana wawo mwanakazi [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]], ŵakapatukana mu 1997 ndipo ŵakaparana mu 1999.{{cite magazine|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |title=After The Gold Rush|date=September 1, 1990|access-date=September 1, 2016|magazine=Vanity Fair}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/21/nyregion/vows-it-s-a-wedding-blitz-for-trump-and-maples.html|title=It's a Wedding Blitz for Trump and Maples|date=December 21, 1993|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}} ==== Melania Trump ==== {{Main|Melania Trump}} Melania Trump ({{née|Knauss}}), muwoli wachitatu ndiposo wa sono wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa April 26, 1970, mu [[Novo Mesto]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (sono [[Slovenia]]). Wakaŵa na ntchito yitali ya kuwoneska mafashoni ndipo ni mama wakwamba wachiŵiri wa ku United States wakubabikira ku charu chinyake, wakwamba wakaŵa [[Louisa Adams]].{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/who-is-melania-trump |title=The Model American |newspaper=[[The New Yorker]] |date=May 9, 2016 |access-date=November 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726045037/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/who-is-melania-trump |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |url-status=live }} Ŵakanjira nthengwa mu 2005. Melania wakaŵa nzika ya ku United States pa July 28, 2006.{{Cite news |date=2018-08-09 |title=Melania Trump's Slovenian parents become US citizens |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45137752 |access-date=2022-07-07 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707012758/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45137752 |url-status=live }} Wakasamukira nyengo yeneyiyo yayi ku [[White House]] apo mfumu wake yikazgoka pulezidenti, kweni wakakhala ku [[Trump Tower]] pamoza na mwana wawo [[Barron Trump]] m'pakaumaliro wa chaka cha masambiro cha 2016–2017.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/politics/melania-trump-barron-trump-donald-trump-new-york-white-house.html |title=Melania and Barron Trump Won't Immediately Move to White House |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 20, 2016 |access-date=November 21, 2016 |first=Maggie |last=Haberman |author-link=Maggie Haberman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124083943/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/politics/melania-trump-barron-trump-donald-trump-new-york-white-house.html?_r=0 |archive-date=November 24, 2016 |url-status=live }} Melania na mwana wake ŵakasamukira ku White House pa June 11, 2017. === Ŵana === {{See also|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump]]|l1=Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald Trump na Marla Maples|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald Trump na Marla Maples]]|l2=#Donald Trump na Marla Maples|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Melania Trump|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Melania Trump]]|l3=#Donald na Melania Trump}} Trump wali na ŵana ŵankhondi kufuma ku nthengwa zitatu: [[Donald Trump Jr.|Don{{spaces}}Jr.]], [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]], na [[Eric Trump]] na [[Ivana Trump]]; [[Tiffany Trump]] na [[Marla Maples]]; kweniso [[Barron Trump|Barron]] na [[Melania Trump]]. ==== Nthengwa yakwamba ==== {{Main|Donald Trump Jr.|Ivanka Trump|Eric Trump}} Donald Jr., Ivanka, na Eric mbaŵana ŵatatu ŵalara chomene ŵa Trump, kufuma ku nthengwa yake yakwamba na [[Ivana Trump]]. Pambere visola vindachitike, waliyose wa ŵabali aŵa wakaŵa na udindo wa vice president mukuru pa [[Trump Organization]]. Pa nyengo ya kampeni, ŵakimilira awiske pa mapulogalamu gha nkhani gha charu chose. Pamanyuma pakuti Trump watonda pa visola, wose ŵatatu ŵakasankhika ku [[gulu la kusinthana kwa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti]]. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiskika mu udindo, Donald{{spaces}}Jr. na Eric ŵakapokera ulongozgi wa bizinesi ya mbumba ya malo na nyumba. Ivanka wakasamukira ku [[Washington, D.C.]], pamoza na mfumu wake [[Jared Kushner]], uyo wakimikika kuŵa [[Mulongozgi Mukuru wa Pulezidenti wa United States|mulongozgi mukuru wa White House]]. ==== Nthengwa yachiŵiri ==== {{Main|Tiffany Trump}} Tiffany Ariana Trump (wakababika pa October 13, 1993) ni mwana yekha wa Donald Trump na [[Marla Maples]]. Mu 2016, wakachitako pachoko waka pa kampeni ya awiske chifukwa wakasambiranga [[Sociology|sociology]] na [[Urban studies|masambiro gha misumba]] pa [[Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]]. Pati pajumpha kanyengo kachoko waka kufuma apo wakamalizgira masambiro ghake, wakayowoya mazgu ghakukhozgera awiske pa [[Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2016|Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2016]] apo wakaŵa na vyaka 22. Wakapokera digiri ya [[Doctor of Jurisprudence|J.D.]] kufuma ku [[Georgetown University Law Center]] mu [[Washington, D.C.]], mu May 2020. ==== Nthengwa yachitatu ==== {{main|Barron Trump}} [[File:Barron Trump at Donald Trump's second inauguration (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Barron Trump mu 2025]] Barron William Trump (wakababika pa March 20, 2006) ni mwana muchoko chomene wa Trump ndiposo mwana wake yekha na [[Melania Trump]]. Mu May 2006, Barron waka[[Ubapatizo|batizika]] ku tchalitchi la [[Tchalitchi la Episcopal (United States)|Episcopal]] la [[Bethesda-by-the-Sea]] ku Palm Beach, Florida. Wakasambira pa [[Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School]] mu [[Manhattan]] na [[Oxbridge Academy (Florida)|Oxbridge Academy]] mu [[West Palm Beach, Florida]]. Sono wakusambira pa [[Leonard N. Stern School of Business]] ya [[Yunivesite ya New York]] mu [[Manhattan]]. Padera pa [[Chingelezi|Chingelezi]], Barron wakuyowoya makora [[Chislovenia]]. Trump wakaŵa munthu wambura kunjilirapo mu ndale pa nyengo ya maulamuliro gha awiske, kweni wakakopa chidwi cha vyakupharazga nkhani nangauli Melania wakayezgayezga kulekeska mwana wake kulekana na ndale. Pamanyuma pakuti nyengo yakwamba ya ulamuliro wa awiske yamara, wakasamukira ku Florida ndipo wakamalizga masambiro mu May 2024 pa [[Oxbridge Academy]] mu [[West Palm Beach]]. Trump wakachemeka kuŵa mulembi mukuru wa Florida pa [[Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2024]], kweni wakakana. === Ŵazukuru === Trump wali na ŵazukuru 11. Mwana wake [[Donald Trump Jr.]] na muwoli wake wakale [[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa]] ŵali na ŵana ŵankhondi, mukuru wawo ni [[Kai Trump|Kai]]; mwana wake mwanakazi [[Ivanka Trump]] na mfumu wake [[Jared Kushner]] ŵali na ŵana ŵatatu; mwana wake [[Eric Trump]] na muwoli wake [[Lara Trump|Lara]] ŵali na ŵana ŵaŵiri; ndipo mwana wake mwanakazi [[Tiffany Trump]] na mfumu wake [[Michael Boulos]] ŵali na mwana yumoza. == Uthenga wa mphapu == [[File:Kallstadt Hauptstrasse.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kallstadt]], Germany, uko banja la Trump likwambira]] Kuyana na mulembi wa mbiri [[Gwenda Blair]], banja ili likafuma kwa loya wakwendakwenda zina lake Hanns Drumpf, uyo wakakhazikika mu [[Kallstadt]], msumba uchoko mu [[Electoral Palatinate]] wa [[Holy Roman Empire]], mu 1608, ndipo ŵana ŵake ŵakasintha zina la mbumba kufuma ku Drumpf kuya ku Trump pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makhumi Ghatatu]] (1618–1648). Zina la Trump likusangika mu mabuku gha Kallstadt kwambira m'ma 1700. Mupharazgi wa nkhani Kate Connolly, wakati waluta ku Kallstadt, wakasanga mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kalembero ka zina la mbumba mu mabuku gha msumba, kusazgapo Drumb, Tromb, Tromp, Trum, Trumpff, na Dromb. Johannes Trump, wakababikira mu msumba wapafupi wa [[Bobenheim am Berg]] mu 1789, wakaŵa mulimi wa mpheska mu Kallstadt kwambira m'ma 1830, apo malo agha ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]], uko muzukuru wake [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]], sekuru ŵa Donald Trump, wakababikira mu 1869. Ŵanandi mwa mphapu zake nawo ŵakaŵa [[Ŵalimi ŵa mpheska|ŵalimi ŵa mpheska]] mu Kallstadt, yimoza mwa misumba yinandi ya chigaŵa chakumanyikwa cha kulima mpheska cha [[Palatinate (chigaŵa)|Palatinate]] (''Pfalz''). Mudumbu wa Johannes Trump, Charlotte Louisa, wakatora Johann Georg Heinz. Ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa [[Henry J. Heinz]] (1844–1919), uyo wakambiska kampani ya [[Heinz]]. Mphapu iyi ya Chijeremani yikabiskika kwa nyengo yitali na awiske ŵa Donald Trump, [[Fred Trump]], awo ŵakakulira mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Chijeremani m'paka apo ŵakaŵa na vyaka 10;Blair, ''The Trumps'', p. 115. pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]] m'paka m'ma 1980, ŵakaphaliranga ŵanthu kuti ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya ku Sweden. Donald Trump nayo wakawerezgapo fundo iyi mu ''The Art of the Deal'' (1987), kweni pamanyuma wakati wakunyadira mphapu yake ya Chijeremani, ndipo wakaŵa [[Grand marshal|grand marshal]] wa [[German-American Steuben Parade]] wa 1999 mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Banja la Trump ku Germany likaŵa la [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]].The small town of Kallstadt has only one religious building, the Central Lutheran church. See [[Kallstadt]] for more information. Apapi ŵa Donald Trump ŵakasopanga ku [[First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens]], uko Trump waka[[Confirmation|khwaskika mu chisimikizgo]] mu 1959. === Mndandanda === {{Tree list}} [[File:Trumpoathofoffice2025.jpg|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumalyero: [[Barron Trump]], [[Donald Trump Jr.]], [[Eric Trump]], [[Ivanka Trump]], [[Tiffany Trump]], na [[Kai Trump]] (''kumanyuma kwa Tiffany'') pa [[Kukhazikiskika kwa Donald Trump mu 2025|kukhazikiskika kwa Donald Trump mu 2025]].]] {{Tree list/final branch}} Johann Paul Trump (1727–1792), wakatora Maria Elisabetha Setzer ** Charlotte Louisa Trump (1789–1833), wakatora Johann Georg Heinz *** John Henry Heinz (1811–1891), wakasamukira ku United States mu 1840, wakatora Anna Margaretha Schmidt (1822–1899), uyo nayo wakasamukira ku United States mu 1840{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PxqCy0R-VzAC |title= H.J. Heinz: A Biography |first= Quentin R. |last= Skrabec |publisher= McFarland & Company |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-7864-4178-5 |pages= 28–29}} **** [[Henry J. Heinz|Henry John Heinz]] (1844–1919), wakambiska kampani ya [[Heinz]]{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PxqCy0R-VzAC |title= H.J. Heinz: A Biography |first= Quentin R. |last= Skrabec |publisher= McFarland & Company |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-7864-4178-5 |page= 28}} ***** Howard Heinz (1877–1941) ****** [[Jack Heinz|Henry John "Jack" Heinz II]] (1908–1987), CEO wa [[Heinz|H. J. Heinz Company]], wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Joan Diehl (1911–1999) ******* [[John Heinz|Henry John Heinz III]], [[Mubali wa Congress ya United States|Mubali wa Congress]] ndipo pamanyuma [[Mndandanda wa ŵaseneta ŵa United States kufuma ku Pennsylvania|Seneta wa United States kufuma ku Pennsylvania]] (1938–1991), wakatora [[Teresa Heinz|Teresa Simões-Ferreira]] (wakababika mu 1938), uyo pamanyuma wakatoraso [[John Kerry]] ******** [[André Heinz]] (wakababika mu 1969) ******** [[Christopher Heinz]] (wakababika mu 1973) ** {{Tree list/final branch}} Johannes Trump (1789–1835), wakatora Susanna Maria Bechtloff *** Johannes Trump Jr. (1829–1877), wakatora Katharina Kober (1836–1922){{cite book | last = Blair | first = Gwenda | author-link = Gwenda Blair | title = The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate | publisher = Simon & Schuster | edition = 1st | date = 2001 | page = [https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/27 27] | url = https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/27 | isbn = 9780743210799 }} **** [[Friedrich Trump]] (1869–1918), wakumeta sisi, mulembi wa malo ghakurya na mahotelo, wakasamukira ku United States mu 1885/1905, ndipo wakatora [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]] (1880–1966), uyo nayo wakasamukira ku United States mu 1902/1905. ***** Elizabeth (Elisabeth) Trump (1904–1961), wakatora William Otto Walter ****** William Trump Walter (1931–2020) ****** [[John Whitney Walter]] (1934–2018), wakumanyikwa kuti ni "mulembi wa mbiri ya banja la Trump", meya wa nambara 14 wa [[Flower Hill, New York]], ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa mulembi wa mbiri ya msumba uwu,[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/us/politics/for-donald-trumps-family-an-immigrants-tale-with-2-beginnings.html For Donald Trump's Family, an Immigrant's Tale With 2 Beginnings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815192005/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/us/politics/for-donald-trumps-family-an-immigrants-tale-with-2-beginnings.html |date=August 15, 2018 }}, ''The New York Times'' wakatora Joan Smith{{cite web|url=https://theislandnow.com/news-98/john-walter-flower-hill-mayor-cousin-president-dies/|title=John Walter, Flower Hill mayor and cousin of the president, dies|date=January 10, 2018|publisher=The Island Now|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052147/https://theislandnow.com/news-98/john-walter-flower-hill-mayor-cousin-president-dies/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://fairchildsons.com/tribute/details/1766/John-Walter/obituary.html|title=Obituary of John Walter – Fairchild and Sons Funeral Chapel Inc.|website=fairchildsons.com|access-date=August 15, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052150/https://fairchildsons.com/tribute/details/1766/John-Walter/obituary.html|url-status=live}} ******* Christine Walter ******* Nancy Walter ******* {{Tree list/final branch}} Cindy Walter ***** [[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ "Fred" Trump]] (1905–1999), wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba, wakatora [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary MacLeod]] (1912–2000), uyo wakasamukira ku United States kufuma ku [[Scotland]] mu 1930. ****** [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne Trump]] (1937–2023), mweruzgi wa boma, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na David Desmond; pamanyuma wakatora John Barry ******* David William Desmond, wakatora Lisa Aitken ****** [[Fred Trump Jr.|Frederick Crist "Freddy" Trump Jr.]] (1938–1981), wakwendeska ndege wa [[Trans World Airlines|TWA]],{{Cite news |first=Gerber |last=Drew |date=August 3, 2016 |url=http://forward.com/news/346731/trumps-brother-rebelled-against-their-authoritarian-father-by-joining-a-jew/ |title=Trump's Brother Rebelled Against Their Authoritarian Father By Joining a Jewish Frat |newspaper=[[The Forward]] |access-date=January 23, 2017 |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120165856/http://forward.com/news/346731/trumps-brother-rebelled-against-their-authoritarian-father-by-joining-a-jew/ |url-status=live }} wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Linda Clapp ******* [[Fred Trump III|Frederick Crist "Fritz" Trump III]] (wakababika mu 1962), wakatora Lisa Beth Lorant{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|title=F. C. Trump 3d, Realty Manager, Weds Ms. Lorant|date=September 17, 1989|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005336/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Trump-family-gives-back-to-agency-that-helps-4590816.php|title=Trump family gives back to agency that helps developmental disabled|date=June 10, 2013|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052157/https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Trump-family-gives-back-to-agency-that-helps-4590816.php|url-status=live}} ******** Cristopher Trump ******** Andrea Trump ******** William Trump ******* [[Mary Lea Trump]] (wakababika mu 1965), wakusambira vya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu, mulembi, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Dina Nowak ******** {{Tree list/final branch}} Avary Trump{{cite news |last1=Phelps |first1=Rob |title=Mary L. Trump on her life as an openly gay member of the First Family |url=https://bostonspiritmagazine.com/2020/11/mary-l-trump-on-her-life-as-an-openly-gay-member-of-the-first-family/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |publisher=Boston Spirit Magazine |date=November 16, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714234334/https://bostonspiritmagazine.com/2020/11/mary-l-trump-on-her-life-as-an-openly-gay-member-of-the-first-family/ |url-status=live }} ****** Elizabeth Joan Trump (wakababika mu 1942), wakatora James Walter Grau ****** '''[[Donald Trump|Donald John Trump]]''' (wakababika mu 1946), wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba, pulezidenti wa 45 na wa 47 wa United States, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]] (1949–2022); wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Marla Maples]]; wakatora [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]] ******* [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald John Trump Jr.]] (wakababika mu 1977; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Vanessa Haydon]]; wakatora [[Bettina Anderson]] ******** [[Kai Trump|Kai Madison Trump]] (wakababika mu 2007; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Donald John Trump III (wakababika mu 2009; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Tristan Milos Trump (wakababika mu 2011; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Spencer Frederick Trump (wakababika mu 2012; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Chloe Sophia Trump (wakababika mu 2014; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******* [[Ivanka Trump|Ivana Marie "Ivanka" Trump]] (wakababika mu 1981; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora [[Jared Kushner]] ******** Arabella Rose Kushner (wakababika mu 2011) ******** Joseph Frederick Kushner (wakababika mu 2013) ******** Theodore James Kushner (wakababika mu 2016) ******* [[Eric Trump|Eric Frederick Trump]] (wakababika mu 1984; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora [[Lara Yunaska]] ******** Eric Luke Trump (wakababika mu 2017) ******** Carolina Dorothy Trump (wakababika mu 2019) ******* [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany Ariana Trump]] (wakababika mu 1993; wa nthengwa yachiŵiri), wakatora [[Michael Boulos]] ******** Alexander Trump Boulos (wakababika mu 2025) ******* {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Barron Trump|Barron William Trump]] (wakababika mu 2006; wa nthengwa yachitatu) ****** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Robert Trump|Robert Stewart Trump]] (1948–2020),{{Cite news|last=Phillips|first=Morgan|date=August 14, 2020|title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August 15, 2020|agency=Fox News|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}} wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]];{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/fashion/michael-kors-anna-wintour-gods-love-we-deliver-gala.html|title=Michael Kors, Anna Wintour, Kate Hudson and Blaine Trump at God's Love We Deliver Gala|date=October 18, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005439/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/fashion/michael-kors-anna-wintour-gods-love-we-deliver-gala.html|url-status=live |last1=Bernstein |first1=Jacob }} pamanyuma wakatora Ann Marie Pallan ***** [[John G. Trump|John George Trump]] (1907–1985), wakatora Elora Gordon Sauerbrun (1913–1983) ****** John Gordon Trump (1938–2012) ****** Christine Elora Trump Philp (1942–2021) ****** {{Tree list/final branch}} Karen Elizabeth Trump Ingraham (wakababika mu 1949) {{Tree list/end}} {{Trump family tree}} == Ŵapapi == === Fred Trump === {{Main|Fred Trump}} [[File:Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped2) (b).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Trump]] mu 1986]] Wiske wa Donald Trump, Fred Trump (1905–1999), wakababikira mu New York, wakaŵa munthu wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba wakuchita makora chomene mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Pakugwiliskira ntchito chiharo chawo, Fred Trump na anyina Elizabeth ŵakambiska kampani ya E. Trump & Son mu 1927.{{cite news|date=April 16, 1927|title=New concerns function with Queens capital|page=16|newspaper=The Daily Star|quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty.}} Kampani iyi yikakura ndipo yikazenga na kulaŵilira nyumba za mbumba yimoza mu [[Queens]], nyumba za ŵasilikari na maapartment gha munda gha ŵantchito ŵa [[Nkhondo ya pa Nyanja ya United States|U.S. Navy]] kufupi na malo ghakuru ghakuzengera ngalaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi, kweniso maapartment ghakujumpha 27,000 mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Trump wakafufuzika na komiti ya [[Seneti ya United States]] chifukwa cha [[Kupenja phindu mwakujumphizga mu bizinesi|kupenja phindu mwakujumphizga]] mu 1954, ndipo so na [[Boma la New York]] mu 1966.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=213–216}} Donald Trump wakaŵa pulezidenti wa bizinesi ya malo na nyumba ya wiske wake mu 1971, ndipo wakayizunura zina lakuti Trump Organization pafupifupi mu 1973. Chaka chenechicho, Donald na wiske ŵakapelekeka ku khoti na [[Dipatimenti ya Malango ya United States, Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu|Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu cha Dipatimenti ya Malango ya U.S.]] chifukwa cha kuswa [[Dango la Nyumba Zakwenelera kwa Wose]]. Pakati pa m'ma 1970, Donald wakapokera ngongoli kufuma kwa wiske wake zakujumpha $14{{spaces}} miliyoni (pamanyuma Donald wakati zikaŵa $1{{spaces}} miliyoni pera). Donald wakateŵetera nga ni mulaŵiliri mukuru na pulezidenti wa Trump Organization mpaka wakati waŵa [[Pulezidenti wa United States|Pulezidenti wa U.S.]]. === Mary Anne MacLeod Trump === {{Main|Mary Anne MacLeod Trump}} {{further|MacLeod}} Wakababika nga ni Mary Anne MacLeod (1912–2000) ku [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]], mizi uchoko kufupi na [[Stornoway]], mu [[Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vya Scotland|Western Isles]] vya Scotland. Wakaŵa mwana wa mulovi Malcolm MacLeod na Mary MacLeod ({{née|Smith}}). Wakati waŵa na vyaka 17, wakasamukira ku United States na madola 50 pera ({{Inflation|index=US|value=50|start_year=1929|fmt=eq}}), ndipo wakakhala na mudumbu wake pambere wandambe ntchito ya [[Muteŵeti wa pa nyumba|muteŵeti wa pa nyumba]] mu New York. Mary na Fred Trump ŵakakumana mu New York ndipo ŵakatorana mu 1936, na kukhazikika pamoza mu [[Queens]]. Mary wakaŵa mwanarume wa United States mu 1942. Apo Donald Trump wakaluta ku Scotland mu Juni 2008, wakati, "Nkhujipulika kuti nili wa ku Scotland." == Ŵasekuru == === Frederick Trump === {{Main|Frederick Trump}} Mu 1885, sekuru ŵa Donald Trump, Friedrich Trump, ŵakasamuka kufuma ku Kallstadt, Palatinate (pa nyengo iyo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]]) kuluta ku United States apo wakaŵa na vyaka 16. Wakasintha zina lake ku Chingelezi kuŵa ''Frederick'' mu 1892 apo wakaŵa mwanarume wa United States. Pa nyengo ya [[Kudumbuka kwa golide kwa Klondike]], wakasanga usambazi mwa kujura malo ghakurya na hotelo ku [[Bennett, British Columbia|Bennett]] ndipo pamanyuma ku [[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]], uko wakateŵeteranga [[Ŵakupenja golide|ŵakupenja golide]] awo ŵakalutanga ku chigaŵa ichi. Mulembi munyake wa mbiri wakalemba kuti bizinesi iyi yikaŵaso na nyumba ya uhule, ivyo Donald Trump wakati "mbutesi kwambura unenesko". Wakati wawelera ku Kallstadt mu 1901, Frederick wakatemwa Elisabeth Christ. Ŵakatorana mu 1902 ndipo ŵakaweleraso ku United States. Kweni Elisabeth wakakhumbanga kwawo, ntheura ŵakawelera ku Germany. Ndipouli, boma likamukanizga Frederick kukhazikika kwenekuko ndipo likamuchimbizga mu Germany mu 1905 chifukwa chakuti wakateŵetera yayi usilikari uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa ndipo wakaphalira yayi boma apo wakafumanga mu 1885. Kupempha kwake kukakanika. Wakafwa mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha nthenda ya [[Nthenda ya chimfine ya ku Spain]] mu 1918. Wakati wafwa, usambazi wake ukapokelereka na muwoli wake na mwana wake. === Elizabeth Christ Trump === {{Main|Elizabeth Christ Trump}} Donald Trump's grandmother, Elizabeth Christ Trump, was born in 1880 and died on June 6, 1966. She married Frederick Trump in 1902 and moved to the United States with him. Like her husband, she was a native of Kallstadt, born as the daughter of Philipp and Marie Christ. Philipp Christ was descended from Johannes Christ of [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump was a descendant of organ builder [[Johann Michael Hartung]] through her paternal grandmother Sabina Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS: Vorfahren von Frederick Christ TRUMP|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Siblings == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) was Donald Trump's eldest sister. She was a senior [[United States federal judge|federal judge]] on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit Court of Appeals]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's sister weighs in on Supreme Court pick|last=Goldmacher|first=Shane|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> became inactive in 2017 after her brother took office, and retired in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a |title=Trump's sister retires, negating judicial ethics complaints |work=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Larry |last1=Neumeister |first2=Maryclaire |last2=Dale |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}<ref name=":0">{{cite episode|title=Part 1: New Frontiers|series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty|date=February 25, 2019|time=1:21|network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}}</ref> was Donald Trump's older brother. On September 26, 1981,<ref name=":0" /> at the age of 42, he died from a heart attack.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (born 1942) is an older sister of Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Trumps: The family tree of Donald Trump|newspaper=MSN News|date=May 8, 2018|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1989, she married film producer James Grau.<ref name=jamesgrau>{{cite news|title=Elizabeth Trump weds James Grau|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 27, 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=live|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She worked as an administrative assistant for [[Chase Manhattan Bank]],<ref name=jamesgrau /> before retiring to Florida.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|location=Melville, New York City|first=Michael|last=Gavin|date=June 23, 2017|url=https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2026, she is the only living sibling of Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529 |title=Maryanne Trump Barry, the former president's older sister and a retired federal judge, dies at 86 |date=November 13, 2023 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |first1=MaryClaire |last1=Dale |first2=Karen |last2=Matthews |access-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Donald Trump gogo wawo, Elizabeth Christ Trump, wakababika mu 1880 ndipo wakafwa pa Juni 6, 1966. Wakatorana na Frederick Trump mu 1902 ndipo wakasamukira nayo ku United States. Nga ni mfumu wake, nayo wakaŵa wakwawo ku Kallstadt, ndipo wakababika nga ni mwana wa Philipp na Marie Christ. Philipp Christ wakaŵa mphapu ya Johannes Christ wa ku [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump wakaŵa mphapu ya munthu wakazenganga maorgani, [[Johann Michael Hartung]], kwizira mwa gogo wawo wa kwa awiske, Sabina Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS](https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS): Vorfahren von Frederick Christ TRUMP|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November](https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November) 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Abali na ŵadumbu == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) wakaŵa mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa [[mulongi wa khoti la boma la United States|mulongi mukuru wa khoti la boma]] pa [[Khoti la United States la Madandawuro la Dera Lachitatu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's](https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's) sister weighs in on Supreme Court pick|last=Goldmacher|first=Shane|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August](https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August) 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> wakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2017 pamanyuma pakuti mudumbu wake wakaŵa pulezidenti, ndipo wakapumura ntchito mu 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a](https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a) |title=Trump's sister retires, negating judicial ethics complaints |work=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Larry |last1=Neumeister |first2=Maryclaire |last2=Dale |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a](https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a) |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}<ref name=":0">{{cite episode|title=Part 1: New Frontiers|series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty|date=February 25, 2019|time=1:21|network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}}</ref> wakaŵa mukuru wa Donald Trump. Pa Seputembala 26, 1981,<ref name=":0" /> wali na vyaka 42, wakafwa chifukwa cha matenda gha mtima.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (wakababika mu 1942) ni mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Trumps: The family tree of Donald Trump|newspaper=MSN News|date=May 8, 2018|url=[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May](https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 1989, wakatorana na James Grau, uyo wakapanganga mafilimu.<ref name=jamesgrau>{{cite news|title=Elizabeth Trump weds James Grau|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 27, 1989|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=live|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Wakagwirapo ntchito nga ni mulembi wa ofesi ku [[Chase Manhattan Bank]],<ref name=jamesgrau /> pambere wandapumure na kusamukira ku Florida.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|location=Melville, New York City|first=Michael|last=Gavin|date=June 23, 2017|url=[https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May](https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu 2026, ndiyo yekha mudumbu wa Donald Trump uyo wachali wamoyo.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529](https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529) |title=Maryanne Trump Barry, the former president's older sister and a retired federal judge, dies at 86 |date=November 13, 2023 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |first1=MaryClaire |last1=Dale |first2=Karen |last2=Matthews |access-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529](https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529) |url-status=live }}</ref> === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Robert Stewart Trump (1948–2020) wakaŵa munung'una wa Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chabba|first1=Seerat|title=Who Are Donald Trump's Siblings?|url=[https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|access-date=March](https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|access-date=March) 23, 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|agency=[[Yahoo News]]|date=November 15, 2016|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000111/https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|archive-date=March](https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000111/https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|archive-date=March) 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa bizinesi uyo wakalaŵiliranga Trump Management Inc, iyo yikalaŵiliranga nyumba na malo gha Trump Organization kuwaro kwa Manhattan.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=454}} Robert Trump wakatorana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]] mu 1980.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 28, 1987|title=The Winning Ways of Blaine Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|url-status=live|access-date=February](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|url-status=live|access-date=February) 11, 2017|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170127082911/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|archive-date=January](https://web.archive.org/web/20170127082911/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|archive-date=January) 27, 2017}}</ref> Ŵakapatukana mu 2009 pamanyuma pakuti Robert wasiya muwoli wake chifukwa cha wantchito wa Trump Organization, Ann Marie Pallan. Wakatorana na Pallan kukwambilira kwa 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t) |title=Robert Trump obituary |date=August 17, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |access-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230527211948/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t](https://web.archive.org/web/20230527211948/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t) |url-status=live }}</ref> Robert wakafwa pa Ogasiti 15, 2020, wali na vyaka 71.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 16, 2020|title=Robert Trump: brother of president Donald Trump dies aged 71|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|access-date=August](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|access-date=August) 16, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215845/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215845/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|url-status=live}})</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Phillips|first=Morgan|date=August 14, 2020|title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71|url=[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August](https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August) 16, 2020|website=[[Fox News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}})</ref> Kuyana na ''The New York Times'', wakaŵa na [[kukha magazi mu ubongo|kukha magazi mu ubongo]] pamanyuma pa kuwa sonosono apa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Karni|first=Annie|author-link=Annie Karni|date=August 15, 2020|title=Robert S. Trump, the President's Younger Brother, Dies at 71|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|access-date=August](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|access-date=August) 16, 2020|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|url-status=live}})</ref> == Ŵabali ŵanyake == === John G. Trump === {{Main|John G. Trump}} John George Trump (1907–1985), dada munyake wa Donald Trump kwa awiske, wakaŵa enjiniya wa magetsi, msambiri wa sayansi, kweniso munthu wakapanganga vinthu viphya. Wakambiska mtundu wa [[chithandizo cha radiation]] wakuzingilira, ndipo pamoza na [[Robert J. Van de Graaff]], wakapanga yimoza mwa makina ghakwambilira gha [[X-ray generator|kupangira ma X-ray]] agho ghakaŵa na miliyoni yimoza ya ma volti. Wakapokera [[National Medal of Science]] kufuma kwa Pulezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]], ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵa [[National Academy of Engineering]]. === John W. Walter === {{Main|John W. Walter}} Donald Trump wa munyake wa mwanakazi wa sekuru ŵake, Elizabeth Christ Trump, wakababika mu 1880 ndipo wakafwa pa Juni 6, 1966. Wakatorana na Frederick Trump mu 1902 ndipo wakaluta nayo ku United States. Nga ni mfumu wake, nayo wakababikira ku Kallstadt, ndipo wakaŵa mwana wa Philipp na Marie Christ. Philipp Christ wakafuma mu mphapu ya Johannes Christ wa [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump wakaŵa mphapu ya mupangi wa maorgani [[Johann Michael Hartung]] kwizira mwa gogomukuru wake wa upande wa awiske, Sabina Christ. == Abali na azilumbu == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) wakaŵa mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa [[mulongi wa khoti la boma la United States|mulongi mukuru wa khoti la boma]] pa [[Khoti la Apilu la United States la Dera Lachitatu]]. Wakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2017 pamanyuma pakuti mudumbu wake wakamba uteŵeti wake nga ni purezidenti, ndipo wakapumura ntchito mu 2019. === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}{{cite episode|title=Part 1: New Frontiers|series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty|date=February 25, 2019|time=1:21|network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}} wakaŵa mukuru wa Donald Trump. Pa Seputembala 26, 1981, wali na vyaka 42, wakafwa chifukwa cha nthenda ya mtima.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (wakababika mu 1942) ni mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Mu 1989, wakatorana na mupangi wa mafilimu James Grau. Wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni mulembi wa ofesi pa [[Chase Manhattan Bank]], pambere wandapumure na kukhala ku Florida. Kufika mu 2026, ndiyo yekha mubali wa Donald Trump uyo wachali wamoyo. === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Robert Stewart Trump (1948–2020) wakaŵa mudumbu muchoko wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa bizinesi uyo wakalongozganga Trump Management Inc, kampani iyo yikalaŵiliranga katundu wa nyumba wa Trump Organization kuwaro kwa Manhattan. Wakaŵaso mmoza wa ŵa ndalama mu SHiRT LLC, yimoza mwa makampani ghaŵiri agho ghakaŵa na CertiPathx ya ku Virginia, iyo yikapokera mgwirizano wa boma wa madola 33 miliyoni mu 2019. Robert Trump wakatorana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]] mu 1980. Ŵakapatukana mu 2009 pamanyuma pakuti wakaleka muwoli wake chifukwa cha wantchito wa Trump Organization Ann Marie Pallan. Wakatorana na Pallan kukwambilira kwa 2020. Robert wakafwa pa Ogasiti 15, 2020, wali na vyaka 71. Kuyana na ''The New York Times'', wakaŵa na [[intracerebral hemorrhage|kutuluka ndopa mu ubongo]] pamanyuma pa kuwa sonosono apa. == Ŵabali ŵanyake == === John G. Trump === {{Main|John G. Trump}} Sekuru wa Donald Trump wa upande wa awiske, John George Trump (1907–1985), wakaŵa mainjiniya wa magetsi, mupangi wa vinthu, ndiposo wasayansi wa fiziki uyo wakapangiska [[radiation therapy]] yakuzungulira, ndipo pamoza na [[Robert J. Van de Graaff]], wakapanga yimoza mwa makina ghakwamba gha [[X-ray generator|kupangira ma X-ray]] gha miliyoni yimoza ya volts. Wakapokera [[National Medal of Science]] kufuma kwa Purezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]] ndipo wakaŵa membala wa [[National Academy of Engineering]]. === John W. Walter === {{Main|John W. Walter}} John W. Walter (1934–2018), uyo wakaŵa muzukuru wa Donald Trump, wakaŵa mwana wa Elizabeth Trump (mudumbu wa Fred Trump) na William Walter. Wakagwira ntchito ku Trump Organization kwa umoyo wake unandi ndipo wakaŵa vice president mukuru wa Trump Management, Inc.{{sfn|Trump|2020|pp=193–94}} Wakaŵaso na umwini wa All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp pamoza na Donald Trump, Maryanne Trump Barry, Elizabeth Trump Grau, na Robert Trump. Walter wakaŵaso meya wa [[Flower Hill, New York]] kufuma mu 1988 m'paka 1996, ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa mdauko wa tawuni iyi kufuma mu 1996 m'paka nyifwa yake mu 2018. === Mary L. Trump === {{Main|Mary L. Trump}} Mary L. Trump, muzukuru wa Donald Trump, ni [[clinical psychology|dokotala wa sayansi ya maghanoghano]], munthu wa bizinesi, ndiposo mulembi. Wamanyikwa chifukwa cha kususka Donald Trump ndipo wakalemba buku lakukhwaskana nayo na mbumba yake lakuti ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'' (2020). === Fred Trump III === {{Main|Fred Trump III}} Fred Trump III, muzukuru wa Donald Trump, ni munthu wa bizinesi, mulembi, ndiposo mulwani wa wanthu ŵakukhala na ulwari. Wakamususka Donald Trump mu [[memoir]] yake ya 2024 ndipo walutilira kumususka kufuma apo buku ili likafumira. == Chidule cha mbumba == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kubabika !Nyifwa !Chithuzithuzi !Zina !Ubale na Donald Trump !Ufumu !Udindo !Nchito !{{Reference column heading}} |- |1869 |1918 |[[File:Elisabeth Christ & Friedrich Trump (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Frederick Trump]] |Sekuru wa awisi wa Donald Trump |Mujeremani | |Wakumeta sisi, mwenecho wa malo ghakurughirako vyakurya na hotelo, kweniso mwenecho wa nyumba ya uhule |<ref name="brothel">{{cite web |last1=Panetta |first1=Alexander |date=September 19, 2015 |title=Donald Trump's grandfather ran Canadian brothel during gold rush |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254 |access-date=December 10, 2015 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427112759/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WhoHeIs">{{cite web |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |date=August 24, 2015 |title=The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647/ |access-date=March 11, 2016 |publisher=[[Politico]] |ref=none |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428214907/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1880 |1966 |[[File:Elisabeth_Christ.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Elizabeth Christ Trump]] |Sekuru mwanakazi wa awisi wa Donald Trump |Mujeremani-Muamerika | |Wamalonda wa bizinesi ya malo |<ref>{{cite news |date=August 3, 1918 |title=Real Estate News |page=16 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/55626090/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814041345/https://www.newspapers.com/image/55626090/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 22, 1918 |title=Real Estate Field |page=18 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/26761488/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814041337/https://www.newspapers.com/image/26761488/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1905 |1999 |[[File:Fred Trump in the 1980s (3x4 cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Fred Trump]] |Awiske Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Mupangiska wa malo na wamalonda |{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=90, 94–5}} |- |1907 |1985 |[[File:John G Trump portrait c1955 cropped.png|frameless|100px]] |[[John G. Trump]] |Dada wa awiske Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Injiniya wa vya magetsi, msambiri, na wasayansi wa fiziki |<ref name="NAP2">{{cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1384&page=333 |title=John George Trump &#124; Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 3 &#124; The National Academies Press |publisher=Nap.edu |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-309-03939-0 |doi=10.17226/1384 |access-date=2016-12-24 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910075219/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1384&page=333 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1912 |2000 | |[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump]] |Anyina a Donald Trump |Muskotilandi-Muamerika | |Wantchito wa pa nyumba |<ref name="kruse">{{cite news |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=November 4, 2017 |title=The Mystery of Mary Trump |work=[[Politico Magazine]] |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779/ |access-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420055351/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1934 |2018 | |[[John W. Walter]] |Mubali wakwamba wa Donald Trump |Muamerika |Meya wa nambara 14 wa [[Flower Hill, New York|Flower Hill]] |Mulembi wa mdauko, injiniya, wamalonda, mulembi, na wandale |<ref name="obituary" /><ref name=":02" /> |- |1937 |2023 |[[File:Maryanne_Trump_Barry.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Maryanne Trump Barry]] |Mudumbu wa Donald Trump |Muamerika |Mweruzgi wa [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Khoti la Apilu la Third Circuit]] |Loya, mweruzgi |<ref name="Blair_2000">{{cite book |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |url=https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/592 |title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a President |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0743210799 |location=New York City |pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/592 592] |orig-year=2000}}</ref> |- |1938 |1981 |[[File:Fred_Trump_Jr._1966_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Fred Trump Jr.]] |Mubali mukuru wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wakwendeska ndege |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kordes |first1=John |date=March 29, 2018 |title=The Kordes Korner |work=Garden City News |location=Garden City, NY |url=https://www.gcnews.com/articles/the-kordes-korner-55/ |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112172254/https://www.gcnews.com/articles/the-kordes-korner-55/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1946 |– |[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (cropped)(2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Donald Trump]] |Iyomwene |Muamerika |Purezidenti wa nambara 45 na 47 wa [[Purezidenti wa United States]] |Wandale, munthu wa pa mawayilesi, na wamalonda |<ref>{{cite news |title=Certificate of Birth |publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|Department of Health]] – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 |access-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 |archive-date=May 12, 2016 |via=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump |publisher=[[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf |access-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-date=April 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409070650/https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1948 |2020 | |[[Robert Trump]] |Mubali wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wamalonda |<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Karni |first=Annie |date=August 15, 2020 |title=Robert S. Trump, the President's Younger Brother, Dies at 71 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html |access-date=August 16, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1949 |2022 |[[File:Ivana Trump cropped retouched.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Ivana Trump]] |Muwoli wakwamba wa Donald Trump |Muchiki na Muamerika | |Wamalonda |<ref>{{cite web |author=Adela Suliman and Shayna Jacobs |date=July 16, 2022 |title=Ivana Trump died of 'blunt impact injuries,' medical examiner says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/16/ivana-trump-death-accident-torso/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716160620/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/16/ivana-trump-death-accident-torso/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1962 |– | |[[Fred Trump III]] |Mupwa wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wamalonda, mulembi, na wakuvikilira wanthu ŵakulemala |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|title=F. C. Trump 3d, Realty Manager, Weds Ms. Lorant |date=September 17, 1989|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005336/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |1963 |– |[[File:Marla_Maples_LF_crop_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Marla Maples]] |Muwoli wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Woseŵera mafilimu, munthu wa pa wayilesi ya kanema, modeli, muvwiri, na mupharazgi |<ref>{{cite web |editor=David L. Beckwith |title=Marla Ann Maples b. 27 Oct 1963 Georgia |url=https://www.smokykin.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I179444&tree=Smokykin |access-date=December 1, 2016 |work=Smoky Mountain Ancestral Quest |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140317/https://www.smokykin.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I179444&tree=Smokykin |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1965 |– |[[File:Mary L. Trump (3x4 cropped).jpg|left|frameless|100px]] |[[Mary L. Trump]] |Muzukuru mwanakazi wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wakumanya vya maghanoghano na mulembi |<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Carlson |first=Adam |date=June 15, 2020 |title=What to Know About Donald Trump's Niece Mary, Who Fought Him in Court & Is Writing a Tell-All |url=https://people.com/politics/what-to-know-about-donald-trump-niece-mary-trump/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |location=United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704013654/https://people.com/politics/what-to-know-about-donald-trump-niece-mary-trump/ |archive-date=July 4, 2020 |access-date=July 4, 2020}}</ref> |- |1970 |– |[[File:Melania Trump’s Official White House Portrait (2025) (much further cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Melania Trump]] |Muwoli wachitatu wa Donald Trump |Musloveni na Muamerika |[[First Lady of the United States|Dona Wakwamba wa United States]] |Modeli na wamalonda |<ref name="CollinsModel">{{cite news |last=Collins |first=Lauren |date=May 9, 2016 |title=The Model American: Melania Trump is the exception to her husband's nativist politics |magazine=The New Yorker |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/who-is-melania-trump |url-status=live |access-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119152650/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/who-is-melania-trump |archive-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> |- |1977 |– |[[File:Donald_Trump,_Jr._(51770696331)_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Donald Trump Jr.]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika | |Wakovwira vya ndale, wamalonda, mulembi na wakale wakupharazga pa wayilesi ya kanema |<ref name="gq">{{cite news |last=Ioffe |first=Julia |date=June 20, 2018 |title=The Real Story of Donald Trump Jr. |work=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]] |url=https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr |url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621141307/https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr |archive-date=June 21, 2018}}</ref> |- |1981 |– |[[File:Ivanka_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped_2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Ivanka Trump]] |Mwana mwanakazi wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika |[[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|Mulongozgi wa Purezidenti]] |Wamalonda na wakale wantchito wa ndale |<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=From rich kid to first daughter: The fabulous life of Ivanka Trump |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/from-rich-kid-to-first-daughter-the-fabulous-life-of-ivanka-trump-a7618966.html |access-date=January 26, 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126190924/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/from-rich-kid-to-first-daughter-the-fabulous-life-of-ivanka-trump-a7618966.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1984 |– |[[File:Eric_Trump_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Eric Trump]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika | |Wamalonda, wakovwira vya ŵanthu na wakale wakupharazga pa wayilesi ya kanema ya ''reality'' |- |1993 |– |[[File:Tiffany_Trump_RNC_2016_cropped.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Tiffany Trump]] |Mwana mwanakazi wa Donald Trump na Marla Maples |Muamerika | |Mulongozgi wakovwira pa kafukufuku wa malango |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Struyk |first=Ryan |date=April 11, 2016 |title=Trump Kids Eric and Ivanka Miss Deadline to Vote in NY GOP Primary |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-kids-eric-ivanka-miss-deadline-vote/story?id=38303943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012105540/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-kids-eric-ivanka-miss-deadline-vote/story?id=38303943 |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |access-date=October 11, 2017 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> |- |2006 |– |[[File:Barron Trump at Donald Trump's second inauguration (2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Barron Trump]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Melania |Muamerika | |Msambiri wa pa yunivesite |<ref name="peopleCM">{{cite magazine |last1=Chamlee |first1=Virginia |date=August 20, 2021 |first2=Linda |last2=Marx |title=Barron Trump Enrolls in Private School in Palm Beach After Family Leaves White House |url=https://people.com/politics/barron-trump-enrolls-in-palm-beach-private-school/ |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=February 18, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=February 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216155331/https://people.com/politics/barron-trump-enrolls-in-palm-beach-private-school/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} == Heraldry == [[Joseph E. Davies]], mfumu wachitatu wa [[Marjorie Merriweather Post]] ndiposo wakaŵa nthumwi yakale ya United States wa mphapu ya [[Wales|Welsh]], wakapika chimanyikwiro cha mbumba (coat of arms), icho chikaŵa na [[motto]] yakuti ''Integritas'', na [[King of Arms#Kings of Arms for England, Wales and Northern Ireland|British heraldic authority]] pa [[College of Arms]], mu 1939. Davies wakaŵavya ŵana ŵanalume ŵakuhara, ndipo wakati wafwa, mwana wake mukuru mwanakazi Eleanor Tydings wakaŵa [[heraldic heiress]]. Pamanyuma pake, kuyana na mwambo wa [[Anglosphere]] wa [[male primogeniture]], chimanyikwiro chakuhalira icho Tydings wakapokera chikafuma kwa mwana wake, [[Joseph Tydings|Senator Joseph Tydings]], ndipo pamanyuma pake chikapita ku mwana wake wakwamba mwanalume wakubabika mwakwenelera, nga mbahaliri ŵa chimanyikwiro icho, muyirayira. Donald Trump wakagura malo gha ku Florida gha [[Mar-a-Lago]] mu 1985. Malo agha ghakazengeka na Merriweather Post, uyo wakalongoranga chomene chimanyikwiro cha mbumba cha mfumu wake wakufwa pa malo agha. Wakati wagura malo agha, Trump wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito chimanyikwiro cha mbumba cha Davies nga ntchake. Vimanyikwiro ivi vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa [[Trump National Golf Club (disambiguation)|malo gha gofu gha Trump]] ndiposo pa malo ghanyake ghanandi gha [[Trump Organization]] mu United States yose. Pamanyuma pake Trump wakambaso kugwiliskira ntchito mtundu wakusintha pachoko wa chimanyikwiro cha Davies, uwo nawo ukalembeskeka na Trump ku ofesi ya United States ya ma patent na ma trademark.{{Infobox COA wide|image=File:Coat of Arms of Trump (Davies).svg|escutcheon=Argent ermined Or, two Chevronels couped between three demi-Lions, all Or.|crest=A Cubit Arm erected Argent, enfiling a Mascle and holding a Spear point upward, all Or.|name=Donald Trump|armiger=Donald Trump (1946–)|symbolism=|year_adopted=1985}} Mu 2008, Trump wakayezga kukhazikiska logo ya ku America pa [[Trump International Golf Links, Scotland|Trump International Golf Links]] yake yiphya mu [[Balmedie]], Scotland, kweni wakachenjezgeka na [[Lord Lyon King of Arms]], uyo ni mukuru chomene pa nkhani za [[Scottish heraldry]], kuti dango la Nyumba ya Malango ya Scotland la mu 1672 likukanizga ŵanthu kugwiliskira ntchito vimanyikwiro vya mbumba vyambura kulembeskeka. Mu Janyuwale 2012, pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo malo gha gofu ghakajulikiranga, Trump wakavumbura chimanyikwiro chiphya cha mbumba icho chikapika ku "The Trump International Golf Club Scotland Ltd" na Lord Lyon mu 2011. Sarah Malone, muteŵeti mukuru wakulongozga wa "The Trump International Golf Links, Scotland", wakati: "chimanyikwiro cha mbumba ichi chikuphatikizapo vimanyikwiro vyakuwoneka ivyo vikulongora vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mphapu ya mbumba ya Trump [...], Lion Rampant (pa crest) wakuyimira Scotland ndipo nyenyezi zikuyimira America. Ma chevronels ghatatu ghakuyimira kuchanya, mchenga wa mapiri gha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, na nyanja—ivyo ni vigaŵa vikuru vya malo agha. Mphungu ya mitu yiŵiri yikuyimira mphapu ziŵiri na mtundu wa Trump (wa ku Scotland na wa ku Germany). Mphungu iyi yikukora mipira ya gofu, yakuyimira zina likuru la maseŵero gha gofu, ndipo [[motto]] yakuti ''Numquam Concedere'' ni Chilatini chakung'anamura kuti 'Kuleka yayi'—ivyo ni fundo ya umoyo wa Trump." Kwambira mu 2014, Trump wakamba kugwiliskiraso ntchito logo yeneyiyi pa [[Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Ireland|Trump International Golf Links, Ireland]], malo gha gofu agho wakazenga pamanyuma pa kugura [[Doonbeg]] Golf Club.{{Infobox COA wide|image=File:Coat of Arms of Trump International Golf Club.svg|escutcheon=Party per chevron: Azure two Mullets Argent; Vert a double headed Eagle of the second, wings displayed and inverted, armed and langued Gules, holding in its talons two Globes of the second; overall three chevronels Or.|crest=A demi-Lion rampant Gules, armed and langued Azure, holding in the paws a Pennon Or flowing to the sinister.|name=the Trump International Golf Links|armiger=Trump International Golf Links (2012–)|symbolism=|year_granted=2011|motto="Numquam concedere" (Chilatini chakung'anamura kuti "Kuleka yayi").}} ==Wonaniso== * [[Mbumba ya Barack Obama]], uyo wakalongozga Donald Trump pa udindo wa purezidenti mu nyengo yake yakwamba (2009–2017) * [[Mbumba ya Joe Biden]], uyo wakalondezgapo Donald Trump pa nyengo yake yakwamba ndipo wakamulongozga pambere wandawelere pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri (2021–2025) * [[Mbumba ya JD Vance]], waŵiri wa purezidenti wa Donald Trump pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri == Maukaboni == === Maukaboni gha m'malemba === {{Reflist|30em}} === Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito === <!--Chigaŵa ichi ntcha mabuku pera agho ghakuzunulika mu maukaboni gha pasi pa peji la nkhani iyi ya Wikipedia.--> {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|author-link=Gwenda Blair|year=2015|orig-year=2000|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-5011-3936-9|location=New York|language=en|access-date=April 8, 2017|archive-date=April 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418082225/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Too Much and Never Enough |last=Trump |first=Mary L. |author-link=Mary L. Trump |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-982141-46-2 |location=New York |oclc=1164093746 }} {{refend}} {{Trump family|state=expanded}} {{Donald Trump}} {{United States presidential family political lines}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump family}} [[Category:Trump family|*]] [[Category:Mbumba za ku America za mphapu ya ku Scotland]] [[Category:Mbumba za bizinesi za United States]] [[Category:Mbumba zakwamba za United States]] [[Category:Mbumba kuyana na munthu]] sauu5y30tayak6317hvow60yb46ntry 0 47882 117310 2026-07-16T12:39:49Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{Short description|Mubizinesi wa ku America na wakuchitapo kanthu pa vya ndale (wakababika mu 1977)}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=February 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Infobox person | birth_name = | image = File:Donald Trump, Jr. (55021618832) (cropped 2).jpg | caption = Trump mu 2025 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|12|31}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | other_nam..." 117310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mubizinesi wa ku America na wakuchitapo kanthu pa vya ndale (wakababika mu 1977)}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=February 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Infobox person | birth_name = | image = File:Donald Trump, Jr. (55021618832) (cropped 2).jpg | caption = Trump mu 2025 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|12|31}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | other_names = Don Jr. | education = [[Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) | occupation = {{flatlist| * Mubizinesi * wakuchitapo kanthu pa vya ndale * wakupharazga pa TV * mulembi }} | known_for = Mulara mu [[Bungwe la Trump]]<br />Wakaluzgapo wakweruzga mu chipinda cha mabizinesi pa ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]'' | political_party = [[Chipani cha Republican (United States)|Republican]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa Haydon]]|2005|2018|end=divorced}} * {{marriage|[[Bettina Anderson]]|2026}} }} | partner = [[Kimberly Guilfoyle]] (2018–2024) | children = 5, kusazgapo [[Kai Trump|Kai]] | parents = {{ubl|[[Donald Trump]] (awiske)|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]] (anyina)}} | family = [[Mbumba ya Trump]] | signature = Donald Trump Jr.svg | website = {{URL|https://donjr.com}} }} '''Donald John Trump Jr.''' (wakababika pa 31 Disembala 1977), uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti '''Don Jr.''', ni mubizinesi wa ku America kweniso wakuchitapo kanthu pa vya ndale. Iyo ni mwana wakwamba wa [[Donald Trump]], purezidenti wa 45 na 47 wa [[United States]], na muwoli wake wakwamba, [[Ivana Trump]]. Trump ni [[trustee]] kweniso wachiŵiri wa mulongozgi mukuru wa [[Bungwe la Trump]], ndipo wakulamulira kampani iyi pamoza na munung'una wake [[Eric Trump|Eric]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |title=Donald Trump profile |work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=December 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206115608/https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya [[Ulongozgi wakwamba wa Donald Trump|ulongozgi wakwamba wa awiske]], ŵabali aŵa ŵakalutilira kuchita mapangano na ndalama mu vyaru vinyake kweniso kupokera ndalama pa malo ghawo mu U.S. kufuma ku maboma gha vyaru vinyake, nangauli ŵakalayizga kuti ŵaleke kuchita nthena.<ref name="deals" /> Iyo wakaŵa mweruzgi mu chipinda cha mabizinesi pa pulogalamu ya [[reality TV]] iyo awiske ŵakawonekangamo, ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]''. Trump wakaŵa wakugwira ntchito mu [[Kampeni ya Donald Trump ya pulezidenti ya 2016|kampeni ya awiske ya 2016 ya pulezidenti]]. Wakachitapo vinthu pamoza na Russia mu [[Kusokonezga kwa Russia mu visola vya United States vya 2016|kusokonezga visola vya United States vya 2016]] ndipo wakakumana na [[Msonkhano wa Trump Tower|mulembi wa malango wa Russia]] uyo wakalayizga kumupa uthenga wakunanga [[Kampeni ya Hillary Clinton ya pulezidenti ya 2016|kampeni]] ya [[Hillary Clinton]] mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2016|visola vya pulezidenti vya 2016]].<ref> *{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-jr-burns-gop-defenders |first=Chris |last=Stirewalt |date=July 11, 2017 |title=Trump Jr. burns GOP defenders |website=[[Fox News]] |access-date=July 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711215052/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/07/11/trump-jr-burns-gop-defenders.html |archive-date=July 11, 2017}} *{{cite web |url=https://latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-essential-washington-updates-russian-lawyer-an-unkown-in-u-s-and-1499780866-htmlstory.html |first=Sabra |last=Ayes |date=July 11, 2017 |title=The Russian lawyer who met with Donald Trump Jr. was unknown in the U.S. – until now |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 12, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712002310/http://www.latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-essential-washington-updates-russian-lawyer-an-unkown-in-u-s-and-1499780866-htmlstory.html |archive-date=July 12, 2017}} *{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-jr-emails-blasted-critics-trump-administration/story?id=48568590 |title=Trump Jr. Russia e-mails spark fierce criticism, support |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=July 11, 2017 |first=Michael Edison |last=Hayden |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929015819/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-jr-emails-blasted-critics-trump-administration/story?id=48568590 |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakachitira kampeni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chipani cha Republican mu [[Visola vya pakati pa nyengo vya United States vya 2018|visola vya pakati pa nyengo vya 2018]].<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Donald Trump, Jr. |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Trump-Jr |access-date=August 7, 2022 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=November 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129074021/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-Trump-Jr |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakaŵa wakugwira ntchito mu [[Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|kampeni ya awiske ya visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2020]], kanandi waka pa malo gha kampeni ndipo wakawonekanga mu nkhani chifukwa cha kuyowoya vinthu vyambura ukaboni.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu [[2020 United States presidential election|visola]], wakapempha "[[total war|nkhondo yikuru]]" apo mavoti ghakaŵerengeskanga ndipo wakalutilira kupharazga [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election#Stop the Steal|ntharika yakuti visola vikabiririka]]. Pamanyuma pa kuthera kwa awiske, wakachitako [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|mawemi ghakusintha vyakufumapo vya visola]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html|first1=Chantal|last1=da Silva|access-date=January 10, 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193722/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html|date=6 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DallasMorningNews-2020-11-05">{{cite news | last = Gillman | first = Todd J. | title = Trump, on cusp of defeat to Biden, says 'they're trying to steal an election' after son calls for 'total war' | work = [[The Dallas Morning News]] | url = https://www.dallasnews.com/news/elections/2020/11/05/with-biden-one-state-from-presidency-trump-demands-stop-the-count/ | date = November 5, 2020 | access-date = November 5, 2020 | archive-date = January 14, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193722/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/elections/2020/11/05/with-biden-one-state-from-presidency-trump-demands-stop-the-count/ | url-status = live}}</ref> Wakayowoya pa [[January 6 Trump rally|ungano]] uwo ukapangiska [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|kuvunduka kwa Capitol ya United States]], apo wakawofyanga awo ŵakasuskanga Trump kuti "tikizenge kwa imwe."<ref name="nytimes-2021">{{cite news |first=Maggie |last=Haberman |title=Trump Told Crowd 'You Will Never Take Back Our Country With Weakness' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-speech-capitol.html |access-date=January 9, 2021 |date=January 6, 2021 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109011609/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-speech-capitol.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump walemba mabuku ghaŵiri: ''[[Triggered (book)|Triggered]]'' mu 2019 na ''[[Liberal Privilege]]'' mu 2020. Mu 2023, wakayambiska pulogiramu ya mauthenga ya pa intaneti, ''Triggered with Don Jr''.<ref name="rumble" /> Mu 2024, Trump wakaluta ku kampani ya [[1789 Capital]] ya [[venture capital]] nga wakwimira ndipo wakazgoka memba wa wupu wakulongozga wa [[Public Square (company)|Credova]]. ==Umoyo wa pakwamba na masambiro== Donald John Trump Jr. wakababika pa 31 Disembala 1977 mu [[Manhattan]], New York City, kwa [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]] na [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="gq">{{cite news |title=The Real Story of Donald Trump Jr. |first=Julia |last=Ioffe |date=June 20, 2018 |work=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]] |url=https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621141307/https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Wali na ŵanung'una ŵake ŵaŵiri, [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] na [[Eric Trump|Eric]]. Wali na ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa hafu, [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]], kufuma ku nthengwa ya awiske na [[Marla Maples]], ndiposo [[Barron Trump|Barron]], kufuma ku nthengwa ya awiske ya sono na [[Melania Trump]]. Kwizira mwa awiske, Trump ni muzukuru wa [[Fred Trump]] na [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]], ndiposo ni muzukuru wa chiŵiri wa [[Frederick Trump]] na [[Elizabeth Christ Trump]], uyo wakambiska ivyo vikazgoka Trump Organization. Apo wakaŵa mwana, Trump wakawona muzukuru wake wa kwa nyina, Miloš Zelníček, kuŵa chakuwonerapo, uyo wakaŵa na nyumba kufupi na [[Prague]], uko wakamalanga nyengo ya chihanya wakucita misasa, kuphya somba, kukoma vinyama na kusambira [[Chiyowoyelo cha Czech]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/18/style/donald-trump-jr-business-politics-hunting-twitter-vanessa-haydon.html|title=Donald Trump Jr. Is His Own Kind of Trump|last=Holson|first=Laura M.|date=March 18, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 18, 2017|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318142400/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/18/style/donald-trump-jr-business-politics-hunting-twitter-vanessa-haydon.html|archive-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref> Ŵapapi ŵake ŵakapatanika apo wakaŵa na vyaka 12 chifukwa cha awiske kuŵa na [[ubwezi wakubisika wa nthengwa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/12/nyregion/trumps-get-divorce-next-who-gets-what.html|title=Trumps Get Divorce; Next, Who Gets What?|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 12, 1990|access-date=May 2, 2024}}</ref> Trump Jr. wakakhala kutali na awiske kwa chaka chimoza pamanyuma pa kupatana uku, wakakwiya chomene chifukwa cha ivyo awiske ŵakachita ivyo vikaparanya mbumba.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ5aDgAAQBAJ&q=divorce|title=Raising Trump|last=Trump|first=Ivana|date=October 10, 2017|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|location=New York City|isbn=9781501177309|access-date=October 9, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193810/https://books.google.com/books?id=gQ5aDgAAQBAJ&q=divorce|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakasambizgika pa [[Sukulu ya Buckley (New York City)|Sukulu ya Buckley]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Brenner |first1=Marie |title=After The Gold Rush |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |access-date=August 5, 2017 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=September 1, 1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726025924/http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |archive-date=July 26, 2017}}</ref> na [[Sukulu ya Hill]], sukulu ya malo ghakukhala ya ŵana ŵakusambira iyo yikunozgera ŵana kuluta ku yunivesite mu [[Pottstown, Pennsylvania|Pottstown]], Pennsylvania, pamanyuma wakasambira ku [[Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]]'s (Penn) [[Wharton School]], uko wakamalizga masambiro mu 2000 na digirii ya [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] mu [[vyachuma]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-trump-jr-profile-20170712-story.html|title=Donald Trump Jr.: The unapologetic son who courts controversy|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=July 12, 2017|first=Barbara|last=Demick|access-date=July 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706215120/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-pol-trump-jr-profile-20170712-story.html|archive-date=July 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ntchito== [[File:Don Jr. headshot.jpg|thumb|Trump mu 2009]] Pamanyuma pakumalizga masambiro ku [[Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania|Penn]] mu 2000, Trump wakasamira ku [[Aspen, Colorado]], uko wakachitanga vya kusaka nyama, kuvua somba, kusambira pa maji gha chiwuvi, wakakhalanga mu galimoto, kweniso wakagwiranga ntchito ya wakupereka vyakumwa kwa chaka chimoza, pambere wandawelere ku New York kukagwira ntchito mu [[Trump Organization]]. Trump wakalongozganga mapulojekiti gha kuzenga, kusazgapo [[40 Wall Street]], [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Trump International Hotel and Tower]], na [[Trump Park Avenue]],<ref name="cohan201702">{{Cite magazine |last=Cohan |first=William D. |author-link=William D. Cohan |date=February 2017 |title=Can Donald Jr. and Eric Trump Really Run the Family Business? |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/can-donald-jr-and-eric-trump-run-the-family-business |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225051836/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/12/can-donald-jr-and-eric-trump-run-the-family-business |archive-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref> Mu 2006 wakawovwira kwamba [[Trump Mortgage]] yambike, iyo yikamara ntchito yake pasi pa chaka chimoza.<ref name="gq" /> Mu 2010, wakazgoka munthu wakuyowoya vya kampani kweniso "mulongozgi mukuru wa chizindikiro cha kampani pa charu chose" wa [[Cambridge Who's Who]], kampani yakupharazga mabuku iyo yikaŵa kuti yapokera madandaulo ghanandi ku [[Better Business Bureau]].<ref name="gq" /><ref>{{cite news |last=McIntire |first=Mike |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/us/politics/cambridge-whos-who-trump-brand.html |title='We're an Easy Target': Taken In by the Trump Brand |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 25, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109100816/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/us/politics/cambridge-whos-who-trump-brand.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Wakawonekanga nga mulangizi wakovwira na wakeruzga mu ma episode ghanandi gha pulogalamu ya kanema ya awiske ya ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]'', kwamba pa [[The Apprentice (American TV series) season 5|nyengo ya 5]] mu 2006 m'paka pa [[The Apprentice (American TV series) season 14|nyengo yakumaliro ya awiske]] mu 2015.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-jr-trouble-meeting-russian-lawyer-emails-634998|title=Who is Donald Trump Jr.? President's Son in Russian Attorney Controversy Had Avoided Politics, Tended to Business|journal=[[Newsweek]]|date=July 11, 2017|first=Graham|last=Lanktree|access-date=July 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706191708/http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-jr-trouble-meeting-russian-lawyer-emails-634998|archive-date=July 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Trump Organization=== Pa 11 January 2017, awiske wa Trump wakapharazga kuti iyo na munung'una wake Eric ŵalongozgenge trust iyo yikaŵa na chuma cha Trump Organization apo awiske ŵakaŵa purezidenti, kuti ŵaleke kuŵa na suzgo la [[kususkana kwa vyakukhumba]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/politics/trump-organization-business-conflicts.html|title=Trump's Plans on Businesses May Fall Short |access-date=January 14, 2017 |date=January 11, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Susanne|last1=Craig|first2=Eric|last2=Lipton |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112013704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/us/politics/trump-organization-business-conflicts.html |archive-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> Pakati pa [[suzgo la Trump–Ukraine]] – apo Trump wakapempha purezidenti wa Ukraine kuti wafufuze [[Joe Biden]] na mwana wake [[Hunter Biden]]{{snd}}Trump Jr. wakasuska chomene Hunter Biden, kumuphalira kuti wakugwiliskira ntchito ubali wa pa mbumba kuti wasange chandulo kweniso kuti wakagwiliskira ntchito awiske kuti wasange vyakupindulira vya ndalama. Trump Jr. wakati, "Para ndimwe dada ndipo ntchito yose ya mwana winu yikudalira pa imwe, iwo ŵakuŵa na mazaza pa imwe." Trump Jr. wakasekeka chomene chifukwa cha mazgu agha na [[Trevor Noah]] kweniso ŵanyake. Trump Jr. ni mulongozgi mukuru mu bizinesi ya awiske ndipo wakalutilira kwendeska na kupharazga mabizinesi gha mbumba yake pa charu chose pa nyengo iyo Trump wakaŵa purezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/daily-shows-trevor-noah-exposes-eric-and-donald-trump-jrs-hunter-biden-nepotism-hypocrisy|title=Trevor Noah Exposes Eric and Don Jr.'s Nepotism Hypocrisy|last=Wilstein|first=Matt|date=October 17, 2019|access-date=October 17, 2019|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193911/https://www.thedailybeast.com/daily-shows-trevor-noah-exposes-eric-and-donald-trump-jrs-hunter-biden-nepotism-hypocrisy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gq.com/story/trump-kids-profit-presidency|first=Jay|last=Willis|title=How Donald Trump's Kids Have Profited Off Their Dad's Presidency|website=[[GQ]]|date=October 14, 2019|access-date=October 17, 2019|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193724/https://www.gq.com/story/trump-kids-profit-presidency|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/10/donald-trump-jr-attacks-hunter-and-joe-biden-for-nepotism.html|title=World's Least Self-Aware Person, Donald Trump Jr., Attacks Bidens for Nepotism|last=Raymond|first=Adam K.|date=October 17, 2019|website=[[New York (magazine)|Intelligencer]]|access-date=October 17, 2019|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193726/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/10/donald-trump-jr-attacks-hunter-and-joe-biden-for-nepotism.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Kathryn |last=Krawczyk |url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/871837/donald-trump-jr-unironically-attacking-hunter-biden-profiting-fathers-name |title=Donald Trump Jr. is unironically attacking Hunter Biden for profiting off his father's name |date=October 15, 2019 |magazine=[[The Week]] |access-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193828/https://theweek.com/speedreads/871837/donald-trump-jr-unironically-attacking-hunter-biden-profiting-fathers-name |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Associated Press]] yikalemba pa mazgu gha Trump Jr. kuti wakaŵa "wakulongora kuti wakumanya yayi kuti nayo wali kusanga chigaŵa cha chipambano chake chifukwa cha awiske ŵakumanyikwa".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Lemire |url=https://apnews.com/37fe7c834829467fa3ceae36fbe88fbf |title=Trump Jr. pitches to base while his father fights for Texas |date=October 16, 2019 |website=[[AP News]] |access-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193823/https://apnews.com/37fe7c834829467fa3ceae36fbe88fbf |url-status=live}}</ref> Kuyana na wakuwona unenesko wa ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ivyo Trump Jr. wakayowoya kuti iyo na ŵanthu ŵa mu mbumba yake ŵakaleka kuchita mabizinesi gha ku vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pakuti Trump wazgoka purezidenti vikaŵa vya utesi.<ref name="deals">{{cite news |first=Salvador |last=Rizzo |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/01/trump-brothers-claims-that-they-no-longer-profit-foreign-deals/ |title=The Trump brothers' claims that they no longer profit from foreign deals |date=November 1, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=November 1, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193756/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/01/trump-brothers-claims-that-they-no-longer-profit-foreign-deals/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' yikati pamanyuma pakuti Trump wazgoka purezidenti, "ŵana ŵa Trump ŵakaŵa ŵakutangwanika kuguliska katundu ku ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, kusazgirako panji kuŵikapo mapangano ghawo na vyuma mu vyaru vinyake, kweniso kupokera malipiro mu malo gha ku United States kufuma ku maboma gha vyaru vinyake."<ref name="deals" /> Mu February 2018, malonda mu manyuzipepala gha ku India ghakapharazga vya phangano ilo munthu waliyose uyo wangagura nyumba za [[Trump Organization]] mu [[Gurgaon]] pambere pa February 20 wachemeka kuŵa na "kudumbiskana na chakurya chamazulo" na Trump Jr. Malonda agha ghakasuskika na awo ŵakuwona vya vimbundi chifukwa cha kuŵa ghambura kwenelera.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/18/dinner-with-donald-trump-jr-offered-to-indias-keen-investors|title=Indian investors offered dinner with Donald Trump Jr|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=February 18, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=February 19, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218233738/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/18/dinner-with-donald-trump-jr-offered-to-indias-keen-investors|archive-date=February 18, 2018|quote=Prospective investors in a Trump Tower project near Delhi are being offered a conversation and dinner with Donald Trump Jras part of a marketing campaign that has drawn criticism from corruption watchdogs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43108549|title=Trump India 'dinner and chat' property offer criticised|date=February 19, 2018|access-date=June 22, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618150532/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43108549|archive-date=June 18, 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|quote=The Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (Crew){{snd}}a watchdog group{{snd}}added the Indian promotion to a list of instances it believes show the Trump name being used for commercial gain.}}</ref> Chilango icho chikapelekeka pa February 16, 2024 chikakanizga Trump kugwira ntchito nga ni mulara panji wakuwona wa kampani yiliyose ya ku New York panji bungwe linyake la malango mu New York, kusazgapo Trump Organization, kwa vyaka viŵiri.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/eric-donald-trump-jr-penalties-fraud-trial-verdict-2024-2 |title=What about Don Jr.? What about Eric? Why Judge Engoron gave them lighter penalties than dad. |first1=Laura |last1=Italiano |first2=Jacob |last2=Shamisan |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=February 16, 2024 |access-date=February 17, 2024 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216235435/https://www.businessinsider.com/eric-donald-trump-jr-penalties-fraud-trial-verdict-2024-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu November 2024, Trump wakapharazga kuti wanjilirenge mu [[1789 Capital]] nga ni munyake wa kampani.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/11/us/donald-trump-jr-firm.html | title=Donald Trump Jr. Is Joining a Venture Capital Firm | work=The New York Times | date=November 12, 2024 | last1=Schleifer | first1=Theodore }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ulmer |first1=Alexandra |last2=Ulmer |first2=Alexandra |date=2024-11-12 |title=Trump son Don Jr joining venture capital firm 1789 Capital, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-son-don-jr-joining-venture-capital-firm-1789-capital-sources-say-2024-11-12/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2025, wakapharazga kuti kampani iyi yizamuŵikapo ndalama mu [[Enhanced Games]], maseŵero ghakuphalirika agho ghazomerezgenge kugwiliskira ntchito [[mankhwala ghakukhozga luso la thupi]].<ref name="Financial Times 2025-02-13">{{Cite news |last=Gabert-Doyon |first=Joshua |date=2025-02-13 |title=Donald Trump Jr invests in 'steroid Olympics' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/8f065bdb-1574-4327-a24e-3cf193232caa |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Wakazgoka munyake wa wupu wa ulongozgi wa kampani ya ma drone ya Unusual Machines mu November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ioanes |first=Ellen |date=2025-07-28 |title=Donald Trump Jr.'s Drone Ventures Could Make a Killing — Thanks to Dad's Big Beautiful Budget |url=https://theintercept.com/2025/07/28/donald-trump-jr-son-drones-unusual-machines/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu December 2024, vikapharazgika kuti Trump wakunjilanga mu wupu wa ŵalara wa [[PublicSquare]] .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/03/investing/trump-jr-stock-publicsquare-woke-free/index.html | title=Donald Trump Jr. Is set to join the board of a 'woke-free' marketplace. Its stock is surging &#124; CNN Business | website=[[CNN]] | date=December 3, 2024 }}</ref> ===Podcast=== Mu 2023, Trump wakambiska podcast, ''Triggered with Don Jr'', pa pulatifomu ya [[Rumble (website)|Rumble]].<ref name="rumble">{{Cite web |title=Donald Trump Jr. inks big podcasting deal with Rumble, a YouTube rival |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2023/jan/4/donald-trump-jr-inks-big-podcasting-deal-with-rumb/|first1=Tom Jr. |last1=Howell|date=4 January 2023|access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The Washington Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fischer |first1=Sara |last2=Allen |first2=Mike |title=Exclusive: Donald Trump Jr. signs 7-figure podcast deal with Rumble |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/01/03/donald-trump-jr-signs-7-figure-rumble-podcast-deal |access-date=June 23, 2023 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=January 3, 2023 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328025151/https://www.axios.com/2023/01/03/donald-trump-jr-signs-7-figure-rumble-podcast-deal |url-status=live }}</ref> === Kalabu ya mamembala gha wupu wakulongozga === Mu April 2025, ''Executive Branch'', kalabu yapadera ya mamembala mu Washington, D.C., yikajura na phwando ilo likati likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mu [[Ulongozgi wachiwiri wa Donald Trump|boma la Trump]], "ma CEO ŵasambazi, awo ŵakambiska makampani gha tekinoloje, na ŵakumanya ndondomeko za boma".<ref>{{cite news |last=Frank |first=Robert |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/28/donald-trump-jr-private-members-club-executive-branch.html |title=Donald Trump Jr. co-founds new private members club, Executive Branch, with a $500,000 fee |work=[[CNBC]] |date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=May 1, 2025}}</ref> Kalabu iyi yikambiskika pamoza na Trump, [[David O. Sacks]], [[Cameron Winklevoss]], na [[Tyler Winklevoss]], ndipo njake ni Trump, [[Omeed Malik]], [[Chris Buskirk]] wa [[Rockbridge Network]] na [[1789 Capital]], kweniso Alex na Steve Witkoff, ŵana ŵa [[Steve Witkoff]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Mike |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/28/magas-coming-clubhouse-executive-branch |title=MAGA's coming clubhouse: Executive Branch |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=May 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burns |first=Dasha |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/26/donald-trump-washington-club-00311720 |title=Trump-aligned club for the ultra rich launches in Washington |work=[[Politico]] |date=April 26, 2025 |access-date=May 1, 2025}}</ref> ==Kunjilirapo mu vya ndyali== ===Visola vya purezidenti vya 2016=== [[File:Donald Trump Jr at rally in Iowa.jpg|thumb|Trump Jr. wakuchita kampeni ya awiske mu Iowa, November 2016]] Pambere pa [[visola vya purezidenti vya United States vya 2016|visola vya purezidenti vya 2016]], Trump Jr. wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa chomene mu kampeni ya awiske,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/11/politics/donald-trump-son-texas-dinner/index.html |date=March 12, 2017 |title=Donald Trump Jr. says he misses campaign trail |first=Betsy|last=Klein |publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=May 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523035022/http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/11/politics/donald-trump-son-texas-dinner/index.html |archive-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> ndipo wakalongosoreka na ''[[The New York Times]]'' nga ni "mulongozgi wa ndyali wa kufupi".<ref name="skittles">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/21/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-skittles.html |title=Donald Trump Jr.'s Skittles Tweet Fits a Pattern |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=September 20, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 26, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518085659/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/21/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-skittles.html |archive-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref> Wakayowoya pa [[Ungano wa Republican wa ku United States wa 2016|Ungano wa Republican wa 2016]], pamoza na ŵabali ŵake Ivanka, Eric na Tiffany.<ref name="skittles" /> Trump Jr. wakawovwira pa kusankha kwa awiske kwa [[Mlembi wa vyamukati mu United States|Mlembi wa vyamukati]] [[Ryan Zinke]] mu nyengo yakusintha kwa boma.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-jr-played-a-key-role-in-interior-pick-1481844976 |title=Donald Trump Jr. Played a Key Role in Interior Pick |last=Harder |first=Amy |date=December 15, 2016 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=May 26, 2017 |issn=0099-9660 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712085624/https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-jr-played-a-key-role-in-interior-pick-1481844976 |archive-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Jake|last1=Sherman|first2=Matthew|last2=Nussbaum|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/donald-trump-administration/2016/12/donald-trump-jr-interior-secretary-232640 |title=Donald Trump Jr. played role in picking interior secretary |work=[[Politico]]|date=December 14, 2016|access-date=May 26, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809040537/http://www.politico.com/blogs/donald-trump-administration/2016/12/donald-trump-jr-interior-secretary-232640 |archive-date=August 9, 2017}}</ref> Kufuma apo awiske ŵakatheranga pa [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2016|visola vya 2016]], Trump Jr. wakamba kuŵa na chithuzithuzi cha pa wumba icho ''[[The Washington Post]]'' chikuchitcha kuti "munthu wakususkana wa ku chigulu cha mapapiro gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kweniso wakuvikilira chomene [[Trumpism]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/keep-coming-at-me-guys-donald-trump-jr-meets-russia-scrutiny-with-defiance/2017/11/23/f660456e-c000-11e7-959c-fe2b598d8c00_story.html|title='Keep coming at me guys!!!': Donald Trump Jr. meets Russia scrutiny with defiance|last=Harwell|first=Drew|date=November 23, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=November 23, 2017|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123224930/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/keep-coming-at-me-guys-donald-trump-jr-meets-russia-scrutiny-with-defiance/2017/11/23/f660456e-c000-11e7-959c-fe2b598d8c00_story.html|archive-date=November 23, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Atlantic]]'' yikati mu 2019 kuti Trump wakamulongosolera Trump Jr. mu 2017 kuti "ng'oma ya visu yayi chomene mu kabati".<ref name="Successor" /> Trump Jr. wakapokera zina lakuti "Fredo" pakati pa ŵanyake awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito pa kampeni ya Trump, zina ilo likuyimira [[Fredo Corleone|munthu munyake]] mu ''[[The Godfather]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shultz|first=Alex|date=September 9, 2019|title=Trump Reportedly Said Don Jr. Isn't the "Sharpest Knife in the Drawer"|url=https://www.gq.com/story/don-jr-not-the-sharpest-knife-in-the-drawer|url-status=live|access-date=November 2, 2021|website=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910044317/https://www.gq.com/story/don-jr-not-the-sharpest-knife-in-the-drawer|archive-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Markay|first1=Lachlan|last2=Suebsaeng|first2=Asawin|date=July 9, 2017|title=Trump Aides: Russia Flap Proves Don Jr. Is the 'Fredo' of the First Family|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-aides-russia-flap-proves-don-jr-is-the-fredo-of-the-first-family|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=November 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116190517/https://www.thedailybeast.com/trump-aides-russia-flap-proves-don-jr-is-the-fredo-of-the-first-family|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Msonkhano wa Trump Tower==== {{main|Msonkhano wa Trump Tower|Ukhuŵara pakati pa ŵanyake ŵa Trump na ŵantchito ŵa ku Russia}} Pa Juni 9, 2016, Trump Jr. wakachitako msonkhano uwo ukanozgeka na wakumanyiska vya malonda [[Rob Goldstone]] mu zina la munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Azerbaijan-Russia [[Emin Agalarov]].<ref name="npr071117">{{cite web |title=Donald Trump Jr.'s Emails About Meeting With Russian Lawyer, Annotated |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/07/11/536670194/donald-trump-jr-s-emails-about-meeting-with-russian-lawyer-annotated |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=July 12, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712001907/http://www.npr.org/2017/07/11/536670194/donald-trump-jr-s-emails-about-meeting-with-russian-lawyer-annotated |archive-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> Msonkhano uwu ukachitikira mu [[Trump Tower]] mu [[Manhattan]], pakati pa ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa mu kampeni ya chisankho cha pulezidenti: Trump Jr., [[Jared Kushner]], na [[Paul Manafort]]{{snd}}pamoza na mwanakazi wa malango wa ku Russia [[Natalia Veselnitskaya]], wakung'anamura wake Anatoli Samochornov, wakwimira vya malonda wa ku Russia na America [[Rinat Akhmetshin]], kweniso [[Ike Kaveladze]], uyo ni [[MwaGeorgia wa ku America]], kweniso wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wa Crocus Group ku United States, kampani yakuzenga nyumba iyo yikwendeskeka na [[Aras Agalarov]].<ref name="npr071117" /> Pafupifupi chaka chimoza pamanyuma pake, Trump Jr. pakwamba wakaphalira ŵa nkhani kuti [[Dima Yakovlev Law|kutora ŵana ŵa ku Russia]] ndiko kukaŵa nkhani yikuru ya msonkhano uwu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump Team Met With Lawyer Linked to Kremlin During Campaign |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/08/us/politics/trump-russia-kushner-manafort.html |last1=Becker |first1=Jo |last2=Apuzzo |first2=Matt |last3=Goldman |first3=Adam |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 8, 2017 |access-date=August 7, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711022210/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/08/us/politics/trump-russia-kushner-manafort.html |archive-date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Pa Julayi 8, 2017, Trump Jr. wakalemba pa Twitter ivyo wakalumbirana mu maimelo na [[Rob Goldstone|Goldstone]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The email exchange Trump Jr. released, in chronological order |url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2017/07/politics/donald-trump-jr-full-emails/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=CNN |language=en-US}}</ref> Ivi vikulongora kuti Trump Jr. wakazomera kuluta ku msonkhano uwu pakumanya kuti wazamupokera uthenga uwo ungawononga [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref name="read-the-emails">{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/donald-trumps-jrs-email-exchange/533244/ |title=Donald Trump Jr.'s Email Exchange With Rob Goldstone |last1=Alvarez |first1=Priscilla |last2=Godfrey |first2=Elaine |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=August 5, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806062026/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/donald-trumps-jrs-email-exchange/533244/ |archive-date=August 6, 2017}}</ref> Goldstone wakalembaso mu limoza la maimelo gha Trump Jr. agho ghakafumiskika ku ŵanthu kuti boma la Russia likaŵamo.<ref name="read-the-emails" /> [[Robert Mueller]], uyo wakaŵa [[mulongozgi wapadera]] wa [[Dipatimendi la Chilungamo la United States|Dipatimendi la Chilungamo]] wakuwona vya kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na Russia, wakafufuza maimelo agha na msonkhano uwu.<ref name="Prokupecz">{{cite news |first1=Shimon |last1=Prokupecz |first2=Evan |last2=Perez |first3=Pamela |last3=Brown |title=Source: Justice Dept. probe will look at Trump Jr.'s disclosed emails, meeting |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/11/politics/donald-trump-jr-emails-special-counsel/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=July 11, 2017 |access-date=July 12, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712000753/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/11/politics/donald-trump-jr-emails-special-counsel/index.html |archive-date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> Nangauli Nyumba ya Boma yikamulumba Trump Jr. chifukwa cha kuwonekerathu kwake, iyo wakafumiska maimelo agha pekha pamanyuma pakuti ''The New York Times'' yamuphalira kuti yili nagho ndipo yikaŵa pafupi kulemba nkhani yakukhwaskana nagho.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/07/12/the-trumps-claims-about-transparency-are-actually-quite-deceptive/|title=Analysis {{!}} The Trumps' claims about transparency are actually quite deceptive|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=July 12, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 25, 2018|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012704/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/07/12/the-trumps-claims-about-transparency-are-actually-quite-deceptive/|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Juni 2019, ŵa Republican na ŵa Democrat mu [[Komiti ya Senate yakuwona vya Vyakumanyikwa|Komiti ya Senate yakuwona vya vinthu vyakubisika]] ŵakapeleka ulongozgi wa mulandu wa Trump Jr. ku ŵakwendeska milandu ŵa boma chifukwa cha kukayikira kuti wakapusika komiti iyi na ukaboni wake.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Ken |last=Dilanian |title=Senate committee made criminal referral of Trump Jr., Bannon, and Kushner |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/senate-made-criminal-referral-trump-jr-bannon-kushner-two-others-n1237155 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |date=August 18, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193823/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/senate-made-criminal-referral-trump-jr-bannon-kushner-two-others-n1237155 |url-status=live}}</ref> ====Msonkhano na nthumi wa vyaru vya ku Gulf==== Trump Jr. wakaŵa na msonkhano mu Ogasiti 2016 na nthumi wa [[United Arab Emirates]] na [[Saudi Arabia]] uyo wakapeleka wovwiri ku kampeni ya Trump ya pulezidenti.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/19/us/politics/trump-jr-saudi-uae-nader-prince-zamel.html |title=Trump Jr. and Other Aides Met With Gulf Emissary Offering Help to Win Election |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 19, 2018 |first1=Mark |last1=Mazzetti |first2=Ronen |last2=Bergman |first3=David D. |last3=Kirkpatrick |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328110118/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/19/us/politics/trump-jr-saudi-uae-nader-prince-zamel.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa msonkhano uwu pakaŵa [[Wikistrat|Joel Zamel]], munthu wa ku Israel wakumanya vya [[kusuzga vinthu mu malo gha pa intaneti]]; [[George Nader (businessman)|George Nader]], nthumi wakwimira ŵana ŵa mafumu gha United Arab Emirates na Saudi Arabia; kweniso munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku America [[Erik Prince]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-election/trump-jr-met-gulf-princes-emissary-in-2016-who-offered-campaign-help-idUSKCN1IK0S1 |title=Trump Jr. met Gulf princes' emissary in 2016 who offered campaign help |work=[[Reuters]]|date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921112022/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-election/trump-jr-met-gulf-princes-emissary-in-2016-who-offered-campaign-help-idUSKCN1IK0S1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes" /> ====Kuyowoyeskana na WikiLeaks==== Mu Novembala 2017, nkhani zikafumiskika kuti [[Julian Assange]] wakagwiliskira ntchito akaunti ya Twitter ya [[WikiLeaks]] kuti wayowoyeskane na Donald Trump Jr. mu nyengo ya [[visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2016]]. Trump Jr. wakaŵa kuti walipeleka kale kuyowoyeskana uku ku ŵakufufuza ŵa nyumba ya malango awo ŵakapenjanga pa [[kusanganizgika kwa Russia mu visola vya United States vya 2016|kusanganizgika kwa Russia mu visola vya 2016]].<ref name="secret">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/11/the-secret-correspondence-between-donald-trump-jr-and-wikileaks/545738/ |title=The Secret Correspondence Between Donald Trump Jr. and WikiLeaks |last=Ioffe |first=Julia |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=November 13, 2017 |access-date=November 13, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222527/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/11/the-secret-correspondence-between-donald-trump-jr-and-wikileaks/545738/ |archive-date=November 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name="wikileaks">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/13/donald-trump-jr-communicated-with-wikileaks-during-final-stages-of-election|title=Donald Trump Jr communicated with WikiLeaks during final stages of election|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|date=November 14, 2017|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122075609/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/nov/13/donald-trump-jr-communicated-with-wikileaks-during-final-stages-of-election|archive-date=January 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41980359|title=Donald Trump Jr releases Twitter exchanges with Wikileaks|date=November 14, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213170813/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41980359|archive-date=February 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuyowoyeskana uku kukalongora kuti WikiLeaks yikapenjanga chomene wovwiri wa Trump Jr., uyo wakaŵa wakwimilira kampeni na mlangizi mu kampeni ya awiske.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-13 |title=Donald Trump Jr. corresponded with WikiLeaks during and after 2016 campaign - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-jr-wikileaks-corresponded-during-after-2016-campaign/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-14 |title=First Read's Morning Clips: Trump Jr.'s Correspondence With Wikileaks |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/first-read-s-morning-clips-trump-jr-s-correspondence-wikileaks-n820586 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> WikiLeaks yikakhwimiska kampeni ya Trump kukana ivyo vikafuma mu visola vya mlongozgi vya 2016 pa nyengo iyo vikawonekanga kuti kampeni ya Trump yingatondeka. WikiLeaks yikapempha Trump Jr. kuti wagawane fundo yautesi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Craig |date=2018-08-27 |title=Revealed: Notorious Pro-Trump Misinformation Site True Pundit Is Run By An Ex-Journalist With A Grudge Against The FBI |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/revealed-notorious-pro-trump-misinformation-site-true |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |language=en |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030002421/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/revealed-notorious-pro-trump-misinformation-site-true |url-status=live }}</ref> ya [[True Pundit]] yakuti Hillary Clinton wakakhumbanga kuwukira Assange na ndege za drones. WikiLeaks yikagawiraso ulalo wa webusayiti iyo yingawovwira ŵanthu kusanda mu ma [[Mazu gha pa kompyuta gha Podesta|mau agho ghakabwangandulika pa kompyuta]] gha mulara wa kampeni ya Clinton [[John Podesta]], agho WikiLeaks yikaŵa kuti yafumiska waka. Trump Jr. wakagawana vyose viŵiri.<ref name="secret" /><ref name="wikileaks" />[[File:Donald Trump, Jr. (48513758216) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Trump Jr. wakuyowoya pa Msonkhano wa Ŵasambiri Ŵachinyamata wa 2019 uwo ukanozgekeka na [[Turning Point USA]], 2019.]] ===Makampeni gha visola vya pakati pa nyengo vya 2018=== Mu [[visola vya United States vya 2018|nyengo ya visola vya pakati pa nyengo vya 2018]], Trump wakachitanga kampeni kovwira ŵakusoleka ŵa Republican, kusazgapo [[Matt Rosendale]], [[Patrick Morrisey]], [[Mike Braun]], [[Ron DeSantis]], [[Lee Zeldin]] na [[Matt Gaetz]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Politico]] |date=June 24, 2018 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/24/donald-trump-jr-midterms-republicans-667186 |title=Don Jr. storms the midterms |first1=James |last1=Arkin |first2=Maggie |last2=Severns |access-date=June 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185954/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/06/24/donald-trump-jr-midterms-republicans-667186 |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Wakawusanga ndalama zinyake zankhongono ku ŵakusoleka ŵa Republican, wakaŵa wachiwiri pera kwa awiske pa nkhani ya kukopa mizinda yikuru pa vyakuchitika vya kampeni, ndipo wakuwongeka kuti wakawovwira ŵakusoleka ŵa Republican kutonda.<ref name="Successor">{{cite news |title=The Heir: Ivanka was always Trump's favorite. But Don Jr. is emerging as his natural successor. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/10/trump-dynasty/596674/ |access-date=September 15, 2019 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=October 2019 |first=McKay |last=Coppins |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193730/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/10/trump-dynasty/596674/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Vinyake vyandale=== Mu 2007, Trump Jr. wakapeleka $4,000 ku kampeni ya Seneta wa nyengo iyo [[Hillary Clinton]] kuti waŵe wakwimira [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] pa visola vya mlongozgi wa United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrities ante up for Democratic campaigns |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/04/16/celebrity.contributions/index.html |access-date=October 5, 2020 |work=[[CNN]]|date=April 16, 2007 |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010070513/https://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/04/16/celebrity.contributions/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2011, Trump Jr. wakazgora kususkika kwa [[Tea Party movement|gulu la Tea Party]] kufuma kwa wakwimira wa Florida [[Frederica Wilson]] mwa kumusanganizga Wilson na wakwimira wa California [[Maxine Waters]] ndipo wakayowoya kuti malaya gha mutu ghake ghakawonekanga nga gha [[stripper]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/10/23/in-trumps-response-to-myeshia-johnson-many-black-women-see-a-pattern/|title=In Trump's response to Myeshia Johnson, many black women see a pattern|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 23, 2017|first=Eugene|last=Scott|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116023949/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/10/23/in-trumps-response-to-myeshia-johnson-many-black-women-see-a-pattern/|archive-date=November 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Epul 2017, wakachita kampeni kovwira wakusoleka wa Montana ku nyumba ya malango [[Greg Gianforte]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Jr. to Campaign for Gianforte |url=https://www.apnews.com/5f819b053255410994405ea685fe68b9 |work=[[Associated Press|AP News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=November 18, 2017 |date=April 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033212/https://www.apnews.com/5f819b053255410994405ea685fe68b9 |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo mu Meyi wakakumana na ŵantchito ŵa [[Republican National Committee]] kuti ŵadumbiskane ndondomeko na vinthu vya chipani.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/05/27/trump-family-members-met-with-gop-leaders-to-discuss-strategy/ |first=Robert |last=Costa |date= May 27, 2017 |title=Trump family members met with GOP leaders to discuss strategy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 28, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528011545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/05/27/trump-family-members-met-with-gop-leaders-to-discuss-strategy/ |archive-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Mu Seputembala 2017, Trump Jr. wakapempha kuti ŵalinda ŵake ŵa [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] ŵafumiskike, ndipo wakaphalira ŵabwezi ŵake kuti wakakhumbanga kukhala na chinsisi, ndipo wakaŵa mwana wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wa United States kuchita nthena.{{efn|[[Ron Reagan]] na muwoli wake, Doria Palmieri, ŵakaleka mulimo uwu mu 1982, chifukwa cha vifukwa vyakuyana na vya chinsinsi.}} Pempho ili likasuska na ŵantchito ŵakale ŵa Secret Service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/donald-trump-jr-wants-to-give-up-secret-service-protection/2017/09/18/2a0e7e72-9cd3-11e7-9c8d-cf053ff30921_story.html|title=Donald Trump Jr. wants to give up Secret Service protection|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 18, 2017|first=Carol D.|last=Leonnig|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116034040/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/donald-trump-jr-wants-to-give-up-secret-service-protection/2017/09/18/2a0e7e72-9cd3-11e7-9c8d-cf053ff30921_story.html|archive-date=November 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ulondo wa Trump Jr. ukawelereskeka pamanyuma mu mwezi uwo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/25/politics/trump-jr-secret-service/index.html|title=Donald Trump Jr.'s Secret Service detail restored, sources say|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=September 25, 2017|first1=Betsy|last1=Klein|first2=Sophie|last2=Tatum|first3=Elizabeth|last3=Landers|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116030851/http://www.cnn.com/2017/09/25/politics/trump-jr-secret-service/index.html|archive-date=November 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2020, vikaphalirika kuti ŵa Republican mu Pennsylvania ŵakaghanaghananga kuti Trump Jr. wangawimilira pa chitengo cha Seneti cha Pennsylvania icho chikaŵa chakusunguka mu [[visola vya Seneti ya United States mu Pennsylvania vya 2022|2022]] pamanyuma pakuti Seneta uyo wakaŵa pa nyengo ziŵiri [[Pat Toomey]] wakaphalira kuti walekenge kusangika mu visola vinyake.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2020/oct/04/donald-trump-covid-coronavirus-election-joe-biden-usa-us-politics-live-news-latest-updates|title=GOP senator Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania announced his retirement today, setting the stage for what will be a contentious fight for his open Senate seat in 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|first1=Lauren|last1=Aratani|first2=Amanda|last2=Holpuch|first3=Tom|last3=Lutz|first4=Oliver|last4=Holmes|date=October 4, 2020|access-date=October 4, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193743/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2020/oct/04/donald-trump-covid-coronavirus-election-joe-biden-usa-us-politics-live-news-latest-updates|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu mwezi wenewura, Trump Jr. wakachita ungano yikuru ya mukati umo ŵanthu ŵakaŵavya viswalu vya kukora pa mulomo, ndipo ichi chikasuskana na ulongozgi wa vya umoyo wa wumba.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Powell|first=Tori B.|date=October 8, 2020|title=Donald Trump Jr. Holds Packed Indoor Rally Amid White House's COVID-19 Outbreak|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/donald-trump-jr-holds-packed-indoor-rally-amid-white-houses-covid-19-outbreak|access-date=October 8, 2020|website=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193746/https://www.thedailybeast.com/donald-trump-jr-holds-packed-indoor-rally-amid-white-houses-covid-19-outbreak|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Kevin McCarthy joins Donald Trump Jr.'s video podcast in 2023.jpg|thumb|Trump Jr. pamoza na Speaker wa Nyumba ya Malango [[Kevin McCarthy]] mu 2023]] Mu kuyankhulana kwa Okutobala 29 na [[Fox News]] [[Laura Ingraham]], Trump Jr. wakayowoya kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵakufwa na coronavirus chakhira kufika "pafupi kuŵavya", ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti "(b)chifukwa tasanga mazaza pa chinthu ichi. Tikupulikiska umo chikugwilira ntchito – ŵali na munkhwala wakovwira kuti ŵachite nayo. Usange mungalaŵiska ichi, wonani Instagram yane, chakhira kufika pafupi kuŵavya."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/523565-donald-trump-jr-claims-us-coronavirus-death-rate-at-almost-nothing/|title=Donald Trump Jr. claims US coronavirus death rate at 'almost nothing'|last=Vella|first=Lauren|date=October 30, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=October 30, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193836/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/523565-donald-trump-jr-claims-us-coronavirus-death-rate-at-almost-nothing|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa zuŵa ilo, chiŵelengero cha ŵakufwa na coronavirus mu U.S. chikaŵa 1,063.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/10/30/trump-jr-coronavirus-deaths-almost-nothing/|title=Donald Trump Jr. said covid-19 deaths are at 'almost nothing.' The virus killed more than 1,000 Americans the same day.|last=Bella|first=Timothy|date=October 30, 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 30, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193806/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/10/30/trump-jr-coronavirus-deaths-almost-nothing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pambere apo awiske bandaluze pa visola vya 2020, Trump wakayowoyeka kuti wangapambana pa [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2024|visola vya 2024]] vya kusora pulezidenti.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roche |first=Darragh |date=November 1, 2020 |title=Trump fights for last votes as speculation grows about Trump Jr. 2024 bid |url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-jr-2024-1543851 |access-date=November 4, 2020 |website=[[Newsweek]]|language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193828/https://www.newsweek.com/trump-jr-2024-1543851 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Scher |first=Bill |title=Who's Winning 2024? |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/01/03/2024-presidential-election-candidates-091055 |access-date=November 4, 2020 |date=January 3, 2020 |work=[[Politico]]|language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193758/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/01/03/2024-presidential-election-candidates-091055 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2020, wakayika chithuzi pa akaunti yake ya Instagram cha mbendela yakulembeka kuti "Don Jr. 2024".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aratani|first=Lauren|date=October 25, 2020|title='This will make lib heads explode': Donald Trump Jr posts 2024 picture|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/25/donald-trump-jr-2024-picture|access-date=November 4, 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193803/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/25/donald-trump-jr-2024-picture|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Solender|first=Andrew|title=Trump Sons Hint at 2024 Runs As President's Polling Looks Dire|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/10/24/trump-sons-hint-at-future-runs-as-presidents-polling-looks-dire/|date=October 24, 2020|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/10/24/trump-sons-hint-at-future-runs-as-presidents-polling-looks-dire/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa [[Msonkhano wa chipani cha Republican wa ku United States wa 2024|Msonkhano wa chipani cha Republican wa 2024]], iyo ndiyo yikapangiska chiyambi cha kuyowoya vya [[JD Vance]], uyo wakasankhika kuŵa munthu wakuti wayende pamoza na Donald Trump pa visola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2024 |title=Donald Trump Jr. to Speak Ahead of JD Vance Tonight |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-biden-rnc-election-2024/card/donald-trump-jr-to-speak-ahead-of-jd-vance-tonight-Jv5R2esjyXSQyWAZmakZ?mod=mhp|first1=Mariah|last1=Timms|access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=WSJ.com}}</ref> ===Malipiro ghakubwezgera ndalama kwa Michael Cohen=== Pa 28 Meyi 2024, email yikawoneka pa nyengo iyo ŵalongozgi ŵa Trump Sr. ŵakaperekanga mazgu ghawo ghaumaliro mu mulandu wa [[Kuŵikapo mulandu Donald Trump ku New York|mulandu wa Donald Trump ku New York]], ndipo yikavumbura kuti Jeffrey McConnery, uyo wakaŵa mulara wakuwona vya maakaunti ku Trump Organization, uyo wakamanyikwanga kuti wakanozga malipiro ghakubwezgera ndalama gha Trump Sr. kwa [[Michael Cohen (lawyer)|Michael Cohen]] pamanyuma pa ndalama zakukhoma kuti Stormy Daniels waleke kuyowoya, wakapempha chivomerezo kwa Trump Jr. na Eric Trump.<ref name="closingargumentsdefense">{{cite news |last1=Scannell |first1=Kara |last2=Del Valle |first2=Lauren |last3=Herb |first3=Jeremy |date=May 28, 2024 |title=Trump's defense delivers closing argument in criminal trial |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-hush-money-trial-05-28-24/index.html |access-date=May 28, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Trump Jr. nayo wakasayina macheki ghanyake gha kubwezgera ndalama kwa Cohen.<ref name="closingargumentsdefense" /><ref>{{cite news |date=May 14, 2024 |title=Cohen's reimbursement checks |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/05/14/trump-hush-money-criminal-trial/cohens-reimbursement-checks-00157819 |access-date=May 28, 2024 |work=Politico}}</ref> ==Mawona== {{excessive examples|section|date=August 2024}} [[File:Donald Trump Jr. crop.jpg|thumb|Trump Jr. wakuyowoya mu 2020]] ===Mtundu wa ŵanthu na kusama kwa ŵanthu=== Pa nyengo ya kampeni ya awiske ya kusora pulezidenti, Trump Jr. wakapangiska mphindano mu 2016 apo wakayika chithuzi icho chikayaniska ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Syria awo ŵakapenjanga malo ghakusungika na [[Skittles (confectionery)|Skittles]], ndipo wakati "Usange ningaŵa na mbale ya Skittles ndipo ningamuphalirani kuti vitatu pera vingamukomani, kasi mungatora vinyake? Ili ndilo suzgo lithu la ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Syria awo ŵakupenja malo ghakusungika."<ref name="skittles" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37416457 |title=Donald Trump Jr compares Syrian refugees to Skittles |date=September 20, 2016 |work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=May 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809053435/http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37416457 |archive-date=August 9, 2017}}</ref><ref name="taste">{{Cite web |first=Scott |last=Detrow |date=September 20, 2016 |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/09/20/494700850/taste-the-outrage-donald-trump-jr-s-tweet-compares-refugees-to-skittles |title=Taste The Outrage: Donald Trump Jr.'s Tweet Compares Refugees To Skittles |publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=May 26, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521094752/http://www.npr.org/2016/09/20/494700850/taste-the-outrage-donald-trump-jr-s-tweet-compares-refugees-to-skittles |archive-date=May 21, 2016}}</ref> Ŵakupanga Skittles ŵakatsutsa uthenga uwu, ŵakati "Skittles ni maswiti. Ŵakupenja malo ghakusungika ni ŵanthu. Tikuwona kuti ichi ntchiyaniska chakwenelera yayi."<ref name="taste" /><ref name="skittles" /> [[Cato Institute]] yikayowoya mu chaka chenechicho kuti mwaŵi wakuti "Muwamerika wangakomeka mu chiyezgo cha uchigeŵenga icho chapangika na munthu wakupenja malo ghakusungika ukaŵa umoza mu mabiliyoni 3.64" pa chaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=More in U.S. die from a lightning strike than by foreign terrorists |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/you-re-more-likely-die-choking-be-killed-foreign-terrorists-n715141 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mattingly |first1=Phil |title=Trump Jr. defends Skittles tweet: 'I don't deal in microaggression' |date=September 22, 2016 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/22/politics/donald-trump-jr-skittles-tweet/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919214146/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/22/politics/donald-trump-jr-skittles-tweet/index.html |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa 1 Malichi 2016, kuyowoyeskana na [[Ucalu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa|munthu wakugomezgera kuti mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ngwakuluska]] [[The Political Cesspool#James Edwards|James Edwards]] na Trump Jr. kukawoneka. Kampeni iyi pakwamba yikakana kuti kuyowoyeskana uku kukachitika; pamanyuma Trump Jr. wakati vikaŵa mwangozi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/04/donald-trump-jr-stumbles-out-of-fathers-shadow-and-into-the-spotlight-with-white-nationalist-interview/|title=Donald Trump Jr. stumbles out of father's shadow and into the spotlight with white nationalist interview|last=Miller|first=Michael E.|date=March 4, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=October 7, 2019|archive-date=October 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007172827/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/04/donald-trump-jr-stumbles-out-of-fathers-shadow-and-into-the-spotlight-with-white-nationalist-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kuyowoyeskana uku, vyakupharazga vikuru vikati Trump Jr. panji wakugomezgera [[Chiphani cha ŵayuda|nkhani yakuti mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ukuparanyika]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/donald-trump-jr-is-his-fathers-id/500762/|title=Donald Trump Jr. Is His Father's Id|last=Graham|first=David|date=September 20, 2016|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=July 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202624/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/donald-trump-jr-is-his-fathers-id/500762/|archive-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> panji wakujizgora nga wakuvikilira fundo iyi chifukwa cha chandulo cha ndale.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://forward.com/news/350364/donald-trump-jr-emerges-as-alt-right-hero-even-as-dad-tones-down-rhetoric/|title=Donald Trump Jr. Emerges as 'Alt-Right' Hero Even as Dad Tones Down Rhetoric|last=Kestenbaum|first=Sam|date=September 20, 2016|access-date=July 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170931/https://forward.com/news/350364/donald-trump-jr-emerges-as-alt-right-hero-even-as-dad-tones-down-rhetoric/|archive-date=July 30, 2018|website=[[The Forward]]}}</ref> Mu Seputembala 2016, Trump Jr. wakayowoya vya [[Holocaust|kupayika kwa ŵayuda mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]] pakususka umo wakawonera kuti vyakupharazga vikuru vikalekerera Hillary Clinton pa kampeni yake, "kumuleka pa vyakupusikizga vyose", uku wakapokeleranga Ŵademokirate awo ŵakaŵa mu kampeni ya 2016 kuti ŵakupusika. Trump Jr. wakati usange Ŵaripabulikeni ŵakachitanga vinthu vyakuyana waka, vyakupharazga vikuru vikaŵa "vikunozga kale chipinda cha gasi sono".<ref name="rapp"> {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/16/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-holocaust.html|title=Donald Trump Jr. Invokes Holocaust Imagery|last=Rappeport|first=Alan|date=September 15, 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216212447/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/16/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-holocaust.html|archive-date=December 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="nguyen"> {{cite news|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/09/donald-trump-jr-gas-chamber-joke|title=Donald Trump Jr. Under Fire for "Gas Chamber" Remark|last=Nguyen|first=Tina|date=September 15, 2016|newspaper=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025053118/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/09/donald-trump-jr-gas-chamber-joke|archive-date=October 25, 2016}}</ref> Mu mwezi wenewura, Trump Jr. wakagaŵana chithuzi pa [[Instagram]] icho chikulongora kuphatikizga pakati pa awiske na [[Pepe the Frog]]. Apo wakafumbika pa ''[[Good Morning America]]'' vya Pepe the Frog na kukolerana kwake na [[Ucalu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa|magulu ghakugomezgera kuti mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ngwakuluska]], Trump Jr. wakati wakaŵa wandapulikepo za Pepe the Frog ndipo wakaghanaghananga kuti ni "chule wakuvwara wigi".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nguyen |first=Tina |date=2016-09-11 |title=Donald Trump Jr. Shares White Supremacist Meme |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/09/donald-trump-jr-pepe-nazi-instagram |access-date=2025-02-01 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/donald-trump-jr-pepe-the-frog-228268|title=Trump Jr.: 'I've never even heard of Pepe the Frog'|last=Glass|first=Nick|date=September 16, 2016|access-date=November 15, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115130102/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/donald-trump-jr-pepe-the-frog-228268|archive-date=November 15, 2017|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Mu Epulero 2017, Trump Jr. wakalumba munthu wakugomezgera vigomezgo vyakupangapanga [[Mike Cernovich]], uyo wakapharazga vigomezgo vyambura kusimikizgika vya [[White genocide conspiracy theory|kuparanyika kwa mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa]] na [[Pizzagate conspiracy theory|vigomezgo vyakupangapanga vya Pizzagate]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/trump-jr-wants-mike-cernovich-to-win-pulitzer-1.5457714|title=Trump Jr. Wants 'Alt-right' Personality Mike Cernovich to Win Pulitzer|date=April 5, 2017|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=July 30, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721045507/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/trump-jr-wants-mike-cernovich-to-win-pulitzer-1.5457714|archive-date=July 21, 2018}}</ref> wakati, "Mu nyengo yakale chomene ya unenesko mu vya ulemba nkhani, iyo mphanyi wapokera [[Pulitzer Prize|Mphapu ya Pulitzer]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mike-cernovich-kellyanne-conway-donald-trump-jr-2017-4|title=Some of Trump's top supporters are praising a conspiracy theorist who fueled 'pizzagate' for his reporting|last=Tani|first=Maxwell|date=April 4, 2017|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=May 16, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005054/http://uk.businessinsider.com/mike-cernovich-kellyanne-conway-donald-trump-jr-2017-4?r=US&IR=T|archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/327144-trump-jr-praises-writer-who-pushed-pizzagate-conspiracy-theory/|title=Trump Jr. praises writer who pushed 'Pizzagate' conspiracy theory|last=Seipel|first=Brooke|date=April 4, 2017|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=May 16, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405002553/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/327144-trump-jr-praises-writer-who-pushed-pizzagate-conspiracy-theory|archive-date=April 5, 2017}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2020, [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] yikati Trump Jr. wakawoneka pa ungano wa ku chigaŵa chakumanjiliro kwa dazi chomene wakuti "We Build the Wall" pamoza na [[Jack Posobiec]] mu Julayi 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/08/24/donald-trump-jr-pictured-we-build-wall-event-neo-nazi-collaborator-jack-posobiec |title=Donald Trump Jr. Pictured at 'We Build the Wall' Event With Neo-Nazi Collaborator Jack Posobiec |work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|date=August 24, 2020 | access-date=August 25, 2020 |archive-date=August 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825040036/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/08/24/donald-trump-jr-pictured-we-build-wall-event-neo-nazi-collaborator-jack-posobiec |url-status=live}}</ref> === Kupharazga vigomezgo vyakupangapanga === Trump Jr. wakachita [[retweet|kutumizgaso uthenga]] wa munthu wakugomezgera mtundu wa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa [[Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)|Kevin B. MacDonald]] wakukhwaskana na ivyo ŵakati ni [[Clinton Foundation–State Department controversy#Switzerland.27s largest bank|vyawanangwa ivyo Hillary Clinton na banki yikuru chomene ya ku Switzerland ŵakapokeranga mwakupambana na malango]].<ref name="skittles" /> Pa nyengo ya kampeni, Trump Jr. wakapharazga vigomezgo vya [[Alex Jones]] vyakuti Hillary Clinton wakavwara chinthu chakupulikiska mazgu mu khutu pa ungano wa mlongozgi wa charu<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-09082016-htmlstory.html#trumps-son-raises-clinton-earpiece-conspiracy|title=Trump's son raises Clinton earpiece conspiracy|last=Mehta|first=Seema|date=September 8, 2016|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=May 16, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727020057/http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-trump-s-son-raises-clinton-earpiece-1473368636-htmlstory.html|archive-date=July 27, 2017|issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/647604/donald-trump-jr-leaps-alex-jones-conspiracy-theory-bandwagon|title=Donald Trump Jr. leaps on Alex Jones' conspiracy theory bandwagon|last=Stanek|first=Becca|date=September 8, 2016|access-date=May 16, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809041336/http://theweek.com/speedreads/647604/donald-trump-jr-leaps-alex-jones-conspiracy-theory-bandwagon|archive-date=August 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/294970-donald-trump-jr-promotes-infowars-conspiracy-on-clintons/|title=Donald Trump Jr. promotes conspiracy theory on Clinton earpiece|last=Savransky|first=Rebecca|date=September 8, 2016|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=May 16, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517164421/http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/294970-donald-trump-jr-promotes-infowars-conspiracy-on-clintons|archive-date=May 17, 2017}}</ref> kweniso kuti viŵerengero vya ŵanthu awo ŵalije ntchito ivyo boma likupharazga vikasinthika chifukwa cha vya ndale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jul/25/donald-trump-jr/donald-trump-jr-says-unemployment-rates-are-manipu/|title=Donald Trump Jr.'s unemployment claim up in flames|last=Emery| first=C. Eugene Jr. |date=July 25, 2016|work=[[Politifact]]|access-date=May 16, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512214608/http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jul/25/donald-trump-jr/donald-trump-jr-says-unemployment-rates-are-manipu/|archive-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2017, Trump Jr. wakapharazga ivyo [[CNN]] yikati ni "vigomezgo vyakupangapanga vyakale chomene, vya ku chigaŵa chakumanjiliro kwa dazi chomene" vyakuti [[Bill Clinton]] wakakhwaskika na [[Suicide of Vince Foster|nyifwa ya Vince Foster]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/11/politics/kfile-don-jr-vince-foster-tweet/index.html |title=Trump Jr. shares tweet linking Clinton's firing of FBI director to death of Vince Foster |last=Kaczynski |first=Andrew |publisher=[[CNN]]|date=May 11, 2017 |access-date=May 26, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522224520/http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/11/politics/kfile-don-jr-vince-foster-tweet/index.html |archive-date=May 22, 2017}}</ref> Mu Novembala, Trump Jr. wakapharazgaso vigomezgo vyakupangapanga vyakuti [[Clinton body count conspiracy theory|Ŵa Clinton ŵakakoma ŵanthu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-jr-donna-brazile-hillary-clinton-2017-11 |title=Donald Trump Jr. revives conspiracy theory about Clintons amid Donna Brazile controversy |work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=November 6, 2017 |first=Maxwell |last=Tani |date=November 6, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023538/http://uk.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-jr-donna-brazile-hillary-clinton-2017-11?r=US&IR=T |archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2018, Trump Jr. wakayika "like" pa ma [[Twitter|ma tweet]] ghaŵiri agho ghakapharazganga [[vigomezgo vyakupangapanga]] vyakuti awo ŵakapona pa kuwombera ku [[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting|Sukulu ya Sekondale ya Stoneman Douglas]] ŵakaphalirika umo ŵangayowoyera vinthu vyakususkana na Trump.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/tasneemnashrulla/donald-trump-jr-conspiracy-theory-florida-shooting-survivor |title=Donald Trump Jr. Liked Tweets Promoting A Conspiracy Theory About A Florida Shooting Survivor |last1=Nashrulla |first1=Tasneem |date=February 20, 2018 |access-date=February 21, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222031205/https://www.buzzfeed.com/tasneemnashrulla/donald-trump-jr-conspiracy-theory-florida-shooting-survivor |archive-date=February 22, 2018 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |last2=Smidt |first2=Remy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 21, 2018 |title=Florida survivor brands Trump Jr. 'disgusting' for liking shooting conspiracy tweet |url=http://www.newsweek.com/florida-shooting-donald-trump-jr-david-hogg-814056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222044833/http://www.newsweek.com/florida-shooting-donald-trump-jr-david-hogg-814056 |archive-date=February 22, 2018 |access-date=February 21, 2018 |work=[[Newsweek]] |quote=The president's son liked the online conspiracy theory that was posted by several people on Twitter about teenage survivor [[David Hogg]], who has also been forced to defend himself against a conspiracy that he is a "crisis actor".}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2018, Trump Jr. wakachitaso uthenga wautesi na [[Antisemitism|kususkana na Ŵayuda]] wakuti [[George Soros]], munthu wa bizinesi wa Muyuda wa ku Hungary na ku America kweniso wakovwira ŵanthu, wakaŵa "munthu wa Nazi ''[sic]'' uyo wakapeleka Ŵayuda ŵanyake kuti ŵakomeke mu misasa ya Ŵajeremani ndipo wakiba chuma chawo".<ref name="barr">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/roseanne-barr-george-soros-tweet-nazi-jewish-holocaust-abc-cancelled-show-a8375006.html|title=George Soros responds to Roseanne Barr's claim that he is 'a Nazi'|last=Shugerman|first=Emily|date=May 29, 2018|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=May 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530003420/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/roseanne-barr-george-soros-tweet-nazi-jewish-holocaust-abc-cancelled-show-a8375006.html|archive-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref><ref name="gq" /><ref name="roseanne">{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/389766-donald-trump-jr-retweets-roseannes-conspiracy-theory-about/|title=Trump Jr. retweets Roseanne's conspiracy theory about George Soros|last=Manchester|first=Julia|date=May 29, 2018|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=May 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530012506/http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/389766-donald-trump-jr-retweets-roseannes-conspiracy-theory-about|archive-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref> Ma tweet agha ghakafuma kwa [[Roseanne Barr]], uyo pulogalamu yake ya pa TV ''[[Roseanne (TV series)|Roseanne]]'' yikalekeka zuŵa lenelira chifukwa chakuti wakalemba ma tweet ghanandi ghakususkana na mitundu ya ŵanthu kweniso Ŵayuda.<ref name="barr" /> Muyowoyeri wa Soros wakazgora ku ma tweet agha kuti, "George Soros wakapona pa nyengo iyo Nazi zikawusa ku Hungary apo wakaŵa mwana wa vyaka 13 chifukwa wakabisama na kugwiliskira ntchito zina lautesi pamoza na wovwiri wa awiske, awo ŵakapulumuska mbumba yawo na kovwira Ŵayuda ŵanandi kuti ŵapone pa nyifwa yikuru ya Ŵayuda".<ref name="roseanne" /> Mu Juni 2018, Trump Jr. wakayika "like" pa tweet iyo yikati ŵana ŵa ŵalendo awo ŵakapatulika na ŵapapi ŵawo chifukwa cha [[Trump administration family separation policy|ndondomeko ya boma la Trump ya kupatura mbumba]] ŵakaŵa ŵanyake ŵakuchita maseŵero waka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-jr-likes-tweet-suggesting-children-separated-parents-border-are-981126|title=Donald Trump Jr. just liked a tweet suggesting children separated from their parents are crisis actors|last=Sinclair|first=Harriet|date=June 18, 2018|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=June 29, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629235704/http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-jr-likes-tweet-suggesting-children-separated-parents-border-are-981126|archive-date=June 29, 2018}}</ref> In September 2018, apo [[Hurricane Florence]] yikakhwaska United States, Trump Jr. wakalemba pa Twitter chithuzi cha mulembi wa CNN [[Anderson Cooper]] wakuŵa mu maji kufika pa muchanya pa thupi, apo munthu munyake mu chithuzi chenecho wakaŵa mu maji kufika pa mawondo patali pachoko. Mu uthenga wenewura, Trump Jr. wakayikamo ulalo wa nkhani ya ''[[Breitbart News]]'' iyo yikati malipoti gha CNN ghakaŵa pasi na 41%, ndipo wakayowoya chigomezgo chakupangira kuti CNN "yikupusika kuti yipangiske [wiske, President Trump] kuwoneka uheni". Kweni chithuzi cha Cooper chikaŵa cha vyaka pafupifupi 10 kumasinda, chikajambulika pa nyengo ya [[Hurricane Ike]] mu 2008 pambere Trump wandaŵe pulezidenti, ndipo Cooper wakawoneka mu vidiyo wakulongosora kuti maji ghakaŵa ghakukhira.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/9/18/17873852/anderson-cooper-donald-trump-jr-hurricane-florence|title=Donald Trump Jr.'s Anderson Cooper hurricane conspiracy theory, explained|last1=Stewart|first1=Emily|date=September 18, 2018|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194002/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/9/18/17873852/anderson-cooper-donald-trump-jr-hurricane-florence|archive-date=September 18, 2018|access-date=September 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Anderson |author-link=Anderson Cooper |date=September 18, 2018 |title=Anderson Cooper shuts down Donald Trump Jr.'s lie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQEtXWdID0k&ab_channel=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/tQEtXWdID0k |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |website=[[CNN]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2020, Trump Jr. mwakubendezga kwambura ukaboni [[Joe Biden]] kuti wakaŵa [[Pedophilia|munthu wakugonana na ŵana]].<ref>{{Cite News|last=Martin|first=Jonathan|date=May 16, 2020|title=Donald Trump Jr. Smears Biden With Baseless Instagram Post|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/16/us/donald-trump-jr-biden.html|access-date=May 17, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193759/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/16/us/donald-trump-jr-biden.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pengelly|first=Martin|date=May 18, 2020|title=Trump sons provoke outrage with baseless attacks on Biden and lockdown|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/18/donald-trump-jr-eric-joe-biden|access-date=February 13, 2022|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-date=February 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213125032/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/18/donald-trump-jr-eric-joe-biden|url-status=live}}</ref> Biden wakati wasangika na khansa ya prostate mu Meyi 2025, Trump Jr. wakambiska chigomezgo chakuti Jill Biden, uyo wakapokera digiri ya udokotala, wakatondeka wuli kumanya vimanyikwiro ndipo usange nkhani iyi yikabisika. Ivyo Trump Jr. wakayowoya vikawoneka kuti vikaŵa vyakupambana na ŵandyali ŵanyake kusazgapo awiske, ndipo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamukhozge. Kweni wakakhumbira panthazi pa malo ghanyake uthenga wakuti Biden wachire makora, "nangauli vya ndyali vili mu mphaka."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=How Barack Obama, Bill Clinton and Donald Trump Jr reacted to Joe Biden's cancer diagnosis - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/how-barack-obama-bill-clinton-and-donald-trump-jr-reacted-to-joe-bidens-cancer-diagnosis-19606570.htm |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-19 |title=Donald Trump Jr. stokes controversy with his comment on Biden's cancer diagnosis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/donald-trump-jr-stokes-controversy-with-his-comment-on-bidens-cancer-diagnosis/articleshow/121259616.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Mu Ogasiti 2020, Trump Jr. wakagaŵira nkhani ya ''Breitbart News'' yakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 800 awo ŵakafwa kweni ŵakuti ŵakavota mu Michigan, iyo yikapangika nga ni ukaboni wakuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghambura kuzomerezgeka ndipo ghakalongora upusikizgi ukuru wa visola; kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakapeleka kale mavoti ghawo pambere ŵandafwe, ndipo mavoti agha ghakakanika na ŵalara ŵa boma la Michigan awo ŵakamanya kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafwa pambere zuŵa la visola lindafike.<ref>{{Cite News |first1=Tara |last1=Subramaniam |first2=Holmes |last2=Lybrand |title=Fact Check: Michigan's rejection of ballots from dead voters is an example of the system working, not fraud |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/18/politics/dead-voters-in-michigan-rejected-ballots-fraud-fact-check/index.html |access-date=August 18, 2020 |date=August 18, 2020 |work=[[CNN]]|archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818152208/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/18/politics/dead-voters-in-michigan-rejected-ballots-fraud-fact-check/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Seputembala 2020, wakalutizga kuyowoya maukaboni ghambura ukaboni ghakukhwaskana na upusikizgi wa visola apo wakayowoya kuti, "Ŵanthu ŵakukhumbiska kusintha vinthu ŵali kunozga nthowa yakuti ŵibe visola ivi kwa wiske". Wakayowoyaso kuti: "Nkhongono zawo nkhuwonjezera mamiliyoni gha mavoti ghakupusika agho ghangakanizga voti linu ndipo ghangasintha ivyo visola vyalemba", ndipo wakapempha ŵanthu "ŵakukhala makora mu thupi" kuti ŵaŵe gulu lakuvikilira visola la awiske. Facebook na Twitter ŵakaŵika malembo pa vidiyo agha ghakulongora uthenga wakukolerana na fundo zakukwambilira za visola.<ref>{{Cite News|last1=O'Sullivan|first1=Donie|last2=Dale|first2=Daniel|author-link2=Daniel Dale|date=September 23, 2020|title=Fact check: Trump Jr. touts baseless rigged-election claims to recruit 'army' for his dad|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/23/politics/donald-trump-jr-baseless-rigged-election-fact-check/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=September 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193828/https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/23/politics/donald-trump-jr-baseless-rigged-election-fact-check/index.html|archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> Mu Novembala 2020, pamanyuma pakuti [[Pfizer]] yalengeza kuti yapanga [[Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine|katemera wa COVID-19]] uyo wakaŵa na mphumphu ya 90%, Trump Jr. wakayowoya chigomezgo chakuti katemera uyu wakasungika kuti waleke kulengeka mwaluŵiro chifukwa cha kukhumba kunanga mwaŵi wa awiske pa visola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naughtie|first=Andrew|date=November 9, 2020|title=Donald Trump Jr floats conspiracy theory about timing of Pfizer's vaccine|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/covid-vaccine-trump-jr-conspiracy-election-b1719735.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 24, 2021|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109155129/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/covid-vaccine-trump-jr-conspiracy-election-b1719735.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite News |date=November 11, 2020 |title=Trump rails against 'medical deep state' after Pfizer vaccine news comes after Election Day |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/11/trump-angry-about-pfizer-vaccine/|first1=Laurie|last=McGinley|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey|first3=Yasmeen|last3=Abutaleb|first4=Carolyn Y. |last4=Johnson|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> CEO wa Pfizer [[Albert Bourla]] wakakana fundo iyi, wakayowoya kuti kampani yikakhazikiska kale ndondomeko yake yakuthemba "luŵiro lwa sayansi".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harriet|first=Alexander|date=November 9, 2020|title=Pfizer CEO dismisses Trump Jr's claim Covid vaccine announcement was held back to damage Trump|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/pfizer-covid-vaccine-trump-jr-election-b1719837.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 24, 2021|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109200156/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/pfizer-covid-vaccine-trump-jr-election-b1719837.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa [[Kunjilira kwa Russia ku Ukraine mu 2022|Russia kukunjilira Ukraine]] mu Febuluwale 2022, Trump Jr. wakalutizga kupharazga utesi wa propaganda ya boma la Russia uwo ukatengeka kuti [[Nkhani yakuti Ukraine wali na vilwero vya bayoloji|U.S. na Ukraine ŵakapanganga vilwero vya bayoloji]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=March 11, 2022 |title=Theory About U.S.-Funded Bioweapons Labs in Ukraine Is Unfounded |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/us/politics/us-bioweapons-ukraine-misinformation.html |access-date=March 12, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311182815/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/us/politics/us-bioweapons-ukraine-misinformation.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ling |first=Justin |date=2022-03-18 |title=How 'Ukrainian bioweapons labs' myth went from QAnon fringe to Fox News |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/mar/18/ukrainian-bioweapons-labs-qanon-fox-news |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ===Utesi wakukhwaskana na COVID-19=== Trump Jr. wakapika chilango cha maora 12 pa Twitter mu Julayi 2020 pamanyuma pakuti wakapharazga utesi wakukhwaskana na [[Nthenda ya coronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] chifukwa chakubwerezgaso vidiyo iyo yikalongora dokotala wa [[Houston]] [[Stella Immanuel]] wakukhozgera [[hydroxychloroquine]] nga ni munkhwala wakuchizga, nangauli pakaŵa masambiro ghakupambana, kweniso chifukwa chakuyowoya kuti masks ghakaŵa ghambura kukhumbikwa. Twitter pamanyuma yikayowoya kuti yikamukanizga kwa maora 12 kuti walembe panji kubwerezga tweet chifukwa wakaswa ndondomeko yake ya [[Utesi wakukhwaskana na COVID-19|utesi wa COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Twitter temporarily bars Donald Trump Jr. from tweeting over coronavirus misinformation |url=https://www.axios.com/donald-trump-jr-twitter-temporarily-bars-tweets-ef46bb97-4213-4a13-ab5a-1f4c55b34eb1.html |access-date=July 28, 2020 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728144624/https://www.axios.com/donald-trump-jr-twitter-temporarily-bars-tweets-ef46bb97-4213-4a13-ab5a-1f4c55b34eb1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 28, 2020|title=Donald Trump Jr suspended from tweeting|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53567681|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728150220/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53567681|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2020/07/twitter-bars-donald-trump-jr-for-12-hours-after-presidents-son-posts-false-information-about-coronavirus.html|title=Twitter bars Donald Trump Jr. for 12 hours he posts false information about coronavirus|date=July 28, 2020|website=masslive|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193851/https://www.masslive.com/politics/2020/07/twitter-bars-donald-trump-jr-for-12-hours-after-presidents-son-posts-false-information-about-coronavirus.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/509353-twitter-limits-donald-trump-jrs-account-after-sharing-coronavirus/|title=Twitter limits Donald Trump Jr.'s account after sharing coronavirus disinformation|first=Chris Mills|last=Rodrigo|date=July 28, 2020|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=July 28, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193842/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/509353-twitter-limits-donald-trump-jrs-account-after-sharing-coronavirus|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa Okutobala 29, 2020, Trump Jr. wakasuska ŵanthu ŵa mu vyakusambizga chifukwa cha kuyika mtima pa ŵanthu ŵaphya awo ŵali na nthenda m’malo mwa awo ŵakufwa, wakayowoya pa Fox News kuti, "chifukwa wuli ŵakuyowoyapo yayi vya nyifwa? Oh, chifukwa nambara iyi njifupi chomene. Chifukwa tasuzga nthenda iyi ndipo tikumanya umo yikugwirira ntchito." Pa zuŵa ilo Trump Jr. wakayowoya mazgu agha, [[Nthenda ya COVID-19 mu United States|United States]] yikalembapo pafupifupi ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakafwa na COVID-19.<ref name="Politico_20201030">{{cite news |last1=Forgey |first1=Quint |title=Don Jr. dismisses coronavirus deaths: 'The number is almost nothing' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/30/trump-jr-coronavirus-deaths-nothing-433665 |work=[[Politico]]|date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030122338/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/30/trump-jr-coronavirus-deaths-nothing-433665 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thrush |first=Glenn |date=2020-10-30 |title=Donald Trump Jr. said virus deaths had fallen to 'almost nothing' as over 1,000 died in the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/us/elections/donald-trump-jr-said-virus-deaths-had-fallen-to-almost-nothing-as-over-1000-died-in-the-us.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ===Vinyake=== [[File:AmericaFest 2025 - Donald Trump Jr 08 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Trump Jr. pa [[Turning Point USA|AmericaFest]] 2025]] Mu Novembala 2019, Trump Jr. wakalemba pa Twitter zina la munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti ndiyo wakavumbura [[Nkhani ya Trump na Ukraine|nkhani ya Trump na Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Handley |first=Paul |title=Donald Trump Jr. tweets name of alleged Ukraine whistleblower |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/donald-trump-jr-tweets-name-of-alleged-ukraine-whistleblower/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |date=2019-10-08 |title=Trump's Ukraine Call Was 'Crazy' and 'Frightening,' Official Told Whistle-Blower |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/us/politics/trump-ukraine-whistleblower.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Malango gha awo ŵakuvumbura vinthu viheni (whistleblowers) ghakuŵa ghakuvikilira mazina gha ŵanthu awo ŵavumbura milandu panji vinthu viheni mu boma. [[Agence France-Presse]] yikayezga kusimikizga payekha zina ilo Trump Jr. wakalemba pa Twitter kweni yikatondeka.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Paul |last=Handley |url=https://news.yahoo.com/impeachment-trumps-son-tweets-name-alleged-whistleblower-154514188.html |title=Impeachment: Trump's son tweets name of alleged whistleblower |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |access-date=November 6, 2019 |date=November 6, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193900/https://news.yahoo.com/impeachment-trumps-son-tweets-name-alleged-whistleblower-154514188.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Juni 2020, pa nyengo ya [[Muliri wa COVID-19|muliri wa COVID-19]], Trump Jr. wakayimba ŵa ku chigaŵa cha ufulu (liberals) kuti mbapusikizgi, chifukwa cha kuŵika malango ghakukakilira mabizinesi na malango gha kutalikirana na ŵanthu apo ŵakachitanga chiyezgo cha "Action for Black Trans Lives" chakukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa [[Transgender|ŵakusintha jenda]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldiner |first=Dave |title=Donald Trump Jr. trashes huge Brooklyn trans rally: 'Corona is cancelled!!!' |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-coronavirus-trump-junior-brooklyn-trans-20200615-7nunu6unx5gehlnizi6uwd56ke-story.html |access-date=June 15, 2020 |date=June 15, 2020 |newspaper=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193932/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-coronavirus-trump-junior-brooklyn-trans-20200615-7nunu6unx5gehlnizi6uwd56ke-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump Jr. wakasuskanga makampani gha [[Big Tech|matekinoloje ghakuru]] kuti ghakuchita sankho pa ŵakugomezga ndyali za ku chanya ndipo wakayowoya kuti [[Boma la mu mseri mu United States|boma la mu mseri]] likakhumbanga kutimbanizga Trump apo wakaŵa pulezidenti.<ref name="britannica" /> ==Kuyezga kusintha ivyo vikachitika pa visola vya 2020== {{Main|Kuyezga kusintha visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 2020}} Trump wakaŵa na mulimo ukuru mu [[Kuyezga kwa Donald Trump kusintha visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 2020|kuyezga kwa awiske kusintha ivyo vikachitika pa visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 2020]], ndipo wakawofya ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani cha Republican awo ŵakaleka kutorapo chigaŵa mu mulimo uwu.<ref>{{cite news |first=Graig |last=Graziosi |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-eric-trump-election-protest-b1783318.html |title=Trump's sons declare war on GOP |date=January 6, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212530/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-eric-trump-election-protest-b1783318.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Novembala 2020, wakakhumbanga "[[Nkhondo yikuru|nkhondo yikuru]]" m’malo mwa kumalizga kupenda mavoti mu [[Visola vya United States vya 2020]].<ref name="DallasMorningNews-2020-11-05" /> CNN yikayowoya mu Epulero 2022 kuti mazuŵa ghaŵiri pamanyuma pa visola, Trump Jr. wakatuma uthenga kwa [[Mulongozgi wa ŵantchito wa ku White House|Mulongozgi wa ŵantchito wa ku White House]] [[Mark Meadows]] wakulongosora nthowa zakusuzga ndondomeko ya [[Electoral College]] na kusungilira awiske nyengo yachiŵiri ya ulamuliro.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trump Jr. texted Meadows after 2020 election to press Trump second term -CNN |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-jr-texted-meadows-after-2020-election-press-trump-second-term-cnn-2022-04-08/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816203823/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-jr-texted-meadows-after-2020-election-press-trump-second-term-cnn-2022-04-08/ |archive-date=August 16, 2022 |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=Reuters |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> Wakatalemba kuti, "Nkhani iyi njipusu. Tili na nthowa zinandi. Tikuziwusa zose. Tili na mazaza gha kugwira ntchito. Tili na mazaza ghose. Tili pa malo gha makhaliro ghawemi. POTUS wakwenera kwambaso nyengo yachiŵiri sono." Wakapitilira kuti, "Ŵa Republican ŵakuwusa vigaŵa 28, Ŵa Democrat ŵakuwusa vigaŵa 22. Kachiwiri Trump wakuthera," ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti, "Panji tili na voti iyo TIKUWUSA ndipo TIKUTHERA panji nkhani iyi yikutumizgika ku Congress pa 6 Januware 2021." Pa nyengo ya uthenga uwu, Biden wakaŵa wandalengeke kuti ndiyo wakathereska visola.<ref name="control">{{cite news|title=CNN Exclusive: 'We control them all': Donald Trump Jr. texted Meadows ideas for overturning 2020 election before it was called|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/08/politics/donald-trump-jr-meadows-text/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=April 8, 2022|first1=Ryan|last1=Nobles|first2=Zachary|last2=Cohen|first3=Annie|last3=Grayer|access-date=April 8, 2022|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408205412/https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/08/politics/donald-trump-jr-meadows-text/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |title=Text From Donald Trump Jr. Set Out Strategies to Fight Election Outcome |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/08/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-meadows-text-message.html |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411180336/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/08/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-meadows-text-message.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Umo wakukolerana na chiwawa cha pa nyumba ya boma ya pa Capitol pa 6 Januwale=== {{Broader|Chiwawa cha pa nyumba ya boma ya United States Capitol pa 6 Januwale}} Pamoza na awiske na ŵayowoyi ŵanyake, pa 6 Januwale 2021, Trump Jr. wakayowoya kwa ŵanthu ndipo, pakuyowoya vya ŵalongozgi ŵa GOP awo ŵakasuzgika kutora chigaŵa, wakati, "Usange mukukhumba kuŵa wambura ntchito ndipo mungaŵa ngwazi yayi, tikizenge kwa imwe".<ref>{{cite news |last=da Silva |first=Chantal |author-link=Chantal Da Silva |date=November 6, 2020 |title='Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193722/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Pulezidenti Trump wakalutilira [[Kuchiska uchigeŵenga|kuchiska]] mzinda uwu, uwo pamanyuma ukaluta ku [[Nyumba ya boma ya United States Capitol|nyumba ya boma ya U.S. Capitol]], uko ŵakanjira mwankhongono, ŵakabwangandura mawindo ndipo ŵakaparanya nyumba. Mwanakazi yumoza wakakomeka, ndipo wapolisi na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵatatu ŵakafwa mu nyengo ya kunjira uku panji nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Politico]] |date=January 6, 2021 |title='I'm going to be in your backyard': Trump sons threaten primaries for GOP lawmakers |first=Quint |last=Forgey |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/06/trump-threat-primaries-gop-lawmakers-455366 |access-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208132138/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/06/trump-threat-primaries-gop-lawmakers-455366 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mulongozgi wa pa TV]] kweniso wakale wa nyumba ya malango [[Joe Scarborough]] wakapempha kuti Trump Jr., pamoza na awiske na Rudolph Giuliani, ŵakakike chifukwa cha [[Kugalukira boma|kugalukira]] United States.<ref name="thehill-2021">{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/533072-scarborough-calls-for-arrest-of-trump-giuliani-and-trump-jr-for-insurrection/ |title=Scarborough calls for arrest of Trump, Giuliani and Trump Jr. for insurrection against US |first=Morgan |last=Gstalter |date=January 7, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020745/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/533072-scarborough-calls-for-arrest-of-trump-giuliani-and-trump-jr-for-insurrection |url-status=live}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti awiske ŵakanizgika kotheratu pa [[Twitter]] pa 8 Januwale 2021, Donald Trump Jr. wakayowoya kuti wanangwa wa [[wanangwa wa kuyowoya|kuyowoya mwawanangwa]] "ulije mu America sono".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fact-checking Trump Jr. comment: How the First Amendment doesn't apply to private companies |url=https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/Fact-checking-Trump-Jr-comment-How-the-First-15857097.php |access-date=January 9, 2021 |date=January 8, 2021 |work=[[The Telegraph (Alton, Illinois)|The Telegraph]] |location=[[Alton, Illinois]] |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193850/https://www.thetelegraph.com/news/article/Fact-checking-Trump-Jr-comment-How-the-First-15857097.php |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa 5 Malichi 2021, mulara wa nyumba ya malango [[Eric Swalwell]] wakasanga mulandu wa kukanizga mu khoti (civil lawsuit) kwa Trump Jr. na ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵanyake (awiske, mulara wa nyumba ya malango [[Mo Brooks]], na [[Rudy Giuliani]]), kupempha ndalama chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakatenge ŵakachita pakuchiska chiwawa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/06/03/eric-swalwell-sues-donald-trump-rudy-giuliani-over-capitol-riot-but-cant-find-mo-brooks/7522681002/|title=Unanswered calls and a thwarted private detective: Swalwell's lawsuit over Jan. 6 has trouble getting started|last=Jansen|first=Bart|date=June 3, 2021|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=July 28, 2021|archive-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728194515/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/06/03/eric-swalwell-sues-donald-trump-rudy-giuliani-over-capitol-riot-but-cant-find-mo-brooks/7522681002/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2021, mauthenga gha pa foni agho ghakavumbulika na Meadows ghakalongora kuti Trump Jr. wakapempha Meadows kuti wachiske awiske kuti ŵaleke chiwawa icho chikachitikanga.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=David|date=December 14, 2021|title=Trump Jr and Fox News hosts begged Meadows to help stop Capitol attack, texts show|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/14/mark-meadows-texts-fox-news-donald-trump-jr-capitol-attack|url-status=live|access-date=January 20, 2022|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214173417/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/14/mark-meadows-texts-fox-news-donald-trump-jr-capitol-attack |archive-date=December 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tomlinson|first=Hugh|date=December 15, 2021|title=Make Dad end Capitol riot, Donald Trump Jr texted White House chief|language=en|work=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/us-capitol-riots-make-dad-end-riot-donald-trump-son-texted-white-house-chief-j0fvz326l|access-date=January 20, 2022|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=January 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120040536/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/us-capitol-riots-make-dad-end-riot-donald-trump-son-texted-white-house-chief-j0fvz326l|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Kufufuzika kwa mulandu=== Pa Janyuwale 11, 2021, [[Attorney General for the District of Columbia|mulongozgi wa malango wa D.C.]] [[Karl Racine]] wakayowoya kuti Donald Trump Jr. ni [[munthu wakukayikirika]] mu kufufuzika kwa mulandu wa nkhondo ya pa U.S. Capitol ndipo wakapenjanga usange wangamuŵika mulandu, pamoza na [[Rudy Giuliani]] na [[Mo Brooks]], cifukwa ca kuchiska nkhondo yaukali iyi.<ref name="cnbc-2021">{{cite news |title=DC attorney general considers riot incitement charges against Donald Trump Jr., Giuliani, GOP Rep. Brooks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/11/capitol-riot-donald-trump-jr-rudy-giuliani-could-face-charges-in-dc.html |access-date=January 12, 2021 |work=[[CNBC]] |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193353/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/11/capitol-riot-donald-trump-jr-rudy-giuliani-could-face-charges-in-dc.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-11 |title=House pushes to impeach Trump after deadly Capitol riot: Live updates |url=https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-impeachment-news-01-11-21/index.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ==Kufufuzika kwa vya upusikizgi== Pa Janyuwale 14, 2021, vikamanyikwa kuti Trump Jr. ni munthu wakukayikirika mu [[kufufuzika kwa mulandu]] wakukhwaskana na [[misuse|kugwiriskira ntchito uheni]] ndalama za boma za kutangiska mazaza za awiske mu Washington D.C., ndipo [[prosecutor|ŵakupenjerezga milandu]] ŵakakhumbanga kumufumba pa udindo wake mu "kulipira ndalama zinandi chomene" kuti wagwiliskire ntchito malo gha viphikiro pa [[Trump Hotel DC|Trump Hotel mu Washington]] pa mwambo wakutangiska mazaza mu 2017.<ref name="cnn-fraud-investigation">{{cite news |first=Kara |last=Scannell |title=DC attorney general wants to interview Donald Trump Jr. as part of Trump inaugural funds abuse probe |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/14/politics/dc-attorney-general-donald-trump-jr-inaugural-funds-abuse/index.html |date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |work=[[CNN]]|archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114201209/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/14/politics/dc-attorney-general-donald-trump-jr-inaugural-funds-abuse/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Meyi 2022, Mulongozgi wa malango wa D.C. Karl Racine wakakolerana kulipilika ndalama zakukwana $750,000 na komiti yakutangiska mazaza kwambura kukhumba kuti ivume kuti yikachita ubudi.<ref name="Klasfeld2022">{{cite news |last1=Klasfeld |first1=Adam |title=D.C. Attorney General Reaches $750,000 Settlement Over Trump Inaugural Committee Lawsuit |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/d-c-attorney-general-reaches-750000-settlement-over-trump-inaugural-committee-lawsuit/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[Law & Crime]] |date=May 3, 202}}</ref> ==Mabuku== ===''Triggered: How the Left Thrives on Hate and Wants to Silence Us''=== {{Main|Triggered (book)}} Mu 2019, Trump Jr. wakafumiska buku, ''[[Triggered (book)|Triggered: How the Left Thrives on Hate and Wants to Silence Us]]''. Buku ili likususka [[political correctness|malango gha ndondomeko ya ndyali yakuleka kukhuŵazga ŵanthu]], ndipo likuti ŵakumalyero mu America ŵali na maghanoghano gha [[Victim mentality|kujiwona nga mbakupwetekeka]].<ref name="arlington">{{Cite news |first=Reis |last=Thebault |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/07/visit-arlington-cemetery-reminded-donald-trump-jr-all-his-familys-sacrifices-he-writes/ |title=Visit to Arlington Cemetery reminded Donald Trump Jr. of all his family's 'sacrifices', he writes |date=November 7, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=November 8, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193851/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/07/visit-arlington-cemetery-reminded-donald-trump-jr-all-his-familys-sacrifices-he-writes/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' yikayowoya kuti: "kweni mu umo wakalongosolera, wakupwetekeka wanadi kanandi ni iyo, awiske panji munthu munyake wa mbumba ya Trump".<ref name="arlington" /> Mu buku ili, Trump Jr. wakukhozgera fundo za utesi zakuti [[United States Intelligence Community|gulu la vya mazgo gha chitetezo]] likayezga kupweteka President Trump, ndipo wakuyaniska ivyo President Trump wakakumana navyo na kampeni ya [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] yakusuzga mulongozgi wa wanangwa wa ŵanthu [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]<ref name="book">{{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-jr-new-book-about-how-he-feels-like-victim-2019-11 |title=Donald Trump Jr.'s new book is a lengthy rant about how his family has been victimized by Trump's presidency |last=Haltiwanger |first=John |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=November 8, 2019 |date=November 8, 2019 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193839/https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-jr-new-book-about-how-he-feels-like-victim-2019-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump Jr. wakalemba vya ulendo wake ku [[Arlington National Cemetery]] (malo ghakusungako ŵasilikari), wakayowoya kuti wakalira pakuwona malaro ndipo vikamukumbuska vya "vyakujipeleka vyose" ivyo mbumba ya Trump yikachita, kusazgapo "kuleka mwakujikhumbira chigaŵa chikuru cha bizinesi yithu na malonda ghose gha pa charu chose kuti tileke kuwoneka nga tikupindula na udindo".<ref name="arlington" /><ref name="book" /> Ŵakupima unenesko ŵakayowoya kuti Trump wachali na bizinesi ya mbumba iyi, ndipo mbumba ya Trump yalutilira kuchita malonda gha pa charu chose kufuma apo Trump wakaŵa pulezidenti.<ref name="arlington" /> Mu ndemanga ya ''The Washington Post'', [[Carlos Lozada (journalist)|Carlos Lozada]] wakayowoya kuti buku ili "likutondeka nga ni buku la umoyo wa munthu kweniso nga ni nkhani yakususkana: kusanda kwake nkhwambura kuzama, utesi wake ukulutilira, ndipo wakumanya yayi ivyo wakuchita (malemba ngaheni nanga ni kulinganiska na mabuku gha ndyali ghakujikuzga)".<ref>{{Cite news |first=Carlos |last=Lozada |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/03/donald-trump-jrs-triggered-reads-like-campaign-book/ |title=Donald Trump Jr.'s 'Triggered' reads like a campaign book for 2024 |date=January 3, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=January 11, 2020 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193853/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/03/donald-trump-jrs-triggered-reads-like-campaign-book/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Buku ili likaŵa pa [[The New York Times Best Seller list|mndandanda wa mabuku ghakuguliskika chomene wa ''New York Times'']]. Buku ili likagulika mwa unandi na mabungwe gha Republican ghakukwana 9, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusankhidwa, panji magulu ghakuvikilira fundo, kusazgapo N.R.C.C. na [[Republican National Committee|RNC]] agho ghakagura mabuku gha mtengo wa $75,000 na $100,000, mwakuyana. [[Turning Point USA]] na National Republican Senatorial Committee ghakagura mabuku pafupifupi 2,000 na 2,500, mwakuyana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/28/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-book.html|title=Donald Trump Jr., Debut Author, Sees Sales Bolstered by G.O.P. Allies|last1=Confessore|first1=Nicholas|date=November 28, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 1, 2019|last2=Alter|first2=Alexandra|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193842/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/28/us/politics/donald-trump-jr-book.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === ''Liberal Privilege: Joe Biden and the Democrats' Defense of the Indefensible'' === {{Main|Liberal Privilege}} Mu 2020, Trump Jr. wakajisindikizgira buku ''Liberal Privilege: Joe Biden and the Democrats' Defense of the Indefensible''. Vikayowoyeka kuti Trump Jr. wakalemba ŵakufufuza ŵatatu kuti ŵawunganiske fundo zakukhwaskana na [[Joe Biden]] ndipo wakamara myezi yitatu pakulemba buku ili.<ref name="NYT-Karni">{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Karni |first2=Annie |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Self-Publishing Is a Gamble. Why Is Donald Trump Jr. Doing It? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/06/books/donald-trump-jr-liberal-privilege.html |access-date=August 16, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193850/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/06/books/donald-trump-jr-liberal-privilege.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump Jr. wakalongosolera ''[[The New York Times]]'' vifukwa vyake kuti: "Nangauli nkhaŵa kuti nkhalengezge buku yayi mu chaka ichi, nkhaŵa mu nyumba nga ni ŵanthu wose mu charu pa nyengo ya muliri", wakayowoya, kusazgirapo kuti "nkasankha kulongora vilimika 50 vya Biden vya kuŵa munthu wa mu madambo, chifukwa manyuzipepala ghakakhumbanga yayi kuchita nthena". Nkhani yeneyiyo yikayowoya kuti wakasankha kujisindikizgira yekha buku chifukwa wakagomezganga pa kutumbikika kwa "nsanja yake yekha{{snd}}na layizgo la kugulika kwa mabuku ghanandi kufuma ku RNC".<ref name="NYT-Karni" /> Buku ili likagulika nadi mwa unandi na RNC.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Isenstadt |first=Alex |title=RNC to hawk Donald Trump Jr.'s new book |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/21/rnc-to-hawk-donald-trump-jrs-new-book-374833 |access-date=August 16, 2020 |date=July 21, 2020 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193852/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/21/rnc-to-hawk-donald-trump-jrs-new-book-374833 |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa Okutobala 28, 2020, RNC yikalipira ndalama zakujumpha $300,000 za ŵanthu awo ŵakapeleka ndalama ku Pursuit Venture LLC, kampani iyo njake ya Trump Jr., cifukwa cha "vinthu vyakukumbukilika vya ŵapeleki". Iyi ndiyo yikaŵa ndalama zinandi chomene izo RNC yikawundapo pa chilato ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Papenfuss|first=Mary|date=December 5, 2020|title=RNC Reportedly Dropped $300,000 To Buy Donald Trump Jr.'s Latest Book|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-jr-republican-national-committee-book-buy_n_5fcafdf5c5b63a153451f4b6|access-date=December 5, 2020|website=[[HuffPost]]|language=en|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193844/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-jr-republican-national-committee-book-buy_n_5fcafdf5c5b63a153451f4b6|url-status=live}}</ref> Buku la chikopi chakukhoma likuguliska pa $29.99, ndipo ichi chikulongora mwakuyana unandi wa mabuku agho ghangaŵa kuti ghakagulika, kweniso chilato cha RNC chikaŵa chakuti yiŵepe buku limoza kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakapeleka $50–$100.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Markay|first=Lachlan|date=December 4, 2020|title=The RNC Shelled Out $300K for Don Jr.'s New Book|language=en|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-republican-national-committee-shelled-out-dollar300k-for-don-jrs-new-book|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193851/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-republican-national-committee-shelled-out-dollar300k-for-don-jrs-new-book|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Umoyo wachisisi == ===Mbumba=== [[Chithuzithuzi:Donald Trump, Jr. & Kimberly Guilfoyle (48513772081).jpg|thumb|right|Trump Jr. pamoza na [[Kimberly Guilfoyle]] mu Julayi 2019]] Mu 2003, Trump Jr. wakamba kutandana na mwanakazi wakuwoneka pa magazini [[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa Kay Haydon]] pa masuzgo gha awiske.<ref name="gq" /> Ŵakatorana pa Novembala 12, 2005, ku malo gha awiske gha [[Mar-a-Lago]] mu [[Palm Beach, Florida]]; mwambo wa nthengwa ukalongozgeka na azakhali ŵa Trump Jr., Judge [[Maryanne Trump Barry]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817150902/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,661670_1129629,00.html |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,661670_1129629,00.html |title=Donald Trump Jr. Marries Model Girlfriend |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=November 14, 2005 |last=Silverman |first=Stephen M. |access-date=July 14, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 17, 2016}}</ref> Agogo ŵa Haydon ŵa ku wiskewo ŵakaŵa wimba wa jazz wa ku Denmark [[Kai Ewans]].<ref name="connection" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Trumps svigerdatter på hemmeligt besøg på lille dansk ø. Den familiære forbindelse mellem Danmark og den amerikanske præsident er tættere end hidtil antaget. |trans-title=Trump's daughter-in-law on a secret visit to a small Danish island. The familial connection between Denmark and the American president is closer than previously assumed. |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/regionale/sjaelland/trumps-svigerdatter-paa-hemmeligt-besoeg-paa-lille-dansk-oe |first1=Trine Warrer |last1=Juul |first2=Maja |last2=Normann |work=[[Danish Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=July 25, 2017 |date=June 1, 2017 |language=da-DK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617230655/http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/regionale/sjaelland/trumps-svigerdatter-paa-hemmeligt-besoeg-paa-lille-dansk-oe |archive-date=June 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/3422/ |title=The OB-GYN Who Loves Women |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |first=Eric |last=Konigsberg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818033742/http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/3422/ |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |date=June 19, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishtampa.com/jews-in-the-news/jews-in-the-news-andy-samberg-liza-weil-ivanka-trump |title=Jews in the News: Andy Samberg, Liza Weil and Ivanka Trump |website=Tampa Jewish Federation |publisher=Tampa Jewish Community Centers and Federation |date=March 1, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005185630/https://www.jewishtampa.com/jews-in-the-news/jews-in-the-news-andy-samberg-liza-weil-ivanka-trump |archive-date=October 5, 2016}}</ref> Ŵali na ŵana ŵankhondi: mwana msungwana [[Kai Trump|Kai Madison]] (wakababika Meyi 2007), mwana msepuka Donald John III (wakababika Febuluwale 2009), mwana msepuka Tristan Milos (wakababika Okutobala 2011), mwana msepuka Spencer Frederick (wakababika Okutobala 2012), na mwana msungwana Chloe Sophia (wakababika Juni 2014).<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Donald Trump Jr. Welcomes Son Donald John III|url=https://people.com/parents/donald-trump-jr-welcomes-son-donald-john-iii/|date=February 18, 2009|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725194333/https://people.com/parents/donald-trump-jr-welcomes-son-donald-john-iii/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/vanessa-donald-trump-jr-welcome-baby-boy-tristan-2011310/|title=Vanessa, Donald Trump Jr. Welcome Baby Boy Tristan Milos|date=October 3, 2011|first=Justin|last=Ravitz|magazine=[[US Magazine]]|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=June 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610221003/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/vanessa-donald-trump-jr-welcome-baby-boy-tristan-2011310/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://people.com/parents/donald-trump-vanessa-trump-welcome-daughter-chloe-sophia/ |title=Donald and Vanessa Trump Welcome Daughter Chloe Sophia |last=Michaud |first=Sarah |date=June 18, 2014 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=September 28, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021170703/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2014/06/18/donald-trump-vanessa-trump-welcome-daughter-chloe-sophia/ |archive-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Mwana msungwana wakwamba, Kai, wakacemeka zina ili chifukwa cha agogo ŵake ŵa ku nyina, Kai Ewans.<ref>{{cite news |first=Iver Houmark |last=Andersen |url=http://www.avisen.dk/loekke-om-trump-sejr-det-lykkes-sjaeldent-en-mand-at_414814.aspx |title=Løkke om Trump-sejr: Det lykkes sjældent én mand at rive det hele ned |trans-title=Loop about Trump victory: One man rarely succeeds in tearing it all down |website=Avisen.dk |date=November 9, 2016 |language=da-DK |access-date=July 24, 2022 |archive-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513114932/https://www.avisen.dk/loekke-om-trump-sejr-det-lykkes-sjaeldent-en-mand-at_414814.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="connection">{{cite news |first=Freja |last=Wedenborg |url=http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx |title=Vidtse du det? Her er Trumps danske forbindelse |trans-title=Did you know that? Here is Trump's Danish connection |website=Avisen.dk |date=March 30, 2016 |language=da-DK |access-date=March 30, 2017 |archive-date=December 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085933/http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> Kai Trump wakayowoyeskeka na awiske ndipo wakayowoya pa [[Msonkhano wa Republican National Convention wa 2024|Msonkhano wa Republican National Convention wa 2024]] pa Julayi 17.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2024 |title=Trump's 17-year-old granddaughter Kai speaks at RNC |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/07/17/rnc-live-updates-coverage/kai-trump-speech-00169276 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=Politico}}</ref> Pa Malichi 15, 2018, vyakufalitsa vya pa vyakusangulika vikaphalira kuti ŵakutorana ŵakasangana ndipo Haydon wakapempha [[Uncontested divorce|chisudzulo chambura kususkika]] mu [[Khoti Likuru la Manhattan]],<ref name="nyt150318">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/15/politics/vanessa-trump-donald-trump-jr-divorce/index.html |title=Donald Trump Jr. and Vanessa Trump are separating |first=Sophie |last=Tatum |access-date=March 16, 2018 |date=March 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316035334/https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/15/politics/vanessa-trump-donald-trump-jr-divorce/index.html |archive-date=March 16, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="usatoday-divorcing">{{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2018/03/15/reports-presidents-eldest-donald-trump-jr-and-wife-vanessa-divorcing/430151002/ |title=Donald Trump Jr. and wife Vanessa are divorcing |last=Puente |first=Maria |date=March 15, 2018 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=March 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316005816/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2018/03/15/reports-presidents-eldest-donald-trump-jr-and-wife-vanessa-divorcing/430151002/ |archive-date=March 16, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/us/trump-jr-divorce-vanessa.html|title=Vanessa Trump, Donald Trump Jr.'s Wife, Files for Divorce|first1=Matthew|last1=Haag|first2=Jacey|last2=Fortin|date=March 15, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023452/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/15/us/trump-jr-divorce-vanessa.html|archive-date=March 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kweni pamanyuma vikamanyikwa kuti chisudzulo ichi chikaŵa chakususkika;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/style/vanessa-trump-divorce.html |first1=Katherine |last1=Rosman |first2=Jacob |last2=Bernstein |date=March 22, 2018 |title=Unbecoming a Trump: The Vanessa Trump Divorce |access-date=May 4, 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331084503/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/style/vanessa-trump-divorce.html|archive-date=March 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> mazina gha mulandu pera ndigho ghakaŵa pa mafayilo gha khoti, kweni fundo zakukhwaskana na umo chisudzulo chikaŵira zikalekeka kuwoneka pa wumba.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jonathan |last1=Lemire |first2=Larry |last2=Neumeister |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 15, 2018 |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/2018/03/15/donald-trump-wife-vanessa-trump-files-for-divorce/LErc3DqJYF29oRofQArHtI/story.html|title=Donald Trump Jr.'s wife, Vanessa Trump, files for divorce |work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214333/https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/2018/03/15/donald-trump-wife-vanessa-trump-files-for-divorce/LErc3DqJYF29oRofQArHtI/story.html|archive-date=March 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa Febuluwale 22, 2019, Trump Jr. na Haydon ŵakaphalira kuti ŵakamalizga chisudzulo chawo paumaliro wa chaka cha 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vulpo |first1=Mike |title=Donald Trump Jr. and Vanessa Trump Finalize Their Divorce |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1017355/donald-trump-jr-and-vanessa-trump-finalize-their-divorce |access-date=June 23, 2023 |work=E! Online |date=February 22, 2019 |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623123741/https://www.eonline.com/news/1017355/donald-trump-jr-and-vanessa-trump-finalize-their-divorce |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 2018, Trump Jr. wakamba kutandana na [[Kimberly Guilfoyle]],<ref name="Successor" /><ref>{{cite web|first=Martha|last=Ross|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/14/did-donald-trump-jr-leak-kimberly-guilfoyle-romance-story-for-this-petty-reason/|title=Did Donald Trump Jr. leak Kimberly Guilfoyle romance story for this petty reason?|date=May 14, 2018|work=[[The Mercury News]]|access-date=September 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101215/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/05/14/did-donald-trump-jr-leak-kimberly-guilfoyle-romance-story-for-this-petty-reason/|archive-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wa nyengo yitali wa mbumba ya Trump.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2018/05/16/vanessa-trump-upset-don-jr-kimberly-guilfoyle-dating-humiliated|title=Vanessa Trump 'Not Thrilled' Over Don Jr. & Kimberly Guilfoyle Romance: It's More 'Humiliation' For Her|first=Samantha|last=Wilson|date=May 16, 2018|website=hollywoodlife.com|access-date=September 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801122404/https://hollywoodlife.com/2018/05/16/vanessa-trump-upset-don-jr-kimberly-guilfoyle-dating-humiliated|archive-date=August 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Vikayowoyeka kuti ŵakaphengana pa Disembala 31, 2020 (zuŵa la kubabika la Trump Jr. la vyaka 43); kweni nkhani ya kuphengana yikapharazgika yayi m'paka Januwale 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Papenfuss |first1=Mary |title=Donald Trump Jr., Kimberly Guilfoyle Reportedly Engaged – For A Year |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-jr-kimberly-guilfoyle-engaged_n_61d383e2e4b0bb04a63bc7f8 |access-date=January 4, 2022 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=January 3, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105213335/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-jr-kimberly-guilfoyle-engaged_n_61d383e2e4b0bb04a63bc7f8 |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump Jr. na Guilfoyle ŵakawovwirana kumazga kuphengana kwawo nyengo yinyake mu 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kimberly Guilfoyle and Donald Trump Jr.'s Breakup Is 'Not a Contentious Thing' and His 'Family Is Still Enamored with Her' (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/kimberly-guilfoyle-donald-trump-jr-breakup-not-contentious-thing-exclusive-8760658 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2021, Trump Jr. wakasintha malo ghake gha kukhala ghakuzomerezgeka mu maboma kufuma ku New York kuya ku Florida; vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pakuti awiske, Donald Trump, ŵachitako vinthu vyakuyana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacheverson/2022/07/20/eric-trump-joins-family-in-leaving-new-york-declaring-florida-his-official-residence/?sh=147a8c643d9a|title=Eric Trump Joins Family In Leaving New York, Declaring Florida His Official Residence|first=Zach|last=Everson|work=[[Forbes]]|date=July 20, 2022|access-date=December 1, 2022|archive-date=December 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201230604/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zacheverson/2022/07/20/eric-trump-joins-family-in-leaving-new-york-declaring-florida-his-official-residence/?sh=147a8c643d9a|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-01 |title=Trump switches permanent residence from New York to Florida |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50258078 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2025, kuphengana kwa Trump Jr. na munthu wakumanyikwa pa vyakuchitika vya ŵanthu ŵapachanya [[Bettina Anderson]] kukapharazgika.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/15/us/donald-trump-jr-engaged-bettina-anderson.html |title=Donald Trump Jr. Is Engaged to Palm Beach Socialite Bettina Anderson |work=The New York Times |first=Chris |last=Cameron |date=December 15, 2025 |access-date=December 17, 2025 }}</ref> Ŵakatorana mwakuyana na malango mu [[West Palm Beach, Florida]], pa Meyi 21, 2026, pambere pa chiphikiro cha nthengwa cha ŵekha mu [[Bahamas]] pa Meyi 23, 2026.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-wont-attend-son-wedding-citing-responsibilities-in-washington/|title=President Trump won't attend son Donald Trump Jr.'s wedding, citing responsibilities in Washington|work=[[CBS News]] |first=Kathryn|last=Watson|date=May 22, 2026|access-date=May 22, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Cusumano |first1=Anthony |last2=Wooten |first2=Casey |title=Donald Trump Jr. and Bettina Anderson get married in Florida |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/donald-trump-jr-bettina-anderson-married-west-palm-beach-florida-rcna346602 |website=[[NBC News]] |date=May 22, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026}}</ref> ===Kusaka nyama=== Trump Jr. wakutemwa chomene [[kusaka nyama|kusaka]]. Nkhani yikuru yikawuka mu 2012 apo vithuzi ivyo wakajambula vya vinyama ivyo wakasaka mu 2010 vikafuma pakweru, kusazgapo apo vikawelereskeka na [[Mia Farrow]] mu 2015 na 2019. Trump Jr. wakazgora kuti "Ningachimbira yayi na kubisama chifukwa ŵamisala ŵa [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|peta]] ''[sic]'' ŵakukhumba yayi ine". Mu chithuzi chimoza, Trump Jr. wali na mawoko ghake pa mphonje ya nkhalamu ya [[leopadi]] yakufwa; mu chinyake, wali kupakata chipepete mu woko limoza ndipo mchira wa njovu uwo uli na ndopa mu woko linyake.<ref name="leopard">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/mia-farrow-trump-sons-dead-leopard-hunting-animal-cruelty-1474345 |title=Mia Farrow Resurfaces Photo of Trump's Sons Posing with Dead Leopard As Animal Cruelty Becomes Federal Crime |work=[[Newsweek]] |first=Tufayel |last=Ahmed |date=November 27, 2019 |access-date=July 13, 2020 |archive-date=July 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715080234/https://www.newsweek.com/mia-farrow-trump-sons-dead-leopard-hunting-animal-cruelty-1474345 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nangauli kuti kusaka uku kukaŵa kwa malango, ŵakuchita vya kuvikilira nyama ŵakamususka. Kampani yimoza iyo yikapereka ndalama ku pulogiramu ya awiske ya pa TV ''[[The Celebrity Apprentice]]'' yikajitolera.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Erin |last=Carlson |date=March 15, 2012 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/donald-trump-jr-hunting-photos-celebrity-apprentice-camping-world-300635 |title=Sponsor Drops 'Celebrity Apprentice' Over Donald Trump Jr.'s Hunting Controversy |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=March 18, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023156/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/donald-trump-jr-hunting-photos-celebrity-apprentice-camping-world-300635 |archive-date=March 19, 2017}}</ref> Pa [[Zuŵa la Charu Chapasi|Zuŵa la Charu Chapasi]] mu 2017, Trump Jr. wakasaka [[prairie dog]] mwakuzomerezgeka mu Montana pamoza na munthu wa GOP uyo wakakhumbanga kuŵa membala wa Congress [[Greg Gianforte]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gillman |first1=Todd J. |title=Trump Jr. hit 'fake news' with fake claim the media said he hunted 'pregnant dogs' instead of prairie dogs |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2018/07/07/trump-jr-hit-fake-news-with-fake-claim-the-media-said-he-hunted-pregnant-dogs-instead-of-prairie-dogs/ |access-date=June 23, 2023 |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |date=July 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528073426/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2018/07/07/trump-jr-hit-fake-news-with-fake-claim-the-media-said-he-hunted-pregnant-dogs-instead-of-prairie-dogs/ |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[ProPublica]] yikavumbura pa Disembala 11, 2019, kuti boma la [[Mongolia]] likapeleka chilolezo cha kusaka kwa Trump Jr. mwakuwelerako nyuma, kuti wasake [[Argali|mbelele ya mapiri ya Argali]] iyo njakukhumbikwa chomene ndipo yili pangozi yakumara.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/474046-mongolian-government-retroactively-granted-trump-jr-rare-permit/ |title=Mongolian officials retroactively granted Trump Jr. permit after he killed endangered sheep: report |first=John |last=Bowden |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2019 |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112847/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/474046-mongolian-government-retroactively-granted-trump-jr-rare-permit |url-status=live}}</ref> Kusaka mbelele iyi na ulendo wake ku [[Ulaanbaatar]] kuti wakakumane mwakubisika na pulezidenti wa Mongolia [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]] vikaguliska ŵakhoma misonkho ŵa ku United States ndalama zakukwana $76,859.36 zakuvikilira na [[United States Secret Service]].<ref name="BBC-Sheep-hunt">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Donald Trump Jr's rare sheep hunt 'cost US taxpayers $75,000' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52999375 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610183038/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52999375 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> Mwakuyana na ma pempho ghaŵiri gha [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] gha [[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington]] (CREW).<ref name="CREW-FOIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.citizensforethics.org/don-jr-mongolian-hunting-trip-cost-75k/ |title=DON JR'S MONGOLIAN HUNTING TRIP COST $60K MORE THAN SECRET SERVICE ORIGINALLY ADMITTED |last1=Honl-Stuenkel |first1=Linnaea |last2=White |first2=Lauren |date=June 8, 2020 |website=[[Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington]] |access-date=June 10, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609231736/https://web.archive.org/web/20200609231736/https://www.citizensforethics.org/don-jr-mongolian-hunting-trip-cost-75k/ |archive-date=June 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="FOIA-2-Mongolia">{{cite web |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/storage.citizensforethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/08162719/Don-JR-Mongolia-FOIA-appeal-1.pdf |title=Re: Freedom of Information Act Appeal, No. 20200297 |last=Newsome |first=Leonza III |date=May 19, 2020 |website=amazonaws.com |publisher=citizensforethics.org |access-date=June 10, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611023623/https://s3.amazonaws.com/storage.citizensforethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/08162719/Don-JR-Mongolia-FOIA-appeal-1.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref> Teresa Telecky, uyo ni wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa vyakukhwaskana na vinyama ku [[Humane Society International]], wakati, "Kwa ŵakusaka vinyama vya viwemi kuti ŵendenge ku Mongolia kukakoma mbelele yakutowa na ya pangozi ni chinthu chakukwiyiska chomene".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dalton |first1=Jane |title=Dentist who slaughtered Cecil the lion 'hunts and kills protected wild ram' just four years on |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/walter-palmer-cecil-lion-hunt-ram-sheep-mongolia-a9613856.html |access-date=June 23, 2023 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=July 12, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623154255/https://web.archive.org/web/20230623154255/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/walter-palmer-cecil-lion-hunt-ram-sheep-mongolia-a9613856.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2020, Trump Jr. wakazomera kuluta ku ulendo wa kusaka nyama ku [[Alaska]] pamoza na uyo wakathereska pa msangusko wa ndalama wa [[Safari Club International]].<ref>{{cite news |website=E&E News |publisher=[[Environment & Energy Publishing]] |title=Win a trip to hunt with Trump Jr. |date=February 4, 2020 |first=Michael |last=Doyle |url=https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/1062263397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205195058/https://www.eenews.net/stories/1062263397 |archive-date=February 5, 2020}}</ref> Kweniso nyengo zose wakuluta ku [[Yukon Territory]], Canada, kukasaka.<ref>{{cite web | title=Donald Trump Jr.'s Great Escape (Published 2017) | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=September 27, 2017 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/magazine/donald-trump-jrs-great-escape.html }}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2025, Trump Jr. wakasuskika kuti wakakoma bakha wakuvikilirika apo wakasakanga mu [[Venetian Lagoon|nyanja ya Venice]]. Vidiyo ya ulendo wa kusaka nyama kumpoto kwa Italy iyo yikapharazgika na nyuzipepala ya ku Italy ''Corriere del Veneto''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03 |title=«Donald Trump Jr a caccia di specie protette a Venezia»: la denuncia di Europa Verde e il video della battuta in laguna |url=https://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/notizie/venezia-mestre/cronaca/25_febbraio_03/trump-junior-caccia-a-venezia-uccise-anatre-protette-e-qui-non-poteva-sparare-9f8ed121-80b2-48eb-aac1-97ad2e68fxlk.shtml# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216103230/https://corrieredelveneto.corriere.it/notizie/venezia-mestre/cronaca/25_febbraio_03/trump-junior-caccia-a-venezia-uccise-anatre-protette-e-qui-non-poteva-sparare-9f8ed121-80b2-48eb-aac1-97ad2e68fxlk.shtml |archive-date=2025-12-16 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Corriere del Veneto}}</ref> yikalongora Trump Jr. wali na thupi la [[ruddy shelduck]] (''Tadorna ferruginea''), mtundu wa bakha wakusoŵa chomene uwo ukuvikilirika mu Europe yose kwizira mu [[Birds Directive|dango la EU lakuvikilira viyuni]] kweniso na malango gha Italy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Niranjan |first=Ajit |date=2025-02-04 |title="Donald Trump Jr accused of killing protected bird in Venice lagoon" |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/04/donald-trump-jr-accused-of-killing-protected-bird-in-venice-lagoon |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> == Wonaniso == * [[Mapulojekiti gha bizinesi gha Donald Trump ku Russia]] * [[Lipoti la Mueller]] * [[Nthowa ya nyengo ya kusangilira kwa Russia pa visola vya United States vya 2016]] ** [[Nthowa ya nyengo ya kusangilira kwa Russia pa visola vya United States vya 2016 (Julayi 2016 – zuŵa la visola)]] * [[Nthowa ya nyengo ya kafukufuku pa Donald Trump na Russia]] == Vyakukumbuska == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Pa intaneti == {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * [https://www.trump.com/leadership/donald-trump-jr-biography Mbiri ya Donald Trump Jr. ya Trump Organization] * {{IMDb name|id=2162560}} * {{C-SPAN|}} {{January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox}} {{Trump family}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald Jr.}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1977]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakuchita bizinesi ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 21]] [[Category:Ŵalembi ŵanalume ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 21]] [[Category:Ŵalembi ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 21]] [[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa makampani ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga fundo zakupanga chiwembu ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakuchita bizinesi ya kuzenga ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵakusaka ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakutemwa charu chawo]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakufuma ku Austria]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakufuma ku Germany]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakufuma ku Moravia]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakuchita vya kukhozgera]] [[Category:Ŵalembi ŵa ndyali ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakuchita bizinesi ya malo na nyumba ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Buckley School (New York City)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakuchita bizinesi kufuma ku New York City]] [[Category:Ŵana ŵa Donald Trump|Donald]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa The Hill School]] [[Category:Ŵa Republican ŵa ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu mapulogiramu gha TV gha ku America]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskana na visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 2016]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskana na visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 2020]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhwaskana na visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 2024]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakapulikira panji ŵakaŵa pafupi na kuwukira kwa pa January 6 ku Capitol ya United States]] [[Category:Ŵantchito ŵa The Trump Organization]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Wharton School]] [[Category:Ŵalembi kufuma ku New York City]] l7ol4my950jow51qy5tnfok4pz6qiaw 14 47883 117311 2026-07-16T12:41:28Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117311 wikitext 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Check for vandalism, check for ID value, then remove if no value can be found. |desc=This category displays when the [[Template:C-SPAN|C-SPAN template]] is present on a page, but no {{Wikidata property link|P2190}} Wikidata value is associated with the page and no value is provided for the template's argument. To fix: Check for vandalism. Try to locate an ID for the person from the C-SPAN website person search https://www.c-span.org/search/?searchtype=All. If none found, the template can be removed. 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Try to locate an ID for the person from the C-SPAN website person search https://www.c-span.org/search/?searchtype=All. If none found, the template can be removed. Related maintenance category: {{clc|Category:Pages using non-numeric C-SPAN identifiers}} |empty=true }} {{backlog|10}} [[Category:Template C-SPAN Tracking Categories]] [[Category:Biography templates parameter issues]] [[Category:External link templates parameter issues]] i74rp8dvxi9w9qjh2d1vx1ga2lex85i 14 47911 117342 2021-11-23T01:57:05Z en>Pppery 0 Fix parent 117342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Empty category}} {{Wikipedia category |hidden=yes |tracking=yes |description=Pages are added to this category by '''[[Template:Commons category]]'''. 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Pages in this category should only be added by CS1 templates and [[Module:Citation/CS1]]. {{if last display both| ==See also== |{{bulleted list |{{Category link if exists|Articles with {{{2}}}-language sources ({{{1}}})|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|Articles with {{{2}}}-collective sources ({{{1}}})|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|CS1 uses {{{2}}}-language script ({{{1}}})|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|Articles containing {{{2}}}-language text|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|Articles with text in {{{2}}}|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|Pages with {{{2}}} IPA|hide_display=yes}}}} }} {{Automatic category TOC}} {{category handler|category=[[Category:Articles with non-English-language CS1 sources|{{{1}}}]]}} | {{Error|Error: <code>{{{1|}}}</code> and <code>{{{2}}}</code> are not a supported pair found at [[Template:Citation Style documentation/language/doc]]. Please see [[Help talk:Citation Style 1]] for assistance.|tag=span}} [[Category:Language templates errors]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> o8gyri54cv795z7e2muolb0pula89ym 117353 117352 2026-07-16T12:45:58Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:CS1_language_sources/core]] 117352 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if: {{#invoke:Cs1 documentation support|code_name_pair_exists|{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}}} | {{Tracking category}} This is a tracking category for [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] that use the parameter {{para|language|{{{1}}}}} to identify a source in [[{{{2}}} language|{{{2}}}]]. Pages in this category should only be added by CS1 templates and [[Module:Citation/CS1]]. {{if last display both| ==See also== |{{bulleted list |{{Category link if exists|Articles with {{{2}}}-language sources ({{{1}}})|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|Articles with {{{2}}}-collective sources ({{{1}}})|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|CS1 uses {{{2}}}-language script ({{{1}}})|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|Articles containing {{{2}}}-language text|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|Articles with text in {{{2}}}|hide_display=yes}} |{{Category link if exists|Pages with {{{2}}} IPA|hide_display=yes}}}} }} {{Automatic category TOC}} {{category handler|category=[[Category:Articles with non-English-language CS1 sources|{{{1}}}]]}} | {{Error|Error: <code>{{{1|}}}</code> and <code>{{{2}}}</code> are not a supported pair found at [[Template:Citation Style documentation/language/doc]]. Please see [[Help talk:Citation Style 1]] for assistance.|tag=span}} [[Category:Language templates errors]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> o8gyri54cv795z7e2muolb0pula89ym 10 47915 117354 2025-11-25T02:35:51Z en>Hike395 0 correctly implement as template wrap 117354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=Link if exists |_include-positional=yes |_exclude=color,nsp,prefix |color=#888 |nsp=Category }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> q7nqhkwzpo4csmghmdxmebzb077san6 117355 117354 2026-07-16T12:45:58Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Category_link_if_exists]] 117354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=Link if exists |_include-positional=yes |_exclude=color,nsp,prefix |color=#888 |nsp=Category }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> q7nqhkwzpo4csmghmdxmebzb077san6 828 47916 117356 2025-11-25T02:37:32Z en>Hike395 0 Restored revision 1323871754 by [[Special:Contributions/Hike395|Hike395]] ([[User talk:Hike395|talk]]): Restore after fixing [[Template:Category link if exists]] 117356 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local function titleExistsUnprotected(titleObject) return titleObject.exists end -- test for title existing -- if we get an error accessing titleObject.exists, assume it doesn't exist local function titleExists(titleObject) local success, exists = pcall(titleExistsUnprotected, titleObject) return success and exists end function p._main(args) local title = args[1] if not title then return title end local display = args[2] or title title = args.prefix and args.prefix..':'..title or title local titleObject = mw.title.new(title, args.nsp) local result = '' if titleObject and titleExists(titleObject) then -- use prefix only if args[2] is empty/false display = args[2] or title result = result..'[[' result = result..(titleObject.namespace ~= 0 and ':' or '') result = result..(titleObject.fullText ~= display and titleObject.fullText..'|' or '') result = result..display..']]' elseif not args.hide_display then result = result..(args.color and '<span style="color:'..args.color..'">' or '') result = result..display result = result..(args.color and '</span>' or '') end return result end function p.main(frame) local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local args = getArgs(frame) return p._main(args) or "" end return p 0oaig3kqduvuak0u5ultcaih17gwt73 117357 117356 2026-07-16T12:45:58Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Link_if_exists]] 117356 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local function titleExistsUnprotected(titleObject) return titleObject.exists end -- test for title existing -- if we get an error accessing titleObject.exists, assume it doesn't exist local function titleExists(titleObject) local success, exists = pcall(titleExistsUnprotected, titleObject) return success and exists end function p._main(args) local title = args[1] if not title then return title end local display = args[2] or title title = args.prefix and args.prefix..':'..title or title local titleObject = mw.title.new(title, args.nsp) local result = '' if titleObject and titleExists(titleObject) then -- use prefix only if args[2] is empty/false display = args[2] or title result = result..'[[' result = result..(titleObject.namespace ~= 0 and ':' or '') result = result..(titleObject.fullText ~= display and titleObject.fullText..'|' or '') result = result..display..']]' elseif not args.hide_display then result = result..(args.color and '<span style="color:'..args.color..'">' or '') result = result..display result = result..(args.color and '</span>' or '') end return result end function p.main(frame) local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local args = getArgs(frame) return p._main(args) or "" end return p 0oaig3kqduvuak0u5ultcaih17gwt73 14 47917 117358 2020-05-21T22:52:17Z 50.26.172.216 117358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia category|hidden=yes}} [[Category:Wikipedia articles written in a national variety of English|American English]] {{CatAutoTOC}} l5932s6mu4iow9bipy8b7lkp421lpe2 117359 117358 2026-07-16T12:46:09Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English]] 117358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia category|hidden=yes}} [[Category:Wikipedia articles written in a national variety of English|American English]] {{CatAutoTOC}} l5932s6mu4iow9bipy8b7lkp421lpe2 14 47918 117360 2024-07-31T01:02:47Z en>AnomieBOT 0 Creating monthly dated clean-up category for current month 117360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monthly clean-up category}} ss3euq6e3g1edy4fq17yysdo41h3414 117361 117360 2026-07-16T12:46:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:Articles_with_too_many_examples_from_August_2024]] 117360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monthly clean-up category}} ss3euq6e3g1edy4fq17yysdo41h3414 10 47919 117362 2019-01-07T23:38:15Z en>LaundryPizza03 0 Wrong content 117362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Progress box|Articles with too many examples}}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia progress templates]]</noinclude> kidxpvvi6h7j40pmkghe11mxbaen61e 117363 117362 2026-07-16T12:46:27Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Articles_with_too_many_examples_progress]] 117362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Progress box|Articles with too many examples}}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia progress templates]]</noinclude> kidxpvvi6h7j40pmkghe11mxbaen61e 10 47920 117364 2019-01-07T23:39:48Z en>LaundryPizza03 0 117364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monthly clean-up category/to add|Example farm|month name={{{month name}}}|year={{{year}}}}} 3c1lsvxxuaaan0o8ugte19rxk7kjrtv 117365 117364 2026-07-16T12:46:27Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Monthly_clean-up_category/Messages/Articles_with_too_many_examples]] 117364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monthly clean-up category/to add|Example farm|month name={{{month name}}}|year={{{year}}}}} 3c1lsvxxuaaan0o8ugte19rxk7kjrtv 14 47921 117366 2020-05-20T21:18:07Z 50.26.172.216 117366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Parent monthly clean-up category}} This [[Wikipedia:category|category]] includes all pages marked as needing cleanup by {{tl|examplefarm}}. [[Category:Wikipedia articles with content issues]] [[Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues by issue|Examples]] {{CatAutoTOC}} khbrgri87gep62zl2fgmjnc7niscarb 117367 117366 2026-07-16T12:46:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:Articles_with_too_many_examples]] 117366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Parent monthly clean-up category}} This [[Wikipedia:category|category]] includes all pages marked as needing cleanup by {{tl|examplefarm}}. [[Category:Wikipedia articles with content issues]] [[Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues by issue|Examples]] {{CatAutoTOC}} khbrgri87gep62zl2fgmjnc7niscarb 14 47922 117368 2024-03-17T17:15:43Z en>Dylpickle2k 0 Added to backlog 117368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia category|hidden=yes}} {{Tracking category}} {{backlog|50}} This is a category to help keep count of the total number of articles with the {{tl|example farm}} template. They should all be in one of the dated categories. See also [[:Category:Articles with too many examples]]. [[Category:Articles with too many examples| ]] [[Category:Monthly clean-up category (Articles with too many examples) counter]] {{CatAutoTOC}} pq28hpr08ioc0ncwl9bm4y0ef4bu4st 117369 117368 2026-07-16T12:46:55Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:All_articles_with_too_many_examples]] 117368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia category|hidden=yes}} {{Tracking category}} {{backlog|50}} This is a category to help keep count of the total number of articles with the {{tl|example farm}} template. They should all be in one of the dated categories. See also [[:Category:Articles with too many examples]]. [[Category:Articles with too many examples| ]] [[Category:Monthly clean-up category (Articles with too many examples) counter]] {{CatAutoTOC}} pq28hpr08ioc0ncwl9bm4y0ef4bu4st 14 47923 117370 2025-10-06T16:09:31Z en>Bearcat 0 117370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hidden category}} {{Tracking category}} {{polluted category}} {{purge}} This is a category containing articles which transclude uses of [[Template:Infobox person]] with a signature image. It can be populated at any time by reversion to older articles, cut and paste move from history and similar events. {{CatAutoTOC}} 3ymttlaw11uj8r7s9ucybi7ufpz5ohe 117371 117370 2026-07-16T12:47:14Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:Biography_with_signature]] 117370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hidden category}} {{Tracking category}} {{polluted category}} {{purge}} This is a category containing articles which transclude uses of [[Template:Infobox person]] with a signature image. It can be populated at any time by reversion to older articles, cut and paste move from history and similar events. {{CatAutoTOC}} 3ymttlaw11uj8r7s9ucybi7ufpz5ohe 14 47924 117372 2022-07-31T01:21:41Z en>AnomieBOT 0 Creating monthly dated clean-up category for current month 117372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monthly clean-up category}} ss3euq6e3g1edy4fq17yysdo41h3414 117373 117372 2026-07-16T12:47:24Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2022]] 117372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monthly clean-up category}} ss3euq6e3g1edy4fq17yysdo41h3414 10 47925 117374 2010-08-24T02:00:07Z en>Ohconfucius 0 [[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '{{Progress box|Use mdy dates}}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia progress templates]] </noinclude>' 117374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Progress box|Use mdy dates}}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia progress templates]] </noinclude> 3a3snnt3qtk54jm0tf2ppdm9wy61gxg 117375 117374 2026-07-16T12:47:24Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Use_mdy_dates_progress]] 117374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Progress box|Use mdy dates}}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia progress templates]] </noinclude> 3a3snnt3qtk54jm0tf2ppdm9wy61gxg 10 47926 117376 2022-05-20T05:20:31Z en>GTrang 0 Used more specific MOS link. 117376 wikitext text/x-wiki Wikipedia articles (tagged in this month) that use mm dd yyyy date formats, whether by application of the [[WP:RETAIN|first main contributor]] rule or by virtue of [[WP:TIES|close national ties]] to the subject belong in this category. Use <code>{{Tl|Use mdy dates}}</code> to add an article to this category. See [[MOS:DATE]]. This system of tagging or categorisation is used as a status monitor of all articles that use mm dd yyyy date formats, and '''not''' as a clean up. 5sg5d7lr476yfjvz3p2huqhsx9uance 117377 117376 2026-07-16T12:47:25Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Monthly_clean-up_category/Messages/Type/Use_mdy_dates]] 117376 wikitext text/x-wiki Wikipedia articles (tagged in this month) that use mm dd yyyy date formats, whether by application of the [[WP:RETAIN|first main contributor]] rule or by virtue of [[WP:TIES|close national ties]] to the subject belong in this category. Use <code>{{Tl|Use mdy dates}}</code> to add an article to this category. See [[MOS:DATE]]. This system of tagging or categorisation is used as a status monitor of all articles that use mm dd yyyy date formats, and '''not''' as a clean up. 5sg5d7lr476yfjvz3p2huqhsx9uance 14 47927 117378 2025-08-17T14:36:33Z en>Andrybak 0 removed [[Category:Wikipedia article lists]]; added [[Category:Time and date maintenance]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 117378 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:right">{{Use mdy dates progress}}</div> {{Purge button|left}} {{Maintenance category|hidden=yes}} Wikipedia articles that use ''mm dd yyyy'' date formats, whether by application of the [[MOS:RETAIN|first main contributor]] rule or by virtue of [[MOS:TIES|close national ties]] to the subject, belong in this category. Use <code>{{Tlx|Use mdy dates|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}</code> to add an article to this category. See [[MOS:NUM]]. This system of tagging or categorisation is used as a status monitor of all articles that use ''mm dd yyyy'' date formats, and '''not''' as a clean up. After being tagged, usually manually, and bearing in mind article evolution, a bot can be sent around to clean up formatting after, say, 12 months have elapsed. The bot would correct any new introductions since its last visit, and would also put or update the visit date on the {{Tl|Use mdy dates}} template. Please also refer to [[Wikipedia:Date formattings]]. ==See also== *[[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup]] *[[:Category:Use dmy dates]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mdy Dates}} [[Category:Time and date maintenance|dates]] [[Category:Wikipedia maintenance categories sorted by month|Dates mdy]] 4pfdz75bavuv39rlcqjo742yhf7lkyg 117379 117378 2026-07-16T12:47:42Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:Use_mdy_dates]] 117378 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:right">{{Use mdy dates progress}}</div> {{Purge button|left}} {{Maintenance category|hidden=yes}} Wikipedia articles that use ''mm dd yyyy'' date formats, whether by application of the [[MOS:RETAIN|first main contributor]] rule or by virtue of [[MOS:TIES|close national ties]] to the subject, belong in this category. Use <code>{{Tlx|Use mdy dates|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}</code> to add an article to this category. See [[MOS:NUM]]. This system of tagging or categorisation is used as a status monitor of all articles that use ''mm dd yyyy'' date formats, and '''not''' as a clean up. After being tagged, usually manually, and bearing in mind article evolution, a bot can be sent around to clean up formatting after, say, 12 months have elapsed. The bot would correct any new introductions since its last visit, and would also put or update the visit date on the {{Tl|Use mdy dates}} template. Please also refer to [[Wikipedia:Date formattings]]. ==See also== *[[Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup]] *[[:Category:Use dmy dates]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mdy Dates}} [[Category:Time and date maintenance|dates]] [[Category:Wikipedia maintenance categories sorted by month|Dates mdy]] 4pfdz75bavuv39rlcqjo742yhf7lkyg 14 47928 117380 2019-01-31T00:20:57Z en>AnomieBOT 0 Creating monthly dated maintenance category for current month 117380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monthly clean-up category}} ss3euq6e3g1edy4fq17yysdo41h3414 117381 117380 2026-07-16T12:47:59Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2019]] 117380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Monthly clean-up category}} ss3euq6e3g1edy4fq17yysdo41h3414 10 47929 117382 2011-08-05T19:33:52Z en>WOSlinker 0 add cat 117382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Progress box|Use American English}}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia progress templates]] </noinclude> r7948quqyj1q9wuiaez5lx5ijtp79tg 117383 117382 2026-07-16T12:48:00Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Use_American_English_progress]] 117382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Progress box|Use American English}}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia progress templates]] </noinclude> r7948quqyj1q9wuiaez5lx5ijtp79tg 14 47930 117384 2025-10-19T14:31:38Z en>Headbomb 0 clean up 117384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} {{CB autoclean}} {{Center|[[Special:RandomInCategory/CS1 errors: archive-url|Random page in this category]]}} This is a tracking category for [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] that have errors due to the incorrect use of {{para|archive-url}}, {{para|archive-date}}, {{para|url-status}}, and/or {{para|dead-url}}. In general, the CS1 citations emit error messages that identify the type of error. {{tlx|Cite web}} does not emit error messages for all error conditions though malformed {{tld|cite web}} templates are included in Category:Pages with archiveurl citation errors. *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_url_help_text}} *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_missing_date_help_text}} *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_missing_url_help_text}} *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_date_url_ts_mismatch_help_text}} *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_date_missing_url_help_text}} {{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|notes_help_text}} {{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|references_help_text}} {{Automatic category TOC}} ==Category stats== *[https://sdzerobot.toolforge.org/category-counts/raw?category=CS1+errors%3A+archive-url Number of items in category over time], per [[User:SDZeroBot/Category counter]] ==Bot== This category is processed automatically by [[User:GreenC bot]] twice monthly on the 1st and 15th (approx 23:00 GMT). However, the bot can not fix them all, whatever remains will require manual repair - you can help manually repair pages in this category. [[Category:CS1 errors|A]] m2sb05isr3y3qszqwrnjl8xz86s5g2l 117385 117384 2026-07-16T12:48:17Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:CS1_errors:_archive-url]] 117384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tracking category}} {{CB autoclean}} {{Center|[[Special:RandomInCategory/CS1 errors: archive-url|Random page in this category]]}} This is a tracking category for [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] that have errors due to the incorrect use of {{para|archive-url}}, {{para|archive-date}}, {{para|url-status}}, and/or {{para|dead-url}}. In general, the CS1 citations emit error messages that identify the type of error. {{tlx|Cite web}} does not emit error messages for all error conditions though malformed {{tld|cite web}} templates are included in Category:Pages with archiveurl citation errors. *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_url_help_text}} *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_missing_date_help_text}} *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_missing_url_help_text}} *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_date_url_ts_mismatch_help_text}} *{{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|archive_date_missing_url_help_text}} {{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|notes_help_text}} {{#lst:Help:CS1 errors|references_help_text}} {{Automatic category TOC}} ==Category stats== *[https://sdzerobot.toolforge.org/category-counts/raw?category=CS1+errors%3A+archive-url Number of items in category over time], per [[User:SDZeroBot/Category counter]] ==Bot== This category is processed automatically by [[User:GreenC bot]] twice monthly on the 1st and 15th (approx 23:00 GMT). However, the bot can not fix them all, whatever remains will require manual repair - you can help manually repair pages in this category. [[Category:CS1 errors|A]] m2sb05isr3y3qszqwrnjl8xz86s5g2l 14 47931 117388 2026-07-16T12:48:27Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117388 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 10 47932 117389 2026-04-06T16:59:39Z en>Captainbeetroots 0 Updated case name 117389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:navbox|navbox |name = January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox |title = [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |bodyclass = hlist |group1 = Background |list1 = subgroup |1_groupstyle=text-align:center; |1_group1 = [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] |1_list1 = * [[United States Capitol Police]] ** [[Harry Dunn (police officer)|Harry Dunn]] ** [[Caroline Edwards]] ** [[Aquilino Gonell]] ** [[Eugene Goodman]] ** [[Yogananda Pittman]] ** [[Steven Sund]] * [[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia]] ** [[Robert Contee]] ** [[Michael Fanone]] ** [[Daniel Hodges (police officer)|Daniel Hodges]] * [[Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol|Timeline of prior security incidents]] |1_group2 = [[2020 United States presidential election|Election]] |1_list2 = * Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump ** [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election#Trump's 2012 accusations of electoral fraud|in 2012]] ** [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign#Uncertainty over accepting the election results|in 2016]] ** [[Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud|Republican reactions]] * [[2020–21 United States election protests|2020–21 presidential election protests]] * [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|2021 Electoral College vote count]] ** [[Predictions of violence ahead of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|predictions of violence]] ** ''[[1776 Returns]]'' * [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election]] ** [[Trump fake electors plot|fake electors plot]] *** [[Chesebro memos]] *** [[Eastman memos]] ** [[Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election|lawsuits]] *** ''[[Texas v. Pennsylvania]]'' ** [[Jeffrey Clark letter]] |1_group3 = Other |1_list3 = * [[Democratic backsliding in the United States]] * [[2020 Michigan State Capitol storming|Michigan State Capitol storming]] * [[Trumpism]] ** [[false or misleading statements by Donald Trump]] *** [[List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump|conspiracy theories]] ** [[social media use by Donald Trump]] *** [[Twitter use by Donald Trump|Twitter]] ** [[QAnon]] ** [[Donald Trump and fascism]] ** [[Trump derangement syndrome]] |1_group4 = Involved |1_list4 = * [[Christina Bobb]] * [[Kenneth Chesebro]] * [[Jeffrey Clark]] * [[Joseph diGenova]] * [[John Eastman]] * [[Jenna Ellis]] * [[Rudy Giuliani]] * [[John McEntee (political aide)|John McEntee]] * [[Mark Meadows]] * [[Cleta Mitchell]] * [[Peter Navarro]] * [[Sidney Powell]] * [[Victoria Toensing]] * [[Jim Troupis]] * [[Donald Trump]] * [[Donald Trump Jr.]] |group2 = Events |list2 = * [[Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Planning]] * [[Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Timeline of attack]] * [[Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Law enforcement response]] ** [[killing of Ashli Babbitt]] * [[Death of Brian Sicknick]] |group3 = Participants<!-- sorted by surname --> |list3 =subgroup |3_groupstyle=text-align:center; |3_group1 = [[Proud Boys]] |3_list1 = * [[Enrique Tarrio]] * [[Joe Biggs]] * [[Ethan Nordean]] * [[Dominic Pezzola]] |3_group2 = [[Oath Keepers]] |3_list2 = * [[Stewart Rhodes]] * [[Kelly Meggs]] * [[Jeremy Bertino]] * [[Ray Epps (military veteran)|Ray Epps]] * [[Roberto Minuta]] * [[Jessica Marie Watkins]] |3_group3 = Others |3_list3 = * [[Richard Barnett (Capitol rioter)|Richard Barnett]] * [[Jacob Chansley]] * [[Cameron Clapp]] * [[Isabella DeLuca]] * [[Derrick Evans (politician)|Derrick Evans]] * [[Nick Fuentes]] * [[Baked Alaska (influencer)|Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet]] * [[Simone Gold]] * [[Couy Griffin]] * [[Pamela Hemphill]] * [[Alan Hostetter]] * [[Adam Christian Johnson]] * [[Jay Johnston]] * [[Klete Keller]] * [[Edward Kelley (Capitol rioter)|Edward Kelley]] * [[Carol Kicinski]] * [[Jake Lang]] * [[Kevin James Lyons]] * [[Doug Mastriano]] * [[Evan Neumann]] * [[Nicholas Ochs]] * [[Matthew Perna]] * [[Rachel Powell]] * [[Libs of TikTok|Chaya "Libs of TikTok" Raichik]] * [[Guy Reffitt]] * [[Jason Riddle]] * [[Dana Rohrabacher]] * [[Rick Saccone]] * [[Ryan Samsel]] * [[Ronald Sandlin]] * [[Jon Schaffer]] * [[Peter Schwartz (Capitol rioter)|Peter Schwartz]] * [[Tighe Scott]] * [[Kevin Seefried]] * [[Owen Shroyer]] * [[Peter Francis Stager]] * [[WalkAway campaign|Brandon Straka]] * [[John Earle Sullivan‎‎]] * [[Antwione Williams]] * [[Riley Williams]] * [[Christopher John Worrell]] |group4 = [[Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Aftermath]] |list4 = * [[2021 United States inauguration week protests|2021 U.S. inauguration week protests]] * [[List of companies that halted U.S. political contributions in January 2021|Companies that halted political contributions]] * Reactions ** [[Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack|domestic]] ** [[International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack|international]] * [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump]] ** [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|trial]] * Suicides ** [[Death of Howard Liebengood|Howard Liebengood]] ** [[Death of Jeffrey L. Smith|Jeffrey L. Smith]] * Proceedings ** [[United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election|Justice Department investigation]] ** [[January 6 commission]] ** [[January 6th Committee|House Select Committee]] ** [[Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack|criminal proceedings]] *** [[List of cases of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|list]] ** ''[[Fischer v. United States (2024)|Fischer v. United States]]'' ** [[Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack|public hearings]] ** ''[[Lee v. Trump]]'' ** [[Smith special counsel investigation]] ** [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|Federal prosecution of Donald Trump]] ** ''[[Trump v. United States]]'' * [[Justice for J6 rally]] * [[2021 Facebook leak|2021 Facebook company files leak]] * [[Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump]] ** ''[[Trump v. Anderson]]'' * [[Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants|Pardons]] |group5 = Related |list5 = * [[8 January Brasília attacks]] * [[Alex Jones]] * [[Ali Alexander]] * [[Kathy Barnette]] * [[Boogaloo movement]] * [[Jericho March]] * [[Groypers]] * [[Sedition Caucus]] * [[Social media use by Donald Trump]] * [[Three Percenters]] * [[Trumpism]] * ''[[Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol]]'' (2021) * ''[[Four Hours at the Capitol]]'' (2021) * ''[[This Place Rules]]'' (2022) * [[Justice for All (song)|"Justice for All"]] (2023) * ''[[A Storm Foretold]]'' (2023) * ''[[The Insurrectionist Next Door]]'' (2023) * ''[[The Sixth (2024 film)|The Sixth]]'' (2024) * [[Democratic backsliding in the United States]] * [[Cincinnati FBI field office attack]] }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation|3= ==See also== * {{tl|January 6 United States Capitol attack sidebar}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:2021 US Capitol attack}} [[Category:January 6 United States Capitol attack|*]] [[Category:United States history navigational boxes]] </noinclude> ij1ttocui6by3v5lt5dfiuv63r4h2ai 117390 117389 2026-07-16T12:48:49Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack_navbox]] 117389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:navbox|navbox |name = January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox |title = [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |bodyclass = hlist |group1 = Background |list1 = subgroup |1_groupstyle=text-align:center; |1_group1 = [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] |1_list1 = * [[United States Capitol Police]] ** [[Harry Dunn (police officer)|Harry Dunn]] ** [[Caroline Edwards]] ** [[Aquilino Gonell]] ** [[Eugene Goodman]] ** [[Yogananda Pittman]] ** [[Steven Sund]] * [[Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia]] ** [[Robert Contee]] ** [[Michael Fanone]] ** [[Daniel Hodges (police officer)|Daniel Hodges]] * [[Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol|Timeline of prior security incidents]] |1_group2 = [[2020 United States presidential election|Election]] |1_list2 = * Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump ** [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election#Trump's 2012 accusations of electoral fraud|in 2012]] ** [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign#Uncertainty over accepting the election results|in 2016]] ** [[Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud|Republican reactions]] * [[2020–21 United States election protests|2020–21 presidential election protests]] * [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|2021 Electoral College vote count]] ** [[Predictions of violence ahead of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|predictions of violence]] ** ''[[1776 Returns]]'' * [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election]] ** [[Trump fake electors plot|fake electors plot]] *** [[Chesebro memos]] *** [[Eastman memos]] ** [[Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election|lawsuits]] *** ''[[Texas v. Pennsylvania]]'' ** [[Jeffrey Clark letter]] |1_group3 = Other |1_list3 = * [[Democratic backsliding in the United States]] * [[2020 Michigan State Capitol storming|Michigan State Capitol storming]] * [[Trumpism]] ** [[false or misleading statements by Donald Trump]] *** [[List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump|conspiracy theories]] ** [[social media use by Donald Trump]] *** [[Twitter use by Donald Trump|Twitter]] ** [[QAnon]] ** [[Donald Trump and fascism]] ** [[Trump derangement syndrome]] |1_group4 = Involved |1_list4 = * [[Christina Bobb]] * [[Kenneth Chesebro]] * [[Jeffrey Clark]] * [[Joseph diGenova]] * [[John Eastman]] * [[Jenna Ellis]] * [[Rudy Giuliani]] * [[John McEntee (political aide)|John McEntee]] * [[Mark Meadows]] * [[Cleta Mitchell]] * [[Peter Navarro]] * [[Sidney Powell]] * [[Victoria Toensing]] * [[Jim Troupis]] * [[Donald Trump]] * [[Donald Trump Jr.]] |group2 = Events |list2 = * [[Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Planning]] * [[Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Timeline of attack]] * [[Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Law enforcement response]] ** [[killing of Ashli Babbitt]] * [[Death of Brian Sicknick]] |group3 = Participants<!-- sorted by surname --> |list3 =subgroup |3_groupstyle=text-align:center; |3_group1 = [[Proud Boys]] |3_list1 = * [[Enrique Tarrio]] * [[Joe Biggs]] * [[Ethan Nordean]] * [[Dominic Pezzola]] |3_group2 = [[Oath Keepers]] |3_list2 = * [[Stewart Rhodes]] * [[Kelly Meggs]] * [[Jeremy Bertino]] * [[Ray Epps (military veteran)|Ray Epps]] * [[Roberto Minuta]] * [[Jessica Marie Watkins]] |3_group3 = Others |3_list3 = * [[Richard Barnett (Capitol rioter)|Richard Barnett]] * [[Jacob Chansley]] * [[Cameron Clapp]] * [[Isabella DeLuca]] * [[Derrick Evans (politician)|Derrick Evans]] * [[Nick Fuentes]] * [[Baked Alaska (influencer)|Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet]] * [[Simone Gold]] * [[Couy Griffin]] * [[Pamela Hemphill]] * [[Alan Hostetter]] * [[Adam Christian Johnson]] * [[Jay Johnston]] * [[Klete Keller]] * [[Edward Kelley (Capitol rioter)|Edward Kelley]] * [[Carol Kicinski]] * [[Jake Lang]] * [[Kevin James Lyons]] * [[Doug Mastriano]] * [[Evan Neumann]] * [[Nicholas Ochs]] * [[Matthew Perna]] * [[Rachel Powell]] * [[Libs of TikTok|Chaya "Libs of TikTok" Raichik]] * [[Guy Reffitt]] * [[Jason Riddle]] * [[Dana Rohrabacher]] * [[Rick Saccone]] * [[Ryan Samsel]] * [[Ronald Sandlin]] * [[Jon Schaffer]] * [[Peter Schwartz (Capitol rioter)|Peter Schwartz]] * [[Tighe Scott]] * [[Kevin Seefried]] * [[Owen Shroyer]] * [[Peter Francis Stager]] * [[WalkAway campaign|Brandon Straka]] * [[John Earle Sullivan‎‎]] * [[Antwione Williams]] * [[Riley Williams]] * [[Christopher John Worrell]] |group4 = [[Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|Aftermath]] |list4 = * [[2021 United States inauguration week protests|2021 U.S. inauguration week protests]] * [[List of companies that halted U.S. political contributions in January 2021|Companies that halted political contributions]] * Reactions ** [[Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack|domestic]] ** [[International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack|international]] * [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump]] ** [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|trial]] * Suicides ** [[Death of Howard Liebengood|Howard Liebengood]] ** [[Death of Jeffrey L. Smith|Jeffrey L. Smith]] * Proceedings ** [[United States Justice Department investigation into attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election|Justice Department investigation]] ** [[January 6 commission]] ** [[January 6th Committee|House Select Committee]] ** [[Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack|criminal proceedings]] *** [[List of cases of the January 6 United States Capitol attack|list]] ** ''[[Fischer v. United States (2024)|Fischer v. United States]]'' ** [[Public hearings of the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack|public hearings]] ** ''[[Lee v. Trump]]'' ** [[Smith special counsel investigation]] ** [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|Federal prosecution of Donald Trump]] ** ''[[Trump v. United States]]'' * [[Justice for J6 rally]] * [[2021 Facebook leak|2021 Facebook company files leak]] * [[Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump]] ** ''[[Trump v. Anderson]]'' * [[Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants|Pardons]] |group5 = Related |list5 = * [[8 January Brasília attacks]] * [[Alex Jones]] * [[Ali Alexander]] * [[Kathy Barnette]] * [[Boogaloo movement]] * [[Jericho March]] * [[Groypers]] * [[Sedition Caucus]] * [[Social media use by Donald Trump]] * [[Three Percenters]] * [[Trumpism]] * ''[[Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol]]'' (2021) * ''[[Four Hours at the Capitol]]'' (2021) * ''[[This Place Rules]]'' (2022) * [[Justice for All (song)|"Justice for All"]] (2023) * ''[[A Storm Foretold]]'' (2023) * ''[[The Insurrectionist Next Door]]'' (2023) * ''[[The Sixth (2024 film)|The Sixth]]'' (2024) * [[Democratic backsliding in the United States]] * [[Cincinnati FBI field office attack]] }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation|3= ==See also== * {{tl|January 6 United States Capitol attack sidebar}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:2021 US Capitol attack}} [[Category:January 6 United States Capitol attack|*]] [[Category:United States history navigational boxes]] </noinclude> ij1ttocui6by3v5lt5dfiuv63r4h2ai 0 47933 117392 2026-07-16T12:55:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{Short description|Munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Germany na America (1869–1918)}} {{about|munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Germany na America|ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵali na zina lakuyana|Fred Trump (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}} {{Use American English|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox person | image = Frederick Friedrich Trump 2.jpg | caption = Trump mu 1918 | birth_date = {{birth date|1869|3|14}} | birth_name = Fri..." 117392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Germany na America (1869–1918)}} {{about|munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Germany na America|ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵali na zina lakuyana|Fred Trump (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}} {{Use American English|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox person | image = Frederick Friedrich Trump 2.jpg | caption = Trump mu 1918 | birth_date = {{birth date|1869|3|14}} | birth_name = Friedrich Trump | birth_place = [[Kallstadt]], Ufumu wa Bavaria | death_date = {{death date and age|1918|5|30|1869|3|14}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | burial_place = [[All Faiths Cemetery]], Queens, New York City<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/02/19/cemetery-in-queens-nyc-workers-say-they-have-lost-benefits-amid-state-investigation|title=Queens Cemetery Workers Say They've Lost Their Benefits Amid State Probe|website=ny1.com}}</ref> | citizenship = {{ubl | [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]] (mpaka 1871) | [[Ufumu wa Germany]] (1871–1905) | U.S.<!--Please do NOT spell out, see [[MOS:INFOBOXPURPOSE]].--> (kwambira 1892) }} | occupation = Munthu wakuchita malonda | spouse = {{marriage|[[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth Christ]]|1902}} | children = 3, kusazgapo [[Fred Trump|Fred]] na [[John G. Trump|John]] | family = [[Trump family|Ŵa Trump]] }} '''Frederick Trump''' (wakababika zina '''Friedrich Trump''', {{IPA|de|ˈfʁidʁɪç ˈtʁʊmp|lang}}; 14 Malichi 1869 – 30 Meyi 1918) wakaŵa munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Germany na America. Wakaŵa sekuru wa mbumba ya [[Trump family|Ŵa Trump]] ndipo wakaŵa sekuru wa kwa dada wa [[Donald Trump]], pulezidenti wa 45 na 47 wa [[United States]]. Wakababikira na kulereka ku [[Kallstadt]], mu chigaŵa icho pa nyengo iyo chikaŵa mu [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]], Trump wakasamira ku United States mu 1885. Mu 1891, wakamba kugura na kuguliska malo mu [[Seattle]]. Mu nyengo ya [[Klondike Gold Rush]], wakasamira ku [[Yukon, Canada]], ndipo wakasanga usambazi wake kwizira mu kucita bizinesi ya malo ghakuryeramo na [[brothel]] kwa ŵakusanga golide mu [[Whitehorse]].<ref name=brothel>{{cite web|last1=Panetta|first1=Alexander|title=Donald Trump's grandfather ran Canadian brothel during gold rush|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254|website=[[CBC News]]|access-date=December 10, 2015|date=September 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name=WhoHeIs /> Mu 1901, Trump wakawelera ku Kallstadt ndipo wakatorana na Mubavaria munyake [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]]. Chifukwa chakuti wakamalizga yayi uteŵeti wa nkhondo uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa ndipo wakaphalira yayi ŵamazaza kuti wakafumapo mu 1885, [[boma la Bavaria]] likamuwuskamo mu wanangwa wake wa uzengezgani mu 1905 ndipo likamulangura kuti wafumemo mu charu. Ntheura wakawelera ku United States pamoza na mbumba yake. Trump wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni wakumeta mawindo na manejala wa resitiranti-hotelo ndipo wakamba kusanga malo mu [[Queens]] pambere wandafwe mu [[1918 flu pandemic]]. == Umoyo wa pakwamba == [[File:Frederick Trump 1887.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|Friedrich Trump, 1887]] [[File:Katharine Kober.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Anyina ŵa Trump, Katharine Kober]] Friedrich Trump<ref>Church Records, Kallstadt</ref><ref>[https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1241932301 Jakob Friedrich TRUMP]</ref> wakababika ku Kallstadt mu [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]]) kwa Johannes Trump II (1829–1877) na Katharina Kober (1836–1922).<ref name="Blair">{{cite book|title=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|year=2000|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-7432-1079-9|title-link=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|first=Gwenda|last=Blair|author-link=Gwenda Blair}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Mu nkhani za visopa, muzi uwu ukaŵa wa [[Lutheran]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|28–29}} Muzukuru wakwamba wamwamuna wa Trump uyo wakumanyikwa ni Johann Philipp [[Drumpft]] (1667–1707, ŵapapi ŵake panji malo agho wakababikira vikulembeka yayi), uyo wakatorana na Juliana Maria Rodenroth.<ref name="drumpft">{{cite web |last1=Henkel |first1=Herbert |title=Johann Philipp Drumpft |url=https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1241932311 |website=wayback machine |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101151643/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1241932311 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |language=German |date=8 April 2020}}</ref> Ŵakaŵa na mwana mwanalume, Johann Sebastian Trump (1699–1756). Mwana wa Johann Sebastian, Johann Paul Trump (1727–1792), wakababika ku [[Bobenheim am Berg]].<ref name="johann_paul_trump">{{cite web |title=Johann Paul Trump |url=https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1241932307 |publisher=Verein für Computergenealogie |access-date=19 July 2020 |location=Köln}}</ref> Umo banja la Trump likambira kukolerana na Kallstadt kukumanyikwa kwa Johann Sebastian's grandson Johannes Trump (1789–1836), uyo wakababika ku Bobenheim am Berg ndipo wakatorana ku Kallstadt, uko wakafwira.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1219229786 |publisher=Verein für Computergenealogie |title=Johannes TRUMP |access-date=6 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name="gedbas">Verein für Computergenealogie: [http://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1207119761 Vorfahren von Friederich "Fritz" Trump].</ref> Manda gha mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 mu mzinda wa Kallstadt ghakulongora kuti ŵa mu banja la Trump ŵachali kukhala mu Kallstadt. Kufuma mu 1816 mpaka 1918, apo Bavaria yikazgoka [[Free State of Bavaria]], Palatinate yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Bavaria. Mu 1871, Bavaria yikazgoka chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Germany]]. Mu nyengo za nkhondo na sankho kwa Ŵajeremani mu United States, mwana wa Trump, Fred, pamanyuma wakakana kuti wakaŵa na mphapu ya Germany, ndipo wakati awiske ŵakaŵa Ŵaswidi ŵakufuma ku [[Karlstad]].<ref name="Drumpf">{{Cite news|last1=Crolly|first1=Hannelore|title=Donald Trump, King of Kallstadt|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article145558110/Donald-Trump-King-of-Kallstadt.html|journal=Die Welt|access-date=November 21, 2015|language=de|date=August 24, 2015}}</ref> Nkhani iyi yikayowoyekaso na mwana wa Fred, Donald, mu buku lake la 1987 ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Donald J.|last1=Trump|author-link1=Donald Trump|first2=Tony|last2=Schwartz|author-link2=Tony Schwartz (author)|title=[[The Art of the Deal]]|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|location=New York City|date=1987|isbn=0-345-47917-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/trumpartofdeal000trum/page/66 66]}}</ref> Wakati wasuzgika na [[emphysema]] kwa vyaka 10, awiske Trump, Johannes, ŵakafwa pa 6 Julayi 1877, ŵali na vyaka 48, ndipo ŵakasida banja lili na ngongoli zikuru chifukwa cha ndalama za munkhwala.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|28}} Nangauli ŵana ŵankhondi mwa ŵana ŵankhondi na umoza ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu minda ya mpheska ya mbumba, Friedrich wakawonekanga kuti wakaŵa wakutombola chomene kuti wangazizipizga ntchito yakusuzga iyi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|29}} Mu 1883, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 14, wakatolekera ku [[Frankenthal]] uko wakamba kusambira ntchito ya kumeta mawoko nga ni mwana wakusambira ntchito. Trump wakagwira ntchito mazuŵa ghose 7 pa sabata kwa vyaka viŵiri na hafu pasi pa wakumeta Friedrich Lang. Wakati wamara kusambira ntchito, wakawelera ku Kallstadt, muzi uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1,000. Wakasanga kuti pakaŵavya bizinesi yakukwana kuti wakhale. Kweniso wakasendelera ku nyengo yakuti wanjire mu [[conscription in Germany#history|nkhondo ya boma]] mu [[Gulu la Nkhondo la Germany]]. Wakaghanaghana kuti wasamire ku [[United States]], ndipo pamanyuma wakati: "Nkhakolerana na anyina kuti nilutenge ku America."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|30}} Vyaka vinandi pamanyuma, ŵabali ŵake ŵakayowoya kuti wakafumapo mwakubisa usiku, ndipo wakasida kalata kwa anyina.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|30–31}} Chifukwa chakuti Trump wakachimbira uteŵeti wa nkhondo uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa kwa ŵanthu wose, dango la themba likapelekeka lakuti wafumiskike mu charu.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather|url= https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree|website=The Guardian|date=November 21, 2016|last=Connolly|first=Kate|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260509165818/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree |archive-date=May 9, 2026}}</ref> == Kusamira ku United States == [[File:Geburtsurkunde von Friedrich Trump.webp|thumb|left|Sitifiketi yakubabikira ya Friedrich Trump]] [[File:U.S. Immigration records mentioning Friedr Trumpf.jpg|thumb|right|Maukaboni gha kusamira ku U.S. Mzere 133 uli na zina "Friedr. Trumpf", vyaka 16, wakababikira ku [[Kallstadt]], [[Germany]].]] Mu 1885, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 16, Trump wakasamira kwizira mu [[Bremerhaven|Bremerhaven, Germany]], kuluta ku United States pa sitima ya [[SS Eider|''Eider'']], iyo yikafuma pa 7 Okutobala<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|32}} ndipo yikafika pa malo ghakupokelera ŵakusama gha [[Castle Garden]] mu [[New York City]] pa 19 Okutobala. Chifukwa chakuti wakaŵa wandachite uteŵeti wa nkhondo wa vyaka viŵiri uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa mu Ufumu wa Bavaria, kusama kwake kukaŵa kwambura kuzomerezgeka kuyana na dango la Bavaria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/donald-trump-father-mother-ancestry|title=The Trump Family's Immigrant Story|first=Natasha|last=Frost|website=HISTORY|date=March 7, 2019 }}</ref> Maukaboni gha kusama gha ku United States ghakalemba zina lake kuti "Friedr. Trumpf" ndipo ntchito yake kuti "none".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/U.S._Immigration_records_mentioning_Friedr_Trumpf.jpg|title=U.S. Immigration records. Line 133 mentions "Friedr. Trumpf", age 16, born in "Kallstadt", Germany.}}</ref> Wakakakhala na mudumbu wake mukuru Katharina — uyo wakasamira mu 1883<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|31}} — na mfumu wake Fred Schuster, uyo nayo wakafuma ku Kallstadt. Maora ghachoko waka wati wafika, wakakumana na wakumeta wa Chijeremani uyo wakapenjanga munthu wakumugwirira ntchito,<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|25}} ndipo wakamba ntchito zuŵa lakulondezgapo.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|34}} Wakagwira ntchito yakumeta kwa vyaka 6.<ref name=WhoHeIs>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647/ |title=The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |publisher=[[Politico]] |date=August 24, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref> Trump wakakhalanga na ŵabali ŵake ku [[Lower East Side]] ya [[Manhattan]] mu chigaŵa icho mukaŵa Ŵajeremani ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Palatinate, pa 76 [[Forsyth Street]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|33}} Chifukwa cha ndalama zakwendeskera malo gha 76 Forsyth Street kusazgikira, pamanyuma ŵakasamira ku 606 East 17th Street<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|37}} na ku 2012 [[Second Avenue (Manhattan)|2nd Avenue]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|39}} Mu 1891, Trump wakasamira ku [[Seattle]], mu chigaŵa chiphya cha U.S. cha [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. Na ndalama zake zose izo zikaŵa madola mahandiredi ghanandi, wakagura malo gha Poodle Dog, ndipo wakasintha zina lake kuŵa Dairy Restaurant. Wakawikamo mathebulu, vitengo, na chitofu viphya.<ref name=WhoHeIs/> Malo agha ghakaŵa pa 208 Washington Street, pakati pa chigaŵa cha [[Pioneer Square, Seattle|Pioneer Square]] ku Seattle; Washington Street likacemekanga "the Line" ndipo likaŵa na malo ghakumwa, makasino, na [[malo gha uzaghali]]. Wakalemba mbiri ya Trump, [[Gwenda Blair]], wakati malo agha "ghakaŵa malo gha kugonana, moŵa, na ndalama, ndipo ghakaŵa pakati pa vinthu vyose mu Seattle."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|41}} Resitiranti iyi yikaguliskanga chakurya na moŵa ndipo yikapharazgikanga kuti yikaŵa na "Rooms for Ladies", mazina agho ghakagwiriskikanga ntchito kubisa vya [[uzaghali]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|50}} Mu 1892, Trump wakazgoka mwanangwa wa U.S.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|94}} ndipo wakapota voti mu [[1892 United States presidential election|chisankho chakwamba cha pulezidenti mu Washington]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|50}} Wakakhala ku Seattle mpaka kukwambilira kwa 1893.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|59}} Pa 14 Febuluwale 1894, Trump wakaguliska Dairy Restaurant, ndipo mu Malichi wakasamira ku msumba wakusanga migodi uwo ukaŵa kuti ukukhukira wa [[Monte Cristo, Washington]], mu [[Snohomish County]] kumpoto kwa Seattle.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/northwest/donald-trumps-grandfather-got-business-start-in-seattle/ |title=Donald Trump's grandfather got business start in Seattle |author=Evan Bush |date= August 25, 2015 |access-date= September 21, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasanga maukaboni gha visulo vya migodi mu 1889, Monte Cristo wakaghanaghanikanga kuti wazamupanga usambazi wa golide na siliva. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasakanga usambazi ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Mazu agho ghakayowoyanga vya ndalama za munthu musambazi [[John D. Rockefeller]] mu chigaŵa chose cha [[Everett, Washington|Everett]] ghakapangiska ŵanthu kugomezga chomene kuti malo agha ghakaŵa na mwaŵi ukuru.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|53–58}} Pambere wandafumeko ku Seattle, Trump wakagura malo ghakukwana {{convert|40|acre}} mu [[Pine Lake (Washington)|Pine Lake Plateau]], {{convert|12|mi|km|spell=in}} kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba, pa mtengo wa $200. Ichi chikaŵa chinthu chikuru chakwamba cha kugura malo mu banja la Trump.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|59}} Ku Monte Cristo, Trump wakasankha malo kufupi na njanji iyo pamanyuma yikazengeka kuti waŵikepo hotelo, kweni wakatondeka kulipira ndalama za $1,000 pa ekara kuti wagure. M'malo mwake, wakalembeska [[gold placer claim]] pa malo agha, ivyo vikamupanga kuŵa na wanangwa wapadera wakusanga visulo mu malo agha kwambura kulipira ndalama zakugulira,<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|60}} nangauli malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghagwiliskika kale ntchito na Nicholas Rudebeck wa ku Everett. Pa nyengo iyo, [[United States General Land Office]] yikamanyikwanga kuti yikaŵa yachinyengo ndipo kanandi yikazomerezganga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵaŵe na madango ghakuyana pa malo ghamoza. Nangauli wanangwa wa placer ukamupanga yayi Trump kuŵa na wanangwa wakuzenga chinthu pa malo agha, mwaluŵiro wakagura mathabwa kuti wazenge [[boarding house]] yiphya na kuyendeska nga ni Dairy Restaurant. Wakayezgapo yayi kusanga golide pa malo agha. Blair wakalongosora Trump kuti wakaŵa "kusanga ndalama kwa ŵakusanga migodi" chifukwa ŵakasankhanga malo ghakugonapo usiku apo ŵakasanganga migodi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|61}} Mu Julayi 1894, Rudebeck wakalemba kuti wagure malo agha mwalamulo ndipo wakatuma munthu kuti wakapoke lenti; kweni vikuwoneka kuti vikakhalapo yayi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa Monte Cristo ŵakaŵikako mahara yayi ku mazina gha umwini wa malo.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|66}} Paumaliro Trump wakagura malo agha mu Disembala 1894.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|69}} Apo wakaŵa ku Monte Cristo, Trump wakasankhika mu 1896 kuŵa [[justice of the peace]] na mavoti 32 pa 5.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|71}} Vyaka vya kusanga migodi vikavumbura kuti mu Monte Cristo mukaŵavya golide na siliva vinandi nga umo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghaniranga pakwamba,<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|68}} ndipo mu Ogasiti 1894, Rockefeller wakaleka vinandi mwa ndalama zake izo wakawikamo mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pachitike "Everett bubble burst."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|67}} Kufika mu chihanya cha 1896, ŵakusanga migodi ŵanandi ŵakafumapo ku Monte Cristo. Trump wakasuzgika chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito na kuchepa kwa bizinesi, nangauli wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵachoko awo ŵakasanga ndalama mu Monte Cristo. Trump wakanozgeka pambele vinthu vindasweke, ndipo wakapeleka ndalama kwa ŵakusanga migodi ŵaŵiri ku [[Yukon]], Canada, kuti ŵakamupenje malo gha migodi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|72}} Mu Julayi 1897, [[Klondike Gold Rush]] yikamba pamanyuma pakuti maboti ghakiza na golide ku [[San Francisco]] na Seattle. Ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi ŵakachimbilira ku malo agha kuti ŵasange usambazi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|73}} Trump wakaguliska malo ghake ghanandi mu Monte Cristo masabata ghachoko pamanyuma ndipo wakawelera ku Seattle.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|74}} [[File:Fred Trump Passport Application.jpg|thumb|Kufumba pasipoti kwa Friedrich Trump, 1896]] Ku Seattle, Trump wakajura resitiranti yiphya pa 207 Cherry Street. Bizinesi yikaŵa yiwemi chomene mwakuti wakamalira ngongoli ya malo agha mu masabata ghanayi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, pa 7 Julayi, ŵakusanga migodi ŵaŵiri awo Trump wakaŵapeleka ndalama ŵakasanga malo gha migodi ku Hunker Creek, mlonga munandi wa Klondike. Pamanyuma pakugwiliskira ntchito $15 kulembeska malo agha, ŵakaguliska hafu yake pa $400 zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Sabata yimoza pamanyuma, wakusanga migodi munyake wakaguliska malo agha pa $1,000.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|77}} Pa 20 Seputembala, ŵakasanga malo ghanyake gha migodi ku Deadwood Creek. Hafu yake yikaguliskika mu Okutobala pa $150, ndipo hafu yinyake yikaguliskika mu Disembala pa $2,000. Kweni chikumanyikwa yayi usange Trump wakapokera ndalama kufuma ku malo agha. Kukwambilira kwa 1898, wakaŵa kuti wasanga ndalama zakukwana kuti walute yekha ku Yukon.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|79}} Wakagura vinthu vyose vyakukhumbikwa, wakaguliska malo ghake ghose agho ghakakhalako mu Monte Cristo na Seattle, ndipo wakapeleka malo ghake ghakukwana 40 ekara ku Pine Lake Plateau kwa mudumbu wake Louise.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|78}} Mu 1900, Louise wakaguliska malo agha pa $250.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|80}} Mu chisulo chakulondezgapo pamanyuma pa kufumapo kwa Trump ku Monte Cristo, msumba uwu ukakumana na viphalizgo vikuru vya chithukivu na kusefukira kwa maji mu mbiri yake yifupi, ndipo pa nyengo iyi Rockefeller wakakana kuzengaso njanji yakukhumbikwa chomene kuluta ku Everett.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|79}} ===Chipatano cha Golide cha Yukon; mahotela na nyumba za uzaghali za Trump=== Mwakuyana na nkhani ya Blair, apo Trump wakaleka kuluta ku Yukon, wakaŵavya khumbo la kupenja golide nadi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|81}} Wakenda nthowa ya [[White Pass]],<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|83}} iyo yikaŵa na nthowa yakumanyikwa kuti "Dead Horse trail", zina ilo likafuma ku ŵakwendeska ŵakakwiyiskanga vinyama vyakunyamura katundu mpaka vikafwa ndipo ŵakaleka thupi lawo pa nthowa kuti livunde.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|84}} Mu chaka cha 1898, Trump na munthu munyake wakupenja migodi zina lake Ernest Levin ŵakajura resitiranti ya muhema mumphepete mwa nthowa. Blair wakalemba kuti "chakurya icho ŵakaryanga kanandi chikaŵa nyama ya [[Nyama ya kavalo|kavalo]] iyo yikakomeka waka na kuŵa yakuzizima luŵiro".<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|84}} Mu Meyi 1898, Trump na Levin ŵakaluta ku [[Bennett, British Columbia]],<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Meagan|last=Campbell|url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/donald-trumps-ancestral-brothel-gets-a-new-lease-on-life/amp/|title=Donald Trump's ancestral brothel gets a new lease on life|magazine=[[Maclean's]]|publisher=[[Rogers Media]]|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=June 15, 2017}}</ref> tawuni iyo yikamanyikwanga chifukwa cha ŵakusanga golide awo ŵakazenganga maboti kuti ŵakende kuluta ku Dawson. Ku Bennett, Trump na Levin ŵakajura Arctic Restaurant and Hotel, iyo yikapelekanga chakurya chiwemi, malo ghakugona na kugonana mu malo agho ghakaŵa na mahema ghanandi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|85}} Arctic pakwamba yikaŵa muhema, kweni cifukwa cha khumbo likuru la ŵanthu pa hotelo na resitiranti, yikasanduka nyumba ya mipanda yiŵiri.<ref name=Blair /> Kalata yakuluta ku nyuzipepara ya ''Yukon Sun'' yikalongosora Arctic: {{blockquote|Kwa ŵanalume ŵambura kutora, Arctic yili na malo ghawemi ghakugona kweniso ni resitiranti yiwemi chomene mu Bennett, kweni ningakaniska ŵanakazi ŵakuchindika kuluta kwiza kugona kwenekuko cifukwa ŵangapulika vinthu ivyo vingakhwaska maghanoghano ghawo&nbsp;– ndipo vyayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵaheni ŵa mtundu wawo.<ref name=Blair />}} Arctic House yikaŵa yimoza mwa ma resitiranti ghakuru na ghakutowa chomene mu chigaŵa cha Klondike, ndipo yikapelekanga vipasi viphya na [[Ptarmigan|ptarmigan]] pamoza na chakurya chakuzara cha [[Nyama ya kavalo|nyama ya kavalo]]. Arctic yikagwiranga ntchito maora ghose ndipo yikakhazikiska chizindikiro chakuti "Malo gha ŵanakazi", agho ghakaŵa na mabedi na vipimo vya kupima fuvu la golide. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku [[North-West Mounted Police]] ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakazomerezganga uheni usange ukachitikanga mwachisisi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|86}} Mu 1900, {{convert|111|mi|km|adj=mid}} [[White Pass and Yukon Route]], njanji iyo yikalongozganga pakati pa [[Skagway, Alaska]] na [[Whitehorse, Yukon]], yikamara kuzengeka. Trump wakakhazikiska White Horse Restaurant and Inn ku Whitehorse.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|87–88}}<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Tracie|last=Rozhon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-housing-middle-class-dies-at-93.html|date=June 26, 1999|access-date=May 2, 2010}}</ref> Ŵakasamuska nyumba iyo <!-- Arctic House?-->na boti, ŵakayiŵika pa Front Street, ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Juni.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|88–89}} Resitiranti yiphya, iyo yikaŵa na chinthu chimoza mwa masitovu ghakuru gha chisulo mu chigaŵa ichi, yikaphikanga vyakurya 3,000 pa zuŵa ndipo yikaŵa na malo gha njuga. Nangauli yikaŵa na phindu likuru, Trump na Levin ŵakamba kupambana cifukwa ca umo Levin wakamweleranga moŵa. Ŵakaleka ubwezi wawo wa bizinesi mu Febuluwale 1901, kweni ŵakayaniskana mu Epulero. Panyengo iyo, boma la malo ghakaphalira kuti likukanizgenge uzaghali, njuga na moŵa, kweni ŵamalonda ŵakachedweskanga. Cifukwa ca suzgo ili ku bizinesi yake, Trump wakaguliska chigaŵa chake cha resitiranti kwa Levin ndipo wakaleka Yukon.<ref name=WhoHeIs /><ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|90–91}} Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, Levin wakakakika cifukwa ca kumwa moŵa mwakujumphizga ndipo Arctic yikapokeka na [[North-West Mounted Police|Mounties]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|92}} Resitiranti ya Arctic yikaphya mu moto wa Whitehorse mu 1905.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Markusoff|first1=Jason|title=Inside the wild Canadian past of the Trump family|url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/inside-the-wild-canadian-past-of-the-trump-family/|access-date=14 October 2016|work=[[Maclean's]]|date=13 October 2016}}</ref> Blair wakalemba kuti "kanandi, mu suzgo iyo yikaleka ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutaya, [Frederick Trump] wakafumangamo wakupambana."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|93}} ==Nthengwa na mbumba== Trump wakawelera ku Kallstadt mu 1901 nga ni munthu musambazi. Munthu wakulemba mbiri Blair wakati "bizinesi yakovwira ŵateja ŵake kusanga chakurya, chakumwa na ŵanakazi yikamupindulira chomene."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|94}} Luŵiro wakakumana na kupempha kutora [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]] (1880–1966), mwana wa munthukazi munyake uyo wakakhalanga nayo pafupi kale; wakaŵa muchoko kwa Trump na vyaka 11.<ref name=wargs>{{cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/other/trump.html |title=Donald Trump genealogy |publisher=Wargs.com |access-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The source appears to be user-generated content, calling itself neither exhaustive nor authoritative, "but rather a first draft".}} Anyina ŵa Trump ŵakakana Christ cifukwa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mbumba yake yikaŵa ya mtundu wapasi. Trump na Christ ŵakatorana pa Ogasiti 26, 1902, ndipo ŵakaluta ku New York City.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|95}}<!--why did they leave? An earlier account said he was "forced to" --> Ku New York, Trump wakagwira nchito nga ni wakumeta sisi na mulaŵiliri wa resitiranti-hotela. Mbumba iyi yikakhalanga pa 1006 Westchester Avenue mu chigaŵa cha [[Morrisania, Bronx|Morrisania]] mu [[the Bronx]], uko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga Chijeremani. Mwana wawo mwanakazi Elizabeth wakababika pa Epulero 30, 1904. Mu Meyi 1904, apo Trump wakapempha pasipoti ya U.S. ku New York kuti wakende na muwoli wake na mwana wake, wakalemba nchito yake kuti "hotelkeeper".<ref>[http://interactive.ancestry.com/1174/USM1372_653-0200 US Passport Applications: Fred Trump] U.S. Passport Applications 1904–1905, Fred Trump, Roll 653, 25 May 1904–31 May 1904 [[Ancestry.com]] {{Registration required}}</ref> Cifukwa ca kusuzgika chomene kwa Elizabeth Sr. na kukhumba kwawo kuwelera ku nyumba, mbumba yikawelera ku Germany pamanyuma pa chaka chimoza.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|96}} Ku Germany, Trump wakaŵika mu banki ndalama zake zose zakusunga, izo zikaŵa 80,000 marks, {{Inflation|US|505248|2016|fmt=eq}}.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|96}} [[File:Elisabeth Christ & Friedrich Trump.jpg|thumb|right|Elizabeth Christ na Frederick Trump, 1902]] Pafupifupi nyengo yichoko waka yikati mbumba yikafika ku Germany, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Bavaria ŵakamanya kuti Trump wakafumamo mu Germany kuti watalepuske udindo wake wa usilikari, ndipo ŵakamuyika nga ni munthu wakuthawa kuluta ku usilikari.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|98}} Pa 24 Disembala 1904, Dipatimenti ya vya Mukati yikapharazga kafukufuku wakuti Trump wachimbizgike ku Germany. Mwakuyana na dango, ŵakasanga kuti wakaswa Chigamulo cha Unduna wa vya Mukati wa Ufumu nambala 9916, dango la 1886 ilo likalanganga ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku North America kuti ŵaleke usilikari mwa kuŵatolera wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵanthu ŵa Bavaria ndipo pamanyuma ŵa Germany.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|99}} Mu Febuluwale 1905, chilangulo cha ufumu chikapelekeka kulangura Trump kuti wafumemo mu masabata 8 cifukwa wakafumira ku charu kuti watalepuske usilikari kweniso kuti wakalembeskeka yayi apo wakafumanga na ŵamazaza.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree|title=Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather|first=Kate|last=Connolly|date=November 21, 2016|journal=The Guardian}}</ref> Kwa myezi yinandi, Trump wakalemba ma pempho kwa [[Luitpold, Kalonga Mulara wa Bavaria|Luitpold, Kalonga Mulara wa Bavaria]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://harpers.org/archive/2017/03/the-emigrants/ | title=The Emigrants | magazine=Harper's | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref> na boma kuti ŵamuzomerezge kukhalapo, kweni wakatondeka.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|100}} Iyo na mbumba yake ŵakafumapo kuluta ku New York pa 30 Juni 1905.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|102}} Mwana wawo mwanalume [[Fred Trump|Fred]] wakababika pa 11 Okutobala 1905, mu [[the Bronx]], New York.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|110}} Mbumba iyi yikakhalanga pa 539 East 177th Street. Mu 1907, mwana wawo waciŵiri [[John G. Trump|John]] wakababika. Pamanyuma mu chaka chenechicho mbumba yikaluta ku [[Woodhaven, Queens]]. Apo wakakhalanga ku Queens, Trump wakajura shopu ya kumeta sisi pa 60 [[Wall Street]] mu Manhattan.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|110}} ==Umoyo wakumaliro na nyifwa== [[File:Elisabeth and Friedrich Trump circa 1915.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Frederick Trump (wa ciŵiri kufuma kumazere) na mbumba yake, {{circa|1915}}]] Mu 1908, Trump wakagura malo pa [[Jamaica Avenue]] mu Woodhaven. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, wakasamuska mbumba yake ku nyumba iyo yikaŵa pa malo agha, ndipo wakapanga lenti vipinda vinandi. Wakagwirangaso ntchito nga ni mulaŵiliri wa hotela ku Medallion Hotel pa [[6th Avenue]] na [[23rd Street (Manhattan)|23rd Street]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|112}} Trump wakakhumbanga kulutilira kugura malo ghanandi, kweni pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya pa Charu Chose I|Nkhondo ya pa Charu Chose I]] wakakhala mwakubisilika cifukwa ca [[kusankhana ŵanthu ŵa Chijeremani]] mu US chifukwa cha nkhondo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakababika ku Germany ŵakamba kukayikirika.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|113–115}} Mwakuyana na mulembi wa mbiri ya mbumba ya Trump [[Gwenda Blair]], "pa Meyi 29, 1918, apo wakendanga na mwana wake Fred, Trump mwamabuchi wakamba kulwara chomene ndipo wakatolekera ku bedi. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo wakafwa. Icho pakwamba ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni [[pneumonia]] chikasangika kuti chikaŵa cimoza mwa vyakucitika vyakwambilira vya [[Fuluwenza ya Spain]]."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|116}}{{sfn|Trump|2024|p=15}} Kweni mwakupambana na ichi, mwakuyana na [[satifiketi ya nyifwa]] yake, Trump wakalaŵilikanga na dokotala kufuma pa Meyi 23, 1918, ndipo wakafwa mulenji wa Meyi 30 cifukwa ca pneumonia kweniso, mwaciŵiri, [[nephritis]].<ref>[https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/5166022 NYC Municipal Archives Historical Vital Records, Department of Records and Information Services]. Accessed January 24, 2023.</ref> Vinthu vikupambana pa unandi wa cuma cha Trump: [[Gwenda Blair]] wakuti cuma chake chikaŵa na nyumba ya vipinda 7 ya mipanda yiŵiri ku Queens; malo 5 ghambura kuzengapo; $4,000 ya ndalama zakusunga; $3,600 mu masheya; na ma mortgage 14, ndipo wakayika cuma chake pa $31,359 (${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|31359|1918}}}}),<ref name="Blair" />{{rp|118}} apo muzukuru wake mukuru [[Mary L. Trump]] wakayika pa mtengo wakuyana na $300,000 mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trump |first=Mary L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvrDwAAQBAJ&q=350+000 |title=Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man |date=2020-07-14 |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK |isbn=978-1-4711-9015-5 |language=en}}</ref> Muwoli wa Trump na mwana wake Fred ŵakalutilira ntchito zake zakugura na kuzenga malo pasi pa zina la [[Elizabeth Trump & Son]]. ==Mazgo ghakale agho ghakalembeka gha zina la mbumba== Mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵakunjira ku U.S. kufuma mu Okutobala 1885 ghakalemba zina lake kuti Friedr. Trumpf.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NCR1-KF8|publisher=[[FamilySearch]]|title=Friedr. Trumpf|access-date=6 March 2016 |url-access=registration}} {{Registration required}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/trumps-grandparents|title=How Trump's Grandparents Became Reluctant Americans|first=Dan|last=Jones|website=HISTORY|date=August 31, 2018 }}</ref> Malo ghakwambilira agho zina lakuti "Trump" likawonekera ghakaŵa mu mabuku gha visambazi vya ŵanthu mu 1910 gha United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=1910 U.S. Census, Queens, NY |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RJC-3FZ?i=5&cc=1727033 |website=FamilySearch.org}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Mu buku lake ''The Trumps'', mulembi wa mbiri Gwenda Blair wakuyowoya za Hanns Drumpf uyo wakakhazikika ku Kallstadt mu 1608 ndipo ŵana ŵake ŵakasintha zina lawo kufuma pa Drumpf kuya ku Trump pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Atatu]].<ref name="BlairBook">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate|date=2015|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|location=New York City|pages=26–27|last1=Blair|first1=Gwenda|author-link=Gwenda Blair|isbn=9781501139369}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Britt|last=Peterson| url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2015/09/09/why-donald-trump-better-than-donald-drumpf/7ltKCyRasCa5TY2l1Tr4HP/story.html | title = Why Donald Trump trumps Donald Drumpf | work = [[The Boston Globe]] | publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, L.P.|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=September 9, 2015|access-date = March 3, 2016 }}</ref> Nkhani ya mu 2015 ya [[Deutsche Welle]] yikati Blair wakayowoya mu kuyankhulana kuti sekuru wa Trump ŵakachemekanga Friedrich Drumpf,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-donald-trump-learned-from-his-german-grandpa-friedrich-drumpf/a-18701551 |title=What Donald Trump learned from his German grandpa Friedrich Drumpf |date=September 9, 2015 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=June 2, 2020 |quote=His grandfather Friedrich Drumpf came to the United States in 1885[,] which was the height of German immigration to the United States[,] when he was 16. }}</ref> ico chikupambana na ivyo Blair wakalemba mu buku lake lakwamba. Mwakuyana na wupu wa mayendedwe wa Kallstadt, "Drumpf" ndilo likaŵa zina lakale la mbumba iyi kweni likasintha kale kuŵa "Trump" pambere zina ili lindalembeke mu mabuku gha ŵanthu agho ghakapangika na [[France|Ŵafaransa]] awo ŵakatora chigaŵa cha [[Left Bank of the Rhine]] (kufuma mu 1798 mpaka 1814).<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/what-trumps-ancestral-village-in-germany-has-to-say-about-him/a-19088834 What Trump's ancestral village in Germany has to say about him], ''[[Deutsche Welle]]''</ref> Webusayiti yakupima unenesko ''[[Snopes]]'' yikupeleka ukaboni wakulongora kuti zina la mbumba iyi likaŵa "Drumpf" kale ndipo yikulongoraso malipoti ghakupambana gha maghanoghano gha Blair pa nkhani yakuti Frederick Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito "Drumpf" pakwamba, kweni yikulongoraso kuti panji Donald Trump panji awiske ŵakaŵa na zina la mbumba la Drumpf yayi.<ref>[https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/donald-drumpf/ Was Donald Trump's Family Surname Once 'Drumpf'?], ''Snopes''</ref> ==Wonaniso== * ''[[The Trumps: Mbumba zitatu izo zikazenga ufumu]]'' ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|30em}} ==Mabuku agho ghagwiriskika ntchito== *{{cite book|title=All in the family : the Trumps and how we got this way|last=Trump|first=Fred C.|date=2024|publisher=Gallery Books|isbn=978-1-6680-7217-2}} ==Pa intaneti== *{{commons category-inline}} *{{find a Grave|40736522|Frederick Trump}} {{Trump family|state=expanded}} {{Prostitution in the United States|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Frederick}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1869]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa mu 1918]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 19]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵeneko ŵa nyumba za uzaghali ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga ku Canada]] [[Category:Ŵeneko ŵa mahotelo ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America mu bizinesi ya malo]] [[Category:Ŵeneko ŵa maresitiranti ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵakufuma mu Ufumu wa Germany kuluta ku United States]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku New York City]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku Rhineland-Palatinate]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na nthenda ya Spanish flu mu New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kufuma ku Bad Dürkheim (chigaŵa)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Klondike Gold Rush]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakataya wanangwa wa uwanangwa wa Germany]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika kuŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku United States]] [[Category:Trump family|Frederick]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kufuma ku Morrisania, Bronx]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kufuma ku Woodhaven, Queens]] 76ga36kh8ieq83t1yt5urxlc3qt685a 10 47934 117393 2025-12-09T00:06:14Z en>Hiplibrarianship 0 117393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Prostitution in the United States |title = [[Prostitution in the United States]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Areas |list1 = * [[Prostitution in American Samoa|American Samoa]] * [[Prostitution in California|California]] ** [[Prostitution in Los Angeles in the 19th century]] * [[Prostitution in Guam|Guam]] * [[Prostitution in Hawaii|Hawaii]] * [[Prostitution in Nevada|Nevada]] * [[Prostitution in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] * [[History of vice in Texas|Texas]] |group2 = [[Brothel]]s |list2 = * [[Building at 217 West Main Street|217 West Main Street]] * [[Angel's Ladies]] * [[Arnold's Bar and Grill]] * [[Ash Meadows Sky Ranch]] * [[Bird Cage Theatre]] * [[Chicken Ranch (Nevada)]] * [[Chicken Ranch (Texas)]] * [[Cottontail Ranch]] * [[Dennis Hof's Love Ranch]] * [[Donna's Ranch]] * [[Dumas Brothel]] * [[Everleigh Club]] * [[Fort Laramie Three-Mile Hog Ranch]] * [[Gleim Building]] * [[Kit Kat Guest Ranch]] * [[Lester Apartments]] * [[List of brothels in Nevada]] * [[The Love Ranch]] * [[Mary Todd Lincoln House]] * [[Miss Hattie's Bordello]] * [[Moonlite Bunny Ranch]] * [[Mustang Ranch]] * [[No. 1 Geisha]] * [[Old Bridge Ranch]] * [[Paresis Hall]] * [[Sagebrush Ranch]] * [[Shady Lady Ranch]] * [[Sheri's Ranch]] * [[The Star (Ketchikan, Alaska)|The Star]] * [[Stone Jail Building and Row House]] * [[Wild Horse Adult Resort & Spa]] * [[Willis House (Grand Encampment, Wyoming)|Willis House]] |group3 = Law |list3 = * ''Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc.'' ** [[USAID v. Alliance for Open Society (2013)|2013]] ** [[USAID v. Alliance for Open Society (2020)|2020]] * ''[[Bennis v. Michigan]]'' * [[Chamberlain–Kahn Act]] * [[Mann Act]] * [[Raines law]] * [[Red Light Abatement Act]] * [[Controlling Vice: Regulating Brothel Prostitution in St. Paul, 1865–1883|Regulating Brothel Prostitution in St. Paul, 1865–1883]] |group4 = Media |list4 = * ''[[American Pimp]]'' * ''[[Dreamcatcher (2015 film)|Dreamcatcher]]'' * ''[[Secrets of a Hollywood Super Madam]]'' |group5 = Organizations |list5 = * [[BAYSWAN]] * [[COYOTE]] * [[Equality Now]] * [[Free the Slaves]] * [[Sex Workers Outreach Project USA|SWOP-USA]] |group6 = People |list6 = {{Navbox|subgroup|groupstyle=font-weight:normal; | group1 = Activists | list1 = * [[Norma Jean Almodovar]] * [[Fred Cherry]] * [[Committee of Fifteen]] * [[Committee of Fourteen]] * [[Robyn Few]] * [[Melissa Gira Grant]] * [[Carol Leigh]] * [[Alice Little]] * [[Rose Livingston]] * [[Meg Muñoz]] * [[New England Female Moral Reform Society]] * [[New York Female Moral Reform Society]] * [[Polaris Project]] * [[Tracy Quan]] * [[Audacia Ray]] * [[Annie Sprinkle]] * [[Margo St. James]] * [[Sheila White (activist)|Sheila White]] | group2 = [[Brothel]]<br />[[procuring (prostitution)|owners<br />and<br />madams]] | list2 = * [[Elizabeth Adams (madam)|Elizabeth Adams]] (aka, Madam Alex) * [[Polly Adler]] * [[Ah Toy]] * [[Josephine Airey]] * [[Brenda Allen]] * [[Josie Arlington]] * [[Dorothy Baker (madam)|Dorothy Baker]] * [[Sydney Biddle Barrows]] * [[Big Sue]] * [[Belle Brezing]] * [[Julia Bulette]] * [[Hilma Burt]] * [[Nina Clifford]] * [[Big Jim Colosimo]] * [[Joseph Conforte]] * [[Belle Cora]] (Arabella Ryan) * [[Cora Crane]] * [[Ana Cumpănaș]] * [[Kristin M. Davis]] * [[Phoebe Doty]] * [[Dora DuFran]] * [[Ada and Minna Everleigh]] * [[Mame Faye]] * [[Vina Fields]] * [[Heidi Fleiss]] * [[Jody Gibson]] * [[Dante "Tex" Gill]] * [[Mary Gleim]] * [[Lou Graham (Seattle madam)|Lou Graham]] * [[Eunice Gray]] * [[Mary Ann Hall]] * [[Hester Jane Haskins]] * [[Eliza Haycraft]] * [[Mike Heitler]] * [[Dennis Hof]] * [[Mollie Johnson]] * [[Lizzie Lape]] * [[Kitty Leroy]] * [[Red Light Lizzie]] * [[Laura Bell McDaniel]] * [[Adeline Miller]] * [[Mother Damnable]] * [[Meg Muñoz]] * [[Deborah Jeane Palfrey]] * [[Grace Peixotto]] * [[Willie Piazza]] * [[Poker Alice]] * [[Fannie Porter]] * [[Mattie Silks]] * [[Sally Stanford]] * [[Pearl Starr]] * [[Libby Thompson]] * [[Mary Thompson (businesswoman)|Mary Thompson]] * [[Kate Townsend]] * [[Frederick Trump]] * [[Pearl de Vere]] * [[Tessie Wall]] * [[Lulu White]] * [[Minnie White]] * [[Anna Wilson (madam)|Anna Wilson]] * [[Louise Wooster]] | group3 = [[Courtesan]]s | list3 = * [[Ashley Alexandra Dupré]] * [[Lillie Langtry]] * [[Fanny White]] | group4 = [[Procuring (prostitution)|Pimps]] | list4 = * [[Scotty Bowers]] * [[Hester Jane Haskins]] * [[Mike Heitler]] * [[Dennis Hof]] * [[Ice-T]] * [[Iceberg Slim]] * [[Don "Magic" Juan]] * [[Red Light Lizzie]] * [[Jack Ruby]] * [[Lee Shelton]] * [[Fillmore Slim]] * [[Al Swearengen]] * [[Dennis Tinerino]] | group5 = [[Prostitution|Prostitutes]] | list5 = * [[Ah Toy]] * [[Air Force Amy]] * [[Josephine Airey]] * [[Brenda Allen]] * [[Norma Jean Almodovar]] * [[Josie Arlington]] * [[Mickey Avalon]] * [[Dorothy Baker (madam)|Dorothy Baker]] * [[Richard Berkowitz]] * [[Diamond Bessie]] * [[Big Nose Kate]] * [[Mattie Blaylock]] * [[Scotty Bowers]] * [[Gary Ray Bowles]] * [[Sarah A. Bowman]] * [[Brandi Britton]] * [[Carrie Brown (murder victim)|Carrie Brown]] * [[Julia Brown (prostitute)|Julia Brown]] * [[Julia Bulette]] * [[Lisa Crystal Carver]] * [[Sylvia Clevenger]] * [[Andrew Cunanan]] * [[Honeysuckle Divine]] * [[Issan Dorsey]] * [[Phoebe Doty]] * [[Dora DuFran]] * [[Pearl Elliott]] * [[Robyn Few]] * [[Alexis Fire]] * [[Albert Fish]] * [[Florrie Fisher]] * [[Heidi Fleiss]] * [[Ali Forney]] * [[Denham Fouts]] * [[Ronnie Lee Gardner]] * [[Jody Gibson]] * [[Billi Gordon]] * [[Maggie Hall]] * [[Fred Halsted]] * [[Eliza Haycraft]] * [[Toni Jo Henry]] * [[Richard Holcomb]] * [[Endesha Ida Mae Holland]] * [[Xaviera Hollander]] * [[Amber L. Hollibaugh]] * [[Jason Holliday]] * [[John Holmes (actor)|John Holmes]] * [[Calamity Jane]] * [[Helen Jewett]] * [[Dean Johnson (entertainer)|Dean Johnson]] * [[Mollie Johnson]] * [[Robert La Tourneaux]] * [[Jillian Lauren]] * [[Kitty Leroy]] * [[Rose Livingston]] * [[Alice Little]] * [[Annie Lobert]] * [[Crazy Lou]] * [[Brooke Magnanti]] * [[Chicago May]] * [[Rosa May]] * [[Laura Bell McDaniel]] * [[Adeline Miller]] * [[Della Moore]] * [[Murder of Tanya Moore and Tina Rodriguez|Tanya Moore]] * [[Vicki Morgan]] * [[Mother Featherlegs]] * [[Jean O'Hara]] * [[Barbara Payton]] * [[Louise Peete]] * [[Willie Piazza]] * [[Fannie Porter]] * [[Tracy Quan]] * [[Murder of Tanya Moore and Tina Rodriguez|Tina Rodriguez]] * [[Shalimar Seiuli]] * [[Mattie Silks]] * [[Valerie Solanas]] * [[Almeda Sperry]] * [[Annie Sprinkle]] * [[Nancy Spungen]] * [[Margo St. James]] * [[Pearl Starr]] * [[David Henry Sterry]] * [[Star Stowe]] * [[Sunset Thomas]] * [[Estella Marie Thompson]] * [[Libby Thompson]] * [[Mary Ellen Tracy]] * [[Tiger Tyson]] * [[Pearl de Vere]] * [[Sheila White (activist)|Sheila White]] * [[Anna Wilson (madam)|Anna Wilson]] * [[Louise Wooster]] * [[Aileen Wuornos]] * [[Venus Xtravaganza]] | group6 = [[Client (prostitution)|Johns]] | list6 = * [[Craig J. Spence]] * [[Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal|Eliot Spitzer]] }} |group7 = [[List of red-light districts#United States|Red-light districts]] |list7 = * [[Barbary Coast, San Francisco]] * [[The Block, Baltimore]] * [[Broadway (San Francisco)]] * [[Bucktown, Davenport]] * [[Burnt District, Omaha]] * [[Cheshire Bridge Road]] * [[Chinatown, Honolulu]] * [[Columbus Avenue (San Francisco)]] * [[Combat Zone, Boston]] * [[Creek Street (Ketchikan, Alaska)]] * [[Fremont Street]] * [[Hell's Half Acre (Fort Worth)]] * [[Hunts Point, Bronx]] * [[Kensington, Philadelphia]] * [[Las Vegas Strip]] * [[The Levee, Chicago]] * [[Liberty Avenue (Pittsburgh)]] * [[Minnesota Strip]] * [[Murrell's Row]] * [[Nevada State Route 582]] * [[North Street (Boston)]] * [[San Antonio Sporting District]] * [[Sepulveda Boulevard]] * [[Slabtown (Atlanta)]] * [[SoHo, Manhattan]] * [[Sporting District, Omaha]] * [[Stingaree, San Diego]] * [[Storyville, New Orleans]] * [[Sunset Boulevard]] * [[Tenderloin, Manhattan]] * [[Tenderloin, San Francisco]] * [[Times Square]] * [[Venus Alley, Butte]] * [[Western Avenue (Los Angeles)]] |group8 = Violence |list8 = * [[Denver Prostitute Killer]] * [[Disappearance of Jessie Foster]] * [[Carrie Brown (murder victim)|Murder of Carrie Brown]] * [[Murder of Tanya Moore and Tina Rodriguez]] |group9 = Other |list9 = * [[1989 DC Prostitute Expulsion]] * [[Big Apple Oriental Tours]] * [[Church penitentiary]] * [[Commercial sexual exploitation of children#United States|Commercial sexual exploitation of children]] * [[Emperors Club VIP]] * [[Hookers for Hillary]] * [[John Hour]] * [[John school]] * [[Operation Stormy Nights]] * [[Police abuse of sex workers in the United States|Police abuse of sex workers]] * [[Prostitution in Harlem Renaissance]] * [[Sex trafficking in the United States|Sex trafficking]] * [[Three minute men]] * [[Truckers Against Trafficking]] }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Category:United States navigational boxes]] [[Category:Prostitution navigational boxes|United States]] </noinclude> 28xck3lqga2hh5s5y5ml86fy10ftieo 117394 117393 2026-07-16T12:56:38Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Prostitution_in_the_United_States]] 117393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Prostitution in the United States |title = [[Prostitution in the United States]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Areas |list1 = * [[Prostitution in American Samoa|American Samoa]] * [[Prostitution in California|California]] ** [[Prostitution in Los Angeles in the 19th century]] * [[Prostitution in Guam|Guam]] * [[Prostitution in Hawaii|Hawaii]] * [[Prostitution in Nevada|Nevada]] * [[Prostitution in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] * [[History of vice in Texas|Texas]] |group2 = [[Brothel]]s |list2 = * [[Building at 217 West Main Street|217 West Main Street]] * [[Angel's Ladies]] * [[Arnold's Bar and Grill]] * [[Ash Meadows Sky Ranch]] * [[Bird Cage Theatre]] * [[Chicken Ranch (Nevada)]] * [[Chicken Ranch (Texas)]] * [[Cottontail Ranch]] * [[Dennis Hof's Love Ranch]] * [[Donna's Ranch]] * [[Dumas Brothel]] * [[Everleigh Club]] * [[Fort Laramie Three-Mile Hog Ranch]] * [[Gleim Building]] * [[Kit Kat Guest Ranch]] * [[Lester Apartments]] * [[List of brothels in Nevada]] * [[The Love Ranch]] * [[Mary Todd Lincoln House]] * [[Miss Hattie's Bordello]] * [[Moonlite Bunny Ranch]] * [[Mustang Ranch]] * [[No. 1 Geisha]] * [[Old Bridge Ranch]] * [[Paresis Hall]] * [[Sagebrush Ranch]] * [[Shady Lady Ranch]] * [[Sheri's Ranch]] * [[The Star (Ketchikan, Alaska)|The Star]] * [[Stone Jail Building and Row House]] * [[Wild Horse Adult Resort & Spa]] * [[Willis House (Grand Encampment, Wyoming)|Willis House]] |group3 = Law |list3 = * ''Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc.'' ** [[USAID v. Alliance for Open Society (2013)|2013]] ** [[USAID v. Alliance for Open Society (2020)|2020]] * ''[[Bennis v. Michigan]]'' * [[Chamberlain–Kahn Act]] * [[Mann Act]] * [[Raines law]] * [[Red Light Abatement Act]] * [[Controlling Vice: Regulating Brothel Prostitution in St. Paul, 1865–1883|Regulating Brothel Prostitution in St. Paul, 1865–1883]] |group4 = Media |list4 = * ''[[American Pimp]]'' * ''[[Dreamcatcher (2015 film)|Dreamcatcher]]'' * ''[[Secrets of a Hollywood Super Madam]]'' |group5 = Organizations |list5 = * [[BAYSWAN]] * [[COYOTE]] * [[Equality Now]] * [[Free the Slaves]] * [[Sex Workers Outreach Project USA|SWOP-USA]] |group6 = People |list6 = {{Navbox|subgroup|groupstyle=font-weight:normal; | group1 = Activists | list1 = * [[Norma Jean Almodovar]] * [[Fred Cherry]] * [[Committee of Fifteen]] * [[Committee of Fourteen]] * [[Robyn Few]] * [[Melissa Gira Grant]] * [[Carol Leigh]] * [[Alice Little]] * [[Rose Livingston]] * [[Meg Muñoz]] * [[New England Female Moral Reform Society]] * [[New York Female Moral Reform Society]] * [[Polaris Project]] * [[Tracy Quan]] * [[Audacia Ray]] * [[Annie Sprinkle]] * [[Margo St. James]] * [[Sheila White (activist)|Sheila White]] | group2 = [[Brothel]]<br />[[procuring (prostitution)|owners<br />and<br />madams]] | list2 = * [[Elizabeth Adams (madam)|Elizabeth Adams]] (aka, Madam Alex) * [[Polly Adler]] * [[Ah Toy]] * [[Josephine Airey]] * [[Brenda Allen]] * [[Josie Arlington]] * [[Dorothy Baker (madam)|Dorothy Baker]] * [[Sydney Biddle Barrows]] * [[Big Sue]] * [[Belle Brezing]] * [[Julia Bulette]] * [[Hilma Burt]] * [[Nina Clifford]] * [[Big Jim Colosimo]] * [[Joseph Conforte]] * [[Belle Cora]] (Arabella Ryan) * [[Cora Crane]] * [[Ana Cumpănaș]] * [[Kristin M. Davis]] * [[Phoebe Doty]] * [[Dora DuFran]] * [[Ada and Minna Everleigh]] * [[Mame Faye]] * [[Vina Fields]] * [[Heidi Fleiss]] * [[Jody Gibson]] * [[Dante "Tex" Gill]] * [[Mary Gleim]] * [[Lou Graham (Seattle madam)|Lou Graham]] * [[Eunice Gray]] * [[Mary Ann Hall]] * [[Hester Jane Haskins]] * [[Eliza Haycraft]] * [[Mike Heitler]] * [[Dennis Hof]] * [[Mollie Johnson]] * [[Lizzie Lape]] * [[Kitty Leroy]] * [[Red Light Lizzie]] * [[Laura Bell McDaniel]] * [[Adeline Miller]] * [[Mother Damnable]] * [[Meg Muñoz]] * [[Deborah Jeane Palfrey]] * [[Grace Peixotto]] * [[Willie Piazza]] * [[Poker Alice]] * [[Fannie Porter]] * [[Mattie Silks]] * [[Sally Stanford]] * [[Pearl Starr]] * [[Libby Thompson]] * [[Mary Thompson (businesswoman)|Mary Thompson]] * [[Kate Townsend]] * [[Frederick Trump]] * [[Pearl de Vere]] * [[Tessie Wall]] * [[Lulu White]] * [[Minnie White]] * [[Anna Wilson (madam)|Anna Wilson]] * [[Louise Wooster]] | group3 = [[Courtesan]]s | list3 = * [[Ashley Alexandra Dupré]] * [[Lillie Langtry]] * [[Fanny White]] | group4 = [[Procuring (prostitution)|Pimps]] | list4 = * [[Scotty Bowers]] * [[Hester Jane Haskins]] * [[Mike Heitler]] * [[Dennis Hof]] * [[Ice-T]] * [[Iceberg Slim]] * [[Don "Magic" Juan]] * [[Red Light Lizzie]] * [[Jack Ruby]] * [[Lee Shelton]] * [[Fillmore Slim]] * [[Al Swearengen]] * [[Dennis Tinerino]] | group5 = [[Prostitution|Prostitutes]] | list5 = * [[Ah Toy]] * [[Air Force Amy]] * [[Josephine Airey]] * [[Brenda Allen]] * [[Norma Jean Almodovar]] * [[Josie Arlington]] * [[Mickey Avalon]] * [[Dorothy Baker (madam)|Dorothy Baker]] * [[Richard Berkowitz]] * [[Diamond Bessie]] * [[Big Nose Kate]] * [[Mattie Blaylock]] * [[Scotty Bowers]] * [[Gary Ray Bowles]] * [[Sarah A. Bowman]] * [[Brandi Britton]] * [[Carrie Brown (murder victim)|Carrie Brown]] * [[Julia Brown (prostitute)|Julia Brown]] * [[Julia Bulette]] * [[Lisa Crystal Carver]] * [[Sylvia Clevenger]] * [[Andrew Cunanan]] * [[Honeysuckle Divine]] * [[Issan Dorsey]] * [[Phoebe Doty]] * [[Dora DuFran]] * [[Pearl Elliott]] * [[Robyn Few]] * [[Alexis Fire]] * [[Albert Fish]] * [[Florrie Fisher]] * [[Heidi Fleiss]] * [[Ali Forney]] * [[Denham Fouts]] * [[Ronnie Lee Gardner]] * [[Jody Gibson]] * [[Billi Gordon]] * [[Maggie Hall]] * [[Fred Halsted]] * [[Eliza Haycraft]] * [[Toni Jo Henry]] * [[Richard Holcomb]] * [[Endesha Ida Mae Holland]] * [[Xaviera Hollander]] * [[Amber L. Hollibaugh]] * [[Jason Holliday]] * [[John Holmes (actor)|John Holmes]] * [[Calamity Jane]] * [[Helen Jewett]] * [[Dean Johnson (entertainer)|Dean Johnson]] * [[Mollie Johnson]] * [[Robert La Tourneaux]] * [[Jillian Lauren]] * [[Kitty Leroy]] * [[Rose Livingston]] * [[Alice Little]] * [[Annie Lobert]] * [[Crazy Lou]] * [[Brooke Magnanti]] * [[Chicago May]] * [[Rosa May]] * [[Laura Bell McDaniel]] * [[Adeline Miller]] * [[Della Moore]] * [[Murder of Tanya Moore and Tina Rodriguez|Tanya Moore]] * [[Vicki Morgan]] * [[Mother Featherlegs]] * [[Jean O'Hara]] * [[Barbara Payton]] * [[Louise Peete]] * [[Willie Piazza]] * [[Fannie Porter]] * [[Tracy Quan]] * [[Murder of Tanya Moore and Tina Rodriguez|Tina Rodriguez]] * [[Shalimar Seiuli]] * [[Mattie Silks]] * [[Valerie Solanas]] * [[Almeda Sperry]] * [[Annie Sprinkle]] * [[Nancy Spungen]] * [[Margo St. James]] * [[Pearl Starr]] * [[David Henry Sterry]] * [[Star Stowe]] * [[Sunset Thomas]] * [[Estella Marie Thompson]] * [[Libby Thompson]] * [[Mary Ellen Tracy]] * [[Tiger Tyson]] * [[Pearl de Vere]] * [[Sheila White (activist)|Sheila White]] * [[Anna Wilson (madam)|Anna Wilson]] * [[Louise Wooster]] * [[Aileen Wuornos]] * [[Venus Xtravaganza]] | group6 = [[Client (prostitution)|Johns]] | list6 = * [[Craig J. Spence]] * [[Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal|Eliot Spitzer]] }} |group7 = [[List of red-light districts#United States|Red-light districts]] |list7 = * [[Barbary Coast, San Francisco]] * [[The Block, Baltimore]] * [[Broadway (San Francisco)]] * [[Bucktown, Davenport]] * [[Burnt District, Omaha]] * [[Cheshire Bridge Road]] * [[Chinatown, Honolulu]] * [[Columbus Avenue (San Francisco)]] * [[Combat Zone, Boston]] * [[Creek Street (Ketchikan, Alaska)]] * [[Fremont Street]] * [[Hell's Half Acre (Fort Worth)]] * [[Hunts Point, Bronx]] * [[Kensington, Philadelphia]] * [[Las Vegas Strip]] * [[The Levee, Chicago]] * [[Liberty Avenue (Pittsburgh)]] * [[Minnesota Strip]] * [[Murrell's Row]] * [[Nevada State Route 582]] * [[North Street (Boston)]] * [[San Antonio Sporting District]] * [[Sepulveda Boulevard]] * [[Slabtown (Atlanta)]] * [[SoHo, Manhattan]] * [[Sporting District, Omaha]] * [[Stingaree, San Diego]] * [[Storyville, New Orleans]] * [[Sunset Boulevard]] * [[Tenderloin, Manhattan]] * [[Tenderloin, San Francisco]] * [[Times Square]] * [[Venus Alley, Butte]] * [[Western Avenue (Los Angeles)]] |group8 = Violence |list8 = * [[Denver Prostitute Killer]] * [[Disappearance of Jessie Foster]] * [[Carrie Brown (murder victim)|Murder of Carrie Brown]] * [[Murder of Tanya Moore and Tina Rodriguez]] |group9 = Other |list9 = * [[1989 DC Prostitute Expulsion]] * [[Big Apple Oriental Tours]] * [[Church penitentiary]] * [[Commercial sexual exploitation of children#United States|Commercial sexual exploitation of children]] * [[Emperors Club VIP]] * [[Hookers for Hillary]] * [[John Hour]] * [[John school]] * [[Operation Stormy Nights]] * [[Police abuse of sex workers in the United States|Police abuse of sex workers]] * [[Prostitution in Harlem Renaissance]] * [[Sex trafficking in the United States|Sex trafficking]] * [[Three minute men]] * [[Truckers Against Trafficking]] }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Category:United States navigational boxes]] [[Category:Prostitution navigational boxes|United States]] </noinclude> 28xck3lqga2hh5s5y5ml86fy10ftieo 14 47935 117395 2026-07-16T12:57:04Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117395 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 47936 117396 2026-07-16T12:57:07Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117396 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 47937 117397 2026-07-16T12:57:11Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117397 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 47938 117398 2026-07-16T12:57:15Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117398 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 47939 117399 2026-07-16T13:00:38Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{distinguish redirect|Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud|Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakubabika mu 1977)}} {{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|[[Al Saud]]}} {{Short description|Mwenekazi wa ku Saudi Arabia ndipo wakale waku boma}} {{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox royalty | image = File:Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud.jpg | caption = | spouse = | issue = | full_name = Khalid bin Bandar bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud | succession = A..." 117399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish redirect|Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud|Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakubabika mu 1977)}} {{Family name hatnote|lang=Arabic|[[Al Saud]]}} {{Short description|Mwenekazi wa ku Saudi Arabia ndipo wakale waku boma}} {{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox royalty | image = File:Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud.jpg | caption = | spouse = | issue = | full_name = Khalid bin Bandar bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud | succession = [[Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah|Mulongozgi wa vya Upelelezi wa Boma]] | reign = 30 June 2014 – 29 January 2015 | reign_type = Mu udindo | reg_type = Themba | regent = {{ubl|[[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Themba Abdullah]]|[[Salman of Saudi Arabia|Themba Salman]]}} | predecessor = [[Youssef bin Ali Al Idrissi]] | successor = [[Khalid bin Ali Al Humaidan]] | succession1 = [[Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)|Muthandizi wa Nduna ya vya Chitetezo]] | reign1 = 14 May 2014 – 28 June 2014 | reign_type1 = Mu udindo | reg_type1 = Themba | regent1 = [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Themba Abdullah]] | predecessor1 = [[Salman bin Sultan]] | successor1 = [[Khalid bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] | succession2 = Kazembe wa [[Riyadh Province]] | reign2 = 14 February 2013&nbsp;– 14 May 2014 | reign_type2 = Mu udindo | reg_type2 = Themba | regent2 = [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Themba Abdullah]] | predecessor2 = [[Sattam bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Sattam bin Abdulaziz]] | successor2 = [[Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud]] | father = [[Bandar bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Bandar bin Abdulaziz]] | mother = Wasmya bint Mohmmed bin Moammer | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}} | birth_place = | house = [[House of Saud|Al Saud]] | module = {{Infobox person | child=yes | alma_mater = [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] }} }} '''Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud''' ({{langx|ar|خالد بن بندر بن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}; wakubabika mu 1951) ni msilikari wa [[Saudis|ku Saudi Arabia]] ndiposo membala wa [[House of Saud]], uyo wakateŵeterapo nga ni mulongozgi wa [[General Intelligence Presidency|Mulongozgi wa vya Upelelezi wa Boma]], muthandizi wa nduna ya vya chitetezo na kazembe wa [[Riyadh Province]].<ref name="saudigazette1">{{cite news|author=Saudi Gazette|newspaper=Saudi Gazette|date=15 February 2013|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130215153243|title=New Emir of Riyadh a decorated military officer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055017/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130215153243|access-date=15 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Riyadh Princes|access-date=15 February 2013|url=http://www.riyadh.gov.sa/en/Pages/Princes/Princes.aspx|work=Ministry of Interior}}</ref> Kalonga Khalid ni muzukuru wa waliyambiska Saudi Arabia [[King Abdulaziz|Ibn Saud]] ndipo wakaŵa muzukuru wake wakwamba kuteŵetera nga ni kazembe wa chigaŵa cha Riyadh. ==Umoyo wa pakwamba na masambiro== Kalonga Khalid wakababika mu 1951.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khalid Bandar Abdulaziz|work=Dhownet|url=https://dhow.com/biographies/258/khaled-bandar-abdulaziz-aal-saud/|access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> Ni mwana wachitatu wa [[Bandar bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Kalonga Bandar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Khaled appointed Riyadh governor, Turki his deputy|url=http://www.arabnews.com/khaled-appointed-riyadh-governor-turki-his-deputy|access-date=15 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215044414/http://arabnews.com/khaled-appointed-riyadh-governor-turki-his-deputy|archive-date=15 February 2013|newspaper=Arab News|date=15 February 2013|location=Jeddah|url-status=dead}}</ref> M'bali wake munyake ni [[Turki bin Bandar Al Saud|Kalonga Turki]].<ref>{{cite book|author=David Rundell|title=Vision or Mirage: Saudi Arabia at the Crossroads|year=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-83860-595-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpLyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|location=London|page=144}}</ref> Kalonga Khalid wakamalizga masambiro ku [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] mu 1973.<ref name=alarab142/><ref name=barden/> Wakapokaso digiriyi ya masambiro gha pachanya mu sayansi ya vya nkhondo.<ref name=ziabi>{{cite news|author=Fahd al Ziabi|title=New Riyadh Governor: Prince Khalid bin Bandar|url-status=dead |url=http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3&id=32917|access-date=15 February 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=15 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130152901/http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?section=3|archive-date=30 January 2013}}</ref> Wakachitako masambiro gha pachanya gha ŵala ŵakugwiliska magalimoto ghankhondo mu Saudi Arabia na United States, ndiposo wakachitako vyakuchita vya nkhondo vyakupambanapambana.<ref name="جريدة الشرق الاوسط الدولية"/> ==Ntchito== Khalid bin Bandar ni mulongozgi wapachanya wa [[Saudi Arabian Army|Gulu la nkhondo la Saudi Arabia]]. Wakatandika uteŵeti wake wa nkhondo mu gulu lakwamba la brigade ya nambara zinayi ya magalimoto gha nkhondo.<ref name=ziabi/> Wakagwirangaso ntchito nga ni mulara wa vyakuchita mu likuru la magulu gha magalimoto gha nkhondo, ndipo pamanyuma wakakwezedwa kuŵa muthandizi wa mulongozgi.<ref name=ziabi/> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 Khalid wakateŵetera mu gulu la G3 la magalimoto gha nkhondo mu [[Royal Saudi Land Forces|Gulu la Nkhondo la mu Malo la Boma la Saudi Arabia]] (SALF).<ref>{{cite web|title=The role of Saudi princes in uniform|url=http://cables.mrkva.eu/cable.php?id=64|work=Wikileaks|access-date=25 May 2012|date=27 May 1985|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026024815/http://cables.mrkva.eu/cable.php?id=64|archive-date=26 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakakwezedwa kuŵa jenerali mulara mu 1997, ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa muthandizi wa mulongozgi wa SALF.<ref name=ziabi/> Mu Meyi 2011, Khalid wakakwezedwa ku udindo wa [[lieutenant general|jenerali wa mulingo wa lieutenant]], ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa SALF.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince Khalid bin Bandar in Turkey|work=Saudi Press Agency|date=19 May 2012|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/readsinglenews.php?id=1000061&content_id=&scroll=1|access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=aalawsat11>{{cite news|title=Saudi King Abdullah issues new royal orders|url=http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?id=25258|access-date=14 February 2013|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=21 May 2011|archive-date=7 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407174414/http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?id=25258}}</ref> Wakateŵetera mu udindo uwu m'paka apo wakasankhikira kuŵa kazembe wa Riyadh, ndipo wakasinthika na Eid bin Awadh Al Shalawi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi king names Prince Khalid bin Bandar as new Riyadh governor |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=56985|work=Middle East Online|access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref> Mu udindo wake nga ni mulongozgi wa SALF, wakachita maulendo ghanandi ku vyaru vya kuwaro. Wakachitako ntchito mu mabungwe gha chigwirano cha vyaru vya kuwaro pakati pa Saudi Arabia na vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo [[United States]] na [[Russia]].<ref name="جريدة الشرق الاوسط الدولية">{{cite news|author=جريدة الشرق الاوسط الدولية|url=http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=717345&issueno=12498#.UR6IA6Ua49I|title=جريدة الشرق الاوسط : خالد بن بندر.. القائد العسكري يتولى إمارة الرياض|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|date=15 February 2013|language=ar|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215230507/http://aawsat.com//details.asp?section=4&issueno=12498&article=717345#.UR6IA6Ua49I|archive-date=15 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 1991, Khalid wakateŵetera mu SALF pa nyengo ya [[Liberation of Kuwait campaign|ntchito yakufwatura Kuwait]], ndipo mu 2009, Khalid wakapika mulimo wakuchitako [[Operation Scorched Earth#Saudi incursion|ntchito za South Shield]] zakulimbana na [[Houthis]].<ref name="جريدة الشرق الاوسط الدولية"/><ref>{{cite news|author=القوات المسلحة السعودية|language=ar|url=http://www.safr.gov.sa/sh_g0.aspx|title=القوات المسلحة السعودية : شهداء الواجب |newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418003424/http://www.safr.gov.sa/sh_g0.aspx|archive-date=18 April 2013 |year=2009|access-date=16 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa 14 February 2013, Kalonga Khalid wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe wa chigaŵa cha Riyadh, kusida [[Sattam bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Kalonga Sattam]].<ref name=alarab142>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/14/266266.html|title=Saudi king named Khalid bin Bandar a new governor of Riyadh|work=Al Arabiya|date=14 February 2013|access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=barden>{{cite news|author=Andrew J. Barden|title=Saudi Minister Puts Young Royals in Succession Spotlight|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-02-14/saudi-minister-puts-young-royals-in-succession-spotlight|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222024835/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-02-14/saudi-minister-puts-young-royals-in-succession-spotlight|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2013|access-date=14 February 2013|work=Bloomberg|date=14 February 2013}}</ref> Muthandizi wake wakaŵa [[Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud|Kalonga Turki bin Abdullah]], uyo wakasankhika pa zuŵa leneliro.<ref name=ussaudi>{{cite news|title=Prince Khalid bin Bandar Named Governor of Riyadh|url=http://www.us-sabc.org/custom/news/details.cfm?id=1405#.UR5ugaVSjm4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009015500/http://www.us-sabc.org/custom/news/details.cfm?id=1405#.UR5ugaVSjm4 |archive-date=9 October 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=15 February 2013|work=US-Saudi Arabian Business Council|date=14 February 2013}}</ref> Pa 14 May 2014, Kalonga Khalid wakasankhika kuŵa muthandizi wa nduna ya vya chitetezo m'malo mwa [[Salman bin Sultan]]<ref>{{cite web|date=14 May 2014 |title=Saudi deputy defence minister replaced|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-deputy-defence-minister-replaced-1.1332712|access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> ndipo Turki bin Abdullah wakasankhika kuŵa kazembe wa Riyadh.<ref name=arabianbusiness.com>{{cite web|title=Saudi king appoints son as Riyadh Province governor|work=Arabian Business|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/saudi-king-appoints-son-as-riyadh-province-governor-550279.html |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> Pa 30 June 2014, Kalonga Khalid wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa General Intelligence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia's Prince Khalid bin Bandar named intel chief|url=http://dhow.com/2014/07/01/saudi-arabias-prince-khalid-bin-bandar-named-intel-chief/|access-date=1 February 2015 |work=Dhownet|date=1 July 2014}}</ref> Nyengo yake yikamara pa 29 January 2015 apo wakasinthika na Khalid bin Ali Al Humaidan mu udindo uwu.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Salman makes appointments|url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news01291502.aspx|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202220126/http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news01291502.aspx|archive-date=2 February 2015|work=Royal Embassy, Washington DC|date=29 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kalonga Khalid wakuteŵetera nga ni mulaŵiliri wa [[King Salman|Themba Salman]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Leaders Pledge Oath to New King|url=http://susris.com/2015/02/02/saudi-leaders-pledge-oath-to-new-king/|access-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401014134/http://susris.com/2015/02/02/saudi-leaders-pledge-oath-to-new-king/|archive-date=1 April 2015|url-status=usurped|date=2 February 2015|location=Riyadh|work=Susris}}</ref> ==Vyakukhozga na mphotho== Khalid wakapokera [[Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud|Nkhongono ya Abdulaziz Al Saud]] ya kalasi yapachanya, mu 2011.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Al Riyadh|date=12 December 2011 |url=http://www.alriyadh.com/2011/12/12/article690894.html|language=ar|title=جريدة الرياض : وزير الدفاع يقلد الفريق الوقداني والفريق خالد بن بندر وسام الملك عبدالعزيز|access-date=14 February 2013}}</ref> Wakapokeraso mphotho ya kuŵikika na President wa Pakistan [[Asif Zardari]] ya [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|medali ya mwezi wa nkhondo]], iyo ni medali iyo Pakistan yikupeleka ku ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵa nkhondo ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake.<ref name="saudigazette1"/> Wapokeraso mamedali kufuma ku [[Kuwait]] na Malaŵi gha Saudi chifukwa cha kutora chigaŵa mu [[Gulf War|Nkhondo ya ku Gulf]].<ref name="جريدة الشرق الاوسط الدولية"/> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Pa intaneti== *{{Commons-inline}} {{Presidents of GIP |state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saud, Khalid Bandar Abdulaziz}} [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa Saudi Arabia ŵa vyaka vya m'ma 21]] [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1951]] [[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah]] [[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa chigaŵa cha Riyadh|Khalid Bandar]] [[Category:Ŵakusambira awo ŵakafumira ku Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵasilikari ŵa Saudi Arabia]] [[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa ufumu wa Saudi Arabia|Khalid Bandar Abdulaziz]] 7ecn3zkd7k2sn4chruf6t5ddkk1gp48 10 47940 117400 2024-10-04T02:34:06Z en>CycloneYoris 0 [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 September 27#Template:Distinguish redirect]] closed as keep ([[WP:XFDC#4.0.16|XFDcloser]]) 117400 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Redirect-distinguish]] rl7owu3ry96u93iblexdp2gvfegucsu 117401 117400 2026-07-16T13:00:53Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Distinguish_redirect]] 117400 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Redirect-distinguish]] rl7owu3ry96u93iblexdp2gvfegucsu 0 47941 117402 2026-07-16T13:01:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Redirected page to [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakubabika mu 1977)]] 117402 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakubabika mu 1977)]] 5iy73sfdu7pj0le83799n0zprmws9a3 0 47942 117403 2026-07-16T13:02:25Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Redirected page to [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakubabika mu 1977)]] 117403 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakubabika mu 1977)]] 5iy73sfdu7pj0le83799n0zprmws9a3 0 47943 117404 2026-07-16T13:02:39Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Redirected page to [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakubabika mu 1977)]] 117404 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (wakubabika mu 1977)]] 5iy73sfdu7pj0le83799n0zprmws9a3 0 47944 117405 2026-07-16T13:07:57Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{Short description|Muntu wakumanyikwa pa malo gha pa intaneti wa ku America (wakababika mu 2007)}} {{Use American English|date=April 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox social media personality | image = Kai Trump - 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption = Trump mu 2025 | birth_name = Kai Madison Trump | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|5|12}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | education = Sukulu..." 117405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Muntu wakumanyikwa pa malo gha pa intaneti wa ku America (wakababika mu 2007)}} {{Use American English|date=April 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox social media personality | image = Kai Trump - 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption = Trump mu 2025 | birth_name = Kai Madison Trump | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2007|5|12}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | education = [[Sukulu ya Benjamin|The Benjamin School]]<br/> [[Yunivesite ya Miami]] (wakusambira) | known_for = {{Plainlist| *Mzukulu mwanakazi wakwamba wa [[Donald Trump]] *Muntu wakumanyikwa pa [[malo gha pa intaneti]]}}| | mother = [[Vanessa Trump]] | father = [[Donald Trump Jr.]] | relatives = [[Mbumba ya Donald Trump|Mbumba ya Trump]] <br /> [[Kai Ewans]] (sekuru wa sekuru) | website = | tiktok_handle = thekaitrumpgolfer | tiktok_display_name = Kai Trump | tiktok_followers = 3.6 miliyoni<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --> | youtube_id = UCytKJrAI_PsPfoi04D1E2oQ | youtube_display_name = Kai Trump | youtube_years_active = | youtube_genre = {{hlist|[[Vlog]]ging}} | youtube_subscribers = 1.49 miliyoni<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --> | youtube_views = 212 miliyoni |stats_update=June 24, 2026}} '''Kai Madison Trump''' (wakababika pa Meyi 12, 2007) ni munthu wakumanyikwa pa [[malo gha pa intaneti]] wa ku America. Wali mu [[Mbumba ya Trump]], ndipo ni mwana mukuru wa [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Trump{{nbsp}}Jr.]] na [[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa Haydon]], kweniso ni mzukulu mwanakazi mukuru wa pulezidenti wa U.S. wa nambala 45 na 47 [[Donald Trump]]. Wakayowoya nkhani yakovwira [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|kampeni ya visola vya pulezidenti ya 2024]] ya sekuru wake pa [[2024 Republican National Convention]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who Is Kai Madison Trump? All About Donald Trump's Granddaughter |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/who-is-kai-madison-trump-all-about-donald-trumps-granddaughter-7000856 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155950/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/who-is-kai-madison-trump-all-about-donald-trumps-granddaughter-7000856 |url-status=live }}</ref> ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa pa malo gha pa intaneti. == Umoyo wa pakwamba == {{further|Mbumba ya Trump}} Kai Madison Trump wakababika pa Meyi{{nbsp}}12, 2007, mu New York City.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Who Is Kai Trump, Donald Trump's Eldest Grandchild? |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a63543546/who-is-kai-trump-donald-grandchild-background/ |access-date=January 25, 2025 |magazine=Harper's Bazaar |date=January 24, 2025 |archive-date=January 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131142918/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a63543546/who-is-kai-trump-donald-grandchild-background/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ni mwana wakwamba wa [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Trump{{nbsp}}Jr.]] na [[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa Haydon]], kweniso ni mzukulu wakwamba wa [[Donald Trump]].<ref name="people" >{{cite news |last1=Gibson |first1=Kelsie |title=All About Donald Trump's 10 Grandkids |url=https://people.com/all-about-donald-trump-grandkids-8680106 |access-date=January 25, 2025 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=January 19, 2025 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127170555/https://people.com/all-about-donald-trump-grandkids-8680106 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wali kupika zina la sekuru wake, Kai Ewans, uyo wakaŵa muyimbaji wa jazz wa ku Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avisen.dk/loekke-om-trump-sejr-det-lykkes-sjaeldent-en-mand-at_414814.aspx|title=Løkke om Trump-sejr: Det lykkes sjældent én mand at rive det hele ned|date=November 9, 2016|publisher=|access-date=November 12, 2024|archive-date=May 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513114932/https://www.avisen.dk/loekke-om-trump-sejr-det-lykkes-sjaeldent-en-mand-at_414814.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx|title=Vidtse du det? Her er Trumps danske forbindelse|date=March 30, 2016 |publisher=|access-date=March 30, 2017|archive-date=December 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085933/http://www.avisen.dk/det-vidste-du-ikke-om-trump-her-er-hans-danske-jazz_414849.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Ni mukuru pa ŵana ŵankhondi ŵa mu banja.<ref name=people/> Trump wakamalizga masambiro ku [[The Benjamin School]] pa 15 Meyi 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-15 |title=Donald Trump’s Granddaughter Kai, 19, Is 'Extremely Focused on Golf' as She Graduates High School (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/kai-trump-focused-on-golf-high-school-graduation-exclusive-11971310 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=People |language=en-US}}</ref> Wapanga phangano lakuti wazamuseŵera gofu ya ku koleji nga ni chigaŵa cha kilasi ya 2026 ya [[Miami Hurricanes women's golf]] pa [[Yunivesite ya Miami]] mu [[Coral Gables, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jourdan |first1=Cameron |title=Donald Trump's granddaughter commits to Miami to play college golf |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2024/08/19/donald-trumps-granddaughter-kai-trump-commits-to-miami-college-golf/ |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Golfweek |date=August 19, 2024 |archive-date=December 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208052012/https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2024/08/19/donald-trumps-granddaughter-kai-trump-commits-to-miami-college-golf/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lianna |first1=Norman |title=Where does Kai Trump go to school? Tiger Woods, other famous golfers send their kids there |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2024/08/08/tiger-woods-son-charlie-kai-trump-high-school-florida-golf/74629523007/ |access-date=January 25, 2025 |work=USA Today |date=August 8, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127104339/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2024/08/08/tiger-woods-son-charlie-kai-trump-high-school-florida-golf/74629523007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Gofu == Trump ni museŵera gofu mwaluso<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shafiq |first1=Saman |title=Who is Kai Trump? What to know about Donald Trump's oldest granddaughter and golf partner |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/11/13/kai-trump-age-parents-donald-trump-grandchildren/76259196007/ |access-date=November 23, 2024 |work=[[USA today]] |date=November 14, 2024 |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155815/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/11/13/kai-trump-age-parents-donald-trump-grandchildren/76259196007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ndipo waŵa wakuseŵera ku [[The Benjamin School]] mu [[Palm Beach Gardens, Florida]].<ref name="SI.com"/> Wakapokera chawanangwa cha 2022{{nbsp}}Women's Club Championship na 2024{{nbsp}}Ladies Club Championship ku [[Trump International Palm Beach]], apo wakaŵa na [[handicap (golf)|handicap]] ya maseŵero ya +0.5.<ref name=":2" >{{cite news |last1=Imran |first1=Khambe Huda |title=How Good Is Kai Trump at Golf? Bryson DeChambeau & More Pros Give Their Verdict |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/golf-news-how-good-is-kai-trump-at-golf-bryson-dechambeau-more-pros-give-their-verdict-liv-golf-donald-trump/ |publisher=EssentiallySports |date=July 19, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |access-date=November 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127105614/https://www.essentiallysports.com/golf-news-how-good-is-kai-trump-at-golf-bryson-dechambeau-more-pros-give-their-verdict-liv-golf-donald-trump/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Malichi 2025, Trump wakachitako mu [[Junior Invitational]]. Wakamalizga pa nambala 24{{nbsp}}pa ŵanthu 24{{nbsp}}awo ŵakachitako.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=Eric J. |title=How did Charlie Woods, Kai Trump finish in Junior Invitational at Sage Valley? |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/high-school/golf/2025/03/22/charlie-woods-kai-trump-sage-valley-junior-invitational-score-today-leaderboard/82611500007/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Palm Beach Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smits |first=Garry |title=Miles Russell of Jacksonville Beach posts fourth under-par round to win Sage Valley Invitational |url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/sports/golf/2025/03/22/miles-russell-of-jacksonville-beach-sage-valley-invitational-charley-woods-kait-trump/82618133007/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The Florida Times-Union |language=en-US}}</ref> Trump wakazomera mulayizgo wakwamba wakuseŵera pa [[LPGA Tour]] mu Novembala 2025, pa [[The Annika]] iyo yikupokera ndalama kufuma ku [[Annika Sörenstam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=‘Getting people to talk’: Kai Trump’s surprising LPGA invite achieving its goal |url=https://golf.com/news/kai-trump-surprising-lpga-invite-achieving-goal/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Golf |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakaseŵera maulendo gha 83 na 75 ndipo wakamalizga waumaliro pa ŵanthu 108, ndipo wakatondeka kupokera malo ghakunjilira mu chigaŵa chakulondezgapo cha mashindano.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2025-11-14 |title=Kai Trump laughs off triple, improves by 8 shots at The Annika |url=https://www.yardbarker.com/golf/articles/kai_trump_laughs_off_triple_improves_by_8_shots_at_the_annika/s1_17063_43068575 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Yardbarker |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Kai Trump Misses LPGA Cut, But There's More to the Story Than Her Final Score |url=https://www.si.com/golf/kai-trump-misses-lpga-cut-more-story-than-final-score |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=SI |language=en-US}}</ref> Trump wazamuŵa mu gulu la [[Miami Hurricanes]] la maseŵera gha gofu gha ŵanakazi pa nyengo ya 2026-27. <ref>https://miamihurricanes.com/roster/kai-trump/</ref> ==Kuguliska zina na vyawanangwa== Kufika mu February 2025, vikayowoyeka kuti Trump wakaŵa na mtengo wa [[Student athlete compensation|zina, chithuzi, na kutemweka kwake]] wa madola 1.2{{nbsp}}miliyoni, ndipo ŵakumupani ndalama ŵakaŵapo [[Callaway Golf Company]]<ref name="SI.com">{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Matthew |title=Donald Trump's granddaughter Kai is golf's next big star after Tiger Woods viral pic |url=https://www.si.com/onsi/athlete-lifestyle/relationships/donald-trump-granddaughter-kai-is-golf-next-big-star-tiger-woods-viral-photo |access-date=March 18, 2025 |work=sportsillustrated.com |date=February 17, 2025}}</ref> na [[TaylorMade Golf]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TaylorMade signs Kai Trump to endorsement deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/golf/taylormade-signs-kai-trump-endorsement-deal-2025-02-21 |access-date=March 18, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=February 21, 2025}}</ref> Trump wakachitira lumo chakumwa cha ''Blue Raz Slush'' na kampani ya Accelerator Active Energy beverage. Ŵakuwona kuti chikutowa nga ni [[Red Bull]] kweni chili na kakutowa ka makemikali kakuluska, ndipo chili na 200mg ya [[caffeine]] (kanandi kwakuluska ivyo vili mu [[espresso]]). Chakumwa ichi "ntchakupemeka yayi kuti ŵanthu ŵa pasi pa vyaka 18 ŵagwiliskire ntchito".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2026/jun/22/barron-kai-trump-yerba-mate-energy-drink-review?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other |title=I tried the new soft drinks from Trump’s son and granddaughter. Bad! |first=Adam |last=Gabbatt |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 23, 2026 |access-date=June 23, 2026}}</ref> Chakumwa ichi chikagulika chose mwaluŵiro chomene mu mbiri ya Accelerator.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/kai-trumps-signature-sports-drink-003000665.html |title=Kai Trump's Signature Sports Drink Sells Out In Record Time |first=Andrew |last=Holleran|newspaper=[[Yahoo News]] |date=June 4, 2026 |access-date=July 3, 2026}}</ref> ==Ndale== [[File:President Trump Gaggles with the Press Before Departing the White House, Sep. 26, 2025.webm|thumb|thumbtime=5:44|Trump na sekuru wake apo wakayowoyanga na ŵakulemba nkhani ŵa ku White House mu September 2025]] Trump wakayowoya mazgu pa [[2024 Republican National Convention]] mu [[Milwaukee]], ndipo mazgu ghake ghakaŵa pa ubwezi wake na sekuru wake. Mu mazgu agha, wakamulongosora kuti sekuru wake "mbasekuru ŵawaka" ndipo wakati mbakumuphalira.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levien |first1=Simon J. |title=Kai Trump Tells Convention Crowd: 'He's Just a Normal Grandpa' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/us/politics/kai-trump-granddaughter-rnc.html |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=New York Times |date=July 17, 2024 |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718043036/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/us/politics/kai-trump-granddaughter-rnc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Soo Rin |title=Who is Kai Trump? Trump's granddaughter speaks at RNC |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trump-trumps-granddaughter-speak-rnc/story?id=112037700 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120010520/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trump-trumps-granddaughter-speak-rnc/story?id=112037700 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[John Mulholland (journalist)|John Mulholland]], uyo wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa ''[[Guardian US]]'', wakati mazgu agha "ntchigaŵa cha kusintha chithuzi cha ndyali mwakupangirathu", apo wakulongosora vya ndale na mulembi wa [[CNN]] [[Van Jones]] wakati "Mzukulu uyu wakiza ndipo wakajura mitima yithu" ndipo wakati wakachita ntchito yiwemi yakulongora Donald Trump mu nthowa ya ubunthu na kumupangiska kuwoneka wakutemweka.<ref name=Kosowan/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mulholland |first1=John |title=Kai Trump Just Made Donald's Dynasty Saga So Much More Intriguing |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/kai-trump-just-made-donalds-dynasty-saga-so-much-more-intriguing/ |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=The Daily Beast |date=July 18, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155905/https://www.thedailybeast.com/kai-trump-just-made-donalds-dynasty-saga-so-much-more-intriguing/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stanton |first1=Andrew |title=Who Is Kai Madison Trump? Donald Trump's Granddaughter Makes RNC Debut |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/who-is-kai-madison-trump-donald-trump-jr-daughter-makes-rnc-debut/ar-BB1qbh62 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Newsweek |date=July 17, 2024 |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120010500/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/who-is-kai-madison-trump-donald-trump-jr-daughter-makes-rnc-debut/ar-BB1qbh62 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Malo gha pa intaneti== Pamanyuma pakuwoneka kwake pa RNC mu July 2024, ŵanthu awo ŵakamulondezganga pa [[Instagram]] ŵakakwera kufuma pa 125,000 kufika pa 185,000{{nbsp}}mu maola ghapasi pa 24, ndipo akaunti yake yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 333,000{{nbsp}}awo ŵakamulondezganga pakumara kwa July.<ref name=Kosowan>{{cite news |last1=Kosowan |first1=Gene |title=Meet Donald Trump's Eldest Granddaughter, Kai Trump |url=https://www.nickiswift.com/1636924/meet-donald-trumps-eldest-granddaughter-kai-trump/ |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Nicki Swift |date=August 12, 2024 |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123160058/https://www.nickiswift.com/1636924/meet-donald-trumps-eldest-granddaughter-kai-trump/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump wakapokera chisambizgo chikuru chifukwa cha [[vlog|kupanga mavidiyo gha vlog]] gha chiphikiro cha chigonjetso cha Donald Trump pa [[visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 2024]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Emily |date=November 11, 2024 |title=Kai Trump's election night vlog: Behind the scenes of the historic evening |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trumps-election-night-vlog-scenes-historic-evening/story?id=115750812 |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=ABC News |publisher= |language= |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122190142/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trumps-election-night-vlog-scenes-historic-evening/story?id=115750812 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marr |first=Madeleine |date=November 12, 2024 |title='Election Night Vlog': Kai Trump's behind the scenes video racks up millions of views |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/miami-com-news/article295440294.html |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Miami Herald}}</ref> kweniso chifukwa cha kuyowoya kuti [[Elon Musk]] wakaŵa "mamaŵi ŵa kwawo" pa November{{nbsp}}10 pamanyuma pa [[Vyakuchita vya ndale vya Elon Musk|kovwira chomene kampeni ya Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dobkin |first=Rachel |date=November 11, 2024 |title=Trump's Granddaughter Posts Photo With 'Uncle' Elon |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kai-trump-donald-granddaughter-elon-musk-photo-1983836 |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=Newsweek |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Folk |first=Zachary |date=November 11, 2024 |title=Elon Musk Is Now at 'Uncle Status' With Trump Family |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musk-is-now-at-uncle-status-with-trump-family/ |access-date=April 23, 2025 |website=The Daily Beast |language=}}</ref> Kufika pa June{{nbsp}}14, 2025, tchanelo yake ya [[YouTube]] chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1.49{{nbsp}}miliyoni awo ŵakamulondezganga, akaunti yake ya [[TikTok]] yikaŵa na ŵanthu 3.7{{nbsp}}miliyoni awo ŵakamulondezganga, akaunti yake ya Instagram yikaŵa na ŵanthu 2.7{{nbsp}}miliyoni awo ŵakamulondezganga, ndipo akaunti yake ya [[X (social network)|X]] yikaŵa na ŵanthu 906,800{{nbsp}}awo ŵakamulondezganga.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Emily |title=Kai Trump's election night vlog: Behind the scenes of the historic evening |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trumps-election-night-vlog-scenes-historic-evening/story?id=115750812 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=ABC News |date=November 11, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122190142/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/kai-trumps-election-night-vlog-scenes-historic-evening/story?id=115750812 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Devika |title=Video: Trump's granddaughter shares behind-the-scenes look at Election Night |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/kai-trump-election-night-vlog-donald-trump-elon-musk-family-photo-2632164-2024-11-12 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=India Today |date=November 12, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127094554/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/kai-trump-election-night-vlog-donald-trump-elon-musk-family-photo-2632164-2024-11-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hebert |first1=Olivia |title=Elon Musk spotted in another Trump family photo as Kai plays golf with new 'uncle' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/elon-musk-kai-trump-golf-photo-b2645346.html |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=The Independent |date=November 12, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=January 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117172222/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/elon-musk-kai-trump-golf-photo-b2645346.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pamanyuma pa visola, wakalongoreka nga ni munthu wakuzirwa uyo wangawovwira kukwezga kutemweka kwa Donald Trump pakati pa ŵawukirano, kweniso nga ni munyake wankhongono pa malo gha pa intaneti.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Henderson |first1=Cameron |title=Kai Trump: the convenient influencer changing the MAGA brand |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/11/16/kai-trump-maga-influencer/ |access-date=November 20, 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=November 16, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127111215/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2024/11/16/kai-trump-maga-influencer/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sawyer |first1=Charlie |title=Kai Trump emerges as President Trump's most influential social media ally |url=https://screenshot-media.com/politics/global-politics/kai-trump-social-media-influencer/ |access-date=November 22, 2024 |work=SCREENSHOT Media |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123155832/https://screenshot-media.com/politics/global-politics/kai-trump-social-media-influencer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Iran ya 2026]], wakalemba vidiyo pa YouTube iyo yikaŵa na mutu wakuti "I Brought My Secret Service to [[Erewhon (store)|Erewhon]]", malo ghanyake gha masitolo gha vyakurya ghakudura chomene mu United States.<ref name="high-end">{{Cite web |last=Asperin |first=Alexa Mae |date=2026-03-10 |title=Trump's granddaughter Kai faces backlash over taxpayer-funded Erewhon grocery run with Secret Service |url=https://www.foxla.com/news/kai-trump-erewhon-shopping-video-backlash |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=[[KTTV|FOX 11 Los Angeles]]}}</ref> Vidiyo iyi yikasuskika na mulembi wa ''[[The Guardian]]'' [[Marina Hyde]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyde |first=Marina |date=2026-03-10 |title=It’s shock and awe as Trump's granddaughter does her bit for the war effort. All hail Kai Trump, the shopper-in-chief |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/mar/10/shock-awe-trump-granddaughter-kai-war-effort-shopper |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> [[The Lincoln Project]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powel |first=James |title=Kai Trump faces social media backlash for Erewhon shopping video |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2026/03/10/kai-trump-erewhon-youtube-video-shopping-secret-service/89072551007/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-10 |title=Kai Trump slammed for ‘tone deaf’ gourmet supermarket vlog |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/kai-trump-erewhon-vlog-reaction-b2935606.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> kweniso na ŵanthu ŵanandi pa malo gha pa intaneti chifukwa cha kuwona kuti vikaŵa nga ni kuleka kumanya ivyo vikuchitika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-09 |title=Kai Trump Facing Calls To Apologize For 'Inappropriate' Secret Service Stunt |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/celebrity/articles/kai-trump-facing-calls-apologize-210019948.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Yahoo Entertainment}}</ref><ref name="high-end" /> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Maukaboni gha pa intaneti== * {{commons-inline}} * {{YouTube|h=kaitrump}} * {{Instagram|kaitrumpgolfer}} * {{Twitter|id=kaitrump}} * {{Tiktok|id=thekaitrumpgolfer}} {{Trump family|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Kai}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 2007]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakupanga ma vlog pa YouTube]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakugwiliskira ntchito TikTok]] [[Category:Ŵaseŵera gofu ŵanakazi ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵaseŵera ŵana ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵalembi ŵa chipani Republican cha Florida]] [[Category:Mbumba ya Trump|Kai]] [[Category:Ŵaseŵera gofu pa YouTube]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵa maseŵera mu vyaka vya m'ma 21 ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵana ŵa ku America ŵakutemweka pa malo gha pa intaneti]] kt64vocp4a6g2g3pjpjrl3hnyltd7xf 10 47945 117420 2026-06-09T19:52:37Z en>Andrybak 0 Add new parameter "logo_class" to allow `|logo_class=skin-invert` or `|logo_class=skin-invert-image` for monochrome logos. See [[Template:Infobox social media personality/testcases#Logo & Image tests]]. 117420 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=Infobox person | template_name = infobox social media personality | _alias-map = pseudonym:other_names | _reuse = image, caption, image_caption, image_size, image_alt | _exclude = module, module2, module3, module4, module5, module6, logo, logo_caption, logo_size, logo_alt, logo_class, stats_update, bilibili_handles, bilibili_id, bilibili_id2, bilibili_id3, bilibili_display_name, bilibili_display_name2, bilibili_display_name3, bilibili_years_active, bilibili_genre, bilibili_followers, instagram_handle, instagram_handle2, instagram_handle3, instagram_handles, instagram_display_name, instagram_display_name2, instagram_display_name3, instagram_years_active, instagram_genre, instagram_followers, kick_handle, kick_handle2, kick_handle3, kick_handles, kick_display_name, kick_display_name2, kick_display_name3, kick_years_active, kick_genre, kick_game, kick_followers, substack_url, substack_url2, substack_url3, substack_newsletter_name, substack_newsletter_name2, substack_newsletter_name3, substack_handle, substack_years_active, substack_topic, substack_subscribers, tiktok_handle, tiktok_handle2, tiktok_handle3, tiktok_handles, tiktok_display_name, tiktok_display_name2, tiktok_display_name3, tiktok_years_active, tiktok_genre, tiktok_followers, twitch_handle, twitch_handle2, twitch_handle3, twitch_handles, twitch_display_name, twitch_display_name2, twitch_display_name3, twitch_years_active, twitch_genre, twitch_game, twitch_followers, twitter_handle, twitter_handle2, twitter_handle3, twitter_handles, twitter_display_name, twitter_years_active, twitter_topic, twitter_followers, x_handle, x_handle2, x_handle3, x_handles, x_display_name, x_years_active, x_topic, x_followers, youtube_handle, youtube_handle2, youtube_handle3, youtube_handles, youtube_id, youtube_id2, youtube_id3, youtube_display_name, youtube_display_name2, youtube_display_name3, youtube_years_active, youtube_genre, youtube_subscribers, youtube_views | image = {{if both|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}} | {{Multiple image | direction = vertical | border = infobox | image1 = {{{logo|}}} | caption1 = {{{logo_caption|}}} | alt1 = {{{logo_alt|}}} | class1 = {{{logo_class|}}} | image2 = {{{image|}}} | caption2 = {{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{image caption|}}}}} | alt2 = {{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}} }}|{{if empty|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}}}} }} | image_size = {{if both|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}}|<!--Ignore both-->|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|{{if empty|{{{logo_size|}}}|225px}}}}}} | alt = {{if both|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}}|<!--Ignore both-->|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}|{{{logo_alt|}}}}}}} | caption = {{if both|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}}|<!--Ignore both-->|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{image caption|}}}}}|{{{logo_caption|}}}}}}} | image_class = {{{logo_class|}}} | module = {{Infobox | child = yes | autoheaders = yes | belowstyle = border-top: 1px solid #aaa; | header1 = [[Bilibili]] information | label2 = Channel{{#if:{{{bilibili_id2|}}}{{{bilibili_handles|}}}|s}} | data2 = {{ubl | {{#if:{{{bilibili_id|}}}|[https://space.bilibili.com/{{{bilibili_id}}} {{if empty|{{{bilibili_display_name|}}}|Bilibili channel}}]}} | {{#if:{{{bilibili_id2|}}}|[https://space.bilibili.com/{{{bilibili_id2}}} {{if empty|{{{bilibili_display_name2|}}}|Bilibili channel}}]}} | {{#if:{{{bilibili_id3|}}}|[https://space.bilibili.com/{{{bilibili_id3}}} {{if empty|{{{bilibili_display_name3|}}}|Bilibili channel}}]}} | {{{bilibili_handles|}}} }} | label3 = Years&nbsp;active | data3 = {{{bilibili_years_active|}}} | label4 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{bilibili_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data4 = {{{bilibili_genre|}}} | label5 = Followers | data5 = {{{bilibili_followers|}}} | header6 = [[Instagram]] information | label7 = Page{{#if:{{{instagram_handle2|}}}{{{instagram_handles|}}}|s}} | data7 = {{ubl | {{#if:{{{instagram_handle|}}}|[https://www.instagram.com/{{{instagram_handle}}} {{if empty|{{{instagram_display_name|}}}|{{{instagram_handle|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{instagram_handle2|}}}|[https://www.instagram.com/{{{instagram_handle2}}} {{if empty|{{{instagram_display_name2|}}}|{{{instagram_handle2|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{instagram_handle3|}}}|[https://www.instagram.com/{{{instagram_handle3}}} {{if empty|{{{instagram_display_name3|}}}|{{{instagram_handle3|}}}}}]}} | {{{instagram_handles|}}} }} | label8 = Years&nbsp;active | data8 = {{{instagram_years_active|}}} | label9 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{instagram_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data9 = {{{instagram_genre|}}} | label10 = Followers | data10 = {{{instagram_followers|}}} | header11 = [[Kick (service)|Kick]] information | label12 = Channel{{#if:{{{kick_handle2|}}}{{{kick_handles|}}}|s}} | data12 = {{ubl | {{#if:{{{kick_handle|}}}|[https://kick.com/{{{kick_handle}}} {{if empty|{{{kick_display_name|}}}|{{{kick_handle|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{kick_handle2|}}}|[https://kick.com/{{{kick_handle2}}} {{if empty|{{{kick_display_name2|}}}|{{{kick_handle2|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{kick_handle3|}}}|[https://kick.com/{{{kick_handle3}}} {{if empty|{{{kick_display_name3|}}}|{{{kick_handle3|}}}}}]}} | {{{kick_handles|}}} }} | label13 = Years&nbsp;active | data13 = {{{kick_years_active|}}} | label14 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{kick_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data14 = {{{kick_genre|}}} | label15 = Game{{pluralize from text|{{{kick_game|}}}|plural=s}} | data15 = {{{kick_game|}}} | label16 = Followers | data16 = {{{kick_followers|}}} | header17 = [[Substack]] information | label18 = Newsletter | data18 = {{ubl | {{#if:{{{substack_url|}}}|{{URL|{{{substack_url|}}}|{{if empty|{{{substack_newsletter_name|}}}|{{{substack_url}}}}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{substack_url2|}}}|{{URL|{{{substack_url2|}}}|{{if empty|{{{substack_newsletter_name2|}}}|{{{substack_url2}}}}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{substack_url3|}}}|{{URL|{{{substack_url3|}}}|{{if empty|{{{substack_newsletter_name3|}}}|{{{substack_url3}}}}}}}}} }} | label19 = Notes | data19 = {{#if:{{{substack_handle|}}}|[https://substack.com/{{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{substack_handle}}}|@}}}}|{{{substack_handle}}} {{{substack_handle}}}|@{{{substack_handle}}} @{{{substack_handle}}}}}]}} | label20 = Years&nbsp;active | data20 = {{{substack_years_active|}}} | label21 = Topic{{pluralize from text|{{{substack_topic|}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{{substack_topic|}}} | label22 = Subscribers | data22 = {{{substack_subscribers|}}} | header23 = [[TikTok]] information | label24 = Page{{#if:{{{tiktok_handle2|}}}{{{tiktok_handles|}}}|s}} | data24 = {{ubl |{{#if:{{{tiktok_handle|}}}|[https://www.tiktok.com/{{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{tiktok_handle}}}|@}}}}|{{{tiktok_handle}}}|@{{{tiktok_handle}}}}} {{if empty|{{{tiktok_display_name|}}}|{{{tiktok_handle|}}}}}]}} |{{#if:{{{tiktok_handle2|}}}|[https://www.tiktok.com/{{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{tiktok_handle2}}}|@}}}}|{{{tiktok_handle2}}}|@{{{tiktok_handle2}}}}} {{if empty|{{{tiktok_display_name2|}}}|{{{tiktok_handle2|}}}}}]}} |{{#if:{{{tiktok_handle3|}}}|[https://www.tiktok.com/{{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{tiktok_handle3}}}|@}}}}|{{{tiktok_handle3}}}|@{{{tiktok_handle3}}}}} {{if empty|{{{tiktok_display_name3|}}}|{{{tiktok_handle3|}}}}}]}} |{{{tiktok_handles|}}} }} | label25 = Years&nbsp;active | data25 = {{{tiktok_years_active|}}} | label26 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{tiktok_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{tiktok_genre|}}} | label27 = Followers | data27 = {{{tiktok_followers|}}} | header28 = [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] information | label29 = Channel{{#if:{{{twitch_handle2|}}}{{{twitch_handles|}}}|s}} | data29 = {{ubl| | {{#if:{{{twitch_handle|}}}|[https://www.twitch.tv/{{{twitch_handle}}} {{if empty|{{{twitch_display_name|}}}|{{{twitch_handle|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{twitch_handle2|}}}|[https://www.twitch.tv/{{{twitch_handle2}}} {{if empty|{{{twitch_display_name2|}}}|{{{twitch_handle2|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{twitch_handle3|}}}|[https://www.twitch.tv/{{{twitch_handle3}}} {{if empty|{{{twitch_display_name3|}}}|{{{twitch_handle3|}}}}}]}} | {{{twitch_handles|}}} }} | label30 = Years&nbsp;active | data30 = {{{twitch_years_active|}}} | label31 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{twitch_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{twitch_genre|}}} | label32 = Game{{pluralize from text|{{{twitch_game|}}}|plural=s}} | data32 = {{{twitch_game|}}} | label33 = Followers | data33 = {{{twitch_followers|}}} | header34 = [[X (social network)|X]] information | label35 = Handle{{#if:{{{x_handle2|}}}{{{twitter_handle2|}}}{{{x_handles|}}}{{{twitter_handles|}}}|s}} | data35 = {{ubl |{{#if:{{{x_handle|}}}{{{twitter_handle|}}}|[https://x.com/{{if empty|{{{x_handle|}}}|{{{twitter_handle|}}}}} @{{if empty|{{{x_handle|}}}|{{{twitter_handle|}}}}}]}} |{{#if:{{{x_handle2|}}}{{{twitter_handle2|}}}|[https://x.com/{{if empty|{{{x_handle2|}}}|{{{twitter_handle2|}}}}} @{{if empty|{{{x_handle2|}}}|{{{twitter_handle2|}}}}}]}} |{{#if:{{{x_handle3|}}}{{{twitter_handle3|}}}|[https://x.com/{{if empty|{{{x_handle3|}}}|{{{twitter_handle3|}}}}} @{{if empty|{{{x_handle3|}}}|{{{twitter_handle3|}}}}}]}} |{{if empty|{{{x_handles|}}}|{{{twitter_handles|}}}}} }} | label36 = Display&nbsp;name | data36 = {{if empty|{{{x_display_name|}}}|{{{twitter_display_name|}}}}} | label37 = Years&nbsp;active | data37 = {{if empty|{{{x_years_active|}}}|{{{twitter_years_active|}}}}} | label38 = Topic{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{x_topic|}}}|{{{twitter_topic|}}}}}|plural=s}} | data38 = {{if empty|{{{x_topic|}}}|{{{twitter_topic|}}}}} | label39 = Followers | data39 = {{if empty|{{{x_followers|}}}|{{{twitter_followers|}}}}} | header40 = [[YouTube]] information | label41 = Channel{{#if:{{{youtube_handle2|}}}{{{youtube_id2|}}}{{{youtube_handles|}}}|s}} | data41 = {{ubl|<!-- TODO: Test the aboslute shit out of this logic... --> |{{#if:{{{youtube_handle|}}}{{{youtube_id|}}}|[https://www.youtube.com/{{#switch:{{if empty|{{{youtube_handle|}}}|{{{youtube_id|}}}}}|{{{youtube_handle}}}={{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{youtube_handle}}}|@}}}}|{{{youtube_handle}}}|@{{{youtube_handle}}}}}|{{{youtube_id}}}=channel/{{{youtube_id}}}}} {{if empty|{{{youtube_display_name|}}}|{{{youtube_handle|}}}|YouTube channel}}]}} |{{#if:{{{youtube_handle2|}}}{{{youtube_id2|}}}|[https://www.youtube.com/{{#switch:{{if empty|{{{youtube_handle2|}}}|{{{youtube_id2|}}}}}|{{{youtube_handle2}}}={{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{youtube_handle2}}}|@}}}}|{{{youtube_handle2}}}|@{{{youtube_handle2}}}}}|{{{youtube_id2}}}=channel/{{{youtube_id2}}}}} {{if empty|{{{youtube_display_name2|}}}|{{{youtube_handle2|}}}|YouTube channel}}]}} |{{#if:{{{youtube_handle3|}}}{{{youtube_id3|}}}|[https://www.youtube.com/{{#switch:{{if empty|{{{youtube_handle3|}}}|{{{youtube_id3|}}}}}|{{{youtube_handle3}}}={{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{youtube_handle3}}}|@}}}}|{{{youtube_handle3}}}|@{{{youtube_handle3}}}}}|{{{youtube_id3}}}=channel/{{{youtube_id3}}}}} {{if empty|{{{youtube_display_name3|}}}|{{{youtube_handle3|}}}|YouTube channel}}]}} |{{{youtube_handles|}}} }} | label42 = Years&nbsp;active | data42 = {{{youtube_years_active|}}} | label43 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{youtube_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data43 = {{{youtube_genre|}}} | label44 = Subscribers | data44 = {{{youtube_subscribers|}}} | label45 = Views | data45 = {{{youtube_views|}}} | header60 = _BLANK_ | data61 = {{{module|}}} | data62 = {{{module2|}}} | data63 = {{{module3|}}} | data64 = {{{module4|}}} | data65 = {{{module5|}}} | data66 = {{{module6|}}} | below = {{#if:{{{stats_update|}}}|''Last updated:'' {{{stats_update}}}}} }} }}{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check |nested=1 |template=Infobox social media personality |cat={{main other|Category:Pages using infobox social media personality with conflicting parameters}} | pseudonym; other_names | x_handle; twitter_handle | x_handle2; twitter_handle2 | x_handle3; twitter_handle3 | x_handles; twitter_handles | x_display_name; twitter_display_name | x_years_active; twitter_years_active | x_topic; twitter_topic | x_followers; twitter_followers | youtube_handle; youtube_id | youtube_handle2; youtube_id2 | youtube_handle3; youtube_id3 | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize }}{{main other|{{#if:{{#property:P2397}}{{#property:P8687}}|[[Category:Social media pages with Wikidata]] }}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4ujjnenghf1md202wqi30u56u3hrrn8 117421 117420 2026-07-16T13:08:33Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Infobox_social_media_personality]] 117420 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=Infobox person | template_name = infobox social media personality | _alias-map = pseudonym:other_names | _reuse = image, caption, image_caption, image_size, image_alt | _exclude = module, module2, module3, module4, module5, module6, logo, logo_caption, logo_size, logo_alt, logo_class, stats_update, bilibili_handles, bilibili_id, bilibili_id2, bilibili_id3, bilibili_display_name, bilibili_display_name2, bilibili_display_name3, bilibili_years_active, bilibili_genre, bilibili_followers, instagram_handle, instagram_handle2, instagram_handle3, instagram_handles, instagram_display_name, instagram_display_name2, instagram_display_name3, instagram_years_active, instagram_genre, instagram_followers, kick_handle, kick_handle2, kick_handle3, kick_handles, kick_display_name, kick_display_name2, kick_display_name3, kick_years_active, kick_genre, kick_game, kick_followers, substack_url, substack_url2, substack_url3, substack_newsletter_name, substack_newsletter_name2, substack_newsletter_name3, substack_handle, substack_years_active, substack_topic, substack_subscribers, tiktok_handle, tiktok_handle2, tiktok_handle3, tiktok_handles, tiktok_display_name, tiktok_display_name2, tiktok_display_name3, tiktok_years_active, tiktok_genre, tiktok_followers, twitch_handle, twitch_handle2, twitch_handle3, twitch_handles, twitch_display_name, twitch_display_name2, twitch_display_name3, twitch_years_active, twitch_genre, twitch_game, twitch_followers, twitter_handle, twitter_handle2, twitter_handle3, twitter_handles, twitter_display_name, twitter_years_active, twitter_topic, twitter_followers, x_handle, x_handle2, x_handle3, x_handles, x_display_name, x_years_active, x_topic, x_followers, youtube_handle, youtube_handle2, youtube_handle3, youtube_handles, youtube_id, youtube_id2, youtube_id3, youtube_display_name, youtube_display_name2, youtube_display_name3, youtube_years_active, youtube_genre, youtube_subscribers, youtube_views | image = {{if both|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}} | {{Multiple image | direction = vertical | border = infobox | image1 = {{{logo|}}} | caption1 = {{{logo_caption|}}} | alt1 = {{{logo_alt|}}} | class1 = {{{logo_class|}}} | image2 = {{{image|}}} | caption2 = {{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{image caption|}}}}} | alt2 = {{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}} }}|{{if empty|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}}}} }} | image_size = {{if both|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}}|<!--Ignore both-->|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{if empty|{{{image size|}}}|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|{{if empty|{{{logo_size|}}}|225px}}}}}} | alt = {{if both|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}}|<!--Ignore both-->|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}|{{{logo_alt|}}}}}}} | caption = {{if both|{{{image|}}}|{{{logo|}}}|<!--Ignore both-->|{{#if:{{{image|}}}|{{if empty|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{image caption|}}}}}|{{{logo_caption|}}}}}}} | image_class = {{{logo_class|}}} | module = {{Infobox | child = yes | autoheaders = yes | belowstyle = border-top: 1px solid #aaa; | header1 = [[Bilibili]] information | label2 = Channel{{#if:{{{bilibili_id2|}}}{{{bilibili_handles|}}}|s}} | data2 = {{ubl | {{#if:{{{bilibili_id|}}}|[https://space.bilibili.com/{{{bilibili_id}}} {{if empty|{{{bilibili_display_name|}}}|Bilibili channel}}]}} | {{#if:{{{bilibili_id2|}}}|[https://space.bilibili.com/{{{bilibili_id2}}} {{if empty|{{{bilibili_display_name2|}}}|Bilibili channel}}]}} | {{#if:{{{bilibili_id3|}}}|[https://space.bilibili.com/{{{bilibili_id3}}} {{if empty|{{{bilibili_display_name3|}}}|Bilibili channel}}]}} | {{{bilibili_handles|}}} }} | label3 = Years&nbsp;active | data3 = {{{bilibili_years_active|}}} | label4 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{bilibili_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data4 = {{{bilibili_genre|}}} | label5 = Followers | data5 = {{{bilibili_followers|}}} | header6 = [[Instagram]] information | label7 = Page{{#if:{{{instagram_handle2|}}}{{{instagram_handles|}}}|s}} | data7 = {{ubl | {{#if:{{{instagram_handle|}}}|[https://www.instagram.com/{{{instagram_handle}}} {{if empty|{{{instagram_display_name|}}}|{{{instagram_handle|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{instagram_handle2|}}}|[https://www.instagram.com/{{{instagram_handle2}}} {{if empty|{{{instagram_display_name2|}}}|{{{instagram_handle2|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{instagram_handle3|}}}|[https://www.instagram.com/{{{instagram_handle3}}} {{if empty|{{{instagram_display_name3|}}}|{{{instagram_handle3|}}}}}]}} | {{{instagram_handles|}}} }} | label8 = Years&nbsp;active | data8 = {{{instagram_years_active|}}} | label9 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{instagram_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data9 = {{{instagram_genre|}}} | label10 = Followers | data10 = {{{instagram_followers|}}} | header11 = [[Kick (service)|Kick]] information | label12 = Channel{{#if:{{{kick_handle2|}}}{{{kick_handles|}}}|s}} | data12 = {{ubl | {{#if:{{{kick_handle|}}}|[https://kick.com/{{{kick_handle}}} {{if empty|{{{kick_display_name|}}}|{{{kick_handle|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{kick_handle2|}}}|[https://kick.com/{{{kick_handle2}}} {{if empty|{{{kick_display_name2|}}}|{{{kick_handle2|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{kick_handle3|}}}|[https://kick.com/{{{kick_handle3}}} {{if empty|{{{kick_display_name3|}}}|{{{kick_handle3|}}}}}]}} | {{{kick_handles|}}} }} | label13 = Years&nbsp;active | data13 = {{{kick_years_active|}}} | label14 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{kick_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data14 = {{{kick_genre|}}} | label15 = Game{{pluralize from text|{{{kick_game|}}}|plural=s}} | data15 = {{{kick_game|}}} | label16 = Followers | data16 = {{{kick_followers|}}} | header17 = [[Substack]] information | label18 = Newsletter | data18 = {{ubl | {{#if:{{{substack_url|}}}|{{URL|{{{substack_url|}}}|{{if empty|{{{substack_newsletter_name|}}}|{{{substack_url}}}}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{substack_url2|}}}|{{URL|{{{substack_url2|}}}|{{if empty|{{{substack_newsletter_name2|}}}|{{{substack_url2}}}}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{substack_url3|}}}|{{URL|{{{substack_url3|}}}|{{if empty|{{{substack_newsletter_name3|}}}|{{{substack_url3}}}}}}}}} }} | label19 = Notes | data19 = {{#if:{{{substack_handle|}}}|[https://substack.com/{{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{substack_handle}}}|@}}}}|{{{substack_handle}}} {{{substack_handle}}}|@{{{substack_handle}}} @{{{substack_handle}}}}}]}} | label20 = Years&nbsp;active | data20 = {{{substack_years_active|}}} | label21 = Topic{{pluralize from text|{{{substack_topic|}}}|plural=s}} | data21 = {{{substack_topic|}}} | label22 = Subscribers | data22 = {{{substack_subscribers|}}} | header23 = [[TikTok]] information | label24 = Page{{#if:{{{tiktok_handle2|}}}{{{tiktok_handles|}}}|s}} | data24 = {{ubl |{{#if:{{{tiktok_handle|}}}|[https://www.tiktok.com/{{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{tiktok_handle}}}|@}}}}|{{{tiktok_handle}}}|@{{{tiktok_handle}}}}} {{if empty|{{{tiktok_display_name|}}}|{{{tiktok_handle|}}}}}]}} |{{#if:{{{tiktok_handle2|}}}|[https://www.tiktok.com/{{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{tiktok_handle2}}}|@}}}}|{{{tiktok_handle2}}}|@{{{tiktok_handle2}}}}} {{if empty|{{{tiktok_display_name2|}}}|{{{tiktok_handle2|}}}}}]}} |{{#if:{{{tiktok_handle3|}}}|[https://www.tiktok.com/{{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{tiktok_handle3}}}|@}}}}|{{{tiktok_handle3}}}|@{{{tiktok_handle3}}}}} {{if empty|{{{tiktok_display_name3|}}}|{{{tiktok_handle3|}}}}}]}} |{{{tiktok_handles|}}} }} | label25 = Years&nbsp;active | data25 = {{{tiktok_years_active|}}} | label26 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{tiktok_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data26 = {{{tiktok_genre|}}} | label27 = Followers | data27 = {{{tiktok_followers|}}} | header28 = [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] information | label29 = Channel{{#if:{{{twitch_handle2|}}}{{{twitch_handles|}}}|s}} | data29 = {{ubl| | {{#if:{{{twitch_handle|}}}|[https://www.twitch.tv/{{{twitch_handle}}} {{if empty|{{{twitch_display_name|}}}|{{{twitch_handle|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{twitch_handle2|}}}|[https://www.twitch.tv/{{{twitch_handle2}}} {{if empty|{{{twitch_display_name2|}}}|{{{twitch_handle2|}}}}}]}} | {{#if:{{{twitch_handle3|}}}|[https://www.twitch.tv/{{{twitch_handle3}}} {{if empty|{{{twitch_display_name3|}}}|{{{twitch_handle3|}}}}}]}} | {{{twitch_handles|}}} }} | label30 = Years&nbsp;active | data30 = {{{twitch_years_active|}}} | label31 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{twitch_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data31 = {{{twitch_genre|}}} | label32 = Game{{pluralize from text|{{{twitch_game|}}}|plural=s}} | data32 = {{{twitch_game|}}} | label33 = Followers | data33 = {{{twitch_followers|}}} | header34 = [[X (social network)|X]] information | label35 = Handle{{#if:{{{x_handle2|}}}{{{twitter_handle2|}}}{{{x_handles|}}}{{{twitter_handles|}}}|s}} | data35 = {{ubl |{{#if:{{{x_handle|}}}{{{twitter_handle|}}}|[https://x.com/{{if empty|{{{x_handle|}}}|{{{twitter_handle|}}}}} @{{if empty|{{{x_handle|}}}|{{{twitter_handle|}}}}}]}} |{{#if:{{{x_handle2|}}}{{{twitter_handle2|}}}|[https://x.com/{{if empty|{{{x_handle2|}}}|{{{twitter_handle2|}}}}} @{{if empty|{{{x_handle2|}}}|{{{twitter_handle2|}}}}}]}} |{{#if:{{{x_handle3|}}}{{{twitter_handle3|}}}|[https://x.com/{{if empty|{{{x_handle3|}}}|{{{twitter_handle3|}}}}} @{{if empty|{{{x_handle3|}}}|{{{twitter_handle3|}}}}}]}} |{{if empty|{{{x_handles|}}}|{{{twitter_handles|}}}}} }} | label36 = Display&nbsp;name | data36 = {{if empty|{{{x_display_name|}}}|{{{twitter_display_name|}}}}} | label37 = Years&nbsp;active | data37 = {{if empty|{{{x_years_active|}}}|{{{twitter_years_active|}}}}} | label38 = Topic{{pluralize from text|{{if empty|{{{x_topic|}}}|{{{twitter_topic|}}}}}|plural=s}} | data38 = {{if empty|{{{x_topic|}}}|{{{twitter_topic|}}}}} | label39 = Followers | data39 = {{if empty|{{{x_followers|}}}|{{{twitter_followers|}}}}} | header40 = [[YouTube]] information | label41 = Channel{{#if:{{{youtube_handle2|}}}{{{youtube_id2|}}}{{{youtube_handles|}}}|s}} | data41 = {{ubl|<!-- TODO: Test the aboslute shit out of this logic... --> |{{#if:{{{youtube_handle|}}}{{{youtube_id|}}}|[https://www.youtube.com/{{#switch:{{if empty|{{{youtube_handle|}}}|{{{youtube_id|}}}}}|{{{youtube_handle}}}={{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{youtube_handle}}}|@}}}}|{{{youtube_handle}}}|@{{{youtube_handle}}}}}|{{{youtube_id}}}=channel/{{{youtube_id}}}}} {{if empty|{{{youtube_display_name|}}}|{{{youtube_handle|}}}|YouTube channel}}]}} |{{#if:{{{youtube_handle2|}}}{{{youtube_id2|}}}|[https://www.youtube.com/{{#switch:{{if empty|{{{youtube_handle2|}}}|{{{youtube_id2|}}}}}|{{{youtube_handle2}}}={{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{youtube_handle2}}}|@}}}}|{{{youtube_handle2}}}|@{{{youtube_handle2}}}}}|{{{youtube_id2}}}=channel/{{{youtube_id2}}}}} {{if empty|{{{youtube_display_name2|}}}|{{{youtube_handle2|}}}|YouTube channel}}]}} |{{#if:{{{youtube_handle3|}}}{{{youtube_id3|}}}|[https://www.youtube.com/{{#switch:{{if empty|{{{youtube_handle3|}}}|{{{youtube_id3|}}}}}|{{{youtube_handle3}}}={{#if:{{Yesno|{{Str startswith|{{{youtube_handle3}}}|@}}}}|{{{youtube_handle3}}}|@{{{youtube_handle3}}}}}|{{{youtube_id3}}}=channel/{{{youtube_id3}}}}} {{if empty|{{{youtube_display_name3|}}}|{{{youtube_handle3|}}}|YouTube channel}}]}} |{{{youtube_handles|}}} }} | label42 = Years&nbsp;active | data42 = {{{youtube_years_active|}}} | label43 = Genre{{pluralize from text|{{{youtube_genre|}}}|plural=s}} | data43 = {{{youtube_genre|}}} | label44 = Subscribers | data44 = {{{youtube_subscribers|}}} | label45 = Views | data45 = {{{youtube_views|}}} | header60 = _BLANK_ | data61 = {{{module|}}} | data62 = {{{module2|}}} | data63 = {{{module3|}}} | data64 = {{{module4|}}} | data65 = {{{module5|}}} | data66 = {{{module6|}}} | below = {{#if:{{{stats_update|}}}|''Last updated:'' {{{stats_update}}}}} }} }}{{#invoke:Check for conflicting parameters|check |nested=1 |template=Infobox social media personality |cat={{main other|Category:Pages using infobox social media personality with conflicting parameters}} | pseudonym; other_names | x_handle; twitter_handle | x_handle2; twitter_handle2 | x_handle3; twitter_handle3 | x_handles; twitter_handles | x_display_name; twitter_display_name | x_years_active; twitter_years_active | x_topic; twitter_topic | x_followers; twitter_followers | youtube_handle; youtube_id | youtube_handle2; youtube_id2 | youtube_handle3; youtube_id3 | image_alt; alt | image size; image_size; imagesize }}{{main other|{{#if:{{#property:P2397}}{{#property:P8687}}|[[Category:Social media pages with Wikidata]] }}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4ujjnenghf1md202wqi30u56u3hrrn8 10 47946 117434 2025-03-29T21:46:53Z en>Andrybak 0 move to [[Category:Typing-aid templates]] (same as [[Template:En dash]] (see categorization wikitext at the bottom of [[Template:En dash/doc]])) 117434 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:En dash]] {{R protected}} [[Category:Typing-aid templates]] 8e99z4odko3baf7tek5qc9lktfnubm2 117435 117434 2026-07-16T13:08:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Endash]] 117434 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:En dash]] {{R protected}} [[Category:Typing-aid templates]] 8e99z4odko3baf7tek5qc9lktfnubm2 10 47947 117446 2026-06-09T20:58:30Z en>Andrybak 0 /* TemplateData */ move counters back to `"type": "string"`, because these can be multi-line (e.g. [[MinutePhysics]]) 117446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Template shortcut|Infobox influencer|Infobox streamer|Infobox YouTuber}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Template wrapper}} {{high-use}} {{Person infobox header}} {{Uses infobox person|wrapped=1}} {{tl|Infobox social media personality}} is primarily used for individuals who are notable for [[social media]] content. The platforms supported are [[Bilibili]], [[Instagram]], [[Kick (service)|Kick]], [[Substack]], [[TikTok]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], [[X (social network)|X]] and [[YouTube]]. == Usage == ===Basic usage=== {{Parameter names example|_template=| honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | native_name | native_name_lang | birth_date| birth_name | birth_place | death_date | death_place | image | caption | alt | occupation | spouse | partner | children | relatives | website | module | logo | logo_caption | logo_size | logo_alt | bilibili_id | bilibili_display_name | bilibili_years_active | bilibili_genre | bilibili_followers | kick_handle | kick_years_active | kick_genre | kick_game | kick_followers | kick_display_name | instagram_handle | instagram_display_name | instagram_years_active | instagram_genre | instagram_followers | substack_url | substack_newsletter_name | substack_handle | substack_years_active | substack_topic | substack_subscribers | tiktok_handle | tiktok_years_active | tiktok_genre | tiktok_followers | tiktok_display_name | twitch_handle | twitch_years_active | twitch_genre | twitch_game | twitch_followers | twitch_display_name | x_handle | x_display_name | x_years_active | x_topic | x_followers | youtube_handle | youtube_years_active | youtube_genre | youtube_subscribers | youtube_views | youtube_display_name | stats_update }} '''Note''': Any parameter from {{tl|Infobox person}} can be used. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox social media personality | honorific_prefix = | name = <!-- defaults to article title when left blank --> | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | caption = | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | occupation = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relatives = | website = | module = | logo = | logo_caption = | logo_alt = | logo_size = | bilibili_id = | bilibili_display_name = | bilibili_years_active = | bilibili_genre = | bilibili_followers = | instagram_handle = | instagram_display_name = | instagram_years_active = | instagram_genre = | instagram_followers = | kick_handle = | kick_display_name = | kick_years_active = | kick_genre = | kick_game = | kick_followers = | substack_url = | substack_newsletter_name = | substack_handle = | substack_years_active = | substack_topic = | substack_subscribers = | tiktok_handle = | tiktok_display_name = | tiktok_years_active = | tiktok_genre = | tiktok_followers = | twitch_handle = | twitch_display_name = | twitch_years_active = | twitch_genre = | twitch_game = | twitch_followers = | x_handle = | x_display_name = | x_years_active = | x_topic = | x_followers = | youtube_handle = | youtube_id = | youtube_display_name = | youtube_years_active = | youtube_genre = | youtube_subscribers = | youtube_views = | stats_update = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} === Multiple accounts per platform === {{Parameter names example|_template=| name | birth_date| birth_place | instagram_handle | instagram_display_name | instagram_handle2 | instagram_display_name2 | instagram_handle3 | instagram_display_name3 | instagram_years_active | instagram_genre | instagram_followers }} To display multiple accounts on the same platform, append the numbers "2" and "3" to the relevant parameters. '''Note''': Per [[WP:YTLINKS]], secondary channels should not be linked to in the infobox, unless covered by reliable sources. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox social media personality | name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | instagram_handle = | instagram_display_name = | instagram_handle2 = | instagram_display_name2 = | instagram_handle3 = | instagram_display_name3 = | instagram_years_active = | instagram_genre = | instagram_followers = }} </syntaxhighlight> === YouTube specific === YouTube supports two URL formats. The first format uses the channel's handle, which is displayed with the '''@''' symbol. This will result in {{code|https://www.youtube.com/@{{{youtube_handle}}}}}. The second format uses the channel's unique ID, which will remain the same even if the handle eventually changes. This will result in {{code|https://www.youtube.com/channel/{{{youtube_id}}}}}. When using this format, a display name will need to be supplied with {{para|youtube_display_name}}, otherwise the name will default to "YouTube channel". <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox social media personality | name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | youtube_handle = <!-- @ChannelName --> | youtube_id = <!-- UCBR8-60-B28hp2BmDPdntcQ --> | youtube_display_name = <!-- Channel Name --> | youtube_years_active = | youtube_genre = | youtube_subscribers = | youtube_views = }} </syntaxhighlight> == Example == {{Infobox social media personality | name = Ninja | image = Krystalogy, Jess, Ninja, and Typical Gamer relaxing in the State Farm Gamerhood (52899874282) (cropped) 3.jpg | caption = Blevins in 2023 | spouse = {{Marriage|Jessica Goch|2017}} | birth_name = Richard Tyler Blevins | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|6|5}} | birth_place = [[Taylor, Michigan]], U.S. | other_names = NinjasHyper | education = [[Grayslake Central High School]] | occupation = {{Flatlist| * [[Video game live streaming|Live streamer]] * [[YouTuber]] }} | years_active = 2011{{endash}}present | organizations = {{Flatlist| * [[Cloud9]] * [[Renegades (esports)|Renegades]] * [[Team Liquid]] * [[Luminosity Gaming]] }} | twitch_handle = Ninja | twitch_genre = [[Video game culture|Gaming]] | twitch_game = {{Flatlist| * ''[[Fortnite]]'' * ''[[League of Legends]]'' * ''[[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]]'' * ''[[Z1 Battle Royale]]'' * ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]'' * ''[[Apex Legends]]'' * ''[[Call of Duty: Warzone]]'' * ''[[Valorant]]'' }} | twitch_followers = 19.2 million | youtube_handle = Ninja | youtube_genre = Gaming | youtube_subscribers = 23.7 million | youtube_views = 2.76 billion | stats_update = October 12, 2025 | website = {{URL|https://teamninja.com/}} | signature = Ninja sig.svg }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox social media personality | name = Ninja | image = Krystalogy, Jess, Ninja, and Typical Gamer relaxing in the State Farm Gamerhood (52899874282) (cropped) 3.jpg | caption = Blevins in 2023 | spouse = {{Marriage|Jessica Goch|2017}} | birth_name = Richard Tyler Blevins | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|6|5}} | birth_place = [[Taylor, Michigan]], U.S. | other_names = NinjasHyper | education = [[Grayslake Central High School]] | occupation = {{Flatlist| * [[Video game live streaming|Live streamer]] * [[YouTuber]] }} | years_active = 2011{{endash}}present | organizations = {{Flatlist| * [[Cloud9]] * [[Renegades (esports)|Renegades]] * [[Team Liquid]] * [[Luminosity Gaming]] }} | twitch_handle = Ninja | twitch_genre = [[Video game culture|Gaming]] | twitch_game = {{Flatlist| * ''[[Fortnite]]'' * ''[[League of Legends]]'' * ''[[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]]'' * ''[[Z1 Battle Royale]]'' * ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]'' * ''[[Apex Legends]]'' * ''[[Call of Duty: Warzone]]'' * ''[[Valorant]]'' }} | twitch_followers = 19.2 million | youtube_handle = Ninja | youtube_genre = Gaming | youtube_subscribers = 23.7 million | youtube_views = 2.76 billion | stats_update = October 12, 2025 | website = {{URL|https://teamninja.com/}} | signature = Ninja sig.svg }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "logo": { "label": { "en": "Logo" }, "description": { "en": "The logo used by the social media personality, if applicable." }, "example": "Dude Perfect logo.svg", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "logo_size": { "label": { "en": "Logo size" }, "description": { "en": "The logo width in pixels (\"px\" is automatically added if omitted)." }, "default": "250px", "example": "120px" }, "logo_caption": { "label": "Logo caption", "description": "A caption for the logo, if needed.", "type": "string" }, "logo_alt": { "label": "Logo alt", "description": "Alt text for the logo image, for visually impaired readers. One word (such as 'photograph') is rarely sufficient. See WP:ALT.", "type": "line" }, "logo_class": { "label": "Logo CSS class", "description": "CSS class for the logo image. Use \"logo_class=skin-invert\" for monochrome logos.", "type": "line", "suggestedvalues": [ "skin-invert" ] }, "stats_update": { "label": "Last updated", "description": "The date the follower/view stats were last updated. The date is listed at the bottom of the infobox.", "example": "12 October 2025", "type": "date" }, "bilibili_id": { "label": "Bilibili ID", "description": "The unique ID of the primary Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "290526283" }, "bilibili_display_name": { "label": "Bilibili display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "Bilibili" }, "bilibili_id2": { "label": "Second Bilibili ID", "description": "The unique ID of the second Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "290526283" }, "bilibili_display_name2": { "label": "Second Bilibili display name", "description": "The display name of the second Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "Bilibili" }, "bilibili_id3": { "label": "Third Bilibili ID", "description": "The unique ID of the third Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "290526283" }, "bilibili_display_name3": { "label": "Third Bilibili display name", "description": "The display name of the third Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "Bilibili" }, "bilibili_handles": { "label": "Additional Bilibili handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional Bilibili accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "bilibili_years_active": { "label": "Bilibili years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Bilibili account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "bilibili_genre": { "label": "Bilibili genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the Bilibili account.", "example": "Comedy", "type": "string" }, "bilibili_followers": { "label": "Bilibili followers", "description": "The number of followers the Bilibili account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "instagram_handle": { "label": "Instagram handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary Instagram account.", "type": "line", "example": "instagram" }, "instagram_display_name": { "label": "Instagram display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Instagram account, if different from \"instagram_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "Instagram" }, "instagram_handle2": { "label": "Second Instagram handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second Instagram account.", "type": "line", "example": "instagram" }, "instagram_display_name2": { "label": "Second Instagram display name", "description": "The display name of the second Instagram account, if different from \"instagram_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "Instagram" }, "instagram_handle3": { "label": "Third Instagram handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third Instagram account.", "type": "line", "example": "instagram" }, "instagram_display_name3": { "label": "Third Instagram display name", "description": "The display name of the third Instagram account, if different from \"instagram_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "Instagram" }, "instagram_handles": { "label": "Additional Instagram handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional Instagram accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "instagram_years_active": { "label": "Instagram years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Instagram account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "instagram_genre": { "label": "Instagram genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the Instagram account.", "example": "Comedy", "type": "string" }, "instagram_followers": { "label": "Instagram followers", "description": "The number of followers the Instagram account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "kick_handle": { "label": "Kick handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary Kick account.", "type": "line", "example": "kick" }, "kick_display_name": { "label": "Kick display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Kick account, if different from \"kick_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "Kick" }, "kick_handle2": { "label": "Second Kick handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second Kick account.", "type": "line", "example": "kick" }, "kick_display_name2": { "label": "Second Kick display name", "description": "The display name of the second Kick account, if different from \"kick_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "Kick" }, "kick_handle3": { "label": "Third Kick handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third Kick account.", "type": "line", "example": "kick" }, "kick_display_name3": { "label": "Third Kick display name", "description": "The display name of the third Kick account, if different from \"kick_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "Kick" }, "kick_handles": { "label": "Additional Kick handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional Kick accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "kick_years_active": { "label": "Kick years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Kick account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "kick_genre": { "label": "Kick genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the Kick account.", "example": "Gaming", "type": "string" }, "kick_game": { "label": "Kick game", "description": "The game(s) that the Kick account is notable for playing. Citations in the article body should be used to establish notability.", "type": "string" }, "kick_followers": { "label": "Kick followers", "description": "The number of followers the Kick account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "substack_url": { "label": "Substack newsletter URL", "description": "The URL of the primary Substack newsletter.", "type": "url", "example": "meidastouch.substack.com" }, "substack_newsletter_name": { "label": "Substack newsletter/URL display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Substack newsletter.", "type": "line", "example": "Meidas+" }, "substack_url2": { "label": "Second Substack newsletter URL", "description": "The URL of the second Substack newsletter.", "type": "url", "example": "meidastouch.substack.com" }, "substack_newsletter_name2": { "label": "Second Substack newsletter/URL display name", "description": "The display name of the second Substack newsletter.", "type": "line", "example": "Meidas+" }, "substack_url3": { "label": "Third Substack newsletter URL", "description": "The URL of the third Substack newsletter.", "type": "url", "example": "meidastouch.substack.com" }, "substack_newsletter_name3": { "label": "Third Substack newsletter/URL display name", "description": "The display name of the third Substack newsletter.", "type": "line", "example": "Meidas+" }, "substack_handle": { "label": "Substack handle", "description": "The handle/username of the Substack Notes account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "meidastouch" }, "substack_years_active": { "label": "Substack years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Substack account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "substack_topic": { "label": "Substack topic", "description": "The topic(s) primarily covered by the Substack account.", "example": "Politics", "type": "string" }, "substack_subscribers": { "label": "Substack subscribers", "description": "The number of subscribers the Substack account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "tiktok_handle": { "label": "TikTok handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary TikTok account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "tiktok" }, "tiktok_display_name": { "label": "TikTok display name", "description": "The display name of the primary TikTok account, if different from \"tiktok_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "TikTok" }, "tiktok_handle2": { "label": "Second TikTok handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second TikTok account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "tiktok" }, "tiktok_display_name2": { "label": "Second TikTok display name", "description": "The display name of the second TikTok account, if different from \"tiktok_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "TikTok" }, "tiktok_handle3": { "label": "Third TikTok handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third TikTok account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "tiktok" }, "tiktok_display_name3": { "label": "Third TikTok display name", "description": "The display name of the third TikTok account, if different from \"tiktok_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "TikTok" }, "tiktok_handles": { "label": "Additional TikTok handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional TikTok accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "tiktok_years_active": { "label": "TikTok years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the TikTok account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "tiktok_genre": { "label": "TikTok genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the TikTok account.", "example": "Comedy", "type": "string" }, "tiktok_followers": { "label": "TikTok followers", "description": "The number of followers the TikTok account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "twitch_handle": { "label": "Twitch handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary Twitch account.", "type": "line", "example": "twitch" }, "twitch_display_name": { "label": "Twitch display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Twitch account, if different from \"twitch_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "Twitch" }, "twitch_handle2": { "label": "Second Twitch handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second Twitch account.", "type": "line", "example": "twitch" }, "twitch_display_name2": { "label": "Second Twitch display name", "description": "The display name of the second Twitch account, if different from \"twitch_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "Twitch" }, "twitch_handle3": { "label": "Third Twitch handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third Twitch account.", "type": "line", "example": "twitch" }, "twitch_display_name3": { "label": "Third Twitch display name", "description": "The display name of the third Twitch account, if different from \"twitch_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "Twitch" }, "twitch_handles": { "label": "Additional Twitch handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional Twitch accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "twitch_years_active": { "label": "Twitch years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Twitch account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "twitch_genre": { "label": "Twitch genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the Twitch account.", "example": "Gaming", "type": "string" }, "twitch_game": { "label": "Twitch game", "description": "The game(s) that the Twitch account is notable for playing. Citations in the article body should be used to establish notability.", "type": "string" }, "twitch_followers": { "label": "Twitch followers", "description": "The number of followers the Twitch account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "x_handle": { "aliases": [ "twitter_handle" ], "label": "X handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary X account.", "type": "line", "example": "NASA" }, "x_handle2": { "aliases": [ "twitter_handle2" ], "label": "Second X handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second X account.", "type": "line", "example": "NASA" }, "x_handle3": { "aliases": [ "twitter_handle3" ], "label": "Third X handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third X account.", "type": "line", "example": "NASA" }, "x_handles": { "aliases": [ "twitter_handles" ], "label": "Additional X handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional X accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "x_display_name": { "aliases": [ "twitter_display_name" ], "label": "X display name", "description": "The display name(s) of the X account(s).", "type": "line", "example": "NASA" }, "x_years_active": { "aliases": [ "twitter_years_active" ], "label": "X years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the X account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "x_topic": { "aliases": [ "twitter_topic" ], "label": "X topic", "description": "The topic(s) primarily covered by the X account.", "example": "Politics", "type": "string" }, "x_followers": { "aliases": [ "twitter_followers" ], "label": "X followers", "description": "The number of followers the X account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "youtube_handle": { "label": "YouTube handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary YouTube account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "@YouTube" }, "youtube_id": { "label": "YouTube ID", "description": "The unique ID of the primary YouTube account. Priority is given to \"youtube_handle\" if both are used.", "type": "line", "example": "UCBR8-60-B28hp2BmDPdntcQ" }, "youtube_display_name": { "label": "YouTube display name", "description": "The display name of the primary YouTube account, if using \"youtube_id\" OR if the display name differs from \"youtube_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "YouTube" }, "youtube_handle2": { "label": "Second YouTube handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second YouTube account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "@YouTube" }, "youtube_id2": { "label": "Second YouTube ID", "description": "The unique ID of the second YouTube account. Priority is given to \"youtube_handle2\" if both are used.", "type": "line", "example": "UCBR8-60-B28hp2BmDPdntcQ" }, "youtube_display_name2": { "label": "Second YouTube display name", "description": "The display name of the second YouTube account, if using \"youtube_id2\" OR if the display name differs from \"youtube_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "YouTube" }, "youtube_handle3": { "label": "Third YouTube handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third YouTube account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "@YouTube" }, "youtube_id3": { "label": "Third YouTube ID", "description": "The unique ID of the third YouTube account. Priority is given to \"youtube_handle3\" if both are used.", "type": "line", "example": "UCBR8-60-B28hp2BmDPdntcQ" }, "youtube_display_name3": { "label": "Third YouTube display name", "description": "The display name of the third YouTube account, if using \"youtube_id3\" OR if the display name differs from \"youtube_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "YouTube" }, "youtube_handles": { "label": "Additional YouTube handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional YouTube accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "youtube_years_active": { "label": "YouTube years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the YouTube account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "youtube_genre": { "label": "YouTube genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the YouTube account.", "example": "Comedy", "type": "string" }, "youtube_subscribers": { "label": "YouTube subscribers", "description": "The number of subscribers the YouTube account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "youtube_views": { "label": "YouTube views", "description": "The number of views the YouTube account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "300 million", "type": "string" }, "module": { "label": "Module", "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one." } }, "description": "An Infobox for articles about social media personalities" } </templatedata> == Tracking categories == {{Infobox tracking categories}} == See also == * [[Template:Infobox video game player]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line --> }}</includeonly> ocpc7o8bfnlqfoss4c6dvsqgrpffy2p 117447 117446 2026-07-16T13:08:38Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Infobox_social_media_personality/doc]] 117446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{Template shortcut|Infobox influencer|Infobox streamer|Infobox YouTuber}} {{Lua|Module:Infobox|Module:InfoboxImage|Module:Check for unknown parameters|Module:Template wrapper}} {{high-use}} {{Person infobox header}} {{Uses infobox person|wrapped=1}} {{tl|Infobox social media personality}} is primarily used for individuals who are notable for [[social media]] content. The platforms supported are [[Bilibili]], [[Instagram]], [[Kick (service)|Kick]], [[Substack]], [[TikTok]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], [[X (social network)|X]] and [[YouTube]]. == Usage == ===Basic usage=== {{Parameter names example|_template=| honorific_prefix | name | honorific_suffix | native_name | native_name_lang | birth_date| birth_name | birth_place | death_date | death_place | image | caption | alt | occupation | spouse | partner | children | relatives | website | module | logo | logo_caption | logo_size | logo_alt | bilibili_id | bilibili_display_name | bilibili_years_active | bilibili_genre | bilibili_followers | kick_handle | kick_years_active | kick_genre | kick_game | kick_followers | kick_display_name | instagram_handle | instagram_display_name | instagram_years_active | instagram_genre | instagram_followers | substack_url | substack_newsletter_name | substack_handle | substack_years_active | substack_topic | substack_subscribers | tiktok_handle | tiktok_years_active | tiktok_genre | tiktok_followers | tiktok_display_name | twitch_handle | twitch_years_active | twitch_genre | twitch_game | twitch_followers | twitch_display_name | x_handle | x_display_name | x_years_active | x_topic | x_followers | youtube_handle | youtube_years_active | youtube_genre | youtube_subscribers | youtube_views | youtube_display_name | stats_update }} '''Note''': Any parameter from {{tl|Infobox person}} can be used. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox social media personality | honorific_prefix = | name = <!-- defaults to article title when left blank --> | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | caption = | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | occupation = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relatives = | website = | module = | logo = | logo_caption = | logo_alt = | logo_size = | bilibili_id = | bilibili_display_name = | bilibili_years_active = | bilibili_genre = | bilibili_followers = | instagram_handle = | instagram_display_name = | instagram_years_active = | instagram_genre = | instagram_followers = | kick_handle = | kick_display_name = | kick_years_active = | kick_genre = | kick_game = | kick_followers = | substack_url = | substack_newsletter_name = | substack_handle = | substack_years_active = | substack_topic = | substack_subscribers = | tiktok_handle = | tiktok_display_name = | tiktok_years_active = | tiktok_genre = | tiktok_followers = | twitch_handle = | twitch_display_name = | twitch_years_active = | twitch_genre = | twitch_game = | twitch_followers = | x_handle = | x_display_name = | x_years_active = | x_topic = | x_followers = | youtube_handle = | youtube_id = | youtube_display_name = | youtube_years_active = | youtube_genre = | youtube_subscribers = | youtube_views = | stats_update = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} === Multiple accounts per platform === {{Parameter names example|_template=| name | birth_date| birth_place | instagram_handle | instagram_display_name | instagram_handle2 | instagram_display_name2 | instagram_handle3 | instagram_display_name3 | instagram_years_active | instagram_genre | instagram_followers }} To display multiple accounts on the same platform, append the numbers "2" and "3" to the relevant parameters. '''Note''': Per [[WP:YTLINKS]], secondary channels should not be linked to in the infobox, unless covered by reliable sources. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox social media personality | name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | instagram_handle = | instagram_display_name = | instagram_handle2 = | instagram_display_name2 = | instagram_handle3 = | instagram_display_name3 = | instagram_years_active = | instagram_genre = | instagram_followers = }} </syntaxhighlight> === YouTube specific === YouTube supports two URL formats. The first format uses the channel's handle, which is displayed with the '''@''' symbol. This will result in {{code|https://www.youtube.com/@{{{youtube_handle}}}}}. The second format uses the channel's unique ID, which will remain the same even if the handle eventually changes. This will result in {{code|https://www.youtube.com/channel/{{{youtube_id}}}}}. When using this format, a display name will need to be supplied with {{para|youtube_display_name}}, otherwise the name will default to "YouTube channel". <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox social media personality | name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | youtube_handle = <!-- @ChannelName --> | youtube_id = <!-- UCBR8-60-B28hp2BmDPdntcQ --> | youtube_display_name = <!-- Channel Name --> | youtube_years_active = | youtube_genre = | youtube_subscribers = | youtube_views = }} </syntaxhighlight> == Example == {{Infobox social media personality | name = Ninja | image = Krystalogy, Jess, Ninja, and Typical Gamer relaxing in the State Farm Gamerhood (52899874282) (cropped) 3.jpg | caption = Blevins in 2023 | spouse = {{Marriage|Jessica Goch|2017}} | birth_name = Richard Tyler Blevins | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|6|5}} | birth_place = [[Taylor, Michigan]], U.S. | other_names = NinjasHyper | education = [[Grayslake Central High School]] | occupation = {{Flatlist| * [[Video game live streaming|Live streamer]] * [[YouTuber]] }} | years_active = 2011{{endash}}present | organizations = {{Flatlist| * [[Cloud9]] * [[Renegades (esports)|Renegades]] * [[Team Liquid]] * [[Luminosity Gaming]] }} | twitch_handle = Ninja | twitch_genre = [[Video game culture|Gaming]] | twitch_game = {{Flatlist| * ''[[Fortnite]]'' * ''[[League of Legends]]'' * ''[[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]]'' * ''[[Z1 Battle Royale]]'' * ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]'' * ''[[Apex Legends]]'' * ''[[Call of Duty: Warzone]]'' * ''[[Valorant]]'' }} | twitch_followers = 19.2 million | youtube_handle = Ninja | youtube_genre = Gaming | youtube_subscribers = 23.7 million | youtube_views = 2.76 billion | stats_update = October 12, 2025 | website = {{URL|https://teamninja.com/}} | signature = Ninja sig.svg }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto"> {{Infobox social media personality | name = Ninja | image = Krystalogy, Jess, Ninja, and Typical Gamer relaxing in the State Farm Gamerhood (52899874282) (cropped) 3.jpg | caption = Blevins in 2023 | spouse = {{Marriage|Jessica Goch|2017}} | birth_name = Richard Tyler Blevins | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|6|5}} | birth_place = [[Taylor, Michigan]], U.S. | other_names = NinjasHyper | education = [[Grayslake Central High School]] | occupation = {{Flatlist| * [[Video game live streaming|Live streamer]] * [[YouTuber]] }} | years_active = 2011{{endash}}present | organizations = {{Flatlist| * [[Cloud9]] * [[Renegades (esports)|Renegades]] * [[Team Liquid]] * [[Luminosity Gaming]] }} | twitch_handle = Ninja | twitch_genre = [[Video game culture|Gaming]] | twitch_game = {{Flatlist| * ''[[Fortnite]]'' * ''[[League of Legends]]'' * ''[[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]]'' * ''[[Z1 Battle Royale]]'' * ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]'' * ''[[Apex Legends]]'' * ''[[Call of Duty: Warzone]]'' * ''[[Valorant]]'' }} | twitch_followers = 19.2 million | youtube_handle = Ninja | youtube_genre = Gaming | youtube_subscribers = 23.7 million | youtube_views = 2.76 billion | stats_update = October 12, 2025 | website = {{URL|https://teamninja.com/}} | signature = Ninja sig.svg }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "logo": { "label": { "en": "Logo" }, "description": { "en": "The logo used by the social media personality, if applicable." }, "example": "Dude Perfect logo.svg", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "logo_size": { "label": { "en": "Logo size" }, "description": { "en": "The logo width in pixels (\"px\" is automatically added if omitted)." }, "default": "250px", "example": "120px" }, "logo_caption": { "label": "Logo caption", "description": "A caption for the logo, if needed.", "type": "string" }, "logo_alt": { "label": "Logo alt", "description": "Alt text for the logo image, for visually impaired readers. One word (such as 'photograph') is rarely sufficient. See WP:ALT.", "type": "line" }, "logo_class": { "label": "Logo CSS class", "description": "CSS class for the logo image. Use \"logo_class=skin-invert\" for monochrome logos.", "type": "line", "suggestedvalues": [ "skin-invert" ] }, "stats_update": { "label": "Last updated", "description": "The date the follower/view stats were last updated. The date is listed at the bottom of the infobox.", "example": "12 October 2025", "type": "date" }, "bilibili_id": { "label": "Bilibili ID", "description": "The unique ID of the primary Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "290526283" }, "bilibili_display_name": { "label": "Bilibili display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "Bilibili" }, "bilibili_id2": { "label": "Second Bilibili ID", "description": "The unique ID of the second Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "290526283" }, "bilibili_display_name2": { "label": "Second Bilibili display name", "description": "The display name of the second Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "Bilibili" }, "bilibili_id3": { "label": "Third Bilibili ID", "description": "The unique ID of the third Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "290526283" }, "bilibili_display_name3": { "label": "Third Bilibili display name", "description": "The display name of the third Bilibili account.", "type": "line", "example": "Bilibili" }, "bilibili_handles": { "label": "Additional Bilibili handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional Bilibili accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "bilibili_years_active": { "label": "Bilibili years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Bilibili account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "bilibili_genre": { "label": "Bilibili genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the Bilibili account.", "example": "Comedy", "type": "string" }, "bilibili_followers": { "label": "Bilibili followers", "description": "The number of followers the Bilibili account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "instagram_handle": { "label": "Instagram handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary Instagram account.", "type": "line", "example": "instagram" }, "instagram_display_name": { "label": "Instagram display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Instagram account, if different from \"instagram_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "Instagram" }, "instagram_handle2": { "label": "Second Instagram handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second Instagram account.", "type": "line", "example": "instagram" }, "instagram_display_name2": { "label": "Second Instagram display name", "description": "The display name of the second Instagram account, if different from \"instagram_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "Instagram" }, "instagram_handle3": { "label": "Third Instagram handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third Instagram account.", "type": "line", "example": "instagram" }, "instagram_display_name3": { "label": "Third Instagram display name", "description": "The display name of the third Instagram account, if different from \"instagram_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "Instagram" }, "instagram_handles": { "label": "Additional Instagram handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional Instagram accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "instagram_years_active": { "label": "Instagram years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Instagram account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "instagram_genre": { "label": "Instagram genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the Instagram account.", "example": "Comedy", "type": "string" }, "instagram_followers": { "label": "Instagram followers", "description": "The number of followers the Instagram account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "kick_handle": { "label": "Kick handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary Kick account.", "type": "line", "example": "kick" }, "kick_display_name": { "label": "Kick display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Kick account, if different from \"kick_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "Kick" }, "kick_handle2": { "label": "Second Kick handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second Kick account.", "type": "line", "example": "kick" }, "kick_display_name2": { "label": "Second Kick display name", "description": "The display name of the second Kick account, if different from \"kick_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "Kick" }, "kick_handle3": { "label": "Third Kick handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third Kick account.", "type": "line", "example": "kick" }, "kick_display_name3": { "label": "Third Kick display name", "description": "The display name of the third Kick account, if different from \"kick_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "Kick" }, "kick_handles": { "label": "Additional Kick handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional Kick accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "kick_years_active": { "label": "Kick years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Kick account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "kick_genre": { "label": "Kick genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the Kick account.", "example": "Gaming", "type": "string" }, "kick_game": { "label": "Kick game", "description": "The game(s) that the Kick account is notable for playing. Citations in the article body should be used to establish notability.", "type": "string" }, "kick_followers": { "label": "Kick followers", "description": "The number of followers the Kick account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "substack_url": { "label": "Substack newsletter URL", "description": "The URL of the primary Substack newsletter.", "type": "url", "example": "meidastouch.substack.com" }, "substack_newsletter_name": { "label": "Substack newsletter/URL display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Substack newsletter.", "type": "line", "example": "Meidas+" }, "substack_url2": { "label": "Second Substack newsletter URL", "description": "The URL of the second Substack newsletter.", "type": "url", "example": "meidastouch.substack.com" }, "substack_newsletter_name2": { "label": "Second Substack newsletter/URL display name", "description": "The display name of the second Substack newsletter.", "type": "line", "example": "Meidas+" }, "substack_url3": { "label": "Third Substack newsletter URL", "description": "The URL of the third Substack newsletter.", "type": "url", "example": "meidastouch.substack.com" }, "substack_newsletter_name3": { "label": "Third Substack newsletter/URL display name", "description": "The display name of the third Substack newsletter.", "type": "line", "example": "Meidas+" }, "substack_handle": { "label": "Substack handle", "description": "The handle/username of the Substack Notes account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "meidastouch" }, "substack_years_active": { "label": "Substack years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Substack account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "substack_topic": { "label": "Substack topic", "description": "The topic(s) primarily covered by the Substack account.", "example": "Politics", "type": "string" }, "substack_subscribers": { "label": "Substack subscribers", "description": "The number of subscribers the Substack account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "tiktok_handle": { "label": "TikTok handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary TikTok account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "tiktok" }, "tiktok_display_name": { "label": "TikTok display name", "description": "The display name of the primary TikTok account, if different from \"tiktok_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "TikTok" }, "tiktok_handle2": { "label": "Second TikTok handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second TikTok account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "tiktok" }, "tiktok_display_name2": { "label": "Second TikTok display name", "description": "The display name of the second TikTok account, if different from \"tiktok_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "TikTok" }, "tiktok_handle3": { "label": "Third TikTok handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third TikTok account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "tiktok" }, "tiktok_display_name3": { "label": "Third TikTok display name", "description": "The display name of the third TikTok account, if different from \"tiktok_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "TikTok" }, "tiktok_handles": { "label": "Additional TikTok handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional TikTok accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "tiktok_years_active": { "label": "TikTok years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the TikTok account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "tiktok_genre": { "label": "TikTok genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the TikTok account.", "example": "Comedy", "type": "string" }, "tiktok_followers": { "label": "TikTok followers", "description": "The number of followers the TikTok account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "twitch_handle": { "label": "Twitch handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary Twitch account.", "type": "line", "example": "twitch" }, "twitch_display_name": { "label": "Twitch display name", "description": "The display name of the primary Twitch account, if different from \"twitch_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "Twitch" }, "twitch_handle2": { "label": "Second Twitch handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second Twitch account.", "type": "line", "example": "twitch" }, "twitch_display_name2": { "label": "Second Twitch display name", "description": "The display name of the second Twitch account, if different from \"twitch_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "Twitch" }, "twitch_handle3": { "label": "Third Twitch handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third Twitch account.", "type": "line", "example": "twitch" }, "twitch_display_name3": { "label": "Third Twitch display name", "description": "The display name of the third Twitch account, if different from \"twitch_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "Twitch" }, "twitch_handles": { "label": "Additional Twitch handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional Twitch accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "twitch_years_active": { "label": "Twitch years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the Twitch account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "twitch_genre": { "label": "Twitch genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the Twitch account.", "example": "Gaming", "type": "string" }, "twitch_game": { "label": "Twitch game", "description": "The game(s) that the Twitch account is notable for playing. Citations in the article body should be used to establish notability.", "type": "string" }, "twitch_followers": { "label": "Twitch followers", "description": "The number of followers the Twitch account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "x_handle": { "aliases": [ "twitter_handle" ], "label": "X handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary X account.", "type": "line", "example": "NASA" }, "x_handle2": { "aliases": [ "twitter_handle2" ], "label": "Second X handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second X account.", "type": "line", "example": "NASA" }, "x_handle3": { "aliases": [ "twitter_handle3" ], "label": "Third X handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third X account.", "type": "line", "example": "NASA" }, "x_handles": { "aliases": [ "twitter_handles" ], "label": "Additional X handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional X accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "x_display_name": { "aliases": [ "twitter_display_name" ], "label": "X display name", "description": "The display name(s) of the X account(s).", "type": "line", "example": "NASA" }, "x_years_active": { "aliases": [ "twitter_years_active" ], "label": "X years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the X account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "x_topic": { "aliases": [ "twitter_topic" ], "label": "X topic", "description": "The topic(s) primarily covered by the X account.", "example": "Politics", "type": "string" }, "x_followers": { "aliases": [ "twitter_followers" ], "label": "X followers", "description": "The number of followers the X account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "youtube_handle": { "label": "YouTube handle", "description": "The handle/username of the primary YouTube account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "@YouTube" }, "youtube_id": { "label": "YouTube ID", "description": "The unique ID of the primary YouTube account. Priority is given to \"youtube_handle\" if both are used.", "type": "line", "example": "UCBR8-60-B28hp2BmDPdntcQ" }, "youtube_display_name": { "label": "YouTube display name", "description": "The display name of the primary YouTube account, if using \"youtube_id\" OR if the display name differs from \"youtube_handle\".", "type": "line", "example": "YouTube" }, "youtube_handle2": { "label": "Second YouTube handle", "description": "The handle/username of the second YouTube account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "@YouTube" }, "youtube_id2": { "label": "Second YouTube ID", "description": "The unique ID of the second YouTube account. Priority is given to \"youtube_handle2\" if both are used.", "type": "line", "example": "UCBR8-60-B28hp2BmDPdntcQ" }, "youtube_display_name2": { "label": "Second YouTube display name", "description": "The display name of the second YouTube account, if using \"youtube_id2\" OR if the display name differs from \"youtube_handle2\".", "type": "line", "example": "YouTube" }, "youtube_handle3": { "label": "Third YouTube handle", "description": "The handle/username of the third YouTube account. Inclusion of the @ symbol is optional.", "type": "line", "example": "@YouTube" }, "youtube_id3": { "label": "Third YouTube ID", "description": "The unique ID of the third YouTube account. Priority is given to \"youtube_handle3\" if both are used.", "type": "line", "example": "UCBR8-60-B28hp2BmDPdntcQ" }, "youtube_display_name3": { "label": "Third YouTube display name", "description": "The display name of the third YouTube account, if using \"youtube_id3\" OR if the display name differs from \"youtube_handle3\".", "type": "line", "example": "YouTube" }, "youtube_handles": { "label": "Additional YouTube handles", "description": "Custom styling for any additional YouTube accounts. Not automatically formatted or linked by default.", "type": "string" }, "youtube_years_active": { "label": "YouTube years active", "description": "Date range in years during which the YouTube account was active, if different from general \"years_active\". Use an en dash (–) to separate the years.", "example": "2009–present", "type": "line" }, "youtube_genre": { "label": "YouTube genre", "description": "The genre(s) of content produced by the YouTube account.", "example": "Comedy", "type": "string" }, "youtube_subscribers": { "label": "YouTube subscribers", "description": "The number of subscribers the YouTube account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "1.52 million", "type": "string" }, "youtube_views": { "label": "YouTube views", "description": "The number of views the YouTube account has. Write the number as three digits in short scale form.", "example": "300 million", "type": "string" }, "module": { "label": "Module", "description": "Used for embedding other infoboxes into this one." } }, "description": "An Infobox for articles about social media personalities" } </templatedata> == Tracking categories == {{Infobox tracking categories}} == See also == * [[Template:Infobox video game player]] <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line --> }}</includeonly> ocpc7o8bfnlqfoss4c6dvsqgrpffy2p 10 47948 117448 2026-07-02T06:32:35Z en>Gonnym 0 order alphabetically 117448 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifexist: Category:Pages using {{lcfirst:{{If empty|{{{1|}}}|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}} with conflicting parameters| * {{Category link with count|Category:Pages using {{lcfirst:{{If empty|{{{1|}}}|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}} with conflicting parameters}}}}{{#ifexist: Category:Pages using {{lcfirst:{{If empty|{{{1|}}}|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}} with deprecated parameters| * 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count|Category:Pages using {{lcfirst:{{If empty|{{{1|}}}|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}} with deprecated parameters}}}}{{#ifexist: Category:Pages using {{lcfirst:{{If empty|{{{1|}}}|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}} with unknown parameters| * {{Category link with count|Category:Pages using {{lcfirst:{{If empty|{{{1|}}}|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}} with unknown parameters}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> bh542nwsz96fraf5o4w0gwcb8evjt92 10 47949 117450 2022-01-12T22:57:15Z en>Sdkb 0 Added {{[[:Template:R from miscapitalisation|R from miscapitalisation]]}} tag to redirect 117450 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:TikTok]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from miscapitalisation}} }} oy4gm23mtormgul9nwoo9qf6854sx66 117451 117450 2026-07-16T13:09:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Tiktok]] 117450 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:TikTok]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from miscapitalisation}} }} oy4gm23mtormgul9nwoo9qf6854sx66 10 47950 117454 2024-06-02T14:03:48Z en>HouseBlaster 0 HouseBlaster moved page [[Template:C]] to [[Template:Category link without namespace]]: expand template name per [[WP:TPN]] 117454 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:Category:{{PAGENAME:{{{1}}}}}|{{{2|{{PAGENAME:{{{1}}}}}}}}]]<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 5ihlenrrtiyl0onp17hzt1jb0im35x9 117455 117454 2026-07-16T13:09:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Category_link_without_namespace]] 117454 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:Category:{{PAGENAME:{{{1}}}}}|{{{2|{{PAGENAME:{{{1}}}}}}}}]]<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 5ihlenrrtiyl0onp17hzt1jb0im35x9 10 47951 117456 2024-12-26T23:30:15Z en>OMA5577 0 117456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbox |name = Presidents of GIP |title = [[General Intelligence Presidency|Presidents of Saudi General Intelligence Directorate]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = [[Image:Flag of the General Intelligence Presidency.png|100px]] |list1 = * Mohammed bin Abdullah Al-Aiban * Saeed bin Abdullah Kurdi * Omar Mahmoud Shams * [[Kamal Adham]] * [[Turki Al-Faisal|Turki bin Faisal Al Saud]] * [[Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] * [[Muqrin bin Abdulaziz|Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] * [[Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud]] * [[Youssef bin Ali Al Idrissi]] * [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (born 1951)|Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud]] * [[Khalid bin Ali Al Humaidan]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Saudi Arabia politics and government templates]] </noinclude> qdmn9kvgnmv8y8ii4vdf4qbx4ujiu36 117457 117456 2026-07-16T13:10:28Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Presidents_of_GIP]] 117456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbox |name = Presidents of GIP |title = [[General Intelligence Presidency|Presidents of Saudi General Intelligence Directorate]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |image = [[Image:Flag of the General Intelligence Presidency.png|100px]] |list1 = * Mohammed bin Abdullah Al-Aiban * Saeed bin Abdullah Kurdi * Omar Mahmoud Shams * [[Kamal Adham]] * [[Turki Al-Faisal|Turki bin Faisal Al Saud]] * [[Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] * [[Muqrin bin Abdulaziz|Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] * [[Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud]] * [[Youssef bin Ali Al Idrissi]] * [[Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud (born 1951)|Khalid bin Bandar Al Saud]] * [[Khalid bin Ali Al Humaidan]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Saudi Arabia politics and government templates]] </noinclude> qdmn9kvgnmv8y8ii4vdf4qbx4ujiu36 0 47952 117458 2026-07-16T13:13:57Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Redirected page to [[Mbumba ya Trump]] 117458 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ Mbumba ya Trump]] iv20n09z6odn2xpp8by537vaku7yand 0 47953 117459 2026-07-16T13:19:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{Short description|Sukulu mu chigaŵa cha Palm Beach County, Florida}} {{Use American English|date=August 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Infobox school | name = The Benjamin School | image = | motto = ''Nulli Secundus'' ("Yachiwiri yayi kwa waliyose") | established = 1960 | founder = Marshall na Nancy Benjamin | type = {{flatlist| *[[Sukulu yapayekha|Yapayekha]] *..." 117459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sukulu mu chigaŵa cha Palm Beach County, Florida}} {{Use American English|date=August 2025}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Infobox school | name = The Benjamin School | image = | motto = ''Nulli Secundus'' ("Yachiwiri yayi kwa waliyose") | established = 1960 | founder = Marshall na Nancy Benjamin | type = {{flatlist| *[[Sukulu yapayekha|Yapayekha]] *[[Sukulu yakujiyimira|Yakujiyimira]] *Sukulu yakunozgekera ku koleji *Sukulu ya zuŵa }} | religious_affiliation = [[Yambura chisopa]] | campus_type = [[Wupu wa mizi ya mu matawuni]] | gender = [[Ŵasambizgi na ŵasambiri ŵanalume na ŵanakazi]] | grades = PK3 m'paka 12 | head_of_school = David C. Faus<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/about/welcome-from-the-head-of-school |title=Welcome from the head of school |website=The Benjamin School}}</ref> | enrollment = 1,284 | faculty = 138 | avg_class_size = | ratio = 8:1 | colors = Malalanje & Navy<br>{{color box|orange}} {{color box|navy}} | mascot = [[Buccaneer]] | nickname = Buccaneers | athletic_conference = [[Florida High School Athletic Association]] (FHSAA) | accreditation = [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools|SACS]]<br>[[Southern Association of Independent Schools|SAIS]] | tuition = Sukulu ya pasi: $26,740<br>Sukulu yapakati: $32,474<br>Sukulu yapachanya: $38,595<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/admission/tuition-and-financial-assistance|title=Tuition & Financial Assistance|website=thebenjaminschool.org|access-date=February 13, 2025}}</ref> | location = 11000 Ellison Wilson Road <br /> [[North Palm Beach]], [[Florida|FL]] 33408 <small>(PK3-8)</small> <br /> 4875 Grandiflora Road <br /> [[Palm Beach Gardens]], [[Florida|FL]] 33418 <small>(9–12)</small> <br /> [[United States]] | website = {{URL|https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/}} }} '''The Benjamin School''' ni [[Sukulu yapayekha|sukulu yapayekha]], [[sukulu yakusambizga ŵanalume na ŵanakazi|yakusambizga ŵanalume na ŵanakazi]], kweniso [[sukulu yakunozgekera ku koleji]] iyo yili na malo ghaŵiri mu [[Palm Beach County, Florida]], [[United States]]. Sukulu iyi yikusambizga ŵana 1,284 kufuma ku [[sukulu yakwamba|pre-kindergarten]] m'paka ku [[sukulu ya 12|giredi ya 12]]. Yili na chiphaso kufuma ku Florida Council of Independent Schools na Florida Kindergarten Council, Southern Association of Independent Schools, kweniso [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership Directory – Florida Council of Independent Schools |url=https://www.fcis.org/membership/membership-directory |website=www.fcis.org |accessdate=7 December 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114184909/https://www.fcis.org/membership/membership-directory |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin School – SAIS |url=https://www.sais.org/members/?id=32380507 |website=www.sais.org |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AdvancED – Institution Summary |url=http://www.advanc-ed.org/oasis2/u/par/accreditation/summary?institutionId=40574 |website=www.advanc-ed.org |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref> Malipiro gha sukulu mu chaka cha sukulu cha 2025{{endash}}2026 ghakufuma pa $18,257 pa masambiro gha ŵana ŵachoko gha hafu ya zuŵa kufika pa $38,595 ku ŵana ŵa ku sekondare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuition and Financial Assistance|url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/admission/tuition-and-financial-assistance|website=The Benjamin School |accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> ==Mbiri na malo gha sukulu== The Benjamin School yikakhazikiskika mu 1960 pasi pa zina la '''North Palm Beach Private School''' na banja la Marshall na Nancy Benjamin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DiPaolo |first1=Bill |title=Nancy Benjamin, co-founder of Benjamin School, dies |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/nancy-benjamin-founder-benjamin-school-dies/TGje3UHUQIbJWt1a83WAUJ/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=7 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Yikaŵa mu garaji ya magalimoto ghatatu.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 28 Most Beautiful High School Campuses in Florida |url=https://www.aceable.com/blog/the-28-most-beautiful-high-school-campuses-in-florida |website=Aceable |accessdate=8 December 2018 |date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga chaka chose ku Palm Beach chikasazgikiranga ndipo mbumba ya Benjamin yikapokera vyawanangwa kufuma ku mbumba zamasambiro zapachanya izo mphanyi zikatuma ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu zakukhala.<ref>{{cite web |title=More Schools |url=http://www.pbchistoryonline.org/page/more-schools |website=www.pbchistoryonline.org |accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> Mu 1974, magiredi gha chiŵiri na chinkhondi na chiŵiri (seventh na eighth) ghakasazgikako na chilato chakuti sukulu iyi yikure kufika ku sekondare. Gulu lakwamba la ŵana ŵa sekondare likamara masambiro mu 1979.<ref name="50th">{{cite web |title=The Benjamin School 50-Year Anniversary Book |url=https://issuu.com/benjaminschool/docs/50th_anniversary_book |website=Issuu |date=12 April 2016 |accessdate=7 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2005, vigaŵa vya pulogiramu yinyake ya [[My Super Sweet 16]] iyo yikaŵa na musambiri wa ku Benjamin vikajambulika kuwaro kwa sukulu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yee |first1=Ivette M. |title=JUPITER TEEN'S PARTY ON MTV ... OTHERS CAN'T HOLD A CANDLE TO IT |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2005-08-15-0508140132-story.html |website=Sun-Sentinel.com |access-date=21 March 2021 |date=15 August 2005}}</ref> Sukulu iyi yikazenga situdiyo ya kupanga ma TV gha digito mu 2011 pamoza na kusazgako masambiro gha upharazgi wa pa wayilesi na kupanga ma TV na mafilimu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Kevin |title=Benjamin School to unveil high-tech TV news studio |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/education/benjamin-school-unveil-high-tech-news-studio/v66Ch0gFStZdlRQ4cUs0qI/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=8 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2014, The Benjamin School yikamba pulogiramu ya kusintha sukulu iyo yikawuska pafupifupi $40 miliyoni kuti yilipire Benjamin Hall yakuchitira maseŵero gha luso, malo ghakuzemberapo mu maji, nyumba ya maseŵero, nyumba ya magulu gha maseŵero, na Maglio Family [[Sayansi, tekinoloje, uinjiniya, na masamu|STEM]] Center.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DiPaolo |first1=Bill |title=$11 million Benjamin Hall opens Saturday in Palm Beach Gardens |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/11-million-benjamin-hall-opens-saturday-in-palm-be/nkfy7/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=8 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=STEM facility on track to open by 2019 |url=https://www.wpbf.com/article/stem-facility-on-track-to-open-by-2019/23134367 |website=WPBF |accessdate=8 December 2018 |language=en |date=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Private school in Florida plans a $3.6 million science center |url=https://www.asumag.com/new-construction/private-school-florida-plans-36-million-science-center |website=American School & University |accessdate=8 December 2018 |date=3 August 2017}}</ref> [[Kusuzgika kwa chimphepo cha pa 21–23 January 2017#Chakuchitika cha pa 23 January|Chimphepo cha mu January 2017 mu Florida]] chikaparanya chomene sitediyamu ya bola ya sukulu iyi. Kunozga kukamara pafupi chaka chimoza kufuma apo chikachitikira.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Jodie |title=Benjamin stadium repairs won't be complete in time for Kickoff Classic |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/sports/high-school-football/benjamin-stadium-repairs-won-complete-time-for-kickoff-classic/x5R6RbMllnOfzS2rLucd2I/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=8 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Mu January 2018, sukulu iyi yikasintha kufuma ku ŵalinda ŵambura vilwero kuya ku ŵalinda awo ŵali na vilwero. Masukulu ghanandi agho ghali pafupi nayo ghakachitako nthena chifukwa cha [[kuwukira kwa sukulu ya sekondare ya Stoneman Douglas]] mu mwezi wakulongozga.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clough |first1=Alexandra |title=How Palm Beach County private schools handle security |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/business/how-palm-beach-county-private-schools-handle-security/FHCfVUiRDOojujxKZTfpDI/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=7 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Pa nyengo ya [[mliri wa COVID-19]], sukulu iyi yikapokera ngongoli ya $3.1 miliyoni kufuma ku boma la United States kwizira mu [[Paycheck Protection Program]], iyo yikapangika kuti yovwire mabizinesi ghachoko agho ghakaŵa mu masuzgo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stapleton |first1=Christine |title=Big churches, elite law firms, private schools get COVID loans |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/coronavirus/2020/07/10/big-churches-elite-law-firms-private-schools-get-covid-loans/112126490/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> Chifukwa chikuru cha mliri uwu, sukulu iyi yikati mapempho ghakusambira ghakasazgikira kaŵiri kufuma mu 2017 mpaka 2022 ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵakusambira chikakwera kufuma pa 1,051 kufika pa 1,284.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Modi |first1=Priyanka |title=Palm Beach Resi Sales Delayed Due to Full Private Schools |url=https://therealdeal.com/miami/2022/09/07/mansions-on-hold-deals-delayed-because-palm-beach-private-schools-at-capacity/?irclickid=TjAzuWSvrxyNRuAR1KVn735NUkASQqxBo0-cwk0 |website=The Real Deal |access-date=23 May 2023 |language=en |date=7 September 2022}}</ref> ==Ŵanthu ŵa sukulu== Ŵanthu ŵa sukulu ya The Benjamin School mu makalasi gha K-12 mu chaka cha sukulu cha 2019–20 ŵakaŵa 79% [[Ŵazungu|Ŵazungu]], 4% [[ŴaHispanic|ŴaHispanic]], 3.8% [[ŴaAfirika|ŴaAfirika]], 3.7% [[ŴaAsia na ŴaPacific Islander|ŴaAsia/ŴaPacific Islander]], ndipo 8.4% ŵakaŵa ŵamitundu yakupambanapambana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pss/privateschoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&SchoolName=Benjamin&NumOfStudentsRange=more&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1&ID=00260375|title=The Benjamin School|author=|date=|website=nces.ed.gov|accessdate=23 May 2023}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusambira pa sukulu iyi sono panji awo ŵakafumapo kale kuŵa ŵakuchita maseŵera gha gofu pa ntchito, awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Palm Beach, ŵakutuma ŵana ŵawo ku sukulu iyi, kusazgapo [[Jack Nicklaus]], [[Tiger Woods]], na [[Greg Norman]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Golf's Hot Spot |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/gwar-palm-beach-rosaforte-0304 |website=Golf Digest |accessdate=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Dave |title=Golf world's capital? Palm Beach County area has a strong case |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/article/20120226/SPORTS/812016789 |website=The Palm Beach Post |accessdate=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bastable |first1=Alan |title=What's Charlie Woods' golf game like? We asked his high school coach |url=https://golf.com/news/charlie-woods-golf-game-high-school-coach/ |website=Golf |access-date=3 January 2024 |date=13 December 2023}}</ref> ==Masambiro== Ŵasambiri ŵa Benjamin ŵangasankha masambiro ghanandi, kusazgapo masambiro 23 gha [[Advanced Placement|AP]] na masambiro 16 gha ulemu.<ref name="pbcedu">{{cite web |title=Points of Pride |url=http://www.pbcedu.org/points-of-pride/|website=www.pbcedu.org |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref> Vyakukhumbikwa kuti munthu wamalizge sukulu ya sekondare ni masukulu 4 gha [[chiyowoyelo cha Chingelezi]], masukulu 4 gha [[masamu]], masukulu 3.5 gha [[sayansi]], masukulu 3 gha [[masambiro gha vya ŵanthu]], sukulu 1 ya [[vyakupanga vya lusungu]], na masukulu 0.5 gha [[sayansi ya kompyuta]]. Ŵasambiri wose ŵakwenera kumalizga [[ntchito yakusambira|ntchito yakusambira pa malo gha ntchito]] ya masabata ghaŵiri mu chaka chawo cha junior panji senior. Ndondomeko ya viyowoyelo vya charu yikwamba mu pre-kindergarten na masambiro gha Chitchayinizi, [[Chifurenchi]], na [[Chisipanishi]] sabata yiliyose. Mu giredi la chakwamba, ŵasambiri ŵakusankha chiyowoyelo icho ŵakwenera kusambira mpaka giredi la chinkhondi. Ŵasambiri ŵa middle na upper school ŵangasankha kulutilira na chiyowoyelo chenechicho panji kusankha chinyake. Kusambira kwa vyaka vitatu vyakulondezgana mu chiyowoyelo chimoza kukukhumbikwa kuti munthu wamalizge sukulu ya sekondare. [[Niche (kampani)|Niche]] yikati Benjamin ni sukulu ya chipayiveti ya nambara yitatu mu chigaŵa cha Palm Beach County mu 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explore The Benjamin School |url=https://www.niche.com/k12/the-benjamin-school-north-palm-beach-fl/ |website=Niche |accessdate=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Ŵasambiri awo ŵamalizga sukulu ŵali na mbiri ya 100% yakuzomerezgeka ku makoleji.<ref name="pbcedu" /> ==Vyakuchita kuwaro kwa masambiro== ===Vyakupanga vya lusungu=== Ŵasambiri ŵangasangika mu kwaya, gulu la sumu, kilabu ya maseŵero, panji timu ya kuvina. Gulu la kuvina "The Dazzlers" likuchita vyakuvina pa maseŵero ghose gha mpira wa sukulu kweniso pa vyakuchitika vinyake pa sukulu. Dipatimenti ya vyakupanga vya lusungu yikupanga vyakuchitika vinandi mu chaka. ===Maseŵero=== The Benjamin Buccaneers ŵakuchita mpikisano mu [[Florida High School Athletic Association|FHSAA]], Class 4A – Region R4. Pa maseŵero gha mpira, ŵali mu Southeastern Football Conference, gulu la sukulu za chipayiveti za ku Florida.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herald |first1=Miami |title=Southeastern Football Conference Makes A Splash {{!}} High School Sports Blog |url=https://miamiherald.typepad.com/hssports/2014/11/southeastern-football-conference-makes-a-splash.html |website=miamiherald.typepad.com |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref> Ŵasambiri ŵa sukulu ya sekondare ŵangasambira maseŵero nga ni [[baseball]], [[basketball]], [[bowling]], [[cheerleading]], [[kuthamanga pa malo ghataligho|cross-country]], [[mpira wa ku America|mpira wa ku America]], [[gofu]], [[lacrosse]], [[mpira wa malundi]], [[softball]], [[kusambira (maseŵero)|kusambira]], [[tenesi]], [[kuthamanga na kurwa vinthu|track and field]], [[volleyball]], na [[wrestling]]. Kuti ŵamalizge sukulu, ŵakwenera kusambira masemesita ghaŵiri gha [[masambiro gha thupi|PE]] panji kuseŵera maseŵero kwa nyengo ziŵiri. ===Mabuku na vyakulemba=== Nyuzipepara ya ŵasambiri ni ''The Pharcyde''. Mu 2012, yikapika zina lakuti Nyuzipepara Yakuluska Chomene ya Sukulu za Chipayiveti/Za tchalitchi mu America na American Scholastic Press Association.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paine |first1=Chris |title=Academia: Benjamin School wins national newspaper award |url=https://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/article/20120602/NEWS/306029851 |website=Palm Beach Daily News |accessdate=7 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Sukulu iyi ya pa TV, BTV N3WS, yikapokera chawanangwa cha All-Florida Publication kufuma ku [[Florida Scholastic Press Association]] mu 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=FSPA – All Florida |url=https://fspa.wildapricot.org/page-18192 |website=fspa.wildapricot.org |accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref> ==Ŵasambiri ŵakumanyikwa na awo ŵakamalizga sukulu== [[File:US Rep. Tom Rooney.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Tom Rooney, mjumbe wa nyumba ya malango ya United States]] * [[Ryan Berube]], '92, wakusambira pa maji uyo wakatora mendulo ya golide pa Olimpiki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/page/news-detail?pk=919417|title= OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALIST RYAN BERUBE '92 VISITS UPPER SCHOOL|last=Aiello|first=Kathy|date=2017-03-23|website=www.thebenjaminschool.org|publisher=The Benjamin School|access-date=2018-12-07 |quote=}}</ref> * [[Chauncey Bowens]], '24, wakuseŵera malo gha [[running back]] ku [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia Bulldogs]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=Eric J. |title=Benjamin running back Chauncey Bowens commits to Florida Gators |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/high-school/2022/09/18/chauncey-bowens-benjamin-running-back-commits-florida-gators/10419834002/ |date=2022-09-18 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=The Palm Beach Post |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chris Cocotos]], '90, wakaseŵera tennis wa pa ntchito kale<ref>{{cite web |title=BENJAMIN'S COCOTOS CHOOSES BRAZIL OVER STATE TENNIS MEET |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1989-04-14-8901190942-story.html |website=Sun Sentinel |date=14 April 1989 |access-date=13 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Brennan Curtin]], '99, museŵera wa NFL<ref name="athletics">{{cite web |title=The Benjamin School Alumni Accomplishments in the Arts |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/alumni/alumni-accomplishments-in-athletics# |website=www.thebenjaminschool.org |accessdate=18 May 2020}}</ref> * [[Kaiir Elam]], '19, wakuseŵera malo gha [[cornerback]] ku [[Dallas Cowboys]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Four-star Cornerback Kaiir Elam Commits to UF On National Signing Day |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/news-detail?pk=1069495 |website=The Benjamin School |accessdate=14 October 2020 |language=en |date=6 February 2019}}</ref> * [[Erlana Larkins]], '04, museŵera wa WNBA<ref name="athletics" /> * [[Micah Mays Jr.]], '23, wakuseŵera mpira wa ku koleji pa malo gha wide receiver ku [[Florida Gators football|Florida Gators]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Curreri |first1=Gary |title=Palm Beach 2A-1A boys track and field athlete of the year: Micah Mays, Benjamin junior |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2022/06/18/palm-beach-2a-1a-boys-track-and-field-athlete-of-the-year-micah-mays-benjamin-junior/ |website=Sun Sentinel |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=8 June 2026}}</ref> * [[Brooke Mueller]], msambizgani<ref>{{cite web |last=Marr |first=Madeleine |title=Palm Beach socialite ID'ed as mystery woman cops questioned in Matthew Perry's death |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/miami-com-news/article289557684.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=[[Miami Herald]]}}</ref> * [[Tom Rooney (Florida politician)|Tom Rooney]], '89, wakale [[United States House of Representatives|mjumbe wa nyumba ya malango ya United States]] wa {{ushr|FL|17}} ndipo sono ni trustee wa sukulu<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/local/benjamin-school-honor-alumnus-rooney/ZwfHC7nXeZYnn8KE0PU4UM/|title=Benjamin School to honor alumnus Rooney|last=Wagner|first=Jodie|date=2013-05-21|website=www.palmbeachpost.com|publisher=The Palm Beach Post|access-date=2018-12-07 |quote=}}</ref> * [[Bennett Sousa]], '14, wakutaya bola mu MLB<ref>{{cite web |last1=Berman |first1=Marc |title=Benjamin's Bennett Sousa returns home to fight for place in Houston Astros bullpen |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/sports/2024/02/19/benjamins-bennett-sousa-returns-home-to-fight-for-place-with-astros/72642697007/ |website=The Palm Beach Post |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> * [[Mark Swift and Damian Shannon|Mark Swift]], '88, mulembi wa mafilimu gha ''[[Freddy vs. Jason]]'' na [[Friday the 13th (2009 film)|filimu yakupangikaso ya 2009 ya ''Friday the 13th'']]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/page/news-detail?pk=971576|title= HOLLYWOOD SCREENWRITER MARK SWIFT '88 NAMED 2014 DISTINGUISHED ALUMNUS|last=Aiello|first=Kathy|date=2014-05-22|website=www.thebenjaminschool.org|publisher=The Benjamin School|access-date=2018-12-07 |quote=}}</ref> * [[Jordan Travis]], '18, wakale museŵera wa mpira wa pa ntchito<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TravJo00.htm|title=Jordan Travis|publisher=[[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]|access-date=July 14, 2025}}</ref> * [[Kai Trump]], '26, museŵera gofu, muzukuru wa [[Donald Trump]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/local/pbgardens/2025/05/15/benjamin-school-florida-trump-woods/83597719007/|title=Tiger Woods' kids go there and so does Kai Trump. What to know about The Benjamin School|last=Washburn|first=Maya|date=May 15, 2025|website=[[The Palm Beach Post]]|access-date=July 14, 2025}}</ref> * [[Charlie Woods (golfer, born 2009)|Charlie Axel Woods]], '27, museŵera gofu, mwana wa [[Tiger Woods]] ==Ŵasambizgi na ŵalongozgi ŵakumanyikwa== * [[Jack Armstrong (baseball)|Jack Armstrong]], wakale museŵera wa [[MLB]] wakaponya bola, wakasankhika kuŵa mphunzitsi mukuru wa baseball mu 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lichtenstein |first1=Adam |title=Benjamin names former Major Leaguer Jack Armstrong head baseball coach |url=http://highschoolbuzz.blog.palmbeachpost.com/2017/08/23/baseball-benjamin-hires-former-major-league-pitcher-jack-armstrong-as-new-head-coach/ |website=Palm Beach Post |accessdate=9 January 2019 |date=23 August 2017}}</ref> * [[Mike Schmidt]], wakuseŵera wa pachanya wachitatu uyo wali mu Hall of Fame, wakasambizga baseball ya junior varsity mu 1994<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1994/03/06/schmidt-s-slumpbuster-strikes-out-with-phillies/ |title=Schmidt's Slumpbuster strikes out with Phillies |website=Tampa Bay Times |accessdate=10 September 2023 |date=March 6, 1994}}</ref> * [[Darren Lowe (lacrosse)|Darren Lowe]], wakale museŵera wa lacrosse wa pa ntchito, wakasankhika kuŵa mphunzitsi mukuru wa lacrosse mu 2017. Ndiyo wali trustee wa sukulu.<ref>{{cite web |title=DARREN LOWE ASSUMES POSITION AS BENJAMIN'S HEAD LACROSSE COACH |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/page/news-detail?pk=960705 |website=The Benjamin School |accessdate=11 January 2019 |date=20 October 2017}}</ref> * [[Jack Nicklaus]], museŵera gofu uyo wali kuleka, ni trustee emeritus.<ref name=trustee>{{cite web |title=Our Trustees |url=https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/page/about/our-community/our-trustees |website=www.thebenjaminschool.org |accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref> * [[Tom Rooney (Florida politician)|Tom Rooney]], wandale wa Florida na uyo wakamalizga sukulu iyi, ni trustee sono.<ref name=trustee /> * [[Dirk Edward Ziff]] ni trustee sono.<ref name=trustee /> * [[Eric Kresser]], wakale quarterback wa NFL, wakasankhika kuŵa mphunzitsi mukuru wa mpira mu 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Gators QB, Benjamin coach Eric Kresser praises FSU coach Mike Norvell |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ex-gators-qb-benjamin-coach-212515430.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=8 September 2024 |date=1 February 2024}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Intaneti == *{{Official website|https://www.thebenjaminschool.org/}} {{coord|26.83824|-80.06363|type:edu_globe:earth_region:US-FL|display=title}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Benjamin School}} <!--- Magulu ---> [[Category:Masukulu ghapachanya gha munthu mu Florida]] [[Category:Vyakusambira ivyo vikakhazikiskika mu 1960]] [[Category:Masukulu ghapachanya mu Palm Beach County, Florida]] [[Category:Masukulu ghapakati gha munthu mu Florida]] [[Category:Masukulu gha pulayimale gha munthu mu Florida]] [[Category:Vyakukhazikiska vya 1960 mu Florida]] naqb2vtzkw89721m0nwsteqo9zdqluu 0 47954 117460 2026-07-16T13:20:09Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Redirected page to [[Sukulu ya Benjamin]] 117460 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ Sukulu ya Benjamin]] __STATICREDIRECT__ 4w9i93ak5ttn7hdtess9nt1zpysujwn 14 47955 117463 2026-07-16T13:29:43Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117463 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 47956 117464 2026-07-16T13:29:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117464 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 47957 117465 2025-11-10T16:12:02Z en>Bearcat 0 117465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Maintenance category|hidden=true}} {{Backlog|100}} {{polluted category}} '''Category:Sidebars with styles needing conversion''' is a maintenance category to identify templates and modules using a sidebar with an argument with the word 'style' in it (or the 'width' parameter). The specific parameters are listed at {{slink|Template:Sidebar#Deprecated parameters}}. This category will only appear on templates and modules which do not have the words "testcase", "sandbox", and "doc" in their titles. These templates should be fixed to use [[Wikipedia:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] ([[Template:Sidebar#TemplateStyles|sidebar documentation]]) using {{para|templatestyles}}, {{para|child templatestyles}}, and {{para|grandchild templatestyles}} where appropriate. See sidebar documentation for some quick rules of thumb. A specific real conversion example is [[Template:DYK tools]] where the [[Special:Diff/1002727584|styles were moved]] to [[Template:DYK tools/styles.css]]. An example of two kinds of template that will trigger this category is: <div style="display: flex"> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Sidebar | title = Title | style = width: 18em; }} </syntaxhighlight> {{Sidebar | title = Title | style = width: 18em; margin-right: 1em }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Sidebar | title = Title | headingstyle = background: green; | heading1 = Header1 | content1 = Content1 }} </syntaxhighlight> {{Sidebar | title = Title | headingstyle = background: green; | heading1 = Header1 | content1 = Content1 }} </div> {{Automatic category TOC}} [[Category:Templates to be standardized]] [[Category:Sidebar templates]] qwaqdr0d1l483f2gqjk9kj4d6mnfhi7 117466 117465 2026-07-16T13:30:18Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Category:Sidebars_with_styles_needing_conversion]] 117465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Maintenance category|hidden=true}} {{Backlog|100}} {{polluted category}} '''Category:Sidebars with styles needing conversion''' is a maintenance category to identify templates and modules using a sidebar with an argument with the word 'style' in it (or the 'width' parameter). The specific parameters are listed at {{slink|Template:Sidebar#Deprecated parameters}}. This category will only appear on templates and modules which do not have the words "testcase", "sandbox", and "doc" in their titles. These templates should be fixed to use [[Wikipedia:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] ([[Template:Sidebar#TemplateStyles|sidebar documentation]]) using {{para|templatestyles}}, {{para|child templatestyles}}, and {{para|grandchild templatestyles}} where appropriate. See sidebar documentation for some quick rules of thumb. A specific real conversion example is [[Template:DYK tools]] where the [[Special:Diff/1002727584|styles were moved]] to [[Template:DYK tools/styles.css]]. An example of two kinds of template that will trigger this category is: <div style="display: flex"> <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Sidebar | title = Title | style = width: 18em; }} </syntaxhighlight> {{Sidebar | title = Title | style = width: 18em; margin-right: 1em }} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{Sidebar | title = Title | headingstyle = background: green; | heading1 = Header1 | content1 = Content1 }} </syntaxhighlight> {{Sidebar | title = Title | headingstyle = background: green; | heading1 = Header1 | content1 = Content1 }} </div> {{Automatic category TOC}} [[Category:Templates to be standardized]] [[Category:Sidebar templates]] qwaqdr0d1l483f2gqjk9kj4d6mnfhi7 10 47958 117467 2026-07-16T13:42:21Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "<noinclude>{{Navbox |name = Cities and settlements of Lusaka |title = Cities and settlements of [[Lusaka]] |state = collapsed |listclass = hlist }}</noinclude><includeonly>{{Navbox |name = Cities and settlements of Lusaka |title = Cities and settlements of [[Lusaka]] |state = {{{state|collapsed}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = A–C |list1 = * [[Balmoral, Lusaka|Balmoral]] * [[Ben Kashiya, Lusaka|Ben Kashiya]] * [[Buckleys, Lusaka|Buckleys]] * [[Bunga, Lusaka|Bunga]] * [..." 117467 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Navbox |name = Cities and settlements of Lusaka |title = Cities and settlements of [[Lusaka]] |state = collapsed |listclass = hlist }}</noinclude><includeonly>{{Navbox |name = Cities and settlements of Lusaka |title = Cities and settlements of [[Lusaka]] |state = {{{state|collapsed}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = A–C |list1 = * [[Balmoral, Lusaka|Balmoral]] * [[Ben Kashiya, Lusaka|Ben Kashiya]] * [[Buckleys, Lusaka|Buckleys]] * [[Bunga, Lusaka|Bunga]] * [[Catchya, Lusaka|Catchya]] * [[Chainda, Lusaka|Chainda]] * [[Chaisa, Lusaka|Chaisa]] * [[Chakufola, Lusaka|Chakufola]] * [[Chakwenga, Lusaka|Chakwenga]] * [[Chalaleto, Lusaka|Chalaleto]] * [[Chaledzela, Lusaka|Chaledzela]] * [[Chalimbana, Lusaka|Chalimbana]] * [[Chapindula, Lusaka|Chapindula]] * [[Chapita, Lusaka|Chapita]] * [[Chawama, Lusaka|Chawama]] * [[Chelston, Lusaka|Chelston]] * [[Chiawa, Lusaka|Chiawa]] * [[Chiawa Mataka, Lusaka|Chiawa Mataka]] * [[Chibolya, Lusaka|Chibolya]] * [[Chifungula, Lusaka|Chifungula]] * [[Chikoko, Lusaka|Chikoko]] * [[Chikomeshu, Lusaka|Chikomeshu]] * [[Chikonkota, Lusaka|Chikonkota]] * [[Chikumbi, Lusaka|Chikumbi]] * [[Chikupi, Lusaka|Chikupi]] * [[Chilanga Township, Lusaka|Chilanga Township]] * [[Chilenje, Lusaka|Chilenje]] * [[Chilenje South, Lusaka|Chilenje South]] * [[Chilongolo, Lusaka|Chilongolo]] * [[Chimpekete, Lusaka|Chimpekete]] * [[Chimukuzi, Lusaka|Chimukuzi]] * [[Chimusanya, Lusaka|Chimusanya]] * [[Chindalo, Lusaka|Chindalo]] * [[Chindewere, Lusaka|Chindewere]] * [[Chingela, Lusaka|Chingela]] * [[Chinkuli, Lusaka|Chinkuli]] * [[Chinzete, Lusaka|Chinzete]] * [[Chiogoma, Lusaka|Chiogoma]] * [[Chiota, Lusaka|Chiota]] * [[Chipanama, Lusaka|Chipanama]] * [[Chipebete, Lusaka|Chipebete]] * [[Chipindani, Lusaka|Chipindani]] * [[Chipongwe, Lusaka|Chipongwe]] * [[Chipungu, Lusaka|Chipungu]] * [[Chipwalu, Lusaka|Chipwalu]] * [[Chipwenupwenu, Lusaka|Chipwenupwenu]] * [[Chisankane, Lusaka|Chisankane]] * [[Chisotoka, Lusaka|Chisotoka]] * [[Chitanga, Lusaka|Chitanga]] * [[Chitope, Lusaka|Chitope]] * [[Chiwala, Lusaka|Chiwala]] * [[Chombela, Lusaka|Chombela]] * [[Chonga, Lusaka|Chonga]] * [[Chongwe, Lusaka|Chongwe]] * [[Chunga, Lusaka|Chunga]] |group2 = E–K |list2 = * [[Emmasdale, Lusaka|Emmasdale]] * [[Foxdale Estates, Lusaka|Foxdale Estates]] * [[Gideon, Lusaka|Gideon]] * [[Gilingi, Lusaka|Gilingi]] * [[Hereford, Lusaka|Hereford]] * [[Jaffwa, Lusaka|Jaffwa]] * [[James Mwanga, Lusaka|James Mwanga]] * [[Jeki, Lusaka|Jeki]] * [[John Laing, Lusaka|John Laing]] * [[Jonas Chidyowe, Lusaka|Jonas Chidyowe]] * [[Joseph, Lusaka|Joseph]] * [[Kabulonga, Lusaka|Kabulonga]] * [[Kabwata, Lusaka|Kabwata]] * [[Kabwatu, Lusaka|Kabwatu]] * [[Kachinka, Lusaka|Kachinka]] * [[Kadiabanyama, Lusaka|Kadiabanyama]] * [[Kafue, Lusaka|Kafue]] * [[Kakunumakuna, Lusaka|Kakunumakuna]] * [[Kalimokwende, Lusaka|Kalimokwende]] * [[Kalingalinga, Lusaka|Kalingalinga]] * [[Kalulu, Lusaka|Kalulu]] * [[Kamanula, Lusaka|Kamanula]] * [[Kamatete, Lusaka|Kamatete]] * [[Kamenya Wukanga, Lusaka|Kamenya Wukanga]] * [[Kampulu, Lusaka|Kampulu]] * [[Kamulanga, Lusaka|Kamulanga]] * [[Kamwala, Lusaka|Kamwala]] * [[Kamwaya, Lusaka|Kamwaya]] * [[Kanchilinga, Lusaka|Kanchilinga]] * [[Kangombe, Lusaka|Kangombe]] * [[Kanyama, Lusaka|Kanyama]] * [[Kapin, Lusaka|Kapin]] * [[Kapini, Lusaka|Kapini]] * [[Kapiri, Lusaka|Kapiri]] * [[Kapoche, Lusaka|Kapoche]] * [[Kapoteshia, Lusaka|Kapoteshia]] * [[Kapubi Phillip, Lusaka|Kapubi Phillip]] * [[Kapuka, Lusaka|Kapuka]] * [[Karoma, Lusaka|Karoma]] * [[Karubwe, Lusaka|Karubwe]] * [[Kasala Tiki, Lusaka|Kasala Tiki]] * [[Kasamu Kalamfu, Lusaka|Kasamu Kalamfu]] * [[Kashimba Shitima, Lusaka|Kashimba Shitima]] * [[Kashiya, Lusaka|Kashiya]] * [[Kasinsa, Lusaka|Kasinsa]] * [[Kasisi, Lusaka|Kasisi]] * [[Kasoko, Lusaka|Kasoko]] * [[Kasolo, Lusaka|Kasolo]] * [[Kasonde, Lusaka|Kasonde]] * [[Katondwe, Lusaka|Katondwe]] * [[Kaunda Square Stage II, Lusaka|Kaunda Square Stage II]] * [[Kavimba Mukuta, Lusaka|Kavimba Mukuta]] * [[Kawoye, Lusaka|Kawoye]] * [[Kengeluka, Lusaka|Kengeluka]] * [[Kokowe, Lusaka|Kokowe]] * [[Konkwa, Lusaka|Konkwa]] * [[Kumbula, Lusaka|Kumbula]] * [[Kwakwaya, Lusaka|Kwakwaya]] |group3 = L–M |list3 = * [[Libala, Lusaka|Libala]] * [[Liempi, Lusaka|Liempi]] * [[Lifumpa, Lusaka|Lifumpa]] * [[Likanda, Lusaka|Likanda]] * [[Lilayi, Lusaka|Lilayi]] * [[Lisuka, Lusaka|Lisuka]] * [[Longwait, Lusaka|Longwait]] * [[Luangwa, Lusaka|Luangwa]] * [[Lukata, Lusaka|Lukata]] * [[Lukwipa, Lusaka|Lukwipa]] * [[Lumwayo, Lusaka|Lumwayo]] * [[Lusaka, Lusaka|Lusaka]] * [[Lusaka West, Lusaka|Lusaka West]] * [[Luvemba, Lusaka|Luvemba]] * [[Luwinga, Lusaka|Luwinga]] * [[Lyabunga, Lusaka|Lyabunga]] * [[Madido, Lusaka|Madido]] * [[Mafuta, Lusaka|Mafuta]] * [[Majuaneti, Lusaka|Majuaneti]] * [[Makapandula, Lusaka|Makapandula]] * [[Makeni, Lusaka|Makeni]] * [[Malaika, Lusaka|Malaika]] * [[Malaya Chindalo, Lusaka|Malaya Chindalo]] * [[Malaya Tembo, Lusaka|Malaya Tembo]] * [[Maluwe, Lusaka|Maluwe]] * [[Manambwere, Lusaka|Manambwere]] * [[Mankombwe, Lusaka|Mankombwe]] * [[Manwele Simon, Lusaka|Manwele Simon]] * [[Manyama, Lusaka|Manyama]] * [[Maoma, Lusaka|Maoma]] * [[Mapepi, Lusaka|Mapepi]] * [[Mapiri, Lusaka|Mapiri]] * [[Maruvila, Lusaka|Maruvila]] * [[Matawu, Lusaka|Matawu]] * [[Matero, Lusaka|Matero]] * [[Mbelenga, Lusaka|Mbelenga]] * [[Mbofwana, Lusaka|Mbofwana]] * [[Mburuma, Lusaka|Mburuma]] * [[Mchakaluka, Lusaka|Mchakaluka]] * [[Membe, Lusaka|Membe]] * [[Menenge, Lusaka|Menenge]] * [[Million Matawu, Lusaka|Million Matawu]] * [[Mimosa, Lusaka|Mimosa]] * [[Mkamalwe, Lusaka|Mkamalwe]] * [[Moshoba, Lusaka|Moshoba]] * [[Mpanshya, Lusaka|Mpanshya]] * [[Mpape Friday, Lusaka|Mpape Friday]] * [[Mpase, Lusaka|Mpase]] * [[Mpazangwe, Lusaka|Mpazangwe]] * [[Mpuka, Lusaka|Mpuka]] * [[Muchinga, Lusaka|Muchinga]] * [[Muchombo, Lusaka|Muchombo]] * [[Mufweshia, Lusaka|Mufweshia]] * [[Mukabi, Lusaka|Mukabi]] * [[Mukopola, Lusaka|Mukopola]] * [[Mukowera, Lusaka|Mukowera]] * [[Mukunku, Lusaka|Mukunku]] * [[Mukunya, Lusaka|Mukunya]] * [[Mulamba, Lusaka|Mulamba]] * [[Muleba, Lusaka|Muleba]] * [[Mulelewa, Lusaka|Mulelewa]] * [[Mulofwa, Lusaka|Mulofwa]] * [[Mulunga, Lusaka|Mulunga]] * [[Mumuni, Lusaka|Mumuni]] * [[Munali, Lusaka|Munali]] * [[Mungule, Lusaka|Mungule]] * [[Munkuli, Lusaka|Munkuli]] * [[Munyenya, Lusaka|Munyenya]] * [[Muobela, Lusaka|Muobela]] * [[Mupya, Lusaka|Mupya]] * [[Mushongentende, Lusaka|Mushongentende]] * [[Musopelo, Lusaka|Musopelo]] * [[Musukambale, Lusaka|Musukambale]] * [[Musumpuka, Lusaka|Musumpuka]] * [[Mutendere, Lusaka|Mutendere]] * [[Mutentami, Lusaka|Mutentami]] * [[Mutepuka, Lusaka|Mutepuka]] * [[Muyanga Mpwaya, Lusaka|Muyanga Mpwaya]] * [[Mvuti, Lusaka|Mvuti]] * [[Mwajiaga, Lusaka|Mwajiaga]] * [[Mwala, Lusaka|Mwala]] * [[Mwambi, Lusaka|Mwambi]] * [[Mwambula, Lusaka|Mwambula]] * [[Mwanakifumo, Lusaka|Mwanakifumo]] * [[Mwanduwa, Lusaka|Mwanduwa]] * [[Mwanza, Lusaka|Mwanza]] * [[Mwavi, Lusaka|Mwavi]] * [[Mwemba, Lusaka|Mwemba]] * [[Mwembeshi, Lusaka|Mwembeshi]] * [[Mwenshangombe, Lusaka|Mwenshangombe]] * [[Mwioba, Lusaka|Mwioba]] * [[Mwiri, Lusaka|Mwiri]] * [[Mwuola, Lusaka|Mwuola]] |group4 = N–Y |list4 = * [[Namalombwe, Lusaka|Namalombwe]] * [[Namiyowa, Lusaka|Namiyowa]] * [[Nchinkwo, Lusaka|Nchinkwo]] * [[Ndopu, Lusaka|Ndopu]] * [[Ngawa, Lusaka|Ngawa]] * [[Ngolika, Lusaka|Ngolika]] * [[Nguluka, Lusaka|Nguluka]] * [[Njerenje, Lusaka|Njerenje]] * [[Nkoloma, Lusaka|Nkoloma]] * [[Nkomeshya, Lusaka|Nkomeshya]] * [[Nsingkanga, Lusaka|Nsingkanga]] * [[Ntandabale, Lusaka|Ntandabale]] * [[Ntiramulowa, Lusaka|Ntiramulowa]] * [[Nyalambwa, Lusaka|Nyalambwa]] * [[Nyampandu, Lusaka|Nyampandu]] * [[Nyukato, Lusaka|Nyukato]] * [[Olympia Park, Lusaka|Olympia Park]] * [[Palabana, Lusaka|Palabana]] * [[Ridgeway, Lusaka|Ridgeway]] * [[Roma, Lusaka|Roma]] * [[Rufunsa, Lusaka|Rufunsa]] * [[Sabao Chapita, Lusaka|Sabao Chapita]] * [[Sabola, Lusaka|Sabola]] * [[Sambani, Lusaka|Sambani]] * [[Shabwalala, Lusaka|Shabwalala]] * [[Shamalimu, Lusaka|Shamalimu]] * [[Shangala, Lusaka|Shangala]] * [[Shapola, Lusaka|Shapola]] * [[Shatobola, Lusaka|Shatobola]] * [[Shifonkula, Lusaka|Shifonkula]] * [[Shikasewa, Lusaka|Shikasewa]] * [[Shikaweta, Lusaka|Shikaweta]] * [[Shikoswe, Lusaka|Shikoswe]] * [[Shimabala, Lusaka|Shimabala]] * [[Shimoko Mulunda, Lusaka|Shimoko Mulunda]] * [[Shimpemba, Lusaka|Shimpemba]] * [[Shimwansa, Lusaka|Shimwansa]] * [[Shimwegela, Lusaka|Shimwegela]] * [[Shipanuka, Lusaka|Shipanuka]] * [[Shishengula, Lusaka|Shishengula]] * [[Shiyala, Lusaka|Shiyala]] * [[Siachimbwe, Lusaka|Siachimbwe]] * [[Siambishya, Lusaka|Siambishya]] * [[Sichikama, Lusaka|Sichikama]] * [[Silver Rest, Lusaka|Silver Rest]] * [[Swana, Lusaka|Swana]] * [[Talabuku, Lusaka|Talabuku]] * [[Talikele, Lusaka|Talikele]] * [[Teagles, Lusaka|Teagles]] * [[Turners, Lusaka|Turners]] * [[Undaunda, Lusaka|Undaunda]] * [[Vifuvi, Lusaka|Vifuvi]] * [[Westwood, Lusaka|Westwood]] * [[Woodlands, Lusaka|Woodlands]] * [[Woodlands Extension, Lusaka|Woodlands Extension]] * [[Wunga, Lusaka|Wunga]] * [[Yolam, Lusaka|Yolam]] }} </includeonly> 6ass6ce5m0vcfjzlbaf9937260kjt6b 117468 117467 2026-07-16T13:43:02Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 117468 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Navbox |name = Cities and settlements of Lusaka |title = Cities and settlements of [[Lusaka]] |state = collapsed |listclass = hlist }}</noinclude><includeonly>{{Navbox |name = Cities and settlements of Lusaka |title = Cities and settlements of [[Lusaka]] |state = {{{state|collapsed}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = A–C |list1 = * [[Balmoral, Lusaka|Balmoral]] * [[Ben Kashiya, Lusaka|Ben Kashiya]] * [[Buckleys, Lusaka|Buckleys]] * [[Bunga, Lusaka|Bunga]] * [[Catchya, Lusaka|Catchya]] * [[Chainda, Lusaka|Chainda]] * [[Chaisa, Lusaka|Chaisa]] * [[Chakufola, Lusaka|Chakufola]] * [[Chakwenga, Lusaka|Chakwenga]] * [[Chalaleto, Lusaka|Chalaleto]] * [[Chaledzela, Lusaka|Chaledzela]] * [[Chalimbana, Lusaka|Chalimbana]] * [[Chapindula, Lusaka|Chapindula]] * [[Chapita, Lusaka|Chapita]] * [[Chawama, Lusaka|Chawama]] * [[Chelston, Lusaka|Chelston]] * [[Chiawa, Lusaka|Chiawa]] * [[Chiawa Mataka, Lusaka|Chiawa Mataka]] * [[Chibolya, Lusaka|Chibolya]] * [[Chifungula, Lusaka|Chifungula]] * [[Chikoko, Lusaka|Chikoko]] * [[Chikomeshu, Lusaka|Chikomeshu]] * [[Chikonkota, Lusaka|Chikonkota]] * [[Chikumbi, Lusaka|Chikumbi]] * [[Chikupi, Lusaka|Chikupi]] * [[Chilanga Township, Lusaka|Chilanga Township]] * [[Chilenje, Lusaka|Chilenje]] * [[Chilenje South, Lusaka|Chilenje South]] * [[Chilongolo, Lusaka|Chilongolo]] * [[Chimpekete, Lusaka|Chimpekete]] * [[Chimukuzi, Lusaka|Chimukuzi]] * [[Chimusanya, Lusaka|Chimusanya]] * [[Chindalo, Lusaka|Chindalo]] * [[Chindewere, Lusaka|Chindewere]] * [[Chingela, Lusaka|Chingela]] * [[Chinkuli, Lusaka|Chinkuli]] * [[Chinzete, Lusaka|Chinzete]] * [[Chiogoma, Lusaka|Chiogoma]] * [[Chiota, Lusaka|Chiota]] * [[Chipanama, Lusaka|Chipanama]] * [[Chipebete, Lusaka|Chipebete]] * [[Chipindani, Lusaka|Chipindani]] * [[Chipongwe, Lusaka|Chipongwe]] * [[Chipungu, Lusaka|Chipungu]] * [[Chipwalu, Lusaka|Chipwalu]] * [[Chipwenupwenu, Lusaka|Chipwenupwenu]] * [[Chisankane, Lusaka|Chisankane]] * [[Chisotoka, Lusaka|Chisotoka]] * [[Chitanga, Lusaka|Chitanga]] * [[Chitope, Lusaka|Chitope]] * [[Chiwala, Lusaka|Chiwala]] * [[Chombela, Lusaka|Chombela]] * [[Chonga, Lusaka|Chonga]] * [[Chongwe, Lusaka|Chongwe]] * [[Chunga, Lusaka|Chunga]] |group2 = E–K |list2 = * [[Emmasdale, Lusaka|Emmasdale]] * [[Foxdale Estates, Lusaka|Foxdale Estates]] * [[Gideon, Lusaka|Gideon]] * [[Gilingi, Lusaka|Gilingi]] * [[Hereford, Lusaka|Hereford]] * [[Jaffwa, Lusaka|Jaffwa]] * [[James Mwanga, Lusaka|James Mwanga]] * [[Jeki, Lusaka|Jeki]] * [[John Laing, Lusaka|John Laing]] * [[Jonas Chidyowe, Lusaka|Jonas Chidyowe]] * [[Joseph, Lusaka|Joseph]] * [[Kabulonga, Lusaka|Kabulonga]] * [[Kabwata, Lusaka|Kabwata]] * [[Kabwatu, Lusaka|Kabwatu]] * [[Kachinka, Lusaka|Kachinka]] * [[Kadiabanyama, Lusaka|Kadiabanyama]] * [[Kafue, Lusaka|Kafue]] * [[Kakunumakuna, Lusaka|Kakunumakuna]] * [[Kalimokwende, Lusaka|Kalimokwende]] * [[Kalingalinga, Lusaka|Kalingalinga]] * [[Kalulu, Lusaka|Kalulu]] * [[Kamanula, Lusaka|Kamanula]] * [[Kamatete, Lusaka|Kamatete]] * [[Kamenya Wukanga, Lusaka|Kamenya Wukanga]] * [[Kampulu, Lusaka|Kampulu]] * [[Kamulanga, Lusaka|Kamulanga]] * [[Kamwala, Lusaka|Kamwala]] * [[Kamwaya, Lusaka|Kamwaya]] * [[Kanchilinga, Lusaka|Kanchilinga]] * [[Kangombe, Lusaka|Kangombe]] * [[Kanyama, Lusaka|Kanyama]] * [[Kapin, Lusaka|Kapin]] * [[Kapini, Lusaka|Kapini]] * [[Kapiri, Lusaka|Kapiri]] * [[Kapoche, Lusaka|Kapoche]] * [[Kapoteshia, Lusaka|Kapoteshia]] * [[Kapubi Phillip, Lusaka|Kapubi Phillip]] * [[Kapuka, Lusaka|Kapuka]] * [[Karoma, Lusaka|Karoma]] * [[Karubwe, Lusaka|Karubwe]] * [[Kasala Tiki, Lusaka|Kasala Tiki]] * [[Kasamu Kalamfu, Lusaka|Kasamu Kalamfu]] * [[Kashimba Shitima, Lusaka|Kashimba Shitima]] * [[Kashiya, Lusaka|Kashiya]] * [[Kasinsa, Lusaka|Kasinsa]] * [[Kasisi, Lusaka|Kasisi]] * [[Kasoko, Lusaka|Kasoko]] * [[Kasolo, Lusaka|Kasolo]] * [[Kasonde, Lusaka|Kasonde]] * [[Katondwe, Lusaka|Katondwe]] * [[Kaunda Square Stage II, Lusaka|Kaunda Square Stage II]] * [[Kavimba Mukuta, Lusaka|Kavimba Mukuta]] * [[Kawoye, Lusaka|Kawoye]] * [[Kengeluka, Lusaka|Kengeluka]] * [[Kokowe, Lusaka|Kokowe]] * [[Konkwa, Lusaka|Konkwa]] * [[Kumbula, Lusaka|Kumbula]] * [[Kwakwaya, Lusaka|Kwakwaya]] |group3 = L–M |list3 = * [[Libala, Lusaka|Libala]] * [[Liempi, Lusaka|Liempi]] * [[Lifumpa, Lusaka|Lifumpa]] * [[Likanda, Lusaka|Likanda]] * [[Lilayi, Lusaka|Lilayi]] * [[Lisuka, Lusaka|Lisuka]] * [[Longwait, Lusaka|Longwait]] * [[Luangwa, Lusaka|Luangwa]] * [[Lukata, Lusaka|Lukata]] * [[Lukwipa, Lusaka|Lukwipa]] * [[Lumwayo, Lusaka|Lumwayo]] * [[Lusaka, Lusaka|Lusaka]] * [[Lusaka West, Lusaka|Lusaka West]] * [[Luvemba, Lusaka|Luvemba]] * [[Luwinga, Lusaka|Luwinga]] * [[Lyabunga, Lusaka|Lyabunga]] * [[Madido, Lusaka|Madido]] * [[Mafuta, Lusaka|Mafuta]] * [[Majuaneti, Lusaka|Majuaneti]] * [[Makapandula, Lusaka|Makapandula]] * [[Makeni, Lusaka|Makeni]] * [[Malaika, Lusaka|Malaika]] * [[Malaya Chindalo, Lusaka|Malaya Chindalo]] * [[Malaya Tembo, Lusaka|Malaya Tembo]] * [[Maluwe, Lusaka|Maluwe]] * [[Manambwere, Lusaka|Manambwere]] * [[Mankombwe, Lusaka|Mankombwe]] * [[Manwele Simon, Lusaka|Manwele Simon]] * [[Manyama, Lusaka|Manyama]] * [[Maoma, Lusaka|Maoma]] * [[Mapepi, Lusaka|Mapepi]] * [[Mapiri, Lusaka|Mapiri]] * [[Maruvila, Lusaka|Maruvila]] * [[Matawu, Lusaka|Matawu]] * [[Matero, Lusaka|Matero]] * [[Mbelenga, Lusaka|Mbelenga]] * [[Mbofwana, Lusaka|Mbofwana]] * [[Mburuma, Lusaka|Mburuma]] * [[Mchakaluka, Lusaka|Mchakaluka]] * [[Membe, Lusaka|Membe]] * [[Menenge, Lusaka|Menenge]] * [[Million Matawu, Lusaka|Million Matawu]] * [[Mimosa, Lusaka|Mimosa]] * [[Mkamalwe, Lusaka|Mkamalwe]] * [[Moshoba, Lusaka|Moshoba]] * [[Mpanshya, Lusaka|Mpanshya]] * [[Mpape Friday, Lusaka|Mpape Friday]] * [[Mpase, Lusaka|Mpase]] * [[Mpazangwe, Lusaka|Mpazangwe]] * [[Mpuka, Lusaka|Mpuka]] * [[Muchinga, Lusaka|Muchinga]] * [[Muchombo, Lusaka|Muchombo]] * [[Mufweshia, Lusaka|Mufweshia]] * [[Mukabi, Lusaka|Mukabi]] * [[Mukopola, Lusaka|Mukopola]] * [[Mukowera, Lusaka|Mukowera]] * [[Mukunku, Lusaka|Mukunku]] * [[Mukunya, Lusaka|Mukunya]] * [[Mulamba, Lusaka|Mulamba]] * [[Muleba, Lusaka|Muleba]] * [[Mulelewa, Lusaka|Mulelewa]] * [[Mulofwa, Lusaka|Mulofwa]] * [[Mulunga, Lusaka|Mulunga]] * [[Mumuni, Lusaka|Mumuni]] * [[Munali, Lusaka|Munali]] * [[Mungule, Lusaka|Mungule]] * [[Munkuli, Lusaka|Munkuli]] * [[Munyenya, Lusaka|Munyenya]] * [[Muobela, Lusaka|Muobela]] * [[Mupya, Lusaka|Mupya]] * [[Mushongentende, Lusaka|Mushongentende]] * [[Musopelo, Lusaka|Musopelo]] * [[Musukambale, Lusaka|Musukambale]] * [[Musumpuka, Lusaka|Musumpuka]] * [[Mutendere, Lusaka|Mutendere]] * [[Mutentami, Lusaka|Mutentami]] * [[Mutepuka, Lusaka|Mutepuka]] * [[Muyanga Mpwaya, Lusaka|Muyanga Mpwaya]] * [[Mvuti, Lusaka|Mvuti]] * [[Mwajiaga, Lusaka|Mwajiaga]] * [[Mwala, Lusaka|Mwala]] * [[Mwambi, Lusaka|Mwambi]] * [[Mwambula, Lusaka|Mwambula]] * [[Mwanakifumo, Lusaka|Mwanakifumo]] * [[Mwanduwa, Lusaka|Mwanduwa]] * [[Mwanza, Lusaka|Mwanza]] * [[Mwavi, Lusaka|Mwavi]] * [[Mwemba, Lusaka|Mwemba]] * [[Mwembeshi, Lusaka|Mwembeshi]] * [[Mwenshangombe, Lusaka|Mwenshangombe]] * [[Mwioba, Lusaka|Mwioba]] * [[Mwiri, Lusaka|Mwiri]] * [[Mwuola, Lusaka|Mwuola]] |group4 = N–Y |list4 = * [[Namalombwe, Lusaka|Namalombwe]] * [[Namiyowa, Lusaka|Namiyowa]] * [[Nchinkwo, Lusaka|Nchinkwo]] * [[Ndopu, Lusaka|Ndopu]] * [[Ngawa, Lusaka|Ngawa]] * [[Ngolika, Lusaka|Ngolika]] * [[Nguluka, Lusaka|Nguluka]] * [[Njerenje, Lusaka|Njerenje]] * [[Nkoloma, Lusaka|Nkoloma]] * [[Nkomeshya, Lusaka|Nkomeshya]] * [[Nsingkanga, Lusaka|Nsingkanga]] * [[Ntandabale, Lusaka|Ntandabale]] * [[Ntiramulowa, Lusaka|Ntiramulowa]] * [[Nyalambwa, Lusaka|Nyalambwa]] * [[Nyampandu, Lusaka|Nyampandu]] * [[Nyukato, Lusaka|Nyukato]] * [[Olympia Park, Lusaka|Olympia Park]] * [[Palabana, Lusaka|Palabana]] * [[Ridgeway, Lusaka|Ridgeway]] * [[Roma, Lusaka|Roma]] * [[Rufunsa, Lusaka|Rufunsa]] * [[Sabao Chapita, Lusaka|Sabao Chapita]] * [[Sabola, Lusaka|Sabola]] * [[Sambani, Lusaka|Sambani]] * [[Shabwalala, Lusaka|Shabwalala]] * [[Shamalimu, Lusaka|Shamalimu]] * [[Shangala, Lusaka|Shangala]] * [[Shapola, Lusaka|Shapola]] * [[Shatobola, Lusaka|Shatobola]] * [[Shifonkula, Lusaka|Shifonkula]] * [[Shikasewa, Lusaka|Shikasewa]] * [[Shikaweta, Lusaka|Shikaweta]] * [[Shikoswe, Lusaka|Shikoswe]] * [[Shimabala, Lusaka|Shimabala]] * [[Shimoko Mulunda, Lusaka|Shimoko Mulunda]] * [[Shimpemba, Lusaka|Shimpemba]] * [[Shimwansa, Lusaka|Shimwansa]] * [[Shimwegela, Lusaka|Shimwegela]] * [[Shipanuka, Lusaka|Shipanuka]] * [[Shishengula, Lusaka|Shishengula]] * [[Shiyala, Lusaka|Shiyala]] * [[Siachimbwe, Lusaka|Siachimbwe]] * [[Siambishya, Lusaka|Siambishya]] * [[Sichikama, Lusaka|Sichikama]] * [[Silver Rest, Lusaka|Silver Rest]] * [[Swana, Lusaka|Swana]] * [[Talabuku, Lusaka|Talabuku]] * [[Talikele, Lusaka|Talikele]] * [[Teagles, Lusaka|Teagles]] * [[Turners, Lusaka|Turners]] * [[Undaunda, Lusaka|Undaunda]] * [[Vifuvi, Lusaka|Vifuvi]] * [[Westwood, Lusaka|Westwood]] * [[Woodlands, Lusaka|Woodlands]] * [[Woodlands Extension, Lusaka|Woodlands Extension]] * [[Wunga, Lusaka|Wunga]] * [[Yolam, Lusaka|Yolam]] }} </includeonly> f37odeag99zxw3q86bbsg1j9fvwe84p 117469 117468 2026-07-16T13:44:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 117469 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Navbox |name = Cities and settlements of Lusaka |title = Cities and settlements of [[Lusaka]] |state = {{{state|collapsed}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = A–C |list1 = * [[Balmoral, Lusaka|Balmoral]] * [[Ben Kashiya, Lusaka|Ben Kashiya]] * [[Buckleys, Lusaka|Buckleys]] * [[Bunga, Lusaka|Bunga]] * [[Catchya, Lusaka|Catchya]] * [[Chainda, Lusaka|Chainda]] * [[Chaisa, Lusaka|Chaisa]] * [[Chakufola, Lusaka|Chakufola]] * [[Chakwenga, Lusaka|Chakwenga]] * [[Chalaleto, Lusaka|Chalaleto]] * [[Chaledzela, Lusaka|Chaledzela]] * [[Chalimbana, Lusaka|Chalimbana]] * [[Chapindula, Lusaka|Chapindula]] * [[Chapita, Lusaka|Chapita]] * [[Chawama, Lusaka|Chawama]] * [[Chelston, Lusaka|Chelston]] * [[Chiawa, Lusaka|Chiawa]] * [[Chiawa Mataka, Lusaka|Chiawa Mataka]] * [[Chibolya, Lusaka|Chibolya]] * [[Chifungula, Lusaka|Chifungula]] * [[Chikoko, Lusaka|Chikoko]] * [[Chikomeshu, Lusaka|Chikomeshu]] * [[Chikonkota, Lusaka|Chikonkota]] * [[Chikumbi, Lusaka|Chikumbi]] * [[Chikupi, Lusaka|Chikupi]] * [[Chilanga Township, Lusaka|Chilanga Township]] * [[Chilenje, Lusaka|Chilenje]] * [[Chilenje South, Lusaka|Chilenje South]] * [[Chilongolo, Lusaka|Chilongolo]] * [[Chimpekete, Lusaka|Chimpekete]] * [[Chimukuzi, Lusaka|Chimukuzi]] * [[Chimusanya, Lusaka|Chimusanya]] * [[Chindalo, Lusaka|Chindalo]] * [[Chindewere, Lusaka|Chindewere]] * [[Chingela, Lusaka|Chingela]] * [[Chinkuli, Lusaka|Chinkuli]] * [[Chinzete, Lusaka|Chinzete]] * [[Chiogoma, Lusaka|Chiogoma]] * [[Chiota, Lusaka|Chiota]] * [[Chipanama, Lusaka|Chipanama]] * [[Chipebete, Lusaka|Chipebete]] * [[Chipindani, Lusaka|Chipindani]] * [[Chipongwe, Lusaka|Chipongwe]] * [[Chipungu, Lusaka|Chipungu]] * [[Chipwalu, Lusaka|Chipwalu]] * [[Chipwenupwenu, Lusaka|Chipwenupwenu]] * [[Chisankane, Lusaka|Chisankane]] * [[Chisotoka, Lusaka|Chisotoka]] * [[Chitanga, Lusaka|Chitanga]] * [[Chitope, Lusaka|Chitope]] * [[Chiwala, Lusaka|Chiwala]] * [[Chombela, Lusaka|Chombela]] * [[Chonga, Lusaka|Chonga]] * [[Chongwe, Lusaka|Chongwe]] * [[Chunga, Lusaka|Chunga]] |group2 = E–K |list2 = * [[Emmasdale, Lusaka|Emmasdale]] * [[Foxdale Estates, Lusaka|Foxdale Estates]] * [[Gideon, Lusaka|Gideon]] * [[Gilingi, Lusaka|Gilingi]] * [[Hereford, Lusaka|Hereford]] * [[Jaffwa, Lusaka|Jaffwa]] * [[James Mwanga, Lusaka|James Mwanga]] * [[Jeki, Lusaka|Jeki]] * [[John Laing, Lusaka|John Laing]] * [[Jonas Chidyowe, Lusaka|Jonas Chidyowe]] * [[Joseph, Lusaka|Joseph]] * [[Kabulonga, Lusaka|Kabulonga]] * [[Kabwata, Lusaka|Kabwata]] * [[Kabwatu, Lusaka|Kabwatu]] * [[Kachinka, Lusaka|Kachinka]] * [[Kadiabanyama, Lusaka|Kadiabanyama]] * [[Kafue, Lusaka|Kafue]] * [[Kakunumakuna, Lusaka|Kakunumakuna]] * [[Kalimokwende, Lusaka|Kalimokwende]] * [[Kalingalinga, Lusaka|Kalingalinga]] * [[Kalulu, Lusaka|Kalulu]] * [[Kamanula, Lusaka|Kamanula]] * [[Kamatete, Lusaka|Kamatete]] * [[Kamenya Wukanga, Lusaka|Kamenya Wukanga]] * [[Kampulu, Lusaka|Kampulu]] * [[Kamulanga, Lusaka|Kamulanga]] * [[Kamwala, Lusaka|Kamwala]] * [[Kamwaya, Lusaka|Kamwaya]] * [[Kanchilinga, Lusaka|Kanchilinga]] * [[Kangombe, Lusaka|Kangombe]] * [[Kanyama, Lusaka|Kanyama]] * [[Kapin, Lusaka|Kapin]] * [[Kapini, Lusaka|Kapini]] * [[Kapiri, Lusaka|Kapiri]] * [[Kapoche, Lusaka|Kapoche]] * [[Kapoteshia, Lusaka|Kapoteshia]] * [[Kapubi Phillip, Lusaka|Kapubi Phillip]] * [[Kapuka, Lusaka|Kapuka]] * [[Karoma, Lusaka|Karoma]] * [[Karubwe, Lusaka|Karubwe]] * [[Kasala Tiki, Lusaka|Kasala Tiki]] * [[Kasamu Kalamfu, Lusaka|Kasamu Kalamfu]] * [[Kashimba Shitima, Lusaka|Kashimba Shitima]] * [[Kashiya, Lusaka|Kashiya]] * [[Kasinsa, Lusaka|Kasinsa]] * [[Kasisi, Lusaka|Kasisi]] * [[Kasoko, Lusaka|Kasoko]] * [[Kasolo, Lusaka|Kasolo]] * [[Kasonde, Lusaka|Kasonde]] * [[Katondwe, Lusaka|Katondwe]] * [[Kaunda Square Stage II, Lusaka|Kaunda Square Stage II]] * [[Kavimba Mukuta, Lusaka|Kavimba Mukuta]] * [[Kawoye, Lusaka|Kawoye]] * [[Kengeluka, Lusaka|Kengeluka]] * [[Kokowe, Lusaka|Kokowe]] * [[Konkwa, Lusaka|Konkwa]] * [[Kumbula, Lusaka|Kumbula]] * [[Kwakwaya, Lusaka|Kwakwaya]] |group3 = L–M |list3 = * [[Libala, Lusaka|Libala]] * [[Liempi, Lusaka|Liempi]] * [[Lifumpa, Lusaka|Lifumpa]] * [[Likanda, Lusaka|Likanda]] * [[Lilayi, Lusaka|Lilayi]] * [[Lisuka, Lusaka|Lisuka]] * [[Longwait, Lusaka|Longwait]] * [[Luangwa, Lusaka|Luangwa]] * [[Lukata, Lusaka|Lukata]] * [[Lukwipa, Lusaka|Lukwipa]] * [[Lumwayo, Lusaka|Lumwayo]] * [[Lusaka, Lusaka|Lusaka]] * [[Lusaka West, Lusaka|Lusaka West]] * [[Luvemba, Lusaka|Luvemba]] * [[Luwinga, Lusaka|Luwinga]] * [[Lyabunga, Lusaka|Lyabunga]] * [[Madido, Lusaka|Madido]] * [[Mafuta, Lusaka|Mafuta]] * [[Majuaneti, Lusaka|Majuaneti]] * [[Makapandula, Lusaka|Makapandula]] * [[Makeni, Lusaka|Makeni]] * [[Malaika, Lusaka|Malaika]] * [[Malaya Chindalo, Lusaka|Malaya Chindalo]] * [[Malaya Tembo, Lusaka|Malaya Tembo]] * [[Maluwe, Lusaka|Maluwe]] * [[Manambwere, Lusaka|Manambwere]] * [[Mankombwe, Lusaka|Mankombwe]] * [[Manwele Simon, Lusaka|Manwele Simon]] * [[Manyama, Lusaka|Manyama]] * [[Maoma, Lusaka|Maoma]] * [[Mapepi, Lusaka|Mapepi]] * [[Mapiri, Lusaka|Mapiri]] * [[Maruvila, Lusaka|Maruvila]] * [[Matawu, Lusaka|Matawu]] * [[Matero, Lusaka|Matero]] * [[Mbelenga, Lusaka|Mbelenga]] * [[Mbofwana, Lusaka|Mbofwana]] * [[Mburuma, Lusaka|Mburuma]] * [[Mchakaluka, Lusaka|Mchakaluka]] * [[Membe, Lusaka|Membe]] * [[Menenge, Lusaka|Menenge]] * [[Million Matawu, Lusaka|Million Matawu]] * [[Mimosa, Lusaka|Mimosa]] * [[Mkamalwe, Lusaka|Mkamalwe]] * [[Moshoba, Lusaka|Moshoba]] * [[Mpanshya, Lusaka|Mpanshya]] * [[Mpape Friday, Lusaka|Mpape Friday]] * [[Mpase, Lusaka|Mpase]] * [[Mpazangwe, Lusaka|Mpazangwe]] * [[Mpuka, Lusaka|Mpuka]] * [[Muchinga, Lusaka|Muchinga]] * [[Muchombo, Lusaka|Muchombo]] * [[Mufweshia, Lusaka|Mufweshia]] * [[Mukabi, Lusaka|Mukabi]] * [[Mukopola, Lusaka|Mukopola]] * [[Mukowera, Lusaka|Mukowera]] * [[Mukunku, Lusaka|Mukunku]] * [[Mukunya, Lusaka|Mukunya]] * [[Mulamba, Lusaka|Mulamba]] * [[Muleba, Lusaka|Muleba]] * [[Mulelewa, Lusaka|Mulelewa]] * [[Mulofwa, Lusaka|Mulofwa]] * [[Mulunga, Lusaka|Mulunga]] * [[Mumuni, Lusaka|Mumuni]] * [[Munali, Lusaka|Munali]] * [[Mungule, Lusaka|Mungule]] * [[Munkuli, Lusaka|Munkuli]] * [[Munyenya, Lusaka|Munyenya]] * [[Muobela, Lusaka|Muobela]] * [[Mupya, Lusaka|Mupya]] * [[Mushongentende, Lusaka|Mushongentende]] * [[Musopelo, Lusaka|Musopelo]] * [[Musukambale, Lusaka|Musukambale]] * [[Musumpuka, Lusaka|Musumpuka]] * [[Mutendere, Lusaka|Mutendere]] * [[Mutentami, Lusaka|Mutentami]] * [[Mutepuka, Lusaka|Mutepuka]] * [[Muyanga Mpwaya, Lusaka|Muyanga Mpwaya]] * [[Mvuti, Lusaka|Mvuti]] * [[Mwajiaga, Lusaka|Mwajiaga]] * [[Mwala, Lusaka|Mwala]] * [[Mwambi, Lusaka|Mwambi]] * [[Mwambula, Lusaka|Mwambula]] * [[Mwanakifumo, Lusaka|Mwanakifumo]] * [[Mwanduwa, Lusaka|Mwanduwa]] * [[Mwanza, Lusaka|Mwanza]] * [[Mwavi, Lusaka|Mwavi]] * [[Mwemba, Lusaka|Mwemba]] * [[Mwembeshi, Lusaka|Mwembeshi]] * [[Mwenshangombe, Lusaka|Mwenshangombe]] * [[Mwioba, Lusaka|Mwioba]] * [[Mwiri, Lusaka|Mwiri]] * [[Mwuola, Lusaka|Mwuola]] |group4 = N–Y |list4 = * [[Namalombwe, Lusaka|Namalombwe]] * [[Namiyowa, Lusaka|Namiyowa]] * [[Nchinkwo, Lusaka|Nchinkwo]] * [[Ndopu, Lusaka|Ndopu]] * [[Ngawa, Lusaka|Ngawa]] * [[Ngolika, Lusaka|Ngolika]] * [[Nguluka, Lusaka|Nguluka]] * [[Njerenje, Lusaka|Njerenje]] * [[Nkoloma, Lusaka|Nkoloma]] * [[Nkomeshya, Lusaka|Nkomeshya]] * [[Nsingkanga, Lusaka|Nsingkanga]] * [[Ntandabale, Lusaka|Ntandabale]] * [[Ntiramulowa, Lusaka|Ntiramulowa]] * [[Nyalambwa, Lusaka|Nyalambwa]] * [[Nyampandu, Lusaka|Nyampandu]] * [[Nyukato, Lusaka|Nyukato]] * [[Olympia Park, Lusaka|Olympia Park]] * [[Palabana, Lusaka|Palabana]] * [[Ridgeway, Lusaka|Ridgeway]] * [[Roma, Lusaka|Roma]] * [[Rufunsa, Lusaka|Rufunsa]] * [[Sabao Chapita, Lusaka|Sabao Chapita]] * [[Sabola, Lusaka|Sabola]] * [[Sambani, Lusaka|Sambani]] * [[Shabwalala, Lusaka|Shabwalala]] * [[Shamalimu, Lusaka|Shamalimu]] * [[Shangala, Lusaka|Shangala]] * [[Shapola, Lusaka|Shapola]] * [[Shatobola, Lusaka|Shatobola]] * [[Shifonkula, Lusaka|Shifonkula]] * [[Shikasewa, Lusaka|Shikasewa]] * [[Shikaweta, Lusaka|Shikaweta]] * [[Shikoswe, Lusaka|Shikoswe]] * [[Shimabala, Lusaka|Shimabala]] * [[Shimoko Mulunda, Lusaka|Shimoko Mulunda]] * [[Shimpemba, Lusaka|Shimpemba]] * [[Shimwansa, Lusaka|Shimwansa]] * [[Shimwegela, Lusaka|Shimwegela]] * [[Shipanuka, Lusaka|Shipanuka]] * [[Shishengula, Lusaka|Shishengula]] * [[Shiyala, Lusaka|Shiyala]] * [[Siachimbwe, Lusaka|Siachimbwe]] * [[Siambishya, Lusaka|Siambishya]] * [[Sichikama, Lusaka|Sichikama]] * [[Silver Rest, Lusaka|Silver Rest]] * [[Swana, Lusaka|Swana]] * [[Talabuku, Lusaka|Talabuku]] * [[Talikele, Lusaka|Talikele]] * [[Teagles, Lusaka|Teagles]] * [[Turners, Lusaka|Turners]] * [[Undaunda, Lusaka|Undaunda]] * [[Vifuvi, Lusaka|Vifuvi]] * [[Westwood, Lusaka|Westwood]] * [[Woodlands, Lusaka|Woodlands]] * [[Woodlands Extension, Lusaka|Woodlands Extension]] * [[Wunga, Lusaka|Wunga]] * [[Yolam, Lusaka|Yolam]] }} </includeonly> 7wg7t2zr2o0a8k0tcun6bkk41a74orr 117470 117469 2026-07-16T13:45:53Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 117470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Cities and settlements of Lusaka |title = Cities and settlements of [[Lusaka]] |state = collapsed |listclass = hlist }} |group1 = A–C |list1 = * [[Balmoral, Lusaka|Balmoral]] * [[Ben Kashiya, Lusaka|Ben Kashiya]] * [[Buckleys, Lusaka|Buckleys]] * [[Bunga, Lusaka|Bunga]] * [[Catchya, Lusaka|Catchya]] * [[Chainda, Lusaka|Chainda]] * [[Chaisa, Lusaka|Chaisa]] * [[Chakufola, Lusaka|Chakufola]] * [[Chakwenga, Lusaka|Chakwenga]] * [[Chalaleto, Lusaka|Chalaleto]] * [[Chaledzela, Lusaka|Chaledzela]] * [[Chalimbana, Lusaka|Chalimbana]] * [[Chapindula, Lusaka|Chapindula]] * [[Chapita, Lusaka|Chapita]] * [[Chawama, Lusaka|Chawama]] * [[Chelston, Lusaka|Chelston]] * [[Chiawa, Lusaka|Chiawa]] * [[Chiawa Mataka, Lusaka|Chiawa Mataka]] * [[Chibolya, Lusaka|Chibolya]] * [[Chifungula, Lusaka|Chifungula]] * [[Chikoko, Lusaka|Chikoko]] * [[Chikomeshu, Lusaka|Chikomeshu]] * [[Chikonkota, Lusaka|Chikonkota]] * [[Chikumbi, Lusaka|Chikumbi]] * [[Chikupi, Lusaka|Chikupi]] * [[Chilanga Township, Lusaka|Chilanga Township]] * [[Chilenje, Lusaka|Chilenje]] * [[Chilenje South, Lusaka|Chilenje South]] * [[Chilongolo, Lusaka|Chilongolo]] * [[Chimpekete, Lusaka|Chimpekete]] * [[Chimukuzi, Lusaka|Chimukuzi]] * [[Chimusanya, Lusaka|Chimusanya]] * [[Chindalo, Lusaka|Chindalo]] * [[Chindewere, Lusaka|Chindewere]] * [[Chingela, Lusaka|Chingela]] * [[Chinkuli, Lusaka|Chinkuli]] * [[Chinzete, Lusaka|Chinzete]] * [[Chiogoma, Lusaka|Chiogoma]] * [[Chiota, Lusaka|Chiota]] * [[Chipanama, Lusaka|Chipanama]] * [[Chipebete, Lusaka|Chipebete]] * [[Chipindani, Lusaka|Chipindani]] * [[Chipongwe, Lusaka|Chipongwe]] * [[Chipungu, Lusaka|Chipungu]] * [[Chipwalu, Lusaka|Chipwalu]] * [[Chipwenupwenu, Lusaka|Chipwenupwenu]] * [[Chisankane, Lusaka|Chisankane]] * [[Chisotoka, Lusaka|Chisotoka]] * [[Chitanga, Lusaka|Chitanga]] * [[Chitope, Lusaka|Chitope]] * [[Chiwala, Lusaka|Chiwala]] * [[Chombela, Lusaka|Chombela]] * [[Chonga, Lusaka|Chonga]] * [[Chongwe, Lusaka|Chongwe]] * [[Chunga, Lusaka|Chunga]] |group2 = E–K |list2 = * [[Emmasdale, Lusaka|Emmasdale]] * [[Foxdale Estates, Lusaka|Foxdale Estates]] * [[Gideon, Lusaka|Gideon]] * [[Gilingi, Lusaka|Gilingi]] * [[Hereford, Lusaka|Hereford]] * [[Jaffwa, Lusaka|Jaffwa]] * [[James Mwanga, Lusaka|James Mwanga]] * [[Jeki, Lusaka|Jeki]] * [[John Laing, Lusaka|John Laing]] * [[Jonas Chidyowe, Lusaka|Jonas Chidyowe]] * [[Joseph, Lusaka|Joseph]] * [[Kabulonga, Lusaka|Kabulonga]] * [[Kabwata, Lusaka|Kabwata]] * [[Kabwatu, Lusaka|Kabwatu]] * [[Kachinka, Lusaka|Kachinka]] * [[Kadiabanyama, Lusaka|Kadiabanyama]] * [[Kafue, Lusaka|Kafue]] * [[Kakunumakuna, Lusaka|Kakunumakuna]] * [[Kalimokwende, Lusaka|Kalimokwende]] * [[Kalingalinga, Lusaka|Kalingalinga]] * [[Kalulu, Lusaka|Kalulu]] * [[Kamanula, Lusaka|Kamanula]] * [[Kamatete, Lusaka|Kamatete]] * [[Kamenya Wukanga, Lusaka|Kamenya Wukanga]] * [[Kampulu, Lusaka|Kampulu]] * [[Kamulanga, Lusaka|Kamulanga]] * [[Kamwala, Lusaka|Kamwala]] * [[Kamwaya, Lusaka|Kamwaya]] * [[Kanchilinga, Lusaka|Kanchilinga]] * [[Kangombe, Lusaka|Kangombe]] * [[Kanyama, Lusaka|Kanyama]] * [[Kapin, Lusaka|Kapin]] * [[Kapini, Lusaka|Kapini]] * [[Kapiri, Lusaka|Kapiri]] * [[Kapoche, Lusaka|Kapoche]] * [[Kapoteshia, Lusaka|Kapoteshia]] * [[Kapubi Phillip, Lusaka|Kapubi Phillip]] * [[Kapuka, Lusaka|Kapuka]] * [[Karoma, Lusaka|Karoma]] * [[Karubwe, Lusaka|Karubwe]] * [[Kasala Tiki, Lusaka|Kasala Tiki]] * [[Kasamu Kalamfu, Lusaka|Kasamu Kalamfu]] * [[Kashimba Shitima, Lusaka|Kashimba Shitima]] * [[Kashiya, Lusaka|Kashiya]] * [[Kasinsa, Lusaka|Kasinsa]] * [[Kasisi, Lusaka|Kasisi]] * [[Kasoko, Lusaka|Kasoko]] * [[Kasolo, Lusaka|Kasolo]] * [[Kasonde, Lusaka|Kasonde]] * [[Katondwe, Lusaka|Katondwe]] * [[Kaunda Square Stage II, Lusaka|Kaunda Square Stage II]] * [[Kavimba Mukuta, Lusaka|Kavimba Mukuta]] * [[Kawoye, Lusaka|Kawoye]] * [[Kengeluka, Lusaka|Kengeluka]] * [[Kokowe, Lusaka|Kokowe]] * [[Konkwa, Lusaka|Konkwa]] * [[Kumbula, Lusaka|Kumbula]] * [[Kwakwaya, Lusaka|Kwakwaya]] |group3 = L–M |list3 = * [[Libala, Lusaka|Libala]] * [[Liempi, Lusaka|Liempi]] * [[Lifumpa, Lusaka|Lifumpa]] * [[Likanda, Lusaka|Likanda]] * [[Lilayi, Lusaka|Lilayi]] * [[Lisuka, Lusaka|Lisuka]] * [[Longwait, Lusaka|Longwait]] * [[Luangwa, Lusaka|Luangwa]] * [[Lukata, Lusaka|Lukata]] * [[Lukwipa, Lusaka|Lukwipa]] * [[Lumwayo, Lusaka|Lumwayo]] * [[Lusaka, Lusaka|Lusaka]] * [[Lusaka West, Lusaka|Lusaka West]] * [[Luvemba, Lusaka|Luvemba]] * [[Luwinga, Lusaka|Luwinga]] * [[Lyabunga, Lusaka|Lyabunga]] * [[Madido, Lusaka|Madido]] * [[Mafuta, Lusaka|Mafuta]] * [[Majuaneti, Lusaka|Majuaneti]] * [[Makapandula, Lusaka|Makapandula]] * [[Makeni, Lusaka|Makeni]] * [[Malaika, Lusaka|Malaika]] * [[Malaya Chindalo, Lusaka|Malaya Chindalo]] * [[Malaya Tembo, Lusaka|Malaya Tembo]] * [[Maluwe, Lusaka|Maluwe]] * [[Manambwere, Lusaka|Manambwere]] * [[Mankombwe, Lusaka|Mankombwe]] * [[Manwele Simon, Lusaka|Manwele Simon]] * [[Manyama, Lusaka|Manyama]] * [[Maoma, Lusaka|Maoma]] * [[Mapepi, Lusaka|Mapepi]] * [[Mapiri, Lusaka|Mapiri]] * [[Maruvila, Lusaka|Maruvila]] * [[Matawu, Lusaka|Matawu]] * [[Matero, Lusaka|Matero]] * [[Mbelenga, Lusaka|Mbelenga]] * [[Mbofwana, Lusaka|Mbofwana]] * [[Mburuma, Lusaka|Mburuma]] * [[Mchakaluka, Lusaka|Mchakaluka]] * [[Membe, Lusaka|Membe]] * [[Menenge, Lusaka|Menenge]] * [[Million Matawu, Lusaka|Million Matawu]] * [[Mimosa, Lusaka|Mimosa]] * [[Mkamalwe, Lusaka|Mkamalwe]] * [[Moshoba, Lusaka|Moshoba]] * [[Mpanshya, Lusaka|Mpanshya]] * [[Mpape Friday, Lusaka|Mpape Friday]] * [[Mpase, Lusaka|Mpase]] * [[Mpazangwe, Lusaka|Mpazangwe]] * [[Mpuka, Lusaka|Mpuka]] * [[Muchinga, Lusaka|Muchinga]] * [[Muchombo, Lusaka|Muchombo]] * [[Mufweshia, Lusaka|Mufweshia]] * [[Mukabi, Lusaka|Mukabi]] * [[Mukopola, Lusaka|Mukopola]] * [[Mukowera, Lusaka|Mukowera]] * [[Mukunku, Lusaka|Mukunku]] * [[Mukunya, Lusaka|Mukunya]] * [[Mulamba, Lusaka|Mulamba]] * [[Muleba, Lusaka|Muleba]] * [[Mulelewa, Lusaka|Mulelewa]] * [[Mulofwa, Lusaka|Mulofwa]] * [[Mulunga, Lusaka|Mulunga]] * [[Mumuni, Lusaka|Mumuni]] * [[Munali, Lusaka|Munali]] * [[Mungule, Lusaka|Mungule]] * [[Munkuli, Lusaka|Munkuli]] * [[Munyenya, Lusaka|Munyenya]] * [[Muobela, Lusaka|Muobela]] * [[Mupya, Lusaka|Mupya]] * [[Mushongentende, Lusaka|Mushongentende]] * [[Musopelo, Lusaka|Musopelo]] * [[Musukambale, Lusaka|Musukambale]] * [[Musumpuka, Lusaka|Musumpuka]] * [[Mutendere, Lusaka|Mutendere]] * [[Mutentami, Lusaka|Mutentami]] * [[Mutepuka, Lusaka|Mutepuka]] * [[Muyanga Mpwaya, Lusaka|Muyanga Mpwaya]] * [[Mvuti, Lusaka|Mvuti]] * [[Mwajiaga, Lusaka|Mwajiaga]] * [[Mwala, Lusaka|Mwala]] * [[Mwambi, Lusaka|Mwambi]] * [[Mwambula, Lusaka|Mwambula]] * [[Mwanakifumo, Lusaka|Mwanakifumo]] * [[Mwanduwa, Lusaka|Mwanduwa]] * [[Mwanza, Lusaka|Mwanza]] * [[Mwavi, Lusaka|Mwavi]] * [[Mwemba, Lusaka|Mwemba]] * [[Mwembeshi, Lusaka|Mwembeshi]] * [[Mwenshangombe, Lusaka|Mwenshangombe]] * [[Mwioba, Lusaka|Mwioba]] * [[Mwiri, Lusaka|Mwiri]] * [[Mwuola, Lusaka|Mwuola]] |group4 = N–Y |list4 = * [[Namalombwe, Lusaka|Namalombwe]] * [[Namiyowa, Lusaka|Namiyowa]] * [[Nchinkwo, Lusaka|Nchinkwo]] * [[Ndopu, Lusaka|Ndopu]] * [[Ngawa, Lusaka|Ngawa]] * [[Ngolika, Lusaka|Ngolika]] * [[Nguluka, Lusaka|Nguluka]] * [[Njerenje, Lusaka|Njerenje]] * [[Nkoloma, Lusaka|Nkoloma]] * [[Nkomeshya, Lusaka|Nkomeshya]] * [[Nsingkanga, Lusaka|Nsingkanga]] * [[Ntandabale, Lusaka|Ntandabale]] * [[Ntiramulowa, Lusaka|Ntiramulowa]] * [[Nyalambwa, Lusaka|Nyalambwa]] * [[Nyampandu, Lusaka|Nyampandu]] * [[Nyukato, Lusaka|Nyukato]] * [[Olympia Park, Lusaka|Olympia Park]] * [[Palabana, Lusaka|Palabana]] * [[Ridgeway, Lusaka|Ridgeway]] * [[Roma, Lusaka|Roma]] * [[Rufunsa, Lusaka|Rufunsa]] * [[Sabao Chapita, Lusaka|Sabao Chapita]] * [[Sabola, Lusaka|Sabola]] * [[Sambani, Lusaka|Sambani]] * [[Shabwalala, Lusaka|Shabwalala]] * [[Shamalimu, Lusaka|Shamalimu]] * [[Shangala, Lusaka|Shangala]] * [[Shapola, Lusaka|Shapola]] * [[Shatobola, Lusaka|Shatobola]] * [[Shifonkula, Lusaka|Shifonkula]] * [[Shikasewa, Lusaka|Shikasewa]] * [[Shikaweta, Lusaka|Shikaweta]] * [[Shikoswe, Lusaka|Shikoswe]] * [[Shimabala, Lusaka|Shimabala]] * [[Shimoko Mulunda, Lusaka|Shimoko Mulunda]] * [[Shimpemba, Lusaka|Shimpemba]] * [[Shimwansa, Lusaka|Shimwansa]] * [[Shimwegela, Lusaka|Shimwegela]] * [[Shipanuka, Lusaka|Shipanuka]] * [[Shishengula, Lusaka|Shishengula]] * [[Shiyala, Lusaka|Shiyala]] * [[Siachimbwe, Lusaka|Siachimbwe]] * [[Siambishya, Lusaka|Siambishya]] * [[Sichikama, Lusaka|Sichikama]] * [[Silver Rest, Lusaka|Silver Rest]] * [[Swana, Lusaka|Swana]] * [[Talabuku, Lusaka|Talabuku]] * [[Talikele, Lusaka|Talikele]] * [[Teagles, Lusaka|Teagles]] * [[Turners, Lusaka|Turners]] * [[Undaunda, Lusaka|Undaunda]] * [[Vifuvi, Lusaka|Vifuvi]] * [[Westwood, Lusaka|Westwood]] * [[Woodlands, Lusaka|Woodlands]] * [[Woodlands Extension, Lusaka|Woodlands Extension]] * [[Wunga, Lusaka|Wunga]] * [[Yolam, Lusaka|Yolam]] }} </includeonly> 9s5oswda5q6jzap9gjt7ow9005xtjp6 10 47959 117471 2025-12-21T03:57:01Z en>Zackmann08 0 Merging missing links from [[Template:Culture of Cameron]] per TFD 117471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Country topics | country = Cameroon | state = {{{state<includeonly>|{{{1|collapsed}}}</includeonly>}}} | history = * [[Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] * [[Mandara kingdom]] * [[List of colonial governors of Cameroon|Colonial governors]] * [[Kamerun]] * [[African theatre of World War I#West Africa|West Africa campaign {{small|(World War I)}}]] ** [[Kamerun campaign]] * [[French Cameroon]] * [[British Cameroon]] * [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] | geography = <!--Alphabetical:--> * [[List of municipalities of Cameroon|Cities]] * [[Climate of Cameroon|Climate]] * [[Divisions of Cameroon|Divisions]] * [[List of protected areas of Cameroon|Protected areas]] * [[Regions of Cameroon|Regions]] * [[List of rivers of Cameroon|Rivers]] * [[Wildlife of Cameroon|Wildlife]] | politics = <!--Alphabetical:--> * [[Constitution of Cameroon|Constitution]] * [[Corruption in Cameroon|Corruption]] * [[Elections in Cameroon|Elections]] * [[Freedom of Speech in Cameroon|Freedom of Speech]] * [[Human rights in Cameroon|Human rights]] ** [[LGBT rights in Cameroon|LGBT rights]] * [[Foreign relations of Cameroon|Foreign relations]] * [[Law enforcement in Cameroon|Law enforcement]] * [[Cameroon Armed Forces|Military]] * [[List of political parties in Cameroon|Political parties]] * [[President of Cameroon|President]] ** [[List of presidents of Cameroon|list]] * [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] ** [[List of prime ministers of Cameroon|list]] * [[Trade unions in Cameroon|Trade unions]] | economy = <!--Alphabetical:--> * [[Agriculture in Cameroon|Agriculture]] * [[Central African CFA franc|Currency]] * [[List of companies of Cameroon|Companies]] * [[Mining in Cameroon|Mining]] * [[Telecommunications in Cameroon|Telecommunications]] * [[Tourism in Cameroon|Tourism]] * [[Transport in Cameroon|Transport]] | culture = <!--Alphabetical:--> * [[Abortion in Cameroon|Abortion]] * [[O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers|Anthem]] * [[Child marriage in Cameroon|Child marriage]] * [[Cinema of Cameroon|Cinema]] * [[Cuisine of Cameroon|Cuisine]] * [[Demographics of Cameroon|Demographics]] * [[Education in Cameroon|Education]] * [[Ethnic groups in Cameroon|Ethnic groups]] * [[Flag of Cameroon|Flag]] * [[Health in Cameroon|Health]] * [[Human trafficking in Cameroon|Human trafficking]] * [[Languages of Cameroon|Languages]] * [[Media of Cameroon|Media]] * [[Music of Cameroon|Music]] * [[Polygamy in Cameroon|Polygamy]] * [[Public holidays in Cameroon|Public holidays]] * [[Refugees in Cameroon|Refugees]] * [[Religion in Cameroon|Religion]] * [[Sport in Cameroon|Sport]] }} <noinclude> {{navbox doc}} [[Category:Cameroon navigational boxes| ]] [[Category:Africa country and territory topics templates]] </noinclude> s0axqlpgavalbccnwah3ymsiix9ixtb 117472 117471 2026-07-16T13:47:12Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Cameroon_topics]] 117471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Country topics | country = Cameroon | state = {{{state<includeonly>|{{{1|collapsed}}}</includeonly>}}} | history = * [[Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] * [[Mandara kingdom]] * [[List of colonial governors of Cameroon|Colonial governors]] * [[Kamerun]] * [[African theatre of World War I#West Africa|West Africa campaign {{small|(World War I)}}]] ** [[Kamerun campaign]] * [[French Cameroon]] * [[British Cameroon]] * [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] | geography = <!--Alphabetical:--> * [[List of municipalities of Cameroon|Cities]] * [[Climate of Cameroon|Climate]] * [[Divisions of Cameroon|Divisions]] * [[List of protected areas of Cameroon|Protected areas]] * [[Regions of Cameroon|Regions]] * [[List of rivers of Cameroon|Rivers]] * [[Wildlife of Cameroon|Wildlife]] | politics = <!--Alphabetical:--> * [[Constitution of Cameroon|Constitution]] * [[Corruption in Cameroon|Corruption]] * [[Elections in Cameroon|Elections]] * [[Freedom of Speech in Cameroon|Freedom of Speech]] * [[Human rights in Cameroon|Human rights]] ** [[LGBT rights in Cameroon|LGBT rights]] * [[Foreign relations of Cameroon|Foreign relations]] * [[Law enforcement in Cameroon|Law enforcement]] * [[Cameroon Armed Forces|Military]] * [[List of political parties in Cameroon|Political parties]] * [[President of Cameroon|President]] ** [[List of presidents of Cameroon|list]] * [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] ** [[List of prime ministers of Cameroon|list]] * [[Trade unions in Cameroon|Trade unions]] | economy = <!--Alphabetical:--> * [[Agriculture in Cameroon|Agriculture]] * [[Central African CFA franc|Currency]] * [[List of companies of Cameroon|Companies]] * [[Mining in Cameroon|Mining]] * [[Telecommunications in Cameroon|Telecommunications]] * [[Tourism in Cameroon|Tourism]] * [[Transport in Cameroon|Transport]] | culture = <!--Alphabetical:--> * [[Abortion in Cameroon|Abortion]] * [[O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers|Anthem]] * [[Child marriage in Cameroon|Child marriage]] * [[Cinema of Cameroon|Cinema]] * [[Cuisine of Cameroon|Cuisine]] * [[Demographics of Cameroon|Demographics]] * [[Education in Cameroon|Education]] * [[Ethnic groups in Cameroon|Ethnic groups]] * [[Flag of Cameroon|Flag]] * [[Health in Cameroon|Health]] * [[Human trafficking in Cameroon|Human trafficking]] * [[Languages of Cameroon|Languages]] * [[Media of Cameroon|Media]] * [[Music of Cameroon|Music]] * [[Polygamy in Cameroon|Polygamy]] * [[Public holidays in Cameroon|Public holidays]] * [[Refugees in Cameroon|Refugees]] * [[Religion in Cameroon|Religion]] * [[Sport in Cameroon|Sport]] }} <noinclude> {{navbox doc}} [[Category:Cameroon navigational boxes| ]] [[Category:Africa country and territory topics templates]] </noinclude> s0axqlpgavalbccnwah3ymsiix9ixtb 0 47960 117479 2025-12-21T03:59:10Z en>Zackmann08 0 removing template per [[wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2025_November_5%23Culture_sidebars_part_9|TFD]] and adding replacement navbox when missing 117479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Refimprove|date=December 2009}} [[Cameroon]] has a rich and diverse culture made up of a mix of about 250 indigenous populations and just as many languages and customs. The country is nicknamed "Little Africa" as geographically, Cameroon consists of coastline, mountains, grass plains, forest, rainforest and desert, all of the geographical regions in Africa in one country. This also contributes to its cultural diversity as ways of life and traditional food dishes and traditions vary from geographical region to geographical region. ==Holidays== [[File:Musician in Cameroon 061123-F-0560B-482.jpg|thumb|A musician plays traditional African music during the closing ceremony of French RECAMP-concept (reinforcement of African peacekeeping capacities) in [[Douala]], November 23, 2006]] Religious holidays in [[Cameroon]] include: * Christian: [[Good Friday]], [[Easter Sunday]], [[Easter Monday]], [[Pentecost]], [[Ascension Thursday]] and [[Palm Sunday]] * Muslim: [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Eid ul-Adha]] and [[Ramadan]] ==Politics== Since an amendment was added to the Cameroon Constitution in 1992, Cameroon has been a multi-party state, which means there are multiple parties that have the potential to gain power over the government. Cameroon's first president, [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]], was in power from 1960 to 1982.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10031/Ahmadou-Ahidjo|title=Ahmadou Ahidjo|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=28 July 2023 }}</ref> The president holds executive power for seven years, for a maximum of two terms. The president and his cabinet hold the main power at the national level, while at the local level, the ''prefet'' and ''sous-prefet'' hold the most power. Getting a government position can happen several different ways: Regional background, ethical background, party loyalty, and who you know. The national and local levels have been known to work together, even though they have to deal with their own separate issues from each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cameroon.html|title=Culture of Cameroon - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family|work=everyculture.com}}</ref> ==Religion== {{Main|Religion in Cameroon}} Cameroon culture consists of numerous religions including [[Christianity]] (about 70%), [[Islam]] (about 30%), and many other [[indigenous religions]]. The citizens of Cameroon are entitled to [[freedom of religion]], as it is stated within their constitution. Therefore, citizens are free to practice any religion they choose, without harassment or forceful conversion. The northern part of Cameroon is heavily occupied by the [[Fulani]] people ({{langx|ff|Fulɓe}}; {{langx|fr|Peul}} or ''Peulh''; also known ''[[Mbororo]]'', though this has sometimes been seen as pejorative<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mouiche |first=Ibrahim |date=2011 |title=Democratisation and Political Participation of Mbororo in Western Cameroon |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=71–97|doi=10.1177/000203971104600203 |doi-access=free|jstor=41336255 }}</ref>). The Fulani are mainly [[Muslims]], because Islam is the dominant religion in the northern region. The western region is home of the [[Bamum people]], an ethnic group that also practices the Islamic religion. The French-speaking people are often inhabitants of the southern and western regions and the majority of them are [[Catholic]], while English-speaking citizens more to the west tend to be [[Protestants]]. ==Fashion== [[File:Camerounais en tenue traditionnelle.jpg|thumb|Cameroonian fashion is varied and often mixes modern and traditional elements. Note the wearing of [[sun glasses]], [[Monk shoe]]s, [[sandals]], and a [[Smartwatch]].]] Cameroon's relatively large and diverse population is also diverse with respect to its contemporary fashion. Climate, religious, ethnic and cultural belief systems as well as influences from colonialism, imperialism and globalization are all reflected in the clothes worn by modern Cameroonians. Notable Cameroonian articles of clothing include: [[Pagnes]], a [[sarong]]s worn by Cameroon women, [[Chechia]], a traditional hat, [[Kwa (handbag)|Kwa]], a male handbag and [[Gandura]], male custom attire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403063244/http://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 3, 2010|title=Cameroon clothing - A description of the traditional attire of Cameroon.|website=Cameroon-Today.com|access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> Wrappers and [[loincloths]] are used extensively by both women and men but their use varies by region with influences from [[Fulani]] styles more present in the north and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] styles in the south and west. <ref>John Mukum Mbaku, ''Culture and Customs of Cameroon'', 2000, p. 135.</ref> [[Imane Ayissi]] is one of Cameroon's top fashion designers and has received international recognition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cameroon:Imane Ayissi {{as written|detrem|ined [sic]}} to project Cameroon's couture|work= Journal du Cameroun|date=July 4, 2020|url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/|language=french}}</ref> ==Culture and traditions== Cameroon has 250-300 distinct groups and an estimated 300+ languages.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=cameroon |title=Archived copy from the Ethnologue Database website |access-date=2006-07-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711095438/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Cameroon |archive-date=2006-07-11 }}</ref> These languages include the [[Akoose language]], the [[Gbaya languages]], the [[Fula language]], the [[Gyele language]], the [[Koonzime language]], the [[Mundang language]], the [[Ngiemboon language]], and the [[Vengo language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cameroon-today.com/language-of-cameroon.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729032959/http://www.cameroon-today.com/language-of-cameroon.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 29, 2012|title=Language of Cameroon: Cameroon language & listing of all Cameroon main languages|work=Cameroon-Today.com}}</ref> Others include [[Ewondo language|Ewondo]], [[Basaa language|Bassa]], [[Bamileke]], [[Duala language|Duala]] and [[Arabic]] in the North and Far-North regions. Cameroon is divided into several provinces, which are dominated by specific ethnic or religious groups. Ethnic divisions often correspond to geography, which is also widely varied. Religious differences often correspond to colonial or other historical influence.<ref>Cameroon. John Middleton and [[Joseph C. Miller]] (eds), ''New Encyclopedia of Africa'', Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 298–307.</ref> Partly through the influence of [[colonialism]], there is a national culture, and two distinct regional cultures: the Anglophone and Francophone regions, which primarily speak English and French and use different legal systems. The national culture is established through public institutions such as school, the multiparty political system, shared history of colonialism and a national love of [[association football|football]].<ref>Pamela Feldman-Savelsberg, "Cameroon". In [[Carol R. Ember]] and [[Melvin Ember]] (eds), ''Countries and Their Cultures'', Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2001, pp. 384–396.</ref> [[Theatre of Cameroon]] is also another important aspect of local culture. == Visual arts == Among the traditional sculptures of the country's cultural heritage, Bangwa ritual sculptures made by [[Ateu Atsa]] (c. 1840–1910) and anonymous wood carvers since the late 19th century, have been collected and exhibited in major Western museums.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lintig |first=Bettina von |date=2017-01-01 |title=On the Bangwa Collection formed by Gustav Conrau |url=https://www.academia.edu/38987448 |journal=Tribal Art |volume=68 |pages=94–113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722195725/https://www.academia.edu/38987448/T86_On_the_Bangwa_Collection_EN |archive-date=2024-07-22}}</ref> ==Media== {{main|Media of Cameroon}} ==See also== * [[Cameroon]] * [[Cuisine of Cameroon]] * [[Languages of Cameroon]] * [[Music of Cameroon]] * [[List of African writers (by country)#Cameroon|List of writers from Cameroon]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Further reading == * "[[Revue Noire]]" - Special Issue on Cameroon, n. 13, 1994. * ''Cameroun: la culture sacrifiée''. Dossier of the magazine "[[Africultures]]", n. 60, L'Harmattan, July–September 2004. == External links == * {{Commonscatinline}} * The portal of Cameroon on the SPLA Sud Planète database managed by [[Africultures]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120228152725/http://kamercultures.net/ KAMERCULTURES] {{Africa in topic|Culture of}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Cameroon}} [[Category:Culture of Cameroon]] [[pt:Camarões#Cultura]] i1v9kk5ghfk7olilrb8exrk81eydf6v 117480 117479 2026-07-16T13:47:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Culture_of_Cameroon]] 117479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Refimprove|date=December 2009}} [[Cameroon]] has a rich and diverse culture made up of a mix of about 250 indigenous populations and just as many languages and customs. The country is nicknamed "Little Africa" as geographically, Cameroon consists of coastline, mountains, grass plains, forest, rainforest and desert, all of the geographical regions in Africa in one country. This also contributes to its cultural diversity as ways of life and traditional food dishes and traditions vary from geographical region to geographical region. ==Holidays== [[File:Musician in Cameroon 061123-F-0560B-482.jpg|thumb|A musician plays traditional African music during the closing ceremony of French RECAMP-concept (reinforcement of African peacekeeping capacities) in [[Douala]], November 23, 2006]] Religious holidays in [[Cameroon]] include: * Christian: [[Good Friday]], [[Easter Sunday]], [[Easter Monday]], [[Pentecost]], [[Ascension Thursday]] and [[Palm Sunday]] * Muslim: [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Eid ul-Adha]] and [[Ramadan]] ==Politics== Since an amendment was added to the Cameroon Constitution in 1992, Cameroon has been a multi-party state, which means there are multiple parties that have the potential to gain power over the government. Cameroon's first president, [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]], was in power from 1960 to 1982.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10031/Ahmadou-Ahidjo|title=Ahmadou Ahidjo|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=28 July 2023 }}</ref> The president holds executive power for seven years, for a maximum of two terms. The president and his cabinet hold the main power at the national level, while at the local level, the ''prefet'' and ''sous-prefet'' hold the most power. Getting a government position can happen several different ways: Regional background, ethical background, party loyalty, and who you know. The national and local levels have been known to work together, even though they have to deal with their own separate issues from each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Cameroon.html|title=Culture of Cameroon - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family|work=everyculture.com}}</ref> ==Religion== {{Main|Religion in Cameroon}} Cameroon culture consists of numerous religions including [[Christianity]] (about 70%), [[Islam]] (about 30%), and many other [[indigenous religions]]. The citizens of Cameroon are entitled to [[freedom of religion]], as it is stated within their constitution. Therefore, citizens are free to practice any religion they choose, without harassment or forceful conversion. The northern part of Cameroon is heavily occupied by the [[Fulani]] people ({{langx|ff|Fulɓe}}; {{langx|fr|Peul}} or ''Peulh''; also known ''[[Mbororo]]'', though this has sometimes been seen as pejorative<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mouiche |first=Ibrahim |date=2011 |title=Democratisation and Political Participation of Mbororo in Western Cameroon |journal=Africa Spectrum |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=71–97|doi=10.1177/000203971104600203 |doi-access=free|jstor=41336255 }}</ref>). The Fulani are mainly [[Muslims]], because Islam is the dominant religion in the northern region. The western region is home of the [[Bamum people]], an ethnic group that also practices the Islamic religion. The French-speaking people are often inhabitants of the southern and western regions and the majority of them are [[Catholic]], while English-speaking citizens more to the west tend to be [[Protestants]]. ==Fashion== [[File:Camerounais en tenue traditionnelle.jpg|thumb|Cameroonian fashion is varied and often mixes modern and traditional elements. Note the wearing of [[sun glasses]], [[Monk shoe]]s, [[sandals]], and a [[Smartwatch]].]] Cameroon's relatively large and diverse population is also diverse with respect to its contemporary fashion. Climate, religious, ethnic and cultural belief systems as well as influences from colonialism, imperialism and globalization are all reflected in the clothes worn by modern Cameroonians. Notable Cameroonian articles of clothing include: [[Pagnes]], a [[sarong]]s worn by Cameroon women, [[Chechia]], a traditional hat, [[Kwa (handbag)|Kwa]], a male handbag and [[Gandura]], male custom attire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403063244/http://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 3, 2010|title=Cameroon clothing - A description of the traditional attire of Cameroon.|website=Cameroon-Today.com|access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> Wrappers and [[loincloths]] are used extensively by both women and men but their use varies by region with influences from [[Fulani]] styles more present in the north and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] styles in the south and west. <ref>John Mukum Mbaku, ''Culture and Customs of Cameroon'', 2000, p. 135.</ref> [[Imane Ayissi]] is one of Cameroon's top fashion designers and has received international recognition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cameroon:Imane Ayissi {{as written|detrem|ined [sic]}} to project Cameroon's couture|work= Journal du Cameroun|date=July 4, 2020|url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/|language=french}}</ref> ==Culture and traditions== Cameroon has 250-300 distinct groups and an estimated 300+ languages.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=cameroon |title=Archived copy from the Ethnologue Database website |access-date=2006-07-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711095438/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Cameroon |archive-date=2006-07-11 }}</ref> These languages include the [[Akoose language]], the [[Gbaya languages]], the [[Fula language]], the [[Gyele language]], the [[Koonzime language]], the [[Mundang language]], the [[Ngiemboon language]], and the [[Vengo language]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cameroon-today.com/language-of-cameroon.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729032959/http://www.cameroon-today.com/language-of-cameroon.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 29, 2012|title=Language of Cameroon: Cameroon language & listing of all Cameroon main languages|work=Cameroon-Today.com}}</ref> Others include [[Ewondo language|Ewondo]], [[Basaa language|Bassa]], [[Bamileke]], [[Duala language|Duala]] and [[Arabic]] in the North and Far-North regions. Cameroon is divided into several provinces, which are dominated by specific ethnic or religious groups. Ethnic divisions often correspond to geography, which is also widely varied. Religious differences often correspond to colonial or other historical influence.<ref>Cameroon. John Middleton and [[Joseph C. Miller]] (eds), ''New Encyclopedia of Africa'', Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 298–307.</ref> Partly through the influence of [[colonialism]], there is a national culture, and two distinct regional cultures: the Anglophone and Francophone regions, which primarily speak English and French and use different legal systems. The national culture is established through public institutions such as school, the multiparty political system, shared history of colonialism and a national love of [[association football|football]].<ref>Pamela Feldman-Savelsberg, "Cameroon". In [[Carol R. Ember]] and [[Melvin Ember]] (eds), ''Countries and Their Cultures'', Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2001, pp. 384–396.</ref> [[Theatre of Cameroon]] is also another important aspect of local culture. == Visual arts == Among the traditional sculptures of the country's cultural heritage, Bangwa ritual sculptures made by [[Ateu Atsa]] (c. 1840–1910) and anonymous wood carvers since the late 19th century, have been collected and exhibited in major Western museums.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lintig |first=Bettina von |date=2017-01-01 |title=On the Bangwa Collection formed by Gustav Conrau |url=https://www.academia.edu/38987448 |journal=Tribal Art |volume=68 |pages=94–113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722195725/https://www.academia.edu/38987448/T86_On_the_Bangwa_Collection_EN |archive-date=2024-07-22}}</ref> ==Media== {{main|Media of Cameroon}} ==See also== * [[Cameroon]] * [[Cuisine of Cameroon]] * [[Languages of Cameroon]] * [[Music of Cameroon]] * [[List of African writers (by country)#Cameroon|List of writers from Cameroon]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Further reading == * "[[Revue Noire]]" - Special Issue on Cameroon, n. 13, 1994. * ''Cameroun: la culture sacrifiée''. Dossier of the magazine "[[Africultures]]", n. 60, L'Harmattan, July–September 2004. == External links == * {{Commonscatinline}} * The portal of Cameroon on the SPLA Sud Planète database managed by [[Africultures]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120228152725/http://kamercultures.net/ KAMERCULTURES] {{Africa in topic|Culture of}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Cameroon}} [[Category:Culture of Cameroon]] [[pt:Camarões#Cultura]] i1v9kk5ghfk7olilrb8exrk81eydf6v 0 47961 117481 2026-06-30T22:21:48Z en>HudecEmil 0 remove WP:CRYSTAL unreliable forecast, add GDPpc growth 117481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{CIA}} {{Infobox economy | country = Cameroon | image_size = 310px | image = Ars&Urbis International Workshop - Emiliano Gandolfi 82.JPG | caption = [[Douala]], the economic capital of Cameroon | currency = [[CFA franc]] ([[ISO 4217|XAF]]) | fixed exchange = | year = Calendar year | organs = [[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Agreement|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] | group = {{plainlist| *[[Developing country|Developing/Emerging]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> *Lower-middle income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}} | population = {{increase}} 30,058,421 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Population, total |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> | gdp = {{plainlist| * {{increase}} $60.58 billion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR |title=IMF DataMapper: Cameroon |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=2025 |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * {{increase}} $173.30 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; {{abbr|2025|2025}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> }} | gdp rank = {{plainlist| * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|87th (nominal; 2025)]] * [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|86th (PPP; 2025)]] }} | growth = {{plainlist| * 3.6%&nbsp;(2024)<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> * 3.6%&nbsp;({{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> }} | per capita = {{plainlist| * {{increase}} $2,027 (nominal; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> * {{increase}} $5,790 (PPP; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> }} | per capita rank = {{plainlist| * [[List of countries by GDP per capita (nominal)|152nd (nominal; 2025)]] * [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|147th (PPP; 2025)]] }} | per capita growth = 0.9%&nbsp;(2024)<ref name="World Bank">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG|title = GDP per capita growth (annual %), World Bank Group, accessed June 2026}}</ref> | components = | sectors = {{plainlist| *[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 32.2% *[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 17.2% *[[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]: 50.6% *(2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cameroon|access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref>}} | inflation = 3.4% (2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOCM">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2025/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=13&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, June 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> | poverty = {{plainlist| *22% (2024, [[World Bank]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=CM |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)|publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> *23% on less than $3.20/day (estimated in 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - Cameroon |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=CM |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>}} | gini = 42.2 {{color|orange| medium}} (2014, [[World Bank]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CM |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> | hdi = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} 0.588 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|148th]]) *0.470 {{color|red|low}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>}} | labor = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} 11,118,837 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Labor force, total |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> *62.9% employment rate (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Cameroon |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>}} | occupations = {{plainlist| *[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 32.2% *[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 17.2% *[[Tertiary sector of the economy|commerce]]: 50.6% *(2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | unemployment = 3.5% (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | industries = [[petroleum]] production and [[refining]], [[aluminium]] production, [[food processing]], light consumer goods, [[textiles]], [[lumber]], [[ship]] repair | exports = {{increase}} $7 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | export-goods = [[crude oil]] and [[petroleum product]]s, [[lumber]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] beans, [[aluminium]], [[coffee]], [[cotton]] | export-partners = {{plainlist| *{{flag|China}} 17% *{{flag|France}} 8.9% *{{flag|India}} 7.2% *{{flag|Russia}} 6.8% *{{flag|Belgium}} 3.8% *(2024)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | imports = {{increase}} $10.58 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | import-goods = [[machinery]], [[electrical]] equipment, [[transport]] equipment, [[fuel]], [[food]] | import-partners = {{plainlist| *{{flag|China}} 19% *{{flag|France}} 7.6% *{{flag|Nigeria}} 5.5% *{{flag|India}} 4.8% *{{flag|Russia}} 4.4% *(2024)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | current account = {{increaseNegative}} −$1.2 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | FDI = | gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $15.104 billion (31 December 2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | debt = {{increaseNegative}} 37% of GDP (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | revenue = {{increase}} $8.630 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | balance = −0.4% (of GDP) (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | expenses = {{increase}} $9.370 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | aid = The Paris Club agreed to reduce Cameroon's debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million, debt relief now totals $1.26 billion ({{As of|2001|alt=2001}}) | credit = {{plainlist| *[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web |title= Sovereigns rating list |publisher=Standard & Poor's |url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> *B- (Domestic) *B (Foreign) *BBB- (T&C Assessment)}} | reserves = {{increase}} $5.8 billion (31 December 2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | spelling = }} [[File:ChrisTonaldo on his harvested coacoa.jpg|thumb|Cocoa Farm]] [[Cameroon]] has a [[Developing country|developing economy]] considered lower-middle income. It was one of the most prosperous in [[Africa]] for a quarter of a century after independence. The drop in commodity prices for its principal [[export]]s – [[petroleum]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]], and [[cotton]] – in the mid-1980s, combined with an overvalued [[currency]] and economic mismanagement, led to a decade-long [[recession]]. Real per capita [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] fell by more than 60% from 1986 to 1994. The current account and fiscal [[Government budget deficit|deficit]]s widened, and [[foreign debt]] grew. Yet because of its [[oil reserves]] and favorable agricultural conditions, Cameroon still has one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in [[sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name=Tambi2015>{{cite journal |last1=Tambi |first1=Mbu Daniel |title=Economic Growth, Crisis, and Recovery in Cameroon: A Literature Review |journal=Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business |date=30 March 2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |doi=((10.13106/ijidb.2015.vol6.no1.5.)) |doi-access= }}</ref> == Agriculture == {{update section|date=August 2024}} In 2024, Cameroon produced: * 19{{nbsp}}million tons of [[cassava]] (6th largest producer in the world); * 3.9{{nbsp}}million tonnes of [[Cooking banana|plantain]] (3rd largest producer in the world, only behind Congo and Ghana); * 2.6{{nbsp}}million tons of [[palm oil]] (7th largest producer in the world); * 2.3{{nbsp}}million tons of [[maize]]; * 1.9{{nbsp}}million tons of [[taro]] (3rd largest producer in the world, second only to Nigeria and China); * 1.4{{nbsp}}million tons of [[sorghum]]; * 1.2{{nbsp}}million tons of [[banana]]; * 1.2{{nbsp}}million tons of [[sugarcane]]; * 1{{nbsp}}million tons of [[tomato]] (19th largest producer in the world); * 674,000 tonnes of [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]] (7th largest producer in the world); * 594,000 tons of [[peanut]]; * 410,000 tons of [[sweet potato]]; * 402,000 tons of [[bean]]s; * 332,000 tons of [[rice]]; * 310,000 tons of [[pineapple]]; * 307,000 tons of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] (5th largest producer in the world, after Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia and Nigeria); * 302,000 tons of [[potato]]; * 301,000 tons of [[onion]]; * 249,000 tons of [[cotton]]. In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as [[coffee]] (33,000 tons) and [[natural rubber]] (55,000 tons).<ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ Cameroon production in 2018, by FAO]</ref> ==Finance and banking== Cameroon's financial system is the largest in the [[CEMAC]] region. Access to financial services is limited, particularly for SMEs. Aside from a traditional tendency for banks to prefer dealing with large, established companies, determining factors are also found in interest rates for loans to SMEs being capped at 15 percent and being heavily taxed. As of 2006, bank loans to SMEs hardly reached 15 percent of total outstanding loans (Molua, 2002).<ref name=Tambi2015/> Around 25 percent of Cameroonians have access to a bank account(as of 2024). While the microfinance sector is consequently becoming increasingly important, its development is hampered by a loose regulatory and supervisory framework for [[microfinance]] institutions (MFIs). The banking sector is highly concentrated and dominated by foreign commercial banks. 6 out of the 11 largest commercial banks are foreign-owned, and the three largest banks hold more than 50 percent of total financial system assets. While foreign banks generally display good solvency ratios, small domestic banks are in a much weaker position. Their capitalization is well below the average of banks in the CEMAC region and their profits are close to 2 percent, compared to 20 percent for foreign banks in the country. This is partially explained by the high levels of non-performing loans, which reached 12 percent in 2007, leading to most banks holding large amounts of excess reserves as a percentage of deposits and large levels of unutilized liquidity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html|title=Cameroon Financial Sector Profile: MFW4A - Making Finance Work for Africa|website=www.mfw4a.org|access-date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110637/http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html|archive-date=13 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Cameroon's financial system is being requested by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to increase its tax base to cover the losses from the North-West and South-West Cameroon's regions instabilities, the loss of oil revenue, the failure to deliver on port facilities, and the decline in oil production from mature oil fields.<ref>IMF.org</ref> === Climate finance === {{Excerpt|Climate finance in Cameroon}} ==Macro-economic trend== <!--[[File:YaoundePanoramicView.jpeg|center|upright=2.0|thumb|Yaounde, the second economic center of the country]]--> Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. Claiming to want to make reserves for difficult times, the authorities manage "off-budget" oil revenues in total opacity (the funds are placed in [[Paris]], [[Switzerland]] and [[New York City|New York]] accounts). Several billion dollars are thus diverted to the benefit of oil companies and regime officials. The influence of France and its 9,000 nationals in Cameroon remains considerable. African Affairs magazine noted in the early 1980s that they "continue to dominate almost all key sectors of the economy, much as they did before independence. French nationals control 55% of the modern sector of the Cameroonian economy and their control over the banking system is total.<ref>Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019</ref> Recent signs, however, are encouraging. As of March 1998, Cameroon's fifth IMF program – a 3-year enhanced structural adjustment program approved in August 1997 – is on track. Cameroon has rescheduled its [[Paris Club]] debt at favorable terms. GDP has grown by about 5% a year beginning in 1995. There is cautious optimism that Cameroon is emerging from its long period of economic hardship. [[File:2006Cameroonian exports.PNG|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Cameroonian exports in 2006]] The [[Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility]] (ESAF) signed recently by the IMF and Government of Cameroon calls for greater macroeconomic planning and financial accountability; [[privatization]] of most of Cameroon's nearly 100 remaining non-financial parastatal enterprises; elimination of state marketing board [[monopoly|monopolies]] on the export of cocoa, certain coffees, and cotton; privatization and price competition in the [[banking]] sector; implementation of the 1992 [[labor code]]; a vastly improved judicial system; and political liberalization to boost investment. [[France]] is Cameroon's main trading partner and source of private investment and [[foreign aid]]. Cameroon has an investment guaranty agreement and a bilateral accord with the [[United States]]. USA investment in Cameroon is about $1 million, most of it in the oil sector. Inflation has been brought back under control. Cameroon aims at becoming emerging by 2035. The government embarked upon a series of economic reform programs supported by the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) beginning in the late 1980s. Many of these measures have been painful; the government slashed [[civil service]] salaries by 65% in 1993. The [[CFA franc]] – the common currency of Cameroon and 13 other African states – was devalued by 50% in January 1994. The government failed to meet the conditions of the first four IMF programs. This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Cameroon at market prices [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001 estimated] by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Central African CFA Francs. [[File:Pineapple 'Victoria' with slice.jpg|thumb|Pineapple 'Victoria', grown in Cameroon]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year || Gross Domestic Product || US Dollar Exchange |- | 1980 || 1,600,186 || 209.20 Francs |- | 1985 || 4,355,977 || 471.12 Francs |- | 1990 || 3,804,428 || 300.65 Francs |- | 1995 || 4,686,286 || 518.62 Francs |- | 2000 || 6,612,385 || 658.21 Francs |- | 2005 || 8,959,279 || 527.29 Francs |} The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022. Inflation below 5% is in green.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=35&pr.y=12|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Year !GDP <small>(in Bil. US$PPP)</small> !GDP per capita <small>(in US$ PPP)</small> !GDP <small>(in Bil. US$nominal)</small> !GDP growth <small>(real)</small> !Inflation rate <small>(in Percent)</small> !Government debt <small>(in % of GDP)</small> |- |1980 |11.1 |1,263 |8.85 |{{Increase}}9.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.7% |n/a |- |1981 |{{Increase}}14.3 |{{Increase}}1,572 |{{Increase}}10.03 |{{Increase}}17.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.5% |n/a |- |1982 |{{Increase}}16.3 |{{Increase}}1,747 |{{Decrease}}9.62 |{{Increase}}7.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15.3% |n/a |- |1983 |{{Increase}}18.1 |{{Increase}}1,887 |{{Increase}}9.69 |{{Increase}}6.8% |{{IncreaseNegative}}20.5% |n/a |- |1984 |{{Increase}}20.1 |{{Increase}}2,047 |{{Increase}}10.24 |{{Increase}}7.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.1% |n/a |- |1985 |{{Increase}}22.4 |{{Increase}}2,223 |{{Increase}}10.70 |{{Increase}}8.1% |{{Increase}}4.2% |n/a |- |1986 |{{Increase}}24.4 |{{Increase}}2,357 |{{Increase}}13.95 |{{Increase}}6.8% |{{Increase}}4.3% |n/a |- |1987 |{{Increase}}24.5 |{{Decrease}}2,298 |{{Increase}}16.15 | {{Decrease}}-2.2% |{{Increase}}2.8% |n/a |- |1988 |{{Decrease}}23.4 |{{Decrease}}2,129 |{{Increase}}16.40 | {{Decrease}}-7.9% |{{Increase}}1.7% |n/a |- |1989 |{{Decrease}}23.9 |{{Decrease}}2,110 |{{Decrease}}14.63 | {{Decrease}}-1.8% |{{Increase}}1.6% |n/a |- |1990 |{{Decrease}}23.2 |{{Decrease}}1,992 |{{Increase}}14.64 | {{Decrease}}-6.2% |{{Increase}}1.5% |n/a |- |1991 |{{Decrease}}23.1 |{{Decrease}}1,922 |{{Increase}}16.33 | {{Decrease}}-3.8% | {{DecreasePositive}}-0.6% |n/a |- |1992 |{{Decrease}}22.9 |{{Decrease}}1,850 |{{Decrease}}14.96 | {{Decrease}}-3.1% |{{Increase}}1.9% |n/a |- |1993 |{{Decrease}}22.7 |{{Decrease}}1,780 |{{Increase}}15.61 | {{Decrease}}-3.2% | {{DecreasePositive}}-3.7% |n/a |- |1994 |{{Decrease}}22.6 |{{Decrease}}1,722 |{{Decrease}}10.62 | {{Decrease}}-2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.7% |n/a |- |1995 |{{Increase}}23.9 |{{Increase}}1,766 |{{Decrease}}10.08 |{{Increase}}3.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}25.8% |n/a |- |1996 |{{Increase}}25.5 |{{Increase}}1,836 |{{Increase}}11.23 |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{Increase}}3.9% |n/a |- |1997 |{{Increase}}27.3 |{{Increase}}1,913 |{{Increase}}11.35 |{{Increase}}5.3% |{{Increase}}4.8% |n/a |- |1998 |{{Increase}}29.0 |{{Increase}}1,974 |{{Decrease}}11.34 |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{Increase}}3.2% |68% |- |1999 |{{Increase}}30.6 |{{Increase}}2,026 |{{Increase}}11.55 |{{Increase}}4.1% |{{Increase}}1.8% |{{Steady}}68% |- |2000 |{{Increase}}32.3 |{{Increase}}2,084 |{{Decrease}}10.25 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}1.2% |{{IncreaseNegative}}76% |- |2001 |{{Increase}}34.2 |{{Increase}}2,145 |{{Increase}}10.95 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{DecreasePositive}}62% |- |2002 |{{Increase}}36.4 |{{Increase}}2,224 |{{Increase}}12.37 |{{Increase}}4.8% |{{Increase}}2.8% |{{DecreasePositive}}57% |- |2003 |{{Increase}}38.9 |{{Increase}}2,318 |{{Increase}}15.94 |{{Increase}}5.0% |{{Increase}}0.6% |{{DecreasePositive}}52% |- |2004 |{{Increase}}42.6 |{{Increase}}2,469 |{{Increase}}18.80 |{{Increase}}6.6% |{{Increase}}0.3% |{{Steady}}52% |- |2005 |{{Increase}}44.5 |{{Increase}}2,509 |{{Increase}}19.53 |{{Increase}}1.2% |{{Increase}}2.0% |{{DecreasePositive}}44% |- |2006 |{{Increase}}47.5 |{{Increase}}2,605 |{{Increase}}20.91 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{DecreasePositive}}18% |- |2007 |{{Increase}}50.8 |{{Increase}}2,710 |{{Increase}}23.93 |{{Increase}}4.1% |{{Increase}}1.1% |{{DecreasePositive}}14% |- |2008 |{{Increase}}53.2 |{{Increase}}2,764 |{{Increase}}27.71 |{{Increase}}2.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.3% |{{DecreasePositive}}11% |- |2009 |{{Increase}}55.0 |{{Increase}}2,777 |{{Increase}}27.90 |{{Increase}}2.6% |{{Increase}}3.0% |{{Steady}}11% |- |2010 |{{Increase}}57.2 |{{Increase}}2,814 |{{Decrease}}27.53 |{{Increase}}2.9% |{{Increase}}1.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}14% |- |2011 |{{Increase}}60.5 |{{Increase}}2,892 |{{Increase}}30.63 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}3.0% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15% |- |2012 |{{Increase}}63.6 |{{Increase}}2,959 |{{Decrease}}30.17 |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{Increase}}2.4% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15% |- |2013 |{{Increase}}69.1 |{{Increase}}3,130 |{{Increase}}33.73 |{{Increase}}5.0% |{{Increase}}2.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}17% |- |2014 |{{Increase}}75.1 |{{Increase}}3,313 |{{Increase}}36.40 |{{Increase}}5.8% |{{Increase}}1.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}21% |- |2015 |{{Increase}}79.1 |{{Increase}}3,396 |{{Decrease}}32.21 |{{Increase}}5.6% |{{Increase}}2.7% |{{IncreaseNegative}}32% |- |2016 |{{Increase}}84.4 |{{Increase}}3,527 |{{Increase}}33.81 |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{Increase}}0.9% |{{Steady}}32% |- |2017 |{{Increase}}90.0 |{{Increase}}3,665 |{{Increase}}36.09 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}0.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}37% |- |2018 |{{Increase}}95.9 |{{Increase}}3,803 |{{Increase}}39.99 |{{Increase}}4.0% |{{Increase}}1.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}38% |- |2019 |{{Increase}}101.0 |{{Increase}}3,901 |{{Increase}}39.67 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}42% |- |2020 |{{Increase}}102.7 |{{Decrease}}3,870 |{{Increase}}40.86 |{{Increase}}0.5% |{{Increase}}2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}45% |- |2021 |{{Increase}}110.9 |{{Increase}}4,073 |{{Increase}}45.39 |{{Increase}}3.6% |{{Increase}}2.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}46% |- |2022 |{{Increase}}123.3 |{{Increase}}4,419 |{{Decrease}}44.32 |{{Increase}}3.8% |{{Increase}}4.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}47% |} ==Mining== {{Main|Mining industry of Cameroon}} ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Douala.JPG|[[Douala]] File:Limbe1.png|A touristic area in [[Limbe, Cameroon|Limbe]] File:YaoundeSportPalace.png|[[Yaoundé]] Sport palace File:Fulani herd in the dust.jpg|A [[Fula people|Fulani]] herder drives his cattle in northern Cameroon. File:Asky plane 7810.jpg|Douala International Airport File:Touristic Buses.jpg|Intercity buses in transit during the night (Touristique Express) File:WL-Cameroun-Train Yaoundé-Ngaoundéré.jpg|Interurban passenger train on the move in Cameroon (Douala-Yaounde-Ngaoundere) File:Nouveau pont sur le Wouri 04.jpg|Douala Seaport File:Transport de boissons 01.jpg|A truck transporting beers to various localities in Cameroon </gallery> ==See also== * [[Cameroon]] * [[Transport in Cameroon]] * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category}} *[http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=120 Cameroon latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Cameroon] {{World Trade Organization}} {{Africa in topic|Economy of}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Economy of Cameroon}} [[Category:Economy of Cameroon| ]] [[Category:Economies of developing countries]] [[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Cameroon]] [[Category:African Union member economies|Cameroon]] 6ex496deg99nd8cdquajkuznoum3mbh 117482 117481 2026-07-16T13:47:25Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Economy_of_Cameroon]] 117481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{CIA}} {{Infobox economy | country = Cameroon | image_size = 310px | image = Ars&Urbis International Workshop - Emiliano Gandolfi 82.JPG | caption = [[Douala]], the economic capital of Cameroon | currency = [[CFA franc]] ([[ISO 4217|XAF]]) | fixed exchange = | year = Calendar year | organs = [[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Agreement|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] | group = {{plainlist| *[[Developing country|Developing/Emerging]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> *Lower-middle income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}} | population = {{increase}} 30,058,421 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Population, total |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> | gdp = {{plainlist| * {{increase}} $60.58 billion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/CMR |title=IMF DataMapper: Cameroon |website=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=2025 |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref> * {{increase}} $173.30 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; {{abbr|2025|2025}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> }} | gdp rank = {{plainlist| * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|87th (nominal; 2025)]] * [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|86th (PPP; 2025)]] }} | growth = {{plainlist| * 3.6%&nbsp;(2024)<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> * 3.6%&nbsp;({{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper" /> }} | per capita = {{plainlist| * {{increase}} $2,027 (nominal; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> * {{increase}} $5,790 (PPP; {{abbr|2025|2025 forecast}})<ref name="IMF DataMapper"/> }} | per capita rank = {{plainlist| * [[List of countries by GDP per capita (nominal)|152nd (nominal; 2025)]] * [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|147th (PPP; 2025)]] }} | per capita growth = 0.9%&nbsp;(2024)<ref name="World Bank">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG|title = GDP per capita growth (annual %), World Bank Group, accessed June 2026}}</ref> | components = | sectors = {{plainlist| *[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 32.2% *[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 17.2% *[[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]]: 50.6% *(2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cameroon|access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref>}} | inflation = 3.4% (2025 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOCM">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2025/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=13&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, June 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> | poverty = {{plainlist| *22% (2024, [[World Bank]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=CM |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)|publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> *23% on less than $3.20/day (estimated in 2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - Cameroon |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=CM |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>}} | gini = 42.2 {{color|orange| medium}} (2014, [[World Bank]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CM |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> | hdi = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} 0.588 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|148th]]) *0.470 {{color|red|low}} [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2023)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>}} | labor = {{plainlist| *{{increase}} 11,118,837 (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Labor force, total |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> *62.9% employment rate (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=CM&name_desc=true |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Cameroon |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>}} | occupations = {{plainlist| *[[Primary sector of the economy|agriculture]]: 32.2% *[[Secondary sector of the economy|industry]]: 17.2% *[[Tertiary sector of the economy|commerce]]: 50.6% *(2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | unemployment = 3.5% (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | industries = [[petroleum]] production and [[refining]], [[aluminium]] production, [[food processing]], light consumer goods, [[textiles]], [[lumber]], [[ship]] repair | exports = {{increase}} $7 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | export-goods = [[crude oil]] and [[petroleum product]]s, [[lumber]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] beans, [[aluminium]], [[coffee]], [[cotton]] | export-partners = {{plainlist| *{{flag|China}} 17% *{{flag|France}} 8.9% *{{flag|India}} 7.2% *{{flag|Russia}} 6.8% *{{flag|Belgium}} 3.8% *(2024)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | imports = {{increase}} $10.58 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | import-goods = [[machinery]], [[electrical]] equipment, [[transport]] equipment, [[fuel]], [[food]] | import-partners = {{plainlist| *{{flag|China}} 19% *{{flag|France}} 7.6% *{{flag|Nigeria}} 5.5% *{{flag|India}} 4.8% *{{flag|Russia}} 4.4% *(2024)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/>}} | current account = {{increaseNegative}} −$1.2 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | FDI = | gross external debt = {{increaseNegative}} $15.104 billion (31 December 2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | debt = {{increaseNegative}} 37% of GDP (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | revenue = {{increase}} $8.630 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | balance = −0.4% (of GDP) (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | expenses = {{increase}} $9.370 billion (2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | aid = The Paris Club agreed to reduce Cameroon's debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million, debt relief now totals $1.26 billion ({{As of|2001|alt=2001}}) | credit = {{plainlist| *[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web |title= Sovereigns rating list |publisher=Standard & Poor's |url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 |access-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> *B- (Domestic) *B (Foreign) *BBB- (T&C Assessment)}} | reserves = {{increase}} $5.8 billion (31 December 2024 est.)<ref name="CIAWFCM"/> | spelling = }} [[File:ChrisTonaldo on his harvested coacoa.jpg|thumb|Cocoa Farm]] [[Cameroon]] has a [[Developing country|developing economy]] considered lower-middle income. It was one of the most prosperous in [[Africa]] for a quarter of a century after independence. The drop in commodity prices for its principal [[export]]s – [[petroleum]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]], and [[cotton]] – in the mid-1980s, combined with an overvalued [[currency]] and economic mismanagement, led to a decade-long [[recession]]. Real per capita [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] fell by more than 60% from 1986 to 1994. The current account and fiscal [[Government budget deficit|deficit]]s widened, and [[foreign debt]] grew. Yet because of its [[oil reserves]] and favorable agricultural conditions, Cameroon still has one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in [[sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name=Tambi2015>{{cite journal |last1=Tambi |first1=Mbu Daniel |title=Economic Growth, Crisis, and Recovery in Cameroon: A Literature Review |journal=Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business |date=30 March 2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |doi=((10.13106/ijidb.2015.vol6.no1.5.)) |doi-access= }}</ref> == Agriculture == {{update section|date=August 2024}} In 2024, Cameroon produced: * 19{{nbsp}}million tons of [[cassava]] (6th largest producer in the world); * 3.9{{nbsp}}million tonnes of [[Cooking banana|plantain]] (3rd largest producer in the world, only behind Congo and Ghana); * 2.6{{nbsp}}million tons of [[palm oil]] (7th largest producer in the world); * 2.3{{nbsp}}million tons of [[maize]]; * 1.9{{nbsp}}million tons of [[taro]] (3rd largest producer in the world, second only to Nigeria and China); * 1.4{{nbsp}}million tons of [[sorghum]]; * 1.2{{nbsp}}million tons of [[banana]]; * 1.2{{nbsp}}million tons of [[sugarcane]]; * 1{{nbsp}}million tons of [[tomato]] (19th largest producer in the world); * 674,000 tonnes of [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]] (7th largest producer in the world); * 594,000 tons of [[peanut]]; * 410,000 tons of [[sweet potato]]; * 402,000 tons of [[bean]]s; * 332,000 tons of [[rice]]; * 310,000 tons of [[pineapple]]; * 307,000 tons of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] (5th largest producer in the world, after Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia and Nigeria); * 302,000 tons of [[potato]]; * 301,000 tons of [[onion]]; * 249,000 tons of [[cotton]]. In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as [[coffee]] (33,000 tons) and [[natural rubber]] (55,000 tons).<ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/ Cameroon production in 2018, by FAO]</ref> ==Finance and banking== Cameroon's financial system is the largest in the [[CEMAC]] region. Access to financial services is limited, particularly for SMEs. Aside from a traditional tendency for banks to prefer dealing with large, established companies, determining factors are also found in interest rates for loans to SMEs being capped at 15 percent and being heavily taxed. As of 2006, bank loans to SMEs hardly reached 15 percent of total outstanding loans (Molua, 2002).<ref name=Tambi2015/> Around 25 percent of Cameroonians have access to a bank account(as of 2024). While the microfinance sector is consequently becoming increasingly important, its development is hampered by a loose regulatory and supervisory framework for [[microfinance]] institutions (MFIs). The banking sector is highly concentrated and dominated by foreign commercial banks. 6 out of the 11 largest commercial banks are foreign-owned, and the three largest banks hold more than 50 percent of total financial system assets. While foreign banks generally display good solvency ratios, small domestic banks are in a much weaker position. Their capitalization is well below the average of banks in the CEMAC region and their profits are close to 2 percent, compared to 20 percent for foreign banks in the country. This is partially explained by the high levels of non-performing loans, which reached 12 percent in 2007, leading to most banks holding large amounts of excess reserves as a percentage of deposits and large levels of unutilized liquidity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html|title=Cameroon Financial Sector Profile: MFW4A - Making Finance Work for Africa|website=www.mfw4a.org|access-date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110637/http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html|archive-date=13 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, Cameroon's financial system is being requested by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to increase its tax base to cover the losses from the North-West and South-West Cameroon's regions instabilities, the loss of oil revenue, the failure to deliver on port facilities, and the decline in oil production from mature oil fields.<ref>IMF.org</ref> === Climate finance === {{Excerpt|Climate finance in Cameroon}} ==Macro-economic trend== <!--[[File:YaoundePanoramicView.jpeg|center|upright=2.0|thumb|Yaounde, the second economic center of the country]]--> Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. Claiming to want to make reserves for difficult times, the authorities manage "off-budget" oil revenues in total opacity (the funds are placed in [[Paris]], [[Switzerland]] and [[New York City|New York]] accounts). Several billion dollars are thus diverted to the benefit of oil companies and regime officials. The influence of France and its 9,000 nationals in Cameroon remains considerable. African Affairs magazine noted in the early 1980s that they "continue to dominate almost all key sectors of the economy, much as they did before independence. French nationals control 55% of the modern sector of the Cameroonian economy and their control over the banking system is total.<ref>Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019</ref> Recent signs, however, are encouraging. As of March 1998, Cameroon's fifth IMF program – a 3-year enhanced structural adjustment program approved in August 1997 – is on track. Cameroon has rescheduled its [[Paris Club]] debt at favorable terms. GDP has grown by about 5% a year beginning in 1995. There is cautious optimism that Cameroon is emerging from its long period of economic hardship. [[File:2006Cameroonian exports.PNG|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Cameroonian exports in 2006]] The [[Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility]] (ESAF) signed recently by the IMF and Government of Cameroon calls for greater macroeconomic planning and financial accountability; [[privatization]] of most of Cameroon's nearly 100 remaining non-financial parastatal enterprises; elimination of state marketing board [[monopoly|monopolies]] on the export of cocoa, certain coffees, and cotton; privatization and price competition in the [[banking]] sector; implementation of the 1992 [[labor code]]; a vastly improved judicial system; and political liberalization to boost investment. [[France]] is Cameroon's main trading partner and source of private investment and [[foreign aid]]. Cameroon has an investment guaranty agreement and a bilateral accord with the [[United States]]. USA investment in Cameroon is about $1 million, most of it in the oil sector. Inflation has been brought back under control. Cameroon aims at becoming emerging by 2035. The government embarked upon a series of economic reform programs supported by the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) beginning in the late 1980s. Many of these measures have been painful; the government slashed [[civil service]] salaries by 65% in 1993. The [[CFA franc]] – the common currency of Cameroon and 13 other African states – was devalued by 50% in January 1994. The government failed to meet the conditions of the first four IMF programs. This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Cameroon at market prices [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001 estimated] by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Central African CFA Francs. [[File:Pineapple 'Victoria' with slice.jpg|thumb|Pineapple 'Victoria', grown in Cameroon]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year || Gross Domestic Product || US Dollar Exchange |- | 1980 || 1,600,186 || 209.20 Francs |- | 1985 || 4,355,977 || 471.12 Francs |- | 1990 || 3,804,428 || 300.65 Francs |- | 1995 || 4,686,286 || 518.62 Francs |- | 2000 || 6,612,385 || 658.21 Francs |- | 2005 || 8,959,279 || 527.29 Francs |} The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022. Inflation below 5% is in green.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=35&pr.y=12|access-date=2018-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Year !GDP <small>(in Bil. US$PPP)</small> !GDP per capita <small>(in US$ PPP)</small> !GDP <small>(in Bil. US$nominal)</small> !GDP growth <small>(real)</small> !Inflation rate <small>(in Percent)</small> !Government debt <small>(in % of GDP)</small> |- |1980 |11.1 |1,263 |8.85 |{{Increase}}9.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.7% |n/a |- |1981 |{{Increase}}14.3 |{{Increase}}1,572 |{{Increase}}10.03 |{{Increase}}17.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}7.5% |n/a |- |1982 |{{Increase}}16.3 |{{Increase}}1,747 |{{Decrease}}9.62 |{{Increase}}7.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15.3% |n/a |- |1983 |{{Increase}}18.1 |{{Increase}}1,887 |{{Increase}}9.69 |{{Increase}}6.8% |{{IncreaseNegative}}20.5% |n/a |- |1984 |{{Increase}}20.1 |{{Increase}}2,047 |{{Increase}}10.24 |{{Increase}}7.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.1% |n/a |- |1985 |{{Increase}}22.4 |{{Increase}}2,223 |{{Increase}}10.70 |{{Increase}}8.1% |{{Increase}}4.2% |n/a |- |1986 |{{Increase}}24.4 |{{Increase}}2,357 |{{Increase}}13.95 |{{Increase}}6.8% |{{Increase}}4.3% |n/a |- |1987 |{{Increase}}24.5 |{{Decrease}}2,298 |{{Increase}}16.15 | {{Decrease}}-2.2% |{{Increase}}2.8% |n/a |- |1988 |{{Decrease}}23.4 |{{Decrease}}2,129 |{{Increase}}16.40 | {{Decrease}}-7.9% |{{Increase}}1.7% |n/a |- |1989 |{{Decrease}}23.9 |{{Decrease}}2,110 |{{Decrease}}14.63 | {{Decrease}}-1.8% |{{Increase}}1.6% |n/a |- |1990 |{{Decrease}}23.2 |{{Decrease}}1,992 |{{Increase}}14.64 | {{Decrease}}-6.2% |{{Increase}}1.5% |n/a |- |1991 |{{Decrease}}23.1 |{{Decrease}}1,922 |{{Increase}}16.33 | {{Decrease}}-3.8% | {{DecreasePositive}}-0.6% |n/a |- |1992 |{{Decrease}}22.9 |{{Decrease}}1,850 |{{Decrease}}14.96 | {{Decrease}}-3.1% |{{Increase}}1.9% |n/a |- |1993 |{{Decrease}}22.7 |{{Decrease}}1,780 |{{Increase}}15.61 | {{Decrease}}-3.2% | {{DecreasePositive}}-3.7% |n/a |- |1994 |{{Decrease}}22.6 |{{Decrease}}1,722 |{{Decrease}}10.62 | {{Decrease}}-2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}12.7% |n/a |- |1995 |{{Increase}}23.9 |{{Increase}}1,766 |{{Decrease}}10.08 |{{Increase}}3.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}25.8% |n/a |- |1996 |{{Increase}}25.5 |{{Increase}}1,836 |{{Increase}}11.23 |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{Increase}}3.9% |n/a |- |1997 |{{Increase}}27.3 |{{Increase}}1,913 |{{Increase}}11.35 |{{Increase}}5.3% |{{Increase}}4.8% |n/a |- |1998 |{{Increase}}29.0 |{{Increase}}1,974 |{{Decrease}}11.34 |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{Increase}}3.2% |68% |- |1999 |{{Increase}}30.6 |{{Increase}}2,026 |{{Increase}}11.55 |{{Increase}}4.1% |{{Increase}}1.8% |{{Steady}}68% |- |2000 |{{Increase}}32.3 |{{Increase}}2,084 |{{Decrease}}10.25 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}1.2% |{{IncreaseNegative}}76% |- |2001 |{{Increase}}34.2 |{{Increase}}2,145 |{{Increase}}10.95 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{DecreasePositive}}62% |- |2002 |{{Increase}}36.4 |{{Increase}}2,224 |{{Increase}}12.37 |{{Increase}}4.8% |{{Increase}}2.8% |{{DecreasePositive}}57% |- |2003 |{{Increase}}38.9 |{{Increase}}2,318 |{{Increase}}15.94 |{{Increase}}5.0% |{{Increase}}0.6% |{{DecreasePositive}}52% |- |2004 |{{Increase}}42.6 |{{Increase}}2,469 |{{Increase}}18.80 |{{Increase}}6.6% |{{Increase}}0.3% |{{Steady}}52% |- |2005 |{{Increase}}44.5 |{{Increase}}2,509 |{{Increase}}19.53 |{{Increase}}1.2% |{{Increase}}2.0% |{{DecreasePositive}}44% |- |2006 |{{Increase}}47.5 |{{Increase}}2,605 |{{Increase}}20.91 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}4.9% |{{DecreasePositive}}18% |- |2007 |{{Increase}}50.8 |{{Increase}}2,710 |{{Increase}}23.93 |{{Increase}}4.1% |{{Increase}}1.1% |{{DecreasePositive}}14% |- |2008 |{{Increase}}53.2 |{{Increase}}2,764 |{{Increase}}27.71 |{{Increase}}2.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}5.3% |{{DecreasePositive}}11% |- |2009 |{{Increase}}55.0 |{{Increase}}2,777 |{{Increase}}27.90 |{{Increase}}2.6% |{{Increase}}3.0% |{{Steady}}11% |- |2010 |{{Increase}}57.2 |{{Increase}}2,814 |{{Decrease}}27.53 |{{Increase}}2.9% |{{Increase}}1.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}14% |- |2011 |{{Increase}}60.5 |{{Increase}}2,892 |{{Increase}}30.63 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}3.0% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15% |- |2012 |{{Increase}}63.6 |{{Increase}}2,959 |{{Decrease}}30.17 |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{Increase}}2.4% |{{IncreaseNegative}}15% |- |2013 |{{Increase}}69.1 |{{Increase}}3,130 |{{Increase}}33.73 |{{Increase}}5.0% |{{Increase}}2.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}17% |- |2014 |{{Increase}}75.1 |{{Increase}}3,313 |{{Increase}}36.40 |{{Increase}}5.8% |{{Increase}}1.9% |{{IncreaseNegative}}21% |- |2015 |{{Increase}}79.1 |{{Increase}}3,396 |{{Decrease}}32.21 |{{Increase}}5.6% |{{Increase}}2.7% |{{IncreaseNegative}}32% |- |2016 |{{Increase}}84.4 |{{Increase}}3,527 |{{Increase}}33.81 |{{Increase}}4.5% |{{Increase}}0.9% |{{Steady}}32% |- |2017 |{{Increase}}90.0 |{{Increase}}3,665 |{{Increase}}36.09 |{{Increase}}3.5% |{{Increase}}0.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}37% |- |2018 |{{Increase}}95.9 |{{Increase}}3,803 |{{Increase}}39.99 |{{Increase}}4.0% |{{Increase}}1.1% |{{IncreaseNegative}}38% |- |2019 |{{Increase}}101.0 |{{Increase}}3,901 |{{Increase}}39.67 |{{Increase}}3.4% |{{Increase}}2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}42% |- |2020 |{{Increase}}102.7 |{{Decrease}}3,870 |{{Increase}}40.86 |{{Increase}}0.5% |{{Increase}}2.5% |{{IncreaseNegative}}45% |- |2021 |{{Increase}}110.9 |{{Increase}}4,073 |{{Increase}}45.39 |{{Increase}}3.6% |{{Increase}}2.3% |{{IncreaseNegative}}46% |- |2022 |{{Increase}}123.3 |{{Increase}}4,419 |{{Decrease}}44.32 |{{Increase}}3.8% |{{Increase}}4.6% |{{IncreaseNegative}}47% |} ==Mining== {{Main|Mining industry of Cameroon}} ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Douala.JPG|[[Douala]] File:Limbe1.png|A touristic area in [[Limbe, Cameroon|Limbe]] File:YaoundeSportPalace.png|[[Yaoundé]] Sport palace File:Fulani herd in the dust.jpg|A [[Fula people|Fulani]] herder drives his cattle in northern Cameroon. File:Asky plane 7810.jpg|Douala International Airport File:Touristic Buses.jpg|Intercity buses in transit during the night (Touristique Express) File:WL-Cameroun-Train Yaoundé-Ngaoundéré.jpg|Interurban passenger train on the move in Cameroon (Douala-Yaounde-Ngaoundere) File:Nouveau pont sur le Wouri 04.jpg|Douala Seaport File:Transport de boissons 01.jpg|A truck transporting beers to various localities in Cameroon </gallery> ==See also== * [[Cameroon]] * [[Transport in Cameroon]] * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category}} *[http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=120 Cameroon latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Cameroon] {{World Trade Organization}} {{Africa in topic|Economy of}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Economy of Cameroon}} [[Category:Economy of Cameroon| ]] [[Category:Economies of developing countries]] [[Category:World Trade Organization member economies|Cameroon]] [[Category:African Union member economies|Cameroon]] 6ex496deg99nd8cdquajkuznoum3mbh 0 47962 117483 2026-07-12T04:28:55Z en>Smlandarthurfan 0 /* Natural regions */ 117483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} [[Image:Cameroon Map.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Map of Cameroon]] [[File:LocationCameroon.svg|thumb|Location of Cameroon]] At {{convert|475440|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Cameroon]] is the world's 53rd largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of [[Sweden]] and the US state of [[California]]. It is comparable in size to [[Papua New Guinea]]. Cameroon's landmass is {{convert|472710|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|2730|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the [[Bight of Biafra]], between [[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[Nigeria]]. Cameroon is sometimes described as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic zones. These are distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. ==Natural regions== [[Image:Cameroon Topography.png|thumb|Topography of Cameroon]] {{MapLibrary|Cameroon_sat.png|Cameroon}} [[File:Down Beach Limbe.jpg|thumb|Night view of Limbe Atlantic Ocean]] [[File:Mangrove-Wouri 02.jpg|thumb|Mangroves along the banks of Wouri River in Douala]] Cameroon is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second highest concentration of biodiversity.<ref name="Africa">{{cite web |title=Cameroon |url=http://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/africa/cameroon.aspx |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society}}</ref><ref name="Regional">{{cite web |last1=Wilkie |first1=D. S. |last2=Hakizumwami |first2=E. |last3=Gami |first3=N. |last4=Difara |first4=B. |year=2001 |title=Beyond Boundaries:Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/125/125/CentralAfrica.htm |access-date=14 February 2013 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |publisher=World Wildlife Organization}}</ref> In Cameroon [[forest cover]] is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to {{convert|20,340,480|ha}} of forest in 2020, down from {{convert|22,500,000|ha}} in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered {{convert|20,279,380|ha}} and planted forest covered {{convert|61,100|ha}}. Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Cameroon |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CMR/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Cameroon's coastal plain extends {{convert|10|to|50|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} inland from the [[Gulf of Guinea]] (part of the Atlantic Ocean) to the edge of a plateau. In the former western state, however, the mass of [[Mount Cameroon]] reaches almost to the sea. The plain is densely forested including areas of [[Central African mangroves]] especially around [[Douala]] and in the estuary of the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] on the border with [[Nigeria]]. A recent global [[remote sensing]] analysis suggested that there were 643&nbsp;km² of tidal flats in Cameroon, making it the 39th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |journal=Nature |date=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The low [[South Cameroon Plateau]], rising from the coastal plain and dominated by tropical rain forest, has an average elevation of {{convert|1500|to|2000|ft|m|sigfig=1|order=flip}}. It is less humid than the coast. In western Cameroon is an irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus that extends from Mount Cameroon almost to [[Lake Chad]] at the northern tip of the country. This region includes the [[Bamenda highlands|Bamenda]], [[Bamiléké highlands|Bamiléké]], and [[Mambilla highlands]]. It also contains some of the country's most fertile soils, notably around volcanic Mt. Cameroon. This area of tropical forest has been categorised by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as the [[Cameroonian Highlands forests]] [[ecoregion]] with [[Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests|Mount Cameroon]] considered separately because as an active volcano it has a distinct environment from the other mountains. From the forested southern plateau the land rises northward to the grassy, rugged [[Adamaoua highlands|Adamaoua]] (Adamawa) highlands. Stretching across Cameroon from the western mountain area, the Adamaoua forms a barrier between the north and south. Its average elevation is {{convert|3400|ft|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The southern [[savanna|savanna plain]] extends from the edge of the Adamaoua to Lake Chad. Its characteristic vegetation is scrub and grass. This is region of sparse rainfall and high median temperatures has been included as part of the [[East Sudanian savanna]] ecoregion. == Climate == The climate varies with terrain, from tropical along the coast to semiarid and hot in the north. Exceedingly hot and humid, the coastal belt includes some of the wettest places on earth. For example, [[Debundscha]], at the base of Mt. Cameroon, has an average annual rainfall of {{convert|405|in|mm|order=flip}}.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes]. Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]]. 9 August 2004. Last accessed 7 November 2006.</ref> {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Yaoundé |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan record high C = 33 |Feb record high C = 33 |Mar record high C = 33 |Apr record high C = 36 |May record high C = 34 |Jun record high C = 32 |Jul record high C = 31 |Aug record high C = 34 |Sep record high C = 31 |Oct record high C = 33 |Nov record high C = 32 |Dec record high C = 32 |year record high C = 36 |Jan high C = 29.6 |Feb high C = 31.0 |Mar high C = 30.4 |Apr high C = 29.6 |May high C = 28.8 |Jun high C = 27.7 |Jul high C = 26.5 |Aug high C = 26.5 |Sep high C = 27.5 |Oct high C = 27.8 |Nov high C = 28.1 |Dec high C = 28.5 |year high C = 28.5 |Jan mean C = 24.6 |Feb mean C = 25.7 |Mar mean C = 25.4 |Apr mean C = 25.0 |May mean C = 24.5 |Jun mean C = 23.8 |Jul mean C = 23.2 |Aug mean C = 22.9 |Sep mean C = 23.4 |Oct mean C = 23.5 |Nov mean C = 23.9 |Dec mean C = 24.0 |year mean C = 24.2 |Jan low C = 19.6 |Feb low C = 20.3 |Mar low C = 20.3 |Apr low C = 20.3 |May low C = 20.2 |Jun low C = 19.9 |Jul low C = 19.9 |Aug low C = 19.3 |Sep low C = 19.3 |Oct low C = 19.2 |Nov low C = 19.6 |Dec low C = 19.5 |year low C = 19.8 |Jan record low C = 14 |Feb record low C = 15 |Mar record low C = 16 |Apr record low C = 15 |May record low C = 16 |Jun record low C = 15 |Jul record low C = 16 |Aug record low C = 16 |Sep record low C = 15 |Oct record low C = 15 |Nov record low C = 17 |Dec record low C = 16 |year record low C = 14 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 19.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 42.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 124.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 171.3 |May precipitation mm = 199.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 157.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 74.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 113.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 232.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 293.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 94.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 18.6 |year precipitation mm = |Jan humidity = 79.5 |Feb humidity = 79.5 |Mar humidity = 81.0 |Apr humidity = 82.0 |May humidity = 84.0 |Jun humidity = 85.0 |Jul humidity = 85.5 |Aug humidity = 86.0 |Sep humidity = 85.5 |Oct humidity = 85.0 |Nov humidity = 82.0 |Dec humidity = 79.0 |year humidity = 82.8 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 3 |Feb precipitation days = 4 |Mar precipitation days = 12 |Apr precipitation days = 14 |May precipitation days = 17 |Jun precipitation days = 14 |Jul precipitation days = 11 |Aug precipitation days = 12 |Sep precipitation days = 20 |Oct precipitation days = 23 |Nov precipitation days = 11 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |Jan sun = 172.0 |Feb sun = 179.0 |Mar sun = 169.9 |Apr sun = 164.5 |May sun = 166.2 |Jun sun = 126.0 |Jul sun = 96.1 |Aug sun = 86.2 |Sep sun = 102.4 |Oct sun = 130.2 |Nov sun = 167.1 |Dec sun = 181.4 |year sun = 1741.0 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOYaounde>{{cite web|url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/055/c00257.htm|title=World Weather Information Service - Yaounde|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=December 7, 2012}}</ref> NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<ref name=NOAA>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64950.TXT|server=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|title=Yaounde Climate Normals 1961–1990|access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> |source 2 = BBC Weather<ref name="weather1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2220957|title=Average Conditions Yaounde, Cameroon|access-date=December 7, 2012|publisher=BBC Weather}}</ref>|date=August 2010}} {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Douala (1971-2000, extremes 1885-present) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |collapsed = Yes |Jan record high C = 35.8 |Feb record high C = 39.8 |Mar record high C = 37.8 |Apr record high C = 36.4 |May record high C = 36.0 |Jun record high C = 39.0 |Jul record high C = 32.5 |Aug record high C = 32.0 |Sep record high C = 33.1 |Oct record high C = 35.0 |Nov record high C = 38.0 |Dec record high C = 38.0 |year record high C = 39.8 |Jan high C = 32.2 |Feb high C = 32.8 |Mar high C = 32.5 |Apr high C = 32.1 |May high C = 31.4 |Jun high C = 29.9 |Jul high C = 28.1 |Aug high C = 27.7 |Sep high C = 29.0 |Oct high C = 29.8 |Nov high C = 30.9 |Dec high C = 31.7 |year high C = 30.7 |Jan mean C = 27.8 |Feb mean C = 28.5 |Mar mean C = 28.2 |Apr mean C = 27.8 |May mean C = 27.3 |Jun mean C = 26.5 |Jul mean C = 25.4 |Aug mean C = 25.3 |Sep mean C = 25.9 |Oct mean C = 26.2 |Nov mean C = 27.1 |Dec mean C = 27.5 |year mean C = 27.0 |Jan low C = 23.4 |Feb low C = 24.1 |Mar low C = 23.9 |Apr low C = 23.5 |May low C = 23.2 |Jun low C = 23.0 |Jul low C = 22.7 |Aug low C = 22.8 |Sep low C = 22.8 |Oct low C = 22.5 |Nov low C = 23.2 |Dec low C = 23.3 |year low C = 23.2 |Jan record low C = 18.0 |Feb record low C = 19.0 |Mar record low C = 18.0 |Apr record low C = 18.3 |May record low C = 16.0 |Jun record low C = 18.2 |Jul record low C = 18.2 |Aug record low C = 19.0 |Sep record low C = 18.5 |Oct record low C = 16.8 |Nov record low C = 18.5 |Dec record low C = 18.0 |year record low C = 16.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 34.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 54.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 155.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 241.2 |May precipitation mm = 276.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 354.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 681.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 687.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 561.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 406.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 123.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 27.5 |year precipitation mm = 3602.7 |Jan humidity = 80 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 80 |Apr humidity = 81 |May humidity = 82 |Jun humidity = 85 |Jul humidity = 87 |Aug humidity = 88 |Sep humidity = 86 |Oct humidity = 84 |Nov humidity = 83 |Dec humidity = 82 |year humidity = 83 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 5 |Feb precipitation days = 9 |Mar precipitation days = 15 |Apr precipitation days = 18 |May precipitation days = 21 |Jun precipitation days = 23 |Jul precipitation days = 27 |Aug precipitation days = 30 |Sep precipitation days = 26 |Oct precipitation days = 24 |Nov precipitation days = 12 |Dec precipitation days = 5 |year precipitation days = 215 |Jan sun = 193.3 |Feb sun = 179.1 |Mar sun = 171.9 |Apr sun = 176.5 |May sun = 175.8 |Jun sun = 123.1 |Jul sun = 72.0 |Aug sun = 53.2 |Sep sun = 90.8 |Oct sun = 131.2 |Nov sun = 162.1 |Dec sun = 184.2 |year sun = 1713.2 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name = WMOdouala > {{cite web |url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1513 |title = World Weather Information Service – Douala |publisher= World Meteorological Organization |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = doualameteoclimat> {{cite web |url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1526 |title = Station Douala |publisher = Meteo Climat |language = fr |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1957-1990),<ref name = DWDdouala> {{cite web |url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_649100_kt.pdf |title = Klimatafel von Douala (Duala), Observatorium / Kamerun |work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst |language = de |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<ref name = NOAADouala> {{cite web |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64910.TXT |title = Douala Climate Normals 1961-1990 |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726195601/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64910.TXT |archive-date = 2020-07-26 |url-status = dead |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Garoua |collapsed = Yes |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high C = 34.4 |Feb high C = 37.3 |Mar high C = 39.8 |Apr high C = 39.5 |May high C = 36.5 |Jun high C = 33.2 |Jul high C = 31.1 |Aug high C = 30.7 |Sep high C = 31.5 |Oct high C = 34.2 |Nov high C = 36.0 |Dec high C = 34.8 |year high C = 34.9 |Jan mean C = 26.0 |Feb mean C = 28.9 |Mar mean C = 32.2 |Apr mean C = 33.0 |May mean C = 30.7 |Jun mean C = 28.2 |Jul mean C = 26.6 |Aug mean C = 26.4 |Sep mean C = 26.7 |Oct mean C = 28.1 |Nov mean C = 27.3 |Dec mean C = 26.0 |year mean C = 28.3 |Jan low C = 17.5 |Feb low C = 20.5 |Mar low C = 24.7 |Apr low C = 26.4 |May low C = 24.9 |Jun low C = 23.2 |Jul low C = 22.2 |Aug low C = 22.0 |Sep low C = 21.9 |Oct low C = 22.2 |Nov low C = 19.2 |Dec low C = 17.3 |year low C = 21.8 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 0.0 |Feb rain mm = 0.0 |Mar rain mm = 2.0 |Apr rain mm = 44.1 |May rain mm = 108.4 |Jun rain mm = 134.8 |Jul rain mm = 205.3 |Aug rain mm = 247.9 |Sep rain mm = 190.0 |Oct rain mm = 63.3 |Nov rain mm = 1.6 |Dec rain mm = 0.0 |unit rain days = 1.0 mm |Jan rain days = 0 |Feb rain days = 0 |Mar rain days = 1 |Apr rain days = 5 |May rain days = 9 |Jun rain days = 11 |Jul rain days = 14 |Aug rain days = 17 |Sep rain days = 24 |Oct rain days = 6 |Nov rain days = 1 |Dec rain days = 0 |Jan sun = 275.0 |Feb sun = 252.6 |Mar sun = 260.1 |Apr sun = 245.4 |May sun = 256.7 |Jun sun = 224.4 |Jul sun = 194.0 |Aug sun = 187.2 |Sep sun = 204.5 |Oct sun = 261.5 |Nov sun = 279.2 |Dec sun = 286.5 |year sun = 2927.1 |source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAAgaroua>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT | title = Garoua Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210303100123/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT | archive-date = 2021-03-03 | url-status = dead | access-date = March 8, 2015}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} ==Biodiversity== {{Main|Wildlife of Cameroon}} The wide diversity of climates and natural regions of Cameroon, as coastline, mountains, savanna, deserts, and tropical forests, allows that the country counts with rich biodiversity. Twenty-two million hectares from the [[Congo Basin]] forest ecosystem are located in Cameroon, where 9,000 plant species, 900 bird species, and 320 mammals species live,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cameroon|url=https://www.awf.org/country/cameroon|publisher=Cameroon|access-date=29 September 2020 }}</ref> included 156 [[Endemism|endemic]] plants, eight endemic birds, and 14 endemic mammals. The border with Nigeria has one of the highest concentration of biodiversity in Africa.<ref name="afcn">{{cite web|title=Africa: Cameroon, Nigeria|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0710|access-date=29 September 2020 }}</ref> As part of the conservation efforts to protect threatened natural resources, Cameroon has established [[List of protected areas of Cameroon|protected areas]] since 1932, included national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, faunal reserves, and one flora sanctuary.<ref name="Cartesia">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Mapping of Protected Areas Evolution in Cameroon from the Beginning to 2000: Lesson to Learn and Perspectives. |author1=Mesmin Tchindjang |author2=Clair Réné Banga |author3=Appolinaire Nankam |author4=Jean Sylvestre Makak |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization}}</ref> ==Rivers== [[File:La sanaga4.jpg|thumb|Sanaga River]] [[File:River Mungo.jpg|thumb|Mungo River with fishing Canoes at the far end of the picture]] The country has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers flow southwestward or westward directly to the [[Gulf of Guinea]] – the [[Wouri River|Wouri]], and lesser [[Dibamba River|Dibamba]], [[Bimbia River|Bimbia]] and [[Mungo River, Cameroon|Mungo]] to the Cameroon [[estuary]] near [[Douala]]; [[Sanaga River|Sanaga]], [[Nyong River|Nyong]], and [[Ntem River|Ntem]] further south along the coast; [[Akwayafe River|Akwayafe]] and [[Manyu River|Manyu]] (which joins Nigerian [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross]]), and the lesser [[Ndian River|Ndian]] and [[Meme River|Meme]] north of the coast.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nest.su.se/mnode/Africa/Cameroon/cameroonintro.htm | access-date = 2012-10-25 | last = Gabche | first = C E | author2 = Smith, S V | title = Cameroon Estuarine Systems | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110823031328/http://nest.su.se/mnode/africa/cameroon/cameroonintro.htm | archive-date = 23 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Dja River|Dja]] and [[Kadei River|Kadeï]], however, drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the [[Benue River|Benoué River]] (Benue) runs north and west, eventually into the Niger, while the [[Logone River]] flows northward into [[Lake Chad]]. Some of the borders of Cameron follow rivers, including the [[Aïna River|Aïna]], Akwayafe, and Ntem or [[Campo River|Campo]]. ==Forests== Cameroon had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.00/10, ranking it 29th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978 |issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tree cover extent and loss === [[Global Forest Watch]] publishes annual estimates of tree cover loss and 2000 tree cover extent derived from time-series analysis of [[Landsat program|Landsat]] satellite imagery in the Global Forest Change dataset.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard">{{cite web |title=Cameroon Deforestation Rates & Statistics |website=Global Forest Watch |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/CMR/ }}</ref><ref name="HansenEtAl2013">{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Moore |first3=Rebecca |last4=Hancher |first4=Matt |last5=Turubanova |first5=Svetlana A. |last6=Tyukavina |first6=Alexandra |display-authors=3 |title=High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |year=2013 |pages=850-853 |doi=10.1126/science.1244693 }}</ref><ref name="GFWTCLossAbout">{{cite web |title=Tree cover loss |website=Global Forest Watch Open Data Portal |url=https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/gfw::tree-cover-loss/about }}</ref><ref name="GFWTCCover2000About">{{cite web |title=Tree cover (2000) |website=Global Forest Watch Open Data Portal |url=https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/gfw::tree-cover-2000/about }}</ref> In this framework, tree cover refers to vegetation taller than 5 m (including natural forests and tree plantations), and tree cover loss is defined as the complete removal of tree cover canopy for a given year, regardless of cause.<ref name="GFRTreeCoverLoss2023">{{cite web |title=How much forest was lost in 2023? |website=Global Forest Review |url=https://gfr.wri.org/global-tree-cover-loss-data-2023 }}</ref> For Cameroon, country statistics report cumulative tree cover loss of {{convert|2226205|ha|km2|abbr=on}} from 2001 to 2024 (about 7.1% of its 2000 tree cover area).<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> For tree cover density greater than 30%, country statistics report a 2000 tree cover extent of {{convert|31459321|ha|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> The charts and table below display this data. In simple terms, the annual loss number is the area where tree cover disappeared in that year, and the extent number shows what remains of the 2000 tree cover baseline after subtracting cumulative loss. Forest regrowth is not included in the dataset.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /><ref name="GFRTreeCoverLoss2023" /> {{ChartDirect |type=bar |align=center |width=100% |x=2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024 |xType=integer |y1=392.03,287.68,253.46,230.04,251.58,359.86,459.16,351.41,360.72,579.93,276.52,512.67,846.13,1818.51,789.69,1166.18,1872.81,1208.14,1218.00,2027.96,1687.97,1478.09,2041.99,1791.52 |y1Title=Annual tree cover loss (km²) |caption=Annual tree cover loss in Cameroon, 2001–2024.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> }} {{ChartDirect |type=line |align=center |width=100% |x=2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024 |xType=integer |y1=314201.18,313913.50,313660.04,313430.00,313178.42,312818.56,312359.40,312007.99,311647.27,311067.34,310790.82,310278.15,309432.02,307613.51,306823.82,305657.64,303784.83,302576.69,301358.69,299330.73,297642.76,296164.67,294122.68,292331.16 |y1Title=Extent minus cumulative loss (km²) |caption=Tree cover extent in 2000 minus cumulative tree cover loss in Cameroon, 2001–2024 (loss-only residual; does not account for gain).<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> }} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right;" |+ Annual tree cover extent and loss<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> ! Year ! Tree cover extent (km2){{efn|name=regrowth|This residual measure does not include forest regrowth.}} ! Annual tree cover loss (km2) |- | 2001 || 314,201.18 || 392.03 |- | 2002 || 313,913.50 || 287.68 |- | 2003 || 313,660.04 || 253.46 |- | 2004 || 313,430.00 || 230.04 |- | 2005 || 313,178.42 || 251.58 |- | 2006 || 312,818.56 || 359.86 |- | 2007 || 312,359.40 || 459.16 |- | 2008 || 312,007.99 || 351.41 |- | 2009 || 311,647.27 || 360.72 |- | 2010 || 311,067.34 || 579.93 |- | 2011 || 310,790.82 || 276.52 |- | 2012 || 310,278.15 || 512.67 |- | 2013 || 309,432.02 || 846.13 |- | 2014 || 307,613.51 || 1,818.51 |- | 2015 || 306,823.82 || 789.69 |- | 2016 || 305,657.64 || 1,166.18 |- | 2017 || 303,784.83 || 1,872.81 |- | 2018 || 302,576.69 || 1,208.14 |- | 2019 || 301,358.69 || 1,218.00 |- | 2020 || 299,330.73 || 2,027.96 |- | 2021 || 297,642.76 || 1,687.97 |- | 2022 || 296,164.67 || 1,478.09 |- | 2023 || 294,122.68 || 2,041.99 |- | 2024 || 292,331.16 || 1,791.52 |} ===REDD+ reference level and monitoring=== Under the [[UNFCCC]] [[REDD+]] framework, Cameroon has submitted a national [[forest reference level]]. On the UNFCCC REDD+ Web Platform, the country’s 2026 submission is listed as “under technical assessment”, while the other [[Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus|Warsaw Framework]] elements—a national strategy, [[Cancún safeguards|safeguards]], and a [[national forest monitoring system]]—are listed as “not reported”.<ref name="UNFCCC_REDD_CMR">{{cite web |title=Cameroon (CMR) — Submissions provided by Country |website=REDD+ Web Platform |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |url=https://redd.unfccc.int/submissions/by-country/country_detail/cmr.html}}</ref> In its 2026 submission, Cameroon proposed its first national forest reference level as a “zero” reference level (''niveau de référence zéro''). The submission states that it is national in scope, covers all five REDD+ activities, uses a historical reference period of 2000–2020, and applies to the implementation period 2021–2025. The proposed benchmark is 0 [[carbon dioxide equivalent|t CO2 eq]] per year, with the government arguing that results-based payments should be claimed only for net removals because Cameroon presents itself as a net carbon sink at national level.<ref name="CMR_NRF_2026">{{cite report |title=Niveau de référence pour les forêts du Cameroun |publisher=République du Cameroun |date=January 2026 |type=UNFCCC submission |url=https://redd.unfccc.int/media/cmr_nrf_zero_final_20janvier2026_f.pdf}}</ref> The submission applies a forest definition of at least 0.5 hectares, minimum canopy cover of 10%, and trees or shrubs capable of reaching a minimum height of 3 metres at maturity, while excluding mono-specific agro-industrial plantations managed primarily through agricultural techniques. It states that activity data were produced through a systematic 4 km × 4 km grid interpreted in Collect Earth Online, covering land use and land-use change for 2000–2023 across 29,409 sample plots. The proposed reference level includes biomass, dead organic matter and mineral soil carbon pools.<ref name="CMR_NRF_2026" /> ==Data== '''Location:''' Central Africa, bordering the [[Bight of Biafra]], between [[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[Nigeria]] '''Geographic coordinates:''' {{coord|6|N|12|E|region:CM_type:country}} '''Continent:''' Africa '''Area:''' <br>''total:'' {{convert|475,440|km2|abbr=on}} <br>''land:'' {{convert|472,710|km2|abbr=on}} <br>''water:'' {{convert|2,730|km2|abbr=on}} <br> ''country rank in the world: 53rd'' '''Area – comparative:''' :* Australia comparative: slightly more than twice the size of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] :* Canada comparative: slightly smaller than the [[Yukon]] :* United Kingdom comparative: slightly less than twice the size of the United Kingdom :* United States comparative: slightly more than {{sfrac|1|10}} larger than [[California]] :* [[European Union|EU]] comparative: slightly smaller than [[Spain]]; slightly larger than [[Sweden]] '''Land boundaries:''' <br>''total:'' 5,018&nbsp;km <br>''border countries:'' [[Central African Republic]] 901&nbsp;km, [[Chad]] 1,116&nbsp;km, [[Republic of the Congo]] 494&nbsp;km, [[Equatorial Guinea]] 183&nbsp;km, [[Gabon]] 349&nbsp;km, Nigeria 1,975&nbsp;km '''Coastline:''' 402&nbsp;km '''Maritime claims:''' <br>''territorial sea:'' {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on|lk=in}} '''Terrain:''' diverse, with coastal [[plain]] in southwest, dissected [[plateau]] in center, mountains in west, plains in north '''Elevation extremes:''' <br>''lowest point:'' Atlantic Ocean 0 m <br>''highest point:'' [[Fako]] (on. [[Mt. Cameroon]]) 4,095 m '''Natural resources:''' petroleum, [[bauxite]], iron ore, timber, [[hydropower]] [[Image:Mount Cameroon craters.jpg|thumb|left|Mount Cameroon craters]] '''Land use:''' <br>''arable land:'' 13.12% <br>''permanent crops:'' 3.28% <br>''other:'' 83.61% (2012) '''Irrigated land:''' 256.5&nbsp;km² (2003) [[Image:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Rhumsiki]] Peak in Cameroon's [[Far North Province]].]] '''Total renewable water resources:''' 285.5&nbsp;km³ (2011) '''Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):''' <br>''total:'' 0.97&nbsp;km³/yr (23%/10%/68%) <br>''per capita:'' 58.9 m³/yr (2005) '''Natural hazards:''' Recent [[limnic eruption]]s with release of [[carbon dioxide]]: *from [[Lake Monoun]], 15 August 1984, killing 37 *from [[Lake Nyos]], 21 August 1986, killing as many as 1,800 {{anchor|Environmental issues}}'''Environment – current issues:''' water-borne diseases are prevalent; [[deforestation]]; [[overgrazing]]; [[desertification]]; [[poaching]]; [[overfishing]] '''Environment – international agreements:''' <br>''party to:'' [[Biodiversity]], [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Climate Change]], Desertification, [[Endangered Species]], Hazardous Wastes, [[Law of the Sea]], [[Ozone Layer Protection]], [[Tropical Timber 83]], [[Tropical Timber 94]], Wetlands, Whaling <br>''signed, but not ratified:'' [[Nuclear Test Ban]] '''Geography – note:''' sometimes referred to as 'the hinge of Africa;' throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano [[File:Landscape of Mount Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Mount Cameroon Landscape|alt=|220x220px]] == Extreme points == This is a list of the extreme points of [[Cameroon]], the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. * Northernmost point – unnamed [[peninsula]] jutting into [[Lake Chad]], [[Far North Province|Far North Region]] * Easternmost point – unnamed location on the border with the [[Republic of Congo]] in the [[Sangha River]] opposite the Congolese town of [[Bomassa]], [[East Region (Cameroon)|East Region]] * Southernmost point – unnamed headland at the [[confluence]] on the Sangha River and the [[Ngoko River]] immediately north of the Congolese town of [[Ouesso]], [[East Region (Cameroon)|East Region]] * Westernmost point – unnamed point on [[Akwabana Island]], [[Southwest region (Cameroon)|Southwest Region]] ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Koppen-Geiger Map CMR present.svg|Cameroon map of Köppen climate classification. File:Hills near Ngaoundal.jpg|Countryside near [[Ngaoundal]] in Cameroon's [[Adamawa Region]]. File:Berges du Wouri 05.jpg|A view of Wouri River with a transport vessel in the Littoral Region of Cameroon </gallery> ==See also== {{commons category|Geography of Cameroon}} *[[Geology of Cameroon]] *[[List of volcanoes in Cameroon]] == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{CIA World Factbook}} {{Reflist}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{Geography of Africa}} {{Africa topic|Climate of}} [[Category:Geography of Cameroon| ]] csjxgeblso838phdfnr8ns4xhqb0g5l 117484 117483 2026-07-16T13:47:28Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Geography_of_Cameroon]] 117483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} [[Image:Cameroon Map.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Map of Cameroon]] [[File:LocationCameroon.svg|thumb|Location of Cameroon]] At {{convert|475440|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Cameroon]] is the world's 53rd largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of [[Sweden]] and the US state of [[California]]. It is comparable in size to [[Papua New Guinea]]. Cameroon's landmass is {{convert|472710|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|2730|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the [[Bight of Biafra]], between [[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[Nigeria]]. Cameroon is sometimes described as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic zones. These are distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. ==Natural regions== [[Image:Cameroon Topography.png|thumb|Topography of Cameroon]] {{MapLibrary|Cameroon_sat.png|Cameroon}} [[File:Down Beach Limbe.jpg|thumb|Night view of Limbe Atlantic Ocean]] [[File:Mangrove-Wouri 02.jpg|thumb|Mangroves along the banks of Wouri River in Douala]] Cameroon is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second highest concentration of biodiversity.<ref name="Africa">{{cite web |title=Cameroon |url=http://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/africa/cameroon.aspx |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society}}</ref><ref name="Regional">{{cite web |last1=Wilkie |first1=D. S. |last2=Hakizumwami |first2=E. |last3=Gami |first3=N. |last4=Difara |first4=B. |year=2001 |title=Beyond Boundaries:Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/125/125/CentralAfrica.htm |access-date=14 February 2013 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |publisher=World Wildlife Organization}}</ref> In Cameroon [[forest cover]] is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to {{convert|20,340,480|ha}} of forest in 2020, down from {{convert|22,500,000|ha}} in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered {{convert|20,279,380|ha}} and planted forest covered {{convert|61,100|ha}}. Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Cameroon |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CMR/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Cameroon's coastal plain extends {{convert|10|to|50|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} inland from the [[Gulf of Guinea]] (part of the Atlantic Ocean) to the edge of a plateau. In the former western state, however, the mass of [[Mount Cameroon]] reaches almost to the sea. The plain is densely forested including areas of [[Central African mangroves]] especially around [[Douala]] and in the estuary of the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] on the border with [[Nigeria]]. A recent global [[remote sensing]] analysis suggested that there were 643&nbsp;km² of tidal flats in Cameroon, making it the 39th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |journal=Nature |date=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The low [[South Cameroon Plateau]], rising from the coastal plain and dominated by tropical rain forest, has an average elevation of {{convert|1500|to|2000|ft|m|sigfig=1|order=flip}}. It is less humid than the coast. In western Cameroon is an irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus that extends from Mount Cameroon almost to [[Lake Chad]] at the northern tip of the country. This region includes the [[Bamenda highlands|Bamenda]], [[Bamiléké highlands|Bamiléké]], and [[Mambilla highlands]]. It also contains some of the country's most fertile soils, notably around volcanic Mt. Cameroon. This area of tropical forest has been categorised by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as the [[Cameroonian Highlands forests]] [[ecoregion]] with [[Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests|Mount Cameroon]] considered separately because as an active volcano it has a distinct environment from the other mountains. From the forested southern plateau the land rises northward to the grassy, rugged [[Adamaoua highlands|Adamaoua]] (Adamawa) highlands. Stretching across Cameroon from the western mountain area, the Adamaoua forms a barrier between the north and south. Its average elevation is {{convert|3400|ft|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The southern [[savanna|savanna plain]] extends from the edge of the Adamaoua to Lake Chad. Its characteristic vegetation is scrub and grass. This is region of sparse rainfall and high median temperatures has been included as part of the [[East Sudanian savanna]] ecoregion. == Climate == The climate varies with terrain, from tropical along the coast to semiarid and hot in the north. Exceedingly hot and humid, the coastal belt includes some of the wettest places on earth. For example, [[Debundscha]], at the base of Mt. Cameroon, has an average annual rainfall of {{convert|405|in|mm|order=flip}}.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes]. Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]]. 9 August 2004. Last accessed 7 November 2006.</ref> {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Yaoundé |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan record high C = 33 |Feb record high C = 33 |Mar record high C = 33 |Apr record high C = 36 |May record high C = 34 |Jun record high C = 32 |Jul record high C = 31 |Aug record high C = 34 |Sep record high C = 31 |Oct record high C = 33 |Nov record high C = 32 |Dec record high C = 32 |year record high C = 36 |Jan high C = 29.6 |Feb high C = 31.0 |Mar high C = 30.4 |Apr high C = 29.6 |May high C = 28.8 |Jun high C = 27.7 |Jul high C = 26.5 |Aug high C = 26.5 |Sep high C = 27.5 |Oct high C = 27.8 |Nov high C = 28.1 |Dec high C = 28.5 |year high C = 28.5 |Jan mean C = 24.6 |Feb mean C = 25.7 |Mar mean C = 25.4 |Apr mean C = 25.0 |May mean C = 24.5 |Jun mean C = 23.8 |Jul mean C = 23.2 |Aug mean C = 22.9 |Sep mean C = 23.4 |Oct mean C = 23.5 |Nov mean C = 23.9 |Dec mean C = 24.0 |year mean C = 24.2 |Jan low C = 19.6 |Feb low C = 20.3 |Mar low C = 20.3 |Apr low C = 20.3 |May low C = 20.2 |Jun low C = 19.9 |Jul low C = 19.9 |Aug low C = 19.3 |Sep low C = 19.3 |Oct low C = 19.2 |Nov low C = 19.6 |Dec low C = 19.5 |year low C = 19.8 |Jan record low C = 14 |Feb record low C = 15 |Mar record low C = 16 |Apr record low C = 15 |May record low C = 16 |Jun record low C = 15 |Jul record low C = 16 |Aug record low C = 16 |Sep record low C = 15 |Oct record low C = 15 |Nov record low C = 17 |Dec record low C = 16 |year record low C = 14 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 19.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 42.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 124.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 171.3 |May precipitation mm = 199.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 157.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 74.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 113.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 232.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 293.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 94.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 18.6 |year precipitation mm = |Jan humidity = 79.5 |Feb humidity = 79.5 |Mar humidity = 81.0 |Apr humidity = 82.0 |May humidity = 84.0 |Jun humidity = 85.0 |Jul humidity = 85.5 |Aug humidity = 86.0 |Sep humidity = 85.5 |Oct humidity = 85.0 |Nov humidity = 82.0 |Dec humidity = 79.0 |year humidity = 82.8 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 3 |Feb precipitation days = 4 |Mar precipitation days = 12 |Apr precipitation days = 14 |May precipitation days = 17 |Jun precipitation days = 14 |Jul precipitation days = 11 |Aug precipitation days = 12 |Sep precipitation days = 20 |Oct precipitation days = 23 |Nov precipitation days = 11 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |Jan sun = 172.0 |Feb sun = 179.0 |Mar sun = 169.9 |Apr sun = 164.5 |May sun = 166.2 |Jun sun = 126.0 |Jul sun = 96.1 |Aug sun = 86.2 |Sep sun = 102.4 |Oct sun = 130.2 |Nov sun = 167.1 |Dec sun = 181.4 |year sun = 1741.0 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOYaounde>{{cite web|url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/055/c00257.htm|title=World Weather Information Service - Yaounde|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=December 7, 2012}}</ref> NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<ref name=NOAA>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64950.TXT|server=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|title=Yaounde Climate Normals 1961–1990|access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> |source 2 = BBC Weather<ref name="weather1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2220957|title=Average Conditions Yaounde, Cameroon|access-date=December 7, 2012|publisher=BBC Weather}}</ref>|date=August 2010}} {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Douala (1971-2000, extremes 1885-present) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |collapsed = Yes |Jan record high C = 35.8 |Feb record high C = 39.8 |Mar record high C = 37.8 |Apr record high C = 36.4 |May record high C = 36.0 |Jun record high C = 39.0 |Jul record high C = 32.5 |Aug record high C = 32.0 |Sep record high C = 33.1 |Oct record high C = 35.0 |Nov record high C = 38.0 |Dec record high C = 38.0 |year record high C = 39.8 |Jan high C = 32.2 |Feb high C = 32.8 |Mar high C = 32.5 |Apr high C = 32.1 |May high C = 31.4 |Jun high C = 29.9 |Jul high C = 28.1 |Aug high C = 27.7 |Sep high C = 29.0 |Oct high C = 29.8 |Nov high C = 30.9 |Dec high C = 31.7 |year high C = 30.7 |Jan mean C = 27.8 |Feb mean C = 28.5 |Mar mean C = 28.2 |Apr mean C = 27.8 |May mean C = 27.3 |Jun mean C = 26.5 |Jul mean C = 25.4 |Aug mean C = 25.3 |Sep mean C = 25.9 |Oct mean C = 26.2 |Nov mean C = 27.1 |Dec mean C = 27.5 |year mean C = 27.0 |Jan low C = 23.4 |Feb low C = 24.1 |Mar low C = 23.9 |Apr low C = 23.5 |May low C = 23.2 |Jun low C = 23.0 |Jul low C = 22.7 |Aug low C = 22.8 |Sep low C = 22.8 |Oct low C = 22.5 |Nov low C = 23.2 |Dec low C = 23.3 |year low C = 23.2 |Jan record low C = 18.0 |Feb record low C = 19.0 |Mar record low C = 18.0 |Apr record low C = 18.3 |May record low C = 16.0 |Jun record low C = 18.2 |Jul record low C = 18.2 |Aug record low C = 19.0 |Sep record low C = 18.5 |Oct record low C = 16.8 |Nov record low C = 18.5 |Dec record low C = 18.0 |year record low C = 16.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 34.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 54.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 155.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 241.2 |May precipitation mm = 276.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 354.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 681.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 687.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 561.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 406.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 123.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 27.5 |year precipitation mm = 3602.7 |Jan humidity = 80 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 80 |Apr humidity = 81 |May humidity = 82 |Jun humidity = 85 |Jul humidity = 87 |Aug humidity = 88 |Sep humidity = 86 |Oct humidity = 84 |Nov humidity = 83 |Dec humidity = 82 |year humidity = 83 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 5 |Feb precipitation days = 9 |Mar precipitation days = 15 |Apr precipitation days = 18 |May precipitation days = 21 |Jun precipitation days = 23 |Jul precipitation days = 27 |Aug precipitation days = 30 |Sep precipitation days = 26 |Oct precipitation days = 24 |Nov precipitation days = 12 |Dec precipitation days = 5 |year precipitation days = 215 |Jan sun = 193.3 |Feb sun = 179.1 |Mar sun = 171.9 |Apr sun = 176.5 |May sun = 175.8 |Jun sun = 123.1 |Jul sun = 72.0 |Aug sun = 53.2 |Sep sun = 90.8 |Oct sun = 131.2 |Nov sun = 162.1 |Dec sun = 184.2 |year sun = 1713.2 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name = WMOdouala > {{cite web |url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1513 |title = World Weather Information Service – Douala |publisher= World Meteorological Organization |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = doualameteoclimat> {{cite web |url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1526 |title = Station Douala |publisher = Meteo Climat |language = fr |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1957-1990),<ref name = DWDdouala> {{cite web |url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_649100_kt.pdf |title = Klimatafel von Douala (Duala), Observatorium / Kamerun |work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst |language = de |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<ref name = NOAADouala> {{cite web |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64910.TXT |title = Douala Climate Normals 1961-1990 |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726195601/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64910.TXT |archive-date = 2020-07-26 |url-status = dead |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Garoua |collapsed = Yes |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high C = 34.4 |Feb high C = 37.3 |Mar high C = 39.8 |Apr high C = 39.5 |May high C = 36.5 |Jun high C = 33.2 |Jul high C = 31.1 |Aug high C = 30.7 |Sep high C = 31.5 |Oct high C = 34.2 |Nov high C = 36.0 |Dec high C = 34.8 |year high C = 34.9 |Jan mean C = 26.0 |Feb mean C = 28.9 |Mar mean C = 32.2 |Apr mean C = 33.0 |May mean C = 30.7 |Jun mean C = 28.2 |Jul mean C = 26.6 |Aug mean C = 26.4 |Sep mean C = 26.7 |Oct mean C = 28.1 |Nov mean C = 27.3 |Dec mean C = 26.0 |year mean C = 28.3 |Jan low C = 17.5 |Feb low C = 20.5 |Mar low C = 24.7 |Apr low C = 26.4 |May low C = 24.9 |Jun low C = 23.2 |Jul low C = 22.2 |Aug low C = 22.0 |Sep low C = 21.9 |Oct low C = 22.2 |Nov low C = 19.2 |Dec low C = 17.3 |year low C = 21.8 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 0.0 |Feb rain mm = 0.0 |Mar rain mm = 2.0 |Apr rain mm = 44.1 |May rain mm = 108.4 |Jun rain mm = 134.8 |Jul rain mm = 205.3 |Aug rain mm = 247.9 |Sep rain mm = 190.0 |Oct rain mm = 63.3 |Nov rain mm = 1.6 |Dec rain mm = 0.0 |unit rain days = 1.0 mm |Jan rain days = 0 |Feb rain days = 0 |Mar rain days = 1 |Apr rain days = 5 |May rain days = 9 |Jun rain days = 11 |Jul rain days = 14 |Aug rain days = 17 |Sep rain days = 24 |Oct rain days = 6 |Nov rain days = 1 |Dec rain days = 0 |Jan sun = 275.0 |Feb sun = 252.6 |Mar sun = 260.1 |Apr sun = 245.4 |May sun = 256.7 |Jun sun = 224.4 |Jul sun = 194.0 |Aug sun = 187.2 |Sep sun = 204.5 |Oct sun = 261.5 |Nov sun = 279.2 |Dec sun = 286.5 |year sun = 2927.1 |source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAAgaroua>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT | title = Garoua Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210303100123/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT | archive-date = 2021-03-03 | url-status = dead | access-date = March 8, 2015}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} ==Biodiversity== {{Main|Wildlife of Cameroon}} The wide diversity of climates and natural regions of Cameroon, as coastline, mountains, savanna, deserts, and tropical forests, allows that the country counts with rich biodiversity. Twenty-two million hectares from the [[Congo Basin]] forest ecosystem are located in Cameroon, where 9,000 plant species, 900 bird species, and 320 mammals species live,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cameroon|url=https://www.awf.org/country/cameroon|publisher=Cameroon|access-date=29 September 2020 }}</ref> included 156 [[Endemism|endemic]] plants, eight endemic birds, and 14 endemic mammals. The border with Nigeria has one of the highest concentration of biodiversity in Africa.<ref name="afcn">{{cite web|title=Africa: Cameroon, Nigeria|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0710|access-date=29 September 2020 }}</ref> As part of the conservation efforts to protect threatened natural resources, Cameroon has established [[List of protected areas of Cameroon|protected areas]] since 1932, included national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, faunal reserves, and one flora sanctuary.<ref name="Cartesia">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Mapping of Protected Areas Evolution in Cameroon from the Beginning to 2000: Lesson to Learn and Perspectives. |author1=Mesmin Tchindjang |author2=Clair Réné Banga |author3=Appolinaire Nankam |author4=Jean Sylvestre Makak |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization}}</ref> ==Rivers== [[File:La sanaga4.jpg|thumb|Sanaga River]] [[File:River Mungo.jpg|thumb|Mungo River with fishing Canoes at the far end of the picture]] The country has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers flow southwestward or westward directly to the [[Gulf of Guinea]] – the [[Wouri River|Wouri]], and lesser [[Dibamba River|Dibamba]], [[Bimbia River|Bimbia]] and [[Mungo River, Cameroon|Mungo]] to the Cameroon [[estuary]] near [[Douala]]; [[Sanaga River|Sanaga]], [[Nyong River|Nyong]], and [[Ntem River|Ntem]] further south along the coast; [[Akwayafe River|Akwayafe]] and [[Manyu River|Manyu]] (which joins Nigerian [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross]]), and the lesser [[Ndian River|Ndian]] and [[Meme River|Meme]] north of the coast.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nest.su.se/mnode/Africa/Cameroon/cameroonintro.htm | access-date = 2012-10-25 | last = Gabche | first = C E | author2 = Smith, S V | title = Cameroon Estuarine Systems | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110823031328/http://nest.su.se/mnode/africa/cameroon/cameroonintro.htm | archive-date = 23 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Dja River|Dja]] and [[Kadei River|Kadeï]], however, drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the [[Benue River|Benoué River]] (Benue) runs north and west, eventually into the Niger, while the [[Logone River]] flows northward into [[Lake Chad]]. Some of the borders of Cameron follow rivers, including the [[Aïna River|Aïna]], Akwayafe, and Ntem or [[Campo River|Campo]]. ==Forests== Cameroon had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.00/10, ranking it 29th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978 |issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tree cover extent and loss === [[Global Forest Watch]] publishes annual estimates of tree cover loss and 2000 tree cover extent derived from time-series analysis of [[Landsat program|Landsat]] satellite imagery in the Global Forest Change dataset.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard">{{cite web |title=Cameroon Deforestation Rates & Statistics |website=Global Forest Watch |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/CMR/ }}</ref><ref name="HansenEtAl2013">{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Moore |first3=Rebecca |last4=Hancher |first4=Matt |last5=Turubanova |first5=Svetlana A. |last6=Tyukavina |first6=Alexandra |display-authors=3 |title=High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |year=2013 |pages=850-853 |doi=10.1126/science.1244693 }}</ref><ref name="GFWTCLossAbout">{{cite web |title=Tree cover loss |website=Global Forest Watch Open Data Portal |url=https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/gfw::tree-cover-loss/about }}</ref><ref name="GFWTCCover2000About">{{cite web |title=Tree cover (2000) |website=Global Forest Watch Open Data Portal |url=https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/gfw::tree-cover-2000/about }}</ref> In this framework, tree cover refers to vegetation taller than 5 m (including natural forests and tree plantations), and tree cover loss is defined as the complete removal of tree cover canopy for a given year, regardless of cause.<ref name="GFRTreeCoverLoss2023">{{cite web |title=How much forest was lost in 2023? |website=Global Forest Review |url=https://gfr.wri.org/global-tree-cover-loss-data-2023 }}</ref> For Cameroon, country statistics report cumulative tree cover loss of {{convert|2226205|ha|km2|abbr=on}} from 2001 to 2024 (about 7.1% of its 2000 tree cover area).<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> For tree cover density greater than 30%, country statistics report a 2000 tree cover extent of {{convert|31459321|ha|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> The charts and table below display this data. In simple terms, the annual loss number is the area where tree cover disappeared in that year, and the extent number shows what remains of the 2000 tree cover baseline after subtracting cumulative loss. Forest regrowth is not included in the dataset.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /><ref name="GFRTreeCoverLoss2023" /> {{ChartDirect |type=bar |align=center |width=100% |x=2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024 |xType=integer |y1=392.03,287.68,253.46,230.04,251.58,359.86,459.16,351.41,360.72,579.93,276.52,512.67,846.13,1818.51,789.69,1166.18,1872.81,1208.14,1218.00,2027.96,1687.97,1478.09,2041.99,1791.52 |y1Title=Annual tree cover loss (km²) |caption=Annual tree cover loss in Cameroon, 2001–2024.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> }} {{ChartDirect |type=line |align=center |width=100% |x=2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024 |xType=integer |y1=314201.18,313913.50,313660.04,313430.00,313178.42,312818.56,312359.40,312007.99,311647.27,311067.34,310790.82,310278.15,309432.02,307613.51,306823.82,305657.64,303784.83,302576.69,301358.69,299330.73,297642.76,296164.67,294122.68,292331.16 |y1Title=Extent minus cumulative loss (km²) |caption=Tree cover extent in 2000 minus cumulative tree cover loss in Cameroon, 2001–2024 (loss-only residual; does not account for gain).<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> }} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right;" |+ Annual tree cover extent and loss<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> ! Year ! Tree cover extent (km2){{efn|name=regrowth|This residual measure does not include forest regrowth.}} ! Annual tree cover loss (km2) |- | 2001 || 314,201.18 || 392.03 |- | 2002 || 313,913.50 || 287.68 |- | 2003 || 313,660.04 || 253.46 |- | 2004 || 313,430.00 || 230.04 |- | 2005 || 313,178.42 || 251.58 |- | 2006 || 312,818.56 || 359.86 |- | 2007 || 312,359.40 || 459.16 |- | 2008 || 312,007.99 || 351.41 |- | 2009 || 311,647.27 || 360.72 |- | 2010 || 311,067.34 || 579.93 |- | 2011 || 310,790.82 || 276.52 |- | 2012 || 310,278.15 || 512.67 |- | 2013 || 309,432.02 || 846.13 |- | 2014 || 307,613.51 || 1,818.51 |- | 2015 || 306,823.82 || 789.69 |- | 2016 || 305,657.64 || 1,166.18 |- | 2017 || 303,784.83 || 1,872.81 |- | 2018 || 302,576.69 || 1,208.14 |- | 2019 || 301,358.69 || 1,218.00 |- | 2020 || 299,330.73 || 2,027.96 |- | 2021 || 297,642.76 || 1,687.97 |- | 2022 || 296,164.67 || 1,478.09 |- | 2023 || 294,122.68 || 2,041.99 |- | 2024 || 292,331.16 || 1,791.52 |} ===REDD+ reference level and monitoring=== Under the [[UNFCCC]] [[REDD+]] framework, Cameroon has submitted a national [[forest reference level]]. On the UNFCCC REDD+ Web Platform, the country’s 2026 submission is listed as “under technical assessment”, while the other [[Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus|Warsaw Framework]] elements—a national strategy, [[Cancún safeguards|safeguards]], and a [[national forest monitoring system]]—are listed as “not reported”.<ref name="UNFCCC_REDD_CMR">{{cite web |title=Cameroon (CMR) — Submissions provided by Country |website=REDD+ Web Platform |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |url=https://redd.unfccc.int/submissions/by-country/country_detail/cmr.html}}</ref> In its 2026 submission, Cameroon proposed its first national forest reference level as a “zero” reference level (''niveau de référence zéro''). The submission states that it is national in scope, covers all five REDD+ activities, uses a historical reference period of 2000–2020, and applies to the implementation period 2021–2025. The proposed benchmark is 0 [[carbon dioxide equivalent|t CO2 eq]] per year, with the government arguing that results-based payments should be claimed only for net removals because Cameroon presents itself as a net carbon sink at national level.<ref name="CMR_NRF_2026">{{cite report |title=Niveau de référence pour les forêts du Cameroun |publisher=République du Cameroun |date=January 2026 |type=UNFCCC submission |url=https://redd.unfccc.int/media/cmr_nrf_zero_final_20janvier2026_f.pdf}}</ref> The submission applies a forest definition of at least 0.5 hectares, minimum canopy cover of 10%, and trees or shrubs capable of reaching a minimum height of 3 metres at maturity, while excluding mono-specific agro-industrial plantations managed primarily through agricultural techniques. It states that activity data were produced through a systematic 4 km × 4 km grid interpreted in Collect Earth Online, covering land use and land-use change for 2000–2023 across 29,409 sample plots. The proposed reference level includes biomass, dead organic matter and mineral soil carbon pools.<ref name="CMR_NRF_2026" /> ==Data== '''Location:''' Central Africa, bordering the [[Bight of Biafra]], between [[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[Nigeria]] '''Geographic coordinates:''' {{coord|6|N|12|E|region:CM_type:country}} '''Continent:''' Africa '''Area:''' <br>''total:'' {{convert|475,440|km2|abbr=on}} <br>''land:'' {{convert|472,710|km2|abbr=on}} <br>''water:'' {{convert|2,730|km2|abbr=on}} <br> ''country rank in the world: 53rd'' '''Area – comparative:''' :* Australia comparative: slightly more than twice the size of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] :* Canada comparative: slightly smaller than the [[Yukon]] :* United Kingdom comparative: slightly less than twice the size of the United Kingdom :* United States comparative: slightly more than {{sfrac|1|10}} larger than [[California]] :* [[European Union|EU]] comparative: slightly smaller than [[Spain]]; slightly larger than [[Sweden]] '''Land boundaries:''' <br>''total:'' 5,018&nbsp;km <br>''border countries:'' [[Central African Republic]] 901&nbsp;km, [[Chad]] 1,116&nbsp;km, [[Republic of the Congo]] 494&nbsp;km, [[Equatorial Guinea]] 183&nbsp;km, [[Gabon]] 349&nbsp;km, Nigeria 1,975&nbsp;km '''Coastline:''' 402&nbsp;km '''Maritime claims:''' <br>''territorial sea:'' {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on|lk=in}} '''Terrain:''' diverse, with coastal [[plain]] in southwest, dissected [[plateau]] in center, mountains in west, plains in north '''Elevation extremes:''' <br>''lowest point:'' Atlantic Ocean 0 m <br>''highest point:'' [[Fako]] (on. [[Mt. Cameroon]]) 4,095 m '''Natural resources:''' petroleum, [[bauxite]], iron ore, timber, [[hydropower]] [[Image:Mount Cameroon craters.jpg|thumb|left|Mount Cameroon craters]] '''Land use:''' <br>''arable land:'' 13.12% <br>''permanent crops:'' 3.28% <br>''other:'' 83.61% (2012) '''Irrigated land:''' 256.5&nbsp;km² (2003) [[Image:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Rhumsiki]] Peak in Cameroon's [[Far North Province]].]] '''Total renewable water resources:''' 285.5&nbsp;km³ (2011) '''Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):''' <br>''total:'' 0.97&nbsp;km³/yr (23%/10%/68%) <br>''per capita:'' 58.9 m³/yr (2005) '''Natural hazards:''' Recent [[limnic eruption]]s with release of [[carbon dioxide]]: *from [[Lake Monoun]], 15 August 1984, killing 37 *from [[Lake Nyos]], 21 August 1986, killing as many as 1,800 {{anchor|Environmental issues}}'''Environment – current issues:''' water-borne diseases are prevalent; [[deforestation]]; [[overgrazing]]; [[desertification]]; [[poaching]]; [[overfishing]] '''Environment – international agreements:''' <br>''party to:'' [[Biodiversity]], [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Climate Change]], Desertification, [[Endangered Species]], Hazardous Wastes, [[Law of the Sea]], [[Ozone Layer Protection]], [[Tropical Timber 83]], [[Tropical Timber 94]], Wetlands, Whaling <br>''signed, but not ratified:'' [[Nuclear Test Ban]] '''Geography – note:''' sometimes referred to as 'the hinge of Africa;' throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano [[File:Landscape of Mount Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Mount Cameroon Landscape|alt=|220x220px]] == Extreme points == This is a list of the extreme points of [[Cameroon]], the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. * Northernmost point – unnamed [[peninsula]] jutting into [[Lake Chad]], [[Far North Province|Far North Region]] * Easternmost point – unnamed location on the border with the [[Republic of Congo]] in the [[Sangha River]] opposite the Congolese town of [[Bomassa]], [[East Region (Cameroon)|East Region]] * Southernmost point – unnamed headland at the [[confluence]] on the Sangha River and the [[Ngoko River]] immediately north of the Congolese town of [[Ouesso]], [[East Region (Cameroon)|East Region]] * Westernmost point – unnamed point on [[Akwabana Island]], [[Southwest region (Cameroon)|Southwest Region]] ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Koppen-Geiger Map CMR present.svg|Cameroon map of Köppen climate classification. File:Hills near Ngaoundal.jpg|Countryside near [[Ngaoundal]] in Cameroon's [[Adamawa Region]]. File:Berges du Wouri 05.jpg|A view of Wouri River with a transport vessel in the Littoral Region of Cameroon </gallery> ==See also== {{commons category|Geography of Cameroon}} *[[Geology of Cameroon]] *[[List of volcanoes in Cameroon]] == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{CIA World Factbook}} {{Reflist}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{Geography of Africa}} {{Africa topic|Climate of}} [[Category:Geography of Cameroon| ]] csjxgeblso838phdfnr8ns4xhqb0g5l 0 47963 117485 2026-06-15T05:47:49Z en>CommonsDelinker 0 Removing [[:c:File:Monument_Reunification.jpg|Monument_Reunification.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Reunification Monument|]]. 117485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{History of Cameroon}} At the crossroads of [[West Africa]] and [[Central Africa]], the territory of what is now '''[[Cameroon]]''' has seen human habitation since some time in the [[Middle Paleolithic]], likely no later than 130,000 years ago. The earliest discovered archaeological evidence of humans dates from around 30,000 years ago at [[Shum Laka]]. The [[Bamenda highlands]] in western Cameroon near the border with Nigeria are one of the most likely origin for the [[Bantu peoples]], whose language and culture [[Bantu expansion|came to dominate]] most of central and [[southern Africa]] between 1000 [[BCE]] and 1000 [[Common Era|CE]]. European traders arrived in the fifteenth century and Cameroon was the [[exonym]] given by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to the [[Wouri River]], which they called ''Rio dos Camarões—''"river of [[shrimps]]" or "shrimp river", referring to the then-abundant [[Cameroon ghost shrimp]].<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/cameroon Cameroon (adj.)]</ref> Cameroon was a source of slaves for the [[Transatlantic Slave Trade|slave trade]]. While the northern part of Cameroon was subject to influence from the Islamic kingdoms in the [[Chad basin]] and the [[Sahel]], the south was largely ruled by small kings, chieftains, and [[Fon (title)|fons]]. Cameroon as a political entity emerged from the [[Scramble for Africa|colonization of Africa by Europeans]]. From 1884, Cameroon was a German colony, [[German Kamerun]], with its borders drawn through negotiations between the Germans, British, and French. After the First World War, the [[League of Nations mandate]]d France to administer most of the territory, with [[the United Kingdom]] administering a small portion in the west. Following World War II, the League of Nations' successor, the United Nations, instituted a [[UN Trust Territories|Trusteeship]] system, leaving France and Britain in control of their respective regions, [[French Cameroon]] and [[British Cameroon]]. In 1960, Cameroon became independent with part of [[British Cameroons]] voting to join former French Cameroon. Cameroon has had only two presidents since independence and while opposition parties were legalized in 1990 only one party has ever governed. Cameroon has maintained close relations with France and allied itself largely with Western political and economic interests throughout the Cold War and into the twenty-first century. This consistency gave Cameroon a reputation as one of the most stable countries in the region. In 2017, tensions between [[Anglophone Cameroonian]]s in former British territory and the Francophone-dominated government led to an ongoing [[civil war]] known as the [[Anglophone Crisis]] in the west of the country, while [[Islamist]] insurgents [[Boko Haram]] continue to carry out military and terror attacks in the north of the country. In January 2024, Cameroon launched the world's first routine malaria vaccine program, using the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)-approved [[RTS,S]] vaccine developed by British drugmaker GSK. The initiative aims to save thousands of African children's lives annually. Despite some skepticism, health experts emphasize careful community outreach to combat vaccine hesitancy and stress the importance of using existing preventive measures alongside vaccines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prentice |first=Alessandra |date=2024-01-22 |title=Cameroon launches routine malaria shots in global milestone |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-launches-malaria-vaccination-programme-global-milestone-2024-01-22/ |access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> ==Pre-colonial history== ===Prehistory=== [[File:Terracotta-head 0.jpg|thumb|Terracotta Sao statuette]] [[File:Africa de l'Oèst en 1875-es.svg|thumb|right|Map showing the approximate extent of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1875 as well as the remnants of the Kanem-Bornu empire]] [[File:Map of Cameroons river and Victoria p.207.jpg|thumb|right|Map of pre-colonial Cameroon coastline published in 1884]] Archaeological research has been relatively scarce in Cameroon due to a lack of resources and transportation infrastructure. Historically the warm, wet climate in many parts of the country was thought of as inhospitable to the preservation of remains, but recent finds and the introduction of new techniques have challenged that assumption. Evidence from digs at [[Shum Laka]] in the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest Region]] shows human occupation dating back 30,000 years<ref name=Lavachery2001>Lavachery, Philippe (2001) The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 18(4):213-247.</ref><ref name=Cornelissen2003>Cornelissen, Els (2003) On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 20(1):1-24.</ref> while in the dense forests of the south, the oldest evidence of occupation is around 7000 years old.<ref name="Kome-Kribi">{{cite book |last1=Lavachery |first1=Philippe |last2=MacEachern |first2=Scott |last3=Bouimon |first3=Tchago |last4=Mbida Minzie |first4=Cristophe |title=Komé - Kribi: Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline, 1999-2004 |date=2010 |publisher=Africa Magna Verlag |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=978-3937248141}}</ref> Recent research in southern Cameroon indicates that the [[Iron Age]] may have started there as early as 1000 BCE and was certainly well established by 100 BCE at the latest.<ref name="Kome-Kribi" /> Linguistic analysis, supported by archaeological and genetic research, has shown that the [[Bantu expansion]], a series of migrations that spread [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] culture across much of Sub-Saharan Africa, most likely originated in the highlands on the Nigeria-Cameroon border around 1000 BCE. [[Bantu languages]] spread with these people along with agricultural methods and possibly iron tools, first east and then south, forming one of the largest language families in Africa. In Cameroon, Bantu people largely displaced [[Central African Pygmies]] such as the Baka, who were [[hunter-gatherers]] and who now survive in much smaller numbers in the heavily forested southeast. Despite Cameroon being the original homeland of the Bantu people, the great medieval Bantu-speaking kingdoms arose elsewhere, such as what is now Kenya, Congo, Angola, and South Africa. ===Northern Cameroon=== The earliest known civilization to have left clear traces of their presence in the territory of modern Cameroon is known as the [[Sao civilisation]].{{sfnp|Hudgens|Trillo|1999|p=1051}} Known for their elaborate [[terracotta]] and [[bronze]] artwork and round, walled settlements in the [[Lake Chad Basin]], little else is known with any certainty due to the lack of historical records. The culture possibly arose as early as the fourth century BC but certainly, by the end of the first millennium BC, their presence was well established around Lake Chad and near the [[Chari River]].{{sfnp|DeLancey|DeLancey|2000|p=237}} The city-states of the Sao reached their apex sometime between the ninth and fifteenth centuries AD.{{sfnmp|1a1=DeLancey|1a2=DeLancey|1y=2000|1p=237|2a1=Walker|2y=2011}} The Sao were displaced or assimilated by the sixteenth century. After the [[Muslim conquest of North Africa]] in 709, Islam's influence began to spread south with the growth of [[trans-Saharan trade]], including in what is now northern Cameroon. The [[Kanem-Bornu Empire]] began in what is now [[Chad]] and likely came into conflict with the Sao. The Kanem Empire began in Chad in the eighth century and gradually extended its influence northward into Libya and southward into Nigeria and Cameroon. Slaves from raids in the south were their principal trade good along with [[Salt mining|mined salt]]. The Empire was Muslim from at least the eleventh century and reached its first peak in the 13th, controlling most of what is now Chad and smaller regions in surrounding countries. After a period of internal instability, the center of power shifted to Bornu with its capital at [[Ngazargamu]], in what is now northwestern Nigeria, and territory was gradually reconquered and new territory in present-day [[Niger]] also conquered. The Empire began to decline in the seventeenth century though it continued to control much of northern Cameroon. From 1804 to 1808 the [[Fulani War]] saw the Bornu pushed north out of Cameroon and the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] took control of the region, as well as most of northern Nigeria and large swathes of Niger and [[Mali]]. A feudal empire with local rulers pledging allegiance and paying tributes to the Caliph, northern Cameroon was likely part of the [[Adamawa Emirate]] within the Caliphate. This structure proved susceptible to exploitation by colonial powers beginning in the 1870s, who sought to undermine local rulers' ties to the Caliphate. ===Southern Regions=== The Muslim empires of the Sahara and Sahel never reached further south than the highlands of the [[Cameroon Line]]. Further south, there is little archaeological evidence of large empires or kingdoms and no historical record due to the lack of writing in the region. When the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in the region in the fifteenth century, a large number of kings, chiefs, and [[Fon (title)|fons]] ruled small territories. Many ethnic groups, particularly speakers of the [[Grassfields languages]] in the west, have oral histories of migrating south fleeing Muslim invaders, likely reference to the [[Fulani War]] and subsequent conflicts in Nigeria and northern Cameroon. [[Malaria]] prevented significant European settlement or exploration until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant [[quinine]] became available.<ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web|date=May 2002|title=Background Note: Cameroon|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2822.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606162126/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2822.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2002|publisher=[[U.S. State Department]]}} }}</ref> The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the [[Atlantic slave trade|acquisition of slaves]].<ref name=":0" /> The Cameroon coast was a major hub for the purchase of slaves who were taken across the Atlantic to Brazil, the United States, and the Caribbean. In 1807, the British [[Slave Trade Act 1807|abolished slavery in the Empire]] and began [[Blockade of Africa|military efforts to suppress the slave trade]], particularly in West Africa. Combined with the [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|end of legal slave imports in the United States]] the same year, the international slave trade in Cameroon declined sharply. [[Christian missionaries]] established a presence in the late nineteenth century. Around this time, the [[Aro Confederacy]], was expanding its economic and political influence from southeastern Nigeria into western Cameroon. However, the arrival of British and German colonizers cut short its growth and influence. ==Colonial period== {{Further|German Kamerun|French Cameroun|British Cameroon}} ===Scramble for Africa and German Kamerun (1884–1918)=== [[Image:Cameroon boundary changes.PNG|thumb|right|'''Cameroon over time''' {{legend|#FF8241|German [[Kamerun]]}} {{legend|#FE0000|British [[Cameroons]]}} {{legend|blue|French [[Cameroun]]}} {{legend|#008200|Republic of [[Cameroon]]}} ]] The [[Scramble for Africa]] beginning in the late 1870s, saw European powers, primarily seeking to establish formal control over the parts of Africa not yet colonized. The Cameroon coast was of interest to both the British, already established in what is now Nigeria and with missionaries outposts in several towns, and the Germans who had extensive trading relationships and plantations established in the [[Douala]] region. On July 5, 1884, German explorer and administrator [[Gustav Nachtigal]] began signing agreements with [[Duala people|Duala]] leaders establishing a German protectorate in the region. A brief conflict ensued with rival Duala chiefs which Germany and its allies won, leaving the British with little choice but to acknowledge Germany's claim to the region. The borders of modern Cameroon were established through a series of negotiations with the British and French. Germany established an administration for the colony with a capital first at [[Buea]] and later at [[Yaoundé]] and continued to explore the interior and co-opt or subjugate local rulers. The largest conflicts were the [[Bafut Wars]] and the [[Adamawa Wars]] which ended by 1907 with German victories.[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 163-051, Kamerun, Weihnachten am Mungo.jpg|thumb|German Settlers celebrating [[Christmas]] in Kamerun|left]] Germany was particularly interested in Cameroon's [[Agriculture|agricultural]] potential and entrusted large firms with the task of exploiting and exporting it. German Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] defined the order of priorities as follows: "first the merchant, then the soldier". It was under the influence of a businessman [[Adolph Woermann]], whose company set up a trading house in [[Douala]], that Bismarck, initially skeptical about the interest of the colonial project, was convinced. Large German trading companies ([[Woermann-Linie|Woermann]], [[Jantzen & Thormählen]]) and concession companies ([[:de: Südkamerun Gesellschaft|Südkamerun Gesellschaft]], [[:de: Nord-West Kamerun Gesellschaft|Nord-West Kamerun Gesellschaft]]) established themselves massively in the colony. Letting the big companies impose their order, the administration simply supported them, protected them, and tried to eliminate indigenous rebellions.<ref name=modo />[[File:SMS OLGA bei der Beschießung von Hickorytown (Duala), Kamerun, Dezember 1884.jpg|thumb|The German [[corvette]] SMS OLGA bombarding Hickorytown (now [[Douala]] in December 1884]]The Imperial German government made substantial investments in the [[infrastructure]] of Cameroon, including the extensive [[railway]]s, such as the 160-metre [[Japoma Bridge|single-span railway bridge]] on the southern branch of [[Sanaga River]]. However, the indigenous peoples proved reluctant to work on these projects, so the Germans instigated a harsh and unpopular system of [[unfree labour|forced labour]].<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 125.</ref> In fact, [[Jesko von Puttkamer]] was relieved of duty as governor of the colony due to his untoward actions toward the native Cameroonians.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 226.</ref> In 1911 at the [[Treaty of Fez]] after the [[Agadir Crisis]], France ceded a nearly 300,000&nbsp;km² portion of the territory of [[French Equatorial Africa]] to Kamerun which became [[Neukamerun]] (New Cameroon), while Germany ceded a smaller area in the north in present-day [[Chad]] to France. Shortly after the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, the British invaded Cameroon from [[Nigeria]] and the French from [[French Equatorial Africa]] in the [[Kamerun campaign]]. The last German fort in the country [[Siege of Mora|surrendered]] in February 1916. After the Allied victory, the territory was partitioned between the United Kingdom and France, which was formalized on June 28, 1919, with [[League of Nations mandate#Class B mandates|League of Nations mandates (Class B)]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=British Mandate for the Cameroons |journal=The American Journal of International Law |year=1923 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=138–141 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212948 |publisher=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/2212948 |jstor=2212948 |s2cid=246004050 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> France gained the larger geographical share, transferred Neukamerun back to neighboring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaoundé as [[French Cameroun|Cameroun]] (French Cameroons).<ref name=":0" /> Britain's territory, a strip bordering [[Nigeria]] from the sea to [[Lake Chad]], with a roughly equal population was ruled from [[Lagos]] as part of Nigeria, known as [[Cameroons]] (British Cameroons).<ref name=":0" /> ===French Cameroon (1918–1960)=== ====League of Nations Mandate, Free France, and UN Trust Territory==== [[File:Missionnaire Cameroun.jpg|thumb|right|French Missionary with the Sultan of [[Ngaoundéré]] in 1920]] The French administration declined to return much of the property in Cameroon to its prior German owners, reassigning much of it to French companies. This was particularly the case for the [[SOCFIN Group|Société financière des Caoutchoucs]], which obtained plantations put into operation during the German period and became the largest company in French Cameroon. Roads and other infrastructure projects were undertaken with native labor, often in extremely harsh conditions. The Douala-Yaoundé railway line, begun under the German regime, was completed. Thousands of workers were forcibly deported to this site to work fifty-four hours a week. Workers also suffered from lack of food and the massive presence of mosquitoes and related illnesses. In 1925, the mortality rate on the site was 61.7%. However, the other sites were not as deadly, although working conditions were generally very harsh.<ref name=modo /> French Cameroon joined the [[Free France]] in August 1940. The system established by Free France was essentially a military dictatorship. [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]] established a state of siege throughout the country and abolished almost all public freedom. The objective was to neutralize any potential feelings of independence or sympathy for the former German colonizer. Indigenous people known for their Germanophilia were executed in public places. In 1945, the country was placed under the supervision of the United Nations, as successor to the League of Nations, which left Cameroon under French control as a [[UN Trust Territory]]. ====Independence Movement==== [[File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg|thumb|right|The leaders of the UPC]] In 1948, the [[Union des populations du Cameroun]] (UPC), a nationalist movement, was founded and [[Ruben Um Nyobe]] took over as its leader. In May 1955, the arrests of independence activists were followed by riots in several cities across the country. The repression caused several dozen or hundreds of deaths - the French administration officially lists twenty-two, although secret reports acknowledge many more. The UPC was banned and nearly 800 of its activists were arrested, many of whom would be beaten in prison. Because they were wanted by the police, UPC activists took refuge in the forests, where they formed guerilla bands; they also took refuge in neighboring British Cameroon. The French authorities repressed these events and made arbitrary arrests. The party received the support of personalities such as Gamal Abdel Nasser and Kwame Nkrumah and France's action was denounced at the UN by representatives of countries such as India, Syria, and the Soviet Union.<ref name=modo>Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019</ref> An insurrection broke out among the [[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa people]] on 18 to 19 December 1956. Several dozen anti-UPC figures were murdered or kidnapped, bridges, telephone lines, and other infrastructure were sabotaged. The French military and native security forces violently repressed these uprisings, which led to many native Cameroonians joining the cause of independence and long-running guerilla war. Several UPC militias were formed though their access to weapons was very limited. Though the UPC was a multi-ethnic movement, the pro-independence movement was seen as particularly strong among the [[Bamileke]] and [[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa]] peoples, and both were targeted by the French for severe repression, including razing of villages, forced relocations, and indiscriminate killings in what was sometimes called the [[Bamileke War]] or the Cameroon Independence War. Though the uprising was suppressed, guerilla violence and reprisals continued even after independence. [[Cameroonian parliamentary election, 1956|Legislative elections]] were held on 23 December 1956 and the resulting Assembly passed a decree on 16 April 1957 which made French Cameroon a state. It took back its former status of associated territory as a member of the [[French Union]]. Its inhabitants became Cameroonian citizens, and Cameroonian institutions were created under a parliamentary democracy. On 12 June 1958, the Legislative Assembly of French Cameroon asked the French government to: "Accord independence to the State of Cameroon at the ends of their trusteeship. Transfer every competence related to the running of internal affairs of Cameroon to Cameroonians". On 19 October 1958, France recognized the right of its [[United Nations trust territories|United Nations trust territory]] to choose independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/20/archives/cameroons-gets-freedom-pledge-paris-backs-independence-for-african.html?sq=Cameroon%2520independence&scp=1&st=p|title=CAMEROONS GETS FREEDOM PLEDGE; Paris Backs Independence for African Trust Territory After Interim Self-Rule|first=Thomas F.|last=Brady|date=20 October 1958|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> On 24 October 1958, the Legislative Assembly of French Cameroon solemnly proclaimed the desire of Cameroonians to see their country accede full independence on 1 January 1960. It enjoined the government of French Cameroon to ask France to inform the General Assembly of the United Nations, to abrogate the trusteeship accord concomitant with the independence of French Cameroon. On 12 November 1958, France asked the United Nations to grant French Cameroon independence and end the Trusteeship. On 5 December 1958, the United Nations’ General Assembly took note of the French government's declaration according to which French Cameroon would gain independence on 1 January 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cameroon50.cm/en/history-and-presentation/167-tutelle-a-independance.html |title=From trusteeship to independence (1946–1960) |access-date=2011-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027131756/http://www.cameroon50.cm/en/history-and-presentation/167-tutelle-a-independance.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Question of the future of the Trust Territories of the Cameroons under French administration and the Cameroons under United Kingdom administration|id=A/RES/1282(XIII) |url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/1282(XIII)|website=undocs.org|publisher=United Nations|access-date=17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> On 13 March 1959, the United Nations’ General Assembly resolved that the UN Trusteeship Agreement with France for French Cameroon would end when French Cameroon became independent on 1 January 1960.<ref>{{cite web|title=The future of the Trust Territories of the Cameroons under French administration|id=A/RES/1349(XIII) |url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/1349(XIII)|website=undocs.org|publisher=United Nations|access-date=17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> ===British Cameroons (1918–1961)=== ====Nigerian administration==== [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-20-9.jpg|thumb|The first Premier of Southern Cameroons, [[E. M. L. Endeley|Dr. Endeley]] (first row, third from right) in [[Bamenda]]]] The British territory was administered as two areas, [[Northern Cameroons]] and [[Southern Cameroons]]. Northern Cameroons consisted of two non-contiguous sections, divided by a point where the Nigerian and Cameroon borders met and were governed as part of the [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. Southern Cameroons was administered as a province of [[Eastern Nigeria]]. In British Cameroons, many German administrators were allowed to run the plantations of the southern coastal area after World War I. A British parliamentary publication, ''Report on the British Sphere of the Cameroons'' (May 1922, p.&nbsp;62-8), reported that the German plantations there were "as a whole . . . wonderful examples of industry, based on solid scientific knowledge. The natives have been taught discipline and have come to realize what can be achieved by industry. Large numbers who return to their villages take up cocoa or other cultivation on their own account, thus increasing the general prosperity of the country." In the 1930s, most of the white population still consisted of [[Germans]], most of whom were interned in British camps starting in June 1940. The native population showed little interest in volunteering for the British forces during World War II; only 3,500 men did so.<ref>I.C.B Dear, ed, ''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' (1995) p 163</ref> When the [[League of Nations]] ceased to exist in 1946, British Cameroons was reclassified as a [[UN trust territory]], administered through the [[UN Trusteeship Council]], but remained under British control. The United Nations approved the Trusteeship Agreements for British Cameroons to be governed by Britain on June 12, 1946. ====Plebiscite and independence==== French Cameroun became independent, as Cameroun or Cameroon, in January 1960, and Nigeria was scheduled for independence later that same year, which raised the question of what to do with the British territory. After some discussion (which had been going on since 1959), a [[British Cameroons referendum, 1961|plebiscite]] was agreed to and held on 11 February 1961. The Muslim-majority Northern area opted for union with Nigeria, and the Southern area voted to join Cameroon.<ref>Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p177 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> ==Independence and the Ahidjo era (1960–1982)== [[File:JFKWHP-AR7092-J.jpg|thumb|right|Cameroonian President Ahidjo meets U.S. President John Kennedy in 1962]] French Cameroon achieved independence on January 1, 1960. After [[Guinea]], it was the second of France's colonies in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] to become independent. On 21 February 1960, the new nation held a constitutional referendum, approving a new constitution. On 5 May 1960, [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] became president. Ahidjo aligned himself closely with France and allowed many French advisers and administrators to stay on as well as leaving most of the country's assets in the hands of French companies. ===Union with Southern Cameroon=== On 12 February 1961, the results of the Southern Cameroon plebiscite were announced and it was learned that Southern Cameroons had voted for unification with the Republic Of Cameroon, sometimes called "reunification" since both regions had been part of German Kamerun. To negotiate the terms of this union, the [[Foumban Conference]] was held on 16–21 July 1961. [[John Ngu Foncha]], the leader of the [[Kamerun National Democratic Party]] and the Southern Cameroons elected government represented Southern Cameroons while Ahidjo represented Cameroon. The agreement reached was a new constitution, based heavily on the version adopted in Cameroon earlier that year, but with a federal structure granting former British Cameroons - now [[West Cameroon]] - jurisdiction over certain issues and procedural rights. [[Buea]] became the capital of West Cameroon while [[Yaounde]] doubled as the federal capital and East Cameroonian capital. Neither side was particularly satisfied as Ahidjo had wanted a unitary or more centralized state while the West Cameroonians had wanted more explicit protections. On 14 August 1961, the federal constitution was adopted, with Ahidjo as president. Foncha became the prime minister of West Cameroon and vice president of the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The unification of British and French Cameroon has caused linguistic and cultural tensions within Cameroon, which has [[Anglophone Crisis|led to violence]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deutsche |first1=Welle |title=Cameroon: Colonial Past and Present Friction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-colonial-past-and-present-frictions/a-37344849 |website=DW.com |publisher=DW}}</ref> ===Civil War and repression=== The UPC, many among whom espoused [[Marxist]] or other leftist ideologies and had demanded a full break with France, were not satisfied with Ahidjo's rule and close cooperation with the French. They did not lay down their arms at independence and sought to overthrow Ahidjo's regime, which they viewed as too subservient to France. Ahidjo requested continued French assistance in suppressing the UPC rebels in what became known as the [[Bamileke War]], after the region where much of the fighting took place. The UPC was ultimately defeated with government forces capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. During the intervening years, Ahidjo used emergency powers granted due to the war and the fear of further ethnic conflict to consolidate power. He implemented a highly centralized and authoritarian government that used arbitrary police custody, prohibition of meetings and rallies, submission of publications to prior censorship, restriction of freedom of movement through the establishment of passes or curfews, and a prohibition on trade unions to prevent opposition. Anyone accused of "compromising public safety" was handled outside traditional criminal process without the right to a lawyer or any appeal. Sentences of life imprisonment, hard labor or death were numerous, and executions were often public. In 1966, opposition parties were banned and Cameroon became a [[one-party state]].<ref name=modo /> On 28 March 1970, Ahidjo was re-elected as president with 100% of the vote and 99.4% turnout.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p183 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> [[Solomon Tandeng Muna]] became vice president. In 1972, a referendum was held on a new constitution, which replaced the federation between East and West with a unitary state called the '''United Republic of Cameroon''' and further expanded the power of the president. Official results claimed 98.2% turnout and 99.99% of votes in favor of the new constitution.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html Elections in Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903053954/http://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |date=3 September 2011 }} African Elections Database</ref> Although Ahidjo's rule was authoritarian, he was seen as noticeably lacking in charisma in comparison to many post-colonial African leaders. He didn't follow the anti-western policies pursued by many of these leaders, which helped Cameroon achieve a degree of comparative political stability, retain Western investment, and see fairly steady economic growth. ===Discovery of oil=== Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. The accounting of oil revenues was totally opaque and many Cameroonians felt the money was mismanaged or embezzled since.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowell |first1=Alan |title=As Oil Flows, Strains Come to Cameroon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/14/world/as-oil-flows-strains-come-to-cameroon.html |access-date=20 September 2021 |work=New York Times |date=March 14, 1982}}</ref> Oil remains a primary driver of the economy, though the country is not as oil-dependent as many other producers in the region. ==Biya Era (1982–present)== [[File:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with President Paul Biya of Cameroon in The Oval Office - DPLA - 235fce96f392cdb19950ed959a3c239c.jpg|thumb|right|Paul Biya with U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1986]] On 30 June 1975, [[Paul Biya]], a long-serving bureaucrat and administrator in the Ahidjo government, was appointed [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]]. On November 4, 1982, Ahidjo resigned as president and Biya was his legal successor. Many observers were surprised, as Biya is a Christian from the south while Ahidjo was a Muslim from the North and Ahidjo was only 59 years old.<ref name="WaPo Revolt">{{cite news |last1=Randal |first1=Jonathan |title=Tales of Ex-Leader's Role In Revolt Stun Cameroon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/19/AR2006071901340_pf.html |access-date=23 September 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=April 15, 1984}}</ref> However, Ahidjo did not resign his role as leader of the governing party, and many speculated that he hoped Biya would be a figurehead, or perhaps even a temporary caretaker, as Ahidjo was rumored to be ill and receiving medical care in France. ===Rift and coup attempt=== Despite previous good relations, in 1983 a rift was apparent between Biya and Ahidjo. Ahidjo left for France and publicly accused Biya of abuse of power. Ahidjo sought to use his continuing control over the party apparatus to sideline Biya, by causing the party, not the President to set the government's agenda. However, at the party conference in September, Biya was elected to lead the party and Ahidjo resigned.<ref name="WaPo Revolt" /> In January 1984, Biya was elected president of the country, running unopposed. In February, two senior officials were arrested and, along with Ahidjo who was tried ''in absentia'' alongside them. On April 6, 1984, supporters of Ahidjo [[1984 Cameroonian coup d'état attempt|attempted a coup d'état]], led by the Republican Guard, an elite force recruited by Ahidjo, mainly from the north. The Republican Guard under Colonel Saleh Ibrahim took control of the Yaounde airport, national radio station, and other key points around the capital. However, Biya was able to hole up in the presidential palace with his bodyguard until troops from outside the capital were able to retake control within two days. Ahidjo denied knowledge or responsibility for the coup attempt but was widely viewed as behind it.<ref name="WaPo Revolt" /><ref name="Historical Dictionary" /> ===Limnic eruptions=== [[File:Monoun.jpg|thumb|Lake Monoun]] On August 15, 1984, [[Lake Monoun]] exploded in a [[limnic eruption]] that released enormous amounts of [[carbon dioxide]], [[Asphyxia|suffocating]] 37 people to death. On August 21, 1986, another limnic eruption at [[Lake Nyos]] killed as many as 1,800 people and 3,500 livestock. The two disasters are the only recorded instances of limnic eruptions, though geologic and sedimentary evidence indicates they may have caused large localized die-offs before historical records began. ===Brief political loosening=== Biya had initially seemed supportive of loosening restrictions on civil society, but the coup attempt ended any sign of opening up.<ref name="Historical Dictionary">{{cite book |last1=Delancey |first1=Mark W. |last2=Delancey |first2=Mark D. |last3=Neh Mbuh |first3=Rebecca |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon, 4th Ed. |date=2010 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=978-0-8108-5824-4 |page=8 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref> However, by 1990, pressure from Western governments was mounting as the end of the [[Cold War]] made them less tolerant of authoritarian allies. In December 1990, opposition parties were legalized for the first time since 1966. The [[1992 Cameroonian presidential election|first multiparty elections were held in 1992]] and were hotly contested. Biya won with 40% of the vote against 36 for his closest competitor and 19 for another opposition party. In Parliament, Biya's ruling party [[1992 Cameroonian parliamentary election|on a plurality with 45% of the votes]] but failed to obtain a majority. The competitiveness of the election was not to Biya's liking and subsequent elections have been widely criticized by opposition parties and international observers as rigged and suffering from numerous and widespread irregularities. The ruling party has had no trouble gaining large majorities. Pressure from Anglophone groups in former British Cameroons resulted in changes to the [[Constitution of Cameroon|constitution]] in 1996, which purported to decentralize power but fell short of Anglophone demands to reestablish the federal structure. As a result of continued opposition, many of the changes adopted in 1996 have never been fully implemented and power remains highly centralized in the President.<ref name="Historical Dictionary" /> ===Bakassi border conflict=== [[File:Un-bakassi.png|thumb|right|Bakassi Peninsula]] Bakassi is a peninsula on the Gulf of Guinea between the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] estuary and the [[Rio del Rey]] estuary on the east. The area was administered by Nigeria through the colonial era. However, after independence, efforts to demarcate the border revealed that a 1913 agreement between Britain and Germany, placed Bakassi in German Cameroon and accordingly should belong to Cameroon. Nigeria pointed to other colonial-era documents and agreements and their long history of administration to object to this narrative. The competing claims grew contentious after oil was discovered in the region. An agreement between the two countries in 1975 was derailed by a [[1975 Nigerian coup d'état|coup in Nigeria]]. In 1981, clashes between Nigerian and Cameroonian forces resulted in several deaths and nearly led to war between the two nations. The border saw further clashes several times throughout the 1980s. In 1993, the situation worsened with both countries sending large military contingents to the region and numerous reports of skirmishes and attacks against civilians. On 29 March 1994, Cameroon referred the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In October 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled in favor of Cameroon. However, the ruling was resisted by Nigeria. Pressure from the UN and international community and the threat of withdrawal of foreign aid ultimately forced Nigeria to acquiesce and in 2006 the [[Greentree Agreement]] laid out a plan for the transfer of administration over two years. The transfer was successfully accomplished but many inhabitants of the peninsula retained their Nigerian citizenship and remain dissatisfied with the transition. Low-level violence continued until it was subsumed in the [[Anglophone Crisis]] in 2017. ===2008 protests=== In February 2008, Cameroon experienced widespread violent unrest as a strike by transport workers opposing high fuel prices and poor working conditions coincided with President Paul Biya's announcement that he wanted the constitution to be amended to remove term limits. Biya was scheduled to leave power at the end of his term in 2011. After several days of widespread rioting, looting, and reports of gunfire in all the major cities, calm was eventually restored after a crackdown with thousands arrested, and at least several dozen killed. The government announced lower fuel prices, increased wages for the military and civil servants, and decreased duties on key foodstuffs and construction materials. Many opposition groups reported additional harassment and restrictions on speech, gatherings, and political activity in the wake of the protests. Ultimately, the constitutional term limits were revoked and Biya was reelected in 2011 in an election criticized by the opposition and international observers as plagued by irregularities and low turnout.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turnout Low in Cameroon Presidential Poll |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/presidential-voting-off-to-slow-start-in-cameroon-131413838/146397.html |access-date=24 September 2021 |agency=VOA |date=October 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cameroon election deeply flawed, says US envoy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111020-cameroon-election-deeply-flawed-says-biya-jackson-us-ambassador |access-date=24 September 2021 |agency=AFP |date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> ==Contemporary issues== ===Boko Haram=== [[FILE:ISWAP and Boko Haram territory in early 2019.png|thumb|right|Map of Boko Haram impacted areas including northern Cameroon]] In 2014, the [[Boko Haram insurgency]] spread into Cameroon from Nigeria. In May 2014, in the wake of the [[Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping]], Presidents [[Paul Biya]] of Cameroon and [[Idriss Déby]] of [[Chad]] announced they were waging war on [[Boko Haram]], and deployed troops to the Northern Nigerian border.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram – Nigeria | work = ReliefWeb | date = 26 May 2014 | access-date = 2014-06-10 | url = http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Kaze | first = Rennier | title = Dans le Nord du Cameroun, la "guerre" contre Boko Haram a commencé – Cameroon | work = ReliefWeb | access-date = 2014-06-10 | date = 2014-06-06 | language = fr | url = http://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/dans-le-nord-du-cameroun-la-guerre-contre-boko-haram-commenc }}</ref> Cameroon announced in September 2018 that Boko Haram had been repelled, but the conflict persists in the northern border areas nonetheless.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares], CBC, Sep 30, 2018. Accessed Feb 6, 2019.</ref> ===Anglophone Crisis=== [[File:Federal ambazonia.png|thumb|left|Anglophone regions claimed by separatists as [[Ambazonia]]]] In November 2016, major [[2016–2017 Cameroonian protests|protests]] broke out in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon. In September 2017, the protests and the government's response to them escalated into an [[Anglophone Crisis|armed conflict]], with separatists declaring the independence of [[Ambazonia]] and starting a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla war]] against the [[Cameroon Armed Forces|Cameroonian Army]]. ==Football== Cameroon has received some international attention following the relative success of its [[Cameroon national football team|football team]]. The team has qualified for the FIFA World Cup eight times, more than any other African team. However, the team has only made it out of the group stage once, in 1990, when they became the first African team to reach the quarter-final of the World Cup. They have also won five Africa Cup of Nations. ==See also== *[[Ambazonia]] *[[History of Africa]] *[[Politics of Cameroon]] *[[List of heads of government of Cameroon]] *[[List of heads of state of Cameroon]] * Douala [[Douala#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Douala|timeline]] * Yaoundé [[Yaounde#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Yaounde|timeline]] ==References== * [https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm Background Note: Cameroon] from the U.S. Department of State. * Bullock, A. L. C. (1939). ''Germany's Colonial Demands'', [[Oxford University Press]]. * DeLancey, Mark W., and DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000): ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon'' (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. * Schnee, Heinrich (1926). ''German Colonization, Past and Future: The Truth about the German Colonies.'' London: [[George Allen & Unwin]]. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last1=DeLancey |first1=Mark W. |last2=DeLancey |first2=Mark Dike |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2000 |edition=3rd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-3775-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Hudgens |first1=Jim |first2=Richard |last2=Trillo |date=1999 |title=The Rough Guide to West Africa |edition=3rd |publisher=Rough Guides}} * {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Robin |title=When We Ruled: The Ancient and Mediæval History of Black Civilisations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MztrtgAACAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2011 |publisher=Black Classic Press |isbn=978-1-58073-045-7}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== * Ardener, Edwin. ''Kingdom on Mount Cameroon: Studies in the history of the Cameroon Coast, 1500–1970'' (Berghahn Books, 1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=aDwXkO9tg9MC&dq=History+of+Cameroon&pg=PR7 online]. * Arnold, Stephen. "Preface to a history of Cameroon literature in English." ''Research in African Literatures'' 14.4 (1983): 498-515 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3819693 online] * Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. "The reunification question in Cameroon history: was the bride an enthusiastic or a reluctant one?" ''Africa Today'' (2000): 91–119. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/africa_today/v047/47.2awasom.pdf exccerpt] * DeLancey, Mark Dike, Mark W. DeLancey, and Rebecca Neh Mbuh. ''Historical dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PfCYDwAAQBAJ&dq=history+cameroon+British&pg=PR7 online] * Diduk, Susan. "European alcohol, history, and the state in Cameroon." ''African Studies Review'' 36.1 (1993): 1-42. doi.org/10.2307/525506 * Dupraz, Yannick. "French and British colonial legacies in education: Evidence from the partition of Cameroon." ''Journal of Economic History'' 79.3 (2019): 628–668. [https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/119359/1/WRAP-French-British-colonial-Cameroon-Dupraz-2019.pdf online] * Dze-Ngwa, Willibroad. "The First World War and its aftermath in Cameroon: A historical evaluation of a centenary, 1914-2014." ''International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science'' 3.2 (2015): 78–90. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170809041612/http://www.ijlass.org/data/frontImages/gallery/Vol._3_No._2/8._78-90.pdf online]}} * Fowler, Ian. "Kingdoms of the Cameroon Grassfields." ''Reviews in Anthropology'' 40.4 (2011): 292–311. * Fowler, Ian. "Tribal and palatine arts of the Cameroon grassfields: elements for a ‘traditional’ regional identity." in ''Contesting Art'' (Routledge, 2020) pp. 63-84. * Fowler, Ian, and Verkijika G. Fanso, eds. ''Encounter, transformation and identity: peoples of the western Cameroon borderlands, 1891-2000'' (Berghahn Books, 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=T4S9jhptvoAC&dq=history+cameroon+fowler&pg=PR9 online]. * Fowler, Ian, and David Zeitlyn, eds. ''African Crossroads: intersections between history and anthropology in Cameroon'' Berghahn Books, 1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=P5nn6_FIL6sC&dq=+Cameroon+History:&pg=PR7 online] * Geschiere, Peter. "Chiefs and colonial rule in Cameroon: Inventing chieftaincy, French and British style." ''Africa'' 63.2 (1993): 151–175. * Mengang, Joseph Mewondo. "Evolution of natural resource policy in Cameroon." ''Yale F&ES Bulletin'' 102 (1998): 239–248. [https://www.academia.edu/download/31442507/102mengang.pdf online] * Njung, George N. "The British Cameroons mandate regime: The roots of the twenty-first-century political crisis in Cameroon." ''American Historical Review'' 124.5 (2019): 1715–1722. == External links == {{commons category-inline}} *{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232106/http://unimaps.com/cameroon1914/index.html |date=4 April 2013 |title=Map of German Cameroon (Kamerun) in 1914}} {{Years in Cameroon}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{History of Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Cameroon}} [[Category:History of Cameroon| ]] [[Category:History of Central Africa|*]] [[Category:History of Africa by country|Cameroon]] s3gatij0ckfswjfl1278kqgtx78btzj 117486 117485 2026-07-16T13:47:30Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:History_of_Cameroon]] 117485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{History of Cameroon}} At the crossroads of [[West Africa]] and [[Central Africa]], the territory of what is now '''[[Cameroon]]''' has seen human habitation since some time in the [[Middle Paleolithic]], likely no later than 130,000 years ago. The earliest discovered archaeological evidence of humans dates from around 30,000 years ago at [[Shum Laka]]. The [[Bamenda highlands]] in western Cameroon near the border with Nigeria are one of the most likely origin for the [[Bantu peoples]], whose language and culture [[Bantu expansion|came to dominate]] most of central and [[southern Africa]] between 1000 [[BCE]] and 1000 [[Common Era|CE]]. European traders arrived in the fifteenth century and Cameroon was the [[exonym]] given by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to the [[Wouri River]], which they called ''Rio dos Camarões—''"river of [[shrimps]]" or "shrimp river", referring to the then-abundant [[Cameroon ghost shrimp]].<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/cameroon Cameroon (adj.)]</ref> Cameroon was a source of slaves for the [[Transatlantic Slave Trade|slave trade]]. While the northern part of Cameroon was subject to influence from the Islamic kingdoms in the [[Chad basin]] and the [[Sahel]], the south was largely ruled by small kings, chieftains, and [[Fon (title)|fons]]. Cameroon as a political entity emerged from the [[Scramble for Africa|colonization of Africa by Europeans]]. From 1884, Cameroon was a German colony, [[German Kamerun]], with its borders drawn through negotiations between the Germans, British, and French. After the First World War, the [[League of Nations mandate]]d France to administer most of the territory, with [[the United Kingdom]] administering a small portion in the west. Following World War II, the League of Nations' successor, the United Nations, instituted a [[UN Trust Territories|Trusteeship]] system, leaving France and Britain in control of their respective regions, [[French Cameroon]] and [[British Cameroon]]. In 1960, Cameroon became independent with part of [[British Cameroons]] voting to join former French Cameroon. Cameroon has had only two presidents since independence and while opposition parties were legalized in 1990 only one party has ever governed. Cameroon has maintained close relations with France and allied itself largely with Western political and economic interests throughout the Cold War and into the twenty-first century. This consistency gave Cameroon a reputation as one of the most stable countries in the region. In 2017, tensions between [[Anglophone Cameroonian]]s in former British territory and the Francophone-dominated government led to an ongoing [[civil war]] known as the [[Anglophone Crisis]] in the west of the country, while [[Islamist]] insurgents [[Boko Haram]] continue to carry out military and terror attacks in the north of the country. In January 2024, Cameroon launched the world's first routine malaria vaccine program, using the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)-approved [[RTS,S]] vaccine developed by British drugmaker GSK. The initiative aims to save thousands of African children's lives annually. Despite some skepticism, health experts emphasize careful community outreach to combat vaccine hesitancy and stress the importance of using existing preventive measures alongside vaccines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prentice |first=Alessandra |date=2024-01-22 |title=Cameroon launches routine malaria shots in global milestone |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-launches-malaria-vaccination-programme-global-milestone-2024-01-22/ |access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> ==Pre-colonial history== ===Prehistory=== [[File:Terracotta-head 0.jpg|thumb|Terracotta Sao statuette]] [[File:Africa de l'Oèst en 1875-es.svg|thumb|right|Map showing the approximate extent of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1875 as well as the remnants of the Kanem-Bornu empire]] [[File:Map of Cameroons river and Victoria p.207.jpg|thumb|right|Map of pre-colonial Cameroon coastline published in 1884]] Archaeological research has been relatively scarce in Cameroon due to a lack of resources and transportation infrastructure. Historically the warm, wet climate in many parts of the country was thought of as inhospitable to the preservation of remains, but recent finds and the introduction of new techniques have challenged that assumption. Evidence from digs at [[Shum Laka]] in the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest Region]] shows human occupation dating back 30,000 years<ref name=Lavachery2001>Lavachery, Philippe (2001) The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 18(4):213-247.</ref><ref name=Cornelissen2003>Cornelissen, Els (2003) On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 20(1):1-24.</ref> while in the dense forests of the south, the oldest evidence of occupation is around 7000 years old.<ref name="Kome-Kribi">{{cite book |last1=Lavachery |first1=Philippe |last2=MacEachern |first2=Scott |last3=Bouimon |first3=Tchago |last4=Mbida Minzie |first4=Cristophe |title=Komé - Kribi: Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline, 1999-2004 |date=2010 |publisher=Africa Magna Verlag |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=978-3937248141}}</ref> Recent research in southern Cameroon indicates that the [[Iron Age]] may have started there as early as 1000 BCE and was certainly well established by 100 BCE at the latest.<ref name="Kome-Kribi" /> Linguistic analysis, supported by archaeological and genetic research, has shown that the [[Bantu expansion]], a series of migrations that spread [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] culture across much of Sub-Saharan Africa, most likely originated in the highlands on the Nigeria-Cameroon border around 1000 BCE. [[Bantu languages]] spread with these people along with agricultural methods and possibly iron tools, first east and then south, forming one of the largest language families in Africa. In Cameroon, Bantu people largely displaced [[Central African Pygmies]] such as the Baka, who were [[hunter-gatherers]] and who now survive in much smaller numbers in the heavily forested southeast. Despite Cameroon being the original homeland of the Bantu people, the great medieval Bantu-speaking kingdoms arose elsewhere, such as what is now Kenya, Congo, Angola, and South Africa. ===Northern Cameroon=== The earliest known civilization to have left clear traces of their presence in the territory of modern Cameroon is known as the [[Sao civilisation]].{{sfnp|Hudgens|Trillo|1999|p=1051}} Known for their elaborate [[terracotta]] and [[bronze]] artwork and round, walled settlements in the [[Lake Chad Basin]], little else is known with any certainty due to the lack of historical records. The culture possibly arose as early as the fourth century BC but certainly, by the end of the first millennium BC, their presence was well established around Lake Chad and near the [[Chari River]].{{sfnp|DeLancey|DeLancey|2000|p=237}} The city-states of the Sao reached their apex sometime between the ninth and fifteenth centuries AD.{{sfnmp|1a1=DeLancey|1a2=DeLancey|1y=2000|1p=237|2a1=Walker|2y=2011}} The Sao were displaced or assimilated by the sixteenth century. After the [[Muslim conquest of North Africa]] in 709, Islam's influence began to spread south with the growth of [[trans-Saharan trade]], including in what is now northern Cameroon. The [[Kanem-Bornu Empire]] began in what is now [[Chad]] and likely came into conflict with the Sao. The Kanem Empire began in Chad in the eighth century and gradually extended its influence northward into Libya and southward into Nigeria and Cameroon. Slaves from raids in the south were their principal trade good along with [[Salt mining|mined salt]]. The Empire was Muslim from at least the eleventh century and reached its first peak in the 13th, controlling most of what is now Chad and smaller regions in surrounding countries. After a period of internal instability, the center of power shifted to Bornu with its capital at [[Ngazargamu]], in what is now northwestern Nigeria, and territory was gradually reconquered and new territory in present-day [[Niger]] also conquered. The Empire began to decline in the seventeenth century though it continued to control much of northern Cameroon. From 1804 to 1808 the [[Fulani War]] saw the Bornu pushed north out of Cameroon and the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] took control of the region, as well as most of northern Nigeria and large swathes of Niger and [[Mali]]. A feudal empire with local rulers pledging allegiance and paying tributes to the Caliph, northern Cameroon was likely part of the [[Adamawa Emirate]] within the Caliphate. This structure proved susceptible to exploitation by colonial powers beginning in the 1870s, who sought to undermine local rulers' ties to the Caliphate. ===Southern Regions=== The Muslim empires of the Sahara and Sahel never reached further south than the highlands of the [[Cameroon Line]]. Further south, there is little archaeological evidence of large empires or kingdoms and no historical record due to the lack of writing in the region. When the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in the region in the fifteenth century, a large number of kings, chiefs, and [[Fon (title)|fons]] ruled small territories. Many ethnic groups, particularly speakers of the [[Grassfields languages]] in the west, have oral histories of migrating south fleeing Muslim invaders, likely reference to the [[Fulani War]] and subsequent conflicts in Nigeria and northern Cameroon. [[Malaria]] prevented significant European settlement or exploration until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant [[quinine]] became available.<ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web|date=May 2002|title=Background Note: Cameroon|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2822.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606162126/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2822.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2002|publisher=[[U.S. State Department]]}} }}</ref> The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the [[Atlantic slave trade|acquisition of slaves]].<ref name=":0" /> The Cameroon coast was a major hub for the purchase of slaves who were taken across the Atlantic to Brazil, the United States, and the Caribbean. In 1807, the British [[Slave Trade Act 1807|abolished slavery in the Empire]] and began [[Blockade of Africa|military efforts to suppress the slave trade]], particularly in West Africa. Combined with the [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|end of legal slave imports in the United States]] the same year, the international slave trade in Cameroon declined sharply. [[Christian missionaries]] established a presence in the late nineteenth century. Around this time, the [[Aro Confederacy]], was expanding its economic and political influence from southeastern Nigeria into western Cameroon. However, the arrival of British and German colonizers cut short its growth and influence. ==Colonial period== {{Further|German Kamerun|French Cameroun|British Cameroon}} ===Scramble for Africa and German Kamerun (1884–1918)=== [[Image:Cameroon boundary changes.PNG|thumb|right|'''Cameroon over time''' {{legend|#FF8241|German [[Kamerun]]}} {{legend|#FE0000|British [[Cameroons]]}} {{legend|blue|French [[Cameroun]]}} {{legend|#008200|Republic of [[Cameroon]]}} ]] The [[Scramble for Africa]] beginning in the late 1870s, saw European powers, primarily seeking to establish formal control over the parts of Africa not yet colonized. The Cameroon coast was of interest to both the British, already established in what is now Nigeria and with missionaries outposts in several towns, and the Germans who had extensive trading relationships and plantations established in the [[Douala]] region. On July 5, 1884, German explorer and administrator [[Gustav Nachtigal]] began signing agreements with [[Duala people|Duala]] leaders establishing a German protectorate in the region. A brief conflict ensued with rival Duala chiefs which Germany and its allies won, leaving the British with little choice but to acknowledge Germany's claim to the region. The borders of modern Cameroon were established through a series of negotiations with the British and French. Germany established an administration for the colony with a capital first at [[Buea]] and later at [[Yaoundé]] and continued to explore the interior and co-opt or subjugate local rulers. The largest conflicts were the [[Bafut Wars]] and the [[Adamawa Wars]] which ended by 1907 with German victories.[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 163-051, Kamerun, Weihnachten am Mungo.jpg|thumb|German Settlers celebrating [[Christmas]] in Kamerun|left]] Germany was particularly interested in Cameroon's [[Agriculture|agricultural]] potential and entrusted large firms with the task of exploiting and exporting it. German Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] defined the order of priorities as follows: "first the merchant, then the soldier". It was under the influence of a businessman [[Adolph Woermann]], whose company set up a trading house in [[Douala]], that Bismarck, initially skeptical about the interest of the colonial project, was convinced. Large German trading companies ([[Woermann-Linie|Woermann]], [[Jantzen & Thormählen]]) and concession companies ([[:de: Südkamerun Gesellschaft|Südkamerun Gesellschaft]], [[:de: Nord-West Kamerun Gesellschaft|Nord-West Kamerun Gesellschaft]]) established themselves massively in the colony. Letting the big companies impose their order, the administration simply supported them, protected them, and tried to eliminate indigenous rebellions.<ref name=modo />[[File:SMS OLGA bei der Beschießung von Hickorytown (Duala), Kamerun, Dezember 1884.jpg|thumb|The German [[corvette]] SMS OLGA bombarding Hickorytown (now [[Douala]] in December 1884]]The Imperial German government made substantial investments in the [[infrastructure]] of Cameroon, including the extensive [[railway]]s, such as the 160-metre [[Japoma Bridge|single-span railway bridge]] on the southern branch of [[Sanaga River]]. However, the indigenous peoples proved reluctant to work on these projects, so the Germans instigated a harsh and unpopular system of [[unfree labour|forced labour]].<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 125.</ref> In fact, [[Jesko von Puttkamer]] was relieved of duty as governor of the colony due to his untoward actions toward the native Cameroonians.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 226.</ref> In 1911 at the [[Treaty of Fez]] after the [[Agadir Crisis]], France ceded a nearly 300,000&nbsp;km² portion of the territory of [[French Equatorial Africa]] to Kamerun which became [[Neukamerun]] (New Cameroon), while Germany ceded a smaller area in the north in present-day [[Chad]] to France. Shortly after the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, the British invaded Cameroon from [[Nigeria]] and the French from [[French Equatorial Africa]] in the [[Kamerun campaign]]. The last German fort in the country [[Siege of Mora|surrendered]] in February 1916. After the Allied victory, the territory was partitioned between the United Kingdom and France, which was formalized on June 28, 1919, with [[League of Nations mandate#Class B mandates|League of Nations mandates (Class B)]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=British Mandate for the Cameroons |journal=The American Journal of International Law |year=1923 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=138–141 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212948 |publisher=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/2212948 |jstor=2212948 |s2cid=246004050 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> France gained the larger geographical share, transferred Neukamerun back to neighboring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaoundé as [[French Cameroun|Cameroun]] (French Cameroons).<ref name=":0" /> Britain's territory, a strip bordering [[Nigeria]] from the sea to [[Lake Chad]], with a roughly equal population was ruled from [[Lagos]] as part of Nigeria, known as [[Cameroons]] (British Cameroons).<ref name=":0" /> ===French Cameroon (1918–1960)=== ====League of Nations Mandate, Free France, and UN Trust Territory==== [[File:Missionnaire Cameroun.jpg|thumb|right|French Missionary with the Sultan of [[Ngaoundéré]] in 1920]] The French administration declined to return much of the property in Cameroon to its prior German owners, reassigning much of it to French companies. This was particularly the case for the [[SOCFIN Group|Société financière des Caoutchoucs]], which obtained plantations put into operation during the German period and became the largest company in French Cameroon. Roads and other infrastructure projects were undertaken with native labor, often in extremely harsh conditions. The Douala-Yaoundé railway line, begun under the German regime, was completed. Thousands of workers were forcibly deported to this site to work fifty-four hours a week. Workers also suffered from lack of food and the massive presence of mosquitoes and related illnesses. In 1925, the mortality rate on the site was 61.7%. However, the other sites were not as deadly, although working conditions were generally very harsh.<ref name=modo /> French Cameroon joined the [[Free France]] in August 1940. The system established by Free France was essentially a military dictatorship. [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]] established a state of siege throughout the country and abolished almost all public freedom. The objective was to neutralize any potential feelings of independence or sympathy for the former German colonizer. Indigenous people known for their Germanophilia were executed in public places. In 1945, the country was placed under the supervision of the United Nations, as successor to the League of Nations, which left Cameroon under French control as a [[UN Trust Territory]]. ====Independence Movement==== [[File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg|thumb|right|The leaders of the UPC]] In 1948, the [[Union des populations du Cameroun]] (UPC), a nationalist movement, was founded and [[Ruben Um Nyobe]] took over as its leader. In May 1955, the arrests of independence activists were followed by riots in several cities across the country. The repression caused several dozen or hundreds of deaths - the French administration officially lists twenty-two, although secret reports acknowledge many more. The UPC was banned and nearly 800 of its activists were arrested, many of whom would be beaten in prison. Because they were wanted by the police, UPC activists took refuge in the forests, where they formed guerilla bands; they also took refuge in neighboring British Cameroon. The French authorities repressed these events and made arbitrary arrests. The party received the support of personalities such as Gamal Abdel Nasser and Kwame Nkrumah and France's action was denounced at the UN by representatives of countries such as India, Syria, and the Soviet Union.<ref name=modo>Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019</ref> An insurrection broke out among the [[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa people]] on 18 to 19 December 1956. Several dozen anti-UPC figures were murdered or kidnapped, bridges, telephone lines, and other infrastructure were sabotaged. The French military and native security forces violently repressed these uprisings, which led to many native Cameroonians joining the cause of independence and long-running guerilla war. Several UPC militias were formed though their access to weapons was very limited. Though the UPC was a multi-ethnic movement, the pro-independence movement was seen as particularly strong among the [[Bamileke]] and [[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa]] peoples, and both were targeted by the French for severe repression, including razing of villages, forced relocations, and indiscriminate killings in what was sometimes called the [[Bamileke War]] or the Cameroon Independence War. Though the uprising was suppressed, guerilla violence and reprisals continued even after independence. [[Cameroonian parliamentary election, 1956|Legislative elections]] were held on 23 December 1956 and the resulting Assembly passed a decree on 16 April 1957 which made French Cameroon a state. It took back its former status of associated territory as a member of the [[French Union]]. Its inhabitants became Cameroonian citizens, and Cameroonian institutions were created under a parliamentary democracy. On 12 June 1958, the Legislative Assembly of French Cameroon asked the French government to: "Accord independence to the State of Cameroon at the ends of their trusteeship. Transfer every competence related to the running of internal affairs of Cameroon to Cameroonians". On 19 October 1958, France recognized the right of its [[United Nations trust territories|United Nations trust territory]] to choose independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/20/archives/cameroons-gets-freedom-pledge-paris-backs-independence-for-african.html?sq=Cameroon%2520independence&scp=1&st=p|title=CAMEROONS GETS FREEDOM PLEDGE; Paris Backs Independence for African Trust Territory After Interim Self-Rule|first=Thomas F.|last=Brady|date=20 October 1958|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> On 24 October 1958, the Legislative Assembly of French Cameroon solemnly proclaimed the desire of Cameroonians to see their country accede full independence on 1 January 1960. It enjoined the government of French Cameroon to ask France to inform the General Assembly of the United Nations, to abrogate the trusteeship accord concomitant with the independence of French Cameroon. On 12 November 1958, France asked the United Nations to grant French Cameroon independence and end the Trusteeship. On 5 December 1958, the United Nations’ General Assembly took note of the French government's declaration according to which French Cameroon would gain independence on 1 January 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cameroon50.cm/en/history-and-presentation/167-tutelle-a-independance.html |title=From trusteeship to independence (1946–1960) |access-date=2011-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027131756/http://www.cameroon50.cm/en/history-and-presentation/167-tutelle-a-independance.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Question of the future of the Trust Territories of the Cameroons under French administration and the Cameroons under United Kingdom administration|id=A/RES/1282(XIII) |url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/1282(XIII)|website=undocs.org|publisher=United Nations|access-date=17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> On 13 March 1959, the United Nations’ General Assembly resolved that the UN Trusteeship Agreement with France for French Cameroon would end when French Cameroon became independent on 1 January 1960.<ref>{{cite web|title=The future of the Trust Territories of the Cameroons under French administration|id=A/RES/1349(XIII) |url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/1349(XIII)|website=undocs.org|publisher=United Nations|access-date=17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> ===British Cameroons (1918–1961)=== ====Nigerian administration==== [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-20-9.jpg|thumb|The first Premier of Southern Cameroons, [[E. M. L. Endeley|Dr. Endeley]] (first row, third from right) in [[Bamenda]]]] The British territory was administered as two areas, [[Northern Cameroons]] and [[Southern Cameroons]]. Northern Cameroons consisted of two non-contiguous sections, divided by a point where the Nigerian and Cameroon borders met and were governed as part of the [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. Southern Cameroons was administered as a province of [[Eastern Nigeria]]. In British Cameroons, many German administrators were allowed to run the plantations of the southern coastal area after World War I. A British parliamentary publication, ''Report on the British Sphere of the Cameroons'' (May 1922, p.&nbsp;62-8), reported that the German plantations there were "as a whole . . . wonderful examples of industry, based on solid scientific knowledge. The natives have been taught discipline and have come to realize what can be achieved by industry. Large numbers who return to their villages take up cocoa or other cultivation on their own account, thus increasing the general prosperity of the country." In the 1930s, most of the white population still consisted of [[Germans]], most of whom were interned in British camps starting in June 1940. The native population showed little interest in volunteering for the British forces during World War II; only 3,500 men did so.<ref>I.C.B Dear, ed, ''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' (1995) p 163</ref> When the [[League of Nations]] ceased to exist in 1946, British Cameroons was reclassified as a [[UN trust territory]], administered through the [[UN Trusteeship Council]], but remained under British control. The United Nations approved the Trusteeship Agreements for British Cameroons to be governed by Britain on June 12, 1946. ====Plebiscite and independence==== French Cameroun became independent, as Cameroun or Cameroon, in January 1960, and Nigeria was scheduled for independence later that same year, which raised the question of what to do with the British territory. After some discussion (which had been going on since 1959), a [[British Cameroons referendum, 1961|plebiscite]] was agreed to and held on 11 February 1961. The Muslim-majority Northern area opted for union with Nigeria, and the Southern area voted to join Cameroon.<ref>Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p177 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> ==Independence and the Ahidjo era (1960–1982)== [[File:JFKWHP-AR7092-J.jpg|thumb|right|Cameroonian President Ahidjo meets U.S. President John Kennedy in 1962]] French Cameroon achieved independence on January 1, 1960. After [[Guinea]], it was the second of France's colonies in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] to become independent. On 21 February 1960, the new nation held a constitutional referendum, approving a new constitution. On 5 May 1960, [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] became president. Ahidjo aligned himself closely with France and allowed many French advisers and administrators to stay on as well as leaving most of the country's assets in the hands of French companies. ===Union with Southern Cameroon=== On 12 February 1961, the results of the Southern Cameroon plebiscite were announced and it was learned that Southern Cameroons had voted for unification with the Republic Of Cameroon, sometimes called "reunification" since both regions had been part of German Kamerun. To negotiate the terms of this union, the [[Foumban Conference]] was held on 16–21 July 1961. [[John Ngu Foncha]], the leader of the [[Kamerun National Democratic Party]] and the Southern Cameroons elected government represented Southern Cameroons while Ahidjo represented Cameroon. The agreement reached was a new constitution, based heavily on the version adopted in Cameroon earlier that year, but with a federal structure granting former British Cameroons - now [[West Cameroon]] - jurisdiction over certain issues and procedural rights. [[Buea]] became the capital of West Cameroon while [[Yaounde]] doubled as the federal capital and East Cameroonian capital. Neither side was particularly satisfied as Ahidjo had wanted a unitary or more centralized state while the West Cameroonians had wanted more explicit protections. On 14 August 1961, the federal constitution was adopted, with Ahidjo as president. Foncha became the prime minister of West Cameroon and vice president of the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The unification of British and French Cameroon has caused linguistic and cultural tensions within Cameroon, which has [[Anglophone Crisis|led to violence]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deutsche |first1=Welle |title=Cameroon: Colonial Past and Present Friction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-colonial-past-and-present-frictions/a-37344849 |website=DW.com |publisher=DW}}</ref> ===Civil War and repression=== The UPC, many among whom espoused [[Marxist]] or other leftist ideologies and had demanded a full break with France, were not satisfied with Ahidjo's rule and close cooperation with the French. They did not lay down their arms at independence and sought to overthrow Ahidjo's regime, which they viewed as too subservient to France. Ahidjo requested continued French assistance in suppressing the UPC rebels in what became known as the [[Bamileke War]], after the region where much of the fighting took place. The UPC was ultimately defeated with government forces capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. During the intervening years, Ahidjo used emergency powers granted due to the war and the fear of further ethnic conflict to consolidate power. He implemented a highly centralized and authoritarian government that used arbitrary police custody, prohibition of meetings and rallies, submission of publications to prior censorship, restriction of freedom of movement through the establishment of passes or curfews, and a prohibition on trade unions to prevent opposition. Anyone accused of "compromising public safety" was handled outside traditional criminal process without the right to a lawyer or any appeal. Sentences of life imprisonment, hard labor or death were numerous, and executions were often public. In 1966, opposition parties were banned and Cameroon became a [[one-party state]].<ref name=modo /> On 28 March 1970, Ahidjo was re-elected as president with 100% of the vote and 99.4% turnout.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p183 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> [[Solomon Tandeng Muna]] became vice president. In 1972, a referendum was held on a new constitution, which replaced the federation between East and West with a unitary state called the '''United Republic of Cameroon''' and further expanded the power of the president. Official results claimed 98.2% turnout and 99.99% of votes in favor of the new constitution.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html Elections in Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903053954/http://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |date=3 September 2011 }} African Elections Database</ref> Although Ahidjo's rule was authoritarian, he was seen as noticeably lacking in charisma in comparison to many post-colonial African leaders. He didn't follow the anti-western policies pursued by many of these leaders, which helped Cameroon achieve a degree of comparative political stability, retain Western investment, and see fairly steady economic growth. ===Discovery of oil=== Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. The accounting of oil revenues was totally opaque and many Cameroonians felt the money was mismanaged or embezzled since.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowell |first1=Alan |title=As Oil Flows, Strains Come to Cameroon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/14/world/as-oil-flows-strains-come-to-cameroon.html |access-date=20 September 2021 |work=New York Times |date=March 14, 1982}}</ref> Oil remains a primary driver of the economy, though the country is not as oil-dependent as many other producers in the region. ==Biya Era (1982–present)== [[File:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with President Paul Biya of Cameroon in The Oval Office - DPLA - 235fce96f392cdb19950ed959a3c239c.jpg|thumb|right|Paul Biya with U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1986]] On 30 June 1975, [[Paul Biya]], a long-serving bureaucrat and administrator in the Ahidjo government, was appointed [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]]. On November 4, 1982, Ahidjo resigned as president and Biya was his legal successor. Many observers were surprised, as Biya is a Christian from the south while Ahidjo was a Muslim from the North and Ahidjo was only 59 years old.<ref name="WaPo Revolt">{{cite news |last1=Randal |first1=Jonathan |title=Tales of Ex-Leader's Role In Revolt Stun Cameroon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/19/AR2006071901340_pf.html |access-date=23 September 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=April 15, 1984}}</ref> However, Ahidjo did not resign his role as leader of the governing party, and many speculated that he hoped Biya would be a figurehead, or perhaps even a temporary caretaker, as Ahidjo was rumored to be ill and receiving medical care in France. ===Rift and coup attempt=== Despite previous good relations, in 1983 a rift was apparent between Biya and Ahidjo. Ahidjo left for France and publicly accused Biya of abuse of power. Ahidjo sought to use his continuing control over the party apparatus to sideline Biya, by causing the party, not the President to set the government's agenda. However, at the party conference in September, Biya was elected to lead the party and Ahidjo resigned.<ref name="WaPo Revolt" /> In January 1984, Biya was elected president of the country, running unopposed. In February, two senior officials were arrested and, along with Ahidjo who was tried ''in absentia'' alongside them. On April 6, 1984, supporters of Ahidjo [[1984 Cameroonian coup d'état attempt|attempted a coup d'état]], led by the Republican Guard, an elite force recruited by Ahidjo, mainly from the north. The Republican Guard under Colonel Saleh Ibrahim took control of the Yaounde airport, national radio station, and other key points around the capital. However, Biya was able to hole up in the presidential palace with his bodyguard until troops from outside the capital were able to retake control within two days. Ahidjo denied knowledge or responsibility for the coup attempt but was widely viewed as behind it.<ref name="WaPo Revolt" /><ref name="Historical Dictionary" /> ===Limnic eruptions=== [[File:Monoun.jpg|thumb|Lake Monoun]] On August 15, 1984, [[Lake Monoun]] exploded in a [[limnic eruption]] that released enormous amounts of [[carbon dioxide]], [[Asphyxia|suffocating]] 37 people to death. On August 21, 1986, another limnic eruption at [[Lake Nyos]] killed as many as 1,800 people and 3,500 livestock. The two disasters are the only recorded instances of limnic eruptions, though geologic and sedimentary evidence indicates they may have caused large localized die-offs before historical records began. ===Brief political loosening=== Biya had initially seemed supportive of loosening restrictions on civil society, but the coup attempt ended any sign of opening up.<ref name="Historical Dictionary">{{cite book |last1=Delancey |first1=Mark W. |last2=Delancey |first2=Mark D. |last3=Neh Mbuh |first3=Rebecca |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon, 4th Ed. |date=2010 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=978-0-8108-5824-4 |page=8 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref> However, by 1990, pressure from Western governments was mounting as the end of the [[Cold War]] made them less tolerant of authoritarian allies. In December 1990, opposition parties were legalized for the first time since 1966. The [[1992 Cameroonian presidential election|first multiparty elections were held in 1992]] and were hotly contested. Biya won with 40% of the vote against 36 for his closest competitor and 19 for another opposition party. In Parliament, Biya's ruling party [[1992 Cameroonian parliamentary election|on a plurality with 45% of the votes]] but failed to obtain a majority. The competitiveness of the election was not to Biya's liking and subsequent elections have been widely criticized by opposition parties and international observers as rigged and suffering from numerous and widespread irregularities. The ruling party has had no trouble gaining large majorities. Pressure from Anglophone groups in former British Cameroons resulted in changes to the [[Constitution of Cameroon|constitution]] in 1996, which purported to decentralize power but fell short of Anglophone demands to reestablish the federal structure. As a result of continued opposition, many of the changes adopted in 1996 have never been fully implemented and power remains highly centralized in the President.<ref name="Historical Dictionary" /> ===Bakassi border conflict=== [[File:Un-bakassi.png|thumb|right|Bakassi Peninsula]] Bakassi is a peninsula on the Gulf of Guinea between the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] estuary and the [[Rio del Rey]] estuary on the east. The area was administered by Nigeria through the colonial era. However, after independence, efforts to demarcate the border revealed that a 1913 agreement between Britain and Germany, placed Bakassi in German Cameroon and accordingly should belong to Cameroon. Nigeria pointed to other colonial-era documents and agreements and their long history of administration to object to this narrative. The competing claims grew contentious after oil was discovered in the region. An agreement between the two countries in 1975 was derailed by a [[1975 Nigerian coup d'état|coup in Nigeria]]. In 1981, clashes between Nigerian and Cameroonian forces resulted in several deaths and nearly led to war between the two nations. The border saw further clashes several times throughout the 1980s. In 1993, the situation worsened with both countries sending large military contingents to the region and numerous reports of skirmishes and attacks against civilians. On 29 March 1994, Cameroon referred the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In October 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled in favor of Cameroon. However, the ruling was resisted by Nigeria. Pressure from the UN and international community and the threat of withdrawal of foreign aid ultimately forced Nigeria to acquiesce and in 2006 the [[Greentree Agreement]] laid out a plan for the transfer of administration over two years. The transfer was successfully accomplished but many inhabitants of the peninsula retained their Nigerian citizenship and remain dissatisfied with the transition. Low-level violence continued until it was subsumed in the [[Anglophone Crisis]] in 2017. ===2008 protests=== In February 2008, Cameroon experienced widespread violent unrest as a strike by transport workers opposing high fuel prices and poor working conditions coincided with President Paul Biya's announcement that he wanted the constitution to be amended to remove term limits. Biya was scheduled to leave power at the end of his term in 2011. After several days of widespread rioting, looting, and reports of gunfire in all the major cities, calm was eventually restored after a crackdown with thousands arrested, and at least several dozen killed. The government announced lower fuel prices, increased wages for the military and civil servants, and decreased duties on key foodstuffs and construction materials. Many opposition groups reported additional harassment and restrictions on speech, gatherings, and political activity in the wake of the protests. Ultimately, the constitutional term limits were revoked and Biya was reelected in 2011 in an election criticized by the opposition and international observers as plagued by irregularities and low turnout.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turnout Low in Cameroon Presidential Poll |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/presidential-voting-off-to-slow-start-in-cameroon-131413838/146397.html |access-date=24 September 2021 |agency=VOA |date=October 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cameroon election deeply flawed, says US envoy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111020-cameroon-election-deeply-flawed-says-biya-jackson-us-ambassador |access-date=24 September 2021 |agency=AFP |date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> ==Contemporary issues== ===Boko Haram=== [[FILE:ISWAP and Boko Haram territory in early 2019.png|thumb|right|Map of Boko Haram impacted areas including northern Cameroon]] In 2014, the [[Boko Haram insurgency]] spread into Cameroon from Nigeria. In May 2014, in the wake of the [[Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping]], Presidents [[Paul Biya]] of Cameroon and [[Idriss Déby]] of [[Chad]] announced they were waging war on [[Boko Haram]], and deployed troops to the Northern Nigerian border.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram – Nigeria | work = ReliefWeb | date = 26 May 2014 | access-date = 2014-06-10 | url = http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Kaze | first = Rennier | title = Dans le Nord du Cameroun, la "guerre" contre Boko Haram a commencé – Cameroon | work = ReliefWeb | access-date = 2014-06-10 | date = 2014-06-06 | language = fr | url = http://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/dans-le-nord-du-cameroun-la-guerre-contre-boko-haram-commenc }}</ref> Cameroon announced in September 2018 that Boko Haram had been repelled, but the conflict persists in the northern border areas nonetheless.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares], CBC, Sep 30, 2018. Accessed Feb 6, 2019.</ref> ===Anglophone Crisis=== [[File:Federal ambazonia.png|thumb|left|Anglophone regions claimed by separatists as [[Ambazonia]]]] In November 2016, major [[2016–2017 Cameroonian protests|protests]] broke out in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon. In September 2017, the protests and the government's response to them escalated into an [[Anglophone Crisis|armed conflict]], with separatists declaring the independence of [[Ambazonia]] and starting a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla war]] against the [[Cameroon Armed Forces|Cameroonian Army]]. ==Football== Cameroon has received some international attention following the relative success of its [[Cameroon national football team|football team]]. The team has qualified for the FIFA World Cup eight times, more than any other African team. However, the team has only made it out of the group stage once, in 1990, when they became the first African team to reach the quarter-final of the World Cup. They have also won five Africa Cup of Nations. ==See also== *[[Ambazonia]] *[[History of Africa]] *[[Politics of Cameroon]] *[[List of heads of government of Cameroon]] *[[List of heads of state of Cameroon]] * Douala [[Douala#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Douala|timeline]] * Yaoundé [[Yaounde#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Yaounde|timeline]] ==References== * [https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm Background Note: Cameroon] from the U.S. Department of State. * Bullock, A. L. C. (1939). ''Germany's Colonial Demands'', [[Oxford University Press]]. * DeLancey, Mark W., and DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000): ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon'' (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. * Schnee, Heinrich (1926). ''German Colonization, Past and Future: The Truth about the German Colonies.'' London: [[George Allen & Unwin]]. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last1=DeLancey |first1=Mark W. |last2=DeLancey |first2=Mark Dike |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2000 |edition=3rd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-3775-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Hudgens |first1=Jim |first2=Richard |last2=Trillo |date=1999 |title=The Rough Guide to West Africa |edition=3rd |publisher=Rough Guides}} * {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Robin |title=When We Ruled: The Ancient and Mediæval History of Black Civilisations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MztrtgAACAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2011 |publisher=Black Classic Press |isbn=978-1-58073-045-7}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== * Ardener, Edwin. ''Kingdom on Mount Cameroon: Studies in the history of the Cameroon Coast, 1500–1970'' (Berghahn Books, 1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=aDwXkO9tg9MC&dq=History+of+Cameroon&pg=PR7 online]. * Arnold, Stephen. "Preface to a history of Cameroon literature in English." ''Research in African Literatures'' 14.4 (1983): 498-515 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3819693 online] * Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. "The reunification question in Cameroon history: was the bride an enthusiastic or a reluctant one?" ''Africa Today'' (2000): 91–119. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/africa_today/v047/47.2awasom.pdf exccerpt] * DeLancey, Mark Dike, Mark W. DeLancey, and Rebecca Neh Mbuh. ''Historical dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PfCYDwAAQBAJ&dq=history+cameroon+British&pg=PR7 online] * Diduk, Susan. "European alcohol, history, and the state in Cameroon." ''African Studies Review'' 36.1 (1993): 1-42. doi.org/10.2307/525506 * Dupraz, Yannick. "French and British colonial legacies in education: Evidence from the partition of Cameroon." ''Journal of Economic History'' 79.3 (2019): 628–668. [https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/119359/1/WRAP-French-British-colonial-Cameroon-Dupraz-2019.pdf online] * Dze-Ngwa, Willibroad. "The First World War and its aftermath in Cameroon: A historical evaluation of a centenary, 1914-2014." ''International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science'' 3.2 (2015): 78–90. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170809041612/http://www.ijlass.org/data/frontImages/gallery/Vol._3_No._2/8._78-90.pdf online]}} * Fowler, Ian. "Kingdoms of the Cameroon Grassfields." ''Reviews in Anthropology'' 40.4 (2011): 292–311. * Fowler, Ian. "Tribal and palatine arts of the Cameroon grassfields: elements for a ‘traditional’ regional identity." in ''Contesting Art'' (Routledge, 2020) pp. 63-84. * Fowler, Ian, and Verkijika G. Fanso, eds. ''Encounter, transformation and identity: peoples of the western Cameroon borderlands, 1891-2000'' (Berghahn Books, 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=T4S9jhptvoAC&dq=history+cameroon+fowler&pg=PR9 online]. * Fowler, Ian, and David Zeitlyn, eds. ''African Crossroads: intersections between history and anthropology in Cameroon'' Berghahn Books, 1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=P5nn6_FIL6sC&dq=+Cameroon+History:&pg=PR7 online] * Geschiere, Peter. "Chiefs and colonial rule in Cameroon: Inventing chieftaincy, French and British style." ''Africa'' 63.2 (1993): 151–175. * Mengang, Joseph Mewondo. "Evolution of natural resource policy in Cameroon." ''Yale F&ES Bulletin'' 102 (1998): 239–248. [https://www.academia.edu/download/31442507/102mengang.pdf online] * Njung, George N. "The British Cameroons mandate regime: The roots of the twenty-first-century political crisis in Cameroon." ''American Historical Review'' 124.5 (2019): 1715–1722. == External links == {{commons category-inline}} *{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232106/http://unimaps.com/cameroon1914/index.html |date=4 April 2013 |title=Map of German Cameroon (Kamerun) in 1914}} {{Years in Cameroon}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{History of Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Cameroon}} [[Category:History of Cameroon| ]] [[Category:History of Central Africa|*]] [[Category:History of Africa by country|Cameroon]] s3gatij0ckfswjfl1278kqgtx78btzj 0 47964 117487 2026-07-01T05:28:44Z en>Atremari 0 /* General reference */ added demonym 117487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} <!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE part of the set of 870+ outlines listed at [[Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines]]. Wikipedia outlines are a special type of list article. They make up one of Wikipedia's content navigation systems See [[Wikipedia: Outlines]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines]] for more details. Further improvements to this outline are on the way ...--> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Flag of Cameroon.svg | width1 = 185 | alt1 = | caption1 = The [[Flag of Cameroon]] | image2 = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | width2 = 109 | alt2 = | caption2 = The [[Coat of arms of Cameroon]] | footer = }} [[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|thumb|The location of [[Cameroon]]]] [[Image:Un-cameroon.png|thumb|An enlargeable map of [[Cameroon]]]] The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Cameroon: '''[[Cameroon]]''' is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] located in [[Middle Africa]].<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook>{{cite web|date=3 July 2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110023649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Cameroon|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=23 July 2009}}</ref> The country is called "[[Tourism in Cameroon|Africa in miniature]]" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. Cameroon is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. {{TOC limit|limit=2}} ==General reference== [[Image:Cameroon Map.jpg|thumb|An enlargeable relief map of [[Cameroon]]]] * [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]: * Common English country name: [[Cameroon]] * Official English country name: The [[Republic of Cameroon]] * Common [[endonym]](s): Cameroun [[List of countries and capitals in native languages| ]] * Official endonym(s): République du Cameroun [[List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states| ]] * [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Adjectival]](s): [[Cameroonian (disambiguation)|Cameroonian]] * [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Demonym]](s): Cameroonian(s) * [[International rankings of Cameroon]] * [[ISO country codes]]: CM, CMR, 120 * [[ISO region codes]]: See [[ISO 3166-2:CM]] * [[Internet]] [[country code top-level domain]]: [[.cm]] == Geography of Cameroon == [[Image:Cameroon Topography.png|thumb|An enlargeable topographic map of [[Cameroon]].]] [[Geography of Cameroon]] * Cameroon is: a [[Nation state|country]] * Location: ** [[Northern Hemisphere]] and [[Eastern Hemisphere]] ** [[Africa]] *** [[Middle Africa]] *** [[West Africa]] ** [[Time zone]]: [[West Africa Time]] ([[UTC+01]]) ** Extreme points of Cameroon *** High: [[Fako]] on [[Mount Cameroon]] {{convert|4040|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} *** Low: [[Bight of Bonny]] 0 m ** Land boundaries: 4,591&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Nigeria}} 1,690&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Chad}} 1,094&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Central African Republic}} 797&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Republic of the Congo}} 523&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Gabon}} 298&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}} 189&nbsp;km :* Coastline: [[Gulf of Guinea]] 402&nbsp;km * Population of Cameroon: 17,795,000(2005) – [[List of countries and dependencies by population|52nd most populous country]] * * Area of Cameroon: {{convert|475442|km2|sqmi}} – [[List of countries and outlying territories by area|53rd largest country]] * [[:commons:Atlas of Cameroon|Atlas of Cameroon]] === Environment of Cameroon === [[Image:Cameroon BMNG.png|thumb|An enlargeable satellite image of [[Cameroon]]]] * [[Climate of Cameroon]] * [[List of ecoregions in Cameroon|Ecoregions in Cameroon]] * [[Protected areas of Cameroon]] ** [[List of biosphere reserves in Cameroon|Biosphere reserves in Cameroon]] ** [[List of national parks of Cameroon|National parks of Cameroon]] * [[Wildlife of Cameroon]] ** Fauna of Cameroon *** [[List of birds of Cameroon|Birds of Cameroon]] *** Insects of Cameroon **** [[List of butterflies of Cameroon|Butterflies of Cameroon]] *** [[List of mammals of Cameroon|Mammals of Cameroon]] *** [[List of moths of Cameroon|Moths of Cameroon]] *** [[List of non-marine molluscs of Cameroon|Non-marine molluscs of Cameroon]] ==== Natural geographic features of Cameroon ==== * Glaciers in Cameroon: none<ref>The only [[List of glaciers in Africa|glaciers in Africa]] are on Mt Kenya (in Kenya), on Kilimanjaro (in Tanzania), and in the Ruwenzori Mountains (which are located in [[Uganda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]). See [http://iahs.info/redbooks/a126/iahs_126_0197.pdf Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978; Actes de l'Atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126, 1980.]</ref> * Mountains of Cameroon ** [[List of volcanoes in Cameroon|Volcanoes in Cameroon]] * [[List of rivers of Cameroon|Rivers of Cameroon]] * [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa#Cameroon|World Heritage Sites in Cameroon]] === Geographical regions of Cameroon === ==== Ecoregions of Cameroon ==== [[List of ecoregions in Cameroon]] ==== Administrative divisions of Cameroon ==== [[Subdivisions of Cameroon]] * [[Regions of Cameroon]] (formerly named "Provinces") ** [[Departments of Cameroon]] *** [[Communes of Cameroon]] ===== Regions of Cameroon ===== [[Regions of Cameroon]] * [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]] * [[Centre Region (Cameroon)|Centre]] * [[East Region (Cameroon)|East]] * [[Far North Region (Cameroon)|Far North]] * [[Littoral Region (Cameroon)|Littoral]] * [[North Region (Cameroon)|North]] * [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest]] * [[South Region (Cameroon)|South]] * [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest]] * [[West Region (Cameroon)|West]] ===== Departments of Cameroon ===== [[Departments of Cameroon]] &ndash; the Regions of Cameroon are divided into 58 divisions or departments (départements) ===== Communes of Cameroon ===== [[Communes of Cameroon]] &ndash; municipalities *[[List of municipalities of Cameroon|Municipalities of Cameroon]] * [[Capital city|Capital]] of Cameroon: [[Capital of Cameroon|Yaoundé]] === Demography of Cameroon === [[Demographics of Cameroon]] == Government and politics of Cameroon == [[Politics of Cameroon]] * [[Form of government]]: [[unitary republic|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] * [[Capital city|Capital]] of Cameroon: [[Capital of Cameroon|Yaoundé]] * [[Economic crisis of Cameroon]] * [[Elections in Cameroon]] * [[List of political parties in Cameroon|Political parties in Cameroon]] ===Branches of government=== [[Government of Cameroon]] ==== Executive branch of the government of Cameroon ==== * [[Head of State of Cameroon|Head of state]]: [[President of Cameroon]] ** [[List of heads of state of Cameroon]] ** [[List of first ladies of Cameroon]] ** [[Vice President of Cameroon]] * [[Head of government]]: [[Prime Minister of Cameroon]] ** [[List of heads of government of Cameroon]] * Ministries of Cameroon ** Ministry of Arts and Culture *** [[National Archives of Cameroon]] ** Ministry of Basic Education ** Ministry of Commerce ** Ministry of Communication ** Ministry of Defense ** Ministry of Finance ** Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training ** Ministry of Energy and Water Resources ** Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection in Cameroon ** Ministry of External Relations ** Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife ** Ministry of Industry, Mines and Technological Development ** [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon]] ** Ministry of Labor and Social Security ** Ministry of Livestock Fisheries and Animal Industries ** Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development ** Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications ** Ministry of Public Health ** Ministry of Public Service and Administrative Reforms ** Ministry of Public Works ** Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation ** Ministry of Secondary and Superior Education ** Ministry of Secondary Education ** Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Social Economy and Handicrafts ** Ministry of Sports and Physical Education ** Ministry of Territorial Administration<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Paul BIYA reshuffle's the Government {{!}} Prime Minister's Office |url=https://www.spm.gov.cm/site/?q=en/content/president-paul-biya-reshuffle%E2%80%99s-government |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.spm.gov.cm}}</ref> ** Ministry of Decentralization and Local Development ** Ministry of Tourism ** Ministry of Transport ** Ministry of Housing and Urban Development ** Ministry of Women's Empowerment and the Family ** Ministry of Youth Affairs and Civic Education<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minjec.gov.cm/index.php/en/|title=Accueil|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707020656/http://www.minjec.gov.cm/index.php/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Ministry Under the Presidency of the Republic ==== Legislative branch of the government of Cameroon ==== * [[National Assembly of Cameroon]] ([[unicameral]]) ** [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon]] ==== Judicial branch of the government of Cameroon ==== Court system of Cameroon * [[Supreme Court of Cameroon]] ** [[High Court of Justice (Cameroon)|High Court of Justice of Cameroon]] ** [[Court of Appeal of Cameroon]] === Foreign relations of Cameroon === [[Foreign relations of Cameroon]] * [[List of diplomatic missions in Cameroon|Diplomatic missions in Cameroon]] * [[Diplomatic missions of Cameroon]] ==== International organization membership ==== The Republic of Cameroon is a member of:<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook/> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} *[[African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States]] (ACP) *[[African Development Bank Group]] (AfDB) *[[African Union]] (AU) *[[Commonwealth of Nations]] *''[[Conference des Ministres des Finances des Pays de la Zone Franc]]'' (FZ) *[[Development Bank of Central African States]] (BDEAC) *[[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa]] (CEMAC) *[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) *[[Group of 77]] (G77) *[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) *[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) *[[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC) *[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) *[[International Criminal Court]] (ICCt) (signatory) *[[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol) *[[International Development Association]] (IDA) *[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS) *[[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) *[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) *[[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) *[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) *[[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO) *[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) *[[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) *[[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM) *[[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) (correspondent) {{Col-2}} *[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) *[[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) *[[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] (ITSO) *[[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) *[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU) *[[Islamic Development Bank]] (IDB) *[[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA) *[[Nonaligned Movement]] (NAM) *''[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]'' (OIF) *[[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) *[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) *[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) *[[United Nations]] (UN) *[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) *[[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) *[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) *[[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) *[[World Confederation of Labour]] (WCL) *[[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) *[[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) *[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) *[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) *[[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) *[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) *[[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) {{Col-end}} === Law and order in Cameroon === Law of Cameroon * [[Constitution of Cameroon]] * Crime in Cameroon ** [[Human trafficking in Cameroon]] ** [[Prostitution in Cameroon]] * [[Human rights in Cameroon]] ** [[LGBT rights in Cameroon]] ** [[Freedom of religion in Cameroon]] ** [[Polygamy in Cameroon]] &ndash; it's legal * [[Law enforcement in Cameroon]] === Military of Cameroon === [[Military of Cameroon]] * Command ** [[Commander-in-chief]]: * Forces ** [[Army of Cameroon]] ** [[Navy of Cameroon]] ** [[Air Force of Cameroon]] === Local government in Cameroon === Local government in Cameroon * [[Regional Council (Cameroon)]] == History of Cameroon == [[History of Cameroon]] *Current events of Cameroon * History of Cameroon by period ** [[Reunification of Cameroon]] * History of Cameroon by region * History of Cameroon by subject ** [[History of rail transport in Cameroon]] == Culture of Cameroon == [[Culture of Cameroon]] * Architecture of Cameroon ** [[Musgum mud huts]] * [[Cuisine of Cameroon]] * [[Languages of Cameroon]] ** [[General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages]] * [[List of museums in Cameroon|Museums in Cameroon]] * National symbols of Cameroon ** [[Coat of arms of Cameroon]] ** [[Flag of Cameroon]] ** [[National anthem of Cameroon]] * [[People of Cameroon]] ** [[Ethnic groups in Cameroon]] *** [[Chinese people in Cameroon]] ** [[List of Cameroonians]] * [[Prostitution in Cameroon]] * [[Public holidays in Cameroon]] * [[Scouting and Guiding in Cameroon]] * [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa#Cameroon|World Heritage Sites in Cameroon]] === Art in Cameroon === Art in Cameroon * [[List of Cameroonian artists]] * Cinema of Cameroon ** [[List of Cameroonian films]] * [[Dance in Cameroon]] * [[Literature of Cameroon]] * [[Music of Cameroon]] === Religion in Cameroon === [[Religion in Cameroon]] * [[List of cathedrals in Cameroon|Cathedrals in Cameroon]] * [[Freedom of religion in Cameroon]] * Religions in Cameroon ** [[Bahá'í Faith in Cameroon]] ** Christianity in Cameroon *** [[Evangelical Church of Cameroon]] *** [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon]] *** [[National Episcopal Conference of Cameroon]] *** [[Orthodox Presbyterian Church in Cameroon]] *** [[Presbyterian Church in Cameroon]] *** [[Roman Catholicism in Cameroon]] **** [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Cameroon]] ** [[Hinduism in Cameroon]] ** [[Islam in Cameroon]] === Sports in Cameroon === [[Sport in Cameroon]] * [[Football in Cameroon]] ** [[List of football clubs in Cameroon|Football clubs in Cameroon]] * [[Cameroon at the Olympics]] * [[Rugby union in Cameroon]] == Economy and infrastructure of Cameroon == [[Economy of Cameroon]] * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2025)]]: 87th (eighty-seventh) * [[Agriculture in Cameroon]] * Banking in Cameroon ** [[List of banks in Cameroon|Banks in Cameroon]] *** [[Union Bank of Cameroon]] * [[Communications in Cameroon]] ** [[Media of Cameroon]] ** Postal service in Cameroon *** [[Postage stamps and postal history of Cameroon]] ** [[Telecommunications in Cameroon]] *** [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon]] *** [[Internet in Cameroon]] * [[List of companies of Cameroon|Companies of Cameroon]] *[[Currency|Currency of Cameroon]]: [[Central African CFA franc|Franc]] **[[ISO 4217]]: [[Central African CFA franc|XAF]] * [[Economic crisis of Cameroon]] * [[Energy in Cameroon]] ** [[List of power stations in Cameroon|Power stations in Cameroon]] ** [[Privatization of the electricity sector in Cameroon]] * [[Health care in Cameroon]] ** [[List of hospitals in Cameroon|Hospitals in Cameroon]] * [[Mining in Cameroon]] * [[Spatial Development in Cameroon]] * [[Tourism in Cameroon]] * Trade unions in Cameroon ** [[Confederation of Cameroon Trade Unions]] ** [[Union of Free Trade Unions of Cameroon]] * [[Transport in Cameroon]] ** Air transport in Cameroon *** [[List of airports in Cameroon|Airports in Cameroon]] ** [[Rail transport in Cameroon]] *** [[History of rail transport in Cameroon]] *** [[Railway stations in Cameroon]] == Education in Cameroon == [[Education in Cameroon]] * [[National Library of Cameroon]] * Universities in Cameroon ** American Institute of Cameroon, Ndop [http://www.aic-edu.org] ** [[International University, Bamenda]] ** [[University of Buea]] ** [[University of Bamenda]] ** [[University of Douala]] ** [[University of Dschang]] ** [[University of Ngaoundere]] ** [[Universite des Montagnes]] (Highlands University) ** University of Maroua ** [[University of Yaounde]] (two campuses) ** [[The International Relations Institute of Cameroon – IRIC (yaounde)]] ** Siantou and Ndi Samba Schools of Higher Learning (Yaounde) ** Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda (Bamenda) == Health in Cameroon == [[Health in Cameroon]] == See also == {{Portal|Cameroon|Africa}} [[Cameroon]] *{{PrefixAllPages|Cameroon}} *{{Intitle|Cameroon}} *{{PrefixAllPages|Cameroonian}} *{{Intitle|Cameroonian}} *[[List of international rankings]] *[[Member state of the Commonwealth of Nations]] *[[Member state of the United Nations]] *[[Outline of Africa]] *[[Outline of geography]] * [[Beba Village Community in Cameroon]] * [[Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda]] * [[Embassy of Cameroon, Washington, D.C.]] * [[International Relations Institute of Cameroon]] * [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] * [[List of municipalities of Cameroon]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikiatlas|Cameroon}} *[http://www.prc.cm/ Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216154606/http://www.spm.gov.cm/acceuil.php?lang=en Prime Minister's Office] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080314133614/http://www.cm.refer.org/assnat-cm/ National Assembly of Cameroon] *[http://www.crtv.cm/ CRTV – Cameroon Radio Television] {{Sister bar|auto=1|Cameroon|iw=fr|iw1=en}} {{Outline footer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameroon}} [[Category:Outlines of countries|Cameroon]] [[Category:Outlines|Cameroon]] [[Category:Cameroon| ]] [[Category:Cameroon-related lists| ]] 7xcgz48hc1h3hu3vi7ri5rq0ugepuqj 117488 117487 2026-07-16T13:47:31Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Outline_of_Cameroon]] 117487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} <!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE part of the set of 870+ outlines listed at [[Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines]]. Wikipedia outlines are a special type of list article. They make up one of Wikipedia's content navigation systems See [[Wikipedia: Outlines]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines]] for more details. Further improvements to this outline are on the way ...--> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Flag of Cameroon.svg | width1 = 185 | alt1 = | caption1 = The [[Flag of Cameroon]] | image2 = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | width2 = 109 | alt2 = | caption2 = The [[Coat of arms of Cameroon]] | footer = }} [[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|thumb|The location of [[Cameroon]]]] [[Image:Un-cameroon.png|thumb|An enlargeable map of [[Cameroon]]]] The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Cameroon: '''[[Cameroon]]''' is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] located in [[Middle Africa]].<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook>{{cite web|date=3 July 2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110023649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Cameroon|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=23 July 2009}}</ref> The country is called "[[Tourism in Cameroon|Africa in miniature]]" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. Cameroon is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. {{TOC limit|limit=2}} ==General reference== [[Image:Cameroon Map.jpg|thumb|An enlargeable relief map of [[Cameroon]]]] * [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]: * Common English country name: [[Cameroon]] * Official English country name: The [[Republic of Cameroon]] * Common [[endonym]](s): Cameroun [[List of countries and capitals in native languages| ]] * Official endonym(s): République du Cameroun [[List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states| ]] * [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Adjectival]](s): [[Cameroonian (disambiguation)|Cameroonian]] * [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Demonym]](s): Cameroonian(s) * [[International rankings of Cameroon]] * [[ISO country codes]]: CM, CMR, 120 * [[ISO region codes]]: See [[ISO 3166-2:CM]] * [[Internet]] [[country code top-level domain]]: [[.cm]] == Geography of Cameroon == [[Image:Cameroon Topography.png|thumb|An enlargeable topographic map of [[Cameroon]].]] [[Geography of Cameroon]] * Cameroon is: a [[Nation state|country]] * Location: ** [[Northern Hemisphere]] and [[Eastern Hemisphere]] ** [[Africa]] *** [[Middle Africa]] *** [[West Africa]] ** [[Time zone]]: [[West Africa Time]] ([[UTC+01]]) ** Extreme points of Cameroon *** High: [[Fako]] on [[Mount Cameroon]] {{convert|4040|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} *** Low: [[Bight of Bonny]] 0 m ** Land boundaries: 4,591&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Nigeria}} 1,690&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Chad}} 1,094&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Central African Republic}} 797&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Republic of the Congo}} 523&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Gabon}} 298&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}} 189&nbsp;km :* Coastline: [[Gulf of Guinea]] 402&nbsp;km * Population of Cameroon: 17,795,000(2005) – [[List of countries and dependencies by population|52nd most populous country]] * * Area of Cameroon: {{convert|475442|km2|sqmi}} – [[List of countries and outlying territories by area|53rd largest country]] * [[:commons:Atlas of Cameroon|Atlas of Cameroon]] === Environment of Cameroon === [[Image:Cameroon BMNG.png|thumb|An enlargeable satellite image of [[Cameroon]]]] * [[Climate of Cameroon]] * [[List of ecoregions in Cameroon|Ecoregions in Cameroon]] * [[Protected areas of Cameroon]] ** [[List of biosphere reserves in Cameroon|Biosphere reserves in Cameroon]] ** [[List of national parks of Cameroon|National parks of Cameroon]] * [[Wildlife of Cameroon]] ** Fauna of Cameroon *** [[List of birds of Cameroon|Birds of Cameroon]] *** Insects of Cameroon **** [[List of butterflies of Cameroon|Butterflies of Cameroon]] *** [[List of mammals of Cameroon|Mammals of Cameroon]] *** [[List of moths of Cameroon|Moths of Cameroon]] *** [[List of non-marine molluscs of Cameroon|Non-marine molluscs of Cameroon]] ==== Natural geographic features of Cameroon ==== * Glaciers in Cameroon: none<ref>The only [[List of glaciers in Africa|glaciers in Africa]] are on Mt Kenya (in Kenya), on Kilimanjaro (in Tanzania), and in the Ruwenzori Mountains (which are located in [[Uganda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]). See [http://iahs.info/redbooks/a126/iahs_126_0197.pdf Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978; Actes de l'Atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126, 1980.]</ref> * Mountains of Cameroon ** [[List of volcanoes in Cameroon|Volcanoes in Cameroon]] * [[List of rivers of Cameroon|Rivers of Cameroon]] * [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa#Cameroon|World Heritage Sites in Cameroon]] === Geographical regions of Cameroon === ==== Ecoregions of Cameroon ==== [[List of ecoregions in Cameroon]] ==== Administrative divisions of Cameroon ==== [[Subdivisions of Cameroon]] * [[Regions of Cameroon]] (formerly named "Provinces") ** [[Departments of Cameroon]] *** [[Communes of Cameroon]] ===== Regions of Cameroon ===== [[Regions of Cameroon]] * [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]] * [[Centre Region (Cameroon)|Centre]] * [[East Region (Cameroon)|East]] * [[Far North Region (Cameroon)|Far North]] * [[Littoral Region (Cameroon)|Littoral]] * [[North Region (Cameroon)|North]] * [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest]] * [[South Region (Cameroon)|South]] * [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest]] * [[West Region (Cameroon)|West]] ===== Departments of Cameroon ===== [[Departments of Cameroon]] &ndash; the Regions of Cameroon are divided into 58 divisions or departments (départements) ===== Communes of Cameroon ===== [[Communes of Cameroon]] &ndash; municipalities *[[List of municipalities of Cameroon|Municipalities of Cameroon]] * [[Capital city|Capital]] of Cameroon: [[Capital of Cameroon|Yaoundé]] === Demography of Cameroon === [[Demographics of Cameroon]] == Government and politics of Cameroon == [[Politics of Cameroon]] * [[Form of government]]: [[unitary republic|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] * [[Capital city|Capital]] of Cameroon: [[Capital of Cameroon|Yaoundé]] * [[Economic crisis of Cameroon]] * [[Elections in Cameroon]] * [[List of political parties in Cameroon|Political parties in Cameroon]] ===Branches of government=== [[Government of Cameroon]] ==== Executive branch of the government of Cameroon ==== * [[Head of State of Cameroon|Head of state]]: [[President of Cameroon]] ** [[List of heads of state of Cameroon]] ** [[List of first ladies of Cameroon]] ** [[Vice President of Cameroon]] * [[Head of government]]: [[Prime Minister of Cameroon]] ** [[List of heads of government of Cameroon]] * Ministries of Cameroon ** Ministry of Arts and Culture *** [[National Archives of Cameroon]] ** Ministry of Basic Education ** Ministry of Commerce ** Ministry of Communication ** Ministry of Defense ** Ministry of Finance ** Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training ** Ministry of Energy and Water Resources ** Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection in Cameroon ** Ministry of External Relations ** Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife ** Ministry of Industry, Mines and Technological Development ** [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon]] ** Ministry of Labor and Social Security ** Ministry of Livestock Fisheries and Animal Industries ** Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development ** Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications ** Ministry of Public Health ** Ministry of Public Service and Administrative Reforms ** Ministry of Public Works ** Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation ** Ministry of Secondary and Superior Education ** Ministry of Secondary Education ** Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Social Economy and Handicrafts ** Ministry of Sports and Physical Education ** Ministry of Territorial Administration<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Paul BIYA reshuffle's the Government {{!}} Prime Minister's Office |url=https://www.spm.gov.cm/site/?q=en/content/president-paul-biya-reshuffle%E2%80%99s-government |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.spm.gov.cm}}</ref> ** Ministry of Decentralization and Local Development ** Ministry of Tourism ** Ministry of Transport ** Ministry of Housing and Urban Development ** Ministry of Women's Empowerment and the Family ** Ministry of Youth Affairs and Civic Education<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minjec.gov.cm/index.php/en/|title=Accueil|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707020656/http://www.minjec.gov.cm/index.php/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Ministry Under the Presidency of the Republic ==== Legislative branch of the government of Cameroon ==== * [[National Assembly of Cameroon]] ([[unicameral]]) ** [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon]] ==== Judicial branch of the government of Cameroon ==== Court system of Cameroon * [[Supreme Court of Cameroon]] ** [[High Court of Justice (Cameroon)|High Court of Justice of Cameroon]] ** [[Court of Appeal of Cameroon]] === Foreign relations of Cameroon === [[Foreign relations of Cameroon]] * [[List of diplomatic missions in Cameroon|Diplomatic missions in Cameroon]] * [[Diplomatic missions of Cameroon]] ==== International organization membership ==== The Republic of Cameroon is a member of:<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook/> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} *[[African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States]] (ACP) *[[African Development Bank Group]] (AfDB) *[[African Union]] (AU) *[[Commonwealth of Nations]] *''[[Conference des Ministres des Finances des Pays de la Zone Franc]]'' (FZ) *[[Development Bank of Central African States]] (BDEAC) *[[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa]] (CEMAC) *[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) *[[Group of 77]] (G77) *[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) *[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) *[[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC) *[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) *[[International Criminal Court]] (ICCt) (signatory) *[[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol) *[[International Development Association]] (IDA) *[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS) *[[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) *[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) *[[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) *[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) *[[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO) *[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) *[[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) *[[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM) *[[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) (correspondent) {{Col-2}} *[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) *[[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) *[[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] (ITSO) *[[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) *[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU) *[[Islamic Development Bank]] (IDB) *[[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA) *[[Nonaligned Movement]] (NAM) *''[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]'' (OIF) *[[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) *[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) *[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) *[[United Nations]] (UN) *[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) *[[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) *[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) *[[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) *[[World Confederation of Labour]] (WCL) *[[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) *[[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) *[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) *[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) *[[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) *[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) *[[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) {{Col-end}} === Law and order in Cameroon === Law of Cameroon * [[Constitution of Cameroon]] * Crime in Cameroon ** [[Human trafficking in Cameroon]] ** [[Prostitution in Cameroon]] * [[Human rights in Cameroon]] ** [[LGBT rights in Cameroon]] ** [[Freedom of religion in Cameroon]] ** [[Polygamy in Cameroon]] &ndash; it's legal * [[Law enforcement in Cameroon]] === Military of Cameroon === [[Military of Cameroon]] * Command ** [[Commander-in-chief]]: * Forces ** [[Army of Cameroon]] ** [[Navy of Cameroon]] ** [[Air Force of Cameroon]] === Local government in Cameroon === Local government in Cameroon * [[Regional Council (Cameroon)]] == History of Cameroon == [[History of Cameroon]] *Current events of Cameroon * History of Cameroon by period ** [[Reunification of Cameroon]] * History of Cameroon by region * History of Cameroon by subject ** [[History of rail transport in Cameroon]] == Culture of Cameroon == [[Culture of Cameroon]] * Architecture of Cameroon ** [[Musgum mud huts]] * [[Cuisine of Cameroon]] * [[Languages of Cameroon]] ** [[General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages]] * [[List of museums in Cameroon|Museums in Cameroon]] * National symbols of Cameroon ** [[Coat of arms of Cameroon]] ** [[Flag of Cameroon]] ** [[National anthem of Cameroon]] * [[People of Cameroon]] ** [[Ethnic groups in Cameroon]] *** [[Chinese people in Cameroon]] ** [[List of Cameroonians]] * [[Prostitution in Cameroon]] * [[Public holidays in Cameroon]] * [[Scouting and Guiding in Cameroon]] * [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa#Cameroon|World Heritage Sites in Cameroon]] === Art in Cameroon === Art in Cameroon * [[List of Cameroonian artists]] * Cinema of Cameroon ** [[List of Cameroonian films]] * [[Dance in Cameroon]] * [[Literature of Cameroon]] * [[Music of Cameroon]] === Religion in Cameroon === [[Religion in Cameroon]] * [[List of cathedrals in Cameroon|Cathedrals in Cameroon]] * [[Freedom of religion in Cameroon]] * Religions in Cameroon ** [[Bahá'í Faith in Cameroon]] ** Christianity in Cameroon *** [[Evangelical Church of Cameroon]] *** [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon]] *** [[National Episcopal Conference of Cameroon]] *** [[Orthodox Presbyterian Church in Cameroon]] *** [[Presbyterian Church in Cameroon]] *** [[Roman Catholicism in Cameroon]] **** [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Cameroon]] ** [[Hinduism in Cameroon]] ** [[Islam in Cameroon]] === Sports in Cameroon === [[Sport in Cameroon]] * [[Football in Cameroon]] ** [[List of football clubs in Cameroon|Football clubs in Cameroon]] * [[Cameroon at the Olympics]] * [[Rugby union in Cameroon]] == Economy and infrastructure of Cameroon == [[Economy of Cameroon]] * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2025)]]: 87th (eighty-seventh) * [[Agriculture in Cameroon]] * Banking in Cameroon ** [[List of banks in Cameroon|Banks in Cameroon]] *** [[Union Bank of Cameroon]] * [[Communications in Cameroon]] ** [[Media of Cameroon]] ** Postal service in Cameroon *** [[Postage stamps and postal history of Cameroon]] ** [[Telecommunications in Cameroon]] *** [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon]] *** [[Internet in Cameroon]] * [[List of companies of Cameroon|Companies of Cameroon]] *[[Currency|Currency of Cameroon]]: [[Central African CFA franc|Franc]] **[[ISO 4217]]: [[Central African CFA franc|XAF]] * [[Economic crisis of Cameroon]] * [[Energy in Cameroon]] ** [[List of power stations in Cameroon|Power stations in Cameroon]] ** [[Privatization of the electricity sector in Cameroon]] * [[Health care in Cameroon]] ** [[List of hospitals in Cameroon|Hospitals in Cameroon]] * [[Mining in Cameroon]] * [[Spatial Development in Cameroon]] * [[Tourism in Cameroon]] * Trade unions in Cameroon ** [[Confederation of Cameroon Trade Unions]] ** [[Union of Free Trade Unions of Cameroon]] * [[Transport in Cameroon]] ** Air transport in Cameroon *** [[List of airports in Cameroon|Airports in Cameroon]] ** [[Rail transport in Cameroon]] *** [[History of rail transport in Cameroon]] *** [[Railway stations in Cameroon]] == Education in Cameroon == [[Education in Cameroon]] * [[National Library of Cameroon]] * Universities in Cameroon ** American Institute of Cameroon, Ndop [http://www.aic-edu.org] ** [[International University, Bamenda]] ** [[University of Buea]] ** [[University of Bamenda]] ** [[University of Douala]] ** [[University of Dschang]] ** [[University of Ngaoundere]] ** [[Universite des Montagnes]] (Highlands University) ** University of Maroua ** [[University of Yaounde]] (two campuses) ** [[The International Relations Institute of Cameroon – IRIC (yaounde)]] ** Siantou and Ndi Samba Schools of Higher Learning (Yaounde) ** Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda (Bamenda) == Health in Cameroon == [[Health in Cameroon]] == See also == {{Portal|Cameroon|Africa}} [[Cameroon]] *{{PrefixAllPages|Cameroon}} *{{Intitle|Cameroon}} *{{PrefixAllPages|Cameroonian}} *{{Intitle|Cameroonian}} *[[List of international rankings]] *[[Member state of the Commonwealth of Nations]] *[[Member state of the United Nations]] *[[Outline of Africa]] *[[Outline of geography]] * [[Beba Village Community in Cameroon]] * [[Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda]] * [[Embassy of Cameroon, Washington, D.C.]] * [[International Relations Institute of Cameroon]] * [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] * [[List of municipalities of Cameroon]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikiatlas|Cameroon}} *[http://www.prc.cm/ Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216154606/http://www.spm.gov.cm/acceuil.php?lang=en Prime Minister's Office] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080314133614/http://www.cm.refer.org/assnat-cm/ National Assembly of Cameroon] *[http://www.crtv.cm/ CRTV – Cameroon Radio Television] {{Sister bar|auto=1|Cameroon|iw=fr|iw1=en}} {{Outline footer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameroon}} [[Category:Outlines of countries|Cameroon]] [[Category:Outlines|Cameroon]] [[Category:Cameroon| ]] [[Category:Cameroon-related lists| ]] 7xcgz48hc1h3hu3vi7ri5rq0ugepuqj 0 47965 117489 2026-07-04T10:43:11Z en>Rageking890m 0 /* International organization participation */ 117489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{More citations needed|date=November 2022}} {{Expand French|topic=gov|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Politics of Cameroon}} The '''politics of Cameroon''' takes place in the context of an [[electoral autocracy]] where multi-party elections have been held since 1992, the ruling party wins every election, and [[Paul Biya]] has been president since 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Letsa |first=Natalie Wenzell |date=2024 |title=Partisanship and Political Socialization in Electoral Autocracies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/partisanship-and-political-socialization-in-electoral-autocracies/6447701E63C239B8B2AD00F250E280E1 |journal=American Political Science Review |pages=1–16 |issn=0003-0554 |doi=10.1017/S0003055424000261 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Letsa |first=Natalie Wenzell |date=2020 |title=Expressive Voting in Autocracies: A Theory of Non-Economic Participation with Evidence from Cameroon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/expressive-voting-in-autocracies-a-theory-of-noneconomic-participation-with-evidence-from-cameroon/0713D238645120917BEE36F29E62A7D5 |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=439–453 |issn=1537-5927 |doi=10.1017/S1537592719001002}}</ref> Since Cameroon's independence in 1960, it has been a single-party state and ruled only by two presidents: [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] and Paul Biya.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Harkness |first=Kristen A. |title=Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability |date=2020 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1800 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Political opposition is repressed, and elections are manipulated in favor of the ruling party.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gramer |first=Jefcoate O'Donnell, Robbie |date=2024-03-26 |title=Cameroon's Paul Biya Gives a Master Class in Fake Democracy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/22/cameroons-paul-biya-gives-a-master-class-in-fake-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Cameroon: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/cameroon/freedom-world/2022 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Nominally, it is a [[Unitary republic|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] republic, whereby the [[President of Cameroon]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. A prime ministerial position exists and is nominally head of government, implying a [[Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] system, although de facto the prime minister only serves to assist the president. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[Forms of government|government]] and the [[National Assembly of Cameroon]]. ==Political background== The government adopted legislation in 1997 to authorize the formation of multiple political parties and ease restrictions on forming civil associations and private newspapers. Cameroon's first multiparty legislative and presidential elections were held in 1992, followed by municipal elections in 1996 and another round of legislative and presidential elections in 1997. Because the government refused to consider opposition demands for an independent election commission, the three major opposition parties boycotted the October 1997 presidential election, which Biya easily won. The leader of one of the opposition parties, [[Bello Bouba Maigari]] of the [[National Union for Democracy and Progress (Cameroon)|NUDP]], subsequently joined the government. Cameroon has a number of independent newspapers. Censorship was abolished in 1996, but the government sometimes seizes or suspends newspapers and occasionally arrests journalists. Although a 1990 law authorizes private radio and television stations, the government has not granted any licenses as of March 1998. The Cameroonian Government's [[Human rights in Cameroon|human rights record]] has been improving over the years but remains flawed. There continue to be reported abuses, including beatings of detainees, arbitrary arrests, and illegal searches. The judiciary is frequently corrupt, inefficient, and subject to political influence.<ref>[http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cameroon/2008 ''Global Integrity Report: Cameroon 2008''] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120713025819/http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cameroon/2008 |date=13 July 2012}} Retrieved 14 February 2012.</ref> Worthy of note is the fact that Cameroon is the only country in which two Constitutions are applicable side by side. For example, the 1972 Constitution designates the Prime Minister as constitutional successor of the Head of State in case of incapacity, death, resignation or unaccountable absence of the incumbent. Contrarily, the 1996 Constitutional Reform designates the President of the Senate as constitutional successor; but the Senate (provided for by 1996 Reform) does not exist. Apart from increasing the presidential mandate from 5 years to 7 years, very few amendments of the 1996 Constitutional Reform have been applied. ==Executive branch== {{office-table}} |[[President of Cameroon|President]] |[[Paul Biya]] |[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] |6 November 1982 |- |[[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] |[[Joseph Ngute|Joseph Dion Ngute]] |[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] |4 January 2019 |} [[Image:Paul biya and colin powell.jpg|thumb|left|Cameroon President [[Paul Biya]] (right) with [[Colin Powell]]|alt=Colin Powell and Cameroon president Paul Biya, smiling and talking]] The 1972 constitution of the '''Republic of Cameroon''' as modified by 1996 reforms provides for a strong central government dominated by the executive. The [[Presidents of Cameroon|president]] is empowered to name and dismiss cabinet members (regardless of parliamentary representation), judges, generals, provincial governors, [[prefect]]s, [[sub-prefect]]s, and heads of Cameroon's [[parastatal]] (about 100 state-controlled) firms, obligate or disburse expenditures, approve or veto regulations, declare states of emergency, and appropriate and spend profits of parastatal firms. The president is not required to consult the National Assembly. In 2008, a constitutional amendment was passed that eliminated term limits for president.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cameroon parliament extends Biya's term limit |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080411-cameroon-parliament-paul-biya-term-limit-extension |url-status=live |publisher=France 24 |date=11 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008042404/http://www.france24.com/en/20080411-cameroon-parliament-paul-biya-term-limit-extension |archive-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Ministry of Justice of Cameroon site |url=http://minjustice.gov.cm/}}</ref> The [[Supreme court]] may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets. While the president, the minister of justice, and the president's judicial advisers (the Supreme Court) top the judicial hierarchy, traditional rulers, courts, and councils also exercise functions of government. Traditional courts still play a major role in domestic, property, and [[probate law]]. [[Tribal law]]s and customs are honored in the formal court system when not in conflict with national law. Traditional rulers receive stipends from the national government. ==Legislative branch== The 180-member [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] meets in ordinary session three times a year (March/April, June/July, and November/December), and has seldom, until recently, made major changes in legislation proposed by the executive. Laws are adopted by majority vote of members present or, if the president demands a second reading, of a total membership. Following government pledges to reform the strongly centralized 1972 constitution, the National Assembly adopted a number of amendments in December 1995 which were promulgated in January 1996. The amendments call for the establishment of a 100-member [[senate]] as part of a [[bicameral legislature]], the creation of regional councils, and the fixing of the presidential term to 7 years, renewable once. One-third of senators are to be appointed by the President, and the remaining two-thirds are to be chosen by indirect elections. The government has established the [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] in 2013. ==Political parties and elections== {{main article|List of political parties in Cameroon|Elections in Cameroon}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Cameroon |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260408153455/https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |archive-date=2026-04-08 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=africanelections.tripod.com}}</ref> {{empty section|date=April 2026}} ==Judicial branch== The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]]. The [[Supreme Court of Cameroon|Supreme Court]] may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. == The role of women == In an article on the construction of a ‘model Cameroonian woman’ in the Cameroonian parliament, Lilian Atanga, examines arguments used to perpetuate a popular ideal and discourses which "sustain and maintain the status quo (e.g. of women as domestic or women as cooks)".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Atanga | first = Lilian | title = The discursive construction of a 'model Cameroonian woman' within the Cameroonian Parliament | journal = [[Gender and Language]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–45 | doi = 10.1558/genl.v6i1.21 | date = April 2012 }} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236172456_The_discursive_construction_of_a_%27model_Cameroonian_woman%27_within_the_Cameroonian_Parliament Pdf.]</ref> ==International organization participation== Cameroon is member of the following organizations: {{columns-list|colwidth=35em| * [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT) * [[ACP (Lomé Convention)]] (ACP) * [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) * [[Development Bank of the Central African States]] (BDEAC) * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] (C) * [[Economic Community of Central African States]] (CEEAC) * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (ECA) * [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) * [[Franc zone]] (FZ) * [[Group of 77]] (G-77) * [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) * [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) * [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) * [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) * [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) * [[International Development Association]] (IDA) * [[Islamic Development Bank]] (IDB) * [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) * [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) * [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (IFRCS) * [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) * [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) * [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) * [[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO) * [[Intelsat]] * [[Interpol (organization)]] (Interpol) * [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) * [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) * [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) * [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) * [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) * [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) * [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) * [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) * [[Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa]] (CMEAC) * [[United Nations]] (UN) * [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) * [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) * [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) * [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research]] (UNITAR) * [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) * [[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) * [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) * [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) * [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) * [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) * [[World Tourism Organization]] (WToO) * [[World Trade Organization]] (WTrO) }} ==See also== *[[Cameroon public administration structure]] *[[List of governments of Cameroon]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Africa in topic|Politics of}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Cameroon}} [[Category:Politics of Cameroon| ]] 4n2tzsamz211h1buwj3i6wsbm6nd4nq 117490 117489 2026-07-16T13:47:33Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Politics_of_Cameroon]] 117489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{More citations needed|date=November 2022}} {{Expand French|topic=gov|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Politics of Cameroon}} The '''politics of Cameroon''' takes place in the context of an [[electoral autocracy]] where multi-party elections have been held since 1992, the ruling party wins every election, and [[Paul Biya]] has been president since 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Letsa |first=Natalie Wenzell |date=2024 |title=Partisanship and Political Socialization in Electoral Autocracies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/partisanship-and-political-socialization-in-electoral-autocracies/6447701E63C239B8B2AD00F250E280E1 |journal=American Political Science Review |pages=1–16 |issn=0003-0554 |doi=10.1017/S0003055424000261 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Letsa |first=Natalie Wenzell |date=2020 |title=Expressive Voting in Autocracies: A Theory of Non-Economic Participation with Evidence from Cameroon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/expressive-voting-in-autocracies-a-theory-of-noneconomic-participation-with-evidence-from-cameroon/0713D238645120917BEE36F29E62A7D5 |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=439–453 |issn=1537-5927 |doi=10.1017/S1537592719001002}}</ref> Since Cameroon's independence in 1960, it has been a single-party state and ruled only by two presidents: [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] and Paul Biya.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Harkness |first=Kristen A. |title=Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability |date=2020 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1800 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Political opposition is repressed, and elections are manipulated in favor of the ruling party.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gramer |first=Jefcoate O'Donnell, Robbie |date=2024-03-26 |title=Cameroon's Paul Biya Gives a Master Class in Fake Democracy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/22/cameroons-paul-biya-gives-a-master-class-in-fake-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Cameroon: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/cameroon/freedom-world/2022 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Nominally, it is a [[Unitary republic|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] republic, whereby the [[President of Cameroon]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. A prime ministerial position exists and is nominally head of government, implying a [[Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] system, although de facto the prime minister only serves to assist the president. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[Forms of government|government]] and the [[National Assembly of Cameroon]]. ==Political background== The government adopted legislation in 1997 to authorize the formation of multiple political parties and ease restrictions on forming civil associations and private newspapers. Cameroon's first multiparty legislative and presidential elections were held in 1992, followed by municipal elections in 1996 and another round of legislative and presidential elections in 1997. Because the government refused to consider opposition demands for an independent election commission, the three major opposition parties boycotted the October 1997 presidential election, which Biya easily won. The leader of one of the opposition parties, [[Bello Bouba Maigari]] of the [[National Union for Democracy and Progress (Cameroon)|NUDP]], subsequently joined the government. Cameroon has a number of independent newspapers. Censorship was abolished in 1996, but the government sometimes seizes or suspends newspapers and occasionally arrests journalists. Although a 1990 law authorizes private radio and television stations, the government has not granted any licenses as of March 1998. The Cameroonian Government's [[Human rights in Cameroon|human rights record]] has been improving over the years but remains flawed. There continue to be reported abuses, including beatings of detainees, arbitrary arrests, and illegal searches. The judiciary is frequently corrupt, inefficient, and subject to political influence.<ref>[http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cameroon/2008 ''Global Integrity Report: Cameroon 2008''] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120713025819/http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cameroon/2008 |date=13 July 2012}} Retrieved 14 February 2012.</ref> Worthy of note is the fact that Cameroon is the only country in which two Constitutions are applicable side by side. For example, the 1972 Constitution designates the Prime Minister as constitutional successor of the Head of State in case of incapacity, death, resignation or unaccountable absence of the incumbent. Contrarily, the 1996 Constitutional Reform designates the President of the Senate as constitutional successor; but the Senate (provided for by 1996 Reform) does not exist. Apart from increasing the presidential mandate from 5 years to 7 years, very few amendments of the 1996 Constitutional Reform have been applied. ==Executive branch== {{office-table}} |[[President of Cameroon|President]] |[[Paul Biya]] |[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] |6 November 1982 |- |[[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] |[[Joseph Ngute|Joseph Dion Ngute]] |[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] |4 January 2019 |} [[Image:Paul biya and colin powell.jpg|thumb|left|Cameroon President [[Paul Biya]] (right) with [[Colin Powell]]|alt=Colin Powell and Cameroon president Paul Biya, smiling and talking]] The 1972 constitution of the '''Republic of Cameroon''' as modified by 1996 reforms provides for a strong central government dominated by the executive. The [[Presidents of Cameroon|president]] is empowered to name and dismiss cabinet members (regardless of parliamentary representation), judges, generals, provincial governors, [[prefect]]s, [[sub-prefect]]s, and heads of Cameroon's [[parastatal]] (about 100 state-controlled) firms, obligate or disburse expenditures, approve or veto regulations, declare states of emergency, and appropriate and spend profits of parastatal firms. The president is not required to consult the National Assembly. In 2008, a constitutional amendment was passed that eliminated term limits for president.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cameroon parliament extends Biya's term limit |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080411-cameroon-parliament-paul-biya-term-limit-extension |url-status=live |publisher=France 24 |date=11 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008042404/http://www.france24.com/en/20080411-cameroon-parliament-paul-biya-term-limit-extension |archive-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Ministry of Justice of Cameroon site |url=http://minjustice.gov.cm/}}</ref> The [[Supreme court]] may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets. While the president, the minister of justice, and the president's judicial advisers (the Supreme Court) top the judicial hierarchy, traditional rulers, courts, and councils also exercise functions of government. Traditional courts still play a major role in domestic, property, and [[probate law]]. [[Tribal law]]s and customs are honored in the formal court system when not in conflict with national law. Traditional rulers receive stipends from the national government. ==Legislative branch== The 180-member [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] meets in ordinary session three times a year (March/April, June/July, and November/December), and has seldom, until recently, made major changes in legislation proposed by the executive. Laws are adopted by majority vote of members present or, if the president demands a second reading, of a total membership. Following government pledges to reform the strongly centralized 1972 constitution, the National Assembly adopted a number of amendments in December 1995 which were promulgated in January 1996. The amendments call for the establishment of a 100-member [[senate]] as part of a [[bicameral legislature]], the creation of regional councils, and the fixing of the presidential term to 7 years, renewable once. One-third of senators are to be appointed by the President, and the remaining two-thirds are to be chosen by indirect elections. The government has established the [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] in 2013. ==Political parties and elections== {{main article|List of political parties in Cameroon|Elections in Cameroon}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Cameroon |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260408153455/https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |archive-date=2026-04-08 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=africanelections.tripod.com}}</ref> {{empty section|date=April 2026}} ==Judicial branch== The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]]. The [[Supreme Court of Cameroon|Supreme Court]] may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. == The role of women == In an article on the construction of a ‘model Cameroonian woman’ in the Cameroonian parliament, Lilian Atanga, examines arguments used to perpetuate a popular ideal and discourses which "sustain and maintain the status quo (e.g. of women as domestic or women as cooks)".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Atanga | first = Lilian | title = The discursive construction of a 'model Cameroonian woman' within the Cameroonian Parliament | journal = [[Gender and Language]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–45 | doi = 10.1558/genl.v6i1.21 | date = April 2012 }} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236172456_The_discursive_construction_of_a_%27model_Cameroonian_woman%27_within_the_Cameroonian_Parliament Pdf.]</ref> ==International organization participation== Cameroon is member of the following organizations: {{columns-list|colwidth=35em| * [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT) * [[ACP (Lomé Convention)]] (ACP) * [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) * [[Development Bank of the Central African States]] (BDEAC) * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] (C) * [[Economic Community of Central African States]] (CEEAC) * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (ECA) * [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) * [[Franc zone]] (FZ) * [[Group of 77]] (G-77) * [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) * [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) * [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) * [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) * [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) * [[International Development Association]] (IDA) * [[Islamic Development Bank]] (IDB) * [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) * [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) * [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (IFRCS) * [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) * [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) * [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) * [[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO) * [[Intelsat]] * [[Interpol (organization)]] (Interpol) * [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) * [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) * [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) * [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) * [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) * [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) * [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) * [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) * [[Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa]] (CMEAC) * [[United Nations]] (UN) * [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) * [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) * [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) * [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research]] (UNITAR) * [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) * [[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) * [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) * [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) * [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) * [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) * [[World Tourism Organization]] (WToO) * [[World Trade Organization]] (WTrO) }} ==See also== *[[Cameroon public administration structure]] *[[List of governments of Cameroon]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Africa in topic|Politics of}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Cameroon}} [[Category:Politics of Cameroon| ]] 4n2tzsamz211h1buwj3i6wsbm6nd4nq 0 47966 117491 2024-11-10T11:44:02Z en>John of Reading 0 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/45.127.45.167|45.127.45.167]] ([[User talk:45.127.45.167|talk]]) to last revision by Certes 117491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal maintenance status |date=September 2019|subpages= |nonstandard= |broken= |incomplete= |upgrade= |manual= |maintainer1= |maintainer2= |maintainer3= |maintainer4= |note=This portal was updated and expanded in September 2019.}} {{Portal description|Cameroon}} {{smalldiv|1={{browsebarcountry|Cameroon|Cameroonn}}}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#F5F5F5; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#C0C090;" | width="55%" style="vertical-align:top;padding: 0; margin:0;" | <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Cameroon| --> <div style="width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>The Cameroon Portal</big>|Portal:Cameroon/Intro|}} {{Portal:Cameroon/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{Purge link portals}} <!-- This is the show new selections clickable link --> <div class="portal-column-left"> {{/box-header|Selected article {{#if: {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} | {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} |- {{purge|<small>{{color|darkblue|''show another''}}</small>}}}}}} {{Transclude random excerpt |1=Charles Atangana |2=Nki National Park |3=Pelvicachromis pulcher |4=Modibo Adama |5=Samuel Eto'o |6=South Region (Cameroon) |7=Western High Plateau |8=Garga Haman Adji |9=Cameroon at the 2016 Summer Paralympics |10=Albert Ndongmo |11=Coffee production in Cameroon |12=Bahá'í Faith in Cameroon |13=Brasseries du Cameroun |14=Bénoué National Park |15=East Region (Cameroon) |16=German Cameroon |17=Cameroon People's Democratic Movement |18=Mount Oku rat |19=Douala |20=Sao civilisation |21=Musgum mud huts |22=Yaoundé |23=LGBT rights in Cameroon |24=Southern Cameroons |25=Bafoussam |26=Economic crisis of Cameroon |27=Bamenda |28=Corruption in Cameroon |29=Cameroon women's national football team |30=Kongo-Wara rebellion |31=Cameroon at the Olympics |32=Logone River |33=Cameroon national football team |34=Religion in Cameroon |35=Prostitution in Cameroon |36=Simon Achidi Achu |37=Martin-Paul Samba |38=Nkongsamba |39=Mount Cameroon |40=Anglophone Crisis |41=Bamileke War |42=Korup National Park |43=Waza National Park |44=Dja Faunal Reserve |45=Lobéké National Park |46=National Cocoa and Coffee Board |47=Camrail |48=Cameroon Airlines |49=Cameroon Press Photo Archive |50=Cameroon at the 2002 Winter Olympics |51=Cameroon at the 2016 Summer Paralympics |52=Bakossi people |53=Protected areas of Cameroon |54=Battle of Banjo |55=Joel Embiid |56=Cameroon line |57=Mungo River, Cameroon |58=Takembeng |59=Wouri estuary |60=Duala people |61=Languages of Cameroon |62=Geremi |63=International reactions to the Anglophone Crisis |64=History of Cameroon |65=COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon |66=Modibo Adama |67=Constitution of Cameroon |68=Far North Region, Cameroon |69=Paul Biya |70=Ministry of Justice of Cameroon | paragraphs=1-3 | files=1 | fileargs=left | more= | errors= |list=List of selected articles}} {{Box-footer}} {{/box-header|Did you know <small>(auto-generated)</small>}} [[File:Nuvola apps filetypes.svg|right|47px]] {{Transclude selected recent additions | 1=Cameroon | months=36 | max=6}} {{Box-footer}} {{Random portal component|max=24|header=More did you know {{#if: {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} | {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} |- {{purge|<small>{{color|darkblue|''show another''}}</small>}}}}|footer=More did you know|subpage=Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} <div class="portal-column-right"> {{/box-header|General images {{#if: {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} | {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} |- {{purge|<small>{{color|darkblue|''show another''}}</small>}}}}}} {{center|<small>'''The following are images from various Cameroon-related articles on Wikipedia.'''</small>}} {{Transclude files as random slideshow | Culture of Cameroon | Cameroon | Tourism in Cameroon }} {{Box-footer}} {{/box-header|WikiProjects|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/WikiProjects|}} {{{{FULLPAGENAME}}/WikiProjects}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Topics|Portal:Cameroon/Topics|}} {{/Topics}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Categories|Portal:Cameroon/Categories|}} {{/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Related portals|Portal:Cameroon/Related portals|}} {{/Related portals}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Associated Wikimedia|Template:WikimediaForPortals|}} {{WikimediaForPortals}} {{/box-footer|}} {{Portal navbar no header2}} </div> |} [[Category:African portals|Cameroon]] [[Category:Cameroon|*Portal]] [[Category:Portals by country]] [[Category:Portals needing placement of incoming links]] 4j08zmyid50q0kw23wmojg7o4me9p9d 117492 117491 2026-07-16T13:47:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Portal:Cameroon]] 117491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal maintenance status |date=September 2019|subpages= |nonstandard= |broken= |incomplete= |upgrade= |manual= |maintainer1= |maintainer2= |maintainer3= |maintainer4= |note=This portal was updated and expanded in September 2019.}} {{Portal description|Cameroon}} {{smalldiv|1={{browsebarcountry|Cameroon|Cameroonn}}}} {| width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#F5F5F5; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#C0C090;" | width="55%" style="vertical-align:top;padding: 0; margin:0;" | <!-- This portal was created using subst:box portal skeleton| topic=Cameroon| --> <div style="width:100%"> {{/box-header|<big>The Cameroon Portal</big>|Portal:Cameroon/Intro|}} {{Portal:Cameroon/Intro}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> {{Purge link portals}} <!-- This is the show new selections clickable link --> <div class="portal-column-left"> {{/box-header|Selected article {{#if: {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} | {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} |- {{purge|<small>{{color|darkblue|''show another''}}</small>}}}}}} {{Transclude random excerpt |1=Charles Atangana |2=Nki National Park |3=Pelvicachromis pulcher |4=Modibo Adama |5=Samuel Eto'o |6=South Region (Cameroon) |7=Western High Plateau |8=Garga Haman Adji |9=Cameroon at the 2016 Summer Paralympics |10=Albert Ndongmo |11=Coffee production in Cameroon |12=Bahá'í Faith in Cameroon |13=Brasseries du Cameroun |14=Bénoué National Park |15=East Region (Cameroon) |16=German Cameroon |17=Cameroon People's Democratic Movement |18=Mount Oku rat |19=Douala |20=Sao civilisation |21=Musgum mud huts |22=Yaoundé |23=LGBT rights in Cameroon |24=Southern Cameroons |25=Bafoussam |26=Economic crisis of Cameroon |27=Bamenda |28=Corruption in Cameroon |29=Cameroon women's national football team |30=Kongo-Wara rebellion |31=Cameroon at the Olympics |32=Logone River |33=Cameroon national football team |34=Religion in Cameroon |35=Prostitution in Cameroon |36=Simon Achidi Achu |37=Martin-Paul Samba |38=Nkongsamba |39=Mount Cameroon |40=Anglophone Crisis |41=Bamileke War |42=Korup National Park |43=Waza National Park |44=Dja Faunal Reserve |45=Lobéké National Park |46=National Cocoa and Coffee Board |47=Camrail |48=Cameroon Airlines |49=Cameroon Press Photo Archive |50=Cameroon at the 2002 Winter Olympics |51=Cameroon at the 2016 Summer Paralympics |52=Bakossi people |53=Protected areas of Cameroon |54=Battle of Banjo |55=Joel Embiid |56=Cameroon line |57=Mungo River, Cameroon |58=Takembeng |59=Wouri estuary |60=Duala people |61=Languages of Cameroon |62=Geremi |63=International reactions to the Anglophone Crisis |64=History of Cameroon |65=COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon |66=Modibo Adama |67=Constitution of Cameroon |68=Far North Region, Cameroon |69=Paul Biya |70=Ministry of Justice of Cameroon | paragraphs=1-3 | files=1 | fileargs=left | more= | errors= |list=List of selected articles}} {{Box-footer}} {{/box-header|Did you know <small>(auto-generated)</small>}} [[File:Nuvola apps filetypes.svg|right|47px]] {{Transclude selected recent additions | 1=Cameroon | months=36 | max=6}} {{Box-footer}} {{Random portal component|max=24|header=More did you know {{#if: {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} | {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} |- {{purge|<small>{{color|darkblue|''show another''}}</small>}}}}|footer=More did you know|subpage=Did you know}} {{/box-footer|}} <div class="portal-column-right"> {{/box-header|General images {{#if: {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} | {{{Purge|}}}{{{purge|}}} |- {{purge|<small>{{color|darkblue|''show another''}}</small>}}}}}} {{center|<small>'''The following are images from various Cameroon-related articles on Wikipedia.'''</small>}} {{Transclude files as random slideshow | Culture of Cameroon | Cameroon | Tourism in Cameroon }} {{Box-footer}} {{/box-header|WikiProjects|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/WikiProjects|}} {{{{FULLPAGENAME}}/WikiProjects}} {{/box-footer|}} </div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> {{/box-header|Topics|Portal:Cameroon/Topics|}} {{/Topics}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Categories|Portal:Cameroon/Categories|}} {{/Categories}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Related portals|Portal:Cameroon/Related portals|}} {{/Related portals}} {{/box-footer|}} {{/box-header|Associated Wikimedia|Template:WikimediaForPortals|}} {{WikimediaForPortals}} {{/box-footer|}} {{Portal navbar no header2}} </div> |} [[Category:African portals|Cameroon]] [[Category:Cameroon|*Portal]] [[Category:Portals by country]] [[Category:Portals needing placement of incoming links]] 4j08zmyid50q0kw23wmojg7o4me9p9d 10 47967 117493 2023-07-03T03:52:05Z en>Jlwoodwa 0 [[WP:AES|←]]Redirected page to [[Template:Navbox documentation]] 117493 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Template:Navbox documentation]] {{rcat shell| {{r from tsh}} }} 3s71wulucn9jy9rsy1glz1aun2qn9jg 117494 117493 2026-07-16T13:47:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Navbox_doc]] 117493 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Template:Navbox documentation]] {{rcat shell| {{r from tsh}} }} 3s71wulucn9jy9rsy1glz1aun2qn9jg 10 47968 117495 2026-02-07T05:52:30Z en>Mclay1 0 +3 117495 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{{1|}}} | Australian Capital Territory | Austrian Empire | Bahamas | Batavian Republic | Belgian Congo | British Antarctic Territory | British Empire | British Virgin Islands | Bukharan People's Soviet Republic | Cape Colony | Captaincy General of Chile | Caribbean | Cayman Islands | Central African Republic | Channel Islands | Collectivity of Saint Martin | Colony of Natal | Colony of Santiago | Comoros | Congo Free State | Cook 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civilization | Ionian Islands (region) | Irish Free State | Isle of Man | Italian Empire | Japanese colonial empire | Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic | Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic | Kingdom of Dahomey | Kingdom of England | Kingdom of Great Britain | Kingdom of Hanover | Kingdom of Hawaii | Kingdom of Jerusalem | Kingdom of Naples | Kingdom of Sardinia | Kingdom of Saxony | Kingdom of Scotland | Kingdom of Sicily | Kingdom of the Two Sicilies | Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic | Kurdistan Region (Iraq) | Luhansk People's Republic | Maldives | Mamluk Sultanate | Maratha Empire | Marshall Islands | Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | Mongol Empire | Mughal Empire | Nagorno-Karabakh Republic | Natalia Republic | Netherlands | Netherlands Antilles | New Hebrides | New Kingdom of Granada | North Aegean | North German Confederation | Northern Mariana Islands | Northern Territory | Orange Free State | Ottoman Empire | 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