Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6919 117497 117478 2026-07-18T00:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{About|the country|other uses|Cameroon (disambiguation)}} {{Featured article}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-pc}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cameroon | common_name = Cameroon | native_name = {{Native name|fr|République du Cameroun}} | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | alt_flag = Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = <br />{{Native phrase|fr|"Paix – Travail – Patrie"|italics=off}}<br />"Peace – Work – Fatherland" | national_anthem = <br />{{Native phrase|fr|"Chant de Ralliement"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />"[[The Rallying Song|Rallying Song]]"<br />{{Center| }} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cameroon (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | alt_map = Location of Cameroon on the globe. | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yaoundé]]<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Cameroon |section=People and Society |date=16 May 2022 }}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|3|51|41|N|11|31|14|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Douala]] | official_languages = [[French language|French]] {{*}} [[English language|English]] | regional_languages = [[Grassfields languages|Grassfields languages]] {{*}}[[Beti languages|Beti]] {{*}}[[Fula language|Fufulde]] {{*}}[[Sawabantu languages|Sawa]] {{*}}[[Hausa language|Hausa]] {{*}}[[Baka language|Baka]] {{*}}[[Basaa language|Bassa]] {{*}}[[Chadian Arabic]] {{*}}[[Bafia languages|Bafia]] {{*}}[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]] {{*}}[[Cameroonian Pidgin English|Pidgin]] {{*}}[[Camfranglais]] {{*}}[[Biu–Mandara languages|Mandara]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/peuls-du-cameroun-pr%C3%A9server-lethos-suivre-lair-du-temps-/2888983/ |title=Peuls du Cameroun: Préserver l'ethos, suivre l'air du temps |access-date=10 July 2024 |via=Anadolu Agency-FR }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | {{Nowrap | 22.2% [[Bamileke people|Bamileke]], [[Bamum people|Bamun]] }} | 16.4% [[Biu–Mandara languages|Biu-Mandara]] | 13.5% [[Baggara Arabs|Shuwa Arab]], [[Hausa people|Hausa]] and [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] | 13.1% [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Beti]]-[[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa]] | 12.0% [[Fula people|Fulani]] | 9.9% [[Tikar people|Tikar]] | 9.8% [[Adamawa–Ubangi languages|Adamawa-Ubangi]] ([[Mbum languages|Mbum]]-[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]]) | 4.6% [[Duala people|Sawa people]] | 4.3% [[Manenguba languages|Southwest Bantu]] | 2.3% [[African Pygmies|Pygmy peoples]] | 3.8% others/foreigners }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022 | religion = {{Ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | {{Tree list}} * 66.3% [[Christianity]] ** 33.1% [[Catholic Church in Cameroon|Catholic]] ** 27.1% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] ** 6.1% other [[Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} | 30.6% [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] | 1.3% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]] | 1.1% [[Irreligion|no religion]] | 0.7% other religions }} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brilliantmaps.com/country-maps/map-of-cameroon/|title=Map of Cameroon Created By The CIA|access-date=March 11, 2026}}</ref> | demonym = [[Cameroonians|Cameroonian]] | government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] dictatorship | leader_title1 = [[President of Cameroon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Cameroon|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = ''Vacant''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Atabong |first1=Amindeh Blaise |title=Cameroon approves role of vice president to 93-year-old Biya |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/cameroon-approves-role-of-vice-president-to-93-year-old-biya/ar-AA209quQ?ocid=BingNewsVerp |agency=Reuters |date=4 April 2026}}</ref> | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Joseph Ngute]] | leader_title4 = [[Senate (Cameroon)|President of Senate]] | leader_name4 = Aboubakary Abdoulaye | leader_title5 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|President of National Assembly]] | leader_name5 = Theodore Datouo | legislature = [[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Cameroon|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Cameroon|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Cameroon|Formation]] | established_event1 = Independence of [[French Cameroons]] from [[France]] | established_date1 = 1 January 1960 | established_event2 = Independence of [[Southern Cameroons|British Southern Cameroons]] from the [[United Kingdom]] and establishment of the Federal Republic of Cameroon | established_date2 = 1 October 1961 | established_event3 = [[1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|Cameroonian constitutional referendum of 1972]] and establishment of the [[Unitary State]] | established_date3 = 20 May 1972 | established_event4 = Current constitution | established_date4 = 18 January 1996 | area_km2 = 475,442 | area_rank = 53rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] sourced from the UN--> | area_sq_mi = 183,569 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 0.57 <ref name="CIA"/> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 30,987,821<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Cameroon |access-date=22 June 2025 |year=2025 }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 51st | population_density_km2 = 39.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $183.320 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/October/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Cameroon) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180456/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 86th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,960<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 147th | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $67.520 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 91st | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $2,200<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 152nd | Gini = 42.2<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 }}</ref> | HDI = 0.588 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDR2025">{{Cite report |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509000000/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 155th | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon|+237]] | cctld = [[.cm]] | footnote_a = These are the titles as given in the ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Article X ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |date=28 February 2006 |title=English}} and {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm |date=28 February 2006 |title=French}} versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called {{Lang|fr|Chant de Ralliement}}, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in [[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 61. }} '''Cameroon''',{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|k|æ|m|ə|ˈ|r|uː|n}} {{Respell|KAM|ə|ROON}}; {{Langx|fr|Cameroun}} {{IPA|fr|kamʁun||LL-Q150 (fra)-Mecanautes-Cameroun.wav}}.}} officially the '''Republic of Cameroon''',{{Efn|{{Langx|fr|République du Cameroun|links=no}}.}} is a country in [[Central Africa]]. It shares boundaries with [[Nigeria]] to the west and north, [[Chad]] to the northeast, the [[Central African Republic]] to the east, and [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], and the [[Republic of the Congo]] to the south. Its coastline lies on the [[Bight of Biafra]], part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]], and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between [[West Africa]] and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both geostrategic locations. Cameroon's population of nearly 31 million people speak 250 native languages, in addition to the national tongues of English and French. The capital city of the country is [[Yaoundé]]. Early inhabitants of the territory included the [[Sao civilisation]] around [[Lake Chad]] and the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese explorers]] reached the coast in the 15th century. [[Fula people|Fulani]] soldiers founded the [[Adamawa Emirate]] in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and [[Fon (title)|fondoms]]. Cameroon became a [[German Empire|German colony]] in 1884 known as [[Kamerun]]. After [[World War I]], it was divided between [[French Third Republic|France]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] as [[League of Nations mandate]]s until independence in 1960 and 1961 respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dupraz |first=Yannick |date=September 2019 |title=French and British Colonial Legacies in Education: Evidence from the Partition of Cameroon |url=https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/119359/1/WRAP-French-British-colonial-Cameroon-Dupraz-2019.pdf |journal=The Journal of Economic History |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=628–668 |doi=10.1017/S0022050719000299 |issn=0022-0507 }}</ref> The [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] (UPC) political party advocated independence but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to a [[Bamileke War|national liberation insurgency]] between [[French Armed Forces]] and the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) until January 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic of Cameroun, under President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]]. The [[Southern Cameroons|southern part]] of [[British Cameroon]]s federated with it in 1961 to form the [[Federal republic|Federal Republic]] of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was renamed the [[Unitary state|United Republic]] of Cameroon in 1972 and back to the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 by a presidential decree by President [[Paul Biya]]. Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward. Cameroon is governed as a unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]. Biya is the world's longest-serving non-royal leader, having ruled for over four decades in an [[authoritarian]] manner. Consequently, his [[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] governs the country as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Letsa |first1=Natalie Wenzell |title='The people's choice': popular (il)legitimacy in autocratic Cameroon |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=December 2017 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=647–679 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X17000428}}</ref> The [[official language]]s of Cameroon are French and English. Christianity is the majority [[religion in Cameroon]], with significant minorities practising [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] and [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]]. It has experienced [[Anglophone problem|tensions]] from the English-speaking territories, where politicians have advocated for greater decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in the [[Southern Cameroons National Council]]). In 2017, tensions over the creation of an [[Ambazonia]]n state in the English-speaking territories escalated into [[Anglophone Crisis|open warfare]]. Large numbers of Cameroonians live as [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmers]]. The country is often referred to as "Africa in miniature" for its geological, linguistic, and cultural diversity. Its natural features include beaches, [[desert]]s, mountains, [[rainforest]]s, and [[savanna]]s. Cameroon's highest point, at almost {{convert|4100|m|ft}}, is [[Mount Cameroon]] in the [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest Region]]. Cameroon's most populous cities are [[Douala]] on the [[Wouri River]], its economic capital and main seaport; [[Yaoundé]], its political capital; and [[Garoua]]. [[Limbé, Cameroon|Limbé]] in the southwest has a natural seaport. Cameroon is well known for its native music styles, particularly [[Makossa]], Njang, and [[Bikutsi]], and its successful [[Cameroon national football team|national football team]]. It is a member state of the [[African Union]], the United Nations, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]}} (OIF), the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. ==Etymology== Originally, Cameroon was the [[exonym]] given by the Portuguese to the [[Wouri River]], which they called {{lang|pt|Rio dos Camarões}} meaning 'river of [[shrimps]]' or 'shrimp river', referring to the then abundant [[Cameroon ghost shrimp]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Cameroon |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104102318/https://www.etymonline.com/word/cameroon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Camarões: o que os crustáceos têm a ver com o país? |trans-title=Cameroon: what do the crustaceans have to do with the country? |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais/ |first=Sérgio |last=Rodrigues |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220050611/https://veja.abril.com.br/coluna/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais |url-status=live }}</ref> The country's name in Portuguese remains {{lang|pt|Camarões}}.<ref name="h574">{{cite book |last=Ngefac |first=Aloysius |title=Aspects of Cameroon Englishes |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=8 February 2022 |isbn=978-1-5275-8029-9 |page=19 }}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of Cameroon}} ===Early history=== [[File:Shumom-text.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bamum script]] is a writing system developed by King Njoya in the late 19th century.]] Evidence from [[archaeological excavation]]s at [[Shum Laka]] in the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest Region]] shows human occupation in Cameroon dating back 30,000 years.<ref name=Lavachery2001>Lavachery, Philippe (2001) The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 18(4):213-247.</ref><ref name=Cornelissen2003>Cornelissen, Els (2003) On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 20(1):1-24.</ref> The longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] ([[Pygmy peoples|Pygmies]]).<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 2.</ref> From there, [[Bantu expansion|Bantu migrations]] into eastern, southern and central Africa are believed to have occurred about 2,000 years ago.<ref name="history"/> The [[Sao civilisation|Sao]] culture arose around Lake Chad, {{circa|500 CE}}, and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Bornu Empire]]. Kingdoms, [[Fon (title)|fondoms]], and [[chiefdom]]s arose in the west.<ref name=Njung/> [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese sailors]] reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of the ghost shrimp ''[[Lepidophthalmus turneranus]]'' in the [[Wouri River]] and named it {{lang|pt|Rio dos Camarões}} (''Shrimp River''), which became ''Cameroon'' in English.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pondi |first=J.E. |title=Cameroon and the Commonwealth of nations |journal=The Round Table |volume=86 |issue=344 |pages=563–570 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/00358539708454389 |issn=0035-8533 }}</ref> Over the following few centuries, European interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian [[missionaries]] pushed inland.<ref name=Fanso/> In 1896, Sultan [[Ibrahim Njoya]] created the [[Bamum script]], or Shu Mom, for the [[Bamum language]].<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 59</ref><ref name="NMAA">{{cite web |url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |title=Bamum |publisher=National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101155844/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref> It is taught in Cameroon by the [[Bamum Scripts and Archives Project]].<ref name="NMAA"/> ===European colonisation=== ====German Empire==== {{main|Kamerun}} Germany began to establish roots in Cameroon in 1868 when the Woermann Company of Hamburg built a warehouse. It was built on the estuary of the Wouri River. Later, [[Gustav Nachtigal]] made a treaty with one of the local kings to annex the region for the German emperor.<ref name=historyworld>{{cite web |url=http://historyworld.net |title=historyworld |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407073336/http://historyworld.net/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> The [[German Empire]] claimed the territory as the colony of [[Kamerun]] in 1884 and began a steady push inland; the natives resisted in the [[Bafut Wars]] and [[Adamawa Wars]]. Under the aegis of Germany, commercial companies were local administrations. These [[Concession (contract)|concession]]s used [[Unfree labour|forced labour]] to run profitable banana, rubber, palm oil, and cocoa plantations.<ref name=historyworld/> Even infrastructure projects relied on a regimen of forced labour. This economic policy was much criticised by the other colonial powers.<ref name="DeLancey 125">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 125.</ref> ====French and British Mandates==== {{main|French Cameroon|British Cameroon}} [[File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg|thumb|right|Leaders of the pro-independence [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon|UPC]]]] With the defeat of Germany in [[World War I]], Kamerun became a [[League of Nations mandate]] territory and was split into [[French Cameroon]] ({{langx|fr|Cameroun}}) and [[British Cameroon]] in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroon with that of France<ref name="DeLancey 5">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 5.</ref> and improved the infrastructure with capital investments and skilled workers, modifying the colonial system of [[forced labour]].<ref name="DeLancey 125"/> Britain offered German owned plantations to the highest bidder with the intent of paying the proceeds into a [[World War I reparations]] account. But few investors were willing to buy at the London auctions. Eventually Britain sold the majority of German plantations in British Cameroon back to their original German owners and opened up African maritime ports for German trade. The British also encouraged German investment in the [[Tanganyika Territory]]. German companies built warehouses in [[Douala]] but were not allowed to purchase land.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Susan Pedersen |title=The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190226398 |pages=234 & 236 |year=2015 }}</ref> The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour altogether but angering the local natives, who felt swamped.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 4.</ref> The League of Nations mandates were converted into [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|United Nations Trusteeships]] in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroon.<ref name="DeLancey 5"/> France outlawed the pro-independence political party, the [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] ({{langx|fr|Union des Populations du Cameroun}}, UPC), on 13 July 1955.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Terretta |first1=M. |title=Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-African Accra |doi=10.1017/S0021853710000253 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=189–212 |year=2010 |s2cid=154604590 }}</ref> This prompted a [[Bamileke War|long guerrilla war]] waged by the UPC and the assassination of several of the party's leaders, including [[Ruben Um Nyobè]], [[Félix-Roland Moumié]] and [[Ernest Ouandie]]. In the British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroon or join Nigeria; the British ruled out the option of independence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takougang |first1=J. |title=Nationalism, democratisation and political opportunism in Cameroon |doi=10.1080/0258900032000142455 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=427–445 |year=2003 |s2cid=153564848 }}</ref> ===Republic of Cameroon=== On 1 January 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France under President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] as the Republic of Cameroon. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon until 1972, when the federation was abandoned and the country renamed the United Republic of Cameroon. In 1984, President Paul Biya restored the name Republic of Cameroon via presidential decree. ====Federal Republic of Cameroon==== [[File:Flag of Cameroon (1961–1975).svg|thumb|Flag of the Federal Republic of Cameroon]] On 1 October 1961, the British [[Southern Cameroons]] gained independence from the United Kingdom by vote of the UN General Assembly and merged into the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federal republic was composed of two federated states, [[East Cameroon]] and [[West Cameroon]], each with its own legislature, government, and prime minister. 1 October is now observed as [[Unification Day (Cameroon)|Unification Day]], a [[Public holidays in Cameroon|public holiday]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Diane Cook |title=Cameroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jn7TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95 |date=2 September 2014 |publisher=Mason Crest |isbn=978-1-4222-9434-5 |page=95 }}</ref> Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.<ref name="DeLancey 6">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 6.</ref> ====United Republic of Cameroon==== [[File:Ahmadou Ahidjo.jpg|thumb|Former president [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] ruled from 1960 until 1982.]] Ahidjo's political party, the [[Cameroonian National Union|Cameroon National Union]] (CNU), became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966, and on 20 May 1972, a [[1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|referendum]] was passed to abolish the [[Federation|federal system of government]] in favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from [[Yaoundé]].<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 19.</ref> This day is now the country's [[National Day (Cameroon)|National Day]], a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prc.cm/en/multimedia/photo-albums/37-20-may-national-day |title=20 May National Day |website=Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164656/https://www.prc.cm/en/multimedia/photo-albums/37-20-may-national-day |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of [[planned liberalism]], prioritising [[cash crops]] and petroleum development. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 7.</ref> The [[Flag of Cameroon|national flag]] was changed on 20 May 1975 with the two stars removed and replaced with a large central star as a symbol of national unity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Whitney |author-link=Whitney Smith |date=27 July 2011 |title=Flag of Cameroon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Cameroon |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> ====Republic of Cameroon under Biya==== Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, [[Paul Biya]]. However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed [[Cameroonian Palace Guard Revolt|coup d'état]] nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 8.</ref> Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward, making him the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|longest consecutively serving current non-royal national leader in the world]] and the [[Lists of state leaders by age|oldest current head of state]] in the world. In 1987, [[Dja Faunal Reserve]], Cameroon's first [[World Heritage Site]], was inscribed on the list by [[UNESCO]].<ref name="b394">{{cite web |title=Dja Faunal Reserve |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/407/ |language=rw |access-date=25 October 2024 }}</ref> An [[Cameroonian economic crisis|economic crisis]] took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and [[cronyism]]. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and [[Privatization|privatised]] industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, the former British Southern Cameroons pressure groups called for greater autonomy, and the [[Southern Cameroons National Council]] advocated complete secession as the Republic of [[Ambazonia]].<ref name="DeLancey 9">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 9.</ref> The 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon gives workers the freedom to belong to a trade union or not to belong to any trade union at all. It is the choice of a worker to join any trade union in their occupation since there is more than one trade union in each occupation.<ref>''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 Ginna Violet Yella. "Freedom of Trade Union Membership: An Appraisal of the 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon" United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 18–25.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605133204/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 |date=5 June 2022 }}''</ref> [[File:Paul Biya 2014.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Paul Biya]] has ruled the country since 1982.]] In June 2006, talks concerning a territorial dispute over the [[Bakassi]] peninsula were resolved. The talks involved President Paul Biya of Cameroon, then President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of Nigeria, and then UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], and resulted in Cameroonian control of the oil-rich peninsula. The northern portion of the territory was formally handed over to the Cameroonian government in August 2006, and the remainder of the peninsula was left to Cameroon two years later, in 2008.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200606130612.html Cameroon: Presidents Obasanjo And Biya Shake Hands on Disputed Bakassi Peninsula] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063651/http://allafrica.com/stories/200606130612.html |date=17 February 2017 }}, ''Allafrica'', 13 June 2006</ref> The boundary change triggered a [[Bakassi conflict|local separatist insurgency]], as many Bakassians refused to accept Cameroonian rule. While most militants laid down their arms in November 2009,<ref>[https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/ Cameroon Rebels Threaten Security in Oil-Rich Gulf of Guinea] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000328/https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/ |date=29 August 2018 }}, Jamestown Foundation, 24 November 2010. Accessed 28 August 2018.</ref> some carried on fighting for years.<ref>Ngwane, George. "Preventing renewed violence through peacebuilding in the Bakassi peninsula (Cameroon)."</ref> In February 2008, Cameroon experienced its worst violence in 15 years when a transport union strike in Douala escalated into [[2008 Cameroonian anti-government protests|violent protests]] in 31 municipal areas.<ref name=Nkemngu/><ref name=Matthews/> In May 2014, in the wake of the [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping]], presidents Paul Biya of Cameroon and [[Idriss Déby]] of Chad announced they were waging war on [[Boko Haram]], and deployed troops to the Nigerian border.<ref> {{cite news |title=Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram – Nigeria |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=10 June 2014 |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173813/http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram |archive-date=14 July 2014}} </ref> Boko Haram launched several attacks into Cameroon, killing 84 civilians in a [[December 2014 Cameroon clashes|December 2014 raid]], but suffering a heavy defeat in a [[January 2015 raid on Kolofata|raid in January 2015]]. Cameroon declared victory over Boko Haram on Cameroonian territory in September 2018.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514110414/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 |date=14 May 2019 }}, CBC News, 30 September 2018. Accessed 18 June 2019.</ref> Since November 2016, [[2016–17 Cameroonian protests|protesters]] from the predominantly English-speaking [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest]] and [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest]] regions of the country have been campaigning for continued use of the English language in schools and courts. People were killed and hundreds were jailed as a result of these protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html |title=Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon |author=Radina Gigova |website=CNN |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227172641/https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Biya's government blocked the regions' access to the Internet for three months.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41468149 |title=Cameroon internet shut for separatists |date=2 October 2017 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084339/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41468149 |archive-date=20 September 2018 }}</ref> In September, separatists started [[Anglophone Crisis|a guerilla war]] for the independence of the Anglophone region as the Federal Republic of [[Ambazonia]]. The government responded with a military offensive, and the insurgency spread across the Northwest and Southwest regions. {{As of|2019}}, fighting between separatist guerillas and government forces continues.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44561929 |title=Burning Cameroon: Images you're not meant to see |date=25 June 2018 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919204526/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44561929 |archive-date=19 September 2018 }}</ref> During 2020, numerous terrorist attacks—many of them carried out without claims of credit—and government reprisals have led to bloodshed throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ekonde |first1=Daniel |date=18 November 2020 |title=The world's most neglected conflict |url=https://www.newframe.com/the-worlds-most-neglected-conflict/ |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=New Frame |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130094247/https://www.newframe.com/the-worlds-most-neglected-conflict/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2016, more than 450,000 people have fled their homes.<ref name="humanrights">{{cite news |last1=Tisdall |first1=Simon |title=In a world full of wars, why are so many of them ignored? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/world-full-of-wars-so-many-ignored-central-africa-sudan-boko-haram |work=The Guardian |date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180340/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/world-full-of-wars-so-many-ignored-central-africa-sudan-boko-haram |url-status=live }}</ref> The conflict indirectly led to an [[Chad Basin campaign (2018–2019)|upsurge]] in Boko Haram attacks, as the Cameroonian military largely withdrew from the north to focus on fighting the Ambazonian separatists.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190312124436/https://natimesnews.com/2019/02/25/cameroon-national-times-there-has-been-growing-insecurity-in-the-three-northern-regions-of-cameroon-as-both-the-government-and-the-military-concentrate-their-strength-and-might-in-fighting-an-endles/ Insecurity Escalates In North Region As Gov't, Military Concentrate In Anglophone Regions]}}, The National Times, 25 February 2019.Accessed 25 February 2019.</ref> More than 30,000 people in northern Cameroon fled to Chad after ethnic clashes over [[Water conflict|access to water]] between [[Musgum people|Musgum]] fishermen and ethnic [[Chadian Arabic|Arab Choa]] herders in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands flee northern Cameroon after deadly intercommunal clashes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |work=France 24 |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108163838/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Cameroon bears brunt of inter-ethnic clashes, 22 dead, 30 injured |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |work=[[Africanews]] |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101223009/https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[2025 Cameroonian presidential election]], a [[2025 Cameroonian protests|series of protests]] broke out after allegations of electoral fraud were made by the opposition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corey-Boulet |first1=Robbie |title=Cameroon security forces killed 48 in election protests, UN sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-security-forces-killed-48-election-protests-un-sources-say-2025-11-04/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 November 2025}}</ref> ==Politics and government== {{Main|Politics of Cameroon|Elections in Cameroon}} [[File:YaoundeUnityPalace.png|thumb|Unity Palace – Cameroon Presidency]] The [[List of presidents of Cameroon|President of Cameroon]] is elected and creates policy, administers government agencies, commands the [[Cameroon Armed Forces|armed forces]], negotiates and ratifies treaties, and declares a state of emergency.<ref name="Neba 250">[[#Neba|Neba]] 250.</ref> The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|prime minister]] (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors and divisional officers.<ref name=msu>{{cite web |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon: Government |publisher=Michigan State University: Broad College of Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507153207/http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |archive-date=7 May 2013 }}</ref> The president is selected by popular vote every seven years.<ref name="CIA"/> The [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year.<ref name=msu/> Laws are passed on a majority vote.<ref name="CIA"/> The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]]. The government recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and [[Lamido|lamibe]] to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.<ref name="State Dept"/><ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 252.</ref> Cameroon's legal system is a mixture of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]], [[common law]], and [[customary law]].<ref name="CIA"/> Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]].<ref name="State Dept"/> The president appoints judges at all levels.<ref name=msu/> The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the [[Court of Appeal of Cameroon|court of appeal]], and the [[Supreme Court of Cameroon|supreme court]]. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member [[High Court of Justice (Cameroon)|High Court of Justice]] that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon: Institutional Situation |publisher=Montesquieu University of Bordeaux |author=Abdourhamane, Boubacar Issa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921001254/http://etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html |archive-date=21 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Government in Cameroon |publisher=Commonwealth of Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328164623/http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/ |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> ===Political culture=== [[File:Statue d'un chef coutumier à Bana.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A statue of a chief in [[Bana, Cameroon|Bana]], West Region]] Cameroon [[Corruption in Cameroon|is viewed as rife with corruption]] at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational,<ref name="IRIN"/> and in 2012, [[Transparency International]] placed Cameroon at number 144 on a list of 176 countries ranked from least to most corrupt.<ref name=Corruption/> On 18 January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the [[National Anti-Corruption Observatory]].<ref name="IRIN"/> There are several high corruption risk areas in Cameroon, for instance, customs, public health sector and public procurement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Cameroon |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the corruption has gotten worse, regardless of the existing anti-corruption bureaus, as Transparency International ranked Cameroon 152 on a list of 180 countries in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018 |title=2018 – CPI |website=Transparency.org |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513063746/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> President Biya's [[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the [[Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)|Social Democratic Front]] (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by [[John Fru Ndi]].<ref name = "lergai">[[#West|West]] 11.</ref> Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, which rivals contend were unfair.<ref name="DeLancey 9"/> Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/> In particular, English-speaking people are discriminated against; protests often escalate into violent clashes and killings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/ |title=Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon |author=Radina Gigova |date=15 December 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318083433/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> In 2017, President Biya shut down the Internet in the English-speaking region for 94 days, at the cost of hampering five million people, including [[Silicon Mountain]] startups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/ |title=Cameroon goes offline after Anglophone revolt |author=Kieron Monks |date=3 February 2017 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003526/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> [[Freedom House]] ranks Cameroon as "not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.<ref>Cameroon is rated at six in both categories on a scale of one to seven, with one being "most free" and seven being "least free". [[#House|Freedom House]].</ref> The last [[2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] were held on 9 February 2020.<ref name=Kandemeh/> ===Foreign relations=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Cameroon}} [[File:Paul Biya with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|President [[Paul Biya]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in 2014]] Cameroon is a member of both the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]].<ref>Julia, Marion (December 2008). "La démocratie dans le projet politique de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie". ''[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]''. '''97''' (399): 825–838. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00358530802485825|10.1080/00358530802485825]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143862365 145202906].</ref> Its [[Foreign relations of Cameroon|foreign policy]] closely follows that of its main ally, France (one of its former colonial rulers).<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 126</ref><ref>Ngoh 328.</ref> Cameroon relies heavily on France for its defence,<ref name="State Dept"/> although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 30.</ref> President Biya has engaged in a decades-long clash with the government of Nigeria over possession of the oil-rich [[Bakassi]] peninsula.<ref name="lergai" /> Cameroon and Nigeria share a 1,000-mile (1,600&nbsp;km) border and have disputed the sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula. In 1994 Cameroon petitioned the [[International Court of Justice]] to resolve the dispute. The two countries attempted to establish a cease-fire in 1996; however, fighting continued for years. In 2002, the ICJ ruled that the [[Anglo-German Agreement of 1913]] gave sovereignty to Cameroon. The ruling called for a withdrawal by both countries and denied the request by Cameroon for compensation due to Nigeria's long-term occupation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/world/court-rules-for-cameroon-in-oil-dispute-with-nigeria.html |title=Court Rules for Cameroon In Oil Dispute With Nigeria |last1=Banerjee |first2=Marc |last2=Lacey |first1= Neela |date=11 October 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130042/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/world/court-rules-for-cameroon-in-oil-dispute-with-nigeria.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref> By 2004, Nigeria had failed to meet the deadline to hand over the peninsula. A UN-mediated summit in June 2006 facilitated an agreement for Nigeria to withdraw from the region and both leaders signed the [[Greentree Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm |title=Agreement Transferring Authority over Bakassi Peninsula from Nigeria to Cameroon 'Triumph for the Rule of Law' Secretary-General Says in Message for Ceremony |website=United Nations |date=14 August 2008 |language=en |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131052103/http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm |archive-date=31 January 2018 }}</ref> The withdrawal and handover of control was completed by August 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13148483 |title=Cameroon profile - Timeline |date=1 November 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209213130/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13148483 |archive-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Cameroon, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's [[Xinjiang re-education camps|treatment of Uyghurs]] in the [[Xinjiang]] region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Cameroonian Armed Forces}} [[File:Vehicules militaires pendant le défilé7.jpg|thumb|Military vehicles during a parade]] The Cameroon Armed Forces (French: ''Forces armées camerounaises'', FAC) consists of the country's army (''Armée de Terre''), the country's navy (''Marine Nationale de la République'' (MNR), including naval infantry), the Cameroonian Air Force (''Armée de l'Air du Cameroun'', AAC), and the [[Gendarmerie]].<ref name="CIA" /> The military is crucial in supporting Cameroon's authoritarian government since independence in 1960. The military has been involved in defeating rebellions, controlling protests for democratic reforms, combating [[Boko Haram insurgency|Boko Haram]] since 2014, and handling the Anglophone separatist movement that began in 2017.<ref name="g211">{{cite book |last=Harkness |first=Kristen A. |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |chapter=Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=17 December 2020 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800 |page= }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{see also|Human rights in Cameroon}} Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, [[LGBT rights in Cameroon|homosexuals]], and political activists.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> United Nations figures indicate that more than 21,000 people have fled to neighbouring countries, while 160,000 have been internally displaced by the violence, many reportedly hiding in forests.<ref name = "un">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23404&LangID=E |title=OHCHR – UN Human Rights Chief deeply alarmed by reports of serious rights breaches in Cameroon |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014220/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23404&LangID=E |archive-date=3 August 2018 }}</ref> Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities,<ref name = "Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government.<ref name="Freedom House"/> However, since the first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> On 25 July 2018, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Zeid Raad Al Hussein|Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein]] expressed deep concern about reports of violations and abuses in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-25 |title=Cameroon violence needs urgent investigation, says UN rights chief Zeid |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/07/1015512 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724215605/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/07/1015512 |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2026-05-20 |work=UN News |language=en}}</ref> According to OCHA, more than 1.7 million people require humanitarian assistance in the northwest and southwest regions. OCHA also estimates that at least 628,000 people have been internally displaced by violence in the two regions, while more than 87,000 have fled to Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/cameroon/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608190445/https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="un"/> [[LGBTQ rights in Cameroon|LGBTQ acts]] are banned by section 347-1 of the penal code with a penalty of from 6 months up to 5 years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf |title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same-sex activity between consenting adults |last=Ottosson |first=Daniel |date=May 2008 |publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) |page=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021141/http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2009 }}</ref> Since December 2020, [[Human Rights Watch]] claimed that Islamist armed group Boko Haram has stepped up attacks and killed at least 80 civilians in towns and villages in the Far North region of Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north |title=Cameroon: Boko Haram Attacks Escalate in Far North |date=5 April 2021 |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405134313/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|Regions of Cameroon|Departments of Cameroon}} [[File:Provinces of Cameroon EN.svg|thumb|upright|Cameroon is divided into 10 regions.]] The [[Constitution of Cameroon|constitution]] divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected [[Regional Council (Cameroon)|Regional Council]]. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.<ref name="Neba 250"/> These leaders are charged with implementing the will of the president, reporting on the general mood and conditions of the regions, administering the civil service, keeping the peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative units. Governors have broad powers: they may order propaganda in their area and call in the army, [[Gendarmerie|gendarmes]], and police.<ref name="Neba 250"/> All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |title=Cameroon |publisher=US Department of State |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French {{lang|fr|départements}}). These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers ({{lang|fr|[[Prefect|préfets]]}}). The divisions are further split into sub-divisions ({{lang|fr|arrondissements}}), headed by assistant divisional officers ({{lang|fr|sous-prefets}}). The districts, administered by district heads ({{lang|fr|chefs de district}}), are the smallest administrative units.<ref name=unhchr>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Core document forming part of the reports of States Parties: Cameroon |publisher=UNHCHR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023091521/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> The three northernmost regions are the [[Far North Region, Cameroon|Far North]] ({{lang|fr|Extrême Nord}}), [[North Region (Cameroon)|North]] ({{lang|fr|Nord}}), and [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]] ({{lang|fr|Adamaoua}}). Directly south of them are the [[Centre Region (Cameroon)|Centre]] ({{lang|fr|Centre}}) and [[East Region (Cameroon)|East]] ({{lang|fr|Est}}). The [[South Region (Cameroon)|South Province]] ({{lang|fr|Sud}}) lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller regions: the [[Littoral Region (Cameroon)|Littoral]] ({{lang|fr|Littoral}}) and [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|South-West]] ({{lang|fr|Sud-Ouest}}) regions are on the coast, and the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|North-West]] ({{lang|fr|Nord-Ouest}}) and [[West Region (Cameroon)|West]] ({{lang|fr|Ouest}}) regions are in the western grassfields.<ref name=unhchr/> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Cameroon|Geology of Cameroon}} [[File:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|[[Volcanic plugs]] dot the landscape near [[Rhumsiki]], Far North Region.]] At {{convert|475442|km2|sqmi}}, Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country.<ref name="Demographic Yearbook"/> The country is located in Central Africa and West Africa, on the [[Bight of Bonny]], part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/countries/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Country Profiles |publisher=UCLA African Studies Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303170914/http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/countries/ |archive-date=3 March 2013 }}</ref> Cameroon lies between latitudes [[1st parallel north|1°]] and [[13th parallel north|13°N]], and longitudes [[8th meridian east|8°]] and [[17th meridian east|17°E]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Cameroon/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyuimbe |first=Gasu Gideon |last2=Endomo |first2=Herve Endomo |date=June 2023 |title=Ocean Governance Study for Cameroon |url=https://www.un.org/oceancapacity/sites/www.un.org.oceancapacity/files/files/Projects/Norad/OGS/oceangovernancestudy_cameroon_english_0.pdf |website=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 16.</ref> The country's neighbours are Nigeria and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south.<ref name="CIA"/> Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends {{convert|15|to|150|km|mi|0}} inland from the Gulf of Guinea<ref name=Fomensky/> and has an average elevation of {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 14.</ref> Exceedingly hot and humid with a short [[dry season]], this belt is densely forested and includes some of the [[Debundscha|wettest places]] on earth, part of the [[Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests]].<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 28.</ref><ref name=Extremes/> The [[South Cameroon Plateau]] rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of {{convert|650|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Neba 16">[[#Neba|Neba]] 16.</ref> Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between [[wet season|wet]] and dry seasons makes it less humid than the coast. This area is part of the [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf |publisher=UNIDO |title=ICAM of Kribi Campo |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506165602/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 }}</ref> [[File:Elephants around tree in Waza, Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Elephants in [[Waza National Park]]]] An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the [[Cameroon line|Cameroon range]] extends from [[Mount Cameroon]] on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at {{convert|4095|m|ft|0}}<ref name="Neba 17"/>—almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern border at 13°05'N. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the [[Western High Plateau]], although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon.<ref name="Neba 17">[[#Neba|Neba]] 17.</ref> Volcanism here has created [[volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]s. On 21 August 1986, one of these, [[Lake Nyos]], belched carbon dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 161 report 1,700 killed; [[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1054 say "at least 2,000"; West 10 says "more than 2,000".</ref> This area has been delineated by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as the [[Cameroonian Highlands forests]] ecoregion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/cameroon_highlands_forests.cfm |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=WWF |title=Cameroon Highlands Forests |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501144939/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/cameroon_highlands_forests.cfm |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}</ref> The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged [[Adamawa Plateau]]. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is {{convert|1100|m|ft|0}},<ref name="Neba 16"/> and its average temperature ranges from {{convert|22|C|F|1}} to {{convert|25|C|F}} with high rainfall between April and October peaking in July and August.<ref name=Gwanfogbe/><ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 29.</ref> The [[East Sudanian savanna|northern lowland region]] extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of {{convert|300|to|350|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Neba 17"/> Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.<ref name=Green/> Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the [[Ntem River|Ntem]], [[Nyong River|Nyong]], [[Sanaga River|Sanaga]], and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The [[Dja River|Dja]] and [[Kadéï River|Kadéï]] drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the [[Benue River|Bénoué River]] runs north and west and empties into the [[Niger River|Niger]]. The [[Logon River|Logone]] flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Files: Cameroon |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/T0360E/T0360E04.htm |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611075925/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0360e/T0360E04.htm |archive-date=11 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Wildlife=== {{Main|Wildlife of Cameroon}} Cameroon's wildlife is composed of its [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. It is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second-highest level of biodiversity.<ref name="Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/africa/cameroon.aspx |title=Cameroon |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society }}</ref><ref name="Regional">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/125/125/CentralAfrica.htm |title=Beyond Boundaries:Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization |last1=Wilkie |first1=D. S. |first2=E. |last2=Hakizumwami |first3=N. |last3=Gami |first4=B. |last4=Difara }}</ref> In Cameroon, [[forest cover]] is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to {{cvt|20,340,480|ha}} of forest in 2020, down from {{cvt|22,500,000|ha}} in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forests covered {{cvt|20,279,380|ha}}, and planted forests covered {{cvt|61,100|ha}}. Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Cameroon |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CMR/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations }}</ref> To preserve its wildlife, Cameroon has more than 20 protected reserves comprising national parks, zoos, forest reserves, and sanctuaries. The protected areas were first created in the northern region under the colonial administration in 1932; the first two reserves established were [[Mozogo Gokoro Reserve]] and the [[Bénoué National Park|Bénoué Reserve]], which was followed by the [[Waza National Park|Waza Reserve]] on 24 March 1934. The coverage of reserves was initially about 4 percent of the country's area, rising to 12 percent; the administration proposes to cover 30 percent of the land area.<ref name="Cartesia">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |title=Mapping of Protected Areas Evolution in Cameroon from the Beginning to 2000: Lesson to Learn and Perspectives. |first1=Mesmin |last1=Tchindjang |first2=Clair |last2=Réné Banga |first3=Appolinaire |last3=Nankam |first4=Jean |last4=Sylvestre Makak |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization }}</ref> Its rich wildlife consists of 8,260 recorded plant species including 156 [[endemic species]], 409 species of [[mammals]] of which 14 are endemic, 690 species of birds which includes 8 endemic species, 250 species of reptiles, and 200 species of [[amphibians]].<ref name="Africa"/><ref name="Regional"/> The habitats of these species include the southern region comprising tropical lowland, coastline on the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. [[Mangrove]] forests, {{convert|270000|ha|acre|sp=us}} in size, are along the coast line. [[Montane forests]] and [[savannahs|savannas]] are in the northern region of the country. Important protected areas for these species are the [[Mbam Djerem National Park]], Benoue National Park, [[Korup National Park]], [[Takamanda National Park]], and the [[Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary]].<ref name="Africa"/> Cameroon is an important breeding area for marine and freshwater species such as [[crustacean]]s, [[mollusks]], fish, and birds.<ref name="Regional"/> ==Economy and infrastructure== {{Main|Economy of Cameroon}} Cameroon's per capita GDP ([[Purchasing power parity]]) was estimated at US$5.760 in 2025. Major export markets include the Netherlands, France, China, Belgium, Italy, Algeria, and Malaysia.<ref name="CIA"/> Cameroon has its GDP growing at an average of 4% per year. During the 2004–2008 period, public debt was reduced from over 60% of GDP to 10% and official reserves quadrupled to over US$3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html |title=Cameroon Financial Sector Profile |publisher=MFW4A |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110637/http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cameroon is part of the [[Bank of Central African States]] (of which it is the dominant economy),<ref name="Musa Biya plan"/> the [[Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa]] (UDEAC) and the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php |title=The business law portal in Africa |publisher=OHADA |access-date=22 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref> Its currency is the [[CFA franc]].<ref name="CIA"/> Unemployment was estimated at 3.38% in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameroon Unemployment rate – data, chart |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Cameroon/unemployment_rate/ |website=TheGlobalEconomy.com |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185110/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Cameroon/unemployment_rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and 23.8% of the population was living below the international [[poverty threshold]] of US$1.90 a day in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of the population) – Cameroon {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CM |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806173719/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CM |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, Cameroon has been following programmes advocated by the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to reduce poverty, privatise industries, and increase economic growth.<ref name="State Dept"/> The government has taken measures to encourage [[Tourism in Cameroon|tourism]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nl.nabc.nl/Portals/0/docs/Country%20information%20pdf/CAMEROON%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |title=Cameroon Business Mission Fact Sheet 2010–2011 |publisher=Netherlands-African Business Council |year=2011 |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013032607/http://nl.nabc.nl/Portals/0/docs/Country%20information%20pdf/CAMEROON%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 }}</ref> An estimated 70% of the population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 16.7% of GDP in 2017.<ref name="CIA"/> Most agriculture is done at the subsistence scale by local farmers using simple tools. They sell their surplus produce, and some maintain separate fields for commercial use. Urban centres are particularly reliant on peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs. Soils and climate on the coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of bananas, cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South Cameroon Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a major cash crop in the western highlands, and in the north, natural conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and rice. Production of [[Fair trade#Textiles|Fairtrade cotton]] was initiated in Cameroon in 2004.<ref>Fairtrade International, University of Greenwich and Institute of Development Studies, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831045046/https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf Fairtrade Cotton: Assessing Impact in Mali, Senegal, Cameroon and India] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831045046/https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf |date=31 August 2021 }}, published May 2011, accessed 31 August 2021</ref> [[File:Taureaux et vaches hollandais à wallya Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Dutch bulls and cows at Wallya community during the rainy season in Cameroon]] Livestock are raised throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/figure10.htm |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon livestock production map |publisher=FAO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605182824/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/figure10.htm |archive-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref> Fishing employs 5,000 people and provides over 100,000 tons of seafood each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0229E/x0229e05.htm |access-date=12 April 2013 |author=Som, Julienne |title=Women's role in Cameroon fishing communities |publisher=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603014448/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0229E/x0229e05.htm |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name=awf>{{cite web |url=http://www.awf.org/country/cameroon |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon |publisher=AWF |date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416202141/http://www.awf.org/country/cameroon |archive-date=16 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Bushmeat]], long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is a delicacy in the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat trade has now surpassed deforestation as the main threat to wildlife in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=BBC |title=UK project tackles bushmeat diet |date=10 April 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon's bushmeat dilemma |date=14 March 2008 |publisher=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529040509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm |archive-date=29 May 2012 }}</ref> The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover 37% of Cameroon's total land area.<ref name=awf/> However, large areas of the forest are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned firms,<ref name=awf/> provides the government US$60&nbsp;million a year in taxes ({{as of|1998|lc=yes}}), and laws mandate the safe and sustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the least regulated in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/problems/deforestation/logging/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608041738/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/problems/deforestation/logging/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=WWF |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Logging in the Green Heart of Africa }}</ref> Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 26.5% of GDP in 2017.<ref name="CIA"/> More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial strength is located in [[Douala]] and [[Bonabéri]]. Cameroon possesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not extensively mined (see ''[[Mining in Cameroon]]'').<ref name="State Dept"/> Petroleum exploitation has fallen since 1986, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips in prices have a strong effect on the economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pdp/2006/pdp02.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Strengthening Transparency in the Oil Sector in Cameroon |author=Cossé, Stéphane |publisher=IMF |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606061216/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pdp/2006/pdp02.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2012 }}</ref> Rapids and waterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply most of Cameroon's energy. The Sanaga River powers the largest hydroelectric station, located at Edéa. The rest of Cameroon's energy comes from oil-powered thermal engines. Much of the country remains without reliable power supplies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi,%202010-03-27,%20Parlementarians.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Harnessing Central Africa's Hydropower Potential |author=Prevost, Yves |publisher=Climate Parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082535/http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi%2C%202010-03-27%2C%20Parlementarians.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref> Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Cameroon:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trans-African Highways Network Routes |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/29736-wd-e_-_tah_annex_i_tah_network.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2026 |website=[[African Union]]}}</ref> * [[File:Schild TAH8.svg|20px]] the [[Lagos-Mombasa Highway]] * [[File:Schild TAH3.svg|20px]] the [[Tripoli-Cape Town Highway]] * [[File:Schild TAH5.svg|20px]] the [[Dakar-N'Djamena Highway]] [[Transport in Cameroon]] is often difficult. Only 6.6% of the roadways are tarred.<ref name="CIA"/> Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from travellers.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1036.</ref> Road banditry has long hampered transport along the eastern and western borders, and since 2005, the problem has intensified in the east as the Central African Republic has further destabilised.<ref name="Musa Gunmen"/> [[File:Bateau au port de Douala1.jpg|thumb|Douala seaport]] [[Intercity bus service]]s run by multiple private companies connect all major cities. They are the most popular means of transportation followed by the rail service ''[[Camrail]]''. Rail service runs from [[Kumba, Cameroon|Kumba]] in the west to [[Bélabo]] in the east and north to [[Ngaoundéré]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/cameroon/getting-around |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=World Travel Guide |title=Getting around Cameroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627051533/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/cameroon/getting-around |archive-date=27 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> International airports are located in [[Douala International Airport|Douala]] and [[Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport|Yaoundé]], with a third under construction in [[Maroua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cameroononline.org/2013/04/03/equipments-for-the-future-maroua-international-airport/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Equipment for the Future Maroua International Airport |publisher=Cameroon Online |date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509073605/http://www.cameroononline.org/2013/04/03/equipments-for-the-future-maroua-international-airport/ |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref> Douala is the country's principal seaport<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/where-we-help/africa/cameroon/douala/pages/default.aspx |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=SOS Children's Village Douala |publisher=SOS Children's Villages |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615075059/http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/where-we-help/africa/cameroon/douala/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> and [[Kribi Deepwater Port]] started operations in 2014. In the north, the Bénoué River is seasonally navigable from Garoua across into Nigeria.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 68.</ref> Cameroon was ranked 116th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/cameroon |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Cameroon|List of municipalities of Cameroon by population}} The population of Cameroon was {{UN_Population|Cameroon}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, up from 4,466,000 in 1950.{{UN_Population|ref}} The life expectancy was 62.3&nbsp;years (60.6&nbsp;years for males and 64&nbsp;years for females).<ref name="CIA"/> [[File:GedWomenDay.JPG|thumb|Cameroonian women on Women's Day Celebration, 2015]] Cameroon has slightly more women (50.5%) than men (49.5%). Over 60% of the population is under age 25. People over 65 years of age account for only 3.11% of the total population.<ref name="CIA" /> Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural dwellers.<ref name="West 3">[[#West|West]] 3.</ref> Population density is highest in the large urban centres, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 109–11.</ref> Douala, Yaoundé, and [[Garoua]] are the largest cities. In contrast, the Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bénoué depression, and most of the South Cameroon Plateau are sparsely populated.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 111.</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), the [[fertility rate]] was 4.8 in 2013 with a population growth rate of 2.56%.<ref name=":1" /> People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the coastal plantation zone and urban centres for employment.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 105–6.</ref> Smaller movements are occurring as workers seek employment in lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 106.</ref> Although the national sex ratio is relatively even, these out-migrants are primarily males, which leads to unbalanced ratios in some regions.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 103–4.</ref> [[File:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|The homes of the [[Musgum dwelling units|Musgum]], in the Far North Region, made of earth and grass]] Both [[monogamy|monogamous]] and [[polygamy|polygamous]] marriage are practised, and the average Cameroonian family is large and extended.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 139.</ref> In the north, women tend to the home, and men herd cattle or work as farmers. In the south, women grow the family's food, and men provide meat and grow cash crops. Cameroonian society is male-dominated, and violence and discrimination against women are common.<ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 141.</ref> The number of distinct ethnic and linguistic groups in Cameroon is estimated to be between 230 and 282.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 65, 67.</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 13.</ref> The Adamawa Plateau broadly bisects these into northern and southern divisions. The northern peoples are [[Central Sudanic languages|''Sudanic'']] groups, who live in the central highlands and the northern lowlands, and the [[Fula people|Fulani]], who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of [[Baggara|Shuwa]] Arabs live near Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] and [[Semi-Bantu]] languages. Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languages live in the Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Gyele and Baka [[Pygmy peoples]] roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or live in small, roadside settlements.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 48.</ref> Nigerians make up the largest group of foreign nationals.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 108.</ref> Approximately 14,000 non-Africans live in Cameroon, including more than 6,000 [[French people]] and around 1,000 [[Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/cameroon/10294.htm |title=Cameroon (12/99) }}</ref> {{Largest cities of Cameroon}} ===Refugees=== {{Main|Refugees in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon Complex Crisis 120625(5) v1.pdf|thumb|250x250px|Map of the [[humanitarian crisis]] in Cameroon]] As of 2025, Cameroon hosted 431,000 [[Refugee|refugees]] and [[Asylum seeker|asylum seekers]], according to [[UNHCR]] figures. Regarding the countries of origin, around 277,888 refugees were from the Central African Republic, 127,090 from Nigeria, and 1,866 from Chad. Political instability and the volatile security situation in neighbouring states, exacerbated by [[Violent non-state actor|non-state armed group]] attacks on [[Civilian|civilians]], have led to mass forced displacement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.unhcr.org/where-we-work/countries/cameroon |access-date=11 July 2026 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) |language=en}}</ref> By comparison, Cameroon hosted approximately 97,400 refugees and asylum seekers in 2007. Of these, 49,300 were from the Central African Republic (many driven west by war),<ref name=RCross/> 41,600 from Chad, and 2,900 from Nigeria.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news |title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002225617/http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-date=2 October 2008 }}</ref> Kidnappings of Cameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased since 2005.<ref name="Musa Gunmen"/> In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the Central African Republic arrived in Cameroon.<ref> {{cite news |title=Cameroon: Location of Refugees and Main Entry Points (as of 02 May 2014) – Cameroon |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url=http://reliefweb.int/map/cameroon/cameroon-location-refugees-and-main-entry-points-02-may-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220137/http://reliefweb.int/map/cameroon/cameroon-location-refugees-and-main-entry-points-02-may-2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014}} </ref> On 4 June 2014, AlertNet reported: {{blockquote| Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said. "Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the road, foraging for food," said [[Ertharin Cousin]], executive director of the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP).<ref> {{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Katie |title=Cameroon: Starving, Exhausted CAR Refugees Stream Into Cameroon – UN |work=allAfrica.com |access-date=8 June 2014 |date=4 June 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610095552/http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html |archive-date=10 June 2014}} </ref> }} ===Languages=== {{Further|Languages of Cameroon}} [[File:Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png|thumb|Map of the region's indigenous languages|250x250px]] The official percentage of French and English speakers by the Presidency of Cameroon is estimated to be 70% and 30% respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prc.cm/en/cameroon/presentation |title=Presentation of Cameroon |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329093847/https://www.prc.cm/en/cameroon/presentation |url-status=live}}.</ref> German, the language of the original colonisers, has long since been displaced by French and English. [[Cameroonian Pidgin English]] is the lingua franca in the formerly British-administered territories.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 94.</ref> A mixture of English, French, and Pidgin called [[Camfranglais]] has been gaining popularity in urban centres since the mid-1970s.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 131</ref><ref name=Niba/> In addition to the official languages, there are between 250 and 280 languages spoken by nearly 20&nbsp;million Cameroonians.<ref name=":4">Kouega, Jean-Paul. 'The Language Situation in Cameroon', Current Issues in Language Planning, vol. 8/no. 1, (2007), pp. 3–94.</ref> The number of languages makes Cameroon one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |title=Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World |date=16 June 2011 |website=languagesoftheworld.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=4 July 2019 |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya }}</ref> In 2017, there were language protests by the Anglophone population against perceived oppression by francophone speakers.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://calrev.org/2019/02/11/african-powder-keg-cameroonian-conflict-and-african-security/ |title=African Powder Keg: Cameroonian Conflict and African Security |last=Genin |first=Aaron |date=11 February 2019 |website=The California Review |language=en-US |access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> The military was deployed against the protesters and people were killed, hundreds imprisoned and thousands fled the country.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/03/deaths-and-detentions-as-cameroon-cracks-down-on-anglophone-activists Deaths and detentions as Cameroon cracks down on anglophone activists] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103125739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/03/deaths-and-detentions-as-cameroon-cracks-down-on-anglophone-activists |date=3 January 2018}} ''The Guardian'', 2018</ref> This culminated in the declaration of an independent [[Republic of Ambazonia]],<ref>Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, Gabriel Tiobo Wose Kinge, and Victor Ojakorotu. "Political crisis, protests and implications on nation building in Cameroon." African Renaissance 15.Special Issue 1 (2018): 121–139.</ref> which has since evolved into the [[Anglophone Crisis]].<ref name=":3" /> It is estimated that by June 2020, 740,000 people had been internally displaced as a result of this crisis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020 |title=Relief Web Humanitarian Dashboard |date=11 November 2020 |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810211913/https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Religion=== {{main|Religion in Cameroon}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Cameroon]] (2022 estimate by the [[The World Factbook|CIA]])<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Religion |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115101251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=22 May 2024 |date=9 August 2023 }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Cameroon|Catholic Christianity]]|#7D007D|33.1}} {{bar percent|[[Protestant Christianity]]|#BA55D3|27.1}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christians]]|#B695C0|6.1}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]]|green|30.6}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk religions]]|brown|1.3}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|beige|1.2}} {{bar percent|Other religions|lightgrey|0.7}} }} Cameroon has a high level of [[Religion in Cameroon|religious freedom]] and diversity.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The majority faith is Christianity, practised by about two-thirds of the population, while [[Islam]] is the second largest religion, adhered to by just under one-third.<ref name="Religion" /> In addition, traditional faiths are practised by many. Muslims are most concentrated in the north, while Christians are concentrated primarily in the southern and western regions, but practitioners of both faiths can be found throughout the country.<ref name=IRFR>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |title=July–December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report – Cameroon |publisher=US Department of State |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105101810/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=live}}<!--note that this is outdated; the CIA Factbook is from 2018--></ref> Large cities have significant populations of both groups.<ref name=IRFR/> Muslims in Cameroon are divided into [[Sufis]], [[Salafi]]s,<ref name="The Economist">{{cite news |title=The veil in west Africa: Banning the burqa: Why more countries are outlawing the full-face veil |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa |access-date=15 February 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214211305/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa |archive-date=14 February 2016 }}</ref> [[Shia]]s, and [[non-denominational Muslims]].<ref name="The Economist"/><ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref> [[File:Yaoundé_Cathédrale.jpg|left|thumb|[[Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Yaoundé|Our Lady of Victories Cathedral]], a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Church in [[Yaoundé]]]] People from the North-West and South-West provinces, which used to be a part of [[British Cameroons]], have the highest proportion of Protestants. The French-speaking regions of the southern and western regions are largely Catholic.<ref name=IRFR/> Southern ethnic groups predominantly follow Christian or traditional African [[animist]] beliefs or a [[syncretic]] combination of the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and the government outlaws such practices.<ref name=Geschiere/> Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The Islamist jihadist group [[Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)|Ansar al-Islam]] has been reported as operating in North Cameroon.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888 Boko Haram timeline: From preachers to slave raiders] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114221630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888 |date=14 November 2018}}. BBC News. 15 May 2013. retrieved 19 June 2013</ref> [[File:LamidoGrandMosque.jpg|thumb|[[Lamido Grand Mosque]] in [[Ngaoundéré]]]] In the northern regions, the locally dominant [[Fulani]] ethnic group is almost completely Muslim, but the overall population is fairly evenly divided among Muslims, Christians, and followers of indigenous religious beliefs (called ''[[Kirdi]]'' ("pagan") by the Fulani).<ref name=IRFR/> The [[Bamum people|Bamum]] ethnic group of the West Region is largely Muslim.<ref name=IRFR/> Native traditional religions are practised in rural areas throughout the country but rarely are practised publicly in cities, in part because many indigenous religious groups are intrinsically local.<ref name=IRFR/> ===Education and health=== {{main|Education in Cameroon|Health in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroonian school children gather around U.S. Army Master Sgt. John Reid, center, for a group photo near Douala, Cameroon, March 19, 2014, during Central Accord 14 140319-A-PP104-039.jpg|thumb|School children in Cameroon in 2014]] In 2013, the total adult [[literacy]] rate in Cameroon was estimated to be 71.3%. Among youths aged 15–24, the literacy rate was 85.4% for males and 76.4% for females.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cameroon_statistics.html |title=Statistics |work=UNICEF |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101348/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cameroon_statistics.html |archive-date=24 December 2017 }}</ref> Most children have access to state-run schools that are cheaper than private and religious facilities.<ref name="Mbaku 15">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 15.</ref> The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents,<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 105–6.</ref> with most instruction in English or French.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 16.</ref> Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa.<ref name="Mbaku 15" /> Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage, pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south,<ref name="Mbaku 15"/> a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> In 2013, the primary school enrollment rate was 93.5%.<ref name=":0" /> School attendance in Cameroon is also affected by [[child labour]]. Indeed, the [[United States Department of Labor]] Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor reported that 56% of children aged 5 to 14 were working children and that almost 53% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school.<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/cameroon.htm 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor -Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303052129/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/cameroon.htm |date=3 March 2015 }}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> In December 2014, a ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' issued by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]] mentioned Cameroon among the countries that resorted to child labor in the production of cocoa.<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ |date=10 June 2015}}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> [[File:Life expectancy of Cameroon.svg|thumb|Life expectancy in Cameroon|upright=1.2]] The quality of health care is generally low.<ref name = "yqheor">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 21.</ref> Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 56 years in 2012, with 48 healthy life years expected.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/countries/cmr.pdf?ua=1 |title=Cameroon: WHO Statistical Profile |date=January 2015 |website=World Health Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321113025/http://www.who.int/gho/countries/cmr.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=21 March 2017 }}</ref> Fertility rate remains high in Cameroon with an average of 4.8 births per woman and an average mother's age of 19.7 years old at first birth.<ref name=":1" /> In Cameroon, there is only one doctor for every 5,000 people, according to the WHO.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 medical marvels saving lives |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/health/cnnheroes-medical-marvels/index.html |access-date=18 November 2013 |newspaper=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122034216/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/health/cnnheroes-medical-marvels/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, just 4.1% of total GDP expenditure was allocated to healthcare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=cameroon |title=UNdata {{!}} country profile {{!}} Cameroon |website=data.un.org |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003329/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=cameroon |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> Due to financial cuts in the health care system, there are few professionals. Doctors and nurses who were trained in Cameroon emigrate because in Cameroon the payment is poor while the workload is high. Nurses are unemployed even though their help is needed. Some of them help out voluntarily so they will not lose their skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=The need is so great |author=Rose Futrih N. Njini |work=D+C |publisher=D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu |date=December 2012 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624235243/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective |archive-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref> Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped.<ref name="West 64">[[#West|West]] 64.</ref> In 2012, the top three deadly diseases were [[HIV/AIDS]], [[lower respiratory tract infection]], and [[diarrhea]]l diseases.<ref name=":1" /> Endemic diseases include [[dengue fever]], [[filariasis]], [[leishmaniasis]], [[malaria]], [[meningitis]], [[schistosomiasis]], and [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]].<ref>[[#West|West]] 58–60.</ref> The HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in 2016 was estimated at 3.8% for those aged 15–49,<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cameroon |title=Cameroon |website=www.unaids.org |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042316/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cameroon |archive-date=23 December 2017 }}</ref> although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low.<ref name = "yqheor"/> 46,000 children under age 14 were estimated to be living with HIV in 2016. In Cameroon, 58% of those living with HIV know their status, and just 37% receive [[Management of HIV/AIDS|ARV]] treatment. In 2016, 29,000 deaths due to AIDS occurred in both adults and children.<ref name=":2" /> [[Breast ironing]], a traditional practice that is prevalent in Cameroon, may affect girls' health.<ref>Joe, Randy. (23 June 2006) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Africa | Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007}}. BBC News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf BBC World Service – Outlook, Fighting 'Breast Ironing' in Cameroon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120111044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf |date=20 January 2014}}. Bbc.co.uk (16 January 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk Campaigners warn of 'breast ironing' in the UK – Channel 4 News] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820113942/http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk |date=20 August 2014 }}. Channel4.com (18 April 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>Bawe, Rosaline Ngunshi (24 August 2011) [http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf Breast Ironing: A harmful traditional practice in Cameroon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226024853/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf |date=26 February 2015}}. Gender Empowerment and Development(GeED)</ref> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM), while not widespread, is practised among some populations; according to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name="UNICEF2013p27">[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}, p. 27.</ref> 1% of women in Cameroon have undergone FGM. Also impacting women's and girls' health, the contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated to be just 34.4% in 2014. [[Traditional medicine|Traditional healers]] remain a popular alternative to [[evidence-based medicine]].<ref name="Lantum" /> In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Cameroon ranks 79th out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Cameroon's GHI score is 18.3, which is considered moderate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Cameroon}} ===Music and dance=== {{further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} [[File:Baka dancers June 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Dancers greet visitors to the East Region, 2006.]] [[Music of Cameroon|Music]] and [[dance in Cameroon|dance]] are integral parts of Cameroonian ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 189</ref><ref name="West 18"/> Traditional dances are highly choreographed with men and women often participating separately.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 204.</ref> The dances' purposes range from pure entertainment to religious devotion.<ref name="West 18">[[#West|West]] 18.</ref> Traditionally, music is transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes a soloist.<ref name="Mbaku 189">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 189.</ref> Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and stamping feet,<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 191.</ref> but traditional instruments include bells worn by dancers, clappers, drums, and [[talking drum]]s, flutes, horns, rattles, scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; combinations of these vary by ethnic group and region. Some performers sing complete songs alone, accompanied by a harplike instrument.<ref name="Mbaku 189"/><ref>[[#West|West]] 18–9.</ref> Popular music styles include [[ambasse bey]] of the coast, [[assiko]] of the Bassa, [[mangambeu]] of the [[Bamileke|Bangangte]], and [[tsamassi]] of the Bamileke.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 184.</ref> [[Music of Nigeria|Nigerian music]] has influenced Anglophone Cameroonian performers, and [[Prince Nico Mbarga]]'s [[highlife]] hit "[[Sweet Mother]]" is the top-selling African record in history.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 200.</ref> The two most popular music styles are [[makossa]] and [[bikutsi]]. Makossa developed in Douala and mixes folk music, highlife, [[Soul music|soul]], and [[Soukous|Congo music]]. Performers such as [[Manu Dibango]], [[Francis Bebey]], [[Moni Bilé]], and [[Petit-Pays]] popularised the style worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war music among the Ewondo. Artists such as [[Anne-Marie Nzié]] developed it into popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers such as [[Mama Ohandja]] and [[Les Têtes Brulées]] popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 51</ref><ref name= Nkolo/> ===Holidays=== {{further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} The most notable holiday associated with patriotism in Cameroon is [[National Day (Cameroon)|National Day]], also called Unity Day. Among the most notable religious holidays are [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption Day]], and [[Ascension Day]], which is typically 39 days after Easter. In the Northwest and Southwest provinces, collectively called [[Ambazonia]], 1 October is considered a national holiday, a date Ambazonians consider the day of their independence from Cameroon.<ref>Keke, Reginald Chikere. "Southern Cameroons/Ambazonia Conflict: A Political Economy", ''Theory & Event'' 23.2 (2020): 329–351.</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{further|Cameroonian cuisine}} [[File:Ndolè à la viande, morue et crevettes.jpg|thumb|Plantains and "Bobolo" (made from cassava) served with Ndolè (meat and shrimp)]] [[Cuisine of Cameroon|Cuisine]] varies by region, but a large, one-course, evening meal is common throughout the country. A typical dish is based on cocoyams, maize, [[cassava]] (manioc), [[millet]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantains]], potatoes, rice, or [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]], often pounded into dough-like [[fufu]]. This is served with a sauce, soup, or stew made from greens, [[Peanut|groundnut]]s, [[palm oil]], or other ingredients.<ref>[[#West|West]] 84–5.</ref> Meat and fish are popular but expensive additions, with chicken often reserved for special occasions.<ref name="Mbaku 121-2">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121–2.</ref> Dishes are often quite spicy; common seasonings include red pepper sauce and [[maggi]] mixes.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1047</ref><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 122</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 84.</ref> Cutlery is common, but food is traditionally eaten with the right hand. Breakfast consists of leftovers of bread and fruit with coffee or tea. Generally, breakfast is made from wheat flour in different ways such as puff-puff (doughnuts), accra banana, bean cakes and et cetera. Snacks are popular, especially in larger towns where they may be bought from [[street vendor]]s.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121</ref><ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1049.</ref> ===Fashion=== [[File:Camerounais en tenue traditionnelle.jpg|thumb|upright|Cameroonian fashion is varied and often mixes modern and traditional elements. Note the wearing of [[sun glasses]], [[monk shoe]]s, [[sandals]], and a [[Smartwatch]].]] Cameroon's relatively large and diverse population is likewise diverse in its fashions. Climate, religious, ethnic, and cultural beliefs, and the influences of colonialism, imperialism, and globalisation are all factors in contemporary Cameroonian dresses. Noteworthy Cameroonian dresses include [[Pagnes]], [[sarong]]s worn by Cameroon women; [[Chechia]], a traditional hat; kwa, a male handbag; and [[Gandura]], male custom attire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html |title=Cameroon clothing – A description of the traditional attire of Cameroon. |website=Cameroon-Today.com |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804232108/https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Wrappers and [[loincloths]] are used extensively by both women and men but their use varies by region, with influences from [[Fulani]] styles more present in the north and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] styles more often in the south and west.<ref>Culture and Customs of Cameroon, 2000, pg. 135, by, John Mukum Mbaku</ref> [[Imane Ayissi]] is one of Cameroon's most prominent fashion designers and has received international recognition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/ |title=Cameroon:Imane Ayissi {{as written|detrem|ined [sic]}} to project Cameroon's couture |work=Journal du Cameroun |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414150322/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Local arts and crafts=== [[File:Woman weaving baskets near Lake Ossa.jpg|thumb|A woman weaves a basket near [[Lake Ossa]], Littoral Region. Cameroonians practise such handicrafts throughout the country.]] Traditional arts and crafts are practised throughout the country for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes. Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.<ref>[[#West|West]] 17.</ref> The high-quality clay of the western highlands is used for pottery and ceramics.<ref name="West 18"/> Other crafts include [[basket weaving]], [[beadwork]]ing, brass and bronze working, [[calabash]] carving and painting, [[embroidery]], and [[Leather crafting|leather]] working. Traditional housing styles use local materials and vary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic [[Wodaabe|Mbororo]] to the rectangular mud-and-thatch homes of southern peoples. Dwellings of materials such as cement and tin are increasingly common.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 110–3.</ref> [[Contemporary art]] is mainly promoted by independent cultural organisations ([[Doual'art]], [[Africréa]]) and [[artist-run initiative]]s ([[Art Wash]], [[Atelier Viking]], [[ArtBakery]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690 |access-date=12 April 2013 |work=The Post |author=Mulenga, Andrew |date=30 April 2010 |title=Cameroon's indomitable contemporary art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124956/http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690 |archive-date=11 March 2014 }}</ref> ===Literature=== {{main|Literature of Cameroon}} Cameroonian literature has concentrated on both European and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as [[Louis-Marie Pouka]] and [[Sankie Maimo]] were educated by European missionary societies and advocated [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] into European culture to bring Cameroon into the modern world.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 80–1</ref> After [[World War II]], writers such as [[Mongo Beti]] and [[Ferdinand Oyono]] analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation.<ref name=Fitzpatrick/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 77, 83–4</ref><ref name=Volet/> ===Media=== {{main|Mass media in Cameroon|Freedom of Speech in Cameroon|Cameroon Radio Television}} Although press freedoms have improved since the first decade of the 21st century, the press is corrupt and beholden to special interests and political groups.<ref name="Reporters">"Cameroon – Annual Report 2007".</ref> Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The major radio and television stations are state-run and other [[communications in Cameroon|communications]], such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 20.</ref> However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have increased dramatically since the first decade of the 21st century<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 20–1.</ref> and are largely unregulated.<ref name="Freedom House"/> ===Films and literature=== {{further|Cinema of Cameroon}} Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as [[Jean-Paul Ngassa]] and [[Thérèse Sita-Bella]] explored similar themes.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 119–120</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 20.</ref> In the 1960s, [[Mongo Beti]], [[Ferdinand Léopold Oyono]] and other writers explored postcolonialism, problems of African development, and the recovery of African identity.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 85–6.</ref> In the mid-1970s, filmmakers such as [[Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa]] and [[Daniel Kamwa]] dealt with the conflicts between traditional and postcolonial society. Literature and films during the next two decades focused more on wholly Cameroonian themes.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 120.</ref> ===Sports=== {{main|Sport in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon vs Germany 2003.jpg|thumb|[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] facing [[Germany national football team|Germany]] at [[Zentralstadion]] in Leipzig, 17 November 2004]] National policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and wrestling, and several hundred runners participate in the {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Mount Cameroon Race of Hope]] each year.<ref>[[#West|West]] 127.</ref> Cameroon is one of the few tropical countries to have [[Cameroon at the 2002 Winter Olympics|competed]] in the [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title=Isaac Menyoli Skis For A Greater Cause- Impossible Moments |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/original-series/episode/isaac-menyoli-skis-for-a-greater-cause-impossible-moments |website= |location= |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Sport in Cameroon is dominated by football. Amateur football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under corporate sponsors. The [[Cameroon national football team|national team]] has been one of the most successful in Africa since its strong showing in the [[1982 Football World Cup|1982]] and [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]s. Cameroon has won five [[African Cup of Nations]] titles and the gold medal at the [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2000 Olympics]].<ref>[[#West|West]] 92–93, 127.</ref> Cameroon was the host country of the [[Africa Women Cup of Nations|Women Africa Cup of Nations]] in November–December 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/africa-women-cup-of-nations-cameroon-opening-ceremony-football |title=Africa Women Cup of Nations kicks off in Cameroon |date=20 November 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |last1=Shearlaw |first1=Maeve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123163325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/africa-women-cup-of-nations-cameroon-opening-ceremony-football |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> the [[2020 African Nations Championship]] and the [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations]]. The [[Cameroon women's national football team|women's football team]] is known as the "Indomitable Lionesses", and like their men's counterparts, are also successful on the international stage, although it has not won any major trophy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nwiki |first=Walter |date=24 August 2023 |title=Cameroon |url=https://forgotten-heroines.com/2023/08/24/cameroon/ |website=Forgotten Heroines |location= |publisher= |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Cricket has also entered into Cameroon as an emerging sport with the Cameroon Cricket Federation participating in international matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Cricket Association |url=https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=118 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=africacricket.com |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125180153/https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=118 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cameroon has produced multiple [[National Basketball Association]] players including [[Pascal Siakam]], [[Joel Embiid]], [[D. J. Strawberry]], [[Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje]], [[Christian Koloko]], and [[Luc Mbah a Moute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players |title=Cameroon NBA Players – RealGM |publisher=Basketball.realgm.com |date= |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502204345/https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players |url-status=live }}</ref> The former [[UFC Heavyweight Champion]], [[Francis Ngannou]], hails from Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morgan |first=Emmanuel |date=21 January 2022 |title=The Fearsome, Quiet Champion |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426072359/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Cameroon|Countries|Africa }} * [[Outline of Cameroon]] * [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon]] {{clear}} ==References== === Notes === {{Notelist}} ===Citations=== <references> <ref name=Fanso>Fanso, V. G. (1989). ''Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd., p. 84, {{ISBN|0333471210}}.</ref> <ref name=Matthews>Matthews, Andy (12 March 2008). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 Cameroon protests in USA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 |date=6 December 2008 }}", Africa News. Retrieved 13 March 2008.</ref> <ref name="IRIN">"[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 Cameroon: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421180241/http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 |date=21 April 2007 }}". 27 January 2006. ''IRIN''. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Njung>Njung, GN, Lucas Tazanu Mangula, and Emmanuel Nfor Nkwiyir (2003). ''Introduction to History: Cameroon''. ANUCAM, pp. 5–6.</ref> <ref name=Corruption>"[http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ Corruption Perceptions Index 2012] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013918/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ |date=29 November 2013 }}". Transparency International.</ref> <ref name=Nkemngu>Nkemngu, Martin A. (11 March 2008). "[http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html Facts and Figures of the Tragic Protests]", ''[[Cameroon Tribune]]''. Retrieved 12 March 2008.{{subscription required}} {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313004646/http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html |date=13 March 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="Amnesty">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/0001/2006/en/ |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 April 2007 |work=Amnesty International Report 2006 |date=21 May 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025065226/http://www.amnesty.de/umleitung/2006/deu01/025?print=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="State Dept">"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm U.S. Relations With Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |date=4 June 2019 }} ". United States Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book |ref=House |chapter=Cameroon (2006) |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 |title=Country Report: 2006 Edition |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=6 April 2007 |date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220940/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> <ref name="Human Rights Report">"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78723.htm Cameroon] ". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="EHRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR41/006/2006/en/ |title=2006 Elections to the Human Rights Council: Background information on candidate countries |access-date=6 February 2007 |date=30 April 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311093310/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior41/006/2006/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Kandemeh>Kandemeh, Emmanuel (17 July 2007). "[http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200707170411.html Journalists Warned against Declaring Election Results]", ''Cameroon Tribune''. Retrieved 18 July 2007 {{subscription required}}.</ref> <ref name=Lantum>Lantum, Daniel M., and Martin Ekeke Monono (2005). "Republic of Cameroon", ''Who Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. [[World Health Organization]], p. 14.</ref> <ref name="Demographic Yearbook">[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf ''Demographic Yearbook 2004''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |date=14 November 2012 }}. United Nations Statistics Division.</ref> <ref name=Fomensky>Fomensky, R., M. Gwanfogbe, and F. Tsala, editorial advisers (1985) ''Macmillan School Atlas for Cameroon.'' Malaysia: Macmillan Education, p. 6</ref> <ref name=Extremes>"[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes] {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |date=25 May 2012 }}". Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]], 9 August 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Gwanfogbe>Gwanfogbe, Mathew; Meligui, Ambrose; Moukam, Jean and Nguoghia, Jeanette (1983). ''Geography of Cameroon.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education, p. 20, {{ISBN|0333366905}}.</ref> <!--<ref name=Area>"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html Rank Order – Area] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |date=9 February 2014 }}". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref>--> <ref name=Green>Green, RH (1969). "The Economy of Cameroon Federal Republic". In Robson, Peter, and DA Lury (eds). ''The Economies of Africa'', p.&nbsp;239. Allen and Unwin.</ref> <ref name="Musa Biya plan">Musa, Tansa (8 April 2008). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL08308448 Biya plan to keep power in Cameroon clears hurdle] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132016/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/08/idUSL08308448 |date=24 September 2015 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</ref> <ref name="Musa Gunmen">Musa, Tansa (27 June 2007). "[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm Gunmen kill one, kidnap 22 in Cameroon near CAR] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170646/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm |date=29 June 2007 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=RCross>International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (28 May 2007). "[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070613175522/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-73N32R?OpenDocument Cameroon: Population Movement; DREF Bulletin no. MDRCM004]". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 18 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=Niba>Niba, Francis Ngwa (20 February 2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm New language for divided Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221172852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm |date=21 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Fitzpatrick>Fitzpatrick, Mary (2002). "Cameroon." ''Lonely Planet West Africa'', 5th ed. China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd., p. 38</ref> <ref name=Geschiere>Geschiere, Peter (1997). ''The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, pp. 169–170, {{ISBN|0813917034}}.</ref> <ref name=Nkolo>Nkolo, Jean-Victor, and Graeme Ewens (2000). "Cameroon: Music of a Small Continent". ''World Music, Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. London: Rough Guides Ltd., p. 43, {{ISBN|1858286352}}.</ref> <ref name=Volet>Volet, Jean-Marie (10 November 2006). "[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html Cameroon Literature at a glance] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811215426/http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html |date=11 August 2011 }}". ''Reading women writers and African literatures''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> </references> ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=DeLancey |author1=DeLancey, Mark W. |author2=DeLancey, Mark Dike |year=2000 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon |edition=3rd |place=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0810837751}} * {{cite book |ref=Hudgens |author1=Hudgens, Jim |author2=Trillo, Richard |year=1999 |title=West Africa: The Rough Guide |edition=3rd |place=London |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1858284682}} * {{cite book |ref=Mbaku |author=Mbaku, John Mukum |year=2005 |title=Culture and Customs of Cameroon |place=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313332319}} * {{cite book |ref=Neba |author=Neba, Aaron |year=1999 |title=Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon |edition=3rd |place=Bamenda |publisher=Neba Publishers}} * {{cite book |ref=West |author=West, Ben |year=2004 |title=Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide |place=Guilford, Connecticut |publisher=The Globe Pequot Press |isbn=978-1841620787}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |title=Cameroon – Annual Report 2007 |access-date=7 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152356/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |archive-date=26 May 2007}} . Reporters without Borders. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113020758/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |archive-date=13 January 2007}} . ''Human Development Report 2006''. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cameroon | volume= 5 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 110–113 |short= 1}} * Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997). ''Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service''. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. * MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", ''Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much Is Too Much?'' McGill-Queen's University Press. * [[Dorothy L. Njeuma|Njeuma, Dorothy L.]] (no date). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152111/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm Country Profiles: Cameroon]". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Retrieved 11 April 2008. * Rechniewski, Elizabeth. "1947: Decolonisation in the Shadow of the Cold War: the Case of French Cameroon." ''Australian & New Zealand Journal of European Studies'' 9.3 (2017). [https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/ANZJES/article/download/15186/13370 online] * Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * Tsogang Fossi, Richard. Comment « Cameroons » est devenu allemand. Histoire d'une appropriation par la manipulation et par la force. In: Collective (ed.), [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DE_L_ABSENCE_version_francaise.pdf Atlas de l'absence. Le patrimoine culturel du Cameroun en Allemagne], Berlin 2023, (English working translation [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DER_ABWESENHEIT_EN_DeepL.pdf online]) Berlin 2023, p. 31-44. * Wright, Susannah, ed. (2006). ''Cameroon''. Madrid: MTH Multimedia S.L. * "[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx World Economic and Financial Surveys] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102523/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx |date=11 February 2009 }}". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2007. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Cameroon|Cameroon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260115101251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ Cameroon]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx Cameroon Corruption Profile] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |date=24 March 2014 }} from Business Anti-Corruption Portal * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153516/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm Cameroon] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13146029 Cameroon profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas |Cameroon}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CM Key Development Forecasts for Cameroon] from [[International Futures]] '''Government''' * [https://www.prc.cm/en/ Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715013604/http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1 Prime Minister's Office] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805071905/http://www.assemblenationale.cm/ National Assembly of Cameroon] * [http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/Cameroon/2010/ Global Integrity Report: Cameroon] has reporting on anti-corruption in Cameroon * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080443/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/cameroon.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] '''Trade''' * [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary Summary Trade Statistics] from World Bank {{Cameroon topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Cameroon |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state =collapsed}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6|N|12|E|display=title}} [[Category:Cameroon| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Cameroon]] [[Category:Countries in Central Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Countries and territories where French is an official language]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] pe3g6vlr7h0tmor9848nr0conm6qaax 10 47493 117505 116307 2026-07-18T02:24:25Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Estonia |title = [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|25px]] Malo gha ku [[Estonia]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = Msumba ukuru: '''[[Tallinn]]''' | group1 = Mizinda kukula |list1 = * [[Tallinn]] * [[Tartu]] * [[Narva]] * [[Pärnu]] * [[Kohtla-Järve]] * [[Viljandi]] * [[Maardu]] * [[Rakvere]] * [[Kuressaare]] * [[Sillamäe]] | group2 = Vigaŵa |list2 = * [[Harju County|Harju]] * [[Hiiu County|Hiiu]] * [[Ida-Viru County|Ida-Viru]] * [[Järva County|Järva]] * [[Jõgeva County|Jõgeva]] * [[Lääne County|Lääne]] * [[Lääne-Viru County|Lääne-Viru]] * [[Chigaŵa cha Pärnu|Pärnu]] * [[Chigaŵa cha Põlva|Põlva]] * [[Chigaŵa cha Rapla|Rapla]] * [[Chigaŵa cha Saare|Saare]] * [[Chigaŵa cha Tartu|Tartu]] * [[Chigaŵa cha Valga|Valga]] * [[Viljandi County|Viljandi]] * [[Chigaŵa cha Võru|Võru]] }} pwd103byfiu1bsytyjwa2y54esja6x1 0 47765 117509 116738 2026-07-18T03:12:11Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mulara wa charu na boma la United States}} {{Hatnote group| {{For-multi|list ya mapulezidenti ŵa United States|List of presidents of the United States}} {{Other uses}} }} {{Pp-move}} {{Pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=March 2021}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox official post | post = Mulara | body = wa United States | insignia = Seal Of The President Of The United States Of America.svg | insigniasize = 145 | insigniacaption = [[Seal of the president of the United States|Chidindo cha pulezidenti]] | flag = Flag of the President of the United States of America.svg | flagsize = 145 | flagborder = yes | flagcaption = [[Flag of the president of the United States|Mbendera ya pulezidenti]] | image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (cropped)(2).jpg | incumbent = [[Donald Trump]] | incumbentsince = January 20, 2025 | department = {{plainlist| * [[Executive branch of the U.S. government]] * [[Executive Office of the President]] }} | style = {{plainlist| * [[President (government title)|Mulara wa boma]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1891/08/02/archives/how-to-address-the-president-he-is-not-your-excellency-or-your.html |agency=The Washington Star |title=How to Address the President; He Is Not Your Excellency or Your Honor, But Mr. President |date=August 2, 1891 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |title=USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4 |date=July 18, 2007 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000950/http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref> (mwakawiro) * [[The Honourable#United States|Mweneko]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm |title=Models of Address and Salutation |publisher=[[International Trade Administration]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720073107/http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=September 4, 2010 }}</ref> (mwakuzirwika) * [[Excellency|Mwenekeso]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs"], Protocol and Liaison Service, [[United Nations]]. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim |title=Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner |last=The White House Office of the Press Secretary |date=September 1, 2010 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |via=White House |access-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> (pa vyakukhwaskana na vyalo) }} | type = {{plainlist| * [[Head of state]] * [[Head of government]] * [[Commander-in-chief]] }} | abbreviation = POTUS | member_of = {{plainlist| * [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]] * [[United States Domestic Policy Council|Domestic Policy Council]] * [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]] * [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] }} | residence = [[White House]] | seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] | appointer = [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] panji kwizira mu kulondeka | termlength = Vyaka vinayi | termlength_qualified = ([[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|wakusazgikaso kamoza pera]]) | constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of the United States]] (1789) | succession = [[United States presidential line of succession|Mndandanda wa ŵakusazgapo]] | formation = {{start date and age|1789|3|4|p=1|br=1}}<ref name="formation">"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.' <p>"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." {{ussc|name=Owings v. Speed|link=supreme.justia.com|volume=18|page=420|pin=422|year=1820|reporter=Wheat|reporter-volume=5}}</p></ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maier |first=Pauline |title=Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788 |date=2010 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-86854-7 |location=New York, New York |page=433 |author-link=Pauline Maier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/ |title=March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history |date=March 4, 2013 |publisher=[[National Constitution Center]] |access-date=July 29, 2018 |archive-date=February 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224184927/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics |url-status=dead }}</ref> | first = [[George Washington]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-election-of-1789/ |title=Presidential Election of 1789 |publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association |access-date=July 29, 2018}}</ref> | salary = $400,000 pa chaka{{efn|In addition to $100,000 in travel reimbursement, $19,000 for entertainment and $50,000 for additional expenses.<ref name="cnbc">{{Cite news |last=Elkins |first=Kathleen |date=February 19, 2018 |title=Here's the last time the president of the United States got a raise |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/16/how-much-the-president-on-the-united-states-gets-paid.html |access-date=October 22, 2025 |agency=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>}} | website = {{URL|https://www.whitehouse.gov/|whitehouse.gov}} }} {{Politics of the United States}} {{United States constitutional law}} The '''pulezidenti<!--"pulezidenti" is uncapitalized as per [[MOS:JOBTITLES]]. Specifically, it is uncapitalized because it is preceded by the modifier "the" (see [[MOS:JOBTITLES]] bullet 3 and table column 2 example 1)--> wa United States''' ('''POTUS'''){{efn|Lizgu lakuti POTUS likambira mu [[Phillips Code]], nthowa yakulemba mwakudumura iyo yikapangika mu 1879 na [[Walter P. Phillips]] kuti yithandizge kutumiza mwaluŵiro malipoti gha manyuzipepala kwizira pa telegraph.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Safire |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6ARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA564 |title=Safire's Political Dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534061-7 |page=564}}</ref>}} ni [[head of state|mulongozgi wa charu]] na [[head of government|mulongozgi wa boma]] wa [[United States]]. Pulezidenti wakulongozga [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|nthambi yakulongozga]] ya [[Federal government of the United States|boma la federo]] ndipo ni [[Powers of the president of the United States#Commander-in-chief|mulara mukuru]] wa [[United States Armed Forces]]. Nkhongono za upulezidenti zikasazgikira<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ford|first=Henry Jones|date=1908|title=The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power|journal=Proceedings of the American Political Science Association|volume=5|pages=53–63|doi=10.2307/3038511|jstor=3038511| issn=1520-8605}}</ref> kufuma apo pulezidenti wakwamba, [[George Washington]], wakambira uteŵeti mu 1789.<ref name=formation /> Nangauli nkhongono za pulezidenti zikakwera na kuchepa nyengo na nyengo, upulezidenti wakhala na ntchito yikuru mu ndyali za America kufuma kwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 20, ndipo vikulutilira mu vyaka vya m'ma 21 na kuŵa na kusazgikira kwa nkhongono mu maulamuliro gha [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] na [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 11, 2021 |title=How 9/11 Radically Expanded The Power of the U.S. Government |url=https://time.com/6096903/september-11-legal-history/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Erin |title=Presidential Power Surges |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/today/presidential-power-surges/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |publisher=Harvard Law School}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 21, pulezidenti ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵankhongono chomene mu ndyali pa charu chose ndipo ni mulongozgi wa [[superpower|charu chankhongono]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4657665/steve-bannon-donald-trump/|title=Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World?|last=Von Drehle|first=David|date=February 2, 2017|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world|title=Who should be the world's most powerful person?|date=January 3, 2008|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/meacham-history-power-83117|title=Meacham: The History of Power|last=Meacham|first=Jon|date=December 20, 2008|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=September 4, 2010}}</ref> Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa charu icho chili na [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|chuma chikuru chomene pa GDP yakuyana waka]], pulezidenti wali na nkhongono zikuru za mu charu na zakuwaro, zakuchema kuti [[Hard power|nkhongono zakukhora]] na [[soft power|nkhongono zakuzika]]. Kwa nyengo yitali mu vyaka vya m'ma 20, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya [[Cold War]], pulezidenti wa United States kanandi wakachemekanga kuti "mulongozgi wa charu chaufulu".<ref name="freeworld">{{cite web |last1=Tierney |first1=Dominic |title=What Does It Mean That Trump Is 'Leader of the Free World'? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/01/trump-free-world-leader/514232/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Ndime Yachiŵiri ya Dango la United States]] yikakhazikiska nthambi yakulongozga ya boma la federo ndipo yikapeleka nkhongono zakulongozga kwa pulezidenti. Nkhongono izi zikusazgapo kusazga na kukhazikiska malango gha federo na udindo wa kusankha ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵa vyakuyana na vyalo, ŵa maofesi gha malango, na ŵa makhoti. Kwizira mu ndondomeko za dango izo zikapeleka kwa pulezidenti nkhongono zakusankha na kupokelera ŵa kazembe na kupanga mapangano na vyaru vinyake, kweniso malango agho ghakazomerezgeka na Congress, upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano uli na udindo ukuru pa ndyali zakuwaro za United States. Udindo uwu ukusazgapo kulongozga gulu lankhondo lakudura chomene pa charu chose, ilo lili na [[List of states with nuclear weapons|vyankhondo vya nyukiliya vinandi chomene pa charu chachiŵiri]]. Pulezidenti wakuchitapo kanthu kukuru pa malango gha federo na ndondomeko za mu charu. Mu ndondomeko ya [[Separation of powers under the United States Constitution|kupatukana kwa nkhongono]], [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Section 7: Bills|Ndime Yakwamba, Gawo 7]] la Dango likumupa pulezidenti nkhongono zakusaina panji [[Veto power in the United States|kukana]] malango gha federo. Pakuti mapulezidenti ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwoneka nga mbalongozgi ŵa vyipani vyawo vya ndyali, kupanga ndondomeko zikuru kukwenera chomene na ivyo vikuchitika pa visola vya pulezidenti, ndipo mapulezidenti ŵakuchitapo kanthu kulimbikiska ivyo ŵakukhumba mu ŵabali ŵa Congress awo kanandi ŵakuthemba pa pulezidenti pa nkhani za visola.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pfiffner |first=J. P. |year=1988 |title=The President's Legislative Agenda |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=499 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1177/0002716288499001002 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716288499001002 |s2cid=143985489 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mu nyengo yasono, mapulezidenti ŵasazgirapo kugwiliskira ntchito [[executive order]]s, malango gha maofesi, na kusankha ŵeruzgi kuti ŵakhwaskenge ndondomeko za mu charu. Pulezidenti wakusankhika kwizira mu [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] kuŵa na nyengo ya vyaka vinayi, pamoza na [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]. Kwizira mu [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Kusintha kwa Dango kwa Makumi Aŵiri na Viŵiri]], uko kukazomerezgeka mu 1951, munthu uyo wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti maulendo ghaŵiri wangasankhikaso yayi kuŵa pulezidenti ulendo wachitatu. Kweniso, ma vice president 9 ŵakazgoka mapulezidenti chifukwa cha [[List of presidents of the United States who died in office|nyifwa ya pulezidenti mu nyengo ya uteŵeti]] panji [[Richard Nixon's resignation speech|kuleka ntchito]].{{efn|Ma vice president 9 awo ŵakatora udindo wa upulezidenti pamanyuma pa nyifwa panji kuleka ntchito kwa pulezidenti wakale ndipo ŵakamalizga nyengo yake ni: [[John Tyler]] (1841); [[Millard Fillmore]] (1850); [[Andrew Johnson]] (1865); [[Chester A. Arthur]] (1881); [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901); [[Calvin Coolidge]] (1923); [[Harry S. Truman]] (1945); [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (1963); na [[Gerald Ford]] (1974).}} Pakuŵa na wose, [[List of presidents of the United States|ŵanthu 45]] ŵateŵetera, panji ŵakuteŵetera sono, mu ma pulezidenti 47 kufika pa nyengo ya sono ya 60 ya vyaka vinayi.{{efn|[[Grover Cleveland]] wakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri zambura kulondezgana, ndipo [[Donald Trump]] sono wakuteŵetera nyengo yake yachiŵiri yambura kulondezgana, ntheura waliyose wakupendeka kaŵiri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/grover-cleveland-24/ |title=Grover Cleveland—24 |publisher=White House}}</ref>}} [[Donald Trump]] ndiyo ni pulezidenti wa 47 ndipo wakuteŵetera sono kufuma pa January 20, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Price |first2=Michelle L. |last3=Weissert |first3=Will |last4=Colvin |first4=Jill |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Trump wins the White House in political comeback rooted in appeals to frustrated voters |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-day-trump-harris-white-house-83c8e246ab97f5b97be45cdc156af4e2 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref> == Mbiri na chitukuko == === Kwamba === Mu Julayi 1776, [[Thirteen Colonies|Makoloni Khumi na Ghatatu]], agho ghakimirika pa [[Second Continental Congress|Kongiresi Yachiŵiri ya Kontinenti]] mu [[Philadelphia]], ghakazomera mwakukolerana [[United States Declaration of Independence|Chilango cha Wanangwa cha United States]] umo makoloni ghakajilengeka kuti ni [[sovereign state|vyaru vyakujiyimira vyekha]] ndipo kuti ghakaŵaso pasi pa muwuso wa [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Ufumu wa Britain]] yayi.<ref name="Milkis">{{Cite book |last1=Milkis |first1=Sidney M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkUvAAAAYAAJ |title=The American Presidency: Origins and Development |last2=Nelson |first2=Michael |publisher=CQ Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-87289-336-8 |edition=5th |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=1–25}}</ref> Kuzomera uku kukalembeka mu [[United States Declaration of Independence|Chilango cha Wanangwa]], icho chikalembeka chomene na [[Thomas Jefferson]] ndipo chikazomerezgeka mwakukolerana pa Julayi 4, 1776, na [[Second Continental Congress|Kongiresi Yachiŵiri ya Kontinenti]]. Pakumanya kuti ŵakakhumbikwiranga kukolerana chomene pa nkhondo yawo yakulimbana na [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Ufumu wa Britain]],<ref name="Kelly">{{Cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=Alfred H. |title=The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development |last2=Harbison |first2=Winfred A. |last3=Belz |first3=Herman |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-393-96056-3 |edition=7th |volume=I |location=New York |pages=76–81}}</ref> Kongiresi ya Kontinenti pa nyengo yimoza yikamba kulemba dango ilo likakoleranenge [[U.S. state|vyaru]] pamoza. Pakachitika kudumbiskana kwa nyengo yitali pa nkhani zinandi, kusazgapo kuyimirika na kuvota, kweniso nkhongono izo boma likuru likeneranga kuŵa nazo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/Articles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204233742/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/Articles |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2009 |title=Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781 |publisher=Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 20, 2019 }}</ref> Kongiresi wakamalizga kulemba [[Articles of Confederation|Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana]] kuti wakhazikiske [[Perpetual Union|umoza wa nyengo zose]] pakati pa vyaru mu Novembala 1777 ndipo wakatumizga kwa vyaru kuti vikazomerezge.<ref name=Milkis /> Pasi pa [[Articles of Confederation|Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana]], agho ghakaŵa na nkhongono kufuma pa Malichi 1, 1781, [[Congress of the Confederation|Kongiresi ya Kukolerana]] yikaŵa ulamuliro wa ndyali wa pakati kweni ukaŵavya nkhongono zakupanga malango. Ukakwananga kupanga fundo, vyeruzgo, na malango ghake, kweni ukatenge ungapanga malango yayi, kweniso ukatenge ungatozga misonkho yayi panji kukhazikiska malango gha malonda gha mu vyaru pa ŵanthu ŵake.<ref name=Kelly /> Ndondomeko iyi yikalongora umo ŵa America ŵakaghanaghaniranga kuti ndondomeko ya Britain ya [[The Crown|Korona]] na [[Parliament of Great Britain|Nyumba ya Malango]] yikwenera kuti yikagwiranga ntchito pakuyowoya za [[dominion|muwuso wa ufumu]]: wupu wakulongozga pa vinthu ivyo vikakhwaskanga ufumu wose.<ref name=Kelly /> Vyaru vikaŵa kuti vyafwatuka ku muwuso wa ufumu uliwose ndipo vikapeleka vinyake mwa [[royal prerogative|maufulu gha ufumu]] agho ghakaŵapo kale (mwachiyelezgero, kupanga nkhondo, kupokelera ŵakazembe, na vinyake) kwa Kongiresi; maufulu ghanyake ghakakhala mu maboma gha vyaru vyawo. Ŵabali ŵa Kongiresi ŵakasankha [[President of the Continental Congress|Pulezidenti wa United States mu Kongiresi Yakuwungana]] kuti walongozge madiskusoni ghawo nga ni munthu wambura kutemwera pa nkhani za [[discussion moderator|kulongozga kudumbiskana]]. Uwu ukaŵa udindo wakupambana chomene na wa pulezidenti wa United States uyo wakiza pamanyuma, chifukwa ukaŵa udindo wa mwambo pera kwambura nkhongono zakulongozga, kupatulapo kulongozga wupu wa nyumba ya malango.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Richard J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmeEcpEvlsC |title=Founding the American Presidency |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1999 |isbn=0-8476-9499-2 |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=1}}</ref> Mu 1783, [[Phangano la Paris (1783)|Phangano la Paris]] likakhazikiska wanangwa wa makoloni ghose ghakale. Pakuti mtende ukaŵapo, vyaru vikalazga kuyang'anira vinthu vyawo vya mukati.<ref name=Milkis /> Kufika mu 1786, ŵa America ŵakawona kuti mphaka zawo za ku kontinenti zikaŵa zakufoka ndipo zikuvutika, ndipo vyaru vyawo vikakumana na masuzgo gha chuma apo vyaru vya pafupi vikambanga kulimbana pa malonda. Ŵakawona [[hard currency|ndalama zakukhora]] zawo zikwenda ku misika ya ku vyaru vinyake kulipira vinthu vyakunjira mu charu, malonda ghawo mu [[Mediterranean Sea|Nyanja ya Mediterranean]] ghakakhwaskika na ŵa [[North Africa]] awo ŵakaba mu nyanja, ndipo ngongoli za nkhondo ya wanangwa izo zikapokera ndalama zakuwaro zikaleka kulipirika ndipo zikamba kusazgikira na chiwongolero.<ref name=Milkis /> Vyakusuzga vya wanthu na ndyali vikamba kuwoneka. Vinthu nga ni [[Newburgh Conspiracy|Chiŵembu cha Newburgh]] na [[Shays' Rebellion|Muvundiko wa Shays]] vikulongora kuti [[Articles of Confederation|Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana]] zikatondeka kugwira ntchito, chomenechomene kuti pakaŵa pakukhumbikwa boma lankhongono la charu chose ilo likaŵenge na mulongozgi wa boma wakupika nkhongono. Pamanyuma pa kumazga mwakukolerana masuzgo gha malonda na somba pakati pa [[Virginia]] na Maryland pa [[Mount Vernon Conference|Ungano wa Mount Vernon]] mu 1785, Virginia wakachema kuti paŵe ungano wa malonda pakati pa vyaru vyose, uwo ukakhazikiskika mu Seputembala 1786 ku [[Annapolis, Maryland]], na chilato cha kumazga masuzgo ghakuru gha malonda pakati pa vyaru. Kweni [[Annapolis Convention (1786)|Ungano ya Annapolis]] yikatondeka chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵachoko awo ŵakiza chifukwa cha kukayikira kwa vyaru vinandi, ndipo [[Alexander Hamilton]] wa New York wakalongozga ŵimiliri ŵa Annapolis kuti ŵacheme ungano wakusintha Mazuŵa gha Kukolerana, uwo ukeneranga kuchitika chaka chakulondezgapo ku [[Philadelphia]]. Ivyo vingachitika pa ungano uwu vikawoneka kuti ni vichoko mpaka apo [[James Madison]] na [[Edmund Randolph]] ŵakafiska kusanga kuti [[George Washington]] wize ku Philadelphia nga ni muyimiliri wa Virginia.<ref name=Milkis /><ref name="Beeman">{{Cite book |last=Beeman |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/plainhonestmenm00beem |title=Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution |publisher=Random House |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8129-7684-7 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref> Apo [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Ungano wa Dango la United States]] ukakumana mu Meyi 1787, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 12 awo ŵakiza ([[Rhode Island]] yikatuma yayi ŵimiliri) ŵakiza na ivyo ŵakasambira mu ndondomeko zakupambana za maboma gha vyaru vyawo pa nkhani ya nthambi zakupanga malango na zakulongozga. Vyaru vinandi vikaŵa na mulongozgi wakufoka wambura nkhongono zakukana malango panji kusankha ŵalara, wakasankhikanga chaka chilichose na nyumba ya malango ku nyengo yimoza pera, wakagawana nkhongono na wupu wa ulongozgi, ndipo wakasangana na nyumba ya malango yankhongono.<ref name=Milkis /> [[New York (state)|New York]] ndiyo yikaŵa yapadera chomene, chifukwa yikaŵa na kazembe wankhongono yumoza uyo wakaŵa na nkhongono zakukana malango na kusankha ŵalara, wakasankhikanga vyaka vitatu ndipo wangasankhikaso maulendo ghanandi.<ref name=Milkis /> Kwizira mu kudumbiskana kwakubisika ku Philadelphia ndiko udindo wa upulezidenti uwo uli mu [[Constitution of the United States|Dango la United States]] ukapangika. === 1789–1933 === [[File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|thumb|[[George Washington]], pulezidenti wakwamba wa United States]] Nga ni pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu, [[George Washington]] wakakhazikiska maluso ghanandi agho ghakazakaŵa chilangilo cha udindo uwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-in-brief|title=George Washington: Life in Brief|last=Steven|first=Knott|date=October 4, 2016|work=Miller Center|access-date=September 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001103/https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-in-brief|archive-date=February 5, 2018|url-status=live|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stockwell |first1=Mary |title=Presidential Precedents |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/presidential-precedents/ |publisher=Mount Vernon, Washington Library, Center for Digital History |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Kusankha kwake kusiya ntchito pamanyuma pa nyengo ziŵiri kukawovwira kumazga wofi wakuti charu chingazakasanduka ufumu ndipo kukakhazikiska chiyerezgero icho chikaphyokeka yayi mpaka mu 1940 ndipo pamanyuma chikazakaŵa chakukhazikika kwizira mu [[Kusintha kwa Dango kwa Makumi Aŵiri na Viŵiri kwa Dango la United States|Kusintha kwa Dango kwa Makumi Aŵiri na Viŵiri]]. Kuumaliro wa upulezidenti wake, vipani vya ndyali vikaŵa kuti vyamba kuŵapo,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feeling |first1=John |title=How the Rivalry Between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton Changed History |url=https://time.com/4210440/jefferson-hamilton-excerpt/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Time |date=February 15, 2016}}</ref> ndipo [[John Adams]] wakathereska [[Thomas Jefferson]] mu 1796, visola vyakwamba vya pulezidenti ivyo vikapikisana chomene.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NCC staff |title=On This Day: The first bitter, contested presidential election takes place |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/on-this-day-the-first-bitter-contested-presidential-election-takes-place |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti Jefferson wathereska Adams mu 1800, iyo pamoza na [[James Madison]] na [[James Monroe]] ŵaliyose ŵakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakalamulira chomene ndyali za charu mu [[Nyengo ya Makhaliro Ghawemi]] mpaka mwana wa Adams [[John Quincy Adams]] wakathereska visola mu 1824 pamanyuma pa kupatulika kwa [[Chipani cha Democratic-Republican]]. Kusankhika kwa [[Andrew Jackson]] mu 1828 kukaŵa kakwamba munthu wakufuma kuwaro kwa ŵakulongozga ŵa Virginia na Massachusetts kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti, vyaka 40 pamanyuma pakuti Washington wasankhika.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Kenneth |title=The Most Consequential Elections in History: Andrew Jackson and the Election of 1828 |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/08/20/the-most-consequential-elections-in-history-andrew-jackson-and-the-election-of-1828 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=August 20, 2008}}</ref> [[Demokilase ya Jackson|Demokilase ya Jackson]] yikakhumbanga kukhozga nkhongono za upulezidenti pa mtengo wa Congress, uku yikukuzga kutora nawo mbali kwa ŵanthu apo charu chikakuranga mwaluŵiro kumanjiliro gha dazi. Kweni uyo wakiza mu malo ghake, [[Martin Van Buren]], wakaleka kutemweka pamanyuma pa [[Chiwawa cha 1837]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bomboy |first1=Scott |title=Martin Van Buren's legacy: Expert politician, mediocre president |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/martin-van-burens-legacy-was-more-than-just-muttonchops-2/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=December 5, 2017}}</ref> ndipo nyifwa ya [[William Henry Harrison]] na ubwezi uheni pakati pa [[John Tyler]] na Congress vikapangiska kuti udindo uwu uŵe wakufoka chomene.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freehling |first1=William |title=John Tyler: Impact and Legacy |url=https://millercenter.org/president/tyler/impact-and-legacy |website=University of Virginia, Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Pamoza na Van Buren, mu vyaka 24 pakati pa 1837 na 1861, ma nyengo 6 gha upulezidenti ghakazuzgika na ŵanalume 8 ŵakupambana, ndipo palije uyo wakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNamara |first1=Robert |title=Seven Presidents Served in the 20 Years Before the Civil War |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidents-before-the-civil-war-1773447 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=ThoughtCo |date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> Senate yikaŵa na ntchito yikuru mu nyengo iyi, apo [[Wupu Ukulu Watatu]] wa [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]], na [[John C. Calhoun]] ukaŵa na ntchito yikuru pakupanga ndondomeko za charu mu ma 1830 na ma 1840, mpaka apo kudumbiskana pa nkhani ya wuzga kukamba kupatulanya charu mu ma 1850.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heidler |first1=David |last2=Heidler |first2=Jeanne |title=The Great Triumvirate |url=https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-great-triumvirate.html |website=Essential Civil War Curriculum |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Winters |first1=Michael Sean |title='Do not trust in princes': the limits of politics |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/politics/do-not-trust-princes-limits-politics |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> Ulongozgi wa [[Abraham Lincoln]] mu nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya pa Wanangwa ya America|Nkhondo ya pa Wanangwa ya America]] wapangiska ŵakulemba mbiri kumuwona nga ni yumoza wa mapulezidenti ŵakuru chomene ŵa charu.{{efn|Pafupifupi ŵakusambira mbiri wose ŵakumuyika Lincoln mu mapulezidenti ŵatatu ŵakwamba ŵa charu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakumuyika pa malo ghakwamba. Wonani [[Malo gha mapulezidenti ŵa United States mu mbiri|Malo gha mapulezidenti ŵa United States mu mbiri]] kuti muwone ivyo kafukufuku wakulongora.}} Vinthu ivyo vikachitika pa nkhondo na kuwusa kwa Republican mu Congress vikapangiska udindo uwu kuŵa wankhongono chomene.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Frank |title=Lincoln's War Powers: Part Constitution, Part Trust |url=https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/lincolns_war_powers_part_constitution_part_trust |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=American Bar Association |date=April 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Weber |first1=Jennifer |title=Was Lincoln a Tyrant? |url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/25/was-lincoln-a-tyrant/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=New York Times Opinionator |date=March 25, 2013}}</ref> Kusankhikaso kwa Lincoln mu 1864 kukaŵa kakwamba pulezidenti kusankhikaso kufuma apo Jackson wakachitira mu 1832. Pamanyuma pa kuphedwa kwa Lincoln, uyo wakiza mu malo ghake [[Andrew Johnson]] wakataya chovwiro chose cha ndyali<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varon |first1=Elizabeth |title=Andrew Johnson: Campaigns and Elections |url=https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/campaigns-and-elections |website=University of Virginia, Miller Center |date=October 4, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> ndipo wakakhala pafupi kufumiskika pa udindo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NCC Staff |title=The man whose impeachment vote saved Andrew Johnson |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-man-whose-impeachment-vote-saved-andrew-johnson |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=National Constitution Center |date=May 16, 2020}}</ref> Congress yikalutilira kuŵa yankhongono mu nyengo ziŵiri za upulezidenti wa mulongozgi wa nkhondo ya Civil War [[Ulysses S. Grant]]. Pamanyuma pa kumara kwa [[Nyengo ya Kuzengaso|Nyengo ya Kuzengaso]], [[Grover Cleveland]] wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Democrat kusankhika kufuma pambere pa nkhondo, wakaluta ku visola vitatu vyakulondezgana (1884, 1888, 1892) ndipo wakathereska kaŵiri. Mu 1900, [[William McKinley]] wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakaŵapo pa udindo kusankhikaso kufuma apo Grant wakachitira mu 1872. Pamanyuma pa [[Kuphedwa kwa William McKinley|kuphedwa]] kwa McKinley na [[Leon Czolgosz]] mu 1901, [[Theodore Roosevelt]] wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa chomene mu ndyali za America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boissoneault |first1=Lorraine |title=The Debate Over Executive Orders Began With Teddy Roosevelt's Mad Passion for Conservation |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-theodore-roosevelts-executive-orders-reshaped-countryand-presidency-180962908/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine (website) |date=April 17, 2017}}</ref> Ŵakulemba mbiri ŵakugomezga kuti Roosevelt wakasintha mwakukhalapo ndondomeko ya ndyali chifukwa cha kukhozga udindo wa upulezidenti,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Posner |first1=Eric |title=The inevitability of the imperial presidency |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/political-bookworm/post/the-inevitability-of-the-imperial-presidency/2011/04/22/AFTRBoPE_blog.html |access-date=September 12, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 22, 2011}}</ref> ndipo vinthu vinyake ivyo wakachita vikuphatikizapo kumazga ma wupu ghakuru gha malonda, kusungilira chilengedwe, kusintha kwa ntchito, kupanga mikhaliro ya munthu kuŵa yakuzirwa nga ni nkhani za ndondomeko, na kusankha yekha uyo wakeneranga kulondezga, [[William Howard Taft]]. Mu ma 1910, [[Woodrow Wilson]] wakalongozga charu ku chigonjetso mu [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]], kweni fundo ya Wilson ya kukhazikiska [[Wupu wa Mitundu|Wupu wa Mitundu]] yikakanika na Senate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Senate rejects League of Nations, Nov. 19, 2019 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/11/senate-rejects-league-of-nations-nov-19-1919-113006 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=Politico |date=November 19, 2014}}</ref> [[Warren Harding]], nangauli wakatemwikwanga apo wakaŵa pa udindo, mbiri yake yikafipiskika chifukwa cha vinyake vyakuchita uheni, chomenechomene [[Teapot Dome scandal|Wubishi wa Teapot Dome]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robenalt |first1=James |title=If we weren't so obsessed with Warren G. Harding's sex life, we'd realize he was a pretty good president |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/08/13/if-we-werent-so-obsessed-with-warren-g-hardings-sex-life-wed-realize-he-was-a-pretty-good-president/ |access-date=September 14, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 13, 2015}}</ref> ndipo [[Herbert Hoover]] wakaleka kutemweka luŵiro pamanyuma pakutondeka kumazga [[Soka Likuru la Chuma|Soka Likuru la Chuma]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Richard Norton |last2=Walch |first2=Timothy |title=The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover |journal=Prologue Magazine |date=Summer 2004 |volume=36 |issue=2 |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/hoover-1.html |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> === Upulezidenti wa Ufumu === {{Main|Upulezidenti wa Ufumu}} [[File:Franklin D Roosevelt - radio broadcast.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wakuyowoya pa wayilesi mu 1933.]] Kukwera kwa [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] mu 1933 kukalutilira kulazga ku ivyo wakulemba mbiri [[Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.]] wakachema kuti ni [[Upulezidenti wa Ufumu|upulezidenti wa ufumu]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialpresiden00schl|title=The Imperial Presidency|last=Schlesinger| first=Arthur M. Jr. |date=1973|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|others=Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana (Mississippi State University. Libraries)|isbn=0-395-17713-8|location=Boston|pages=x|oclc=704887|author-link=Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.|url-access=registration}}</ref> Chifukwa cha chovwiro cha ma Republican ghanandi mu Congress na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha kukuru, [[New Deal|Ndondomeko Yiphya]] ya Roosevelt yikakura chomene ukuru na mulimo wa boma la pakati, kusazgapo ma wupu ghakulongozga ghanandi.<ref name=JohnYooFDR>{{cite journal |last1=Yoo |first1=John |title=Franklin Roosevelt and Presidential Power |journal=Chapman Law Review |date=February 14, 2018 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=205 |ssrn=3123894 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3123894}}</ref>{{rp|211–12}} Ŵantchito awo ŵakateŵeteranga pulezidenti, awo kale ŵakaŵa ŵachoko, ŵakasazgikira chomene, ndipo [[Ofesi Yikuluwakuru ya Pulezidenti|Ofesi Yikuru ya Pulezidenti]] yikakhazikiskika mu 1939, ndipo palije yumoza wa ŵantchito aŵa wakakhumbikwiranga kuzomerezgeka na Senate.<ref name=JohnYooFDR />{{rp|229–231}} Kusankhikaso kwa Roosevelt mwakupambana na kale ku nyengo yachitatu na yachinayi, chigonjetso cha United States mu [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], na kukura kwa chuma cha charu vyose vikawovwira kukhazikiska udindo uwu kuŵa wa ulongozgi wa charu chose.<ref name=JohnYooFDR />{{rp|269}} Awo ŵakamulondezga, [[Harry S. Truman]] na [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], waliyose wakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri apo [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima|Nkhondo Yakuzizima]] yikapangiska kuti upulezidenti uwoneke nga ni "[[mulongozgi wa charu chafwatuka|mulongozgi wa charu cha wanangwa]]",<ref name="freeworld" /> apo [[John F. Kennedy]] wakaŵa mulongozgi muwukirano kweniso wakatemweka uyo wakapokera chandulo kufuma ku kukura kwa TV mu ma 1960.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Eschner |first1=Kat |title=A Year Before His Presidential Debate, JFK Foresaw How TV Would Change Politics |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-jfk-had-say-about-tv-politics-180967172/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |date=November 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Ron |title=See How JFK Created a Presidency for the Television Age |url=https://time.com/4795637/jfk-television/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Time |date=May 29, 2017}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] wakataya chovwiro cha ŵanthu chifukwa cha [[Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam|Nkhondo ya Vietnam]] ndipo upulezidenti wa [[Richard Nixon]] ukamara mu [[Wubishi wa Watergate|wubishi wa Watergate]], Congress yikakhazikiska masinthiro ghanandi agho ghakakhumbanga kuti yijikhazikiske panthazi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallach |first1=Philip |title=When Congress won the American people's respect: Watergate |url=https://www.legbranch.org/2018-4-25-when-congress-won-the-american-peoples-respect-watergate/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=LegBranch.org |date=April 26, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Sam |last2=Tausanovitch |first2=Alex |title=Lessons From Watergate |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2018/07/30/454058/lessons-from-watergate/ |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Center for American Progress |date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> Ivyo vikasazgapo [[War Powers Resolution|Dango la Mphamvu za Nkhondo]], ilo likapangika kuŵa dango nangauli Nixon wakaliveta mu 1973,<ref>{{USStat|87|555}}, 559–560.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madden |first1=Richard |title=House and Senate Override Veto by Nixon on Curb of War Powers; Backers of Bill Win 3-Year Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/08/archives/house-and-senate-override-veto-by-nixon-on-curb-of-war-powers.html |access-date=September 12, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 8, 1973}}</ref> ndiposo [[Dango la Bajeti la Congress na Kulongora Ndalama la 1974|Dango la Bajeti la Congress na Kulongora Ndalama la 1974]], ilo likakhumbanga kukhozga mazaza gha Congress pa nkhani za ndalama.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Budget and Impoundment Control Act becomes law, July 12, 1974 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/12/budget-and-impoundment-control-act-becomes-law-july-12-1974-240372 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=Politico |date=July 12, 2017}}</ref> Mu 1976, [[Gerald Ford]] wakazomerezga kuti "pendulum ya mbiri" yikasintha kulazga ku Congress, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la "kuswa" luso lake la kulamulira.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shabecoff |first1=Philip |title=Presidency Is Found Weaker Under Ford |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/03/28/archives/presidency-is-found-weaker-under-ford-curbs-on-exerting-power-seen.html |access-date=September 9, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 28, 1976}}</ref> Ford wakatondeka kusankhikaso kuti watemwere nyengo yakukwana ndipo uyo wakamulondezga, [[Jimmy Carter]], nayo wakatondeka kusankhikaso. [[Ronald Reagan]], uyo wakaŵa wakuseŵera mafilimu pambere wandambe mulimo wake wa ndyali, wakagwiliskira ntchito luso lake la kuyowoya kuti wawovwire kusintha ndondomeko ya America kufuma ku ndondomeko za New Deal kulazga ku fundo za ndyali za kusungilira miyambo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Lee |title=What Made Reagan a Truly Great Communicator |url=https://www.heritage.org/conservatism/commentary/what-made-reagan-truly-great-communicator |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615012306/https://www.heritage.org/conservatism/commentary/what-made-reagan-truly-great-communicator |url-status=unfit |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |date=February 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brands |first1=H. W. |title=What Reagan Learned from FDR |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159389 |access-date=September 12, 2020 |publisher=History News Network}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima|Nkhondo Yakuzizima]], United States yikazgoka charu chakulongozga chomene pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sorensen |first1=Theodore |title=America's First Post-Cold War President |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=Fall 1992 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=13–30 |doi=10.2307/20045307 |jstor=20045307 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1992-09-01/americas-first-post-cold-war-president|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Bill Clinton]], [[George W. Bush]], na [[Barack Obama]] wose ŵakateŵetera nyengo ziŵiri nga ni mapulezidenti. Pa nyengo iyi, charu chikamba kuŵa chakugaŵikana chomene pa ndyali, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵabali ŵa Congress awo ŵali na maghanoghano ghakupambana chomene ŵakure, chomenechomene pamanyuma pa [[Chisankho cha pakati pa nyengo cha United States cha 1994|visola vya pakati pa nyengo vya 1994]] ivyo vikawona ma Republican ghapoka mazaza mu Nyumba yakuwungana kwa nyengo yakwamba mu vyaka 40, kweniso kukura kwa kugwiliskira ntchito mwakawiro [[Filibuster mu Senate ya United States|filibuster]] mu Senate.<ref>Barber, Michael; McCarty, Nolan (2013), [https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193351/https://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Task%20Force%20Reports/Chapter2Mansbridge.pdf Causes and Consequences of Polarization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193351/https://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Task%20Force%20Reports/Chapter2Mansbridge.pdf |date=January 14, 2021 }}, American Political Science Association Task Force on Negotiating Agreement in Politics report, at 19–20, 37–38.</ref> Ntheura izi, mapulezidenti ŵasono ŵakulutilira kugomezga chomene pa [[Executive order|malango gha pulezidenti]], ndondomeko za ma wupu, na kusankha ŵeruzgi kuti ŵakhazikiske ndondomeko zikuru, m'malo mwa malango ghakupangika na Congress kweniso mazaza gha Congress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rudalevige |first1=Andrew |title=The Letter of the Law: Administrative Discretion and Obama's Domestic Unilateralism |journal=The Forum |date=April 1, 2014 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=29–59 |doi=10.1515/for-2014-0023 |s2cid=145237493 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Visola vya upulezidenti mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vyalongora kulutilira kwa kugaŵikana uku, chifukwa palije munthu uyo wakapambana na mavoti gha ŵanthu na mphambano yakuluska pa 5 peresenti, kupatulapo Obama mu 2008, ndipo ŵaŵiri, George W. Bush ([[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2000|2000]]) na [[Donald Trump]] ([[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2016|2016]]), ŵakawina mu Electoral College kweni ŵakataya mavoti gha ŵanthu.<ref>{{efn|Wonani [[Mndandanda wa visola vya pulezidenti vya United States mwakuyana na mphambano ya mavoti gha ŵanthu]].}}</ref> Bush ([[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2004|2004]]) na Trump ([[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2024|2024]]) pamanyuma ŵakasankhikaso, ndipo wose ŵakawina mu Electoral College kweniso mu mavoti gha ŵanthu. === Ŵakususka kusintha kwa upulezidenti === Ŵakakhazikiska charu ichi [[Ŵakakhazikiska charu cha United States|Ŵakakhazikiska charu cha United States]] ŵakaghanaghananga kuti [[Congress ya United States|Congress]], iyo yikaŵa nthambi yakwamba ya boma yakuzunulika mu [[Dango la Malango la United States|Dango la Malango]], ndiyo yizamuŵa nthambi yikuru ya boma; ŵakaghanaghananga yayi kuti paŵenge dipatimenti yankhongono ya vya ukulongozga.<ref name="tws9nov09">{{Cite news |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html |title=Unchecked and Unbalanced |date=July 6, 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 9, 2009 |quote=the founding fathers had "scant affection for strong executives" like England's king, and{{nbsp}}... Bush White House's claims are rooted in ideas "about the 'divine' right of kings"{{nbsp}}... and that certainly did not find their way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.}}</ref> Kweni mazaza gha pulezidenti ghakusintha mu nyengo, ndipo ichi chapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano waŵa na nkhongono zinandi chomene,<ref name="twsSEPnnxcvdf1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582 |first=David |last=Sirota |title=The Conquest of Presidentialism |date=August 22, 2008 |work=HuffPost |access-date=September 20, 2009}}</ref><ref name="twsSEPnn5454">{{Cite news |last=Schimke |first=David |url=http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx |title=Presidential Power to the People—Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next President be taken down a notch |date=September–October 2008 |work=Utne Reader |access-date=September 20, 2009}}</ref> wambura kuŵa na vyakupimika,<ref name="tws9nov07">{{Cite news |last=Linker |first=Ross |url=http://www.jhunewsletter.com/2007/09/26/critical-of-presidency-prof-ginsberg-and-crenson-unite-18626/ |title=Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite |date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=November 9, 2017 |publisher=The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter |quote=Presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it.}}</ref> ndiposo uli na mikhaliro ya "uchifumu".<ref name="tws9nov08">{{Cite news |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html |title=Unchecked and Unbalanced |date=July 6, 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 9, 2009 |quote=Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)}}</ref> Mu 2008 pulofesa [[Dana D. Nelson]] wakayowoya kuti mapulezidenti mu vyaka 30 ivyo vikajumpha ŵakagwira ntchito yakuti ŵaŵe na "mazaza ghose pa nthambi ya vya ukulongozga na ma wupu ghake".<ref name="twsSEPrt8jyh5">{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dana D. |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story |title=Opinion—The 'unitary executive' question—What do McCain and Obama think of the concept? |date=October 11, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=September 21, 2009}}</ref> Wakususka awo ŵakukhozgera [[Chisambizgo cha nthambi yimoza ya ukulongozga|chigomezgo cha nthambi yimoza ya ukulongozga]] chifukwa cha kusazgirako "mazaza ghanandi gha ukulongozga agho ghakuleka kupimika—nga ni malango gha pulezidenti, vyilongolero, makalata gha ndondomeko, vipharazgo, malango gha vya chitetezo cha charu, na mazgu gha pulezidenti pa kusayina malango—ivyo vikuzomerezga kale mapulezidenti kupanga ndondomeko zinandi za vya charu cha kuwaro na mukati kwambura wovwiri, kususkika, panji kuzomerezgeka na Congress".<ref name=twsSEPrt8jyh5 /> [[Bill Wilson (activist)|Bill Wilson]], membala wa wupu wa [[Americans for Limited Government]], wakayowoya kuti upulezidenti wakusazgikira "ni suzgo likuru chomene ilo likukumana na wanangwa wa munthu payekha na ulamuliro wa demokilase".<ref name="tws8nov06">{{Cite news |last=Shane |first=Scott |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html |title=A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target |date=September 25, 2009 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama's Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. "I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them," Mr. Wilson, the group's president, tells his eager researchers.}}</ref> == Mazaza gha kupanga malango == [[Vigaŵa vya kupika mazaza|Article I, Gawo{{nbsp}}1]] la Dango la Malango likuŵika mazaza ghose gha [[Ukwamba kupika dango|kupanga malango]] mu mawoko gha Congress, ndipo [[Dango lakukanizga kuŵa mu malo ghaŵiri|Article 1, Gawo 6, Ndime{{nbsp}}2]] likukanizga pulezidenti (na ŵantchito wose ŵa nthambi ya ukulongozga) kuŵa membala wa Congress nyengo yeneyiyo. Nangauli vili nthena, upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano uli na mazaza ghakuru pa vya malango, chifukwa cha fundo za mu dango la malango kweniso kusintha kwa mbiri mu nyengo. === Kusayina na kuveta malango === [[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, July 2, 1964.jpg|alt=|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] wakusayina [[Dango la Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu la 1964|Dango la Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu la 1964]] pa [[Nyumba Yituŵa|Nyumba Yituŵa]] pa Julayi 2, 1964, apo [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] na ŵanyake ŵakulaŵiska.]] Mazaza ghakuru chomene gha pulezidenti pa kupanga malango ghakufuma ku [[Ndime ya Kupereka Dango|Ndime ya Kupereka Dango]], iyo yikupeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti kuveta [[Bill (law)|dango lililose]] ilo lapokelereka na [[Congress ya United States|Congress]]. Nangauli Congress yingasintha veto ya pulezidenti, yikukhumbikwira [[Voti zinandi chomene#Voti ziŵiri pa zitatu|voti ziŵiri pa zitatu]] za nyumba zose ziŵiri, ndipo kanandi ichi chikuŵa chakusuzga kuchitika kwambura malango agho ghakukhozgeka na magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali. Ŵakulemba dango la malango ŵakawopanga kuti Congress yingayezga kusazgirako mazaza ghake na kupangiska "uwofya wa ŵanandi", ntheura kupeleka veto kwa pulezidenti uyo wakusankhika mwakudunjika yayi kukaŵa nthowa yakuzikika ya kupima mazaza gha kupika malango. Nangauli George Washington wakagomezganga kuti veto yikwenera kugwiliskirika ntchito pera para dango lili kwambiska yayi, sono veto yikugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi apo mapulezidenti ŵali na mphambano za ndondomeko na dango. Ntheura veto—panji chiwopsezo cha veto—yikasintha ndipo yapangiska upulezidenti wa mazuŵa ghano kuŵa chigaŵa chakuzirwa chomene cha ndondomeko ya kupanga malango mu America. Chomenechomene, pasi pa [[Ndime ya Kupereka Dango|Presentment Clause]], para dango laperekeka na Congress, pulezidenti wali na nthowa zitatu: # Kusayina dango mu mazuŵa khumi, kwambura kupenda mazuŵa gha Sabata. Dango ili [[Coming into force|likwamba kugwira ntchito]]. # [[Veto power mu United States|Kuveta]] dango mu nyengo iyo yazunulika pachanya na kuliwezgera ku nyumba ya Congress iyo yikalambika, pakuyowoya ivyo wakususka. Dango ili likwamba yayi kugwira ntchito, kwambura kuti nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress zivote kuti ziviske veto iyi na [[Voti zinandi chomene#Voti ziŵiri pa zitatu|voti ziŵiri pa zitatu]]. # Kuleka kuchitapo kanthu pa dango mu nyengo iyo yazunulika pachanya. Dango ili likwamba kugwira ntchito nga ni kuti pulezidenti wakalisayina, kweni pekha para Congress yili pa holide yayi. Usange Congress yili kumalizga nyengo yake yakuwungana, dango ili likwamba yayi kugwira ntchito, ndipo ichi chikudziwika kuti [[pocket veto]]. Mu 1996, Congress yikayezga kusazgirako mazaza gha veto gha pulezidenti kwizira mu [[Dango la Line Item Veto la 1996|Dango la Line Item Veto]]. Dango ili likapeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti kusayina dango lililose la ndalama kuti liŵe dango kweniso nyengo yeneyiyo kufumiskapo vinthu vinyake vya ndalama mu dango ilo, chomenechomene ndalama ziphya, ndalama zakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakukhumbikwa, panji chandulo chiphya cha msonkho chakupimika. Congress yikatenge yingapangaso chinthu icho chafumiskika. Usange pulezidenti wakaveta dango liphya ili, Congress yikatenge yingasintha veto iyi mwakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yake yakawiro, iyo ni voti ziŵiri pa zitatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri. Mu ''[[Clinton v. City of New York]]'', {{ussc|524|417|1998}}, [[Khoti Likuru la United States|Khoti Likuru la United States]] likati kusintha uku kwa mazaza gha veto mu kupanga dango kukaŵa kwambura kulondezga dango la malango. === Kukhazikiska ndondomeko === [[File:2018 SOTU 27628831.jpg|alt=|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Donald Trump]] wakuyowoya [[Uthenga wa Boma la Charu wa 2018]] panthazi pa [[Congress ya United States|Congress]].]] Kwa nyengo yitali mu mbiri ya America, ŵanthu awo ŵakapenjanga kuŵa mapulezidenti ŵakapenjanga kusankhika chifukwa cha layizgo la ndondomeko ya malango iyo ŵakakhumbanga kuchita. [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 3: Presidential responsibilities|Article II, Gawo 3, Ndime 2]] likukhumba kuti pulezidenti walongozge vinthu ivi ku Congress ivyo pulezidenti wakuwona kuti "nchakukhumbikwa kweniso chakwenelera". Ivi vikuchitika kwizira mu uthenga wa [[State of the Union|Umo Boma la Charu Liliri]], uwo kanandi ukuyowoya fundo za malango agho pulezidenti wakukhumba kuti ghapangike mu chaka chakulondezgapo, kweniso kwizira mu mauthenga ghanyake ghakuwoneka panji ghambura kuwoneka na Congress. Pulezidenti wangawovwirapo pakupanga malango mwa kupereka maghanoghano, kupempha, panji nanga nkhukoserezga kuti Congress ipange malango agho pulezidenti wakugomezga kuti ngakukhumbikwa. Kweniso, pulezidenti wangayezga kusintha umo dango likupangikira apo likali mu ndondomeko ya kupanga dango kwizira mu kukopa ŵabali ŵa Congress payekha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/95/recommendations-clause |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/95/recommendations-clause |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Recommendations Clause |last=Pfiffner |first=James |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]] |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Mapulezidenti ŵali na mazaza agha chifukwa Dango la Malango likuyowoya yayi uyo wangapanga malango, kweni mazaza agha ghali na mphaka chifukwa mbabali ŵa Congress pera ndiwo ŵangambiska dango.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-legislative-branch/ |title=Our Government: The Legislative Branch |website=[[White House]] |publisher=The White House |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Pulezidenti panji ŵalara ŵanyake ŵa nthambi ya ukulongozga ŵangapanga vyakulemba vya malango na kupempha maseneta panji ŵimiliri kuti ŵaloweske vyakulemba ivi mu Congress. Kweniso, pulezidenti wangayezga kuchiska Congress kuti yisinthire dango ilo laperekeka, mwakuti wayowoye kuti wavetenge dango ilo usange vinthu ivyo wakukhumba vikasinthika yayi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42843.pdf |title=Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress |last=Heitshusen |first=Valerie |date=November 15, 2018 |website=R42843 · Version 14 · updated |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> === Kukhazikiska malango ghakulongozga === Malango ghanandi agho Congress yikapanga ghakuyowoya yayi vyose ivyo vingachitika, ndipo ghakupeleka mwakudunjika panji mwambura kudunjika mazaza gha kugwiliskira ntchito malango ku wupu wakwenelera wa boma. Nga ni mulongozgi wa nthambi ya ukulongozga, mapulezidenti ŵakulongozga ma wupu ghanandi gha [[List of federal agencies in the United States|boma la United States]] agho ghangapanga malango ghakulongozga kwambura kulaŵililika chomene na Congress. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵakususkika ŵakayowoya kuti mazaza ghanandi gha kupanga malango na bajeti agho ghakeneranga kuŵa gha Congress ghakajumphira mu mawoko gha mapulezidenti. Munthu yumoza wakususka wakayowoya kuti mapulezidenti ŵangapanga "gulu la ŵanthu ŵakukwana nga ni gulu la ŵankhondo la 'ma czar'—waliyose wambura kuyankha kwa Congress kweni wakupika mulimo wa kulongozga ndondomeko zikuru za ku White House".<ref name="tws28sep08">{{Cite news |last=Cantor |first=Eric |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html |title=Obama's 32 Czars |date=July 30, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 28, 2009}}</ref> Mapulezidenti ŵakususkika chifukwa cha kupanga [[mazgu gha kusayina|mazgu gha kusayina]] apo ŵakusayina malango gha Congress, pakuyowoya umo ŵakupulikira dango panji umo ŵazamugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name="twsSEPrt8jyh5" /> Chizgoŵezi ichi chasukika na [[American Bar Association]] kuti nchakususkana na dango la malango.<ref name="tws11nov301">{{Cite news |last=Suarez |first=Ray |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html |title=President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns |date=July 24, 2006 |access-date=November 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321035900/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html |archive-date=March 21, 2007 |publisher=PBS Online NewsHour |quote=The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements", which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications. |display-authors=etal }}</ref> Wakasangazga wa kusungilira miyambo [[George Will]] wakalemba vya "nthambi ya ukulongozga iyo yikusazgikira chomene" kweniso "kuzimirika kwa Congress".<ref name="tws28sep">{{Cite news |last=Will |first=George F. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html |title=Making Congress Moot |date=December 21, 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 28, 2009}}</ref> === Kucemera na kuzimiska Congress === Kuti boma lichitenge mwaluŵiro para pali suzgo likuru la mukati mwa charu panji la pa charu chose ilo likuchitika apo Congress yili pa nyengo yayi yakukumana, pulezidenti wali kupika nkhongono kwizira mu [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 3: Extraordinary sessions and prorogation of Congress|Nkhani Yachiŵiri, Chigaŵa 3]] cha Malango kuti wacheme [[special session|ungano wapadera]] wa nyumba yimoza panji zose ziŵiri za Congress. Kufuma apo [[John Adams]] wakachita nthena kakwamba mu 1797, pulezidenti wachema Congress yose kuti yikumanenge pa ungano wapadera maulendo 27. [[Harry S. Truman]] ndiyo wakaŵa waumaliro kuchita nthena mu Julayi 1948, ndipo ungano uwu ukamanyikwa kuti [[Turnip Day Session]].<ref name="Forte">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/96/convening-of-congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/96/convening-of-congress |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Convening of Congress |last=Forte |first=David F. |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=Heritage Foundation |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Steinmetz">{{Cite magazine |last=Steinmetz |first=Katy |date=August 10, 2010 |title=Congressional Special Sessions |url=https://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,2009480,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> Kweniso, pambere [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Chigaziso cha Makumiŵiri]] chindazomerezgeke mu 1933, icho chikiza nyengo iyo Congress yikakumananga kufuma mu Disembala kuluta mu Janyuwale, ŵapulezidenti ŵaphya awo ŵakamba maudindo ŵakachemanga Senate kuti yikumanenge kuti yikhozge kusankhika kwa ŵanthu panji kuzomera mapangano. Kweni mu nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano, nkhongono iyi yili kuleka kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa Congress sono yikukhalilira pa ungano chaka chose, ndipo yikuchita maungano gha pro forma mazuŵa ghose ghatatu nangauli yikuwoneka nga yili pa kupumura. Mwakuyana na ichi, pulezidenti wali na mazaza kuzimiska Congress usange Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri na Senate zingatondeka kupulikana pa nyengo ya kuzimiska; palije pulezidenti uyo wagwiriskapo ntchito nkhongono iyi.<ref name="Forte"/><ref name="Steinmetz"/> == Nkhongono za kulongozga == {{Main|Nkhongono za pulezidenti wa United States}} {{Quote box|align=right|width=25%|quote=Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.|source=''[[Nixon v. General Services Administration]]'', '''{{ussc|433|425|1977}}''' ([[William Rehnquist|Rehnquist, J.]], [[Dissenting opinion|dissenting]])}} Pulezidenti ni mulongozgi wa nthambi yakulongozga ya boma la feduro ndipo wali na udindo wakuyana na [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Malango]] wa "kuwona kuti malango ghakugwiriskika ntchito mwakugomezgeka".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3 |title=Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution |year=2012 |publisher=Legal Information Institute |access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref> Nthambi yakulongozga yili na ŵantchito ŵakujumpha 4 miliyoni, kusazgapo ŵasilikari.<ref name="obamapresidency">{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch |title=Executive Branch |date=April 2015 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref> === Nkhongono za ulamuliro === Ŵapulezidenti ŵakusankha ŵanthu mu maudindo gha ndyali. Pulezidenti uyo wanjira waka mu udindo wangasankha ŵanthu 4,000, ndipo 1,200 mwa iwo ŵakwenera kuzomerezgeka na [[Advice and consent#United States|Senate ya United States]]. [[Ambassador|Ŵakazembe]], ŵabali ŵa [[Cabinet of the United States|Kabineti]], na ŵalara ŵanyake, ni mwa maudindo agho ghakuzuzgika kwizira mu kusankhika kwa pulezidenti na kuzomerezgeka na Senate.<ref>{{cite web| title=Presidentially Appointed Positions| date=April 14, 2021| url=https://presidentialtransition.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/Presidentially-Appointed-Positions.pdf| publisher=[[Partnership for Public Service]]| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Biden Political Appointee Tracker| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2020/biden-appointee-tracker/| newspaper=The Washington Post| access-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> Nkhongono za pulezidenti zakuchimbiska ŵalara ŵa nthambi yakulongozga zakhala nkhani yakukwaskana chomene mu ndyali. Kanandi, pulezidenti wangawuskamo ŵalara ŵa nthambi yakulongozga nyengo yiliyose.<ref>See ''Shurtleff v. United States'', {{ussc|189|311|1903}}; ''[[Myers v. United States]]'', {{ussc|272|52|1926}}.</ref> Kweni, Congress yingachepeska na kukhora mazaza gha pulezidenti pakuwuskamo ŵalongozgi ŵa mawupu ghakujiyimira ghakulongozga malango na ŵalara ŵanyake ŵa pasi mu nthambi yakulongozga kwizira mu [[statute|dango]].<ref>See ''[[Humphrey's Executor v. United States]]'', {{ussc|295|602|1935}} and ''[[Morrison v. Olson]]'', {{ussc|487|654|1988}}, respectively.</ref> Kuti ŵalamulire boma la feduro ilo likukulirakulira, ŵapulezidenti ŵakamba kuzijala na magulu ghanandi gha ŵantchito, agho pamanyuma ghakanozgekera mu [[Executive Office of the President of the United States]]. Mu Executive Office iyi, gulu la mukati chomene la ŵawovwiri ŵa pulezidenti na ŵawovwiri ŵawo likusangika mu [[White House Office]]. Pulezidenti wali na nkhongono zakulongozga milimo ya boma la feduro kwizira mu kupereka mitundu yakupambanapambana ya [[Presidential directive|malanguro]], nga ni [[Presidential proclamation (United States)|chilango cha pulezidenti]] na [[executive order|malanguro gha pulezidenti]]. Para pulezidenti wakugwiriskira ntchito mwakwenelera udindo uwo wali kupika na malango, ukuru wa nkhongono iyi ngukuru.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030907/http://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential |url-status=unfit |archive-date=March 31, 2017 |title=Executive Summary: The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives |last=Gaziano |first=Todd |date=February 21, 2001 |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> Nangauli vili nthena, malanguro agha ghali pasi pa [[Judicial review in the United States|kuweleruzgika na ŵeruzgi]] mu makhoti gha feduro gha United States, agho ghangasanga kuti ngambula kukolerana na malango. Congress yingazgora malanguro gha pulezidenti kuŵa ghambura ntchito kwizira mu dango. === Vya vyakuwaro (Foreign affairs) === [[File:President George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev.jpg|thumb|Mulongozgi George H. W. Bush na mulongozgi wa Soviet [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] ŵali kusayina [[1990 Chemical Weapons Accord|Phangano la 1990 pa vya vilwero vya makemikolo]] ku [[White House|Nyumba ya White House]].]] [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 3: Presidential responsibilities|Article II, Section 3, Clause 4]] chikukhumba kuti pulezidenti "wapokelere Mabambasada". Dango ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti Reception Clause, lili kupulikikwa kuti likung'anamura kuti pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghakuru pa nkhani za vyakuwaro,<ref>''[[United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.]]'', {{ussc|299|304|1936}}, likalongosora Pulezidenti kuti ni "chiŵaro chekha cha charu mu ubale wake wakuwaro", fundo iyo [https://fas.org/sgp/eprint/fisher.pdf yikatsutsika] na Louis Fisher wa [[Library of Congress|Layibulare ya Kongiresi]].</ref> ndiposo kumovwira pulezidenti pa mazaza ghake ghakupokera [[diplomatic recognition|kuwoneska kuzomera]] boma la charu chinyake.<ref>''[[Zivotofsky v. Kerry]]'', {{Ussc|576|___|2015|el=no}}.</ref> Malango gha Dango la Malango gha charu ghakumupaso pulezidenti mazaza ghakuŵika mabambasada gha United States, kweniso kupereka na kudumbiskana chomene mapangano pakati pa United States na vyaru vinyake. Mapangano agha, para ghazomerezgeka na ulangizi na chivomerezgo cha Seneti ya U.S. (na mavoti gha [[Supermajority|maghanaghano ghaŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu]]), ghakuŵa ghakukaka nga ni dango la boma. Nangauli nkhani za vyakuwaro zikaŵa nyengo zose chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha maudindo gha pulezidenti, kusintha kwa tekinoloje kufuma apo Dango la Malango likakhazikiskikira kwasazgirako mazaza gha pulezidenti. Kale mabambasada ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru gha kudumbiskana mwakujiyimira paŵekha mu zina la United States, kweni sono mapulezidenti ŵakukumana nyengo zose mwakudunjika na ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake. === Mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari (Commander-in-chief) === [[File:Lincoln O-62 by Gardner, 1862-crop.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Abraham Lincoln]] wakavikilira mwakukwana [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] mu nyengo ya [[American Civil War|Nkhondo ya pa Wenenawene ya ku America]]. Pano wali (pakati) na General [[George B. McClellan]] (kumazere), ndiposo ŵasilikari ku [[Antietam National Battlefield|Antietam]], pa Okutobala 3, 1862.]] Chimoza mwa mazaza ghakuzirwa chomene gha wupu wakulongozga ni mulimo wa pulezidenti nga ni [[Powers of the president of the United States#Commander-in-chief|mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari]] wa [[United States Armed Forces|Ŵasilikari ŵa United States]]. Mazaza ghakupharazga nkhondo ghali mu mawoko gha Kongiresi mwakuyana na dango la malango, kweni pulezidenti wali na mulimo wakumalizga wakulongozga na kupangiska ndondomeko za ŵasilikari. Mlingo weneko wa mazaza agho Dango la Malango likumupa pulezidenti nga ni mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari waŵa nkhani ya kudumbirana chomene mu mdauko, apo Kongiresi nyengo zinyake yamupanga mazaza ghakuru ndipo nyengo zinyake yikayezga kuchepeska mazaza agha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/commander-in-chief-clause-ramsey-and-vladeck/clause/25 |title=Common Interpretation: Commander in Chief Clause |last1=Ramsey |first1=Michael |last2=Vladeck |first2=Stephen |website=National Constitution Center Educational Resources (some internal navigation required) |publisher=National Constitution Center |access-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> Ŵalembi ŵa Dango la Malango ŵakaphalira makora kuchepeska mazaza gha pulezidenti pa nkhani za ŵasilikari; [[Alexander Hamilton]] wakalongosora mu [[Federalist No. 69]] kuti:{{blockquote|Pulezidenti ndiyo wakwenera kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari na sitima za nkhondo za United States.{{nbsp}}... Ichi chikung'anamura waka ulongozgi ukuru na kulongozga ŵasilikari na ŵanyamata ŵa sitima za nkhondo{{nbsp}}... apo [mazaza] gha [[Monarchy of Great Britain|themba la Britain]] ghakusazgapo KUPHARAZGA nkhondo na KULENGA NA KULONGOZGA magulu gha ŵasilikari na sitima za nkhondo, vyose ivi{{nbsp}}... vikeneranga kuŵa vya wupu wakupanga malango.<ref>[[Alexander Hamilton|Hamilton, Alexander]]. [http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm ''The Federalist'' #69] (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</ref> [Mazgu ghakudidimizgika mu chakwamba.]|sign=|source=}} Mu nyengo yasono, mwakuyana na [[War Powers Resolution|Dango la Mazaza gha Nkhondo]], Kongiresi yikwenera kuzomerezga kutumizga ŵasilikari kuluta ku malo ghanyake kwa mazuŵa ghakujumpha 60, nangauli ndondomeko iyi yikuthemba pa vinthu vyakuyambiska ivyo vindagwiriskikepo ntchito, ndipo ichi chapangiska kuti yileke kugwira ntchito makora.<ref name="miller-center">{{Cite web |url=http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report |title=The National War Powers Commission Report |last1=Christopher |first1=James A. |last2=Baker, III |date=July 8, 2008 |publisher=The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126165009/http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report |archive-date=November 26, 2010 |access-date=December 15, 2010 |quote=No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report "pursuant" to these triggering provisions. }}</ref> Kweniso, Kongiresi yikupeleka mphaka ku mazaza gha pulezidenti pa ŵasilikari kwizira mu kulamulira ndalama za ŵasilikari na malango ghawo. Mapulezidenti mu mdauko ŵakambiska nyengo zinandi ndondomeko zakunjira mu nkhondo,<ref name="tws12novef">{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107101712/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |title=The Law: The President's War Powers |date=June 1, 1970 |magazine=Time |access-date=September 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="tws8nov102">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alison |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html |title=The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True |date=May 2, 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.}}</ref> kweni ŵakususka ŵayowoya kuti pakaŵa mikangano yinandi iyo mapulezidenti ŵakachitapo nkhondo kwambura kupokera chiphani chakuzomerezgeka, kusazgapo kuluta kwa ŵasilikari ŵa [[Theodore Roosevelt]] ku [[Panama]] mu 1903,<ref name="tws12novef" /> [[Korean War|Nkhondo ya Korea]],<ref name="tws12novef" /> [[Vietnam War|Nkhondo ya Vietnam]],<ref name="tws12novef" /> ndiposo kuwukira kwa [[Grenada]] mu 1983<ref name="tws8nov101">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alison |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html |title=The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True |date=May 2, 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.}}</ref> na [[Panama]] mu 1989.<ref name="tws8nov100">{{Cite news |last=Gordon |first=Michael R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article |title=U.S. troops move in Panama in effort to seize Noriega; gunfire is heard in capital |date=December 20, 1990 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.}}</ref> Nkhongono ya usilikari iyo pulezidenti wakulongozga yekha pa nyengo ya nkhondo yasintha chomene.Andrew J. Polsky, ''Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War'' (Oxford University Press, 2012) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37003 online review] [[George Washington]], pulezidenti wakwamba wa United States, wakakhazikiska mwamphamvu [[Kulongozgeka kwa ŵasilikari na ŵanthu bweka|kujilambika kwa usilikari ku mazaza gha ŵanthu bweka]]. Mu 1794, Washington wakagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono zake za mu dango la malango kuwunganya ŵasilikari ŵa [[Militia]] ŵakukwana 12,000 kuti ŵamazge [[Chiwukirano cha Whiskey|Chiwukirano cha Whiskey]], nkhondo iyo yikachitika mu [[Western Pennsylvania|Western Pennsylvania]] yakukhwaskana na ŵalimi ŵakuvwara vilwero na ŵakupanga moŵa awo ŵakakana kulipira msonkho wa pa moŵa wa mizimu. Mwakuyana na mulembi wa mdauko [[Joseph Ellis]], iyi yikaŵa "nyengo yakwamba ndiposo yimoza pera apo pulezidenti wa America uyo wakaŵa pa udindo wakalongozga ŵasilikari pa malo gha nkhondo", nangauli [[James Madison]] wakalongozga kwa kanyengo waka magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵa mfuti zikuru pakuvikilira [[Kuwotcheka kwa Washington|Washington, D.C.]], pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya 1812|Nkhondo ya 1812]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/summer12/george.cfm |title=George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief |publisher=The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation}} [[Abraham Lincoln]] wakachitanga mulimo ukuru pakunozga ndondomeko yose ya nkhondo ndiposo pa ntchito za zuŵa na zuŵa pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya pa Charu ya ku America|Nkhondo ya pa Charu ya ku America]], 1861–1865; ndipo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakamulumba chomene Lincoln chifukwa cha mahara ghake gha ndondomeko ya nkhondo ndiposo luso lwake lwakusankha na kukhozga ŵalongozgi ŵasilikari nga ni [[Ulysses S. Grant]].James M. McPherson, ''Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief'' (2009) Ulongozgi wa ntchito za zuŵa na zuŵa za ŵasilikari masiku ghano ukupika ku [[Dipatimenti ya Vyakuvikilira ya United States|Dipatimenti ya Vyakuvikilira]] ndipo kanandi ukuchitika kwizira mwa [[Mlembi wa Vyakuvikilira wa United States|Mlembi wa Vyakuvikilira]]. [[Mulongozgi wa Joint Chiefs of Staff|Mulongozgi wa Joint Chiefs of Staff]] pamoza na [[Combatant Commands|Combatant Commands]] ŵakovwira pa ulongozgi wa ntchito izi mwakuyana na Unified Command Plan (UCP) iyo yavomerezgeka na pulezidenti.{{Cite news |url=https://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398 |title=DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 |date=April 8, 2011 |work=[[United States Department of Defense]] |access-date=February 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513070316/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398 |archive-date=May 13, 2011}}{{USC|10|164}}[[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022040/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2 About the Joint Chiefs of Staff]. Retrieved February 25, 2013. == Nkhongono za vyeruzgo == {{Further|[[Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakapika chigowokero panji kulekelereka na pulezidenti wa United States|Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakapika chigowokero panji kulekelereka na pulezidenti wa United States]]}} {{Update|section|reason=The case [[Trump v. United States (2024)|Trump v. United States (2024)]]|date=July 2024}} [[File: P20220408AS-1467 (52067437977).jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Joe Biden]] pamoza na wakweruzga wa [[Khoti Likuru Chomene la United States|Khoti Likuru Chomene]] uyo wakamusankha, [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]], kweniso Wachiwiri wa Pulezidenti [[Kamala Harris]] (uyo wali kumanyuma) pamanyuma pakuti Brown Jackson wazomerezgeke na [[Senate ya United States|Senate ya United States]] mu 2022]] Pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghakusankha [[Muweruzgi wa federo wa United States|ŵeruzgi ŵa federo]], kusazgapoŵanthu mu [[Makhoti gha Chikwenu gha United States|Makhoti gha Chikwenu gha United States]] na [[Khoti Likuru la United States|Khoti Likuru la United States]]. Kweni, visankho ivi vikukhumbikwira [[Ndangaulizgi na chizomerezgo#United States|kuzomerezgeka na Senate]] pambere ŵangamba mulimo. Kupokelera chizomerezgo cha Senate chingaŵa chinthu chikuru chakususka ku ŵalongozgi awo ŵakukhumba kunyoloska makhoti gha federo kuya na maghanoghano ghawo. Para ŵakusankha ŵeruzgi mu [[Khoti la Boma la United States|makhoti gha boma gha United States]], ŵalongozgi kanandi ŵakuchindika muzgo wakale wa [[Muzgo wa Senate|muzgo wa Senate]]. Ŵalongozgi ŵangaŵaso na mazaza ghakupereka [[Chigowokero|vigowokero]] na kuchedweska chilango. [[Gerald Ford]] wakagowokera [[Richard Nixon]] mwezi umoza pamanyuma pa kwamba mulimo wake. Ŵalongozgi kanandi ŵakupereka vigowokero pafupi na para ŵakuti ŵafumepo mu udindo wawo, nga umo [[Bill Clinton]] wakagowokera [[Patty Hearst]] pa zuŵa lake laumaliro mu udindo; ichi nchakukayikiska kanandi.<ref name="tws8nov12">{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html |title=Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up' |date=December 24, 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the president was trying to shield officials for political purposes.}}</ref><ref name="tws8nov11">{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html |title=Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up' |date=December 24, 1992 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction'.{{nbsp}}... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations.}}</ref><ref name="tws8nov10">{{Cite news |last=Eisler |first=Peter |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm |title=Clinton-papers release blocked |date=March 7, 2008 |work=USA Today |access-date=November 8, 2009 |quote=Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library.}}</ref> Malango ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na mazaza gha boma ghakawoneka agho ghakuzomerezga pulezidenti kuti wachite milimo yake mwakujilongozga yekha munjila yinyake. Lakwamba ni [[Ufulu Wapadera wa Boma|ufulu wapadera wa boma]], uwo ukuzomerezga pulezidenti kuti waleke kuvumbura nkhani zauzgani izo zikachitika pakati pake nayo pakuchita milimo ya boma. George Washington ndiyo wakayambirizga kudemba ufulu uwu apo Bungwe la Congress likaŵeya kuwona vyalembo vya [[Muweruzgi Mkuru wa United States|Muweruzgi Mkuru]] [[John Jay]] kufuma ku chiwerengero cha phangano lakusuzga na [[Ufumu wa Great Britain|Great Britain]]. Nangauli chindindindi ichi chindalembeke mu Constitution panji dango linyake lililose, kuchita kwa Washington kukapangiska umboni wakwamba wa ufulu uwu. Apo Nixon wakayezga kugwiliskira ntchito ufulu wapadera wa boma kuŵa chifukwa chakukana kupeleka ukaboni uwo ukalongozgeka na Congress mu nyengo ya [[Nkhani ya Watergate|nkhani ya Watergate]], Khoti Likuru likazomerezga mu ''[[United States v. Nixon]]'', kuti ufulu wapadera wa boma ukazomerezgeka yayi mu nkhani izo pulezidenti wakayezganga kutaŵaka ku milandu yaupolisi. Apo Bill Clinton wakayezga kugwiliskira ntchito ufulu wapadera wa boma pa nkhani ya [[Nkhani ya Clinton–Lewinsky|nkhani ya Lewinsky]], Khoti Likuru likazomerezga mu ''[[Clinton v. Jones]]'', kuti ufulu uwu ungagwiliskikaso ntchito yayi mu milandu ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Milandu iyi yikakhazikiska [[Fundo Yakale|fundo yakale ya malango]] yakuti ufulu wapadera wa boma ngwaunenesko, nangauli umo ufulu uwu ukufikira nkhathomo undalongosoreke makora. Kuwonjezgapo, makhoti gha federo ghazomerezga ufulu uwu kuti ukhwaskeso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuteŵetera mu nthowa ya boma kweni ghawovwira yayi comene ku uzgani wa nthowa ya boma uwo pulezidenti wandavutikepo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html |title=Executive Privilege 101 |last=Millhiser, Ian |date=June 1, 2010 |publisher=Center for American Progress |access-date=October 8, 2010 |archive-date=June 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609224239/http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mwaŵi wakubisa vyamchindindi vya boma]] ukupeleka mazaza kwa pulezidenti na nthambi ya ulongozgi kubisa uthenga panji mabuku ku [[Discovery (law)|kufufuza kwa umboni]] mu milandu ya pa khoti usange kuwonekera kwake kungananga [[chivikiliro cha charu]]. Chiyambi cha mwaŵi uwu chikawoneka kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 apo [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakakana kupeleka mabuku gha nkhondo pa mulandu wa [[chiwembu chakugalukira boma]] wa [[Aaron Burr]], ndipo pamanyuma mu ''[[Totten v. United States]]'', apo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura mulandu uwo ukapelekeka na kazondi wakale wa Union.{{cite case |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html |title=Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan |chapter=Part III |via=FindLaw |access-date=November 29, 2010}} Ndipouli, mwaŵi uwu ukazomerezgeka mwalamulo na Khoti Likuru Chomene la United States yayi m'paka pa mulandu wa ''[[United States v. Reynolds]]'', apo ukawonekera kuti ni mwaŵi wa [[common law]] wa [[Evidence (law)|umboni]].{{Cite web |url=https://www.acslaw.org/issue_brief/briefs-2007-2011/reforming-the-state-secrets-privilege/ |title=Reforming the State Secrets Privilege |last1=Frost |first1=Amanda |last2=Florence |first2=Justin |year=2009 |publisher=[[American Constitution Society]] |access-date=November 9, 2017}} Pambere [[vigaŵa vya pa Seputembala 11]] vindachitike, kugwiliskira ntchito mwaŵi uwu kukaŵa kwakuchitika nyengo zinyake waka, kweni kukamba kwasazgikiranga chomene.{{Cite journal |last1=Weaver |first1=William G. |last2=Pallitto |first2=Robert M. |year=2005 |title=State Secrets and Executive Power |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=85–112 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x |quote=Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases represent only a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past.}} Kwambira mu 2001, boma lagwiliskira ntchito mwaŵi uwu mu milandu yinandi ndiposo pa nyengo yakwambilira ya mulandu, ndipo nyengo zinyake ichi chachitiska kuti milandu yimare pambere khoti lindafike pa fundo zikuru za madandawuro, nga umo vikawonekera pa cheruzgo cha [[Khoti la Apilu la United States la Dera la Naini|Khoti la Apilu la Dera la Naini]] mu ''[[Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.]]''.{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html |title=Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A. |date=September 8, 2010 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}}{{Cite news |last=Finn |first=Peter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html |title=Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case |date=September 9, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}} Ŵakususka mwaŵi uwu ŵakuti kugwiliskira ntchito kwake kwazgoka nthowa yakubisira milimo ya boma iyo yikaŵa yakwambura kuzomerezgeka panji yakukhozga soni.{{Cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama |title=The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position |last=Glenn Greenwald |author-link=Glenn Greenwald |date=February 10, 2009 |website=Salon |access-date=October 8, 2010}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege |title=Background on the State Secrets Privilege |date=January 31, 2007 |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |access-date=October 8, 2010}} Kasi pulezidenti wali na [[absolute immunity|chivikiliro chakukwana]] kufuma ku milandu ya pa khoti mpaka pa mlingo wuli, nkhani iyi yikususkana ndipo yakhala yikweruzgikapo mu vyeruzgo vinandi vya Khoti Likuru Chomene. ''[[Nixon v. Fitzgerald]]'' (1982) yikadumura mulandu wa boma uwo ukapelekeka ku pulezidenti wakale Richard Nixon chifukwa cha milimo yake ya pa udindo. ''[[Clinton v. Jones]]'' (1997) yikadumura kuti pulezidenti walije chivikiliro ku milandu ya boma pa milimo iyo wakachita pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti, ndipo yikadumura kuti mulandu wa kuzunura munthu pa nkhani ya kugonana ungapitilirira kwambura kuchedwa, nangauli uyo wakususkika wakaŵa pulezidenti wakukhala pa udindo. [[Lipoti la Mueller]] la 2019 pa kunjilirapo kwa Russia mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2016|visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 2016]] likalongosora ukaboni wa [[kunangiska urunji]], kweni ŵakufufuza ŵakakana kupeleka [[Donald Trump]] ku mulandu chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya [[Unduna wa Chilungamo wa United States]] yakukanizga kususka pulezidenti uyo wachali pa udindo. Lipoti ili likati kufumiska pulezidenti pa udindo na Congress kukaŵa nthowa yimoza yakumazgira suzgo ili. Kufika mu Okutobala 2019, mulandu ukaŵa uchali mu makhoti gha boma pa nkhani ya kusanga malipoti gha msonkho gha Donald Trump pa mulandu wa uheni uwo ukapelekeka na [[Loya Mukuru wa Chigaŵa cha New York]] chifukwa cha kuswa malango gha boma la New York.{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767830713/federal-judge-rules-trump-must-hand-over-8-years-of-tax-returns|title=President Trump Doesn't Need To Release His Tax Returns — For Now|website=[[NPR]]|date=October 7, 2019|access-date=April 28, 2020|last1=Brown|first1=Tanya Ballard}} Makalata gha [[Office of Legal Counsel]] agho ghakafuma mu 1973 na 2000 ghakakanizga mukati mwa Unduna wa Chilungamo kususka pulezidenti pa mulandu wa uheni, icho ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵa malango ŵakususkira kweni ŵanyake ŵakuchizomerezga.{{cite journal |last1=Prakash |first1=Saikrishna Bangalore |title=Prosecuting and Punishing Our Presidents. |journal=[[Texas Law Review]] |date=November 2021 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=55–113 |url=https://texaslawreview.org/prosecuting-and-punishing-our-presidents/ |access-date=31 March 2023 |ssrn=4039230 |id={{EBSCOhost|154035452|dbcode=a9h}}}} Pakujivikilira ku mulandu wa boma wa uheni pa [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)|ivyo wakususkikira kuti wakayezga kunangiska visola vya 2020]], mu Janyuwale 2024, Trump wakaphalira [[Khoti la Apilu la DC Circuit]] kuti pulezidenti wali na [[absolute immunity|chivikiliro chakukwana]] ku milandu ya uheni pa vinthu ivyo wachita apo wakaŵa pa udindo. Mwezi wakulondezgapo, gulu la ŵeruzgi ŵatatu la khoti ili likadumura mwakukolerana kuti Trump wakaŵavya mazaza agha. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti khoti la apilu lidumbiskane nkhani ya chivikiliro cha pulezidenti cha mtundu uwu, chifukwa pakaŵavya pulezidenti uyo wakaŵa pa udindo panji wakale uyo wakasuskikapo pa mulandu wa uheni.{{cite news |title=Federal Appeals Court Rejects Trump's Claim of Absolute Immunity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/us/politics/trump-immunity-appeals-court.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 6, 2024|author1=Alan Feuer|author2=Charlie Savage}} Mu ''[[Trump v. United States (2024)|Trump v. United States]]'', pa Julayi 1, 2024, Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura kuti mapulezidenti ŵali na [[absolute immunity|chivikiliro chakukwana]] para ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mazaza ghakuru agho ghali kulembeka mu Dango Likuru, [[presumption|kughanaghana kuti pali chivikiliro]] pa milimo yinyake ya pa udindo, kweni palije chivikiliro pa milimo ya munthu payekha iyo yikukhwaskana yayi na udindo. Mulandu uwu ukaweleraso ku makhoti ghapasi kuti ghadumbiske kuti ni milimo yili iyo yikwenera kuwoneka kuti nja pa udindo panji nja munthu payekha.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/02/presidential-immunity-trump-lawsuits|title=What does the immunity ruling mean for Trump's criminal cases?|work= The Guardian}} Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti makhoti ghapeleke pulezidenti chivikiliro ku milandu ya uheni. == Maudindo gha ulongozgi == === Mutu wa boma === {{listen|filename=Four ruffles and flourishes, hail to the chief (long version).ogg|title=Four ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)}} Nga ni [[mutu wa boma]], pulezidenti wakwimira boma la United States ku ŵanthu ŵake ndipo wakwimira charu ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose. Mwachiyelezgero, para mutu wa boma wa charu chinyake wafika pa ulendo wa boma, kanandi pulezidenti wakuchitiska [[State visits to the United States|mwambo wakupokelera mutu wa boma]] uwo ukuchitikira pa [[South Lawn (White House)|South Lawn]], mwambo uwo ukambika na [[John F. Kennedy]] mu 1961.{{Cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=James A. |url=https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo |title=Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration |last2=Rice |first2=Elaine M. |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-442-02532-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/designingcamelot0000abbo/page/9 9]–10 |url-access=registration}} Pamanyuma pake pakuchitika [[state dinner]] iyo pulezidenti wakupeleka mu [[State Dining Room of the White House|State Dining Room]] kumise.{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner |title=The White House State Dinner |website=The White House Historical Association |access-date=November 9, 2017}} [[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Woodrow Wilson]] wakuponya bola lakwamba la mwambo pa [[Opening Day]] mu 1916.]] [[File:President Bill Clinton at Buckingham Palace.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Bill Clinton]] wakuwona gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ntchindi pa [[Buckingham Palace]] pa ulendo wa boma ku United Kingdom mu 1995.]] Nga ni mulongozgi wa charu, pulezidenti wakufiska maudindo ghanandi ghambura kuŵa gha boma chomene agho ghakukhwaskana na mwambo. Mwachiyelezgero, [[William Howard Taft]] wakambiska mwambo wa kuponya [[ceremonial first pitch|bola lakwamba la mwambo]] mu 1910 pa [[Griffith Stadium]], Washington, D.C., pa [[Opening Day]] ya [[Minnesota Twins#Washington Nationals/Senators: 1901–1960|Washington Senators]]. Pulezidenti waliyose kufuma kwa Taft, kupatulapo [[Jimmy Carter]], waponya bola limoza lakwamba la mwambo pa Opening Day, pa [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]], panji pa [[World Series]], kanandi pakuŵa chikondwelero chikuru.{{Cite news |last=Duggan |first=Paul |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html |title=Balking at the First Pitch |date=April 2, 2007 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |page=A01}} Pulezidenti waliyose kufuma kwa [[Theodore Roosevelt]] waŵa pulezidenti wa ntchindi wa [[Boy Scouts of America]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf |title=History of the BSA Fact Sheet |publisher=Boy Scouts of America |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629031545/http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=November 9, 2017}} === Mutu wa chipani === [[File:President Reagan giving his acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention in Dallas Texas.jpg|alt=|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]] wakuyowoya mazgu ghake ghakuzomera kusankhika pa [[1984 Republican National Convention]].]] Kanandi pulezidenti wakuwoneka nga ni mutu ndiposo muyowoyeri wa chipani chake cha ndyali. Kufuma apo visola vya kuwoneska ŵanthu ŵakusankhika (binding primaries) vikambira mu vyaru vinandi vya boma, ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakwimilira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti kanandi ŵakuŵa na wovwiri wa ŵavoti ŵanandi ŵa chipani chawo. Pakuti Nyumba yose ya Ŵimiliri na pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vitatu cha Seneti vikusoleka pa nyengo yimoza na pulezidenti, kupunda kwa ŵakwimira chipani pa visola kanandi kukukolerana na umo wakwimira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti wachitira. [[Coattail effect]], panji kusoŵa kwake, nayo kanandi wakukhwaska ŵakwimira chipani pa visola vya boma na vya mu vigaŵa. Ndipouli, kanandi pakuŵa mphindano pakati pa pulezidenti na ŵanyake mu chipani, ndipo mapulezidenti awo ŵakutaya wovwiri ukuru wa ŵa chipani chawo mu Congress kanandi ŵakuwoneka kuti mbafoka ndiposo ŵakuchita makora yayi. Kweniso, chifukwa United States ni boma la ndondomeko ya phalamende yayi, chipani cha pulezidenti chikusoŵa kanandi unandi wa ŵimiliri mu nyumba yimoza panji zose za Congress, panji pa maudindo gha mabwanamkubwa na mu nyumba za malango za vyaru vinandi. === Mulongozgi wa pa charu chose === Na kukura kwa United States kuŵa [[superpower|charu chankhongono chomene]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ndiposo kuŵa na chuma chikuru chomene pa charu chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, kanandi pulezidenti wakuwoneka nga ni mulongozgi wa pa charu chose, ndipo nyengo zinyake nga ni munthu wa ndyali wali na nkhongono zikuru chomene pa charu. Udindo wa United States nga ni membara mukuru wa [[NATO]], ndiposo ubwezi wake wakukhora na vyaru vinyake vyasambazi panji vya demokilase nga ni ivyo vili mu [[European Union]], vyapangiska kuti pulezidenti wachemekenge kuti "[[mulongozgi wa charu cha wanangwa]]". == Ndondomeko ya kusankha == === Ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo === [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Qualifications for office|Article II, Section 1, Clause 5]] ya Dango Likuru yikulongosora vinthu vitatu ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo kuti waŵe pulezidenti. Kuti munthu waŵe pulezidenti wakwenera: waŵe [[Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)|mwenekaya wa United States mwa kubabikira]]; waŵe na vyaka vyakukwana 35 panji kujumpha; waŵe [[Residency (domicile)#United States|wakukhala mu United States]] kwa vyaka vyakukwana 14.{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii/article-ii-annenberg/interp/19 |title=Article II. The Executive Branch, Annenberg Classroom |website=The Interactive Constitution |publisher=The National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=June 15, 2018}} Munthu uyo wakufiska vyose ivyo vyalembeka pachanya wangatondeka kuŵa pulezidenti usange pali chilichose mwa ivi: Kuyana na [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 7: Judgment in cases of impeachment; Punishment on conviction|Article I, Section 3, Clause 7]], usange munthu wakafumiskika pa udindo, wakasangika na mulandu ndiposo wakakanizgika kuŵaso na udindo uliwose wa boma, nangauli pali mphindano za malango pa nkhani yakuti dango ili likukhwaska so udindo wa pulezidenti: ŵanthu pera awo ŵali kukanizgikapo kuyana na dango ili ni ŵeruzgi ŵatatu ŵa boma.{{cite web |last1=Bernstein |first1=Richard D. |title=Lots of People Are Disqualified From Becoming President |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/02/trump-disqualification-president/617908/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=March 1, 2021 |language=en |date=February 4, 2021 |quote=In addition to the list of people who are ineligible for reasons of mere demographic chance, the Constitution adds a category of people who cannot be elected as a result of their misdeeds. This category includes presidents (along with vice presidents and federal "civil officers") who are impeached, convicted by two-thirds of the Senate, and disqualified for serious misconduct committed while they were in office.}}{{cite web |last1=Wolfe |first1=Jan |title=Explainer: Impeachment or the 14th Amendment – Can Trump be barred from future office? |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-explainer-idUSKBN29I356 |website=Reuters |access-date=March 1, 2021 |language=en |date=January 14, 2021}} Kuyana na [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Participants in rebellion|Section 3 ya Amendment ya 14]], munthu waliyose uyo wakalapa kuti wavikilirenge Dango Likuru ndipo pamanyuma wakagalukira United States ngwakwenelera yayi kuŵa na udindo uliwose wa boma. Ndipouli, kukanizgika uku kungafumiskikapo na voti ya magawo ghaŵiri pa ghatatu gha nyumba yiliyose ya Congress.{{cite web|last=Moreno|first=Paul|title=Articles on Amendment XIV: Disqualification for Rebellion|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/14/essays/173/disqualification-for-rebellion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/amendments/14/essays/173/disqualification-for-rebellion|url-status=unfit|archive-date=April 21, 2012|website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=June 15, 2018}} Kweniso, pali mphindano pa nkhani yakuti dango ili, umo lili kulembekera, lingakanizga munthu kuŵa pulezidenti panji lingakhumbikwira dankha mulandu kuwaro kwa Congress, nangauli pali viyelezgero vya kugwiliskira ntchito amendment iyi pa vinthu vinyake padera pa chilato chake chakwambilira cha kukanizga [[Confederate States of America|ŵa Confederacy]] kuŵa pa maudindo gha boma pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Ŵanaŵene.{{cite web |last1=Vlamis |first1=Kelsey |title=Here's how the 14th Amendment could be used to prevent Trump from running again |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-14th-amendment-could-prevent-trump-from-office-2021-2 |website=Business Insider |access-date=March 1, 2021}} Kuyana na [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Amendment ya 22]], palije munthu wangasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti kujumpha kaŵiri. Amendment iyi yikulongosoraso kuti usange munthu wakwenerera wateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti panji pulezidenti wakuchitapo ntchito kwa vyaka vyakujumpha viŵiri vya nyengo iyo munthu munyake wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti, munthu wakwamba wangasolekaso kuŵa pulezidenti kamoza pera.{{cite journal|last1=Peabody|first1=Bruce G.|last2=Gant|first2=Scott E.|date=February 1999|title=The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment|url=http://alpha.fdu.edu/~peabody/Twice_and_Future_President.html|journal=Minnesota Law Review|volume=83|issue=3|pages=565–635|access-date=June 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115121046/http://alpha.fdu.edu/~peabody/Twice_and_Future_President.html|archive-date=January 15, 2013}}{{cite journal|last=Albert|first=Richard|title=The Evolving Vice Presidency|journal=Temple Law Review|date=Winter 2005|volume=78|issue=4|url=https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1624&context=lsfp|pages=811–896|access-date=July 31, 2018|via=Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School}} === Uteŵeti wakale === {{Main|List of presidents of the United States by other offices held|List of presidents of the United States by previous experience|List of presidents of the United States by education}} Palije chakukhumbikwa kuti pulezidenti panji ŵakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti ŵaŵepo na udindo unyake pambere ŵandanjire pa udindo panji pa nyengo yeneyiyo. Ndipouli, pulezidenti waliyose, kupatulapo Donald Trump, wali kuŵapo [[Governor (United States)|kazembe wa boma]], [[United States Senate|seneta wa United States]], [[United States House of Representatives|membara wa Congress]], [[General officers in the United States|mulara wa ŵasilikari]], panji [[Cabinet of the United States|membara wa nduna za boma]]. Ntchito iyo mapulezidenti ŵanandi ŵakachitanga ni ya muloya, pakuti ŵanalume 27 pa 45 awo ŵateŵeterapo nga ni pulezidenti ŵakaŵa maloya.International Law, US Power: The United States' Quest for Legal Security, p 10, Shirley V. Scott—2012 Mapulezidenti ŵanyake awo ŵakazakaŵa mapulezidenti ŵakaleka kusambira panji kuchita ntchito ya uloya pambere ŵandazgoke mapulezidenti. Palije nyengo iyo munthu wakakhumbikwiranga kuŵa na katundu kuti waŵe pulezidenti panji kuŵa na udindo unyake wa boma, kweni mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya republic, pakaŵa [[Property qualification#United States of America|vyakukhumbikwa vya katundu kuti munthu wavote]] panji kuti waŵe pa maudindo ghanyake agho ghakafiskanga munthu kuŵa pulezidenti, chomenechomene pa udindo wa kazembe wa boma. Pambere Nkhondo ya Ŵanaŵene yindachitike, chikaŵa chakuzara kuti mapulezidenti ŵaŵe ŵanthu ŵa katundu munandi: mapulezidenti ŵa ku North kanandi ŵakaŵa na mafamu ghachoko, apo ŵanandi ŵa ku South ŵakaŵa na minda yikuru ndiposo [[List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves|ŵazga]].{{cite news|url=https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/02/26/the-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2/|title=The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump|date=November 10, 2016|work=24/7 Wall St.|access-date=April 10, 2019|publisher=247wallst.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410142809/https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/02/26/the-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2/|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}{{cite web |last1=Whitney |first1=Gleaves |title=Slaveholding Presidents |url=https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=ask_gleaves |website=Ask Gleaves |publisher=Grand Valley State University |access-date=October 14, 2020 |ref=gvsu}} Nangauli mapulezidenti ŵanyake ŵakamanyuma ŵakafuma mu ukavu ukuru, ŵanyake, nga ni mbumba ya Roosevelt, John Kennedy, na Donald Trump, ŵakafuma mu mbumba zisambazi chomene. Ŵanalume 33 pa 45 awo ŵateŵeterapo nga ni pulezidenti, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose kwambira mu 1953 na wose kupatulapo yumoza kufuma mu 1901, ŵali kuŵa na digiri ya bachelor. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, [[Ivy League#U.S. presidents in the Ivy League|mapulezidenti 16]] ŵakasanga digiri ya Bachelor panji ya pachanya kufuma ku makoleji gha mu [[Ivy League]]. === Makampeni na kusankhika === {{Main|United States presidential primary|United States presidential nominating convention}} {{See also|United States presidential debates}} [[File:Carter Reagan Debate 10-28-80.png|thumb|Pulezidenti [[Jimmy Carter]] (kumazere) wakudumbiskana na wakwimira chipani cha Republican [[Ronald Reagan]] pa Okutobala 28, 1980, pa nyengo ya [[1980 United States presidential election|kampeni ya visola vya pulezidenti vya United States ya 1980]].]] Kampeni ya mazuŵa ghano ya pulezidenti yikwamba pambere [[United States presidential primary|visola vyakwambilira]] vindachitike, ivyo vipani viŵiri vikuru vya ndyali vikugwiliskira ntchito kupatura ŵakwimira pa visola pambere [[United States presidential nominating convention|misonkhano yawo ya kusankha wakwimira chipani]] yindachitike, uko munthu uyo wapunda chomene wakuzgoka wakwimira chipani pa visola vya pulezidenti. Kanandi, wakwimira chipani pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakusankha munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndipo chisankho ichi [[Rubber stamp (politics)|chikuzomerezgeka]] na msonkhano. Ŵakwimira pa visola ŵakuchita [[United States presidential debates|nkhani za kudumbiskana]] izo zikuwoneskeka pa TV ya charu chose, ndipo nangauli nkhani izi kanandi zikuperekeka ku ŵakwimira [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] na [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] pera, [[Third party (United States)|ŵakwimira vipani vinyake]] nawo ŵangachemeka, nga ni [[Ross Perot]] pa [[1992 United States presidential debates|nkhani za 1992]]. Ŵakwimira pa visola ŵakwendakwenda mu charu chose kulongosora maghanoghano ghawo, kukopa ŵavoti na kupempha ndalama zakwendeskera kampeni. Chigaŵa chikuru cha visola vya mazuŵa ghano chikukhwaskana na kupunda mu [[swing state|vyaru vya boma vyakusintha voti]] kwizira mu maulendo ghanandi na malonda gha pa [[mass media]]. === Visola === {{Main|United States presidential election}} {{See also|United States Electoral College}} [[File:ElectoralCollege2028.svg|thumb|293x293px|Mapu gha [[United States]] agho ghakulongora unandi wa mavoti gha Electoral College agho ghakapelekeka ku [[U.S. state|boma]] lililose na [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] pamanyuma pa [[2020 United States census]] pa visola vya pulezidenti vya 2024 na 2028. Mavoti 270 gha Electoral College ghakukhumbikwa kuti munthu waŵe na unandi pa mavoti 538 agho ghali ghose.]] Pulezidenti wakusoleka mwambura kulunjika na ŵavoti ŵa boma lililose na [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] kwizira mu Electoral College, gulu la ŵakusora ilo likupangika pa vyaka vinayi vilivyose kuti lisore pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake pa nyengo ya vyaka vinayi. Nga umo vikulembekera mu Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, boma lililose likuŵa na unandi wa ŵakusora wakuyana na unandi wa ŵimiliri ŵake mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. [[Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution|Amendment ya 23]] yikupereka kuti District of Columbia yiŵe na unandi wa ŵakusora uwo yiŵenge nayo usange yikaŵa boma, kweni yingajumphanga yayi uwo boma ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene lili nawo.{{Cite web|url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-third-amendment|title=Twenty-third Amendment|date=March 29, 1961|website=Annenberg Classroom|publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|access-date=July 30, 2018}} Sono, maboma ghose na District of Columbia ghakusankha ŵakusora ŵawo kwizira mu visola vya ŵanthu wose.{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32611.pdf|title=The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections|last=Neale|first=Thomas H.|date=May 15, 2017|website=CRS Report for Congress|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, D.C.|page=13|access-date=July 29, 2018}} Mu maboma ghose kupatulapo ghaŵiri, chipani icho [[Ticket (election)|tikiti]] yake ya pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake yapokera [[Plurality (voting)|mavoti ghanandi chomene]] mu boma, chikupokera [[Slate (elections)|gulu lose]] la ŵakusora ŵake kuŵa ŵakusora ŵa boma ilo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html|title=About the Electors|website=U.S. Electoral College|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 2, 2018}} [[Maine]] na [[Nebraska]] vikulondezga yayi ndondomeko iyi ya {{nowrap|winner-take-all}}; vikupereka ŵakusora ŵaŵiri kwa uyo wapunda mu boma lose, na yumoza kwa uyo wapunda mu [[List of United States congressional districts|dela lililose la Congress]].{{Cite web|url=http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska|title=Maine & Nebraska|publisher=FairVote|location=Takoma Park, Maryland|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041058/http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.270towin.com/content/split-electoral-votes-maine-and-nebraska/|title=Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska|website=[[270towin.com]]|access-date=August 1, 2018}} Pa Mande wakwamba pamanyuma pa Chitatu chachiŵiri cha mwezi wa Disembala, pafupifupi masabata ghankhondi na limoza pamanyuma pa visola, ŵakusora ŵakuwungana mu misumba yikuru ya maboma ghawo, na mu Washington, D.C., kuti ŵavotere pulezidenti, ndipo pa pepala linyake la voti, ŵavotere wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Kanandi ŵakuvotera ŵakwimira chipani icho chikaŵasankha. Nangauli palije dango la mu Malango Ghakuru panji la boma ilo likuŵakakamizga kuchita nthena, District of Columbia na maboma 32 ghali na malango agho ghakukhumba kuti ŵakusora ŵavotere ŵakwimira awo ŵali [[Promise|kulayizgika]] kuvotera.{{cite web |title=Faithless Elector State Laws |url=https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_elector_state_laws |website=Fair Vote |access-date=March 4, 2020 |archive-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219162610/https://www.fairvote.org/faithless_elector_state_laws |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Laws Binding Electors |url=http://presidentialelectorlaws.us |access-date=March 4, 2020}} Kuzomerezgeka kwa malango agha kukakhozgeka mu mulandu wa ''[[Chiafalo v. Washington]]'' (2020).{{Cite web|last=Howe|first=Amy|date=July 6, 2020|title=Opinion analysis: Court upholds "faithless elector" laws|url=https://www.scotusblog.com/2020/07/opinion-analysis-court-upholds-faithless-elector-laws/|access-date=July 11, 2020|website=[[SCOTUSblog]]}} Pamanyuma pa kuvota, boma lililose likutumizga mbiri yakukhozgeka ya mavoti ghake gha Electoral College ku Congress. Mavoti gha ŵakusora ghakujurika na kuŵerengeka pa ungano wakuphatikizika wa Congress uwo ukuchitika mu sabata yakwamba ya Janyuwale. Usange wakwimira pa visola wapokera [[Unandi wakukwana wa mavoti|mavoti ghanandi chomene]] gha Electoral College pa udindo wa pulezidenti, sono 270 pa 538, munthu yura wakupharazgika kuŵa wapunda. Para palije uyo wapokera mavoti agha, [[Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya United States|Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]] yikwenera kuwungana kuti yisore pulezidenti kwizira mu ndondomeko ya [[visola vyapadera]], umo ŵimiliri, awo ŵakuvota mwakuyimira boma lawo, ndipo boma lililose likupeleka voti yimoza, ŵakusankhapo pakati pa ŵanthu ''ŵatatu'' awo ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi gha Electoral College pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Kuti munthu waŵe pulezidenti, wakwimira pa visola wakwenera kupokera mavoti gha unandi wa maboma, sono 26 pa maboma 50. Mu mbiri ya charu ichi, pali visola viŵiri pera vya pulezidenti ivyo vikamara na [[visola vyapadera]]. Mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1800|visola vya 1800]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] na munyake wa chipani cha Democratic-Republican [[Aaron Burr]] ŵakapokera mavoti ghakuyana, 73–73, gha Electoral College, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pakhale visola vyapadera vyakwamba. Vikachitika mwakukolerana na ndondomeko yakwamba iyo yikakhazikiskika na [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 3: Electoral College|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 3]] ya Dango Likuru, ilo likuti usange ŵanthu ŵaŵiri panji ŵatatu ŵapokera mavoti ghanandi ndiposo ghakuyana, Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yikusankha yumoza wa iwo kuŵa pulezidenti; ndipo uyo waŵa pa malo ghachiŵiri wakuzgoka wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti.{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/80/electoral-college|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/80/electoral-college|url-status=unfit|archive-date=April 21, 2012|title=Essays on Article II: Electoral College|last=Kuroda|first=Tadahisa|website=The Heritage Guide to The Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=July 27, 2018}} Pa Febuluwale 17, 1801, Jefferson wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti pa voti ya 36, ndipo Burr wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti. Pamanyuma pake, ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika kwizira mu [[Amendment ya 12 ya Dango Likuru la United States|Amendment ya 12]] kuti yigwiliskike ntchito pa [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1804|visola vya 1804]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college|url-status=unfit|archive-date=April 21, 2012|title=Essays on Amendment XII: Electoral College|last=Fried|first=Charles|website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=February 20, 2018}} Pakati pajumpha vyaka pafupifupi 25, kusankha pulezidenti kukaweleraso ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri apo palije wakwimira pa visola uyo wakapokera [[Unandi wakukwana wa mavoti|mavoti ghanandi chomene]] gha Electoral College, 131 pa 261, mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1824|visola vya 1824]]. Kuyana na Amendment ya 12, Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yikeneranga kusankha pulezidenti pakati pa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakapokera mavoti ghanandi gha Electoral College: [[Andrew Jackson]], [[John Quincy Adams]], na [[William H. Crawford]]. Visola vyapadera ivi vyachiŵiri, ndiposo vyamumaliro mpaka sono, vikachitika pa Febuluwale 9, 1825, ndipo vikapangiska kuti John Quincy Adams wasankhike kuŵa pulezidenti pa voti yakwamba.{{Cite book|last=Boller|first=Paul F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZ_fSmFIabQC|title=Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-516716-0|edition=2nd revised|location=New York, New York|pages=36–39|access-date=August 2, 2018}} === [[Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States|Kunjira pa udindo]] === {{Main|[[Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States|Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States]]}} Kuyana na [[Amendment ya 20 ya Dango Likuru la United States|Amendment ya 20]], nyengo ya vyaka vinayi ya uteŵeti wa pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake yikwamba pa 12 koloko muhanya pa Janyuwale 20, mu chaka icho chikulondezga visola vya pulezidenti ivyo vyajumpha.{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx |title=The Twentieth Amendment |last1=Larson |first1=Edward J. |last2=Shesol |first2=Jeff |website=The Interactive Constitution |publisher=The National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=June 15, 2018}} Nyengo zakwamba za uteŵeti wa pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wake izo zikambira pa zuŵa ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti [[Kunjira pa udindo kwa pulezidenti wa United States|Zuŵa la kunjira pa udindo]], zikaŵa [[Kunjira pa udindo kwachiŵiri kwa Franklin D. Roosevelt|nyengo yachiŵiri ya uteŵeti]] wa Pulezidenti [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] na Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti [[John Nance Garner]] mu 1937.{{Cite web |url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35948?ret=True |title=The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937 |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=July 24, 2018}} Kale, Zuŵa la Kunjira pa Udindo likaŵa pa Malichi 4. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa deti ili, nyengo yakwamba ya uteŵeti (1933–37) ya ŵanalume aŵa yikachepeskeka na {{age in days|1937|1|20|1937|3|4}} mazuŵa.{{Cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2017-10-21.pdf |title=Commencement of the Terms of Office: Twentieth Amendment |website=Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation |publisher=United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=2297–98 |access-date=July 24, 2018}} Pambere wandambe kugwiliskira ntchito mazaza gha udindo wake, pulezidenti wakwenera [[Kuyowoya mwakuzomerezgeka|kuyowoya]] [[Chilapo cha udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|chilapo cha udindo wa pulezidenti]], icho chili mu [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 8: Chilapo panji kukhozgera|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 8 ya Dango Likuru]]. Ichi ndicho chigaŵa chekha cha mwambo wa kunjira pa udindo icho chikukhumbikwa na Dango Likuru: {{blockquote|Nikulapa mwakuzirwa (panji [[Kukhozgera mu malango|kukhozgera]]) kuti nichitenge mwakugomezgeka ntchito ya Udindo wa Pulezidenti wa United States, ndipo mwakukwaniska kwane, nisungenge, nivikirirenge, na kudefendera Dango Likuru la United States.{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/85/oath-of-office |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/85/oath-of-office |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Oath of Office |last=Kesavan |first=Vasan |website=The Heritage Guide to The Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 2, 2018}}}} Mapulezidenti kanandi ŵakuŵika woko limoza pa [[Baibolo|Baibolo]] apo ŵakulapa chilapo, ndipo ŵakusazgapo mazgu ghakuti "Chiuta wanovwire" paumaliro wa chilapo.{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-presidents-use-bibles-at-inaugurations |title=How Presidents use Bibles at inaugurations |last=NCC Staff |date=January 20, 2017 |website=Constitution Daily |publisher=National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014507/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-presidents-use-bibles-at-inaugurations |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/who-said-that-a-quick-history-of-the-presidential-oath |title=Who said that? A quick history of the presidential oath |last=Munson |first=Holly |date=July 12, 2011 |website=ConstitutionDaily |publisher=National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 3, 2018 |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014505/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/who-said-that-a-quick-history-of-the-presidential-oath |url-status=dead }} Nangauli chilapo ichi chingapelekeka na munthu waliyose uyo wali na mazaza gha kulolezgeka na dango kupereka vilapo, mapulezidenti kanandi ŵakulapiskika na [[Chief Justice wa United States|Chief Justice wa United States]]. == Uteŵeti pa udindo == === Malire gha nyengo ya uteŵeti === [[File:William MacKinley (1843-1901), de 25ste president van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, met naast, SFA002006258.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[William McKinley]] na munyake wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, kazembe wa boma la New York [[Theodore Roosevelt]], {{Circa|1900}}]] [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wakapunda pa visola vya pulezidenti vinayi, [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1932|1932]], [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1936|1936]], [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1940|1940]], na [[Visola vya pulezidenti vya United States vya 1944|1944]] pambere [[Amendment ya 22 ya Dango Likuru la United States|Amendment ya 22]] yindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, iyo yikakhazikiska malire gha nyengo ziŵiri za uteŵeti.]] Apo pulezidenti wakwamba, [[George Washington]], wakapharazga mu [[Mazgu ghaumaliro gha George Washington|Mazgu Ghake Ghaumaliro]] kuti wazamukwimira yayi pa nyengo yachitatu ya uteŵeti, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "nyengo ziŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wakulondezgeka pamanyuma pakuti [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakawuzomerezga pakweru mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri ya uteŵeti, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵamanyuma ŵake ŵaŵiri, [[James Madison]] na [[James Monroe]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Nangauli mwambo wa nyengo ziŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora chomene, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakapenja kusankhika pa [[Msonkhano wa Chipani cha Republican wa 1880]] kuti wakwimire pa nyengo yachitatu yakulondezgana yayi, kweni wakatondeka.{{Cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/campaigns-and-elections |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections |last=Waugh |first=Joan |date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya [[Great Depression|Suzgo Likuru la Chuma]] ndiposo pakukhwimiska wovwiri ku vyaru vya [[Allies of World War II|ŵabwezi ŵa nkhondo]] ivyo vikamenyananga na [[Axis powers|vyaru vya Axis]], Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachitatu ya uteŵeti, ndipo wakaphwanya mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma pake, apo United States yikanjilirapo kale mu [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], wakasankhikaso pa nyengo yachinayi nangauli thupi lake likafowokanga; wakafwa pa Epulero 12, 1945, mazuŵa 82 ghati ghajumphapo kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi ya uteŵeti.{{Cite web |url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-second-amendment |title=Twenty-second Amendment |website=Annenberg Classroom |publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 2, 2018}} Pakuzgora nyengo yitali iyo Roosevelt wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti, [[Amendment ya 22 ya Dango Likuru la United States|Amendment ya 22]] [[kuzomerezgeka|yikazomerezgeka]] mu 1951. Amendment iyi yikukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kujumpha kaŵiri, panji kamoza pera usange munthu yura wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti kwa vyaka vyakujumpha viŵiri (myezi 24) pa nyengo ya uteŵeti wa vyaka vinayi ya pulezidenti munyake. [[Harry S. Truman]], uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti pa nyengo iyo amendment iyi yikapelekekera ku maboma na Congress, wakafwatulika ku malire agha. Usange nthena yayi, nthena wakaŵavya mwaŵi wakwimira pa nyengo yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga dankha kupenjera, chifukwa wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose yakukhalapo ya Roosevelt ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika pa nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949. === Malo ghambura munthu pa udindo na kulondezgana pa udindo === {{Main|[[Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States]]}} Kuyana na [[Amendment ya 25 ya Dango Likuru la United States#Chigaŵa 1: Kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti|Chigaŵa 1 cha Amendment ya 25]], iyo yikazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakuzgoka pulezidenti para pulezidenti [[Mulandu wa kufumiska pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|wafumiskika pa udindo]], wafwa, panji waleka udindo. Nyifwa za mapulezidenti zachitikapo kanandi, kuleka udindo kwachitikapo kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo yayi. Pambere Amendment ya 25 yindazomerezgeke (iyo yikapambaniska makora nkhani ya kulondezgana pa udindo), [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 6: Malo ghambura munthu pa udindo na kuleka kukwaniska ntchito|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6]], yikayowoyanga waka kuti wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakutora "mazaza na milimo" ya pulezidenti para pulezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita ntchito zake.{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018}} Kuyana na ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana pa nkhani yakuti kasi wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti wakuzgoka nadi pulezidenti para udindo wasoŵa munthu, panji wakuŵa waka [[Kuchita udindo mwakanyengo|wakuchita udindo wa pulezidenti]],{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession |last=Feerick |first=John |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=December 13, 2018}} icho nthena chikapangiska kuti pachitike [[visola vyapadera]]. Pulezidenti [[William Henry Harrison]] wakati wafwa mu 1841, Wachiŵiri kwa Pulezidenti [[John Tyler]] wakapharazga kuti walondezga udindo wose wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala ghose agho ghakalembekanga kwa "Pulezidenti Wakuchita Udindo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomerezga fundo yake. == Umulongozgi mu udindo == === Malire gha nyengo ya udindo === [[File:William MacKinley (1843-1901), de 25ste president van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, met naast, SFA002006258.jpg|thumb|Pulezidenti [[William McKinley]] na munyake uyo wakapikanga nayo pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kazembe wa New York [[Theodore Roosevelt]], {{Circa|1900}}]] [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wakathereska visola vinayi vya [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States|pulezidenti]] mu [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 1932|1932]], [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 1936|1936]], [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 1940|1940]], na [[Visola vya pulezidenti wa United States vya 1944|1944]] pambere [[Sintho la nambara 22 la Dango Likuru la United States|Sintho la nambara 22]] lindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, ilo likakhazikiska mphaka wa maudindo ghaŵiri.]] Apo pulezidenti wakwamba, [[George Washington]], wakapharazga mu [[Mazgu gha George Washington pakulekana na udindo|Mazgu ghake ghakulekana na udindo]] kuti walekenge kupikaso pa nyengo yachitatu, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "maudindo ghaŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wakulondezgeka pamanyuma pakuti [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakawovwira pakweru fundo iyi mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri awo ŵakamulondezga, [[James Madison]] na [[James Monroe]].{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Nangauli mwambo wa maudindo ghaŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakapenja kusankhika pa [[Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 1880|Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 1880]] kuti wapike pa nyengo yachitatu yambura kulondezgana, kweni wakatondeka.{{Cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/campaigns-and-elections |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections |last=Waugh |first=Joan |date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya [[Great Depression]] ndipo wakakhumbanga kovwira [[Ŵabwezi ŵa United States mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose|ŵabwezi ŵa United States]] awo ŵakarwanga nkhondo na [[Mphara za Axis|ŵa Axis]], Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhika pa nyengo yachitatu, kuphwanya mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma, apo United States yikachitanga [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]], wakasankhikaso nangauli thupi lake likamba kufoka; wakafwa pa Epulero 12, 1945, mazuŵa 82 kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi.{{Cite web |url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-second-amendment |title=Twenty-second Amendment |website=Annenberg Classroom |publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 2, 2018}} Pakuzgora utali wakuluska wa ulamuliro wa Roosevelt, [[Sintho la nambara 22 la Dango Likuru la United States|Sintho la nambara 22]] likazomerezgeka mu 1951. Sintho ili likukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti kaŵiri kuluska, panji kamoza pera usange munthu yura wakateŵetera nga ni pulezidenti kwa vyaka vyakuluska viŵiri (myezi 24) vya nyengo ya pulezidenti munyake. [[Harry S. Truman]], uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti pa nyengo iyo Sintho ili likatumizgikira ku vyaru na Congress, wakafwatulika ku malire agha. Usange nthena wakafwatulikapo yayi, nthena wakatondekanga kupika pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga pachoko waka, pakuti wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose ya Roosevelt yakusazgikira ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika ku nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949. === Malo ghambura munthu na kulondezgana pa udindo === {{Main|[[Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States]]}} Pasi pa [[Sintho la nambara 25 la Dango Likuru la United States#Chigaŵa 1: Kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti|Chigaŵa 1 cha Sintho la nambara 25]], ilo likazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakuŵa pulezidenti para pulezidenti [[Mulandu wa kufumiskapo pa udindo wa boma ku United States|wafumiskika pa udindo]], wafwa, panji waleka ntchito. Nyifwa zachitika kanandi, kuleka ntchito kwachitika kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo. Pambere Sintho la nambara 25 lindazomerezgeke (ilo likalongosora makora nkhani ya kulondezgana pa udindo), [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 6: Malo ghambura munthu na kuleka kutondeka kuchita ntchito|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6]], yikayowoya waka kuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakupokera "mazaza na milimo" ya pulezidenti para pulezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka ntchito, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yake.{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018}} Pasi pa ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana pa nkhani yakuti kasi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti waŵenge nadi pulezidenti para malo ghaba ghambura munthu, panji waŵenge waka [[Kuchita ntchito ya munyake mu dango|wakuchita ntchito nga ni pulezidenti]],{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession |last=Feerick |first=John |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=December 13, 2018}} ndipo ichi nthena chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Visola vyapadera|visola vyapadera]]. Pulezidenti [[William Henry Harrison]] wakati wafwa mu 1841, Wachiŵiri wa Pulezidenti [[John Tyler]] wakapharazga kuti walondezga udindo wose wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala agho ghakalembekanga ku "Pulezidenti Wakuchita Milimo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomera fundo yake. Para pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵalije wose, Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6 nayo yikupaso mazaza ku Congress kuti yidumbe uyo waŵenge wakuchita ntchito ya pulezidenti para "Pulezidenti na Wachiŵiri wa Pulezidenti ŵafumiskika pa udindo, ŵafwa, ŵaleka ntchito, panji ŵatondeka kuchita milimo yawo". [[Dango la Kulondezgana pa Udindo wa Pulezidenti la 1947]] (ilo lili mu 3 U.S.C. § 19) likuti usange pulezidenti na wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵafumapo pa udindo panji ŵangateŵetera yayi mu nyengo yawo ya udindo, [[Ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti wa United States|ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa pulezidenti]] yikulondezga nthowa iyi: wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri, ndipo usange pakukhumbikwa, pulezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate, ndipo usange pakukhumbikwaso, ŵalongozgi ŵakwenelera ŵa [[Madipatimenti gha boma la United States|madipatimenti gha boma]] awo ŵakupanga [[Kabineti ya United States|Kabineti]] ya pulezidenti.{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/us/succession-presidential-and-vice-presidential-fast-facts/index.html |title=Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=July 19, 2018 |website=CNN}} Kabineti sono yili na ŵanthu 15, ndipo mulembi wa vya kuwaro ndiyo wali pakwamba pa mzere wa kulondezgana pa udindo. Ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵa Kabineti ŵakulondezga mwakulondezgana na nyengo iyo dipatimenti yawo, panji dipatimenti iyo yikaluta m'malo mwa yawo, yikapangikira. Ŵanthu awo Dango Likuru likuŵazomerezga yayi kusankhika kuŵa pulezidenti nawo ŵakukanizgika kupokera mazaza na milimo ya pulezidenti kwizira mu kulondezgana pa udindo. Pakaŵavya munthu wakudumbika na dango uyo wali kuchitapo ntchito ya pulezidenti. === Kupharazga kuleka kukwaniska kuchita ntchito === {{Main|[[Sintho la nambara 25 la Dango Likuru la United States]]}} Pasi pa Sintho la nambara 25, pulezidenti wangasamuskira kwa kanyengo mazaza na milimo yake kwa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, uyo pamanyuma wakuŵa [[Pulezidenti wakuchita milimo wa United States|pulezidenti wakuchita milimo]], para watumizga kalata ku [[Wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya United States|wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]] na [[Pulezidenti pro tempore wa Senate ya United States|pulezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate]] yakuyowoya kuti wangakwaniska yayi kuchita milimo yake. Pulezidenti wakupokeraso mazaza ghake para watumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakuyowoya kuti wangachitaso ntchito zake. Nthowa iyi yagwiliskirika ntchito na [[Ronald Reagan]] (kamoza), [[George W. Bush]] (kaŵiri), na [[Joe Biden]] (kamoza), wose pambere ŵandachite opaleshoni.{{cite news| last=Olsen| first=Jillian| title=How many other vice presidents have temporarily taken over presidential powers?| date=November 19, 2021| url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/history/presidential-transfer-of-power-biden-bush-reagan/67-17f1fa96-f44a-4050-a53c-593f55e4949f| publisher=[[WTSP]]| location=St. Petersburg, Florida| access-date=May 11, 2022}}{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kate|title=For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power|date=November 19, 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=November 19, 2021}} Sintho la nambara 25 likupangaso kuti wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, pamoza na ŵanandi mwa ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa [[Kabineti ya United States|Kabineti]], wasamuske mazaza na milimo ya pulezidenti kwa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti para ŵatumizga kalata yakulembeka ku wakulongozga wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri na pulezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate, yakuyowoya kuti pulezidenti wangakwaniska yayi kuchita mazaza na milimo yake. Usange pulezidenti pamanyuma wayowoya kuti kuleka kukwaniska uku kulije, wakupokeraso mazaza ghake, kweni usange wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na Kabineti ŵatumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakuyowoya kuti pulezidenti wangakwaniska yayi, Congress ndiyo yikusankha nkhani iyi. Kuti mazaza gha pulezidenti ghafumiskike, pakukhumbikwa mavoti gha magawo ghaŵiri pa vitatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. === Kufumiskika pa udindo === {{Main|[[Mndandanda wa vyakuyesera kufumiska ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States pa udindo|Mndandanda wa vyakuyesera kufumiska ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States pa udindo]]|[[Kufumiska pa udindo wa boma ku United States]]|[[Mulandu wa kufumiska pa udindo wa boma ku United States]]}} [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Chigaŵa 4: Kufumiska pa udindo|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 4]] ya Dango Likuru yikuzomerezga kuti ŵalongozgi ŵakuru ŵa boma, kusazgapo pulezidenti, ŵafumiskike pa udindo chifukwa cha "[[kupandukira charu]], [[kupokera viwongo]], panji [[milandu yikuru na viheni vikuru]]". [[Nkhani Yakwamba ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 5: Wakulongozga na ŵalara ŵanyake; kufumiska pa udindo|Nkhani I, Chigaŵa 2, Ndime 5]] yikupereka mazaza ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri kuti yichite nga ni "[[juri yikuru]]" yakuti yisuske ŵalara aŵa na voti ya ŵanandi.{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article I: Impeachment |last=Presser |first=Stephen B. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}} [[Nkhani Yakwamba ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 6: Milandu ya kufumiska pa udindo|Nkhani I, Chigaŵa 3, Ndime 6]] yikupereka mazaza ku Senate kuti yichite nga ni [[khoti]], ndipo yingafumiska pa udindo ŵalara awo ŵasangika na mulandu para ŵavotera na ŵanandi ŵakukwana magawo ghaŵiri pa vitatu.{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article I: Trial of Impeachment |last=Gerhardt |first=Michael J. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}} Ŵapulezidenti ŵatatu ŵasuskika na Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri: Andrew Johnson mu [[Kufumiska Andrew Johnson pa udindo|1868]], Bill Clinton mu [[Kufumiska Bill Clinton pa udindo|1998]], na Donald Trump mu [[Kufumiska Donald Trump pa udindo kakwamba|2019]] na [[Kufumiska Donald Trump pa udindo kachiŵiri|2021]]. Palije nanga njumoza uyo wakasangika na mulandu na Senate. [[Komiti ya Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya United States ya vya Malango|Komiti ya Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya vya Malango]] yikachita kafukufuku wa kufumiska Richard Nixon pa udindo mu [[Ndondomeko ya kufumiska Richard Nixon pa udindo|1973–74]] ndipo yikapeleka nkhani zitatu za kufumiska pa udindo ku Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri kuti yichitepo kanthu. Kweni wakaleka ntchito pambere Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri yindavotepo pa nkhani izi. === Kulekeska mazaza === Vinthu vyakususkana navyo vichitikirapo nyengo zinyake kwambura kufika pa kumufumiska pulezidenti pa udindo kuti ŵamazge nkharo yake yakuwoneka nga njambura kupwelera panji chifukwa cha kuleka kukwaniska kuchita ntchito kwa nyengo yitali. Nyengo zinyake, ŵantchito ŵakuleka dala kupeleka mauthenga kwa pulezidenti panji kufuma kwa iyo, kanandi kuti ŵaleke kuchita panji kovwira pulezidenti kulemba malango ghanyake. Ivi vyachitika kufuma apo Mulara wa Ŵantchito ŵa [[Richard Nixon]] wakatondeka kutumizga malango ku Kabineti chifukwa cha kumwa chomene kwa pulezidenti, mpaka apo ŵantchito ŵakafumyapo mapepala pa desiki la [[Donald Trump]].{{cite book |author=David Priess |title=How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-1541788206 |chapter=2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates}} Vyaka vinandi pambere [[Sintho la nambara 25 la Dango Likuru la United States|Sintho la nambara 25]] lindazomerezgeke, mu 1919, Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakadwala [[Ulongozgi wa Woodrow Wilson#Kuleka kukwaniska kuchita ntchito, 1919–1921|sitiroko]] iyo yikamulekeska kuchita milimo yinyake. Muwoli wake wakwamba, [[Edith Wilson]], wakabisa nkhani iyi kwa nyengo ku ŵanthu, ndipo mwakususkana, [[Edith Wilson#Udindo ukuru pamanyuma pa sitiroko ya mfumu wake|wakaŵa yekha munthu wakuzomerezga ŵanthu kufika kwa pulezidenti]] (kupatulako dokotala wake), wakamovwiranga na mapepala na kusankha ivyo vikaŵa "vyakuzirwa" kuti vimanyiskike kwa iyo.{{cite book |author=David Priess |title=How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-1541788206 |chapter=2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates}} === Malipiro === {| class="wikitable floatright" ; margin-right:2em" |- ! colspan="3" |Mbiri ya malipiro gha pulezidenti |- ! Chakachakakhazikiskikira !! Malipiro !! Malipiro mu{{Inflation/year|US}} USD |- | 1789 || style="text-align:right;"| $25,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|25000|1789|fmt=c}} |- | 1873 || style="text-align:right;"| $50,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|50000|1873|fmt=c}} |- | 1909 || style="text-align:right;"| $75,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|75000|1909|fmt=c}} |- | 1949 || style="text-align:right;"| $100,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|100000|1949|fmt=c}} |- | 1969 || style="text-align:right;"| $200,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|200000|1969|fmt=c}} |- | 2001 || style="text-align:right;"| $400,000 || style="text-align:right;"|${{Inflation|US|400000|2001|fmt=c}} |- ! colspan="3" | Malo ghakufumira:{{Cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~graceyor/govdocs/fedprssal.html|title=Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites|website=Data from Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Presidency|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=July 31, 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/index.php|title=Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present|last=Williamson|first=Samuel H.|publisher=MeasuringWorth|access-date=July 31, 2020}}{{inflation/fn|US}} |} Kwambira mu 2001, malipiro gha chaka gha pulezidenti ghakhala $400,000, pamoza na ndalama za vyakugwiliskira ntchito zakukwana $50,000; akaunti yambura msonkho ya ndalama zakwendera ya $100,000; na akaunti ya ndalama zakuchitira mphwando ya $19,000{{clarify|date=August 2022}}. Malipiro gha pulezidenti ghakukhazikiskika na Congress, ndipo pasi pa [[Nkhani Yachiŵiri ya Dango Likuru la United States#Ndime 7: Malipiro|Nkhani II, Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 7]] ya Dango Likuru, kusazgirako panji kuchepeskako malipiro gha pulezidenti kungamba yayi kugwira ntchito pambere nyengo yakulondezgapo ya pulezidenti yindambe.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidential-pay-and-compensation-3322194|title=Presidential Pay and Compensation|last=Longley|first=Robert|date=September 1, 2017|publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]|access-date=July 31, 2018}} === Malo ghakukhala === {{for-multi|malo ghakukhala gha boma agho Pulezidenti Washington wakakhalanga|[[Ulongozgi wa George Washington#Malo ghakukhala|Ulongozgi wa George Washington § Malo ghakukhala]]|malo ghakukhala gha munthu yekha gha ŵapulezidenti ŵakupambanapambana ŵa United States|[[Mndandanda wa malo ghakukhala gha ŵapulezidenti ŵa United States]]}} [[Malo Ghakukhala gha Executive]] gha [[White House]] ku [[Washington, D.C.]], ndigho [[malo ghakukhala gha boma]] gha pulezidenti. Malo agha ghakasankhika na George Washington, ndipo libwe lakwamba la maziko likayikika mu 1792. Pulezidenti waliyose kwambira [[John Adams]] mu 1800 wakhalapo penepapo. Mu nyengo zakupambanapambana za mbiri ya United States, nyumba iyi yikamanyikwanga kuti "Nyumba ya Pulezidenti", "Nyumba ya Mlongozgi", na "Nyumba ya Executive". Theodore Roosevelt ndiyo wakapeleka zina lakuti White House mwalamulo mu 1901.{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-white-house/|title=The White House Building|website=[[White House|whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}} Boma la federal ndilo likulipira vyakurya vya pa mphwando za boma na milimo yinyake ya boma, kweni pulezidenti yekha ndiyo wakulipira ndalama za kulongoska vyakuvwara, vyakurya vya mbumba yake, na vya ŵalendo ŵake.{{Cite magazine|last=Bulmiller|first=Elisabeth|date=January 2009|title=Inside the Presidency: Few outsiders ever see the President's private enclave|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714224047/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2018|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 3, 2018}} [[Camp David]], ilo mwalamulo likuchemeka Naval Support Facility Thurmont, ni msasa wa ŵasilikari uwo uli mu mapiri mu [[Frederick County, Maryland]]. Ni malo gha pulezidenti ghakupumulirako ku mizi. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha mtende na kupumura, ndipo ghagwiliskirika ntchito chomene kwambira m'ma 1940 pakupokelera ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake.{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/camp-david/|title=The White House Building|website=[[White House|whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}} == Kukhala pa Udindo == === Malire gha nyengo ya uteŵeti === [[File:William MacKinley (1843-1901), de 25ste president van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika, met naast, SFA002006258.jpg|thumb|Purezidenti [[William McKinley]] na munyake wake wakuphalirika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti, kazembe wa New York [[Theodore Roosevelt]], {{Circa|1900}}]] [[File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] wakathereska ma [[chisankho cha purezidenti wa United States|chisankho cha purezidenti]] vinayi, mu [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]], [[1936 United States presidential election|1936]], [[1940 United States presidential election|1940]], na [[1944 United States presidential election|1944]], pambere [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sintho la Malango la 22]] lindambe kugwira ntchito mu 1951, ilo likakhazikiska mphaka wa nyengo ziŵiri za uteŵeti.]] Apo purezidenti wakwamba, [[George Washington]], wakapharazga mu [[George Washington's Farewell Address|mazgu ghake gha kupatura pa udindo]] kuti wangalutilira yayi kuphalirika nyengo yachitatu, wakakhazikiska mwambo wa "nyengo ziŵiri pera". Mwambo uwu ukazgoka mwambo wa boma apo [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakawovwira fundo iyi pakweru mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri, nga umo ŵakachitira ŵalondezgani ŵake ŵaŵiri, [[James Madison]] na [[James Monroe]].<ref name="TermsTenure">{{Cite web |url=http://www.whitehousetransitionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Terms-Tenure_101909-1.pdf |title=Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change |last=Neale |first=Thomas H. |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Nangauli mwambo wa kuteŵetera nyengo ziŵiri ukaŵa wakukhora, [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakapenja kusankhika pa [[1880 Republican National Convention|Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 1880]] kuti waphalirikeso nyengo yachitatu yakulondezgana yayi, kweni wakatondeka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/campaigns-and-elections |title=Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections |last=Waugh |first=Joan |date=October 4, 2016 |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Mu 1940, pamanyuma pakulongozga charu mu nyengo ya [[Great Depression]] ndipo wakakhazikika pa kovwira ŵabwezi ŵa United States pa nkhondo na [[Axis powers]], Franklin Roosevelt wakasankhikaso ku nyengo yachitatu, kuswa mwambo uwo ukaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Vyaka vinayi pamanyuma pake, apo United States yikachitanga nkhondo mu [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], wakasankhikaso nangauli thupi lake likalutilira kufoka; wakafwa mazuŵa 82 kufuma apo wakambira nyengo yake yachinayi pa Epulero 12, 1945.<ref name="22ndAPPC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-second-amendment |title=Twenty-second Amendment |website=Annenberg Classroom |publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> Pakuzgora uteŵeti utali wakuluska wa Roosevelt, [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sintho la Malango la 22]] likazomerezgeka mu 1951. Sintho ili likukanizga munthu waliyose kusankhika kuŵa purezidenti kanandi kuluska kaŵiri, panji kamoza pera usange wakateŵetera kujumpha vyaka viŵiri (myezi 24) ya nyengo ya vyaka vinayi ya purezidenti munyake. [[Harry S. Truman]], uyo wakaŵa purezidenti pa nyengo iyo sintho ili likatumizgikira ku maboma na Congress, wakafumiskikapo pa malire agha. Usange mphakawavyenge kulekeskeka uku, mphanyi wakazomerezgekanga yayi kuphalirikaso ku nyengo yachiŵiri yakukwana mu 1952, iyo wakayezga mwachoko kuyipenja, chifukwa wakateŵetera pafupifupi nyengo yose yakukhalako ya Roosevelt ya 1945–1949 ndipo wakasankhika ku nyengo yakukwana ya vyaka vinayi iyo yikambira mu 1949.<ref name=22ndAPPC /> === Malo ghambura munthu pa udindo na kulondezgana === {{Main|United States presidential line of succession}} Mwakuyana na [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 1: Presidential succession|Gawo 1 la Sintho la Malango la 25]], ilo likazomerezgeka mu 1967, wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wakuŵa purezidenti para purezidenti wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, panji waleka yekha. Kufwa kwa purezidenti kwachitika kanandi, kuleka udindo kwachitika kamoza pera, ndipo kufumiskika pa udindo kundachitikepo. Pambere Sintho la Malango la 25 lindazomerezgeke (ilo likalongosora makora nkhani ya kulondezgana), [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 6: Vacancy and disability|Article II, Section 1, Clause 6]] likati waka wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti wakutora "nkhongono na milimo" ya purezidenti para wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yake.<ref name="FordhamLaw2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feerick |first=John D. |date=2011 |title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |location=New York City |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=907–949 |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref> Mwakuyana na ndime iyi, pakaŵa kususkana usange wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti waŵenge purezidenti nadi para malo ghakhala ghawaka, panji waŵenge waka [[Acting (law)|wakuchita milimo]] ya purezidenti,<ref name="ArticleIIessays">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession |last=Feerick |first=John |website=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=December 13, 2018}}</ref> ndipo ichi mphanyi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[chisankho chapadera]]. Pamasinda pakufwa kwa Purezidenti [[William Henry Harrison]] mu 1841, Wachiŵiri kwa Purezidenti [[John Tyler]] wakapharazga kuti wali kunjira mu udindo uwu wekha, ndipo wakakana kupokera mapepala agho ghakalembekera "Purezidenti Wakuchita Milimo". Pamanyuma pake, Congress yikazomerezga fundo iyi. Usange malo gha purezidenti na gha wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti ghose ghawaka pa nyengo yimoza, Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 yikovwiraso Congress nkhongono zakulongosora uyo waŵenge wakuchita milimo ya purezidenti para purezidenti na wachiŵiri wake wafumiskika pa udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kuchita milimo yawo.<ref name=ArticleIIessays /> [[Presidential Succession Act]] ya 1947 (iyo yili kulembeka mu 3 U.S.C. § 19) yikulongora kuti usange purezidenti na wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti ŵafumapo pa udindo panji ŵaleka kutondeka kuteŵetera mu nyengo yawo, [[United States presidential line of succession|ndondomeko ya kulondezgana pa udindo wa purezidenti]] yikulondezgana nthena: [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri]], ndipo usange ntchakukhumbikwa, [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|purezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate]], ndipo usange ntchakukhumbikwiraso, ŵalongozgi ŵakwenelera ŵa [[United States federal executive departments|madipatimenti gha boma]] agho ghakupanga [[Cabinet of the United States|Kabineti]] ya purezidenti.<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/27/us/succession-presidential-and-vice-presidential-fast-facts/index.html |title=Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts |date=October 24, 2017 |access-date=July 19, 2018 |website=CNN}}</ref> Kabineti sono yili na ŵanthu 15, ndipo nduna ya vya kuwaro ndiyo yili pa malo ghakwamba mu mzere wa kulondezgana. Nduna zinyake zikulondezgana mwakuyana na nyengo iyo dipatimenti yawo, panji dipatimenti iyo yikazgoka yawo, yikapangikira. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukanizgika na Dango Likuru kusankhika kuŵa purezidenti nawo ŵakukanizgika kutora nkhongono na milimo ya purezidenti kwizira mu kulondezgana. Palije munthu uyo wakulongosoreka na dango uyo wali kuchitapo milimo ya purezidenti chifukwa cha ndondomeko iyi.<ref name="cnn.com"/> === Kuphara kuti watondeka kuchita milimo === {{Main|Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution}} Mwakuyana na Sintho la Malango la 25, purezidenti wangapeleka nkhongono na milimo yake kwa wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti kwa nyengo yichoko waka, uyo pamanyuma wakuŵa [[Acting president of the United States|purezidenti wakuchita milimo]], para watumizga kalata kwa [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri]] na [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|purezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate]] yakulongora kuti watondeka kuchita milimo yake. Purezidenti wakuweleraso ku nkhongono zake para watumizga kalata yachiŵiri yakulongora kuti sono wangachitaso milimo yake. Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiliskirika ntchito na [[Ronald Reagan]] (kamoza), [[George W. Bush]] (kaŵiri), na [[Joe Biden]] (kamoza), wose ŵakanozgekanga kuchita opareshoni.<ref>{{cite news| last=Olsen| first=Jillian| title=How many other vice presidents have temporarily taken over presidential powers?| date=November 19, 2021| url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/news/history/presidential-transfer-of-power-biden-bush-reagan/67-17f1fa96-f44a-4050-a53c-593f55e4949f| publisher=[[WTSP]]| location=St. Petersburg, Florida| access-date=May 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kate|title=For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power|date=November 19, 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=November 19, 2021}}</ref> Sintho la Malango la 25 likulongoraso kuti wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti, pamoza na ŵanandi mwa ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa [[Cabinet of the United States|Kabineti]], wangatora nkhongono na milimo ya purezidenti mwa kutumizga chikalata chakulembeka kwa Speaker wa Nyumba ya Wimiliri na purezidenti ''pro tempore'' wa Senate, chakulongora kuti purezidenti watondeka kuchita milimo yake. Usange pamanyuma purezidenti wakuti palije kutondeka kulikose, wakuweleraso ku nkhongono zake, kwambura kuti wachiŵiri kwa purezidenti na Kabineti ŵatumizge chikalata chachiŵiri chakulongora kuti watondeka. Para vyachitika nthena, Congress ndiyo yikusankha nkhani iyi. Kuti purezidenti watoreke nkhongono zake, pakukhumbikwa voti ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. === Kufumiskika pa udindo === {{Main|List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States|Federal impeachment in the United States|Federal impeachment trial in the United States}} [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 4: Impeachment|Article II, Section 4]] ya Dango Likuru yikovwira kufumiska pa udindo ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma, kusazgapo purezidenti, chifukwa cha "[[treason|kupandukira charu]], [[bribery|kupokera vimbundi]], panji [[high crimes and misdemeanors|milandu yikuru na viheni vikuru]]". [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Speaker and other officers; Impeachment|Article I, Section 2, Clause 5]] yikovwira Nyumba ya Wimiliri kuchita nga ni [[grand jury]], ndipo yili na nkhongono zakwambiska mulandu wa impeachment na voti ya ŵanandi.<ref name="A1essaySBP">{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article I: Impeachment |last=Presser |first=Stephen B. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 6: Trial of Impeachments|Article I, Section 3, Clause 6]] yikovwira Senate kuchita nga ni [[court|khoti]] ilo lili na nkhongono zakufumiska pa udindo ŵanthu awo ŵasangika na mulandu wa impeachment, na voti ya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/17/trial-of-impeachment |url-status=unfit |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |title=Essays on Article I: Trial of Impeachment |last=Gerhardt |first=Michael J. |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Apurezidenti ŵatatu ŵali kupika mulandu wa impeachment na Nyumba ya Wimiliri: Andrew Johnson mu [[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson|1868]], Bill Clinton mu [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|1998]], na Donald Trump mu [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|2019]] na [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|2021]]. Palije nanga njumoza uyo wakasangika na mulandu mu Senate. [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|Komiti ya Vyamalango ya Nyumba ya Wimiliri]] yikachita kufufuza kwa impeachment pa Richard Nixon mu [[Impeachment process against Richard Nixon|1973–74]] ndipo yikapeleka nkhani zitatu za impeachment ku Nyumba ya Wimiliri kuti yivoterenge. Kweni wakaleka udindo pambere Nyumba yindavotere pa nkhani izi.<ref name=A1essaySBP /> === Kulekeska nkhongono za purezidenti mwa nthowa zinyake === Nthowa zakususkana zinyake zili kugwiliskirika ntchito, kwambura kufumiska purezidenti pa udindo, kuti ŵachitepo kanthu pa purezidenti uyo wakuwoneka kuŵa wakupusa panji uyo wali na suzgo la nyengo yitali. Mu vinyake, ŵantchito ŵakakana dala kupeleka mauthenga ku purezidenti panji kufumira kwa iyo, kanandi kuti ŵalekeske kuchita panji kukhozgera malango agho purezidenti wakakhumbanga kulemba. Ivi vikachitika kufuma pa apo Chief of Staff wa [[Richard Nixon]] wakatondeka kutumizga malango ku Kabineti chifukwa cha kumwa chomene kwa purezidenti, m'paka apo ŵantchito ŵakafumiskanga memos pa desiki la [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite book |author=David Priess |title=How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-1541788206 |chapter=2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates}}</ref> Vyaka vinandi pambere Sintho la Malango la 25 lindachitike, mu 1919, Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakapwetekeka na [[Presidency of Woodrow Wilson#Incapacity, 1919–1921|stroke]] iyo yikamulemesa pachoko. Mwanakazi wake, [[Edith Wilson]], wakabisa nkhani iyi kwa nyengo yinyake, ndipo mwakususkana wakazgoka [[Edith Wilson#Increased role after husband's stroke|munthu yekha wakuzomerezga ŵanthu kufika kwa purezidenti]] (kupatulako dokotala wake), wakamovwiranga na mapepala ndipo wakasankhanga uthenga uwo wakaŵa "wakukhumbikwa" kuti ulongoreke kwa iyo. === Malipiro === {| class="wikitable floatright" ; margin-right:2em" |- ! colspan="3" |Mbiri ya malipiro gha purezidenti |- ! Chaka !! Malipiro !! Malipiro mu<br />{{Inflation/year|US}} USD |- | 1789 || style="text-align:right;"| $25,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|25000|1789|fmt=c}} |- | 1873 || style="text-align:right;"| $50,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|50000|1873|fmt=c}} |- | 1909 || style="text-align:right;"| $75,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|75000|1909|fmt=c}} |- | 1949 || style="text-align:right;"| $100,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|100000|1949|fmt=c}} |- | 1969 || style="text-align:right;"| $200,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|200000|1969|fmt=c}} |- | 2001 || style="text-align:right;"| $400,000 || style="text-align:right;"| ${{Inflation|US|400000|2001|fmt=c}} |- ! colspan="3" | Vyakufumira:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~graceyor/govdocs/fedprssal.html|title=Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites|website=Data from Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Presidency|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/index.php|title=Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present|last=Williamson|first=Samuel H.|publisher=MeasuringWorth|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref>{{inflation/fn|US}} |} Kufuma mu 2001, malipiro gha chaka gha purezidenti ni $400,000, pamoza na ndalama za vyakugwiliskira ntchito zakukwana $50,000; akaunti ya ulendo ya $100,000 yambura msonkho; na akaunti ya kulandilirako ŵalendo ya $19,000. Malipiro gha purezidenti ghakukhazikiskika na Congress, ndipo mwakuyana na [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 7: Salary|Article II, Section 1, Clause 7]] ya Dango Likuru, kusazgirako panji kuchepeskako malipiro gha purezidenti kungamba yayi kugwira ntchito pambere nyengo yakulondezgako ya purezidenti yindambe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/presidential-pay-and-compensation-3322194|title=Presidential Pay and Compensation|last=Longley|first=Robert|date=September 1, 2017|publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref><ref name="cnbc"/> === Malo ghakukhala === {{for-multi|the official residences in which President Washington resided|Presidency of George Washington#Residences|the private residences of the various U.S. presidents|List of residences of presidents of the United States}} [[Executive Residence]] ya [[White House]] mu [[Washington, D.C.]], ndiyo [[malo ghakukhala gha boma]] gha purezidenti. Malo agha ghakasankhika na George Washington, ndipo libwe lakwamba likayikika mu 1792. Purezidenti waliyose kufuma pa John Adams mu 1800 wakhalapo penepapo. Pa nyengo zakupambanapambana mu mbiri ya United States, nyumba iyi yikachemekanga "President's Palace", "President's House", na "Executive Mansion". Theodore Roosevelt ndiyo wakapeleka zina lakuti White House mu 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-white-house/|title=The White House Building|website=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> Boma la federali ndilo likulipira chakurya cha boma na vyakuchitika vinyake vya boma, kweni purezidenti yekha ndiyo wakulipira vyakurya vyake, vya banja lake, vya ŵalendo ŵake, kweniso kuwuska malaya ghake.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Bulmiller|first=Elisabeth|date=January 2009|title=Inside the Presidency: Few outsiders ever see the President's private enclave|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714224047/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2009/01/president/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2018|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> [[Camp David]], ilo likumanyikwa mwaboma kuti Naval Support Facility Thurmont, ni msasa wa nkhondo wa mu mapiri ku [[Frederick County, Maryland]], ndipo ni malo gha kupumulirako gha purezidenti. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha mtende na kuzgeŵa phokoso, ndipo ghagwiliskirika ntchito chomene kulandira ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake kufuma m'ma 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/camp-david/|title=The White House Building|website=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref> === Kuleka ntchito ya pulezidenti (Post-presidency) === [[File:Five Presidents Oval Office.jpg|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumalyero: Mapulezidenti [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Barack Obama]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], na [[Jimmy Carter]] mu [[Oval Office]] pa Janyuwale 7, 2009; Obama wakanjira pa udindo mazuŵa 13 pamanyuma.]] ==== Milimo iyo ŵakuchita pamanyuma pa udindo ==== Mapulezidenti ghanyake ghakale ghakaŵa na ntchito zikuru chomene pamanyuma pakufuma pa udindo. Viyelezgero vikuru ni [[William Howard Taft]], uyo wakaŵa [[Chief Justice of the United States|mweruzgi mukuru wa United States]], na [[Herbert Hoover]], uyo wakalongozga ntchito zakuweleraso kupanga boma pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]]. Mapulezidenti ŵaŵiri ŵakaweleraso ku [[United States Congress|Congress]] pamanyuma pakufuma mu White House: [[John Quincy Adams]] wakasankhika ku [[United States House of Representatives|Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]], uko wakateŵetera vyaka 17, ndipo [[Andrew Johnson]] wakaweleraso ku [[United States Senate|Senate]] mu 1875, nangauli wakafwa nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma. Mapulezidenti ŵaŵiri nawo ŵakaweleraso ku upulezidenti: [[Grover Cleveland]] wakathera pa [[1888 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 1888]] ndipo wakatheraso pa [[1892 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 1892]], apo [[Donald Trump]] wakathera pa [[2020 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 2020]] ndipo wakatheraso pa [[2024 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 2024]]. Ŵapulezidenti ŵanyake ŵakakhalaso ŵakuchita vinandi pa nkhani za pa charu chose, kusazgapo [[Theodore Roosevelt]],<ref>Edmund Morris, ''Colonel Roosevelt'' (2011)</ref> [[Herbert Hoover]],<ref>Gary Dean Best, ''The Life of Herbert Hoover: Keeper of the Torch, 1933–1964'' (2013)</ref> [[Richard Nixon]],<ref>Kasey S. Pipes, ''After the Fall: The Remarkable Comeback of Richard Nixon'' (2019)</ref> na [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>Douglas Brinkley. ''The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House'' (1998).</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = John Whiteclay | first1 = Chambers II | year = 1979 | title = Presidents Emeritus | journal = American Heritage | volume = 30 | issue = 4| pages = 16–25 }}</ref> Mapulezidenti ŵakwambilira ŵakaweleranga ku vikaya vyawo kukulongozga ntchito zachitemwa, panji kulaŵilira milimo yaulimi pa minda yawo na mapulante awo ghakanyalanyazgika apo ŵakaŵa pa udindo. [[Thomas Jefferson]] wakambiska [[University of Virginia]] pamanyuma pa upulezidenti wake, ndipo wakati wafwa, [[James Madison]] ndiyo wakamulondezga nga ni rector. Madison na [[James Monroe]] nawo ŵakawovwira kulemba mtundu umoza wa [[Virginia Constitution]], apo [[John Tyler]] wakateŵeteranga pa [[Confederate Constitution]] na mu [[Confederate Congress]]. Mapulezidenti ŵa pa nyengo iyo ŵaleka udindo ŵangatumika na pulezidenti uyo wali pa udindo kuti ŵafikiskenge mauthenga ghachisisi ku vyaru vinyake panji kuŵa ŵimiliri ŵaboma pa nyifwa za ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na pa vyakuchitika vikuru vya pa charu chose.<ref name="apreaction19810331">{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618 |title=Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States |date=March 31, 1981 |access-date=March 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906144021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |agency=Associated Press }}</ref><ref name="4presidentsphotos">{{Cite web |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html |title=Four Presidents |publisher=Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration |access-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-date=May 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512020542/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Richard Nixon]] wakachita maulendo ghanandi ku vyaru nga ni China na Russia ndipo wakalumbikika nga ni mulongozgi wakumanyikwa chomene.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/richardnixon |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |title=Biography of Richard M. Nixon |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |date=December 30, 2014 }}</ref> Mu [[Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter|umoyo wake pamanyuma pa upulezidenti]], [[Jimmy Carter]] wakaŵa mulimbikira wa [[human rights]], muphalamano wa pa charu chose, na mulaŵiliri wa visankho, ndipo wakapokera [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. [[Bill Clinton]] nayo wakateŵeteranga nga ni nthumwi yambura udindo wa boma, chomenechomene pa kudumbiskana uko kukapangiska kuti ŵamasulike ŵalembi ŵa nkhani ŵa ku America [[Laura Ling]] na [[Euna Lee]] kufuma ku [[North Korea]]. Pa nyengo ya upulezidenti wake, [[George W. Bush]] wakapempha ŵapulezidenti ŵakale [[George H. W. Bush]] na Clinton kuti ŵawovwire pa ntchito za wovwiri wa ŵanthu pamanyuma pa [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]]. Pulezidenti Obama nayo wakachita mwakuyana waka pakupempha Clinton na George W. Bush kuti ŵalongozge ntchito zakovwira Haiti pamanyuma pa [[2010 Haiti earthquake|chindindindi chikuru]] icho chikaparanya charu ichi mu 2010. Ubwezi wa Clinton na ŵa Bush ŵaŵiri ukaŵa wakwamba yayi pakati pa ŵapulezidenti ŵakale; Carter wakaŵaso na ubwezi na kulemberana makalata na [[Gerald Ford]], apo [[Thomas Jefferson]] na [[John Adams]] nawo ŵakalemberananga makalata kwa nyengo yitali pamanyuma pa maudindo ghawo. [[Post-presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton]] walutilira kuŵa wakugwira ntchito za ndyali pamanyuma pa kuleka udindo, wakawovwira muwoli wake [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]] pa [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|kampeni ya 2008]] na [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|ya 2016]], kweniso wakawovwira Pulezidenti Obama pa [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|kampeni yake ya kusankhikaso mu 2012]]. Obama nayo walutilira kuŵa wakuchita ndyali pamanyuma pa kuleka udindo, wakawovwira uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wake [[Joe Biden]] pa [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|kampeni ya 2020]], kweniso wakawovwira muteŵeti wa Biden [[Kamala Harris]] pa [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|kampeni yake ya 2024]] pamanyuma pakuti Pulezidenti Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|wafumiskepo bid yake ya kusankhikaso]]. Pamanyuma pakutaya chisankho cha 2020, Trump wakalutilira kuŵa wakugwira ntchito za ndyali ndipo wakasuskanga chomene mulondezgi wake na chipani cha Democratic Party. Wakasanganaso na milandu yinayi ya uchigeŵenga. Trump wakapharazga kuti waŵengepo pa chisankho cha upulezidenti kachinayi mu 2022, ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka msankho wa chipani chake kachitatu, ndipo wakatheraso pa udindo wa upulezidenti mu 2024. ==== Penshoni na vyawanangwa vinyake ==== [[Former Presidents Act]] (FPA), iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1958, yikupereka vyawanangwa vya umoyo wose ku ŵapulezidenti ŵakale na ŵalongosi ŵawo, kusazgapo penshoni ya mwezi uliwose, chovwiri cha munkhwala mu vipatala vya ŵasilikari, inshuwalansi ya umoyo, na chivikiliro cha [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]]. Ndiposo boma likupeleka ndalama za ŵantchito ŵanyake na za ofesi. Dango ili lasinthika kanandi kuti likwezge ndalama za penshoni na za ŵantchito ŵa maofesi. FPA yikupereka yayi vyawanangwa ivi kwa pulezidenti uyo wakafumiskika pa udindo chifukwa cha [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]].<ref name="CRS">{{cite web |author1=Stephanie Smith |title=Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-249.pdf |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress |access-date=November 10, 2020 |date=March 18, 2008 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107170308/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-249.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Mwakuyana na lipoti la [[Congressional Research Service]] la 2008:<ref name="CRS" /> <blockquote>Ŵalongozgi ŵakuru awo ŵakafumanga pa udindo pambere chaka cha 1958 chindafike kanandi ŵakalutiliranga kuchita ntchito zinyake ndipo ŵakapokeranga wovwiri uliwose yayi kufuma ku boma la federal. Apo mubizinesi Andrew Carnegie wakapharazga ndondomeko mu 1912 yakuti waŵapenge ŵapulezidenti ŵakale penshoni ya $25,000 pa chaka, ŵabali ŵanandi ŵa Congress ŵakawona kuti ntchambura kwenelera kuti kampani ya munthu payekha ndiyo yipelekenge penshoni yanthena. Mu chaka chenechira, dango lakukhazikiska mapenshoni gha ŵapulezidenti likayambiska kudumbiskika kakwamba, kweni likazomerezgeka yayi. Mu 1955, Congress yikawerezgaso kudumbiskana za dango ili chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama agho wakaŵa nagho pulezidenti wakale Harry S. Truman pakulemba ŵantchito ŵa ofesi.</blockquote> Penshoni yakwezgeka kanandi mwakuzomerezgeka na Congress. Ŵapulezidenti ŵakale ŵakupokera penshoni yakuyana na malipiro gha mlembi wa dipatimenti ya Cabinet wa boma ilo lili pa udindo, agho ghakaŵa $199,700 pa chaka mu 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20115.pdf |title=President of the United States: Compensation |last=Schwemle |first=Barbara L. |date=October 17, 2012 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> Ŵapulezidenti ŵakale awo ŵakateŵeteraso mu Congress ŵangapokeraso [[congressional pension]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2007/01/07/Former-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html |title=Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks |date=January 7, 2007 |website=[[The Blade (Toledo)|Toledo Blade]] |access-date=May 22, 2007}}</ref> Dango ili likupelekaso ndalama za maulendo na wanangwa wa [[franking]]. Pambere chaka cha 1997 chindafike, ŵapulezidenti wose ŵakale, ŵawoli ŵawo, na ŵana ŵawo ŵasinkhu wa pasi pa vyaka 16 ŵakavikilirikanga na [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] mpaka nyifwa ya pulezidenti.<ref>{{usc|18|3056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html |title=Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses |date=January 10, 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823000643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html |archive-date=August 23, 2016 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Mu 1997, Congress yikadumura dango lakuti chivikiliro cha Secret Service chiŵe cha vyaka 10 pera kufuma apo pulezidenti wafumira pa udindo.<ref name="secretservice.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/ |title=United States Secret Service: Protection |publisher=United States Secret Service |access-date=November 9, 2017}}</ref> Pa Janyuwale 10, 2013, Pulezidenti Obama wakasayina dango ilo likawelereska chivikiliro cha umoyo wose cha Secret Service kwa iyomwene, [[George W. Bush]], na ŵapulezidenti wose awo ŵazamwiza pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/10/inside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo/?page=all |title=Obama signs protection bill for former presidents |date=January 10, 2013 |work=The Washington Times |access-date=August 14, 2013}}</ref> [[First Spouse of the United States|Muwoli wa pulezidenti]] uyo wakutoraso nthengwa wakuleka kuŵa wakwenelera kupokera chivikiliro cha Secret Service.<ref name="secretservice.gov" /> === Kulemba mabuku === {{main|Mndandanda wa mabuku gha umoyo wa mapulezidenti gha United States}} Kufuma apo [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakafumiska buku lake la ''[[Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant|Personal Memoirs]]'' mu 1885, mapulezidenti ghanandi, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose uyo wakakhala wamoyo mpaka wamara nyengo yake kufuma kwa [[Calvin Coolidge]] kufika kwa [[Barack Obama]], walemba buku limoza panji ghakujumpha limoza la umoyo wake. Mabuku agha gha umoyo ghakuchita vinthu viŵiri: kuvikilira chuma cha Banja Lakwamba (First Family) (Bill Clinton wakasangapo ndalama zakujumpha $30 miliyoni chifukwa cha kulemba mabuku ghaŵiri<ref>{{cite news| url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7331834.stm |title= Clintons' earnings exceed $100m| publisher= BBC News| date= April 5, 2008| access-date= June 26, 2015}}</ref>), kweniso kuvikilira panji kuwezgeraso mbiri ya upulezidenti wawo. === Kulemba === {{main|Mndandanda wa mabuku gha umoyo wa ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States}} Kwambira apo [[Ulysses S. Grant]] wakafumiskira buku lake la ''[[Mabuku gha Umoyo gha U. S. Grant]]'' mu 1885, ŵapurezidenti ŵanandi, kusazgapo pulezidenti waliyose uyo wakakhala wamoyo m'paka kumalizga nyengo yake ya uteŵeti kufuma kwa [[Calvin Coolidge]] mpaka [[Barack Obama]], ŵalemba buku limoza panji vinandi vya umoyo wawo. Mabuku agha ghakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵapurezidenti ghali na vilato viŵiri: kuvikilira ndalama za [[Banja Lakwamba la United States|Banja Lakwamba]] (mwachiyelezgero, [[Bill Clinton]] wakasanga ndalama zakujumpha madola 30 miliyoni kufuma ku kulemba mabuku ghaŵiri<ref>{{cite news| url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7331834.stm |title= Clintons' earnings exceed $100m| publisher= BBC News| date= April 5, 2008| access-date= June 26, 2015}}</ref>), kweniso kuvikilira panji kuwezgerapo mbiri ya ulamuliro wawo. === Malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti na malo ghakale === {{Main|Ndondomeko ya malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti|Mndandanda wa nyumba za ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States}} Nyumba izo ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States ŵakababikiramo, ŵakakhalamo, panji ŵakapumulirangamo, kanandi zikusungika nga ni [[nyumba ya museum]] ndipo zikumanyikwa nga ni [[Mndandanda wa malo ghakale gha charu na mapaki gha mbiri gha United States|Malo Ghakale gha Charu]] panji kulembeka pa [[U.S. National Register of Historic Places]]. [[File:George W. Bush Presidential Center dedication.tif|alt=|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumanja: Ŵapurezidenti [[Barack Obama]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[George H. W. Bush]], na [[Jimmy Carter]] pa kujulira [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George W. Bush]] ku [[Dallas]] mu 2013.]] Pulezidenti waliyose kwambira [[Herbert Hoover]] wali kupanga [[malo ghakusungiramo vyakulemba]] agho ghakumanyikwa kuti [[ndondomeko ya malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti|laibulale ya pulezidenti]] kuti ŵasungemo mapepala ghake, marekodi, na vinthu vinyake. Malaibulale agho ghazamala kuzengeka ghakuperekeka na kusungika na [[National Archives and Records Administration]] (NARA); ndalama zakwamba zakuzengera na kuvikonzeska zikufuma ku ŵanthu pawokha, osati ku boma la federal.<ref>{{usc|44|2112}}</ref> Pasono pali malaibulale 13 gha ŵapurezidenti agho ghali mu ndondomeko ya NARA. Paliso malaibulale gha ŵapurezidenti agho ghakusungika na maboma gha vigaŵa, maziko gha ŵanthu pawokha, kweniso mayunivesite, nga ni: * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln]], iyo yikwendeskeka na Boma la [[Illinois]]; * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George W. Bush]], iyo yikwendeskeka na [[Southern Methodist University]]; * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti George H. W. Bush]], iyo yikwendeskeka na [[Texas A&M University]]; na * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Lyndon Baines Johnson]], iyo yikwendeskeka na [[University of Texas at Austin]]. Ŵapurezidenti ŵanyake ŵakawoneseska kuzenga na kujulira malaibulale ghawo ŵekha. Ŵanyake ŵakanozga kuti ŵazakasungikike pamalo agha para ŵafwa. Malaibulale ghanandi gha ŵapurezidenti ghali na madindi gha pulezidenti uyo ghakumulongosora: * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Harry S. Truman]] ku [[Independence, Missouri]]; * [[Laibulale, Museum na Nyumba ya Uwana ya Dwight D. Eisenhower]] ku [[Abilene, Kansas]]; * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Richard Nixon]] ku [[Yorba Linda, California]]; na * [[Laibulale na Museum ya Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan]] ku [[Simi Valley, California]]. Madindi agha ghali kujulika ku ŵanthu wose. Mu viyelezgero vinyake (nga ni vya Nixon), laibulale ya pulezidenti yili pafupi na nyumba yake yakale. Kweni kwa ŵanyake, nga ni [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] na [[Jimmy Carter]], laibulale ya pulezidenti na malo ghakale vili mu misumba yakupambana. == Chipani cha ndale == [[Vipani vya ndale vya United States|Vipani vya ndale]] vyalongozga [[Ndale za United States|ndale za America]] kwa nyengo yitali chomene ya mbiri ya charu ichi. Nangauli [[Ŵadada ŵakwambiska United States]] ŵakawonanga vipani vya ndale kuti vingagaŵa na kunanga wumoza wa charu, ndipo kuŵapo kwake kukayembekezgekanga yayi apo [[Dango Likuru la United States]] likalembekanga mu 1787, vipani vya ndale vyakukhazikika vikamba kuwoneka pakati pa m'ma 1790. Vikafuma ku [[gulu la ndale|magulu gha ndale]], agho ghakamba kuwoneka mwaluŵiro chomene pamanyuma pakukhazikika kwa boma la federal. Awo ŵakawovwiranga [[Ulamuliro wa George Washington]] ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "ŵakukhozgera boma", ndipo pamanyuma ŵakapanga [[Federalist Party]], apo awo ŵakasuskanga ŵakakolerana na [[Democratic-Republican Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Party Division|publisher=U.S. Senate|access-date=January 2, 2017}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kufipa mtima na nkhongono izo vipani vya ndale vingamanya kuparanya wumoza wa charu, Washington wakakhalira [[wandale wambura chipani]] mu nyengo yose ya vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri vya ulamuliro wake. Wakaŵa, ndipo wachali, pulezidenti yekha wa United States uyo wandakhalepo wa chipani chilichose cha ndale.<ref name="GWpps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/31/george-washingtons-views-political-parties-america/|title=George Washington's views on political parties in America|last=Jamison|first=Dennis|date=December 31, 2014|website=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-first-president/political-parties/|title=Political Parties|publisher=Mount Vernon Ladies' Association|location=Mount Vernon, Virginia|access-date=March 24, 2019}}</ref> Kwambira pa Washington, pulezidenti waliyose wa United States wakaŵa wa chipani cha ndale apo wakanjiliranga pa udindo. Ndipo kwambira mu 1869, pulezidenti waliyose wakaŵa wa [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] panji [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/pres/list.shtml|title=The Presidents of the United States of America|website=Enchanted Learning|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidentsusa.net/partyofpresidents.html|title=Political Parties of the Presidents|website=Presidents USA|access-date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵapurezidenti malinga na chipani icho ŵakaŵamo apo ŵakalapanga ntchito pakwamba ni ichi: {| class=wikitable |- ! colspan=2| Chipani ! {{vertical header|Chiŵelengero cha<br>ŵapurezidenti}} ! Mazina |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | style="text-align: center;" |19 | [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[George W. Bush]], [[Calvin Coolidge]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[Gerald Ford]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Warren G. Harding]], [[Benjamin Harrison]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[Herbert Hoover]], [[Abraham Lincoln]],{{efn|Republican Abraham Lincoln wakasankhikaso pa tikiti ya [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] pamoza na Democrat Andrew Johnson mu 1864.}} [[William McKinley]], [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[William Howard Taft]], na '''[[Donald Trump]] (wali pa udindo)''' |- | style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | style="text-align: center;" |15 | [[Joe Biden]], [[James Buchanan]], [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Grover Cleveland]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Barack Obama]], [[Franklin Pierce]], [[James K. Polk]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harry S. Truman]], [[Martin Van Buren]], na [[Woodrow Wilson]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | style="text-align: center;" |4 | [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]], na [[James Monroe]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | style="text-align: center;" |4 | [[Millard Fillmore]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[Zachary Taylor]], na [[John Tyler]]{{efn|Democrat John Tyler wakasankhika kuŵa vice president pa tikiti ya Whig pamoza na Harrison mu 1840. Ndondomeko zake apo wakaŵa pulezidenti zikapambana na ivyo Whig Party yikakhumbanga, ndipo chipani chikamufumiska mu Seputembala 1841.}} |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Federalist Party}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[John Adams]] |- | style="background-color:{{party color|National Union Party (United States)}}" | | nowrap | [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[Andrew Johnson]]{{efn|Democrat Andrew Johnson wakasankhika kuŵa vice president pa tikiti ya National Union Party pamoza na Republican Abraham Lincoln mu 1864. Pamanyuma, apo wakaŵa pulezidenti, wakayezga kupanga chipani cha ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo pasi pa mbendera ya National Union kweni wakatondeka. Kufupi naumaliro wa ulamuliro wake, wakaweleraso ku Democratic Party.}} |- | style="background:#f5f5f5" | | [[Independent politician (United States)|Wambura chipani]] | style="text-align: center;" |1 | [[George Washington]] |} == Nyengo ya ŵapurezidenti == {{see also|Mndandanda wa ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States}} [[Bar chart|Chati ya nyengo]] iyi yikulongora umo ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States ŵakendeleranga mu nyengo kweniso [[chipani cha ndale]] icho ŵakaŵamo pa nyengo iyo ŵakanjiranga pa udindo. <div class="center">{{#tag:timeline| ImageSize = width:1500 height:auto barincrement:18 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:20 right:130 left:10 AlignBars = late DateFormat = x.y Period = from:1788.90 till:{{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+{{#time:m}}/6}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1790 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1789 Define $now = {{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+{{#time:m}}/12}} Colors = id:5year value:rgb(0.8, 0.8, 0.8) id:0year value:rgb(0.6, 0.6, 0.6) id:noparty value:rgb(0.7, 0.7, 0.7) id:fed value:rgb(0.85, 0.52, 0.38) id:demrep value:rgb(0, 0.5, 0) id:whig value:rgb(0.84, 0.74, 0.34) id:nlunion value:rgb(0.7, 0.13, 0.13) id:dem value:rgb(0.2, 0.2, 1) id:rep value:rgb(1, 0.2, 0.2) id:seat1 value:rgb(0.60,0.10,0.10) id:blank value:white BarData = barset:PresidentLine barset:Presidents PlotData= width:1 align:right fontsize:S shift:(-3,-4) anchor:from fontsize:8 color:black barset:PresidentLine from:1804 till:end text:Ŵapurezidenti width:6 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till fontsize:10 barset:Presidents from:1789.40 till:1797.17 color:noparty text:"George Washington" from:1797.17 till:1801.17 color:fed text:"John Adams" from:1801.17 till:1809.17 color:demrep text:"Thomas Jefferson" from:1809.17 till:1817.17 color:demrep text:"James Madison" from:1817.17 till:1825.17 color:demrep text:"James Monroe" from:1825.17 till:1829.17 color:demrep text:"John Quincy Adams" from:1829.17 till:1837.17 color:dem text:"Andrew Jackson" from:1837.17 till:1841.17 color:dem text:"Martin Van Buren" from:1841.17 till:1841.26 color:whig text:"William Henry Harrison" from:1841.26 till:1845.17 color:whig text:"John Tyler" from:1845.17 till:1849.17 color:dem text:"James K. Polk" from:1849.17 till:1850.52 color:whig text:"Zachary Taylor" from:1850.52 till:1853.17 color:whig text:"Millard Fillmore" from:1853.17 till:1857.17 color:dem text:"Franklin Pierce" from:1857.17 till:1861.17 color:dem text:"James Buchanan" from:1861.17 till:1865.29 color:rep text:"Abraham Lincoln" from:1865.29 till:1869.17 color:nlunion text:"Andrew Johnson" from:1869.17 till:1877.17 color:rep text:"Ulysses S. Grant" from:1877.17 till:1881.17 color:rep text:"Rutherford B. Hayes" from:1881.17 till:1881.73 color:rep text:"James A. Garfield" from:1881.73 till:1885.17 color:rep text:"Chester A. Arthur" from:1885.17 till:1889.17 color:dem text:"Grover Cleveland" from:1889.17 till:1893.17 color:rep text:"Benjamin Harrison" from:1893.17 till:1897.17 color:dem text:"Grover Cleveland" from:1897.17 till:1901.72 color:rep text:"William McKinley" from:1901.72 till:1909.17 color:rep text:"Theodore Roosevelt" from:1909.17 till:1913.17 color:rep text:"William Howard Taft" from:1913.17 till:1921.17 color:dem text:"Woodrow Wilson" from:1921.17 till:1923.59 color:rep text:"Warren G. Harding" from:1923.59 till:1929.17 color:rep text:"Calvin Coolidge" from:1929.17 till:1933.17 color:rep text:"Herbert Hoover" from:1933.17 till:1945.28 color:dem text:"Franklin D. Roosevelt" from:1945.28 till:1953.05 color:dem text:"Harry S. Truman" from:1953.05 till:1961.05 color:rep text:"Dwight D. Eisenhower" from:1961.05 till:1963.89 color:dem text:"John F. Kennedy" from:1963.89 till:1969.05 color:dem text:"Lyndon B. Johnson" from:1969.05 till:1974.61 color:rep text:"Richard Nixon" from:1974.61 till:1977.05 color:rep text:"Gerald Ford" from:1977.05 till:1981.05 color:dem text:"Jimmy Carter" from:1981.05 till:1989.05 color:rep text:"Ronald Reagan" from:1989.05 till:1993.05 color:rep text:"George H. W. Bush" from:1993.05 till:2001.05 color:dem text:"Bill Clinton" from:2001.05 till:2009.05 color:rep text:"George W. Bush" from:2009.05 till:2017.05 color:dem text:"Barack Obama" from:2017.05 till:2021.05 color:rep text:"Donald Trump" from:2021.05 till:2025.05 color:dem text:"Joe Biden" from:2025.05 till:$now color:rep text:"Donald Trump" LineData= from:1842.00 till:1845.17 atpos:650 color:noparty width:6 from:1885.17 till:1889.17 atpos:439.5 color:dem width:6 from:2017.05 till:2021.05 atpos:52 color:rep width:6 layer:back at:1790.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1795.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1800.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1805.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1810.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1815.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1820.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1825.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1830.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1835.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1840.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1845.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1850.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1855.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1860.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1865.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1870.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1875.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1880.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1885.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1890.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1895.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1900.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1905.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1910.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1915.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1920.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1925.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1930.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1935.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1940.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1945.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1950.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1955.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1960.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1965.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1970.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1975.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1980.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1985.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:1990.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:1995.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2000.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:2005.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2010.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:2015.00 width:0.1 color:5year at:2020.00 width:0.1 color:0year at:2025.00 width:0.1 color:5year }}</div> == Wonani so == {{Portal|United States|Politics}} * [[Outline of American politics]] {{Clear}} == Vyakulemba == {{Notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vinandi == {{Refbegin}} * Edwards, George C. and Thomas G. Howell (eds.). 2009. ''The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency''. Oxford University Press. * {{cite journal |last1=Kernell |first1=Samuel |last2=Jacobson |first2=Gary C. |year=1987 |title=Congress and the Presidency as News in the Nineteenth Century |url=http://pages.ucsd.edu/~skernell/resources/congresspresasnews.pdf |journal=Journal of Politics |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=1016–1035 |doi=10.2307/2130782 |jstor=2130782 |s2cid=154834781}} * Howell, William G. 2023. ''The American Presidency: An Institutional Approach to Executive Politics''. Princeton University Press. * {{cite journal |last1=Sigelman |first1=Lee |last2=Bullock |first2=David |year=1991 |title=Candidates, issues, horse races, and hoopla: Presidential campaign coverage, 1888–1988 |url=https://blogs.cornell.edu/bigreddc/files/2013/09/SchoolsAmerican-Politics-Research-1991-Sigelman-5-32.pdf |journal=American Politics Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5–32 |doi=10.1177/1532673x9101900101 |s2cid=154283367}} * [[John William Tebbel|Tebbel, John William]], and Sarah Miles Watts. ''The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan'' (Oxford University Press, 1985). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2131296 online review] * Waterman, Richard W., and Robert Wright. ''The Image-Is-Everything Presidency: Dilemmas in American Leadership'' (Routledge, 2018). * ''[[Presidential Studies Quarterly]]'', published by Wiley, is an academic journal on the presidency. {{Refend}} ==Pa intaneti== {{Sister project links|d=y|wikt=POTUS|voy=y|b=United States Government/The Executive Branch}} * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House homepage] * [[hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.pres|United States Presidents Collection. General Collection]], Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University {{Presidents of the United States}} {{Navboxes|list = {{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}} {{United States topics}} {{US Chief Executives}} {{United States presidential elections}} {{US presidential memorials}} {{United States Armed Forces}} {{White House}} {{Heads of state and government of North America}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa United States| ]] [[Category:Ulongozgi wa pulezidenti wa United States| ]] [[Category:Vyakukhazikiskika mu United States mu 1789]] [[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵa United States]] [[Category:Nkhani izo zili na ma timeline gha chithuzithuzi]] 2nvl1pw4w5frruur0relsni4pldvj6k 0 47807 117501 116953 2026-07-18T02:02:01Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Weruzgi wa ku America (1937–2023)}} {{redirect2|Maryanne Trump|Maryanne Barry|ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵali na mazina ghakuyana|Mary Trump (disambiguation){{!}}Mary Trump|and|Marion Barry (disambiguation)}} {{Use American English|date=January 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Maryanne Trump Barry | image = Maryanne Trump Barry.png | caption = Barry mu 2006 | office = [[Weruzgi Mukuru]] wa [[Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu]] | term_start = June 30, 2011 | term_end = February 11, 2019 | office1 = Weruzgi wa [[Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu]] | term_start1 = September 22, 1999 | term_end1 = June 30, 2011 | appointer1 = [[Mndandanda wa ŵeruzgi ŵa boma ŵa United States ŵakusankhika na Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton]] | predecessor1 = [[H. Lee Sarokin]] | successor1 = [[Patty Shwartz]] | office2 = Weruzgi wa [[Khoti la Chigaŵa la United States la Chigaŵa cha New Jersey]] | term_start2 = October 7, 1983 | term_end2 = October 25, 1999 | appointer2 = [[Mndandanda wa ŵeruzgi ŵa boma ŵa United States ŵakusankhika na Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan]] | predecessor2 = [[Henry Curtis Meanor]] | successor2 = [[Joel A. Pisano]] | birth_name = Maryanne Trump | birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|4|5}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | death_date = {{nowrap|{{Death date and age|2023|11|13|1937|4|5}}}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | party = [[Chipani cha Republican (United States)|Republican]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|David Desmond|1960|1980|end=divorced}} * {{marriage|[[John J. Barry]]|1982|2000|end=died}} }} | children = 1 | parents = {{ubl|[[Fred Trump]]|[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump]]}} | relatives = [[Banja la Trump]] | education = {{plainlist| * [[Mount Holyoke College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) * [[Sukulu ya Malango ya Maurice A. Deane|Yunivesite ya Hofstra]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) }} | signature = Maryanne Trump Barry signature.svg }} '''Maryanne Trump Barry''' (Epulero 5, 1937 – Novembala 13, 2023) wakaŵa loya wa ku America kweniso [[weruzgi wa boma la United States]]. Wakazgoka [[msambizgi wa malango wa United States]] mu 1974 ndipo wakasankhika kakwamba ku [[Khoti la Chigaŵa la United States la Chigaŵa cha New Jersey]] na Pulezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]] mu 1983. Mu 1999, wakasankhika ku [[Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu]] na [[Bill Clinton]]. Mu Janyuwale 2006, Barry wakapeleka ukaboni panthazi pa [[Komiti ya Uweruzgi ya Senate ya United States]] pakovwira [[kusankhika kwa Samuel Alito ku Khoti Likuru la United States|kusankhika]] kwa munyake wa ntchito yake [[Samuel Alito]] ku [[Khoti Likuru la United States]]. Wakanjira pa [[udindo wa weruzgi mukuru]] mu Juni 2011, ndipo wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wa weruzgi mu Febuluwale 2019 pamanyuma pakuti pakaŵa kufufuza pa milandu yakuti wakachitako [[uheni wa uweruzgi]] mwa kunjilirapo mu vyachinyengo vya misonkho na ndalama. Barry wakaŵa mudumbu mukuru wa pulezidenti wa nambara 45 na 47 wa [[United States]], [[Donald Trump]]. ==Umoyo wakwambilira na masambiro== Barry wakababikira ku New York City mu chigaŵa cha [[Queens]] pa Epulero 5, 1937, nga ni mwana wakwamba wa wakuzenga nyumba [[Fred Trump]] na muwoli wake [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump]].{{r|Horowitz (2015)}} Wakaŵa mudumbu mukuru wa [[Donald Trump]].{{r|Johnson (2015)|Candlish (2015)}} Wakasambira ku [[Kew-Forest School]].<ref name="Blair_2000">{{cite book |pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/592 592] |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York City|year= 2001 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=978-0743210799 |title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a President |first=Gwenda |last=Blair |url=https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/592}}</ref>{{rp|243}} Wakamalizga masambiro ghake ku [[Mount Holyoke College]] mu 1958 na digiri ya [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] na ntchindi ya ''[[Latin honors#United States|cum laude]]'',{{r|FJC|Margolick (1992)}}<ref name="Blair_2000"/>{{rp|244}} ndipo wakasanga digiri ya [[Master of Arts|MA]] mu [[sayansi ya ndyali|malango gha boma na boma]] ku [[Columbia University]] mu 1962.{{r|FJC|Maryanne Desmond (1982)}} Pamanyuma pake wakasambira malango, ndipo wakapokera digiri ya [[Juris Doctor|JD]] ku [[Sukulu ya Malango ya Yunivesite ya Hofstra]] mu 1974.{{r|FJC}} ==Ntchito== ===Ofesi ya Loya wa United States=== Pamanyuma pakukhala wakusungilira nyumba kwa vyaka 13, Barry wakaŵa [[Loya wakovwira wa United States]] mu 1974, yumoza mwa ŵanakazi ŵaŵiri pera pa maloya 62 mu ofesi ya [[Loya wa United States wa Chigaŵa cha New Jersey]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Kranish |first=Michael |date=August 22, 2020 |title=In secretly recorded audio, President Trump's sister says he has 'no principles' and 'you can't trust him' |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-secret-recordings/2020/08/22/30d457f4-e334-11ea-ade1-28daf1a5e919_story.html |access-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-date=August 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828051318/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-secret-recordings/2020/08/22/30d457f4-e334-11ea-ade1-28daf1a5e919_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Wakagwira ntchito mu chigaŵa cha milandu ya boma kufuma mu 1974 m'paka 1975 ndipo mu chigaŵa cha madandawuro kufuma mu 1976 m'paka 1982, wakateŵetera nga ni muteŵeti mukuru wakovwira wa chigaŵa ichi kufuma mu 1976 m'paka 1977 ndipo mukuru wa chigaŵa kufuma mu 1977 m'paka 1982. Wakateŵeteraso nga ni Executive Assistant United States Attorney kufuma mu 1981 m'paka 1982. Wakaŵaso First Assistant United States Attorney kufuma mu 1981 m'paka 1983.{{r|FJC}} ===Ntchito yake nga ni mulaŵiliri wa khoti la boma=== ====Ntchito pa Khoti la Chigaŵa la United States==== Pa Seputembala 14, 1983, Barry wakimikika na Pulezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]] ku mpando pa [[Khoti la Chigaŵa la United States la Chigaŵa cha New Jersey]] uwo ukasiyika na [[Henry Curtis Meanor]].{{r|Horowitz (2015)}} Wakazomerezgeka na [[Seneti ya United States]] pa Okutobala 6, 1983, ndipo wakapokera udindo wake zuŵa lakulondezgapo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 1983 |title=Congressional Record - Senate |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1983-pt20/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1983-pt20-2-1.pdf |work=Congressional Record for United States Senate |pages=27604 |via=govinfo.gov |quote= |access-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117054329/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1983-pt20/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1983-pt20-2-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Kuyana na mdumbu wake [[Mary L. Trump]], Donald Trump wakapangiska loya wake [[Roy Cohn]] kuti wawovwire Barry kupokera udindo uwu, icho Donald wakalutilira kumukumbuska Barry, ndipo Barry wakayowoya kuti wakeneranga udindo uwu chifukwa cha ntchito yake.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-VVEAAAQBAJ |title=The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017–2021 |last2=Glasser |first2=Susan |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-385-54654-6 |pages=90 |language=en |access-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811002622/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-VVEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 1985, wakajifumiskako pa mulandu wa kuguliska munkhwala wakuzgoŵeska chifukwa cha ubwezi wa mubali wake Donald na munthu uyo wakasangikanga na mulandu uwu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/politicalhaze/in-the-80s-trumps-business-partner-was-a-mob-and-drug-king-pin-62de82dfc6e4|title=In the 80s, Trump's Business Partner was a Mob and Drug King Pin|work=Political Haze|via=Medium|accessdate=November 13, 2023|last=Arizmendi|first=Jordan|date=March 7, 2019|archive-date=July 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723044927/https://medium.com/politicalhaze/in-the-80s-trumps-business-partner-was-a-mob-and-drug-king-pin-62de82dfc6e4|url-status=live}}</ref> Ntchito yake pa khoti la chigaŵa yikamara pa Okutobala 25, 1999, apo wakakwezgeka ku Khoti la Madandawuro.{{r|FJC}} Barry wakamanyikwanga nga ni mulaŵiliri wa khoti wakukhwima uyo wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru pa khoti lake.{{r|Horowitz (2015)}} Mu 1989, apo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa Khoti la Chigaŵa ku [[Newark, New Jersey]], wakakana [[phangano la kujipatura na mulandu]] ilo lingafwatura ŵadetective ŵaŵiri ŵa boma awo ŵakasuskikanga kuti ŵakavikilira muguliska munkhwala wakuzgoŵeska, ndipo wakapangiska kuti mulandu ulute ku khoti. Ŵadetective ŵara ŵakasangika na mulandu ndipo ŵakajalirika. Wakalongozgaso mulandu uwo ukapangiska kuti [[Louis Manna]], mulwani wa [[Mbumba ya vigeŵenga ya Genovese]], wasangike na mulandu wakunozga kukoma [[John Gotti]].{{r|Horowitz (2015)}} ====Ntchito pa Khoti la Madandawuro la United States==== [[File:Maryanne Barry Trump in 1992.png|thumb|right|Barry mu 1992]] Nangauli wakaŵa wa chipani cha Republican, Barry wakimikika ku [[Khoti la Madandawuro la United States la Chigaŵa Chachitatu]] na Pulezidenti wa Democratic [[Bill Clinton]]{{r|Horowitz (2015)}} pa Juni 17, 1999. Wakimikika kuti wazuze mpando uwo ukasiyika apo [[H. Lee Sarokin]] wakapumura mu 1996.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/barry-maryanne-trump|title=Barry, Maryanne Trump |website=[[Federal Judicial Center]] |access-date=August 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716230202/https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/barry-maryanne-trump|archive-date=July 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> (Clinton wakimikaso [[Robert Raymar]] ku mpando uwu mu 1998, kweni kukimikika uku kukamara para chaka chikamara kwambura kupika ku [[Komiti ya Milandu ya Seneti ya United States]].)<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Margolick|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/20/news/yale-alumni-take-lead-again-even-if-not-in-law.html|title=Yale Alumni Take Lead Again, Even If Not in Law|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|location=New York City|date=March 20, 1992|access-date=August 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805010111/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/20/news/yale-alumni-take-lead-again-even-if-not-in-law.html|archive-date=August 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Seneti ya United States]] yikazomerezga Barry mwakukolerana pa Seputembala 13, 1999.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/07/30/when-president-clinton-did-a-very-nice-thing-for-donald-trump/|title=When President Clinton did a very nice thing for Donald Trump|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Kamen|first=Al|date=July 30, 2015|access-date=February 16, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161213180718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/07/30/when-president-clinton-did-a-very-nice-thing-for-donald-trump/|archive-date=December 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Wakapokera udindo wake pa Seputembala 22, 1999.<ref name="auto" /> Mu 1999 Barry wakaphalira ''New Jersey Law Journal'' kuti "nkhuchindikika chomene ndipo nkhumuwonga chomene chifukwa cha kukimikika uku", ndipo wakati "nkhazizwa kuti ŵakanisankha", wakasazgirapo kuti, "Nkhughanaghana kuti mbiri ya ntchito yane pa Khoti la Chigaŵa yikaŵa yiwemi mwakukwana kuti ŵanifipiske, ndipo nkhukondwa kuti ndyali zikaŵavya pakusankha uku".{{r|Ackermann (1999)}} Mu Janyuwale 2006, Barry wakachitira ukaboni wakovwira kukimikika kwa mulaŵiliri munyake wa Khoti la Chigaŵa Chachitatu [[Samuel Alito]] ku Khoti Likuru la United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/politics/2016/02/cruz_attacks_trumps_sister_maryanne_an_nj_judge.html|title=Cruz again attacks Trump's sister, a N.J. judge|first=Claude|last=Brodesser-Akner|date=February 21, 2016|website=nj.com|access-date=July 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716230158/https://www.nj.com/politics/2016/02/cruz_attacks_trumps_sister_maryanne_an_nj_judge.html|archive-date=July 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu cheruzgo cha 2006, ''Abou Cham v. Attorney General'', Barry wakasuska chomene nkharo ya [[Mweruzgi wa Khoti la Vyakunjira mu United States]] pa mulandu uwo ukakhwaskanga muchimbi wakufuma ku [[Gambia]]. Mupempheri wakuchimbira nkhondo wakaŵa mdumbu wa pulezidenti wakale wa Gambia [[Dawda Jawara]], uyo [[Kuwukira boma ku Gambia kwa 1994|wakathereskeka pa kuwukira boma mu 1994]]; boma liphya likajalira panji kukoma ŵabali ŵanandi ŵa Cham ndipo likakanizga chipani chawo cha ndyali. Barry wakadumura mulandu mwakovwira Abou Cham; wakasuska mafumbo gha Judge Donald Ferlise gha mazuŵa ghaŵiri nga ngakofya, ghankhaza, na ghakuzikizga kwa "mupempheri uyo wakalutilira kusuzgika maghanoghano"; ndipo wakadumura kuti Cham "wakaparanyika maghanoghano".<ref name = McClatchy>{{cite news | last =Taylor | first =Marisa | title =Immigration judges face increased scrutiny | newspaper =[[McClatchy]]DC | date =June 28, 2006 | url =https://www.mcclatchydc.com/latest-news/article24456196.html | access-date =August 23, 2020 | archive-date =January 29, 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210129000354/https://www.mcclatchydc.com/latest-news/article24456196.html | url-status =live }}</ref><ref name=ABA>{{cite news | last =Tebo | first =Margaret Graham | title =Asylum Ordeals | newspaper =[[ABA Journal]] | date =November 24, 2006 | url =https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/asylum_ordeals | access-date =August 23, 2020 | archive-date =January 24, 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210124225108/https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/asylum_ordeals | url-status =live }}</ref><ref name=Cham>{{cite web | url =https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-3rd-circuit/1320004.html | title =Abou Cham, Petitioner v. Attorney General of the United States, Respondent | last =Barry | first =Maryanne Trump | date =April 28, 2006 | website =[[FindLaw]] | access-date =August 23, 2020 | archive-date =August 23, 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200823004237/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-3rd-circuit/1320004.html | url-status =live }}</ref><ref name=Simmons>{{cite book| last =Simmons| first =William Paul| title =Human Rights Law and the Marginalized Other| publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]]| year =2011| pages =173–176| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=NZewdr8pci0C| isbn =978-1139503266| access-date =September 1, 2020| archive-date =July 23, 2024| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20240723044927/https://books.google.com/books?id=NZewdr8pci0C| url-status =live}}</ref> Barry wakalemba kuti pakaŵavya "nanga nkhachoko waka cha ntchindi, ulemu, panji chilongolero chilichose cha urunji" mu umo Ferlise wakachitira na Cham, ndipo ichi chikapangiska Ferlise kughanaghana kuti ukaboni wa Cham ukaŵa wautesi. Wakadumuraso kuti cheruzgo cha Khoti la Vyakunjira chikaŵa "chilonda chikuru" ku ndondomeko ya urunji ya America.<ref name = McClatchy/><ref name=ABA/><ref name=Cham/><ref name=Simmons/> Pamanyuma pachoko waka pa cheruzgo cha Barry, Ferlise wakafumiskika pa ntchito yake.<ref name=ABA/> Mu 2009, Barry wakalongozga mulandu wa chitetezo cha charu wa ''Stephen Beightler v. Essex County Prosecutor's Office (3rd Cir. 2009)'', cheruzgo chakuzirwa chomene chakukhwaskana na chitetezo cha ma state pasi pa Amendment ya 11.<ref>[https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1793&context=thirdcircuit_2009 "Stephen Beightler v. Essex Cty Pros"], United States Third Circuit Court of Appeals. University of Villanova. August 20, 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2026</ref> Mulandu uwu ukaŵa pa mulara wa milandu wa boma uyo wakasuskanga munthu kuti waswa chitetezo cha charu panthazi pa khoti la boma. [[Stephen Beightler]] wakasuma, wakuti state yikajalira chitetezo chake ndipo chikeneranga yayi kugwira ntchito chifukwa mulara wa milandu wa boma wakajipereka yekha ku mazaza gha federal mwa kupoka mazaza gha [[Dipatimenti ya Vyarunji ya United States]] ghakupanga masuzgo agha. Barry wakadumura kuti pakaŵavya kuleka chitetezo kwakuyana na umo ma state ghakuchitira nkharo iyi. Mulandu uwu ukukhozgeka kanandi mu makhoti gha state na federal, ndipo khoti linyake la federal likati Khoti la Chigaŵa Chachitatu likaŵa na mwaŵi wakukhazikiska chiyerezgero cha malango kweni likatondeka.<ref>[https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/new-jersey/njdce/2:2008cv04325/219490/29/ "COLEY v. COUNTY OF ESSEX et al, No. 2:2008cv04325 - Document 29 (D.N.J. 2010)"], United States District District of New Jersey. Justia U.S. Law. August 4, 2010. p. 4. Retrieved 6 July 2026</ref> Pa Juni 30, 2011, Barry wakatora [[udindo wa mkulu]] (''senior status'').{{r|FJC}} Wakatora udindo wa mkulu wambura kugwira ntchito mu sabata yakwamba ya Febuluwale 2017, pafupifupi masabata ghaŵiri pamanyuma pakuti mubali wake [[Kukhazikiskika kwakwamba kwa Donald Trump|wakhazikiskika kuŵa pulezidenti]].{{r|Mannion (2017)}}<ref>{{cite news |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/03/politics/donald-trump-older-sister-family-finances/index.html |title=A financial disclosure from Donald Trump's sister led to The New York Times report on his taxes |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Hartfield |date=October 3, 2018 |first2=Erica |last2=Orden |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004030901/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/03/politics/donald-trump-older-sister-family-finances/index.html |archive-date=October 4, 2018 |quote=In 2017, she became an inactive judge.}}</ref> Barry wakapumura ntchito pa Febuluwale 11, 2019. Kupumura kwake kukamalizga kufufuza kwakuti panji wakachitako ndondomeko za [[kubisamiska msonkho]] pamoza na ŵabali ŵake izo zikaphwanya malango gha nkharo ya ŵeruzgi. Kufufuza kukajara kwambura kufika pa fundo yakuti ivyo wakasuskikanga vikaŵa vyaunenesko panji yayi.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philly.com/news/trump-sister-judge-maryanne-barry-philadelphia-federal-court-third-circuit-20190411.html|title=Trump's sister retires as federal judge in Philadelphia amid reported probe of family finances|last=Gambardello|first=Joseph A.|date=April 13, 2019|website=philly.com|language=en-US|access-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413004606/https://www.philly.com/news/trump-sister-judge-maryanne-barry-philadelphia-federal-court-third-circuit-20190411.html|archive-date=April 13, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Vyakususkika vya kubisamiska msonkho== Mu Okutobala 2018, ''[[The New York Times]]'' yikafumiska lipoti la kufufuza ilo likati Barry, pamoza na awiske na ŵabali ŵake, ŵakachita vinthu vyachinyengo na vyambura kuzomerezgeka kuti ŵachepeskeko ndalama za [[msonkho wa chiharo]] na [[msonkho wa mphatso]] zakukhwaskana na malonda gha malo gha Fred Trump.<ref name="NYT_Barstow_20181002">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html|title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father|last1=Barstow|first1=David|first2=Susanne|last2=Craig|first3=Russ|last3=Buettner|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526034238/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html|archive-date=May 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Mulembi wakufufuza [[Susanne Craig]] wakasanga chikalata icho Barry wakapeleka ku Senate ya U.S. pa nyengo ya kukhozgeka kwake kuŵa weruzgi wa boma mu 1983, umo wakalongosolera kuti wakapokera ndalama zakukwana madola miliyoni yimoza kufuma ku All County Building Supply & Maintenance.<ref name="NYT_Smith_20181003">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-times-story-trump-wealth-source-maryanne-document-2018-10|title=New York Times reveals that its bombshell story on Trump's wealth was made possible by a document his sister submitted to the Senate years ago|last=Smith|first=Allan|date=October 3, 2018|work=Business Insider|access-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005194855/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-times-story-trump-wealth-source-maryanne-document-2018-10|archive-date=October 5, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Times'' yikati All County Building Supply & Maintenance yikaŵa "kampani yachinyengo" iyo yikapangika mu 1992<ref name="NYT_Smith_20181003" /> ndipo yikaŵa ya Barry, Donald Trump, ŵabali ŵawo na mubali wawo munyake. All County Building Supply & Maintenance yikayowoyeka kuti yikalipiranga ntchito izo zikachitikanga pa nyumba za maapartment za Fred Trump; nyumba zira zikazakawelerangaso ndalama ku kampani, kweni zikasazgirangapo ndalama mwachinyengo pa malipiro agha. Akumanya vya misonkho ŵakayowoya kuti chifukwa All County "yikachitanga ntchito yeneco yayi, kusamuskika kwa ndalama kwizira mu kampani iyi kukaŵa nga ni mphatso iyo yikapona msonkho wa 55 peresenti uwo ukaŵapo pa nyengo yira".<ref name="NYT_Buettner_20181215" /> Adiresi yake yikaŵa nyumba ya [[Manhasset, New York]] ya John Walter, muzukuru wa Fred Trump.<ref name="NYT_Smith_20181003" /><ref group="Notes">According to the investigation by ''The Times'', [[John W. Walter|John Walter]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052147/https://theislandnow.com/news-98/john-walter-flower-hill-mayor-cousin-president-dies/ (1934–2018)] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052147/https://theislandnow.com/news-98/john-walter-flower-hill-mayor-cousin-president-dies/|date=January 28, 2020}}) managed Fred Trump's business records. Those records filled the basement of Walter's Flower Hill, New York residence. The investigation by ''The Times'' included thousands of documents such as "bank statements, financial audits, accounting ledgers, cash disbursement reports, invoices and canceled checks" and over 200 of Fred Trump's tax returns.</ref> Mu nkhani yakulondezgapo, ''The New York Times'' yikati ndalama izo All County yikasanganga mwambura kuzomerezgeka zikagaŵikana pakati pa ŵabali ŵa Trump.<ref name="NYT_Buettner_20181215">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/15/us/politics/trump-tenants-taxes.html |date=December 15, 2018 |access-date=December 15, 2018 |title=As the Trumps Dodged Taxes, Their Tenants Paid a Price |first1=Russ |last1=Buettner |first2=Susanne |last2=Craig |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524213618/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/15/us/politics/trump-tenants-taxes.html |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2018, chifukwa cha kufumiskika kwa lipoti ili, [[Dipatimenti ya Misonkho na Ndalama ya Boma la New York]] yikamba kuwona ivyo vikayowoyekanga vya uchinyengo pa Barry na ŵabali ŵake.<ref name="NYT_Barstow_20181002" /><ref name="CNN_Borak_20181003">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/02/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes/index.html |title=New York Times investigation: Trump helped his parents evade taxes, 'including instances of outright fraud' |first1=Donna |last1=Borak |first2=Sophie |last2=Tatum |work=CNN |date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510174311/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/02/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes/index.html |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |title=Retiring as a Judge, Trump's Sister Ends Court Inquiry Into Her Role in Tax Dodges |first1=Russ |last1=Buettner |first2=Susanne |last2=Craig |date=April 10, 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York City |access-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010703/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pa Febuluwale 1, 2019, ŵanthu ŵanayi ŵa ntchito ya malango awo ŵakapeleka madandawuro pa Weruzgi Barry mu Okutobala 2018 chifukwa cha ivyo vikayowoyeka mu ''The New York Times'', ŵakaphalirika na [[Khoti la Apilu la United States la Dera Lachiŵiri|Khoti la Apilu la Dera Lachiŵiri]] kuti kufufuza pa nkhani ya kuswa malango gha nkharo ya ŵeruzgi na Barry kukambika, pa ivyo wakasuskikanga vya kunjilirapo mu vyachinyengo vya msonkho na ndalama.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Buttner |first1=Russ |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |date=10 April 2019 |title=Retiring as a Judge, Trump's Sister Ends Court Inquiry Into Her Role in Tax Dodges |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010703/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mazuŵa khumi ghakati ghajumphapo, Barry, uyo wakaŵa weruzgi mukuru wambura kugwira ntchito, wakapharazga kuti wapumura ntchito, ndipo ichi chikamalizga kufufuza.<ref name=":0" /> ==Kususka Donald Trump mwachisisi== Barry wakayowoyapo viyowoyero vichoko waka pa ŵanthu vya mubali wake muchoko [[Donald Trump]] mu nyengo yake yakwamba kuŵa pulezidenti. Wakafwa pambere wandasankhike kaŵiri kuŵa pulezidenti mu 2024.<ref name="auto1" /> Mu Ogasiti 2020, muzukuru wawo [[Mary L. Trump]] wakavumbura kuti wakalemba mwachisisi maora 15 gha nkhani zake na Barry mu 2018 na 2019. Mu nkhani izo zikalembeka, Barry wakasuska chomene mubali wake.<ref name="auto1" /> Mary wakafumiska pa ŵanthu malemba ghanandi na vigaŵa vya mawu gha nkhani izi, kusazgapo ivyo vikaŵavye mu buku lake la 2020 ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]''.<ref name="auto1" /> Mu malemba agha, Barry wakayowoya vya mubali wake kuti, "Chose icho wakukhumba nkhukondweska [[Trumpism|ŵanthu ŵake ŵakumovwira]]. Walije fundo. Palije. [[Kugwiliskira ntchito Twitter na Donald Trump|Kulemba kwake pa Twitter]] na [[Mazgu ghaboza panji ghakusokweska gha Donald Trump|kuboza]]... aa Chiuta wane. Nkhuyowoya mwakufwatuka chomene, kweni ukumanya. Kusintha nkhani. Kuleka kunozgekera. Kuboza. Eee. [...] Chose ntchautesi. Nchautesi na nkhaza izi. Donald ngwankhaza."<ref name="auto1" /> Wakasazgirapo kuti wakawerenganga mabuku yayi ndipo wakaleka munyake kuti wamulemberere mayeso ghakunjilira ku koleji.<ref name="auto1" /> Mu malemba agha, Barry wakasuskaso ndondomeko yakupatukanya mbumba ya ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ya boma lakwamba la Trump, [[Ndondomeko ya boma la Trump yakupatukanya mbumba|yakupatukanya mbumba]], pamoza na [[Ntchito za bizinesi za Donald Trump|kubankirapuse kwa mabizinesi gha mubali wake]], ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti "mungamugomezganga yayi".<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{cite news |author1=Kelly Mena |author2=Jeremy Diamond |author3=Kevin Bohn |title=Trump's sister bitterly criticizes him in conversations secretly recorded by her niece Mary Trump |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/22/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-donald-trump-mary-trump/index.html |agency=CNN |date=August 23, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055502/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/22/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-donald-trump-mary-trump/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump's Sister Maryanne Trump Barry Leaked Audio Transcript |url=https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trumps-sister-maryanne-trump-leaked-audio-transcript |website=Rev Transcript Library |date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=August 26, 2020 |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129013044/https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trumps-sister-maryanne-trump-leaked-audio-transcript |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Umoyo wake, ulwari, na nyifwa== Mfumu wakwamba wa Barry wakaŵa David Desmond; ŵakapatukana mu 1980.{{r|Foster (2017)}} Mu 1982, wakatorana na loya wa ku New Jersey [[John J. Barry|John Joseph Barry]].{{r|Horowitz (2015)|Maryanne Desmond (1982)}} Ŵakakhala mu nthengwa vyaka 18 pambere wandafwe pa Epulero 9, 2000.{{r|John Barry (2000)}} Wakaŵa na mwana yumoza kufuma mu nthengwa yake yakwamba.{{r|Foster (2017)|Engagements: Lisa Aitken (1992)}} Barry wakang'anamukira ku Chikatolika wati wakura ndipo kanandi wakalutanga ku [[Misa mu Mpingo wa Katolika|Misa]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Jacob |date=2023-11-17 |title=Trump Attends His Sister's Funeral, but Does Not Speak |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/style/trump-sister-funeral-maryanne-barry.html |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117232019/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/style/trump-sister-funeral-maryanne-barry.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 2016, wakapeleka madola 4 miliyoni ku sukulu ya maJesuit ya [[Fairfield University]] kuti yovwire masambiro gha ŵasambiri kweniso kovwira malo gha yunivesite agho ghakusambizga vya [[uzimu wa Ignatius]].{{r|Roy (2016)|Cipollaro (2016)}} Mu 2023, Barry wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵa pa chisamaliro cha [[hospice]] chifukwa cha kansa.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://dailyvoice.com/new-york/nassau/former-president-donald-trumps-sister-dies-at-86-in-new-york/|title = Donald Trump's Sister Dies At 86 In New York|work = [[Daily Voice (American hyperlocal news)|Nassau Daily Voice]]|date = November 13, 2023|accessdate = November 13, 2023|last1 = DeMarco|first1 = Jerry|last2 = Reakes|first2 = Kathy|archive-date = November 13, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231113150002/https://dailyvoice.com/new-york/nassau/former-president-donald-trumps-sister-dies-at-86-in-new-york/|url-status = live}}</ref> Pa Novembala 13, 2023, wakafwira pa nyumba yake ku [[Upper East Side]] mu Manhattan, wali na vyaka 86.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Jacob |date=November 17, 2023 |title=Former President Trump Attends His Sister's Funeral |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/style/trump-sister-funeral-maryanne-barry.html |access-date=February 12, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404081708/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/style/trump-sister-funeral-maryanne-barry.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Mphotho== Mu 2004, Weruzgi wa Khoti Likuru [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] wakapeleka Barry mphotho iyo yikuthyika zina la O'Connor, iyo [[Seton Hall University School of Law]] yikupeleka ku ŵanakazi awo ŵachita makora chomene mu vya malango na uteŵeti wa paŵanthu. Pa mwambo wa kupeleka mphotho iyi, Barry wakati, "Nkhuphalira ŵanakazi wose kuti mukumbukenge umo vikaŵira vyakusuzga ku ŵanakazi nga ni Weruzgi O'Connor pakwamba", ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti, "Nangauli wakamalizga masambiro na mamaki ghapachanya chomene, wakachimbizgika kugwira ntchito ya mulembi wa malango. Kumbukani umo tafikira patali".{{r|Horowitz (2015)}} ==Mazgu== {{reflist|group="Notes"}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="Ackermann (1999)"> {{cite journal |last = Ackermann |first = Matt |title = Conservative-with-a-Heart Barry Nominated for Third Circuit Seat |date = June 21, 1999 |journal = New Jersey Law Journal |publisher = [[Rutgers University]] |location = Camden, New Jersey |volume = 156 |pages = 1105 |via = Is That Legal? (blog) |url = http://www.isthatlegal.org/archives/supreme_court/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080918165253/http://www.isthatlegal.org/archives/supreme_court/ |archive-date = September 18, 2008 |url-status = dead }} </ref> <ref name="Candlish (2015)"> {{cite news |last = Candlish |first = Jane |date = May 16, 2015 |title = Councillor Welcomes Trump Donation to Western Isles Care Home |url = http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/581059/councillor-welcomes-trump-donation-to-western-isles-care-home/ |newspaper = [[The Press and Journal (Scotland)|The Press and Journal]] |publisher = [[D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd.]] |location = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland |access-date = January 25, 2016 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20171104125444/https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/581059/councillor-welcomes-trump-donation-to-western-isles-care-home/ |archive-date = November 4, 2017 |url-status = live }} <ref name="Cipollaro (2016)"> {{cite press release |last = Cipollaro |first = Susan |title = Honorable Maryanne Trump Barry Donates $4M in Honor of Rev. Jeffrey P. von Arx, S.J., President of Fairfield University |date = September 14, 2016 |publisher = [[Yunivesite ya Fairfield]] |location = Fairfield, Connecticut |url = https://www.fairfield.edu/lassochannel/press/pr_index/index.lasso?id=4519 |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820085228/https://www.fairfield.edu/lassochannel/press/pr_index/index.lasso?id=4519 |archive-date = August 20, 2017 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="Engagements: Lisa Aitken (1992)"> {{cite news |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Engagements: Lisa Aitken, David Desmond |date = May 31, 1992 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |location = New York City |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/style/engagements-lisa-aitken-david-desmond.html |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20161111011432/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/style/engagements-lisa-aitken-david-desmond.html |archive-date = November 11, 2016 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="FJC"> {{cite web |title = Barry, Maryanne Trump |website = Federal Judicial Center |url = https://www.fjc.gov/node/1377511 |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20171104120008/https://www.fjc.gov/node/1377511 |archive-date = November 4, 2017 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="Foster (2017)"> {{cite news |last = Foster |first = Alice |title = Judge Maryanne Trump Barry in Pictures: Donald Trump's Sister Celebrates 80th Birthday |date = April 5, 2017 |newspaper = [[Daily Express]] |publisher = [[Express Newspapers]] |location = London, England |url = http://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/788258/Maryanne-Trump-Barry-in-pictures-Donald-Trump-sister-photographs-images-birthday |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20171104135438/http://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/788258/Maryanne-Trump-Barry-in-pictures-Donald-Trump-sister-photographs-images-birthday |archive-date = November 4, 2017 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="Horowitz (2015)"> {{cite news |last = Horowitz |first = Jason |title = Familiar Talk on Women, From an Unfamiliar Trump |date = August 18, 2015 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |location = New York City |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/19/us/politics/familiar-talk-women-from-donald-trump-sister.html |access-date = November 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20151110090035/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/19/us/politics/familiar-talk-women-from-donald-trump-sister.html?_r=0 |archive-date = November 10, 2015 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="John Barry (2000)"> {{cite news |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = John Barry, 60, Trial and Appellate Lawyer |date = April 18, 2000 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |location = New York City |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/18/nyregion/john-barry-60-trial-and-appellate-lawyer.html |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20161111011430/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/18/nyregion/john-barry-60-trial-and-appellate-lawyer.html |archive-date = November 11, 2016 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="Johnson (2015)"> {{cite news |last = Johnson |first = Jenna |title = Donald Trump Says His Older Sister Isn't Interested in Becoming a Supreme Court Judge |date = October 11, 2015 |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |publisher = [[Nash Holdings]] |location = Washington, D.C. |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/11/donald-trump-says-his-older-sister-isnt-interested-in-becoming-a-supreme-court-judge/ |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20151012164503/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/10/11/donald-trump-says-his-older-sister-isnt-interested-in-becoming-a-supreme-court-judge/ |archive-date = October 12, 2015 |url-status = live }} </ref> <!-- <ref name="Kamen (2015)"> {{cite news |last = Kamen |first = Al |title = When President Clinton Did a Very Nice Thing for Donald Trump |date = 2015 |newspaper = [[Washington Post]] |publisher = [[Nash Holdings]] |location = Washington, D.C. |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/07/30/when-president-clinton-did-a-very-nice-thing-for-donald-trump/ |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20161213180718/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/07/30/when-president-clinton-did-a-very-nice-thing-for-donald-trump/ |archive-date = December 13, 2016 |url-status = live |quote = Barry, a Republican and Reagan-appointed federal trial judge at the time, reportedly was herself surprised she was picked. }} </ref> --> <ref name="Margolick (1992)"> {{cite news |last = Margolick |first = David |author-link = David Margolick |title = At the Bar |date = December 4, 1992 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |location = New York City |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/04/news/at-the-bar.html |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20161111011419/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/04/news/at-the-bar.html |archive-date = November 11, 2016 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="Maryanne Desmond (1982)"> {{cite news |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title = Maryanne Desmond Weds John Barry |date = December 27, 1982 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |location = New York City |issn = 0362-4331 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/27/style/maryanne-desmond-weds-john-barry.html |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20161111011421/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/27/style/maryanne-desmond-weds-john-barry.html |archive-date = November 11, 2016 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="Mannion (2017)"> {{cite web |last = Mannion |first = Cara |title = 3rd Circ. Judge, Trump's Sister, Stops Hearing Cases |date = February 3, 2017 |website = Law360 |url = https://www.law360.com/articles/888127/3rd-circ-judge-trump-s-sister-stops-hearing-cases |access-date = November 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20171104125817/https://www.law360.com/articles/888127/3rd-circ-judge-trump-s-sister-stops-hearing-cases |archive-date = November 4, 2017 |url-status = live }} </ref> <ref name="Roy (2016)"> {{cite news |last = Roy |first = Eleanor |title = Donald Trump's Sister Gives $4 Million to Fairfield University |date = October 9, 2016 |newspaper = [[Palm Beach Daily News]] |publisher = [[Cox Enterprises]] |location = Palm Beach, Florida |url = http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/local/donald-trump-sister-gives-million-fairfield-university/HtIdtYqrS6z6UweGQCtlXO/ |access-date = September 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20171104131825/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/local/donald-trump-sister-gives-million-fairfield-university/HtIdtYqrS6z6UweGQCtlXO/ |archive-date = November 4, 2017 |url-status = live }} </ref> }} ==Intaneti== {{Wikiquote}} *{{FJC Bio|109|nid=1377511}} *{{C-SPAN|49192}} {{s-start}} {{s-legal}} {{s-bef|before=[[Henry Curtis Meanor]]}} {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Mweruzgi wa [[Khoti la Dango la United States la Chigaŵa cha New Jersey]]}}|years=1983–1999}} {{s-aft|after=[[Joel A. Pisano]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[H. Lee Sarokin]]}} {{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Mweruzgi wa [[Khoti la Maapelo la United States la Dera Lachitatu]]}}|years=1999–2011}} {{s-aft|after=[[Patty Shwartz]]}} {{s-end}} {{Banja la Trump}} {{Portal bar|Dango|United States}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barry, Maryanne Trump}} [[Category:1937 kubabika]] [[Category:2023 kufwa]] [[Category:Ŵaloya ŵa ku America ŵa vyaka vya m'ma 1900]] [[Category:Ŵeruzgi ŵa boma la United States ŵa vyaka vya m'ma 21]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa mphapu ya ku Germany]] [[Category:Ŵaloŵa ŵa ntchito ya ulongozgi wa dango wa United States]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Yunivesite ya Columbia]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Yunivesite ya Hofstra]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Maurice A. Deane School of Law]] [[Category:Ŵeruzgi ŵa Khoti la Maapelo la United States la Dera Lachitatu]] [[Category:Ŵeruzgi ŵa Khoti la Dango la United States la Chigaŵa cha New Jersey]] [[Category:Ŵaloya kufuma ku New York City]] [[Category:Ŵaloya kufuma ku Philadelphia]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Mount Holyoke College]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa chipani Republican cha New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kufuma ku Jamaica Estates, Queens]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa chipani Republican cha Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Banja la Trump|Maryanne]] [[Category:Ŵeruzgi ŵa makhoti gha maapelo gha United States ŵakusankhika na Bill Clinton]] [[Category:Ŵeruzgi ŵa makhoti gha boma gha United States ŵakusankhika na Ronald Reagan]] [[Category:Ŵaloya ŵanakazi ŵa ku America ŵa vyaka vya m'ma 1900]] [[Category:Ŵeruzgi ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vya m'ma 1900]] [[Category:Ŵeruzgi ŵanakazi ŵa ku United States ŵa vyaka vya m'ma 21]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Yunivesite ya Fairfield]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na khansa ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kufuma ku Upper East Side]] [[Category:Ŵakuzgoka ku Chikatolika cha Roma]] [[Category:Ŵakatolika kufuma ku New York (boma)]] n1y2pkqj09u0sbp3clzti8dbsl5aed2 0 47933 117498 117392 2026-07-18T01:08:02Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Germany na America (1869–1918)}} {{about|munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Germany na America|ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵali na zina lakuyana|Fred Trump (disambiguation)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}} {{Use American English|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox person | image = Frederick Friedrich Trump 2.jpg | caption = Trump mu 1918 | birth_date = {{birth date|1869|3|14}} | birth_name = Friedrich Trump | birth_place = [[Kallstadt]], Ufumu wa Bavaria | death_date = {{death date and age|1918|5|30|1869|3|14}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | burial_place = [[All Faiths Cemetery]], Queens, New York City<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/02/19/cemetery-in-queens-nyc-workers-say-they-have-lost-benefits-amid-state-investigation|title=Queens Cemetery Workers Say They've Lost Their Benefits Amid State Probe|website=ny1.com}}</ref> | citizenship = {{ubl | [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]] (mpaka 1871) | [[Ufumu wa Germany]] (1871–1905) | U.S.<!--Please do NOT spell out, see [[MOS:INFOBOXPURPOSE]].--> (kwambira 1892) }} | occupation = Munthu wakuchita malonda | spouse = {{marriage|[[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth Christ]]|1902}} | children = 3, kusazgapo [[Fred Trump|Fred]] na [[John G. Trump|John]] | family = [[Trump family|Ŵa Trump]] }} '''Frederick Trump''' (wakababika zina '''Friedrich Trump''', {{IPA|de|ˈfʁidʁɪç ˈtʁʊmp|lang}}; 14 Malichi 1869 – 30 Meyi 1918) wakaŵa munthu wakuchita malonda wa ku Germany na America. Wakaŵa sekuru wa mbumba ya [[Trump family|Ŵa Trump]] ndipo wakaŵa sekuru wa kwa dada wa [[Donald Trump]], pulezidenti wa 45 na 47 wa [[United States]]. Wakababikira na kulereka ku [[Kallstadt]], mu chigaŵa icho pa nyengo iyo chikaŵa mu [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]], Trump wakasamira ku United States mu 1885. Mu 1891, wakamba kugura na kuguliska malo mu [[Seattle]]. Mu nyengo ya [[Klondike Gold Rush]], wakasamira ku [[Yukon, Canada]], ndipo wakasanga usambazi wake kwizira mu kucita bizinesi ya malo ghakuryeramo na [[brothel]] kwa ŵakusanga golide mu [[Whitehorse]].<ref name=brothel>{{cite web|last1=Panetta|first1=Alexander|title=Donald Trump's grandfather ran Canadian brothel during gold rush|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254|website=[[CBC News]]|access-date=December 10, 2015|date=September 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name=WhoHeIs /> Mu 1901, Trump wakawelera ku Kallstadt ndipo wakatorana na Mubavaria munyake [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]]. Chifukwa chakuti wakamalizga yayi uteŵeti wa nkhondo uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa ndipo wakaphalira yayi ŵamazaza kuti wakafumapo mu 1885, [[boma la Bavaria]] likamuwuskamo mu wanangwa wake wa uzengezgani mu 1905 ndipo likamulangura kuti wafumemo mu charu. Ntheura wakawelera ku United States pamoza na mbumba yake. Trump wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni wakumeta mawindo na manejala wa resitiranti-hotelo ndipo wakamba kusanga malo mu [[Queens]] pambere wandafwe mu [[1918 flu pandemic]]. == Umoyo wa pakwamba == [[File:Frederick Trump 1887.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|Friedrich Trump, 1887]] [[File:Katharine Kober.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Anyina ŵa Trump, Katharine Kober]] Friedrich Trump<ref>Church Records, Kallstadt</ref><ref>[https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1241932301 Jakob Friedrich TRUMP]</ref> wakababika ku Kallstadt mu [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]]) kwa Johannes Trump II (1829–1877) na Katharina Kober (1836–1922).<ref name="Blair">{{cite book|title=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|year=2000|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|location=New York City|isbn=978-0-7432-1079-9|title-link=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|first=Gwenda|last=Blair|author-link=Gwenda Blair}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Mu nkhani za visopa, muzi uwu ukaŵa wa [[Lutheran]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|28–29}} Muzukuru wakwamba wamwamuna wa Trump uyo wakumanyikwa ni Johann Philipp [[Drumpft]] (1667–1707, ŵapapi ŵake panji malo agho wakababikira vikulembeka yayi), uyo wakatorana na Juliana Maria Rodenroth.<ref name="drumpft">{{cite web |last1=Henkel |first1=Herbert |title=Johann Philipp Drumpft |url=https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1241932311 |website=wayback machine |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101151643/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1241932311 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |language=German |date=8 April 2020}}</ref> Ŵakaŵa na mwana mwanalume, Johann Sebastian Trump (1699–1756). Mwana wa Johann Sebastian, Johann Paul Trump (1727–1792), wakababika ku [[Bobenheim am Berg]].<ref name="johann_paul_trump">{{cite web |title=Johann Paul Trump |url=https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1241932307 |publisher=Verein für Computergenealogie |access-date=19 July 2020 |location=Köln}}</ref> Umo banja la Trump likambira kukolerana na Kallstadt kukumanyikwa kwa Johann Sebastian's grandson Johannes Trump (1789–1836), uyo wakababika ku Bobenheim am Berg ndipo wakatorana ku Kallstadt, uko wakafwira.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1219229786 |publisher=Verein für Computergenealogie |title=Johannes TRUMP |access-date=6 August 2019 }}</ref><ref name="gedbas">Verein für Computergenealogie: [http://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1207119761 Vorfahren von Friederich "Fritz" Trump].</ref> Manda gha mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 mu mzinda wa Kallstadt ghakulongora kuti ŵa mu banja la Trump ŵachali kukhala mu Kallstadt. Kufuma mu 1816 mpaka 1918, apo Bavaria yikazgoka [[Free State of Bavaria]], Palatinate yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Bavaria. Mu 1871, Bavaria yikazgoka chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Germany]]. Mu nyengo za nkhondo na sankho kwa Ŵajeremani mu United States, mwana wa Trump, Fred, pamanyuma wakakana kuti wakaŵa na mphapu ya Germany, ndipo wakati awiske ŵakaŵa Ŵaswidi ŵakufuma ku [[Karlstad]].<ref name="Drumpf">{{Cite news|last1=Crolly|first1=Hannelore|title=Donald Trump, King of Kallstadt|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article145558110/Donald-Trump-King-of-Kallstadt.html|journal=Die Welt|access-date=November 21, 2015|language=de|date=August 24, 2015}}</ref> Nkhani iyi yikayowoyekaso na mwana wa Fred, Donald, mu buku lake la 1987 ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal]]''.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Donald J.|last1=Trump|author-link1=Donald Trump|first2=Tony|last2=Schwartz|author-link2=Tony Schwartz (author)|title=[[The Art of the Deal]]|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|location=New York City|date=1987|isbn=0-345-47917-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/trumpartofdeal000trum/page/66 66]}}</ref> Wakati wasuzgika na [[emphysema]] kwa vyaka 10, awiske Trump, Johannes, ŵakafwa pa 6 Julayi 1877, ŵali na vyaka 48, ndipo ŵakasida banja lili na ngongoli zikuru chifukwa cha ndalama za munkhwala.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|28}} Nangauli ŵana ŵankhondi mwa ŵana ŵankhondi na umoza ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu minda ya mpheska ya mbumba, Friedrich wakawonekanga kuti wakaŵa wakutombola chomene kuti wangazizipizga ntchito yakusuzga iyi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|29}} Mu 1883, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 14, wakatolekera ku [[Frankenthal]] uko wakamba kusambira ntchito ya kumeta mawoko nga ni mwana wakusambira ntchito. Trump wakagwira ntchito mazuŵa ghose 7 pa sabata kwa vyaka viŵiri na hafu pasi pa wakumeta Friedrich Lang. Wakati wamara kusambira ntchito, wakawelera ku Kallstadt, muzi uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1,000. Wakasanga kuti pakaŵavya bizinesi yakukwana kuti wakhale. Kweniso wakasendelera ku nyengo yakuti wanjire mu [[conscription in Germany#history|nkhondo ya boma]] mu [[Gulu la Nkhondo la Germany]]. Wakaghanaghana kuti wasamire ku [[United States]], ndipo pamanyuma wakati: "Nkhakolerana na anyina kuti nilutenge ku America."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|30}} Vyaka vinandi pamanyuma, ŵabali ŵake ŵakayowoya kuti wakafumapo mwakubisa usiku, ndipo wakasida kalata kwa anyina.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|30–31}} Chifukwa chakuti Trump wakachimbira uteŵeti wa nkhondo uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa kwa ŵanthu wose, dango la themba likapelekeka lakuti wafumiskike mu charu.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather|url= https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree|website=The Guardian|date=November 21, 2016|last=Connolly|first=Kate|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260509165818/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree |archive-date=May 9, 2026}}</ref> == Kusamira ku United States == [[File:Geburtsurkunde von Friedrich Trump.webp|thumb|left|Sitifiketi yakubabikira ya Friedrich Trump]] [[File:U.S. Immigration records mentioning Friedr Trumpf.jpg|thumb|right|Maukaboni gha kusamira ku U.S. Mzere 133 uli na zina "Friedr. Trumpf", vyaka 16, wakababikira ku [[Kallstadt]], [[Germany]].]] Mu 1885, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 16, Trump wakasamira kwizira mu [[Bremerhaven|Bremerhaven, Germany]], kuluta ku United States pa sitima ya [[SS Eider|''Eider'']], iyo yikafuma pa 7 Okutobala<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|32}} ndipo yikafika pa malo ghakupokelera ŵakusama gha [[Castle Garden]] mu [[New York City]] pa 19 Okutobala. Chifukwa chakuti wakaŵa wandachite uteŵeti wa nkhondo wa vyaka viŵiri uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa mu Ufumu wa Bavaria, kusama kwake kukaŵa kwambura kuzomerezgeka kuyana na dango la Bavaria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/donald-trump-father-mother-ancestry|title=The Trump Family's Immigrant Story|first=Natasha|last=Frost|website=HISTORY|date=March 7, 2019 }}</ref> Maukaboni gha kusama gha ku United States ghakalemba zina lake kuti "Friedr. Trumpf" ndipo ntchito yake kuti "none".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/U.S._Immigration_records_mentioning_Friedr_Trumpf.jpg|title=U.S. Immigration records. Line 133 mentions "Friedr. Trumpf", age 16, born in "Kallstadt", Germany.}}</ref> Wakakakhala na mudumbu wake mukuru Katharina — uyo wakasamira mu 1883<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|31}} — na mfumu wake Fred Schuster, uyo nayo wakafuma ku Kallstadt. Maora ghachoko waka wati wafika, wakakumana na wakumeta wa Chijeremani uyo wakapenjanga munthu wakumugwirira ntchito,<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|25}} ndipo wakamba ntchito zuŵa lakulondezgapo.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|34}} Wakagwira ntchito yakumeta kwa vyaka 6.<ref name=WhoHeIs>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647/ |title=The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |publisher=[[Politico]] |date=August 24, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref> Trump wakakhalanga na ŵabali ŵake ku [[Lower East Side]] ya [[Manhattan]] mu chigaŵa icho mukaŵa Ŵajeremani ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Palatinate, pa 76 [[Forsyth Street]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|33}} Chifukwa cha ndalama zakwendeskera malo gha 76 Forsyth Street kusazgikira, pamanyuma ŵakasamira ku 606 East 17th Street<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|37}} na ku 2012 [[Second Avenue (Manhattan)|2nd Avenue]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|39}} Mu 1891, Trump wakasamira ku [[Seattle]], mu chigaŵa chiphya cha U.S. cha [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. Na ndalama zake zose izo zikaŵa madola mahandiredi ghanandi, wakagura malo gha Poodle Dog, ndipo wakasintha zina lake kuŵa Dairy Restaurant. Wakawikamo mathebulu, vitengo, na chitofu viphya.<ref name=WhoHeIs/> Malo agha ghakaŵa pa 208 Washington Street, pakati pa chigaŵa cha [[Pioneer Square, Seattle|Pioneer Square]] ku Seattle; Washington Street likacemekanga "the Line" ndipo likaŵa na malo ghakumwa, makasino, na [[malo gha uzaghali]]. Wakalemba mbiri ya Trump, [[Gwenda Blair]], wakati malo agha "ghakaŵa malo gha kugonana, moŵa, na ndalama, ndipo ghakaŵa pakati pa vinthu vyose mu Seattle."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|41}} Resitiranti iyi yikaguliskanga chakurya na moŵa ndipo yikapharazgikanga kuti yikaŵa na "Rooms for Ladies", mazina agho ghakagwiriskikanga ntchito kubisa vya [[uzaghali]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|50}} Mu 1892, Trump wakazgoka mwanangwa wa U.S.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|94}} ndipo wakapota voti mu [[1892 United States presidential election|chisankho chakwamba cha pulezidenti mu Washington]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|50}} Wakakhala ku Seattle mpaka kukwambilira kwa 1893.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|59}} Pa 14 Febuluwale 1894, Trump wakaguliska Dairy Restaurant, ndipo mu Malichi wakasamira ku msumba wakusanga migodi uwo ukaŵa kuti ukukhukira wa [[Monte Cristo, Washington]], mu [[Snohomish County]] kumpoto kwa Seattle.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/northwest/donald-trumps-grandfather-got-business-start-in-seattle/ |title=Donald Trump's grandfather got business start in Seattle |author=Evan Bush |date= August 25, 2015 |access-date= September 21, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasanga maukaboni gha visulo vya migodi mu 1889, Monte Cristo wakaghanaghanikanga kuti wazamupanga usambazi wa golide na siliva. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasakanga usambazi ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Mazu agho ghakayowoyanga vya ndalama za munthu musambazi [[John D. Rockefeller]] mu chigaŵa chose cha [[Everett, Washington|Everett]] ghakapangiska ŵanthu kugomezga chomene kuti malo agha ghakaŵa na mwaŵi ukuru.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|53–58}} Pambere wandafumeko ku Seattle, Trump wakagura malo ghakukwana {{convert|40|acre}} mu [[Pine Lake (Washington)|Pine Lake Plateau]], {{convert|12|mi|km|spell=in}} kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba, pa mtengo wa $200. Ichi chikaŵa chinthu chikuru chakwamba cha kugura malo mu banja la Trump.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|59}} Ku Monte Cristo, Trump wakasankha malo kufupi na njanji iyo pamanyuma yikazengeka kuti waŵikepo hotelo, kweni wakatondeka kulipira ndalama za $1,000 pa ekara kuti wagure. M'malo mwake, wakalembeska [[gold placer claim]] pa malo agha, ivyo vikamupanga kuŵa na wanangwa wapadera wakusanga visulo mu malo agha kwambura kulipira ndalama zakugulira,<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|60}} nangauli malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghagwiliskika kale ntchito na Nicholas Rudebeck wa ku Everett. Pa nyengo iyo, [[United States General Land Office]] yikamanyikwanga kuti yikaŵa yachinyengo ndipo kanandi yikazomerezganga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵaŵe na madango ghakuyana pa malo ghamoza. Nangauli wanangwa wa placer ukamupanga yayi Trump kuŵa na wanangwa wakuzenga chinthu pa malo agha, mwaluŵiro wakagura mathabwa kuti wazenge [[boarding house]] yiphya na kuyendeska nga ni Dairy Restaurant. Wakayezgapo yayi kusanga golide pa malo agha. Blair wakalongosora Trump kuti wakaŵa "kusanga ndalama kwa ŵakusanga migodi" chifukwa ŵakasankhanga malo ghakugonapo usiku apo ŵakasanganga migodi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|61}} Mu Julayi 1894, Rudebeck wakalemba kuti wagure malo agha mwalamulo ndipo wakatuma munthu kuti wakapoke lenti; kweni vikuwoneka kuti vikakhalapo yayi chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa Monte Cristo ŵakaŵikako mahara yayi ku mazina gha umwini wa malo.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|66}} Paumaliro Trump wakagura malo agha mu Disembala 1894.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|69}} Apo wakaŵa ku Monte Cristo, Trump wakasankhika mu 1896 kuŵa [[justice of the peace]] na mavoti 32 pa 5.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|71}} Vyaka vya kusanga migodi vikavumbura kuti mu Monte Cristo mukaŵavya golide na siliva vinandi nga umo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghaniranga pakwamba,<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|68}} ndipo mu Ogasiti 1894, Rockefeller wakaleka vinandi mwa ndalama zake izo wakawikamo mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pachitike "Everett bubble burst."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|67}} Kufika mu chihanya cha 1896, ŵakusanga migodi ŵanandi ŵakafumapo ku Monte Cristo. Trump wakasuzgika chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito na kuchepa kwa bizinesi, nangauli wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵachoko awo ŵakasanga ndalama mu Monte Cristo. Trump wakanozgeka pambele vinthu vindasweke, ndipo wakapeleka ndalama kwa ŵakusanga migodi ŵaŵiri ku [[Yukon]], Canada, kuti ŵakamupenje malo gha migodi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|72}} Mu Julayi 1897, [[Klondike Gold Rush]] yikamba pamanyuma pakuti maboti ghakiza na golide ku [[San Francisco]] na Seattle. Ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi ŵakachimbilira ku malo agha kuti ŵasange usambazi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|73}} Trump wakaguliska malo ghake ghanandi mu Monte Cristo masabata ghachoko pamanyuma ndipo wakawelera ku Seattle.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|74}} [[File:Fred Trump Passport Application.jpg|thumb|Kufumba pasipoti kwa Friedrich Trump, 1896]] Ku Seattle, Trump wakajura resitiranti yiphya pa 207 Cherry Street. Bizinesi yikaŵa yiwemi chomene mwakuti wakamalira ngongoli ya malo agha mu masabata ghanayi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, pa 7 Julayi, ŵakusanga migodi ŵaŵiri awo Trump wakaŵapeleka ndalama ŵakasanga malo gha migodi ku Hunker Creek, mlonga munandi wa Klondike. Pamanyuma pakugwiliskira ntchito $15 kulembeska malo agha, ŵakaguliska hafu yake pa $400 zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Sabata yimoza pamanyuma, wakusanga migodi munyake wakaguliska malo agha pa $1,000.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|77}} Pa 20 Seputembala, ŵakasanga malo ghanyake gha migodi ku Deadwood Creek. Hafu yake yikaguliskika mu Okutobala pa $150, ndipo hafu yinyake yikaguliskika mu Disembala pa $2,000. Kweni chikumanyikwa yayi usange Trump wakapokera ndalama kufuma ku malo agha. Kukwambilira kwa 1898, wakaŵa kuti wasanga ndalama zakukwana kuti walute yekha ku Yukon.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|79}} Wakagura vinthu vyose vyakukhumbikwa, wakaguliska malo ghake ghose agho ghakakhalako mu Monte Cristo na Seattle, ndipo wakapeleka malo ghake ghakukwana 40 ekara ku Pine Lake Plateau kwa mudumbu wake Louise.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|78}} Mu 1900, Louise wakaguliska malo agha pa $250.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|80}} Mu chisulo chakulondezgapo pamanyuma pa kufumapo kwa Trump ku Monte Cristo, msumba uwu ukakumana na viphalizgo vikuru vya chithukivu na kusefukira kwa maji mu mbiri yake yifupi, ndipo pa nyengo iyi Rockefeller wakakana kuzengaso njanji yakukhumbikwa chomene kuluta ku Everett.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|79}} ===Chipatano cha Golide cha Yukon; mahotela na nyumba za uzaghali za Trump=== Mwakuyana na nkhani ya Blair, apo Trump wakaleka kuluta ku Yukon, wakaŵavya khumbo la kupenja golide nadi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|81}} Wakenda nthowa ya [[White Pass]],<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|83}} iyo yikaŵa na nthowa yakumanyikwa kuti "Dead Horse trail", zina ilo likafuma ku ŵakwendeska ŵakakwiyiskanga vinyama vyakunyamura katundu mpaka vikafwa ndipo ŵakaleka thupi lawo pa nthowa kuti livunde.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|84}} Mu chaka cha 1898, Trump na munthu munyake wakupenja migodi zina lake Ernest Levin ŵakajura resitiranti ya muhema mumphepete mwa nthowa. Blair wakalemba kuti "chakurya icho ŵakaryanga kanandi chikaŵa nyama ya [[Nyama ya kavalo|kavalo]] iyo yikakomeka waka na kuŵa yakuzizima luŵiro".<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|84}} Mu Meyi 1898, Trump na Levin ŵakaluta ku [[Bennett, British Columbia]],<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Meagan|last=Campbell|url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/donald-trumps-ancestral-brothel-gets-a-new-lease-on-life/amp/|title=Donald Trump's ancestral brothel gets a new lease on life|magazine=[[Maclean's]]|publisher=[[Rogers Media]]|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=June 15, 2017}}</ref> tawuni iyo yikamanyikwanga chifukwa cha ŵakusanga golide awo ŵakazenganga maboti kuti ŵakende kuluta ku Dawson. Ku Bennett, Trump na Levin ŵakajura Arctic Restaurant and Hotel, iyo yikapelekanga chakurya chiwemi, malo ghakugona na kugonana mu malo agho ghakaŵa na mahema ghanandi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|85}} Arctic pakwamba yikaŵa muhema, kweni cifukwa cha khumbo likuru la ŵanthu pa hotelo na resitiranti, yikasanduka nyumba ya mipanda yiŵiri.<ref name=Blair /> Kalata yakuluta ku nyuzipepara ya ''Yukon Sun'' yikalongosora Arctic: {{blockquote|Kwa ŵanalume ŵambura kutora, Arctic yili na malo ghawemi ghakugona kweniso ni resitiranti yiwemi chomene mu Bennett, kweni ningakaniska ŵanakazi ŵakuchindika kuluta kwiza kugona kwenekuko cifukwa ŵangapulika vinthu ivyo vingakhwaska maghanoghano ghawo&nbsp;– ndipo vyayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵaheni ŵa mtundu wawo.<ref name=Blair />}} Arctic House yikaŵa yimoza mwa ma resitiranti ghakuru na ghakutowa chomene mu chigaŵa cha Klondike, ndipo yikapelekanga vipasi viphya na [[Ptarmigan|ptarmigan]] pamoza na chakurya chakuzara cha [[Nyama ya kavalo|nyama ya kavalo]]. Arctic yikagwiranga ntchito maora ghose ndipo yikakhazikiska chizindikiro chakuti "Malo gha ŵanakazi", agho ghakaŵa na mabedi na vipimo vya kupima fuvu la golide. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku [[North-West Mounted Police]] ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakazomerezganga uheni usange ukachitikanga mwachisisi.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|86}} Mu 1900, {{convert|111|mi|km|adj=mid}} [[White Pass and Yukon Route]], njanji iyo yikalongozganga pakati pa [[Skagway, Alaska]] na [[Whitehorse, Yukon]], yikamara kuzengeka. Trump wakakhazikiska White Horse Restaurant and Inn ku Whitehorse.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|87–88}}<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Tracie|last=Rozhon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-housing-middle-class-dies-at-93.html|date=June 26, 1999|access-date=May 2, 2010}}</ref> Ŵakasamuska nyumba iyo <!-- Arctic House?-->na boti, ŵakayiŵika pa Front Street, ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Juni.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|88–89}} Resitiranti yiphya, iyo yikaŵa na chinthu chimoza mwa masitovu ghakuru gha chisulo mu chigaŵa ichi, yikaphikanga vyakurya 3,000 pa zuŵa ndipo yikaŵa na malo gha njuga. Nangauli yikaŵa na phindu likuru, Trump na Levin ŵakamba kupambana cifukwa ca umo Levin wakamweleranga moŵa. Ŵakaleka ubwezi wawo wa bizinesi mu Febuluwale 1901, kweni ŵakayaniskana mu Epulero. Panyengo iyo, boma la malo ghakaphalira kuti likukanizgenge uzaghali, njuga na moŵa, kweni ŵamalonda ŵakachedweskanga. Cifukwa ca suzgo ili ku bizinesi yake, Trump wakaguliska chigaŵa chake cha resitiranti kwa Levin ndipo wakaleka Yukon.<ref name=WhoHeIs /><ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|90–91}} Mu myezi yakulondezgapo, Levin wakakakika cifukwa ca kumwa moŵa mwakujumphizga ndipo Arctic yikapokeka na [[North-West Mounted Police|Mounties]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|92}} Resitiranti ya Arctic yikaphya mu moto wa Whitehorse mu 1905.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Markusoff|first1=Jason|title=Inside the wild Canadian past of the Trump family|url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/inside-the-wild-canadian-past-of-the-trump-family/|access-date=14 October 2016|work=[[Maclean's]]|date=13 October 2016}}</ref> Blair wakalemba kuti "kanandi, mu suzgo iyo yikaleka ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutaya, [Frederick Trump] wakafumangamo wakupambana."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|93}} ==Nthengwa na mbumba== Trump wakawelera ku Kallstadt mu 1901 nga ni munthu musambazi. Munthu wakulemba mbiri Blair wakati "bizinesi yakovwira ŵateja ŵake kusanga chakurya, chakumwa na ŵanakazi yikamupindulira chomene."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|94}} Luŵiro wakakumana na kupempha kutora [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]] (1880–1966), mwana wa munthukazi munyake uyo wakakhalanga nayo pafupi kale; wakaŵa muchoko kwa Trump na vyaka 11.<ref name=wargs>{{cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/other/trump.html |title=Donald Trump genealogy |publisher=Wargs.com |access-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2023|reason=The source appears to be user-generated content, calling itself neither exhaustive nor authoritative, "but rather a first draft".}} Anyina ŵa Trump ŵakakana Christ cifukwa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mbumba yake yikaŵa ya mtundu wapasi. Trump na Christ ŵakatorana pa Ogasiti 26, 1902, ndipo ŵakaluta ku New York City.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|95}}<!--why did they leave? An earlier account said he was "forced to" --> Ku New York, Trump wakagwira nchito nga ni wakumeta sisi na mulaŵiliri wa resitiranti-hotela. Mbumba iyi yikakhalanga pa 1006 Westchester Avenue mu chigaŵa cha [[Morrisania, Bronx|Morrisania]] mu [[the Bronx]], uko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga Chijeremani. Mwana wawo mwanakazi Elizabeth wakababika pa Epulero 30, 1904. Mu Meyi 1904, apo Trump wakapempha pasipoti ya U.S. ku New York kuti wakende na muwoli wake na mwana wake, wakalemba nchito yake kuti "hotelkeeper".<ref>[http://interactive.ancestry.com/1174/USM1372_653-0200 US Passport Applications: Fred Trump] U.S. Passport Applications 1904–1905, Fred Trump, Roll 653, 25 May 1904–31 May 1904 [[Ancestry.com]] {{Registration required}}</ref> Cifukwa ca kusuzgika chomene kwa Elizabeth Sr. na kukhumba kwawo kuwelera ku nyumba, mbumba yikawelera ku Germany pamanyuma pa chaka chimoza.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|96}} Ku Germany, Trump wakaŵika mu banki ndalama zake zose zakusunga, izo zikaŵa 80,000 marks, {{Inflation|US|505248|2016|fmt=eq}}.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|96}} [[File:Elisabeth Christ & Friedrich Trump.jpg|thumb|right|Elizabeth Christ na Frederick Trump, 1902]] Pafupifupi nyengo yichoko waka yikati mbumba yikafika ku Germany, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Bavaria ŵakamanya kuti Trump wakafumamo mu Germany kuti watalepuske udindo wake wa usilikari, ndipo ŵakamuyika nga ni munthu wakuthawa kuluta ku usilikari.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|98}} Pa 24 Disembala 1904, Dipatimenti ya vya Mukati yikapharazga kafukufuku wakuti Trump wachimbizgike ku Germany. Mwakuyana na dango, ŵakasanga kuti wakaswa Chigamulo cha Unduna wa vya Mukati wa Ufumu nambala 9916, dango la 1886 ilo likalanganga ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku North America kuti ŵaleke usilikari mwa kuŵatolera wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵanthu ŵa Bavaria ndipo pamanyuma ŵa Germany.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|99}} Mu Febuluwale 1905, chilangulo cha ufumu chikapelekeka kulangura Trump kuti wafumemo mu masabata 8 cifukwa wakafumira ku charu kuti watalepuske usilikari kweniso kuti wakalembeskeka yayi apo wakafumanga na ŵamazaza.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree|title=Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather|first=Kate|last=Connolly|date=November 21, 2016|journal=The Guardian}}</ref> Kwa myezi yinandi, Trump wakalemba ma pempho kwa [[Luitpold, Kalonga Mulara wa Bavaria|Luitpold, Kalonga Mulara wa Bavaria]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://harpers.org/archive/2017/03/the-emigrants/ | title=The Emigrants | magazine=Harper's | access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref> na boma kuti ŵamuzomerezge kukhalapo, kweni wakatondeka.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|100}} Iyo na mbumba yake ŵakafumapo kuluta ku New York pa 30 Juni 1905.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|102}} Mwana wawo mwanalume [[Fred Trump|Fred]] wakababika pa 11 Okutobala 1905, mu [[the Bronx]], New York.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|110}} Mbumba iyi yikakhalanga pa 539 East 177th Street. Mu 1907, mwana wawo waciŵiri [[John G. Trump|John]] wakababika. Pamanyuma mu chaka chenechicho mbumba yikaluta ku [[Woodhaven, Queens]]. Apo wakakhalanga ku Queens, Trump wakajura shopu ya kumeta sisi pa 60 [[Wall Street]] mu Manhattan.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|110}} ==Umoyo wakumaliro na nyifwa== [[File:Elisabeth and Friedrich Trump circa 1915.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Frederick Trump (wa ciŵiri kufuma kumazere) na mbumba yake, {{circa|1915}}]] Mu 1908, Trump wakagura malo pa [[Jamaica Avenue]] mu Woodhaven. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri, wakasamuska mbumba yake ku nyumba iyo yikaŵa pa malo agha, ndipo wakapanga lenti vipinda vinandi. Wakagwirangaso ntchito nga ni mulaŵiliri wa hotela ku Medallion Hotel pa [[6th Avenue]] na [[23rd Street (Manhattan)|23rd Street]].<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|112}} Trump wakakhumbanga kulutilira kugura malo ghanandi, kweni pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya pa Charu Chose I|Nkhondo ya pa Charu Chose I]] wakakhala mwakubisilika cifukwa ca [[kusankhana ŵanthu ŵa Chijeremani]] mu US chifukwa cha nkhondo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakababika ku Germany ŵakamba kukayikirika.<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|113–115}} Mwakuyana na mulembi wa mbiri ya mbumba ya Trump [[Gwenda Blair]], "pa Meyi 29, 1918, apo wakendanga na mwana wake Fred, Trump mwamabuchi wakamba kulwara chomene ndipo wakatolekera ku bedi. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo wakafwa. Icho pakwamba ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni [[pneumonia]] chikasangika kuti chikaŵa cimoza mwa vyakucitika vyakwambilira vya [[Fuluwenza ya Spain]]."<ref name="Blair"/>{{rp|116}}{{sfn|Trump|2024|p=15}} Kweni mwakupambana na ichi, mwakuyana na [[satifiketi ya nyifwa]] yake, Trump wakalaŵilikanga na dokotala kufuma pa Meyi 23, 1918, ndipo wakafwa mulenji wa Meyi 30 cifukwa ca pneumonia kweniso, mwaciŵiri, [[nephritis]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230124081625/https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/5166022 NYC Municipal Archives Historical Vital Records, Department of Records and Information Services]. Accessed January 24, 2023.</ref> Vinthu vikupambana pa unandi wa cuma cha Trump: [[Gwenda Blair]] wakuti cuma chake chikaŵa na nyumba ya vipinda 7 ya mipanda yiŵiri ku Queens; malo 5 ghambura kuzengapo; $4,000 ya ndalama zakusunga; $3,600 mu masheya; na ma mortgage 14, ndipo wakayika cuma chake pa $31,359 (${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|31359|1918}}}}),<ref name="Blair" />{{rp|118}} apo muzukuru wake mukuru [[Mary L. Trump]] wakayika pa mtengo wakuyana na $300,000 mu 2021.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trump |first=Mary L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvrDwAAQBAJ&q=350+000 |title=Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man |date=2020-07-14 |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK |isbn=978-1-4711-9015-5 |language=en}}</ref> Muwoli wa Trump na mwana wake Fred ŵakalutilira ntchito zake zakugura na kuzenga malo pasi pa zina la [[Elizabeth Trump & Son]]. ==Mazgo ghakale agho ghakalembeka gha zina la mbumba== Mabuku gha ŵanthu ŵakunjira ku U.S. kufuma mu Okutobala 1885 ghakalemba zina lake kuti Friedr. Trumpf.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NCR1-KF8|publisher=[[FamilySearch]]|title=Friedr. Trumpf|access-date=6 March 2016 |url-access=registration}} {{Registration required}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/trumps-grandparents|title=How Trump's Grandparents Became Reluctant Americans|first=Dan|last=Jones|website=HISTORY|date=August 31, 2018 }}</ref> Malo ghakwambilira agho zina lakuti "Trump" likawonekera ghakaŵa mu mabuku gha visambazi vya ŵanthu mu 1910 gha United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=1910 U.S. Census, Queens, NY |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RJC-3FZ?i=5&cc=1727033 |website=FamilySearch.org}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Mu buku lake ''The Trumps'', mulembi wa mbiri Gwenda Blair wakuyowoya za Hanns Drumpf uyo wakakhazikika ku Kallstadt mu 1608 ndipo ŵana ŵake ŵakasintha zina lawo kufuma pa Drumpf kuya ku Trump pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Atatu]].<ref name="BlairBook">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate|date=2015|publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]]|location=New York City|pages=26–27|last1=Blair|first1=Gwenda|author-link=Gwenda Blair|isbn=9781501139369}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Britt|last=Peterson| url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2015/09/09/why-donald-trump-better-than-donald-drumpf/7ltKCyRasCa5TY2l1Tr4HP/story.html | title = Why Donald Trump trumps Donald Drumpf | work = [[The Boston Globe]] | publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, L.P.|location=Boston, Massachusetts|date=September 9, 2015|access-date = March 3, 2016 }}</ref> Nkhani ya mu 2015 ya [[Deutsche Welle]] yikati Blair wakayowoya mu kuyankhulana kuti sekuru wa Trump ŵakachemekanga Friedrich Drumpf,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-donald-trump-learned-from-his-german-grandpa-friedrich-drumpf/a-18701551 |title=What Donald Trump learned from his German grandpa Friedrich Drumpf |date=September 9, 2015 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=June 2, 2020 |quote=His grandfather Friedrich Drumpf came to the United States in 1885[,] which was the height of German immigration to the United States[,] when he was 16. }}</ref> ico chikupambana na ivyo Blair wakalemba mu buku lake lakwamba. Mwakuyana na wupu wa mayendedwe wa Kallstadt, "Drumpf" ndilo likaŵa zina lakale la mbumba iyi kweni likasintha kale kuŵa "Trump" pambere zina ili lindalembeke mu mabuku gha ŵanthu agho ghakapangika na [[France|Ŵafaransa]] awo ŵakatora chigaŵa cha [[Left Bank of the Rhine]] (kufuma mu 1798 mpaka 1814).<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/what-trumps-ancestral-village-in-germany-has-to-say-about-him/a-19088834 What Trump's ancestral village in Germany has to say about him], ''[[Deutsche Welle]]''</ref> Webusayiti yakupima unenesko ''[[Snopes]]'' yikupeleka ukaboni wakulongora kuti zina la mbumba iyi likaŵa "Drumpf" kale ndipo yikulongoraso malipoti ghakupambana gha maghanoghano gha Blair pa nkhani yakuti Frederick Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito "Drumpf" pakwamba, kweni yikulongoraso kuti panji Donald Trump panji awiske ŵakaŵa na zina la mbumba la Drumpf yayi.<ref>[https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/donald-drumpf/ Was Donald Trump's Family Surname Once 'Drumpf'?], ''Snopes''</ref> ==Wonaniso== * ''[[The Trumps: Mbumba zitatu izo zikazenga ufumu]]'' ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|30em}} ==Mabuku agho ghagwiriskika ntchito== *{{cite book|title=All in the family : the Trumps and how we got this way|last=Trump|first=Fred C.|date=2024|publisher=Gallery Books|isbn=978-1-6680-7217-2}} ==Pa intaneti== *{{commons category-inline}} *{{find a Grave|40736522|Frederick Trump}} {{Trump family|state=expanded}} {{Prostitution in the United States|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Frederick}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1869]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa mu 1918]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 19]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵeneko ŵa nyumba za uzaghali ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga ku Canada]] [[Category:Ŵeneko ŵa mahotelo ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America mu bizinesi ya malo]] [[Category:Ŵeneko ŵa maresitiranti ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵakufuma mu Ufumu wa Germany kuluta ku United States]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku New York City]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku Rhineland-Palatinate]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na nthenda ya Spanish flu mu New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kufuma ku Bad Dürkheim (chigaŵa)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Klondike Gold Rush]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakataya wanangwa wa uwanangwa wa Germany]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika kuŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku United States]] [[Category:Trump family|Frederick]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kufuma ku Morrisania, Bronx]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kufuma ku Woodhaven, Queens]] t3mrv1lclktrdwon3njdfm2evo065kr 0 47962 117499 117484 2026-07-18T01:09:23Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}} [[Image:Cameroon Map.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Map of Cameroon]] [[File:LocationCameroon.svg|thumb|Location of Cameroon]] At {{convert|475440|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[Cameroon]] is the world's 53rd largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of [[Sweden]] and the US state of [[California]]. It is comparable in size to [[Papua New Guinea]]. Cameroon's landmass is {{convert|472710|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, with {{convert|2730|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of water. The country is located in Central and West Africa, bordering the [[Bight of Biafra]], between [[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[Nigeria]]. Cameroon is sometimes described as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all the major climates and vegetation of the continent: mountains, desert, rain forest, savanna grassland, and ocean coastland. Cameroon can be divided into five geographic zones. These are distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. ==Natural regions== [[Image:Cameroon Topography.png|thumb|Topography of Cameroon]] {{MapLibrary|Cameroon_sat.png|Cameroon}} [[File:Down Beach Limbe.jpg|thumb|Night view of Limbe Atlantic Ocean]] [[File:Mangrove-Wouri 02.jpg|thumb|Mangroves along the banks of Wouri River in Douala]] Cameroon is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second highest concentration of biodiversity.<ref name="Africa">{{cite web |title=Cameroon |url=http://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/africa/cameroon.aspx |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society}}</ref><ref name="Regional">{{cite web |last1=Wilkie |first1=D. S. |last2=Hakizumwami |first2=E. |last3=Gami |first3=N. |last4=Difara |first4=B. |year=2001 |title=Beyond Boundaries:Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/125/125/CentralAfrica.htm |access-date=14 February 2013 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |publisher=World Wildlife Organization}}</ref> In Cameroon [[forest cover]] is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to {{convert|20,340,480|ha}} of forest in 2020, down from {{convert|22,500,000|ha}} in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered {{convert|20,279,380|ha}} and planted forest covered {{convert|61,100|ha}}. Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Cameroon |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CMR/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Cameroon's coastal plain extends {{convert|10|to|50|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} inland from the [[Gulf of Guinea]] (part of the Atlantic Ocean) to the edge of a plateau. In the former western state, however, the mass of [[Mount Cameroon]] reaches almost to the sea. The plain is densely forested including areas of [[Central African mangroves]] especially around [[Douala]] and in the estuary of the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] on the border with [[Nigeria]]. A recent global [[remote sensing]] analysis suggested that there were 643&nbsp;km² of tidal flats in Cameroon, making it the 39th ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |journal=Nature |date=2019 |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The low [[South Cameroon Plateau]], rising from the coastal plain and dominated by tropical rain forest, has an average elevation of {{convert|1500|to|2000|ft|m|sigfig=1|order=flip}}. It is less humid than the coast. In western Cameroon is an irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus that extends from Mount Cameroon almost to [[Lake Chad]] at the northern tip of the country. This region includes the [[Bamenda highlands|Bamenda]], [[Bamiléké highlands|Bamiléké]], and [[Mambilla highlands]]. It also contains some of the country's most fertile soils, notably around volcanic Mt. Cameroon. This area of tropical forest has been categorised by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as the [[Cameroonian Highlands forests]] [[ecoregion]] with [[Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests|Mount Cameroon]] considered separately because as an active volcano it has a distinct environment from the other mountains. From the forested southern plateau the land rises northward to the grassy, rugged [[Adamaoua highlands|Adamaoua]] (Adamawa) highlands. Stretching across Cameroon from the western mountain area, the Adamaoua forms a barrier between the north and south. Its average elevation is {{convert|3400|ft|m|sigfig=2|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The southern [[savanna|savanna plain]] extends from the edge of the Adamaoua to Lake Chad. Its characteristic vegetation is scrub and grass. This is region of sparse rainfall and high median temperatures has been included as part of the [[East Sudanian savanna]] ecoregion. == Climate == The climate varies with terrain, from tropical along the coast to semiarid and hot in the north. Exceedingly hot and humid, the coastal belt includes some of the wettest places on earth. For example, [[Debundscha]], at the base of Mt. Cameroon, has an average annual rainfall of {{convert|405|in|mm|order=flip}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084534/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes]. Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]]. 9 August 2004. Last accessed 7 November 2006.</ref> {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Yaoundé |metric first = yes |single line = yes |collapsed = yes |Jan record high C = 33 |Feb record high C = 33 |Mar record high C = 33 |Apr record high C = 36 |May record high C = 34 |Jun record high C = 32 |Jul record high C = 31 |Aug record high C = 34 |Sep record high C = 31 |Oct record high C = 33 |Nov record high C = 32 |Dec record high C = 32 |year record high C = 36 |Jan high C = 29.6 |Feb high C = 31.0 |Mar high C = 30.4 |Apr high C = 29.6 |May high C = 28.8 |Jun high C = 27.7 |Jul high C = 26.5 |Aug high C = 26.5 |Sep high C = 27.5 |Oct high C = 27.8 |Nov high C = 28.1 |Dec high C = 28.5 |year high C = 28.5 |Jan mean C = 24.6 |Feb mean C = 25.7 |Mar mean C = 25.4 |Apr mean C = 25.0 |May mean C = 24.5 |Jun mean C = 23.8 |Jul mean C = 23.2 |Aug mean C = 22.9 |Sep mean C = 23.4 |Oct mean C = 23.5 |Nov mean C = 23.9 |Dec mean C = 24.0 |year mean C = 24.2 |Jan low C = 19.6 |Feb low C = 20.3 |Mar low C = 20.3 |Apr low C = 20.3 |May low C = 20.2 |Jun low C = 19.9 |Jul low C = 19.9 |Aug low C = 19.3 |Sep low C = 19.3 |Oct low C = 19.2 |Nov low C = 19.6 |Dec low C = 19.5 |year low C = 19.8 |Jan record low C = 14 |Feb record low C = 15 |Mar record low C = 16 |Apr record low C = 15 |May record low C = 16 |Jun record low C = 15 |Jul record low C = 16 |Aug record low C = 16 |Sep record low C = 15 |Oct record low C = 15 |Nov record low C = 17 |Dec record low C = 16 |year record low C = 14 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 19.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 42.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 124.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 171.3 |May precipitation mm = 199.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 157.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 74.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 113.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 232.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 293.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 94.3 |Dec precipitation mm = 18.6 |year precipitation mm = |Jan humidity = 79.5 |Feb humidity = 79.5 |Mar humidity = 81.0 |Apr humidity = 82.0 |May humidity = 84.0 |Jun humidity = 85.0 |Jul humidity = 85.5 |Aug humidity = 86.0 |Sep humidity = 85.5 |Oct humidity = 85.0 |Nov humidity = 82.0 |Dec humidity = 79.0 |year humidity = 82.8 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 3 |Feb precipitation days = 4 |Mar precipitation days = 12 |Apr precipitation days = 14 |May precipitation days = 17 |Jun precipitation days = 14 |Jul precipitation days = 11 |Aug precipitation days = 12 |Sep precipitation days = 20 |Oct precipitation days = 23 |Nov precipitation days = 11 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |Jan sun = 172.0 |Feb sun = 179.0 |Mar sun = 169.9 |Apr sun = 164.5 |May sun = 166.2 |Jun sun = 126.0 |Jul sun = 96.1 |Aug sun = 86.2 |Sep sun = 102.4 |Oct sun = 130.2 |Nov sun = 167.1 |Dec sun = 181.4 |year sun = 1741.0 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOYaounde>{{cite web|url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/055/c00257.htm|title=World Weather Information Service - Yaounde|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=December 7, 2012}}</ref> NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<ref name=NOAA>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64950.TXT|server=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|title=Yaounde Climate Normals 1961–1990|access-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> |source 2 = BBC Weather<ref name="weather1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/2220957|title=Average Conditions Yaounde, Cameroon|access-date=December 7, 2012|publisher=BBC Weather}}</ref>|date=August 2010}} {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Douala (1971-2000, extremes 1885-present) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |collapsed = Yes |Jan record high C = 35.8 |Feb record high C = 39.8 |Mar record high C = 37.8 |Apr record high C = 36.4 |May record high C = 36.0 |Jun record high C = 39.0 |Jul record high C = 32.5 |Aug record high C = 32.0 |Sep record high C = 33.1 |Oct record high C = 35.0 |Nov record high C = 38.0 |Dec record high C = 38.0 |year record high C = 39.8 |Jan high C = 32.2 |Feb high C = 32.8 |Mar high C = 32.5 |Apr high C = 32.1 |May high C = 31.4 |Jun high C = 29.9 |Jul high C = 28.1 |Aug high C = 27.7 |Sep high C = 29.0 |Oct high C = 29.8 |Nov high C = 30.9 |Dec high C = 31.7 |year high C = 30.7 |Jan mean C = 27.8 |Feb mean C = 28.5 |Mar mean C = 28.2 |Apr mean C = 27.8 |May mean C = 27.3 |Jun mean C = 26.5 |Jul mean C = 25.4 |Aug mean C = 25.3 |Sep mean C = 25.9 |Oct mean C = 26.2 |Nov mean C = 27.1 |Dec mean C = 27.5 |year mean C = 27.0 |Jan low C = 23.4 |Feb low C = 24.1 |Mar low C = 23.9 |Apr low C = 23.5 |May low C = 23.2 |Jun low C = 23.0 |Jul low C = 22.7 |Aug low C = 22.8 |Sep low C = 22.8 |Oct low C = 22.5 |Nov low C = 23.2 |Dec low C = 23.3 |year low C = 23.2 |Jan record low C = 18.0 |Feb record low C = 19.0 |Mar record low C = 18.0 |Apr record low C = 18.3 |May record low C = 16.0 |Jun record low C = 18.2 |Jul record low C = 18.2 |Aug record low C = 19.0 |Sep record low C = 18.5 |Oct record low C = 16.8 |Nov record low C = 18.5 |Dec record low C = 18.0 |year record low C = 16.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 34.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 54.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 155.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 241.2 |May precipitation mm = 276.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 354.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 681.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 687.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 561.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 406.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 123.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 27.5 |year precipitation mm = 3602.7 |Jan humidity = 80 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 80 |Apr humidity = 81 |May humidity = 82 |Jun humidity = 85 |Jul humidity = 87 |Aug humidity = 88 |Sep humidity = 86 |Oct humidity = 84 |Nov humidity = 83 |Dec humidity = 82 |year humidity = 83 |unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 5 |Feb precipitation days = 9 |Mar precipitation days = 15 |Apr precipitation days = 18 |May precipitation days = 21 |Jun precipitation days = 23 |Jul precipitation days = 27 |Aug precipitation days = 30 |Sep precipitation days = 26 |Oct precipitation days = 24 |Nov precipitation days = 12 |Dec precipitation days = 5 |year precipitation days = 215 |Jan sun = 193.3 |Feb sun = 179.1 |Mar sun = 171.9 |Apr sun = 176.5 |May sun = 175.8 |Jun sun = 123.1 |Jul sun = 72.0 |Aug sun = 53.2 |Sep sun = 90.8 |Oct sun = 131.2 |Nov sun = 162.1 |Dec sun = 184.2 |year sun = 1713.2 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name = WMOdouala > {{cite web |url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1513 |title = World Weather Information Service – Douala |publisher= World Meteorological Organization |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = doualameteoclimat> {{cite web |url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1526 |title = Station Douala |publisher = Meteo Climat |language = fr |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> |source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1957-1990),<ref name = DWDdouala> {{cite web |url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_649100_kt.pdf |title = Klimatafel von Douala (Duala), Observatorium / Kamerun |work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst |language = de |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<ref name = NOAADouala> {{cite web |url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64910.TXT |title = Douala Climate Normals 1961-1990 |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726195601/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64910.TXT |archive-date = 2020-07-26 |url-status = dead |access-date = 13 June 2016}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Garoua |collapsed = Yes |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high C = 34.4 |Feb high C = 37.3 |Mar high C = 39.8 |Apr high C = 39.5 |May high C = 36.5 |Jun high C = 33.2 |Jul high C = 31.1 |Aug high C = 30.7 |Sep high C = 31.5 |Oct high C = 34.2 |Nov high C = 36.0 |Dec high C = 34.8 |year high C = 34.9 |Jan mean C = 26.0 |Feb mean C = 28.9 |Mar mean C = 32.2 |Apr mean C = 33.0 |May mean C = 30.7 |Jun mean C = 28.2 |Jul mean C = 26.6 |Aug mean C = 26.4 |Sep mean C = 26.7 |Oct mean C = 28.1 |Nov mean C = 27.3 |Dec mean C = 26.0 |year mean C = 28.3 |Jan low C = 17.5 |Feb low C = 20.5 |Mar low C = 24.7 |Apr low C = 26.4 |May low C = 24.9 |Jun low C = 23.2 |Jul low C = 22.2 |Aug low C = 22.0 |Sep low C = 21.9 |Oct low C = 22.2 |Nov low C = 19.2 |Dec low C = 17.3 |year low C = 21.8 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 0.0 |Feb rain mm = 0.0 |Mar rain mm = 2.0 |Apr rain mm = 44.1 |May rain mm = 108.4 |Jun rain mm = 134.8 |Jul rain mm = 205.3 |Aug rain mm = 247.9 |Sep rain mm = 190.0 |Oct rain mm = 63.3 |Nov rain mm = 1.6 |Dec rain mm = 0.0 |unit rain days = 1.0 mm |Jan rain days = 0 |Feb rain days = 0 |Mar rain days = 1 |Apr rain days = 5 |May rain days = 9 |Jun rain days = 11 |Jul rain days = 14 |Aug rain days = 17 |Sep rain days = 24 |Oct rain days = 6 |Nov rain days = 1 |Dec rain days = 0 |Jan sun = 275.0 |Feb sun = 252.6 |Mar sun = 260.1 |Apr sun = 245.4 |May sun = 256.7 |Jun sun = 224.4 |Jul sun = 194.0 |Aug sun = 187.2 |Sep sun = 204.5 |Oct sun = 261.5 |Nov sun = 279.2 |Dec sun = 286.5 |year sun = 2927.1 |source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAAgaroua>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT | title = Garoua Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210303100123/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/KM/64860.TXT | archive-date = 2021-03-03 | url-status = dead | access-date = March 8, 2015}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} ==Biodiversity== {{Main|Wildlife of Cameroon}} The wide diversity of climates and natural regions of Cameroon, as coastline, mountains, savanna, deserts, and tropical forests, allows that the country counts with rich biodiversity. Twenty-two million hectares from the [[Congo Basin]] forest ecosystem are located in Cameroon, where 9,000 plant species, 900 bird species, and 320 mammals species live,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cameroon|url=https://www.awf.org/country/cameroon|publisher=Cameroon|access-date=29 September 2020 }}</ref> included 156 [[Endemism|endemic]] plants, eight endemic birds, and 14 endemic mammals. The border with Nigeria has one of the highest concentration of biodiversity in Africa.<ref name="afcn">{{cite web|title=Africa: Cameroon, Nigeria|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0710|access-date=29 September 2020 }}</ref> As part of the conservation efforts to protect threatened natural resources, Cameroon has established [[List of protected areas of Cameroon|protected areas]] since 1932, included national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, faunal reserves, and one flora sanctuary.<ref name="Cartesia">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Mapping of Protected Areas Evolution in Cameroon from the Beginning to 2000: Lesson to Learn and Perspectives. |author1=Mesmin Tchindjang |author2=Clair Réné Banga |author3=Appolinaire Nankam |author4=Jean Sylvestre Makak |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization}}</ref> ==Rivers== [[File:La sanaga4.jpg|thumb|Sanaga River]] [[File:River Mungo.jpg|thumb|Mungo River with fishing Canoes at the far end of the picture]] The country has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers flow southwestward or westward directly to the [[Gulf of Guinea]] – the [[Wouri River|Wouri]], and lesser [[Dibamba River|Dibamba]], [[Bimbia River|Bimbia]] and [[Mungo River, Cameroon|Mungo]] to the Cameroon [[estuary]] near [[Douala]]; [[Sanaga River|Sanaga]], [[Nyong River|Nyong]], and [[Ntem River|Ntem]] further south along the coast; [[Akwayafe River|Akwayafe]] and [[Manyu River|Manyu]] (which joins Nigerian [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross]]), and the lesser [[Ndian River|Ndian]] and [[Meme River|Meme]] north of the coast.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nest.su.se/mnode/Africa/Cameroon/cameroonintro.htm | access-date = 2012-10-25 | last = Gabche | first = C E | author2 = Smith, S V | title = Cameroon Estuarine Systems | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110823031328/http://nest.su.se/mnode/africa/cameroon/cameroonintro.htm | archive-date = 23 August 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Dja River|Dja]] and [[Kadei River|Kadeï]], however, drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the [[Benue River|Benoué River]] (Benue) runs north and west, eventually into the Niger, while the [[Logone River]] flows northward into [[Lake Chad]]. Some of the borders of Cameron follow rivers, including the [[Aïna River|Aïna]], Akwayafe, and Ntem or [[Campo River|Campo]]. ==Forests== Cameroon had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.00/10, ranking it 29th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978 |issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tree cover extent and loss === [[Global Forest Watch]] publishes annual estimates of tree cover loss and 2000 tree cover extent derived from time-series analysis of [[Landsat program|Landsat]] satellite imagery in the Global Forest Change dataset.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard">{{cite web |title=Cameroon Deforestation Rates & Statistics |website=Global Forest Watch |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/CMR/ }}</ref><ref name="HansenEtAl2013">{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter V. |last3=Moore |first3=Rebecca |last4=Hancher |first4=Matt |last5=Turubanova |first5=Svetlana A. |last6=Tyukavina |first6=Alexandra |display-authors=3 |title=High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |year=2013 |pages=850-853 |doi=10.1126/science.1244693 }}</ref><ref name="GFWTCLossAbout">{{cite web |title=Tree cover loss |website=Global Forest Watch Open Data Portal |url=https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/gfw::tree-cover-loss/about }}</ref><ref name="GFWTCCover2000About">{{cite web |title=Tree cover (2000) |website=Global Forest Watch Open Data Portal |url=https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/gfw::tree-cover-2000/about }}</ref> In this framework, tree cover refers to vegetation taller than 5 m (including natural forests and tree plantations), and tree cover loss is defined as the complete removal of tree cover canopy for a given year, regardless of cause.<ref name="GFRTreeCoverLoss2023">{{cite web |title=How much forest was lost in 2023? |website=Global Forest Review |url=https://gfr.wri.org/global-tree-cover-loss-data-2023 }}</ref> For Cameroon, country statistics report cumulative tree cover loss of {{convert|2226205|ha|km2|abbr=on}} from 2001 to 2024 (about 7.1% of its 2000 tree cover area).<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> For tree cover density greater than 30%, country statistics report a 2000 tree cover extent of {{convert|31459321|ha|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> The charts and table below display this data. In simple terms, the annual loss number is the area where tree cover disappeared in that year, and the extent number shows what remains of the 2000 tree cover baseline after subtracting cumulative loss. Forest regrowth is not included in the dataset.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /><ref name="GFRTreeCoverLoss2023" /> {{ChartDirect |type=bar |align=center |width=100% |x=2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024 |xType=integer |y1=392.03,287.68,253.46,230.04,251.58,359.86,459.16,351.41,360.72,579.93,276.52,512.67,846.13,1818.51,789.69,1166.18,1872.81,1208.14,1218.00,2027.96,1687.97,1478.09,2041.99,1791.52 |y1Title=Annual tree cover loss (km²) |caption=Annual tree cover loss in Cameroon, 2001–2024.<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> }} {{ChartDirect |type=line |align=center |width=100% |x=2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024 |xType=integer |y1=314201.18,313913.50,313660.04,313430.00,313178.42,312818.56,312359.40,312007.99,311647.27,311067.34,310790.82,310278.15,309432.02,307613.51,306823.82,305657.64,303784.83,302576.69,301358.69,299330.73,297642.76,296164.67,294122.68,292331.16 |y1Title=Extent minus cumulative loss (km²) |caption=Tree cover extent in 2000 minus cumulative tree cover loss in Cameroon, 2001–2024 (loss-only residual; does not account for gain).<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> }} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right;" |+ Annual tree cover extent and loss<ref name="GFWCMRdashboard" /> ! Year ! Tree cover extent (km2){{efn|name=regrowth|This residual measure does not include forest regrowth.}} ! Annual tree cover loss (km2) |- | 2001 || 314,201.18 || 392.03 |- | 2002 || 313,913.50 || 287.68 |- | 2003 || 313,660.04 || 253.46 |- | 2004 || 313,430.00 || 230.04 |- | 2005 || 313,178.42 || 251.58 |- | 2006 || 312,818.56 || 359.86 |- | 2007 || 312,359.40 || 459.16 |- | 2008 || 312,007.99 || 351.41 |- | 2009 || 311,647.27 || 360.72 |- | 2010 || 311,067.34 || 579.93 |- | 2011 || 310,790.82 || 276.52 |- | 2012 || 310,278.15 || 512.67 |- | 2013 || 309,432.02 || 846.13 |- | 2014 || 307,613.51 || 1,818.51 |- | 2015 || 306,823.82 || 789.69 |- | 2016 || 305,657.64 || 1,166.18 |- | 2017 || 303,784.83 || 1,872.81 |- | 2018 || 302,576.69 || 1,208.14 |- | 2019 || 301,358.69 || 1,218.00 |- | 2020 || 299,330.73 || 2,027.96 |- | 2021 || 297,642.76 || 1,687.97 |- | 2022 || 296,164.67 || 1,478.09 |- | 2023 || 294,122.68 || 2,041.99 |- | 2024 || 292,331.16 || 1,791.52 |} ===REDD+ reference level and monitoring=== Under the [[UNFCCC]] [[REDD+]] framework, Cameroon has submitted a national [[forest reference level]]. On the UNFCCC REDD+ Web Platform, the country’s 2026 submission is listed as “under technical assessment”, while the other [[Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus|Warsaw Framework]] elements—a national strategy, [[Cancún safeguards|safeguards]], and a [[national forest monitoring system]]—are listed as “not reported”.<ref name="UNFCCC_REDD_CMR">{{cite web |title=Cameroon (CMR) — Submissions provided by Country |website=REDD+ Web Platform |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |url=https://redd.unfccc.int/submissions/by-country/country_detail/cmr.html}}</ref> In its 2026 submission, Cameroon proposed its first national forest reference level as a “zero” reference level (''niveau de référence zéro''). The submission states that it is national in scope, covers all five REDD+ activities, uses a historical reference period of 2000–2020, and applies to the implementation period 2021–2025. The proposed benchmark is 0 [[carbon dioxide equivalent|t CO2 eq]] per year, with the government arguing that results-based payments should be claimed only for net removals because Cameroon presents itself as a net carbon sink at national level.<ref name="CMR_NRF_2026">{{cite report |title=Niveau de référence pour les forêts du Cameroun |publisher=République du Cameroun |date=January 2026 |type=UNFCCC submission |url=https://redd.unfccc.int/media/cmr_nrf_zero_final_20janvier2026_f.pdf}}</ref> The submission applies a forest definition of at least 0.5 hectares, minimum canopy cover of 10%, and trees or shrubs capable of reaching a minimum height of 3 metres at maturity, while excluding mono-specific agro-industrial plantations managed primarily through agricultural techniques. It states that activity data were produced through a systematic 4 km × 4 km grid interpreted in Collect Earth Online, covering land use and land-use change for 2000–2023 across 29,409 sample plots. The proposed reference level includes biomass, dead organic matter and mineral soil carbon pools.<ref name="CMR_NRF_2026" /> ==Data== '''Location:''' Central Africa, bordering the [[Bight of Biafra]], between [[Equatorial Guinea]] and [[Nigeria]] '''Geographic coordinates:''' {{coord|6|N|12|E|region:CM_type:country}} '''Continent:''' Africa '''Area:''' <br>''total:'' {{convert|475,440|km2|abbr=on}} <br>''land:'' {{convert|472,710|km2|abbr=on}} <br>''water:'' {{convert|2,730|km2|abbr=on}} <br> ''country rank in the world: 53rd'' '''Area – comparative:''' :* Australia comparative: slightly more than twice the size of [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]] :* Canada comparative: slightly smaller than the [[Yukon]] :* United Kingdom comparative: slightly less than twice the size of the United Kingdom :* United States comparative: slightly more than {{sfrac|1|10}} larger than [[California]] :* [[European Union|EU]] comparative: slightly smaller than [[Spain]]; slightly larger than [[Sweden]] '''Land boundaries:''' <br>''total:'' 5,018&nbsp;km <br>''border countries:'' [[Central African Republic]] 901&nbsp;km, [[Chad]] 1,116&nbsp;km, [[Republic of the Congo]] 494&nbsp;km, [[Equatorial Guinea]] 183&nbsp;km, [[Gabon]] 349&nbsp;km, Nigeria 1,975&nbsp;km '''Coastline:''' 402&nbsp;km '''Maritime claims:''' <br>''territorial sea:'' {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|1|abbr=on|lk=in}} '''Terrain:''' diverse, with coastal [[plain]] in southwest, dissected [[plateau]] in center, mountains in west, plains in north '''Elevation extremes:''' <br>''lowest point:'' Atlantic Ocean 0 m <br>''highest point:'' [[Fako]] (on. [[Mt. Cameroon]]) 4,095 m '''Natural resources:''' petroleum, [[bauxite]], iron ore, timber, [[hydropower]] [[Image:Mount Cameroon craters.jpg|thumb|left|Mount Cameroon craters]] '''Land use:''' <br>''arable land:'' 13.12% <br>''permanent crops:'' 3.28% <br>''other:'' 83.61% (2012) '''Irrigated land:''' 256.5&nbsp;km² (2003) [[Image:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Rhumsiki]] Peak in Cameroon's [[Far North Province]].]] '''Total renewable water resources:''' 285.5&nbsp;km³ (2011) '''Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):''' <br>''total:'' 0.97&nbsp;km³/yr (23%/10%/68%) <br>''per capita:'' 58.9 m³/yr (2005) '''Natural hazards:''' Recent [[limnic eruption]]s with release of [[carbon dioxide]]: *from [[Lake Monoun]], 15 August 1984, killing 37 *from [[Lake Nyos]], 21 August 1986, killing as many as 1,800 {{anchor|Environmental issues}}'''Environment – current issues:''' water-borne diseases are prevalent; [[deforestation]]; [[overgrazing]]; [[desertification]]; [[poaching]]; [[overfishing]] '''Environment – international agreements:''' <br>''party to:'' [[Biodiversity]], [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Climate Change]], Desertification, [[Endangered Species]], Hazardous Wastes, [[Law of the Sea]], [[Ozone Layer Protection]], [[Tropical Timber 83]], [[Tropical Timber 94]], Wetlands, Whaling <br>''signed, but not ratified:'' [[Nuclear Test Ban]] '''Geography – note:''' sometimes referred to as 'the hinge of Africa;' throughout the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano [[File:Landscape of Mount Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Mount Cameroon Landscape|alt=|220x220px]] == Extreme points == This is a list of the extreme points of [[Cameroon]], the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. * Northernmost point – unnamed [[peninsula]] jutting into [[Lake Chad]], [[Far North Province|Far North Region]] * Easternmost point – unnamed location on the border with the [[Republic of Congo]] in the [[Sangha River]] opposite the Congolese town of [[Bomassa]], [[East Region (Cameroon)|East Region]] * Southernmost point – unnamed headland at the [[confluence]] on the Sangha River and the [[Ngoko River]] immediately north of the Congolese town of [[Ouesso]], [[East Region (Cameroon)|East Region]] * Westernmost point – unnamed point on [[Akwabana Island]], [[Southwest region (Cameroon)|Southwest Region]] ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Koppen-Geiger Map CMR present.svg|Cameroon map of Köppen climate classification. File:Hills near Ngaoundal.jpg|Countryside near [[Ngaoundal]] in Cameroon's [[Adamawa Region]]. File:Berges du Wouri 05.jpg|A view of Wouri River with a transport vessel in the Littoral Region of Cameroon </gallery> ==See also== {{commons category|Geography of Cameroon}} *[[Geology of Cameroon]] *[[List of volcanoes in Cameroon]] == Notes == {{notelist}} ==References== {{CIA World Factbook}} {{Reflist}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{Geography of Africa}} {{Africa topic|Climate of}} [[Category:Geography of Cameroon| ]] g6omww512zuygrjhobz14x5uuudu047 0 47963 117500 117486 2026-07-18T01:15:21Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{History of Cameroon}} At the crossroads of [[West Africa]] and [[Central Africa]], the territory of what is now '''[[Cameroon]]''' has seen human habitation since some time in the [[Middle Paleolithic]], likely no later than 130,000 years ago. The earliest discovered archaeological evidence of humans dates from around 30,000 years ago at [[Shum Laka]]. The [[Bamenda highlands]] in western Cameroon near the border with Nigeria are one of the most likely origin for the [[Bantu peoples]], whose language and culture [[Bantu expansion|came to dominate]] most of central and [[southern Africa]] between 1000 [[BCE]] and 1000 [[Common Era|CE]]. European traders arrived in the fifteenth century and Cameroon was the [[exonym]] given by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to the [[Wouri River]], which they called ''Rio dos Camarões—''"river of [[shrimps]]" or "shrimp river", referring to the then-abundant [[Cameroon ghost shrimp]].<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/cameroon Cameroon (adj.)]</ref> Cameroon was a source of slaves for the [[Transatlantic Slave Trade|slave trade]]. While the northern part of Cameroon was subject to influence from the Islamic kingdoms in the [[Chad basin]] and the [[Sahel]], the south was largely ruled by small kings, chieftains, and [[Fon (title)|fons]]. Cameroon as a political entity emerged from the [[Scramble for Africa|colonization of Africa by Europeans]]. From 1884, Cameroon was a German colony, [[German Kamerun]], with its borders drawn through negotiations between the Germans, British, and French. After the First World War, the [[League of Nations mandate]]d France to administer most of the territory, with [[the United Kingdom]] administering a small portion in the west. Following World War II, the League of Nations' successor, the United Nations, instituted a [[UN Trust Territories|Trusteeship]] system, leaving France and Britain in control of their respective regions, [[French Cameroon]] and [[British Cameroon]]. In 1960, Cameroon became independent with part of [[British Cameroons]] voting to join former French Cameroon. Cameroon has had only two presidents since independence and while opposition parties were legalized in 1990 only one party has ever governed. Cameroon has maintained close relations with France and allied itself largely with Western political and economic interests throughout the Cold War and into the twenty-first century. This consistency gave Cameroon a reputation as one of the most stable countries in the region. In 2017, tensions between [[Anglophone Cameroonian]]s in former British territory and the Francophone-dominated government led to an ongoing [[civil war]] known as the [[Anglophone Crisis]] in the west of the country, while [[Islamist]] insurgents [[Boko Haram]] continue to carry out military and terror attacks in the north of the country. In January 2024, Cameroon launched the world's first routine malaria vaccine program, using the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)-approved [[RTS,S]] vaccine developed by British drugmaker GSK. The initiative aims to save thousands of African children's lives annually. Despite some skepticism, health experts emphasize careful community outreach to combat vaccine hesitancy and stress the importance of using existing preventive measures alongside vaccines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prentice |first=Alessandra |date=2024-01-22 |title=Cameroon launches routine malaria shots in global milestone |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-launches-malaria-vaccination-programme-global-milestone-2024-01-22/ |access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> ==Pre-colonial history== ===Prehistory=== [[File:Terracotta-head 0.jpg|thumb|Terracotta Sao statuette]] [[File:Africa de l'Oèst en 1875-es.svg|thumb|right|Map showing the approximate extent of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1875 as well as the remnants of the Kanem-Bornu empire]] [[File:Map of Cameroons river and Victoria p.207.jpg|thumb|right|Map of pre-colonial Cameroon coastline published in 1884]] Archaeological research has been relatively scarce in Cameroon due to a lack of resources and transportation infrastructure. Historically the warm, wet climate in many parts of the country was thought of as inhospitable to the preservation of remains, but recent finds and the introduction of new techniques have challenged that assumption. Evidence from digs at [[Shum Laka]] in the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest Region]] shows human occupation dating back 30,000 years<ref name=Lavachery2001>Lavachery, Philippe (2001) The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 18(4):213-247.</ref><ref name=Cornelissen2003>Cornelissen, Els (2003) On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 20(1):1-24.</ref> while in the dense forests of the south, the oldest evidence of occupation is around 7000 years old.<ref name="Kome-Kribi">{{cite book |last1=Lavachery |first1=Philippe |last2=MacEachern |first2=Scott |last3=Bouimon |first3=Tchago |last4=Mbida Minzie |first4=Cristophe |title=Komé - Kribi: Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline, 1999-2004 |date=2010 |publisher=Africa Magna Verlag |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=978-3937248141}}</ref> Recent research in southern Cameroon indicates that the [[Iron Age]] may have started there as early as 1000 BCE and was certainly well established by 100 BCE at the latest.<ref name="Kome-Kribi" /> Linguistic analysis, supported by archaeological and genetic research, has shown that the [[Bantu expansion]], a series of migrations that spread [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] culture across much of Sub-Saharan Africa, most likely originated in the highlands on the Nigeria-Cameroon border around 1000 BCE. [[Bantu languages]] spread with these people along with agricultural methods and possibly iron tools, first east and then south, forming one of the largest language families in Africa. In Cameroon, Bantu people largely displaced [[Central African Pygmies]] such as the Baka, who were [[hunter-gatherers]] and who now survive in much smaller numbers in the heavily forested southeast. Despite Cameroon being the original homeland of the Bantu people, the great medieval Bantu-speaking kingdoms arose elsewhere, such as what is now Kenya, Congo, Angola, and South Africa. ===Northern Cameroon=== The earliest known civilization to have left clear traces of their presence in the territory of modern Cameroon is known as the [[Sao civilisation]].{{sfnp|Hudgens|Trillo|1999|p=1051}} Known for their elaborate [[terracotta]] and [[bronze]] artwork and round, walled settlements in the [[Lake Chad Basin]], little else is known with any certainty due to the lack of historical records. The culture possibly arose as early as the fourth century BC but certainly, by the end of the first millennium BC, their presence was well established around Lake Chad and near the [[Chari River]].{{sfnp|DeLancey|DeLancey|2000|p=237}} The city-states of the Sao reached their apex sometime between the ninth and fifteenth centuries AD.{{sfnmp|1a1=DeLancey|1a2=DeLancey|1y=2000|1p=237|2a1=Walker|2y=2011}} The Sao were displaced or assimilated by the sixteenth century. After the [[Muslim conquest of North Africa]] in 709, Islam's influence began to spread south with the growth of [[trans-Saharan trade]], including in what is now northern Cameroon. The [[Kanem-Bornu Empire]] began in what is now [[Chad]] and likely came into conflict with the Sao. The Kanem Empire began in Chad in the eighth century and gradually extended its influence northward into Libya and southward into Nigeria and Cameroon. Slaves from raids in the south were their principal trade good along with [[Salt mining|mined salt]]. The Empire was Muslim from at least the eleventh century and reached its first peak in the 13th, controlling most of what is now Chad and smaller regions in surrounding countries. After a period of internal instability, the center of power shifted to Bornu with its capital at [[Ngazargamu]], in what is now northwestern Nigeria, and territory was gradually reconquered and new territory in present-day [[Niger]] also conquered. The Empire began to decline in the seventeenth century though it continued to control much of northern Cameroon. From 1804 to 1808 the [[Fulani War]] saw the Bornu pushed north out of Cameroon and the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] took control of the region, as well as most of northern Nigeria and large swathes of Niger and [[Mali]]. A feudal empire with local rulers pledging allegiance and paying tributes to the Caliph, northern Cameroon was likely part of the [[Adamawa Emirate]] within the Caliphate. This structure proved susceptible to exploitation by colonial powers beginning in the 1870s, who sought to undermine local rulers' ties to the Caliphate. ===Southern Regions=== The Muslim empires of the Sahara and Sahel never reached further south than the highlands of the [[Cameroon Line]]. Further south, there is little archaeological evidence of large empires or kingdoms and no historical record due to the lack of writing in the region. When the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in the region in the fifteenth century, a large number of kings, chiefs, and [[Fon (title)|fons]] ruled small territories. Many ethnic groups, particularly speakers of the [[Grassfields languages]] in the west, have oral histories of migrating south fleeing Muslim invaders, likely reference to the [[Fulani War]] and subsequent conflicts in Nigeria and northern Cameroon. [[Malaria]] prevented significant European settlement or exploration until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant [[quinine]] became available.<ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web|date=May 2002|title=Background Note: Cameroon|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2822.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606162126/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2822.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2002|publisher=[[U.S. State Department]]}} }}</ref> The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the [[Atlantic slave trade|acquisition of slaves]].<ref name=":0" /> The Cameroon coast was a major hub for the purchase of slaves who were taken across the Atlantic to Brazil, the United States, and the Caribbean. In 1807, the British [[Slave Trade Act 1807|abolished slavery in the Empire]] and began [[Blockade of Africa|military efforts to suppress the slave trade]], particularly in West Africa. Combined with the [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|end of legal slave imports in the United States]] the same year, the international slave trade in Cameroon declined sharply. [[Christian missionaries]] established a presence in the late nineteenth century. Around this time, the [[Aro Confederacy]], was expanding its economic and political influence from southeastern Nigeria into western Cameroon. However, the arrival of British and German colonizers cut short its growth and influence. ==Colonial period== {{Further|German Kamerun|French Cameroun|British Cameroon}} ===Scramble for Africa and German Kamerun (1884–1918)=== [[Image:Cameroon boundary changes.PNG|thumb|right|'''Cameroon over time''' {{legend|#FF8241|German [[Kamerun]]}} {{legend|#FE0000|British [[Cameroons]]}} {{legend|blue|French [[Cameroun]]}} {{legend|#008200|Republic of [[Cameroon]]}} ]] The [[Scramble for Africa]] beginning in the late 1870s, saw European powers, primarily seeking to establish formal control over the parts of Africa not yet colonized. The Cameroon coast was of interest to both the British, already established in what is now Nigeria and with missionaries outposts in several towns, and the Germans who had extensive trading relationships and plantations established in the [[Douala]] region. On July 5, 1884, German explorer and administrator [[Gustav Nachtigal]] began signing agreements with [[Duala people|Duala]] leaders establishing a German protectorate in the region. A brief conflict ensued with rival Duala chiefs which Germany and its allies won, leaving the British with little choice but to acknowledge Germany's claim to the region. The borders of modern Cameroon were established through a series of negotiations with the British and French. Germany established an administration for the colony with a capital first at [[Buea]] and later at [[Yaoundé]] and continued to explore the interior and co-opt or subjugate local rulers. The largest conflicts were the [[Bafut Wars]] and the [[Adamawa Wars]] which ended by 1907 with German victories.[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 163-051, Kamerun, Weihnachten am Mungo.jpg|thumb|German Settlers celebrating [[Christmas]] in Kamerun|left]] Germany was particularly interested in Cameroon's [[Agriculture|agricultural]] potential and entrusted large firms with the task of exploiting and exporting it. German Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] defined the order of priorities as follows: "first the merchant, then the soldier". It was under the influence of a businessman [[Adolph Woermann]], whose company set up a trading house in [[Douala]], that Bismarck, initially skeptical about the interest of the colonial project, was convinced. Large German trading companies ([[Woermann-Linie|Woermann]], [[Jantzen & Thormählen]]) and concession companies ([[:de: Südkamerun Gesellschaft|Südkamerun Gesellschaft]], [[:de: Nord-West Kamerun Gesellschaft|Nord-West Kamerun Gesellschaft]]) established themselves massively in the colony. Letting the big companies impose their order, the administration simply supported them, protected them, and tried to eliminate indigenous rebellions.<ref name=modo />[[File:SMS OLGA bei der Beschießung von Hickorytown (Duala), Kamerun, Dezember 1884.jpg|thumb|The German [[corvette]] SMS OLGA bombarding Hickorytown (now [[Douala]] in December 1884]]The Imperial German government made substantial investments in the [[infrastructure]] of Cameroon, including the extensive [[railway]]s, such as the 160-metre [[Japoma Bridge|single-span railway bridge]] on the southern branch of [[Sanaga River]]. However, the indigenous peoples proved reluctant to work on these projects, so the Germans instigated a harsh and unpopular system of [[unfree labour|forced labour]].<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 125.</ref> In fact, [[Jesko von Puttkamer]] was relieved of duty as governor of the colony due to his untoward actions toward the native Cameroonians.<ref>DeLancey and DeLancey 226.</ref> In 1911 at the [[Treaty of Fez]] after the [[Agadir Crisis]], France ceded a nearly 300,000&nbsp;km² portion of the territory of [[French Equatorial Africa]] to Kamerun which became [[Neukamerun]] (New Cameroon), while Germany ceded a smaller area in the north in present-day [[Chad]] to France. Shortly after the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, the British invaded Cameroon from [[Nigeria]] and the French from [[French Equatorial Africa]] in the [[Kamerun campaign]]. The last German fort in the country [[Siege of Mora|surrendered]] in February 1916. After the Allied victory, the territory was partitioned between the United Kingdom and France, which was formalized on June 28, 1919, with [[League of Nations mandate#Class B mandates|League of Nations mandates (Class B)]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=British Mandate for the Cameroons |journal=The American Journal of International Law |year=1923 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=138–141 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212948 |publisher=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/2212948 |jstor=2212948 |s2cid=246004050 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> France gained the larger geographical share, transferred Neukamerun back to neighboring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaoundé as [[French Cameroun|Cameroun]] (French Cameroons).<ref name=":0" /> Britain's territory, a strip bordering [[Nigeria]] from the sea to [[Lake Chad]], with a roughly equal population was ruled from [[Lagos]] as part of Nigeria, known as [[Cameroons]] (British Cameroons).<ref name=":0" /> ===French Cameroon (1918–1960)=== ====League of Nations Mandate, Free France, and UN Trust Territory==== [[File:Missionnaire Cameroun.jpg|thumb|right|French Missionary with the Sultan of [[Ngaoundéré]] in 1920]] The French administration declined to return much of the property in Cameroon to its prior German owners, reassigning much of it to French companies. This was particularly the case for the [[SOCFIN Group|Société financière des Caoutchoucs]], which obtained plantations put into operation during the German period and became the largest company in French Cameroon. Roads and other infrastructure projects were undertaken with native labor, often in extremely harsh conditions. The Douala-Yaoundé railway line, begun under the German regime, was completed. Thousands of workers were forcibly deported to this site to work fifty-four hours a week. Workers also suffered from lack of food and the massive presence of mosquitoes and related illnesses. In 1925, the mortality rate on the site was 61.7%. However, the other sites were not as deadly, although working conditions were generally very harsh.<ref name=modo /> French Cameroon joined the [[Free France]] in August 1940. The system established by Free France was essentially a military dictatorship. [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]] established a state of siege throughout the country and abolished almost all public freedom. The objective was to neutralize any potential feelings of independence or sympathy for the former German colonizer. Indigenous people known for their Germanophilia were executed in public places. In 1945, the country was placed under the supervision of the United Nations, as successor to the League of Nations, which left Cameroon under French control as a [[UN Trust Territory]]. ====Independence Movement==== [[File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg|thumb|right|The leaders of the UPC]] In 1948, the [[Union des populations du Cameroun]] (UPC), a nationalist movement, was founded and [[Ruben Um Nyobe]] took over as its leader. In May 1955, the arrests of independence activists were followed by riots in several cities across the country. The repression caused several dozen or hundreds of deaths - the French administration officially lists twenty-two, although secret reports acknowledge many more. The UPC was banned and nearly 800 of its activists were arrested, many of whom would be beaten in prison. Because they were wanted by the police, UPC activists took refuge in the forests, where they formed guerilla bands; they also took refuge in neighboring British Cameroon. The French authorities repressed these events and made arbitrary arrests. The party received the support of personalities such as Gamal Abdel Nasser and Kwame Nkrumah and France's action was denounced at the UN by representatives of countries such as India, Syria, and the Soviet Union.<ref name=modo>Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019</ref> An insurrection broke out among the [[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa people]] on 18 to 19 December 1956. Several dozen anti-UPC figures were murdered or kidnapped, bridges, telephone lines, and other infrastructure were sabotaged. The French military and native security forces violently repressed these uprisings, which led to many native Cameroonians joining the cause of independence and long-running guerilla war. Several UPC militias were formed though their access to weapons was very limited. Though the UPC was a multi-ethnic movement, the pro-independence movement was seen as particularly strong among the [[Bamileke]] and [[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa]] peoples, and both were targeted by the French for severe repression, including razing of villages, forced relocations, and indiscriminate killings in what was sometimes called the [[Bamileke War]] or the Cameroon Independence War. Though the uprising was suppressed, guerilla violence and reprisals continued even after independence. [[Cameroonian parliamentary election, 1956|Legislative elections]] were held on 23 December 1956 and the resulting Assembly passed a decree on 16 April 1957 which made French Cameroon a state. It took back its former status of associated territory as a member of the [[French Union]]. Its inhabitants became Cameroonian citizens, and Cameroonian institutions were created under a parliamentary democracy. On 12 June 1958, the Legislative Assembly of French Cameroon asked the French government to: "Accord independence to the State of Cameroon at the ends of their trusteeship. Transfer every competence related to the running of internal affairs of Cameroon to Cameroonians". On 19 October 1958, France recognized the right of its [[United Nations trust territories|United Nations trust territory]] to choose independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/20/archives/cameroons-gets-freedom-pledge-paris-backs-independence-for-african.html?sq=Cameroon%2520independence&scp=1&st=p|title=CAMEROONS GETS FREEDOM PLEDGE; Paris Backs Independence for African Trust Territory After Interim Self-Rule|first=Thomas F.|last=Brady|date=20 October 1958|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> On 24 October 1958, the Legislative Assembly of French Cameroon solemnly proclaimed the desire of Cameroonians to see their country accede full independence on 1 January 1960. It enjoined the government of French Cameroon to ask France to inform the General Assembly of the United Nations, to abrogate the trusteeship accord concomitant with the independence of French Cameroon. On 12 November 1958, France asked the United Nations to grant French Cameroon independence and end the Trusteeship. On 5 December 1958, the United Nations’ General Assembly took note of the French government's declaration according to which French Cameroon would gain independence on 1 January 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cameroon50.cm/en/history-and-presentation/167-tutelle-a-independance.html |title=From trusteeship to independence (1946–1960) |access-date=2011-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027131756/http://www.cameroon50.cm/en/history-and-presentation/167-tutelle-a-independance.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Question of the future of the Trust Territories of the Cameroons under French administration and the Cameroons under United Kingdom administration|id=A/RES/1282(XIII) |url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/1282(XIII)|website=undocs.org|publisher=United Nations|access-date=17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> On 13 March 1959, the United Nations’ General Assembly resolved that the UN Trusteeship Agreement with France for French Cameroon would end when French Cameroon became independent on 1 January 1960.<ref>{{cite web|title=The future of the Trust Territories of the Cameroons under French administration|id=A/RES/1349(XIII) |url=https://undocs.org/A/RES/1349(XIII)|website=undocs.org|publisher=United Nations|access-date=17 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> ===British Cameroons (1918–1961)=== ====Nigerian administration==== [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-20-9.jpg|thumb|The first Premier of Southern Cameroons, [[E. M. L. Endeley|Dr. Endeley]] (first row, third from right) in [[Bamenda]]]] The British territory was administered as two areas, [[Northern Cameroons]] and [[Southern Cameroons]]. Northern Cameroons consisted of two non-contiguous sections, divided by a point where the Nigerian and Cameroon borders met and were governed as part of the [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. Southern Cameroons was administered as a province of [[Eastern Nigeria]]. In British Cameroons, many German administrators were allowed to run the plantations of the southern coastal area after World War I. A British parliamentary publication, ''Report on the British Sphere of the Cameroons'' (May 1922, p.&nbsp;62-8), reported that the German plantations there were "as a whole . . . wonderful examples of industry, based on solid scientific knowledge. The natives have been taught discipline and have come to realize what can be achieved by industry. Large numbers who return to their villages take up cocoa or other cultivation on their own account, thus increasing the general prosperity of the country." In the 1930s, most of the white population still consisted of [[Germans]], most of whom were interned in British camps starting in June 1940. The native population showed little interest in volunteering for the British forces during World War II; only 3,500 men did so.<ref>I.C.B Dear, ed, ''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' (1995) p 163</ref> When the [[League of Nations]] ceased to exist in 1946, British Cameroons was reclassified as a [[UN trust territory]], administered through the [[UN Trusteeship Council]], but remained under British control. The United Nations approved the Trusteeship Agreements for British Cameroons to be governed by Britain on June 12, 1946. ====Plebiscite and independence==== French Cameroun became independent, as Cameroun or Cameroon, in January 1960, and Nigeria was scheduled for independence later that same year, which raised the question of what to do with the British territory. After some discussion (which had been going on since 1959), a [[British Cameroons referendum, 1961|plebiscite]] was agreed to and held on 11 February 1961. The Muslim-majority Northern area opted for union with Nigeria, and the Southern area voted to join Cameroon.<ref>Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p177 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> ==Independence and the Ahidjo era (1960–1982)== [[File:JFKWHP-AR7092-J.jpg|thumb|right|Cameroonian President Ahidjo meets U.S. President John Kennedy in 1962]] French Cameroon achieved independence on January 1, 1960. After [[Guinea]], it was the second of France's colonies in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] to become independent. On 21 February 1960, the new nation held a constitutional referendum, approving a new constitution. On 5 May 1960, [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] became president. Ahidjo aligned himself closely with France and allowed many French advisers and administrators to stay on as well as leaving most of the country's assets in the hands of French companies. ===Union with Southern Cameroon=== On 12 February 1961, the results of the Southern Cameroon plebiscite were announced and it was learned that Southern Cameroons had voted for unification with the Republic Of Cameroon, sometimes called "reunification" since both regions had been part of German Kamerun. To negotiate the terms of this union, the [[Foumban Conference]] was held on 16–21 July 1961. [[John Ngu Foncha]], the leader of the [[Kamerun National Democratic Party]] and the Southern Cameroons elected government represented Southern Cameroons while Ahidjo represented Cameroon. The agreement reached was a new constitution, based heavily on the version adopted in Cameroon earlier that year, but with a federal structure granting former British Cameroons - now [[West Cameroon]] - jurisdiction over certain issues and procedural rights. [[Buea]] became the capital of West Cameroon while [[Yaounde]] doubled as the federal capital and East Cameroonian capital. Neither side was particularly satisfied as Ahidjo had wanted a unitary or more centralized state while the West Cameroonians had wanted more explicit protections. On 14 August 1961, the federal constitution was adopted, with Ahidjo as president. Foncha became the prime minister of West Cameroon and vice president of the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The unification of British and French Cameroon has caused linguistic and cultural tensions within Cameroon, which has [[Anglophone Crisis|led to violence]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deutsche |first1=Welle |title=Cameroon: Colonial Past and Present Friction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-colonial-past-and-present-frictions/a-37344849 |website=DW.com |publisher=DW}}</ref> ===Civil War and repression=== The UPC, many among whom espoused [[Marxist]] or other leftist ideologies and had demanded a full break with France, were not satisfied with Ahidjo's rule and close cooperation with the French. They did not lay down their arms at independence and sought to overthrow Ahidjo's regime, which they viewed as too subservient to France. Ahidjo requested continued French assistance in suppressing the UPC rebels in what became known as the [[Bamileke War]], after the region where much of the fighting took place. The UPC was ultimately defeated with government forces capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. During the intervening years, Ahidjo used emergency powers granted due to the war and the fear of further ethnic conflict to consolidate power. He implemented a highly centralized and authoritarian government that used arbitrary police custody, prohibition of meetings and rallies, submission of publications to prior censorship, restriction of freedom of movement through the establishment of passes or curfews, and a prohibition on trade unions to prevent opposition. Anyone accused of "compromising public safety" was handled outside traditional criminal process without the right to a lawyer or any appeal. Sentences of life imprisonment, hard labor or death were numerous, and executions were often public. In 1966, opposition parties were banned and Cameroon became a [[one-party state]].<ref name=modo /> On 28 March 1970, Ahidjo was re-elected as president with 100% of the vote and 99.4% turnout.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Michael Krennerich & Bernhard Thibaut (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p183 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> [[Solomon Tandeng Muna]] became vice president. In 1972, a referendum was held on a new constitution, which replaced the federation between East and West with a unitary state called the '''United Republic of Cameroon''' and further expanded the power of the president. Official results claimed 98.2% turnout and 99.99% of votes in favor of the new constitution.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110903053954/http://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html Elections in Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903053954/http://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |date=3 September 2011 }} African Elections Database</ref> Although Ahidjo's rule was authoritarian, he was seen as noticeably lacking in charisma in comparison to many post-colonial African leaders. He didn't follow the anti-western policies pursued by many of these leaders, which helped Cameroon achieve a degree of comparative political stability, retain Western investment, and see fairly steady economic growth. ===Discovery of oil=== Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. The accounting of oil revenues was totally opaque and many Cameroonians felt the money was mismanaged or embezzled since.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cowell |first1=Alan |title=As Oil Flows, Strains Come to Cameroon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/14/world/as-oil-flows-strains-come-to-cameroon.html |access-date=20 September 2021 |work=New York Times |date=March 14, 1982}}</ref> Oil remains a primary driver of the economy, though the country is not as oil-dependent as many other producers in the region. ==Biya Era (1982–present)== [[File:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with President Paul Biya of Cameroon in The Oval Office - DPLA - 235fce96f392cdb19950ed959a3c239c.jpg|thumb|right|Paul Biya with U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1986]] On 30 June 1975, [[Paul Biya]], a long-serving bureaucrat and administrator in the Ahidjo government, was appointed [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]]. On November 4, 1982, Ahidjo resigned as president and Biya was his legal successor. Many observers were surprised, as Biya is a Christian from the south while Ahidjo was a Muslim from the North and Ahidjo was only 59 years old.<ref name="WaPo Revolt">{{cite news |last1=Randal |first1=Jonathan |title=Tales of Ex-Leader's Role In Revolt Stun Cameroon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/19/AR2006071901340_pf.html |access-date=23 September 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=April 15, 1984}}</ref> However, Ahidjo did not resign his role as leader of the governing party, and many speculated that he hoped Biya would be a figurehead, or perhaps even a temporary caretaker, as Ahidjo was rumored to be ill and receiving medical care in France. ===Rift and coup attempt=== Despite previous good relations, in 1983 a rift was apparent between Biya and Ahidjo. Ahidjo left for France and publicly accused Biya of abuse of power. Ahidjo sought to use his continuing control over the party apparatus to sideline Biya, by causing the party, not the President to set the government's agenda. However, at the party conference in September, Biya was elected to lead the party and Ahidjo resigned.<ref name="WaPo Revolt" /> In January 1984, Biya was elected president of the country, running unopposed. In February, two senior officials were arrested and, along with Ahidjo who was tried ''in absentia'' alongside them. On April 6, 1984, supporters of Ahidjo [[1984 Cameroonian coup d'état attempt|attempted a coup d'état]], led by the Republican Guard, an elite force recruited by Ahidjo, mainly from the north. The Republican Guard under Colonel Saleh Ibrahim took control of the Yaounde airport, national radio station, and other key points around the capital. However, Biya was able to hole up in the presidential palace with his bodyguard until troops from outside the capital were able to retake control within two days. Ahidjo denied knowledge or responsibility for the coup attempt but was widely viewed as behind it.<ref name="WaPo Revolt" /><ref name="Historical Dictionary" /> ===Limnic eruptions=== [[File:Monoun.jpg|thumb|Lake Monoun]] On August 15, 1984, [[Lake Monoun]] exploded in a [[limnic eruption]] that released enormous amounts of [[carbon dioxide]], [[Asphyxia|suffocating]] 37 people to death. On August 21, 1986, another limnic eruption at [[Lake Nyos]] killed as many as 1,800 people and 3,500 livestock. The two disasters are the only recorded instances of limnic eruptions, though geologic and sedimentary evidence indicates they may have caused large localized die-offs before historical records began. ===Brief political loosening=== Biya had initially seemed supportive of loosening restrictions on civil society, but the coup attempt ended any sign of opening up.<ref name="Historical Dictionary">{{cite book |last1=Delancey |first1=Mark W. |last2=Delancey |first2=Mark D. |last3=Neh Mbuh |first3=Rebecca |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon, 4th Ed. |date=2010 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=978-0-8108-5824-4 |page=8 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4l9lSZ9d46cC |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref> However, by 1990, pressure from Western governments was mounting as the end of the [[Cold War]] made them less tolerant of authoritarian allies. In December 1990, opposition parties were legalized for the first time since 1966. The [[1992 Cameroonian presidential election|first multiparty elections were held in 1992]] and were hotly contested. Biya won with 40% of the vote against 36 for his closest competitor and 19 for another opposition party. In Parliament, Biya's ruling party [[1992 Cameroonian parliamentary election|on a plurality with 45% of the votes]] but failed to obtain a majority. The competitiveness of the election was not to Biya's liking and subsequent elections have been widely criticized by opposition parties and international observers as rigged and suffering from numerous and widespread irregularities. The ruling party has had no trouble gaining large majorities. Pressure from Anglophone groups in former British Cameroons resulted in changes to the [[Constitution of Cameroon|constitution]] in 1996, which purported to decentralize power but fell short of Anglophone demands to reestablish the federal structure. As a result of continued opposition, many of the changes adopted in 1996 have never been fully implemented and power remains highly centralized in the President.<ref name="Historical Dictionary" /> ===Bakassi border conflict=== [[File:Un-bakassi.png|thumb|right|Bakassi Peninsula]] Bakassi is a peninsula on the Gulf of Guinea between the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]] estuary and the [[Rio del Rey]] estuary on the east. The area was administered by Nigeria through the colonial era. However, after independence, efforts to demarcate the border revealed that a 1913 agreement between Britain and Germany, placed Bakassi in German Cameroon and accordingly should belong to Cameroon. Nigeria pointed to other colonial-era documents and agreements and their long history of administration to object to this narrative. The competing claims grew contentious after oil was discovered in the region. An agreement between the two countries in 1975 was derailed by a [[1975 Nigerian coup d'état|coup in Nigeria]]. In 1981, clashes between Nigerian and Cameroonian forces resulted in several deaths and nearly led to war between the two nations. The border saw further clashes several times throughout the 1980s. In 1993, the situation worsened with both countries sending large military contingents to the region and numerous reports of skirmishes and attacks against civilians. On 29 March 1994, Cameroon referred the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). In October 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled in favor of Cameroon. However, the ruling was resisted by Nigeria. Pressure from the UN and international community and the threat of withdrawal of foreign aid ultimately forced Nigeria to acquiesce and in 2006 the [[Greentree Agreement]] laid out a plan for the transfer of administration over two years. The transfer was successfully accomplished but many inhabitants of the peninsula retained their Nigerian citizenship and remain dissatisfied with the transition. Low-level violence continued until it was subsumed in the [[Anglophone Crisis]] in 2017. ===2008 protests=== In February 2008, Cameroon experienced widespread violent unrest as a strike by transport workers opposing high fuel prices and poor working conditions coincided with President Paul Biya's announcement that he wanted the constitution to be amended to remove term limits. Biya was scheduled to leave power at the end of his term in 2011. After several days of widespread rioting, looting, and reports of gunfire in all the major cities, calm was eventually restored after a crackdown with thousands arrested, and at least several dozen killed. The government announced lower fuel prices, increased wages for the military and civil servants, and decreased duties on key foodstuffs and construction materials. Many opposition groups reported additional harassment and restrictions on speech, gatherings, and political activity in the wake of the protests. Ultimately, the constitutional term limits were revoked and Biya was reelected in 2011 in an election criticized by the opposition and international observers as plagued by irregularities and low turnout.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turnout Low in Cameroon Presidential Poll |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/presidential-voting-off-to-slow-start-in-cameroon-131413838/146397.html |access-date=24 September 2021 |agency=VOA |date=October 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cameroon election deeply flawed, says US envoy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111020-cameroon-election-deeply-flawed-says-biya-jackson-us-ambassador |access-date=24 September 2021 |agency=AFP |date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> ==Contemporary issues== ===Boko Haram=== [[FILE:ISWAP and Boko Haram territory in early 2019.png|thumb|right|Map of Boko Haram impacted areas including northern Cameroon]] In 2014, the [[Boko Haram insurgency]] spread into Cameroon from Nigeria. In May 2014, in the wake of the [[Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping]], Presidents [[Paul Biya]] of Cameroon and [[Idriss Déby]] of [[Chad]] announced they were waging war on [[Boko Haram]], and deployed troops to the Northern Nigerian border.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram – Nigeria | work = ReliefWeb | date = 26 May 2014 | access-date = 2014-06-10 | url = http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Kaze | first = Rennier | title = Dans le Nord du Cameroun, la "guerre" contre Boko Haram a commencé – Cameroon | work = ReliefWeb | access-date = 2014-06-10 | date = 2014-06-06 | language = fr | url = http://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/dans-le-nord-du-cameroun-la-guerre-contre-boko-haram-commenc }}</ref> Cameroon announced in September 2018 that Boko Haram had been repelled, but the conflict persists in the northern border areas nonetheless.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares], CBC, Sep 30, 2018. Accessed Feb 6, 2019.</ref> ===Anglophone Crisis=== [[File:Federal ambazonia.png|thumb|left|Anglophone regions claimed by separatists as [[Ambazonia]]]] In November 2016, major [[2016–2017 Cameroonian protests|protests]] broke out in the Anglophone regions of Cameroon. In September 2017, the protests and the government's response to them escalated into an [[Anglophone Crisis|armed conflict]], with separatists declaring the independence of [[Ambazonia]] and starting a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla war]] against the [[Cameroon Armed Forces|Cameroonian Army]]. ==Football== Cameroon has received some international attention following the relative success of its [[Cameroon national football team|football team]]. The team has qualified for the FIFA World Cup eight times, more than any other African team. However, the team has only made it out of the group stage once, in 1990, when they became the first African team to reach the quarter-final of the World Cup. They have also won five Africa Cup of Nations. ==See also== *[[Ambazonia]] *[[History of Africa]] *[[Politics of Cameroon]] *[[List of heads of government of Cameroon]] *[[List of heads of state of Cameroon]] * Douala [[Douala#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Douala|timeline]] * Yaoundé [[Yaounde#History|history]] and [[Timeline of Yaounde|timeline]] ==References== * [https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm Background Note: Cameroon] from the U.S. Department of State. * Bullock, A. L. C. (1939). ''Germany's Colonial Demands'', [[Oxford University Press]]. * DeLancey, Mark W., and DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000): ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon'' (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. * Schnee, Heinrich (1926). ''German Colonization, Past and Future: The Truth about the German Colonies.'' London: [[George Allen & Unwin]]. ==Notes== {{reflist}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last1=DeLancey |first1=Mark W. |last2=DeLancey |first2=Mark Dike |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ksUAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2000 |edition=3rd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-3775-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Hudgens |first1=Jim |first2=Richard |last2=Trillo |date=1999 |title=The Rough Guide to West Africa |edition=3rd |publisher=Rough Guides}} * {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Robin |title=When We Ruled: The Ancient and Mediæval History of Black Civilisations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MztrtgAACAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2011 |publisher=Black Classic Press |isbn=978-1-58073-045-7}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== * Ardener, Edwin. ''Kingdom on Mount Cameroon: Studies in the history of the Cameroon Coast, 1500–1970'' (Berghahn Books, 1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=aDwXkO9tg9MC&dq=History+of+Cameroon&pg=PR7 online]. * Arnold, Stephen. "Preface to a history of Cameroon literature in English." ''Research in African Literatures'' 14.4 (1983): 498-515 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3819693 online] * Awasom, Nicodemus Fru. "The reunification question in Cameroon history: was the bride an enthusiastic or a reluctant one?" ''Africa Today'' (2000): 91–119. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/africa_today/v047/47.2awasom.pdf exccerpt] * DeLancey, Mark Dike, Mark W. DeLancey, and Rebecca Neh Mbuh. ''Historical dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PfCYDwAAQBAJ&dq=history+cameroon+British&pg=PR7 online] * Diduk, Susan. "European alcohol, history, and the state in Cameroon." ''African Studies Review'' 36.1 (1993): 1-42. doi.org/10.2307/525506 * Dupraz, Yannick. "French and British colonial legacies in education: Evidence from the partition of Cameroon." ''Journal of Economic History'' 79.3 (2019): 628–668. [https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/119359/1/WRAP-French-British-colonial-Cameroon-Dupraz-2019.pdf online] * Dze-Ngwa, Willibroad. "The First World War and its aftermath in Cameroon: A historical evaluation of a centenary, 1914-2014." ''International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science'' 3.2 (2015): 78–90. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170809041612/http://www.ijlass.org/data/frontImages/gallery/Vol._3_No._2/8._78-90.pdf online]}} * Fowler, Ian. "Kingdoms of the Cameroon Grassfields." ''Reviews in Anthropology'' 40.4 (2011): 292–311. * Fowler, Ian. "Tribal and palatine arts of the Cameroon grassfields: elements for a ‘traditional’ regional identity." in ''Contesting Art'' (Routledge, 2020) pp. 63-84. * Fowler, Ian, and Verkijika G. Fanso, eds. ''Encounter, transformation and identity: peoples of the western Cameroon borderlands, 1891-2000'' (Berghahn Books, 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=T4S9jhptvoAC&dq=history+cameroon+fowler&pg=PR9 online]. * Fowler, Ian, and David Zeitlyn, eds. ''African Crossroads: intersections between history and anthropology in Cameroon'' Berghahn Books, 1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=P5nn6_FIL6sC&dq=+Cameroon+History:&pg=PR7 online] * Geschiere, Peter. "Chiefs and colonial rule in Cameroon: Inventing chieftaincy, French and British style." ''Africa'' 63.2 (1993): 151–175. * Mengang, Joseph Mewondo. "Evolution of natural resource policy in Cameroon." ''Yale F&ES Bulletin'' 102 (1998): 239–248. [https://www.academia.edu/download/31442507/102mengang.pdf online] * Njung, George N. "The British Cameroons mandate regime: The roots of the twenty-first-century political crisis in Cameroon." ''American Historical Review'' 124.5 (2019): 1715–1722. == External links == {{commons category-inline}} *{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232106/http://unimaps.com/cameroon1914/index.html |date=4 April 2013 |title=Map of German Cameroon (Kamerun) in 1914}} {{Years in Cameroon}} {{Cameroon topics}} {{History of Africa}} {{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Cameroon}} [[Category:History of Cameroon| ]] [[Category:History of Central Africa|*]] [[Category:History of Africa by country|Cameroon]] ccdlw52bhad1nzwzd423907nbm9p25x 0 47964 117507 117488 2026-07-18T03:03:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} <!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE part of the set of 870+ outlines listed at [[Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines]]. Wikipedia outlines are a special type of list article. They make up one of Wikipedia's content navigation systems See [[Wikipedia: Outlines]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines]] for more details. Further improvements to this outline are on the way ...--> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Flag of Cameroon.svg | width1 = 185 | alt1 = | caption1 = The [[Flag of Cameroon]] | image2 = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | width2 = 109 | alt2 = | caption2 = The [[Coat of arms of Cameroon]] | footer = }} [[Image:LocationCameroon.svg|thumb|The location of [[Cameroon]]]] [[Image:Un-cameroon.png|thumb|An enlargeable map of [[Cameroon]]]] The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Cameroon: '''[[Cameroon]]''' is a [[unitary state|unitary republic]] located in [[Middle Africa]].<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook>{{cite web|date=3 July 2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110023649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=Cameroon|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=23 July 2009}}</ref> The country is called "[[Tourism in Cameroon|Africa in miniature]]" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. Cameroon is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. {{TOC limit|limit=2}} ==General reference== [[Image:Cameroon Map.jpg|thumb|An enlargeable relief map of [[Cameroon]]]] * [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]: * Common English country name: [[Cameroon]] * Official English country name: The [[Republic of Cameroon]] * Common [[endonym]](s): Cameroun [[List of countries and capitals in native languages| ]] * Official endonym(s): République du Cameroun [[List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states| ]] * [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Adjectival]](s): [[Cameroonian (disambiguation)|Cameroonian]] * [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Demonym]](s): Cameroonian(s) * [[International rankings of Cameroon]] * [[ISO country codes]]: CM, CMR, 120 * [[ISO region codes]]: See [[ISO 3166-2:CM]] * [[Internet]] [[country code top-level domain]]: [[.cm]] == Geography of Cameroon == [[Image:Cameroon Topography.png|thumb|An enlargeable topographic map of [[Cameroon]].]] [[Geography of Cameroon]] * Cameroon is: a [[Nation state|country]] * Location: ** [[Northern Hemisphere]] and [[Eastern Hemisphere]] ** [[Africa]] *** [[Middle Africa]] *** [[West Africa]] ** [[Time zone]]: [[West Africa Time]] ([[UTC+01]]) ** Extreme points of Cameroon *** High: [[Fako]] on [[Mount Cameroon]] {{convert|4040|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} *** Low: [[Bight of Bonny]] 0 m ** Land boundaries: 4,591&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Nigeria}} 1,690&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Chad}} 1,094&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Central African Republic}} 797&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Republic of the Congo}} 523&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Gabon}} 298&nbsp;km ::{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}} 189&nbsp;km :* Coastline: [[Gulf of Guinea]] 402&nbsp;km * Population of Cameroon: 17,795,000(2005) – [[List of countries and dependencies by population|52nd most populous country]] * * Area of Cameroon: {{convert|475442|km2|sqmi}} – [[List of countries and outlying territories by area|53rd largest country]] * [[:commons:Atlas of Cameroon|Atlas of Cameroon]] === Environment of Cameroon === [[Image:Cameroon BMNG.png|thumb|An enlargeable satellite image of [[Cameroon]]]] * [[Climate of Cameroon]] * [[List of ecoregions in Cameroon|Ecoregions in Cameroon]] * [[Protected areas of Cameroon]] ** [[List of biosphere reserves in Cameroon|Biosphere reserves in Cameroon]] ** [[List of national parks of Cameroon|National parks of Cameroon]] * [[Wildlife of Cameroon]] ** Fauna of Cameroon *** [[List of birds of Cameroon|Birds of Cameroon]] *** Insects of Cameroon **** [[List of butterflies of Cameroon|Butterflies of Cameroon]] *** [[List of mammals of Cameroon|Mammals of Cameroon]] *** [[List of moths of Cameroon|Moths of Cameroon]] *** [[List of non-marine molluscs of Cameroon|Non-marine molluscs of Cameroon]] ==== Natural geographic features of Cameroon ==== * Glaciers in Cameroon: none<ref>The only [[List of glaciers in Africa|glaciers in Africa]] are on Mt Kenya (in Kenya), on Kilimanjaro (in Tanzania), and in the Ruwenzori Mountains (which are located in [[Uganda]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]). See [http://iahs.info/redbooks/a126/iahs_126_0197.pdf Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978; Actes de l'Atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126, 1980.]</ref> * Mountains of Cameroon ** [[List of volcanoes in Cameroon|Volcanoes in Cameroon]] * [[List of rivers of Cameroon|Rivers of Cameroon]] * [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa#Cameroon|World Heritage Sites in Cameroon]] === Geographical regions of Cameroon === ==== Ecoregions of Cameroon ==== [[List of ecoregions in Cameroon]] ==== Administrative divisions of Cameroon ==== [[Subdivisions of Cameroon]] * [[Regions of Cameroon]] (formerly named "Provinces") ** [[Departments of Cameroon]] *** [[Communes of Cameroon]] ===== Regions of Cameroon ===== [[Regions of Cameroon]] * [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]] * [[Centre Region (Cameroon)|Centre]] * [[East Region (Cameroon)|East]] * [[Far North Region (Cameroon)|Far North]] * [[Littoral Region (Cameroon)|Littoral]] * [[North Region (Cameroon)|North]] * [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest]] * [[South Region (Cameroon)|South]] * [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest]] * [[West Region (Cameroon)|West]] ===== Departments of Cameroon ===== [[Departments of Cameroon]] &ndash; the Regions of Cameroon are divided into 58 divisions or departments (départements) ===== Communes of Cameroon ===== [[Communes of Cameroon]] &ndash; municipalities *[[List of municipalities of Cameroon|Municipalities of Cameroon]] * [[Capital city|Capital]] of Cameroon: [[Capital of Cameroon|Yaoundé]] === Demography of Cameroon === [[Demographics of Cameroon]] == Government and politics of Cameroon == [[Politics of Cameroon]] * [[Form of government]]: [[unitary republic|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] * [[Capital city|Capital]] of Cameroon: [[Capital of Cameroon|Yaoundé]] * [[Economic crisis of Cameroon]] * [[Elections in Cameroon]] * [[List of political parties in Cameroon|Political parties in Cameroon]] ===Branches of government=== [[Government of Cameroon]] ==== Executive branch of the government of Cameroon ==== * [[Head of State of Cameroon|Head of state]]: [[President of Cameroon]] ** [[List of heads of state of Cameroon]] ** [[List of first ladies of Cameroon]] ** [[Vice President of Cameroon]] * [[Head of government]]: [[Prime Minister of Cameroon]] ** [[List of heads of government of Cameroon]] * Ministries of Cameroon ** Ministry of Arts and Culture *** [[National Archives of Cameroon]] ** Ministry of Basic Education ** Ministry of Commerce ** Ministry of Communication ** Ministry of Defense ** Ministry of Finance ** Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training ** Ministry of Energy and Water Resources ** Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection in Cameroon ** Ministry of External Relations ** Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife ** Ministry of Industry, Mines and Technological Development ** [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon]] ** Ministry of Labor and Social Security ** Ministry of Livestock Fisheries and Animal Industries ** Ministry of Economy, Planning and Regional Development ** Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications ** Ministry of Public Health ** Ministry of Public Service and Administrative Reforms ** Ministry of Public Works ** Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation ** Ministry of Secondary and Superior Education ** Ministry of Secondary Education ** Ministry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Social Economy and Handicrafts ** Ministry of Sports and Physical Education ** Ministry of Territorial Administration<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Paul BIYA reshuffle's the Government {{!}} Prime Minister's Office |url=https://www.spm.gov.cm/site/?q=en/content/president-paul-biya-reshuffle%E2%80%99s-government |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.spm.gov.cm}}</ref> ** Ministry of Decentralization and Local Development ** Ministry of Tourism ** Ministry of Transport ** Ministry of Housing and Urban Development ** Ministry of Women's Empowerment and the Family ** Ministry of Youth Affairs and Civic Education<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minjec.gov.cm/index.php/en/|title=Accueil|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707020656/http://www.minjec.gov.cm/index.php/en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ** Ministry Under the Presidency of the Republic ==== Legislative branch of the government of Cameroon ==== * [[National Assembly of Cameroon]] ([[unicameral]]) ** [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon]] ==== Judicial branch of the government of Cameroon ==== Court system of Cameroon * [[Supreme Court of Cameroon]] ** [[High Court of Justice (Cameroon)|High Court of Justice of Cameroon]] ** [[Court of Appeal of Cameroon]] === Foreign relations of Cameroon === [[Foreign relations of Cameroon]] * [[List of diplomatic missions in Cameroon|Diplomatic missions in Cameroon]] * [[Diplomatic missions of Cameroon]] ==== International organization membership ==== The Republic of Cameroon is a member of:<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook/> {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} *[[African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States]] (ACP) *[[African Development Bank Group]] (AfDB) *[[African Union]] (AU) *[[Commonwealth of Nations]] *''[[Conference des Ministres des Finances des Pays de la Zone Franc]]'' (FZ) *[[Development Bank of Central African States]] (BDEAC) *[[Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa]] (CEMAC) *[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) *[[Group of 77]] (G77) *[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) *[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) *[[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC) *[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) *[[International Criminal Court]] (ICCt) (signatory) *[[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol) *[[International Development Association]] (IDA) *[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS) *[[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) *[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) *[[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) *[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) *[[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO) *[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) *[[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) *[[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM) *[[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) (correspondent) {{Col-2}} *[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) *[[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) *[[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] (ITSO) *[[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) *[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU) *[[Islamic Development Bank]] (IDB) *[[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA) *[[Nonaligned Movement]] (NAM) *''[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]'' (OIF) *[[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) *[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) *[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) *[[United Nations]] (UN) *[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) *[[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) *[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) *[[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) *[[World Confederation of Labour]] (WCL) *[[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) *[[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) *[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) *[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) *[[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) *[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) *[[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) {{Col-end}} === Law and order in Cameroon === Law of Cameroon * [[Constitution of Cameroon]] * Crime in Cameroon ** [[Human trafficking in Cameroon]] ** [[Prostitution in Cameroon]] * [[Human rights in Cameroon]] ** [[LGBT rights in Cameroon]] ** [[Freedom of religion in Cameroon]] ** [[Polygamy in Cameroon]] &ndash; it's legal * [[Law enforcement in Cameroon]] === Military of Cameroon === [[Military of Cameroon]] * Command ** [[Commander-in-chief]]: * Forces ** [[Army of Cameroon]] ** [[Navy of Cameroon]] ** [[Air Force of Cameroon]] === Local government in Cameroon === Local government in Cameroon * [[Regional Council (Cameroon)]] == History of Cameroon == [[History of Cameroon]] *Current events of Cameroon * History of Cameroon by period ** [[Reunification of Cameroon]] * History of Cameroon by region * History of Cameroon by subject ** [[History of rail transport in Cameroon]] == Culture of Cameroon == [[Culture of Cameroon]] * Architecture of Cameroon ** [[Musgum mud huts]] * [[Cuisine of Cameroon]] * [[Languages of Cameroon]] ** [[General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages]] * [[List of museums in Cameroon|Museums in Cameroon]] * National symbols of Cameroon ** [[Coat of arms of Cameroon]] ** [[Flag of Cameroon]] ** [[National anthem of Cameroon]] * [[People of Cameroon]] ** [[Ethnic groups in Cameroon]] *** [[Chinese people in Cameroon]] ** [[List of Cameroonians]] * [[Prostitution in Cameroon]] * [[Public holidays in Cameroon]] * [[Scouting and Guiding in Cameroon]] * [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa#Cameroon|World Heritage Sites in Cameroon]] === Art in Cameroon === Art in Cameroon * [[List of Cameroonian artists]] * Cinema of Cameroon ** [[List of Cameroonian films]] * [[Dance in Cameroon]] * [[Literature of Cameroon]] * [[Music of Cameroon]] === Religion in Cameroon === [[Religion in Cameroon]] * [[List of cathedrals in Cameroon|Cathedrals in Cameroon]] * [[Freedom of religion in Cameroon]] * Religions in Cameroon ** [[Bahá'í Faith in Cameroon]] ** Christianity in Cameroon *** [[Evangelical Church of Cameroon]] *** [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon]] *** [[National Episcopal Conference of Cameroon]] *** [[Orthodox Presbyterian Church in Cameroon]] *** [[Presbyterian Church in Cameroon]] *** [[Roman Catholicism in Cameroon]] **** [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Cameroon]] ** [[Hinduism in Cameroon]] ** [[Islam in Cameroon]] === Sports in Cameroon === [[Sport in Cameroon]] * [[Football in Cameroon]] ** [[List of football clubs in Cameroon|Football clubs in Cameroon]] * [[Cameroon at the Olympics]] * [[Rugby union in Cameroon]] == Economy and infrastructure of Cameroon == [[Economy of Cameroon]] * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2025)]]: 87th (eighty-seventh) * [[Agriculture in Cameroon]] * Banking in Cameroon ** [[List of banks in Cameroon|Banks in Cameroon]] *** [[Union Bank of Cameroon]] * [[Communications in Cameroon]] ** [[Media of Cameroon]] ** Postal service in Cameroon *** [[Postage stamps and postal history of Cameroon]] ** [[Telecommunications in Cameroon]] *** [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon]] *** [[Internet in Cameroon]] * [[List of companies of Cameroon|Companies of Cameroon]] *[[Currency|Currency of Cameroon]]: [[Central African CFA franc|Franc]] **[[ISO 4217]]: [[Central African CFA franc|XAF]] * [[Economic crisis of Cameroon]] * [[Energy in Cameroon]] ** [[List of power stations in Cameroon|Power stations in Cameroon]] ** [[Privatization of the electricity sector in Cameroon]] * [[Health care in Cameroon]] ** [[List of hospitals in Cameroon|Hospitals in Cameroon]] * [[Mining in Cameroon]] * [[Spatial Development in Cameroon]] * [[Tourism in Cameroon]] * Trade unions in Cameroon ** [[Confederation of Cameroon Trade Unions]] ** [[Union of Free Trade Unions of Cameroon]] * [[Transport in Cameroon]] ** Air transport in Cameroon *** [[List of airports in Cameroon|Airports in Cameroon]] ** [[Rail transport in Cameroon]] *** [[History of rail transport in Cameroon]] *** [[Railway stations in Cameroon]] == Education in Cameroon == [[Education in Cameroon]] * [[National Library of Cameroon]] * Universities in Cameroon ** American Institute of Cameroon, Ndop [https://web.archive.org/web/20250521205714/https://aic-edu.org/] ** [[International University, Bamenda]] ** [[University of Buea]] ** [[University of Bamenda]] ** [[University of Douala]] ** [[University of Dschang]] ** [[University of Ngaoundere]] ** [[Universite des Montagnes]] (Highlands University) ** University of Maroua ** [[University of Yaounde]] (two campuses) ** [[The International Relations Institute of Cameroon – IRIC (yaounde)]] ** Siantou and Ndi Samba Schools of Higher Learning (Yaounde) ** Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda (Bamenda) == Health in Cameroon == [[Health in Cameroon]] == See also == {{Portal|Cameroon|Africa}} [[Cameroon]] *{{PrefixAllPages|Cameroon}} *{{Intitle|Cameroon}} *{{PrefixAllPages|Cameroonian}} *{{Intitle|Cameroonian}} *[[List of international rankings]] *[[Member state of the Commonwealth of Nations]] *[[Member state of the United Nations]] *[[Outline of Africa]] *[[Outline of geography]] * [[Beba Village Community in Cameroon]] * [[Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda]] * [[Embassy of Cameroon, Washington, D.C.]] * [[International Relations Institute of Cameroon]] * [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] * [[List of municipalities of Cameroon]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikiatlas|Cameroon}} *[http://www.prc.cm/ Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081216154606/http://www.spm.gov.cm/acceuil.php?lang=en Prime Minister's Office] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080314133614/http://www.cm.refer.org/assnat-cm/ National Assembly of Cameroon] *[http://www.crtv.cm/ CRTV – Cameroon Radio Television] {{Sister bar|auto=1|Cameroon|iw=fr|iw1=en}} {{Outline footer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameroon}} [[Category:Outlines of countries|Cameroon]] [[Category:Outlines|Cameroon]] [[Category:Cameroon| ]] [[Category:Cameroon-related lists| ]] rp1i0c9e18n2pywqy3yfvcoc34n3wv9 0 47965 117508 117490 2026-07-18T03:06:58Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{More citations needed|date=November 2022}} {{Expand French|topic=gov|date=April 2026}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Politics of Cameroon}} The '''politics of Cameroon''' takes place in the context of an [[electoral autocracy]] where multi-party elections have been held since 1992, the ruling party wins every election, and [[Paul Biya]] has been president since 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Letsa |first=Natalie Wenzell |date=2024 |title=Partisanship and Political Socialization in Electoral Autocracies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/partisanship-and-political-socialization-in-electoral-autocracies/6447701E63C239B8B2AD00F250E280E1 |journal=American Political Science Review |pages=1–16 |issn=0003-0554 |doi=10.1017/S0003055424000261 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Letsa |first=Natalie Wenzell |date=2020 |title=Expressive Voting in Autocracies: A Theory of Non-Economic Participation with Evidence from Cameroon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/expressive-voting-in-autocracies-a-theory-of-noneconomic-participation-with-evidence-from-cameroon/0713D238645120917BEE36F29E62A7D5 |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=439–453 |issn=1537-5927 |doi=10.1017/S1537592719001002}}</ref> Since Cameroon's independence in 1960, it has been a single-party state and ruled only by two presidents: [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] and Paul Biya.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Harkness |first=Kristen A. |title=Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability |date=2020 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1800 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Political opposition is repressed, and elections are manipulated in favor of the ruling party.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gramer |first=Jefcoate O'Donnell, Robbie |date=2024-03-26 |title=Cameroon's Paul Biya Gives a Master Class in Fake Democracy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/22/cameroons-paul-biya-gives-a-master-class-in-fake-democracy/ |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Cameroon: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/cameroon/freedom-world/2022 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Nominally, it is a [[Unitary republic|unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] republic, whereby the [[President of Cameroon]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. A prime ministerial position exists and is nominally head of government, implying a [[Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] system, although de facto the prime minister only serves to assist the president. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[Forms of government|government]] and the [[National Assembly of Cameroon]]. ==Political background== The government adopted legislation in 1997 to authorize the formation of multiple political parties and ease restrictions on forming civil associations and private newspapers. Cameroon's first multiparty legislative and presidential elections were held in 1992, followed by municipal elections in 1996 and another round of legislative and presidential elections in 1997. Because the government refused to consider opposition demands for an independent election commission, the three major opposition parties boycotted the October 1997 presidential election, which Biya easily won. The leader of one of the opposition parties, [[Bello Bouba Maigari]] of the [[National Union for Democracy and Progress (Cameroon)|NUDP]], subsequently joined the government. Cameroon has a number of independent newspapers. Censorship was abolished in 1996, but the government sometimes seizes or suspends newspapers and occasionally arrests journalists. Although a 1990 law authorizes private radio and television stations, the government has not granted any licenses as of March 1998. The Cameroonian Government's [[Human rights in Cameroon|human rights record]] has been improving over the years but remains flawed. There continue to be reported abuses, including beatings of detainees, arbitrary arrests, and illegal searches. The judiciary is frequently corrupt, inefficient, and subject to political influence.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120807234321/http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cameroon/2008/ ''Global Integrity Report: Cameroon 2008''] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120713025819/http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cameroon/2008 |date=13 July 2012}} Retrieved 14 February 2012.</ref> Worthy of note is the fact that Cameroon is the only country in which two Constitutions are applicable side by side. For example, the 1972 Constitution designates the Prime Minister as constitutional successor of the Head of State in case of incapacity, death, resignation or unaccountable absence of the incumbent. Contrarily, the 1996 Constitutional Reform designates the President of the Senate as constitutional successor; but the Senate (provided for by 1996 Reform) does not exist. Apart from increasing the presidential mandate from 5 years to 7 years, very few amendments of the 1996 Constitutional Reform have been applied. ==Executive branch== {{office-table}} |[[President of Cameroon|President]] |[[Paul Biya]] |[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] |6 November 1982 |- |[[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] |[[Joseph Ngute|Joseph Dion Ngute]] |[[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] |4 January 2019 |} [[Image:Paul biya and colin powell.jpg|thumb|left|Cameroon President [[Paul Biya]] (right) with [[Colin Powell]]|alt=Colin Powell and Cameroon president Paul Biya, smiling and talking]] The 1972 constitution of the '''Republic of Cameroon''' as modified by 1996 reforms provides for a strong central government dominated by the executive. The [[Presidents of Cameroon|president]] is empowered to name and dismiss cabinet members (regardless of parliamentary representation), judges, generals, provincial governors, [[prefect]]s, [[sub-prefect]]s, and heads of Cameroon's [[parastatal]] (about 100 state-controlled) firms, obligate or disburse expenditures, approve or veto regulations, declare states of emergency, and appropriate and spend profits of parastatal firms. The president is not required to consult the National Assembly. In 2008, a constitutional amendment was passed that eliminated term limits for president.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cameroon parliament extends Biya's term limit |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080411-cameroon-parliament-paul-biya-term-limit-extension |url-status=live |publisher=France 24 |date=11 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008042404/http://www.france24.com/en/20080411-cameroon-parliament-paul-biya-term-limit-extension |archive-date=8 October 2009}}</ref> The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Ministry of Justice of Cameroon site |url=http://minjustice.gov.cm/}}</ref> The [[Supreme court]] may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets. While the president, the minister of justice, and the president's judicial advisers (the Supreme Court) top the judicial hierarchy, traditional rulers, courts, and councils also exercise functions of government. Traditional courts still play a major role in domestic, property, and [[probate law]]. [[Tribal law]]s and customs are honored in the formal court system when not in conflict with national law. Traditional rulers receive stipends from the national government. ==Legislative branch== The 180-member [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] meets in ordinary session three times a year (March/April, June/July, and November/December), and has seldom, until recently, made major changes in legislation proposed by the executive. Laws are adopted by majority vote of members present or, if the president demands a second reading, of a total membership. Following government pledges to reform the strongly centralized 1972 constitution, the National Assembly adopted a number of amendments in December 1995 which were promulgated in January 1996. The amendments call for the establishment of a 100-member [[senate]] as part of a [[bicameral legislature]], the creation of regional councils, and the fixing of the presidential term to 7 years, renewable once. One-third of senators are to be appointed by the President, and the remaining two-thirds are to be chosen by indirect elections. The government has established the [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] in 2013. ==Political parties and elections== {{main article|List of political parties in Cameroon|Elections in Cameroon}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Cameroon |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260408153455/https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html |archive-date=2026-04-08 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=africanelections.tripod.com}}</ref> {{empty section|date=April 2026}} ==Judicial branch== The judiciary is subordinate to the executive branch's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]]. The [[Supreme Court of Cameroon|Supreme Court]] may review the constitutionality of a law only at the president's request. == The role of women == In an article on the construction of a ‘model Cameroonian woman’ in the Cameroonian parliament, Lilian Atanga, examines arguments used to perpetuate a popular ideal and discourses which "sustain and maintain the status quo (e.g. of women as domestic or women as cooks)".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Atanga | first = Lilian | title = The discursive construction of a 'model Cameroonian woman' within the Cameroonian Parliament | journal = [[Gender and Language]] | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–45 | doi = 10.1558/genl.v6i1.21 | date = April 2012 }} [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236172456_The_discursive_construction_of_a_%27model_Cameroonian_woman%27_within_the_Cameroonian_Parliament Pdf.]</ref> ==International organization participation== Cameroon is member of the following organizations: {{columns-list|colwidth=35em| * [[Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique]] (ACCT) * [[ACP (Lomé Convention)]] (ACP) * [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) * [[Development Bank of the Central African States]] (BDEAC) * [[Commonwealth of Nations]] (C) * [[Economic Community of Central African States]] (CEEAC) * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (ECA) * [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) * [[Franc zone]] (FZ) * [[Group of 77]] (G-77) * [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) * [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) * [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) * [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) * [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM) * [[International Development Association]] (IDA) * [[Islamic Development Bank]] (IDB) * [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD) * [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC) * [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (IFRCS) * [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) * [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) * [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) * [[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO) * [[Intelsat]] * [[Interpol (organization)]] (Interpol) * [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) * [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU) * [[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC) * [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) * [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) * [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) * [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW) * [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA) * [[Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa]] (CMEAC) * [[United Nations]] (UN) * [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) * [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) * [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO) * [[United Nations Institute for Training and Research]] (UNITAR) * [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU) * [[World Customs Organization]] (WCO) * [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU) * [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) * [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) * [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO) * [[World Tourism Organization]] (WToO) * [[World Trade Organization]] (WTrO) }} ==See also== *[[Cameroon public administration structure]] *[[List of governments of Cameroon]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Africa in topic|Politics of}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Cameroon}} [[Category:Politics of Cameroon| ]] aad7l3cyd0o2xry6juj84fz6dtk76w3 0 47969 117502 2026-07-18T02:22:24Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} [[File:Saare_County_in_Estonia.svg|right|245px]] '''Chigaŵa cha Saare''' (''Saaremaa'') ni chigaŵa kwa [[Estonia]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 2,922.19 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 31,292 (2022).<ref>http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0222&path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&lang=1</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Estonia}} [[Category:Estonia]]" 117502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Saare_County_in_Estonia.svg|right|245px]] '''Chigaŵa cha Saare''' (''Saaremaa'') ni chigaŵa kwa [[Estonia]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 2,922.19 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 31,292 (2022).<ref>http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0222&path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&lang=1</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Estonia}} [[Category:Estonia]] m9jefolkslfqb1aqtu996z83whexxij 117503 117502 2026-07-18T02:22:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Saare County]] to [[Chigaŵa cha Saare]] 117502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Saare_County_in_Estonia.svg|right|245px]] '''Chigaŵa cha Saare''' (''Saaremaa'') ni chigaŵa kwa [[Estonia]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 2,922.19 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 31,292 (2022).<ref>http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0222&path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&lang=1</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Estonia}} [[Category:Estonia]] m9jefolkslfqb1aqtu996z83whexxij 0 47970 117504 2026-07-18T02:22:44Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Saare County]] to [[Chigaŵa cha Saare]] 117504 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chigaŵa cha Saare]] mgge2x1z1vyj9eolj9i6xw3nenugpgc 0 47971 117506 2026-07-18T02:28:08Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} [[File:Võru_County_in_Estonia.svg|right|245px]] '''Chigaŵa cha Võru''' (''Võrumaa'') ni chigaŵa kwa [[Estonia]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 2,305.44 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 34,182 (2022).<ref>http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0222&path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&lang=1</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Estonia}} [[Category:Estonia]]" 117506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Võru_County_in_Estonia.svg|right|245px]] '''Chigaŵa cha Võru''' (''Võrumaa'') ni chigaŵa kwa [[Estonia]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 2,305.44 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 34,182 (2022).<ref>http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0222&path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&lang=1</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Estonia}} [[Category:Estonia]] huqqxr6y5ad4j5r81i5vg3yfzonv3in