Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 6887 117894 117755 2026-07-23T12:15:54Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* How do you import revisions? */ Zgolo 117894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Update request == Hello, Tumbuka Arch. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) == AI-generated articles on tumwiki == Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you. :About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them. :The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong "www.wikipedia.org", instead of "en.wikipedia.org". The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community. :However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way. :Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC) ::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> :Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == How do you import revisions? == I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::No sorry, I meant how can I import revisions myself. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:15, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 3i4pdblg5d5z44hcwpo527a4mamn948 117944 117894 2026-07-24T08:59:28Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Update request == Hello, Tumbuka Arch. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) == AI-generated articles on tumwiki == Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you. :About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them. :The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong "www.wikipedia.org", instead of "en.wikipedia.org". The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community. :However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way. :Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC) ::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> :Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == How do you import revisions? == I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] No sorry, I meant how can I import revisions myself. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:15, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC) pngv5ki8bur2eehcbwoa6mgv8tqt4ea 0 7044 117946 117735 2026-07-24T09:17:11Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | logo_caption = [[Chizindikiro cha Wikipediya|Chizindikiro cha Wikipediya]], globe yakupangika na vipande vya puzzle ivyo vili na ma [[glyph]] kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] zakupambanapambana | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa internet iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2016.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> == Vilembo vifupi == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya]] mftr31nlqpx7b32tej2vg3raor50rlb 117947 117946 2026-07-24T09:17:50Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | logo_caption = [[Chizindikiro cha Wikipediya|Chizindikiro cha Wikipediya]], globe yakupangika na vipande vya puzzle ivyo vili na ma [[glyph]] kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] zakupambanapambana | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa internet iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2016.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> == Vilembo vifupi == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya]] tlen83e2ttmehlxvq2pg4rcvquohlq6 117948 117947 2026-07-24T09:20:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa internet iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2016.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> == Vilembo vifupi == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya]] j0pqpbpspmi1ch26nfeew6dhkww4igt 2 9201 117907 81398 2026-07-24T06:05:19Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:es|en-3|fr-2|pt-2|de-2|lfn-2|ie-2|eo-1|ia-1|it-1|ca-1|tum-1}} <center>NOTE: As of July 2026, I have gained IP exempt on Tumbuka Wikipedia</center> Hi! I am Caro de Segeda and I am here to help developing the Wikipedia in Tumbuka. * [[Wikipedia:Vital articles]] * [[User:Caro de Segeda/Battle]] * [[User:Caro de Segeda/Vyamabuku]] * [[User:Caro de Segeda/ChiTumbuka]] * [[User:Caro de Segeda/Grammar ya Lingua Franca Nova]] * References - Maukaboni * Bibliography - Vyamabuku == To-do list == # Add templates to biographies # Add templates to countries # Import missing templates 9x9077bwjui7hq3f7424ccn826n7drv 10 19805 117912 64708 2026-07-24T06:13:10Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = Politics of Malawi | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = width:22.0em; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} | liststyle = padding-top:0;text-align:left; | title = {{Politics sidebar title |country=Malawi |image=Coat of arms of Malawi.svg |size=125px |title=Malaŵi}} | list1title = [[Constitution of Malawi|Buku la Malango]] | list1 = *[[Human rights in Malawi|Ufulu wa munthu]] | list2title = Boma | list2 = *[[President of Malawi|President]] ([[List of heads of state of Malawi|list]]) *:[[Lazarus Chakwera]] *[[Vice-President of Malawi|Vice-President]] *:[[Saulos Chilima]] *[[Cabinet of Malawi|Cabinet]] | list3title = Ŵapangi Malango | list3 = *[[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]] *:[[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi|Speaker]]: [[Catherine Gotani Hara]] | list4title = [[Elections in Malawi|Visankho]] | list4 = * General *: {{longitem|{{small|[[1964 Nyasaland general election|1964]] [[1971 Malawian general election|1971]] [[1976 Malawian general election|1976]] [[1978 Malawian general election|1978]] [[1983 Malawian general election|1983]] [[1987 Malawian general election|1987]] [[1992 Malawian general election|1992]] [[1994 Malawian general election|1994]] [[1999 Malawian general election|1999]] [[2004 Malawian general election|2004]] [[2009 Malawian general election|2009]] [[2014 Malawian general election|2014]] [[2019 Malawian general election|2019]]}}}} * Presidential *: {{longitem|{{small|[[2020 Malawian presidential election|2020]]}}}} * Referendums *: {{longitem|{{small|[[1993 Malawian democracy referendum|1993]]}}}} * [[List of political parties in Malawi|Political parties]] | list5title = [[Administrative divisions of Malawi|Administrative divisions]] | list5 = *[[Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi|Vigaŵa]] *[[Maboma gha Malaŵi|Maboma]] | list6name = Mwiza | list6title = [[Vinthu vya ku Malaŵi|Vinthu vya ku vyaru vinyake]] | list6 = *Ministry of Foreign Affairs *: [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Malawi)|Minister]]: [[Nancy Tembo]] ---- * [[List of diplomatic missions of Malawi|Diplomatic missions of]] / [[List of diplomatic missions in Malawi|in Malawi]] ---- * [[Malawian passport|Chiphaso]] * [[Visa requirements for Malawian citizens|Visa requirements]] * [[Visa policy of Malawi|Visa policy]] | list7title = National symbols | list7 = *[[Flag of Malawi|Flag]] *[[Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi|Nyimbo]] | below = {{portal-inline|Malawi}} {{Politics sidebar below|Malawi}} }}<noinclude> {{clear}} == See also == {{Politics of Africa templates}} [[Category:Malawi sidebar templates]] [[Category:Malawi politics and government templates| ]] [[Category:Politics by country sidebar templates|Malawi]] </noinclude> gm223sy9bvw26lnqf0mkp1indsfxe3w 0 19858 117918 112318 2026-07-24T06:30:26Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Ulimi */ 117918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National economy}} {{nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox economy|country=Malawi|image=|image_size=300px|caption=[[Lilongwe]], the [[financial centre]] of Malawi|currency=[[Malawian kwacha]] (MWK)|year=1 July - 30 June|organs=[[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Area|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]], [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]|group={{plainlist| *[[Least developed countries|Least Developed]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> *Low-income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}}|gdp={{plainlist| *{{increase}} $7.522 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=37&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> *{{increase}} $25.167 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>}}|gdp rank={{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|144th (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|138th (PPP, 2019)]]}}|growth={{plainlist| *4.0%&nbsp;(2017) 3.5%&nbsp;(2018) *4.4%&nbsp;(2019e) 4.8%&nbsp;(2020f)<ref name="World Bank">{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33044/9781464814693.pdf |title=Global Economic Prospects, January 2020 : Slow Growth, Policy Challenges |page=147 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>}}|per capita={{plainlist| *{{increase}} $371 (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/> *{{increase}} $1,240 (PPP, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>}}|per capita rank={{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|183rd (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|182nd (PPP, 2018)]]}}|sectors=agriculture 29.4%, industry 15.8%, services 56.1% (2016 est.)|inflation=8.4% (2020 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>|poverty={{plainlist| *51.5% (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> *70.3% on less than $1.90/day (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>}}|gini=44.7 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>|hdi={{plainlist| *{{increase}} 0.485 {{color|red|low}} (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|172nd]]) *0.346 [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>}}|labor={{plainlist| *{{increase}} 8,156,049 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Labor force, total - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank & [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> *39.1% employment rate (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>}}|occupations=agriculture: 76.9%, industry: 4.1%, services: 19% (2013 est.)|unemployment rate=20.4% (2013 est.)|edbr={{increase}} [[Ease of doing business index#Ranking|109th (medium, 2020)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/malawi |title=Ease of Doing Business in Malawi |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |access-date=2017-01-24 }}</ref>|industries=|exports=$1.443 billion (2017 est.)|export-goods=tobacco (55%), dried legumes (8.8%), sugar (6.7%), tea (5.7%), cotton (2%), peanuts, coffee, soy (2015 est.)|export-partners=Zimbabwe 13.1%, Mozambique 11.8%, Belgium 10.7%, South Africa 6.3%, Netherlands 5%, UK 4.7%, Germany 4.3%, US 4.2% (2017)|imports=$2.388 billion (2017 est.)|import-goods=food, petroleum products, semi-manufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment|import-partners=South Africa 20.7%, China 14.2%, India 11.6%, UAE 7%, Netherlands 4.4% (2017)|FDI=$129.5 million (2014)|debt=50.8% of GDP (2013 est.)|gross external debt=$1.861 billion (2017 est.)|revenue=$1.347 billion (2013 est.)|expenses=$1.4 billion (2013 est.)|reserves=$364.2 million (31 December 2013 est.)|credit=|aid=$1.174 million (2012)|cianame=south-africa|spelling=UK}} [[File:Lilongwe_market_closeup.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lilongwe_market_closeup.JPG|thumb|300x300px|[[:en:Lilongwe|Lilongwe]] market.]] '''Chuma cha Malawi c'''hili na ndalama zakukwana $7.522 billion pa GDP pa chaka cha 2019, ndipo chikupangika chomene na ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% ŵakukhala ku mizi. Charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru ivyo vindapulikiske makora. Mu 2017, vyakurya vikapangiska pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya GDP na pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Chuma cha charu ichi chikuthemba pa ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma ku wupu wa IMF, World Bank, na vyaru vinyake. Boma lili na masuzgo ghakuru comene: kukhozga vyakurya ivyo vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, kunozga masukulu na maofesi gha munkhwala, kumazga masuzgo gha makuni, na HIV/AIDS mu Africa. Malaŵi ni caru cambura kukura comene kuyana na wupu wa United Nations. == Ulimi == {{main|Ulimi mu Malaŵi}} {{see also|Tobacco industry}} Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico Malawi wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni hona, uyo wakapangiska pafupifupi cigaŵa cacitatu (30%) ca ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake mu 2012. Mu 2000, caru ici cikaŵa pa nambara 10 pa vyakurya vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cikuthemba comene hona, cuma cikusuzgika comene cifukwa cakuti mitengo ya hona pa caru cose yikukhizga ndipo caru cose cikuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kukhweŵa comene. Malaŵi wakuthemba chomene hona, ndipo kufuma mu 2007 m'paka 2008, hona wakwera kufuma pa 53% kufika pa 70% pa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska.<ref>CIA World Factbook</ref><ref>J. Tyler Dickovick, ''Africa 2008'', 43rd edition, Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications, 2008. p. 278</ref> [[File:Malawi_Tea_Estate.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Tea_Estate.jpg|thumb|240x240px|A Malawi [[:en:Tea|tea]] estate]] Charu ichi chikuthemba chomene pa tiyi, mkaka na khofi, ndipo vyakurya ivi pamoza na hona vikupangiska kuti Malawi wapokere ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu 1878, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumwa tiyi. Viŵeto vinandi vikulimika mu Mulanje na Thyolo. Vyakumera vinyake ni katoni, mbuto, mbuto za mbuto, ng'ombe na mbuzi. Makampani gha hona na gha shuga ndigho ghakupanga vinthu vinandi. Kwamba kale, charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa vyakurya, ndipo mu ma 1980, chikaguliskanga vyakurya vinandi ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na charu ichi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90 pa 100 ŵali mu vyaru ivi ŵakulima. Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵakupanda vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, nga ni chimanga, nyungu, mpunga, maniyu, hona, na phere. Usambazi wa ndalama ukuŵa mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangika mu Malawi vili kuzingilizga msumba wa Blantyre. Nyanja ya Malawi na ya Chilwa ni zinandi chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakutemwa chomene somba. Somba zakomira zikupelekekaso ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuloŵa somba na mawoko. Ndipouli, Maldeco Fisheries yili na maboti ghanandi ghakuloŵeska somba ndipo yikuliska viŵeto vya somba kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Somba zakomira pa cirwa ca Likoma Malaŵi walije vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi. Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa na Australia ukulima uranium mu migodi kufupi na Karonga. Ku chigaŵa cha Mzimba, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito malasha. Charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuguliska vinthu, izo zingaŵa kuti ni 30 peresenti ya ndalama izo ŵakuguliska, zikovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Malaŵi wakwenera kwiza na mafuta ghose agho wakuguliska. Vinyake ivyo vikusuzga ni ukavu wa ŵantchito ŵakumanya nchito, suzgo la kusanga vyakuzomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵagwirenge nchito, maburoko, vimbundi, kweniso misewu, magesi, maji, na mawupu agho ghakovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu Malawi. Ndipouli, vinthu ivyo boma lacita sonosono apa kuti liŵawovwire kunozga misewu, pamoza na cigaŵa ca ŵekha mu vyalo vya njanji na vya kwendera matelefoni, vyapangiska kuti malo gha ndalama ghaŵe ghakutowa comene. Munthu wakuguliska vinthu mumphepete mwa msewu ku Blantyre Ivi ni vigaŵa 20 vya viŵelengero vya vyakurya vya ku Malawi mu 2009. (Maukaboni ghambura kuzomerezgeka ghafuma ku FAO) <ref name="faostat.fao.org">{{Cite web |title=Faostat |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx}}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" !Mbewu !Ndalam mu [[:en:Geary–Khamis_dollar|International dollars]] (1000) !Production in [[:en:Ton|tonnes]] ![[:en:FAO|FAO]] source |- |[[:en:Maize|Maize]] |462,330 |3,582,500 | |- |[[:en:Cassava|Cassava]] |404,764 |3,823,240 | |- |[[:en:Tobacco|Tobacco]] |331,542 |208,155 | |- |[[:en:Peanut|Groundnuts]] |116,638 |275,176 | |- |[[:en:Banana|Bananas]] (excluding plantains) |95,152 |400,000 |F |- |[[:en:Sugar_cane|Sugar cane]] |82,093 |2,500,000 |F |- |Indigenous [[:en:Beef_cattle|cattle meat]] |80,688 |0 | |- |[[:en:Pigeon_pea|Pigeon peas]] |80,274 |184,156 | |- |[[:en:Pulse_(legume)|Beans, dry]] |75,706 |164,712 | |- |[[:en:Fruit|Fresh fruit]] |74,456 |213,321 |Im |- |[[:en:Plantain_(cooking)|Plantains]] |72,634 |351,812 |Im |- |Indigenous [[:en:Pork|pig meat]] |68,788 |0 | |- |[[:en:Tea|Tea]] |55,895 |52,559 |P |- |Indigenous [[:en:Goat_meat|goat meat]] |53,512 |0 | |- |[[:en:Mango|Mangoes]], [[:en:Mangosteen|mangosteens]] and [[:en:Guava|guavas]] |49,527 |82,659 |Im |- |[[:en:Cotton#Uses|Cotton lint]] |39,017 |27,300 |F |- |[[:en:Rice|Paddy rice]] |36,896 |135,988 | |- |[[:en:Vegetables|Fresh vegetables]] |30,530 |162,012 |Im |- |Indigenous [[:en:Chicken|chicken meat]] |25,713 |0 | |- |[[:en:Cowpea|Cow peas]] |18,073 |72,082 | |} <small>Key: F : FAO estimate, Im: FAO data based on imputation methodology, P : Provisional official data</small> == Kachimbililo ka malonda == Pa chithuzithuzi ichi pali vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikachitika mu 1980 na 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=12&pr.y=11 |access-date=2018-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !1980 !1985 !1990 !1995 !2000 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 |- |GDP in $ <small>(PPP)</small> |2.42 bil. |3.46 bil. |4.52 bil. |5.75 bil. |7.73 bil. |9.76 bil. |10.53 bil. |11.85 bil. |13.00 bil. |14.19 bil. |15.35 bil. |16.43 bil. |17.05 bil. |18.22 bil. |19.61 bil. |20.40 bil. |21.13 bil. |22.37 bil. |- |GDP per capita in $ <small>(PPP)</small> |368 |449 |450 |539 |640 |714 |750 |820 |876 |929 |977 |1,016 |1,025 |1,065 |1,114 |1,127 |1,134 |1,167 |- |GDP growth <small>(real)</small> |0.4 % |4.6 % |5.7 % |13.8 % |0.8 % |3.3 % |4.7 % |9.6 % |7.6 % |8.3 % |6.9 % |4.9 % |1.9 % |5.2 % |5.7 % |3.0 % |2.3 % |4.0 % |- |Inflation <small>(in Percent)</small> |19.2 % |10.6 % |11.9 % |83.1 % |29.6 % |15.4 % |13.9 % |8.0 % |8.7 % |8.4 % |7.4 % |7.6 % |21.3 % |28.3 % |23.8 % |21.9 % |21.7 % |11.5 % |- |Government debt <small>(Pct. of GDP)</small> |... |... |... |... |... |107 % |28 % |28 % |36 % |36 % |30 % |31 % |44 % |59 % |55 % |61 % |60 % |59 % |} == Industry == Mu 2013, viŵaro vya Malawi vikaŵa 10.7% pa GDP. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni vyakurya, vyakuzenga, vinthu vyakugwiliskira nchito, simenti, vyakurya vyakuguliska vyakurya, kupanga vinthu vyakuguliska vyakurya, kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba na hona. Ivyo boma likucita kuti liŵike vinthu vinandi mu vyakurya na kwambiska malonda pa caru cose, vikutimbanizgika comene cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo vikucitika, ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira makora, ndiposo suzgo la malonda. Kuti viŵawovwire kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nthowa na matekinoloje ghaphya, ndondomeko ya vyamalonda iyo yikapelekeka mu 2013, yikovwira kuti ŵagwirenge makora ntchito pa kafukufuku wa pa charu chose kweniso kuti ŵamanye makora vya matekinoloje agho ghalipo. Pa nyengo yeneiyo pera, boma la Russia lakwezga ndalama izo likugwiliskira nchito pa kafukufuku na vyakupangapanga kufika pa 1% ya GDP. === Food and beverages === Vipasi na vipasi vinandi vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, kweni vyakurya vyakunozgeka vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1965, Carlsberg yikajura kampani yake yakwamba ya kupanga moŵa kuwaro kwa Denmark mu msumba wa Blantyre. Kweniso kampani iyi yikupanga mabotolo gha vyakurya vya Coca-Cola. Mu 2013, ku Salima kukajulika malo ghakupangira mango kuti ghapange vipasi. Universal Industries yikugwira nchito mu mafakitale ghanandi gha vyakurya mu Blantyre, uko yikupanga maswiti, chips, mabisiketi, mkaka, vyakurya vya soya na vyakurya vya ŵana. Khofi na tiyi vikupangika na makampani ghaŵiri mu vigaŵa vya Thyolo, Mulanje na kuzingilizga Mzuzu. === Pharmaceutical companies === Malaŵi wali na makampani ghanayi gha vyakurya. Ŵakupanga minkhwala yinandi yayi, comenecomene iyo yikukhumbikwa comene pa msika. Makampani agha ni Pharmanova Ltd., agho ndigho ghakupanga munkhwala ukuru comene mu Malawi, ndipo ghakulondezgapo ni SADM, Malawi Pharmacies (Pharmaceuticals Limited) na Kentam Products Limited.<ref name="who.int">[https://www.who.int/hiv/amds/countries/mwi_SurveyUseTRIPs.pdf A Survey of Policy and Practice on the Use of Access to MedicinesRelated TRIPs Flexibilities in Malawi]</ref> === Forestry === [[File:Lady_carrying_solar_panel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_carrying_solar_panel.jpg|thumb|Lady carrying a solar panel.]] Nkhorongo zikuruzikuru izo ŵanthu ŵakuzenga zili mu mapiri gha Viphya, kuzingilizga Mulanje na Zomba. Makuni agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakuzenga na kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba ni nchito yakuzirwa comene mu vigaŵa ivi. Ndipouli, vigaŵa vinandi mu Malaŵi vikuparanyika cifukwa ca kukora makuni mwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma kuti ŵapange malasha. === Electricity === Boma la Malawi ndilo likupeleka magesi ku charu ichi. Malire agho ghalipo ghali pafupifupi 351MW. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 12 pa 100 ŵali na magesi, kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka na World Bank mu 2014. Charu ichi chikuŵa na suzgo la kuŵavya magesi chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chapangiska kuti magesi ghachepe chomene. Mlonga uwu ukupangiska magesi ghakukwana 300MW, ndipo ukupeleka 98 peresenti ya magesi ghose gha mu Malawi. Ndipouli, kuyana na fundo za wupu wa ESCOM, chilangalanga chikapangiska kuti nkhongono iyi yichepe kufika pa 160 MW..<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/malawi-blackouts-drought-hydro-power|title=Malawi suffers blackouts as drought exposes 98% reliance on hydro power|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=2017-12-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Services == Vigaŵa vya mautumiki vikupangiska 51.7% ya GDP ya Malawi. Makampani agho ghakumanyikwa comene ni gha vyaulendo, malonda, kwendeska vinthu, masambiro, maofesi gha munkhwala, kwendera mawoko, na mabanki. Boma la Malawi lili na masheya mu makampani ghanandi ghakuzirwa, nga ni Malawian Airlines (51%) na Press Corporation Limited. Press Corporation Ltd. ni kampani yikuru comene ya mu caru ici, ndipo yili na mabungwe ghanyake mu vyaru nga ni hona, banki, shuga, somba, kupanga ethanol, kupanga njere, malonda, kwendera mawoko na mafuta. == International support == Kwambira mu 1981, Malawi wachita ndondomeko ya kunozga vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa ndondomeko iyi ni kukhwimiska nchito za boma na kucitako vinthu vinyake mwa kulekeska kwendeska mitengo na kupeleka malayisensi ku makampani, kulekeska malonda gha vyamalonda na kusinthiska ndalama, kunozga misonkho, kupanikizgira mabungwe gha boma, na kunozga uteŵeti wa boma. Malaŵi wakeneranga kupokera wovwiri wa kuchepeska ngongoli ya vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli zinandi (HIPC) ndipo pasono wakunozgaso ndondomeko yake ya kuchepeska ukavu. Malaŵi wali na mapangano gha malonda na vyaru viŵiri vikuruvikuru, vya South Africa na Zimbabwe. Boma likukumana na masuzgo nga nkhupanga makora masukulu na maofesi gha vyaumoyo mu Malaŵi - ivyo ni vyakuzirwa comene cifukwa ca kuthandazgika kwa HIV/AIDS - kweniso masuzgo gha cilengiwa nga nkhutema makuni, kunangika kwa dongo, na dongo ilo ndakughanda. [[File:Bingu_Wa_Mutharika_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bingu_Wa_Mutharika_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Former President [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] of Malawi spoke about the country's recent unilateral agricultural reforms at the [[:en:World_Economic_Forum|World Economic Forum]] on Africa at the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], September 2008.]] === Move towards economic independence === Mu 2006, cifukwa ca kucepa kwa vyakurya, Malawi, kwizira mwa pulezidenti Bingu Mutharika, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha ya vya cuma, wakambiska pulogiramu ya kupeleka vyakurya vyakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kulima. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ndondomeko iyi, iyo yikukhozgeka na pulezidenti wa caru ici, yikovwira kuti ulimi wa ku Malawi uŵe uwemi comene, ndipo yikupangiska kuti Malawi waŵe wakuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vyapafupi. Ndipouli, masuzgo gha vyachuma ghakachepa chomene mu nyengo ya Mutharika. Vyakudandawura vya vyachuma ndivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Julayi 2011, ku Malawi kuŵe vivulupi vya vyachuma. == Economic indicators == Viŵelengero ivi vyafuma mu buku la CIA World Factbook, pekha usange pali vinyake. '''GDP:''' purchasing power parity = $22.37 billion (2017 est.) [[File:Malawi_interest_rates.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_interest_rates.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Interest rates advertised by Malawi Savings Bank in Nchalo, Malawi on 30 September 2008]] [[File:Malawi_Kwacha_xchg_rates.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Kwacha_xchg_rates.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Exchange rates advertised by a currency trader in [[:en:Lilongwe|Lilongwe]] on 7 October 2008]] [[File:Malawi_Holiday_100.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Holiday_100.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Reserve Bank of Malawi Mzuzu Branch under construction in [[:en:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]], a fast-growing city. July 2008]] '''GDP - real growth rate:''' 4% (2017 est.) '''GDP - per capita:''' purchasing power parity - $1200 (2017 est.) '''GDP - composition by sector:''' ''agriculture:'' 28.1% ''industry:'' 15.8% ''services:'' 56.1% (2016 est.) '''Population below poverty line:''' 50.7% (2010 est.) '''Inflation rate (consumer prices):''' 23% (2014 est.) '''Labor force:''' 7 million (2013 est.) '''Labor force - by occupation:''' agriculture 76.9%, industry and services 23.1% (2013 est.) '''Unemployment rate:''' NA% '''Budget:''' ''revenues:'' $1.346 billion (2017 est.) ''expenditures:'' $1.556 billion (2017 est.) '''Public Debt''' 59.3% of GDP (2017 est.) '''Industries:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Sugar|sugar]], sawmill products, [[:en:Cement|cement]], consumer goods, cotton, consumer goods, uranium and coal mining '''Industrial production growth rate:''' 2.8% (2013 est.) '''Electricity - production:''' 1.973 billion kWh (2010 est.) '''Electricity - consumption:''' 1.835 billion kWh (2010 est.) '''Agriculture - products:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Sugar_cane|sugar cane]], [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Potato|potatoes]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] ([[:en:Tapioca|tapioca]]), [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Legume|pulses]]; [[:en:Cattle|cattle]], [[:en:Goat|goats]] '''Exports:''' $1.427 billion (2013 est.) '''Exports - commodities:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Sugar|sugar]], [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], [[:en:Coffee|coffee]], [[:en:Peanut|peanuts]], wood products, apparel, uranium and its compounds '''Exports - partners:''' Canada 10.6%, Zimbabwe 9.3%, Germany 7.3%, South Africa 6.6%, Russia 6.5%, US 6.1%, China 4.2% (2012) '''Imports:''' $2.42 billion (2013 est.) '''Imports - commodities:''' food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment '''Imports - partners:''' South Africa 27%, China 16.6%, India 8.7%, Zambia 8.5%, Tanzania 5.1%, US 4.3% (2012) '''Current account balance''' - $280.1 million (2013 est.) '''Debt - external:''' $1.556 billion (31 December 2013 est.) '''Economic aid - recipient:''' $575.3 million (2005) '''Foreign direct investment - inflow''' $129.5 million (2014) '''Currency:''' 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala '''Exchange rates:''' Malawian kwachas per US dollar -730.00 (20/June/2016), 460.00 (20/Jan/2015), 360.00 (6/Feb/2013), 165.961 (1/Sep/2011), 145.179 (2009), 135.96 (2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002) '''Fiscal year:''' 1 July - 30 June {{Commons category}} == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Transportation_in_Malawi|Transportation in Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_companies_based_in_Malawi|List of companies based in Malawi]] * [[:en:Science_and_technology_in_Malawi|Science and technology in Malawi]] * [[:en:Economy_of_Mozambique|Economy of Mozambique]] * [[:en:Economy_of_South_Africa|Economy of South Africa]] * [[:en:Economy_of_Botswana|Economy of Botswana]] * [[:en:The_International_Monetary_Fund_and_Malawi|The International Monetary Fund and Malawi]] * [[:en:United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa|United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{CIA World Factbook}} == Lutizgani kufufuza == * Anthony and Doreen Young, ''A Geography of Malawi'', Second edition. Evans Brothers, Limited, London (1978) {{ISBN|0-237-50296-8}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080226140807/http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Finance/Home%20Finance.htm Official site - Ministry of Finance of Malawi] * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Malawi/Business_and_Economy/Economic_Development}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060919060219/http://www.mbendi.co.za/land/af/ma/p0005.htm MBendi Malawi overview] * [http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=454 Malawi latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] {{portalbar|Malawi|Business and economics|Africa}}{{World Trade Organization}}{{Africa in topic|Economy of}} {{Economy of Malawi}}{{Malaŵi}} in1rmi910y4mgvatyavr3ma4k3ubjdj 0 20107 117898 111307 2026-07-23T22:42:07Z Spiral6800 11910 Fix broken link 117898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Politics of Malawi}}Pulezidenti wakale wa [[Malaŵi]], [[Bakili Muluzi]], wakalutilira na fundo za ku vyaru vya ku mpoto izo Hastings Banda, uyo wakaŵako pambere iyo wandaŵe pulezidenti, wakayowoya. Lili na ubwezi uwemi comene na vyaru vikuruvikuru vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Cifukwa cakuti Malaŵi wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na South Africa mu nyengo ya apartheid, vinthu vikamba kunangika pakati pa Malawi na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Kufumira apo muwuso wa apartheid ukaparanyikira mu 1994, Malawi uli na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. == Bilateral donors == Vyaru vyakuzirwa ivyo vyapeleka ndalama ni Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Republic of China (Taiwan), United Kingdom, na United States. Mabungwe agho ghakupeleka ndalama ku vyaru vinandi nga ni World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European Union, African Development Bank, na United Nations. == SADC == Mu 2001, Malaŵi ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa Southern African Development Community (SADC). Muluzi wakacitanga milimo yinandi mu SADC pa nkhani za umo wupu wa pa caru cose wakwimikana na vivulupi na kusintha malo mu Zimbabwe. == ACP == Malaŵi wali mu gulu la vyaru vya ACP kwambira waka pa Lomé I. Kweniso ni phangano la Cotonou, phangano la ubali pakati pa European Community/European Union na vyaru 77 vya mu Africa, Caribbean na Pacific.. == Memberships in international organizations == Malaŵi njumoza wa mawupu agha: Commonwealth of Nations, United Nations na mabungwe ghanyake agho ghakukolerana nagho. UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO), IMF, World Bank, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Bern Convention, Universal Copyright Convention, Organization of African Unity (OAU), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Lome Convention, African Development Bank (AFDB), Southern African Development Community (SADC), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Non-Aligned Movement, G-77, and the World Health Organization (WHO). Malaŵi nayo wali mu khoti la International Criminal Court (ICC) ilo lili na phangano la kuvikilira ŵasilikari ŵa United States. == Bilateral Relations == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Charu !Formal Relations Began !Vyakulemba |- valign="top" |{{flag|Albania}} |11 July 1985 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1985<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report: Eastern Europe. Index, Volume 7|publisher=United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service|pages=7}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Angola}} |9 November 1993 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1993<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 1993 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Malawi and Angola as of 9 Nov. 1993 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1627621?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} |11 March 1999 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biblioteca Digital de Tratados |url=https://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/tratado_ficha.php?id=lZ2mlw==}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Armenia}} |<!--Date started-->20 January 2012 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 January 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi - Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia |url=http://www.mfa.am/en/country-by-country/mw/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228075239/http://www.mfa.am/en/country-by-country/mw/ |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Australia}} |1981 | * Australia is represented in Malawi by its embassy in [[:en:Harare|Harare]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi |url=http://dfat.gov.au/geo/malawi/Pages/malawi.aspx |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade}}</ref> * Both countries are full members of the [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |6 December 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1965<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=161}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |21 May 2004<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Malawi |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/content/260/malawi |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=mfa.gov.az}} {{Dead link|date=July 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Malawi were established on May 21, 2004.<ref name=":0" /> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Bahrain}} |9 June 1998<ref>{{Cite web |title=BILATERAL RELATIONS (MFA Bahrain) |url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US&Country=Republic%20of%20Malawi}}</ref> |See [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Bahrain|Bahrain–Malawi relations]] |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} |13 July 2001 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2001 |title=Diplomatic relations between Belarus and Malawi as of 13 July 2001 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3845518?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |18 October 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 2011<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Herzegovina |first1=Bosnia and |date=18 October 2011 |title=Diplomatic Relations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Malawi as of 18 Oct. 2011 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1306920?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Botswana}} |1 July 1967 |Both countries are full members of the [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Southern African Development Community]], [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]] and of the [[:en:Non-Aligned_Movement|Non-Aligned Movement]]. |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |23 November 1994 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1994<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 1994 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Bulgaria and Malawi as of 23 Nov. 1994 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1626139?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |20 July 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2011 |title=Diplomatic Relations between Malawi and Cambodia as of 20 July 2011 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310602?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Canada}} |12 February 1974<ref>{{Cite book|title=International Perspectives|publisher=Canada. Department of External Affairs, Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies|year=1974|pages=77}}</ref> | * Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada |date=17 November 2008 |title=Canada-Malawi Relations |url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mozambique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/malawi.aspx?menu_id=75&lang=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210113940/https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mozambique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/malawi.aspx?menu_id=75&lang=eng |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=GAC}}</ref> * Both countries are full members of the [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|China}} |28 December 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=China, Malawi establish diplomatic ties |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cesl/eng/xwdt/t400842.htm#:~:text=A%20joint%20communique%20says%20the,28%2C%202007.}}</ref> |Hastings Banda recognized the [[:en:Republic_of_China|Republic of China]] ([[:en:Taiwan|Taiwan]]) in 1967. In January 2008, Malawi switched this recognition to the [[:en:People's_Republic_of_China|People's Republic of China]].[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/3260D66F-9692-4C62-8006-5C06AAC3175D.htm] Since 2008 there has been a significant shift by the Malawian government towards accepting investment from China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/may/07/china-puts-mark-malawi-presence|title=China puts its mark on Malawi &#124; Global development|work=The Guardian|date=7 May 2011|location=London}}</ref> Potentially this may be part of a wider power struggle between the East and West in Africa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Glennie|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/dec/10/wikileaks-cables-china-aid-africa|title=WikiLeaks cables: China's aid to Africa has strings attached|work=The Guardian|date=2010-12-10}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Colombia}} |30 March 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 March 1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Colombia and Malawi as of 30 Mar. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1476429?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Croatia}} |<!--Date started-->13 November 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mvep.hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MVEP • Overview of Bilateral Treaties of the Republic of Croatia by Country |url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/overview-by-country/malawi,177.html |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mvep.hr}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} |10 December 1997 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=DeCaminoalDíadeAfrica: Relaciones Cuba-Malawi |url=http://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/es/articulo/decaminoaldiadeafrica-relaciones-cuba-malawi}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Cyprus}} |<!--Date started-->22 June 2000 | * Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 2000.<ref>{{in lang|el}} https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080519/http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/E37881E7982D2177C22575D700294A23/$file/List%20of%20Malawi.pdf?openelement {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080519/http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/E37881E7982D2177C22575D700294A23/$file/List%20of%20Malawi.pdf?openelement|date=28 February 2017}}</ref> * Both countries are full members of [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Denmark}} |<!--Date started-->1964 | * Denmark is represented in Malawi by its embassy in [[:en:Maputo|Maputo]], [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]]. * Malawi is represented in Denmark by its embassy in [[:en:London|London]], [[:en:England|England]], [[:en:United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |1 May 1986 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1986<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1986 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Finland and Malawi as of 1 May 1986 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1638874?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Georgia}} |<!--Date started-->19 September 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=საქართველოს საგარეო საქმეთა სამინისტრო - Malawi |url=http://www.mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/BilateralRelations/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90.aspx?lang=en-US |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054104/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/BilateralRelations/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90.aspx?lang=en-US |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mfa.gov.ge}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |6 July 1964 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verzeichnis der Vertretungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Ausland sowie der Honorarkonsulinnen und Honorarkonsuln Page 75 (in German) |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/199314/52522de1bb8ef89cf40b7e1cbbba9e90/dtauslandsvertretungenliste-data.pdf}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Ghana}} |8 July 1964 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1964<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=156}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Greece}} |<!--Date started--> | * Greece is represented in Malawi by its embassy in [[:en:Harare|Harare]], [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]].<ref name="mfa.gr">{{cite web |title=Greece's Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.mfa.gr/en/bilateral-relations/malawi/ |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mfa.gr}}</ref> * Malawi is represented in Greece by its embassy in [[:en:Brussels|Brussels]], [[:en:Belgium|Belgium]].<ref name="mfa.gr" /> |- valign="top" |{{flag|India}} |<!--Date started--> |See [[:en:India–Malawi_relations|India–Malawi relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Israel}} |15 July 1964<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 137-138|publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency|year=1964|pages=14}}</ref> |See [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Israel|Israel–Malawi relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Japan}} |<!--Date started-->July 1964 |Both countries established diplomatic relations in July 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan-Malawi Relations (Basic Data) |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/malawi/data.html |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} |23 June 1999 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1999<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 1999 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Jordan and Malawi as of 23 June 1999 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475198?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Kenya}} |28 September 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1965<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=160}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kosovo}} |20 July 2016 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2016 |title=Malawi: Govt Establishes Formal Diplomatic Relations With Kosovo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201607250562.html |access-date=2 May 2020 |publisher=AllAfrica}}</ref> Kosovo and Malawi enjoy excellent relationships. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Latvia}} |<!--Date started-->10 September 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1998.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lobzova |first=Liene |title=Establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/establishment-and-renewal-of-diplomatic-relations |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mfa.gov.lv}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Lithuania}} |<!--Date started-->18 November 2001 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 2001.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170228102415/https://www.urm.lt/default/en/bilateral-malawi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228102415/https://www.urm.lt/default/en/bilateral-malawi|date=28 February 2017}} {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2022}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Mauritius}} |9 February 2001 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 February 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2001 |title=Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Mauritius as of 9 Feb. 2001 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1301011?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mexico}} |<!--Date started-->10 December 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 December 1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Mexico and Malawi as of 10 Dec. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475428?ln=en}}</ref> * Malawi is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Embassy of the Republic of Malawi in the United States |date=2018-04-28 |title=Embassy of Malawi in the United States |url=http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205121034/http://www.malawiembassy-dc.org/ |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=2018-12-30 |publisher=Malawiembassy-dc.org}}</ref> * Mexico is accredited to Malawi from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of Mexico in South Africa |url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/sudafrica/ |access-date=2018-12-30 |publisher=Embamex.sre.gob.mx}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mongolia}} |<!--Date started-->21 December 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 2011.<ref>https://www.news.mn/content/print/91356 {{dead link|date=December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Montenegro}} |16 September 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 September 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2011 |title=Diplomatic Relations between Montenegro and Malawi as of 16 Sept. 2011 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310584?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mozambique}} |1 July 1981<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1981 |title=Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Mozambique as of 1 July 1981 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1628985?ln=en}}</ref> |See [[:en:Malawi-Mozambique_relations|Malawi-Mozambique relations]] Between 1985 and 1995, Malawi accommodated more than a million refugees from [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]]. The refugee crisis placed a substantial strain on Malawi's economy but also drew significant inflows of international assistance. The accommodation and eventual repatriation of the Mozambicans is considered a major success by international organizations. |- |{{Flag|Namibia}} |21 March 1990 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1990<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=302}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |16 December 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1965<ref name=":1" /> |- |{{Flag|Nigeria}} |29 November 1969 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1969<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=171}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|North Korea}} |<!--Date started-->25 June 1982 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPRK Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |27 September 1999 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1999<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 1999 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Malawi and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as of 27 Sept. 1999 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475118?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |9 March 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1965<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norges opprettelse au diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater (in Norwegian) |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Oman}} |7 December 2016 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 December 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2016 |title=Diplomatic relations between Oman and Malawi as of 7 Dec. 2016 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1316235?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Pakistan}} |<!--Date started-->14 August 1965 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1965. Pakistan and Malawi are both members of the [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Philippines}} |<!--Date started-->3 May 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2001 |title=Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Philippines as of 3 May 2001 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3843484?ln=en}}</ref> |Neither country has an embassy in each other's territories. The Philippines's embassy in Pretoria, South Africa, is accredited to Malawi; on the other hand, Malawi's embassy in Tokyo, Japan, is accredited to the Philippines. As of 25 May 2018, the date of presentation of credentials of Philippine non-resident ambassador Uriel Norman Garibay to President Arthur Peter Mutharika, there are 41 Filipino nationals residing in Malawi, mainly in Blantyre and Lilongwe.<ref>{{cite web |title=PH Seeks to Establish Closer Ties with Malawi |url=https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/16762-ph-seeks-to-establish-closer-ties-with-malawi}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Poland}} |10 July 1992<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Poland and Malawi were established on July 10th, 1992.(Website of the Republic of Poland) |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/tanzania-en/bilateral-relations-malawi}}</ref> |See [[:en:Foreign_relations_of_Poland|Malawi–Poland relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Romania}} |<!--Date started-->15 July 1985 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 July 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of Romania - Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mae.ro}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Russia}} |2 November 1993 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1993<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Federation |first1=Russian |date=2 November 1993 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Russian Federation and Malawi as of 2 Nov. 1993 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1627627?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Rwanda}} |<!--Date started--> |In 1996, Malawi received a number of Rwandan and Congolese refugees seeking asylum. The government did not turn away refugees, but it did invoke the principle of "first country of asylum." Under this principle, refugees who requested asylum in another country first, or who had the opportunity to do so would not subsequently be granted asylum in Malawi. There were no reports of the forcible repatriation of refugees. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Serbia}} |<!--Date started-->14 November 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi |url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-issues/96-bilateral-issues/12319-malavi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226230857/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-issues/96-bilateral-issues/12319-malavi |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=mfa.gov.rs}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Seychelles}} |22 May 2001 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2001 |title=Diplomatic relations between Malawi and Seychelles as of 22 May 2001 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3846090?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Singapore}} |<!--Date started-->24 August 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://app1.mfa.gov.sg/dipcon/pdf/dipconopen.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820202434/https://app1.mfa.gov.sg/dipcon/pdf/dipconopen.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2017 |access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |21 July 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priznanja samostojne Slovenije p.8 (in Slovenian) |url=https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309085500/https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|South Africa}} |10 September 1967<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=166}}</ref> |See [[:en:Malawi–South_Africa_relations|Malawi–South Africa relations]] Boma la South Africa likamba kukolerana na Malawi mu 1967. Vinthu vya ku Malawi ivyo vikaŵa nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakugwilira nchito ku migodi ya ku South Africa vikalutilira nanga ni apo charu cha Malawi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964. Pa nyengo iyi, Malawi ndiyo yikaŵa yekha caru ca ku Africa ico cikaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na caru ca South Africa mpaka apo Nelson Mandela wakasankhikira mu 1994. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakawonekanga nga mbantchito ŵakuzirwa mu migodi ya ku South Africa chifukwa cha "maluso ghawo, kaluso pa ntchito na kuleka kuŵa ŵankhongono". Mwalamulo, ici cikacitika cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu 200 ŵa ku Malawi ŵakaŵa na HIV mu vilimika viŵiri vyakumasinda, kweni ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ici cikacitika cifukwa ca kukhumbikwa kwa kucepeskako ŵantchito mu nyengo ya suzgo ya migodi ya ku South Africa. Kufuma waka apo mavoti ghakwamba gha demokilase ghakachitikira mu 1994, Malaŵi na South Africa vyaŵa paubwezi wakukhora. Mu 2008, maboma ghaŵiri agha ghakasayina Memorandum of Understanding kuti ghakhozge ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802251310.html Country, Malawi to Enhance Defence Co-Operation] by Bathandwa Mbola, BuaNews, 25 February 2008</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|South Korea}} |<!--Date started-->9 March 1965 |Establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Malawi was on 9 March 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contries & Regions (MFA Republic of Korea) |url=https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=159}}</ref> In 2011 Bilateral Trade between both nations totaled US$31 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24475.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24475.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|South Sudan}} |26 September 2011 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2011<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sudan |first1=South |date=26 September 2011 |title=Diplomatic Relations between Malawi and South Sudan as of 26 Sept. 2011 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310580?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Spain}} |27 October 1972<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Español |url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnuarioCIDOB/article/download/33281/85107/}}</ref> |See [[:en:Malawi–Spain_relations|Malawi–Spain relations]] |- valign="top" |{{flag|Tanzania}} |16 May 1985<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999|pages=188}}</ref> |Malawi has a dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in [[:en:Lake_Nyasa|Lake Nyasa]] (Lake Malawi). |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} |1 June 1987 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=สาธารณรัฐมาลาวี (Malawi) (MFA Thailand) (in Thai) |url=https://www.mfa.go.th/th/country/MW?page=5d5bcb3915e39c3060006816&menu=5d5bd3c715e39c306002a882}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |21 April 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1998<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tobago |first1=Trinidad and |date=21 April 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Trinidad and Tobago and Malawi as of 21 Apr. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1476410?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Turkey}} |6 August 1969 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1969<ref name=":2" /> * Embassy of [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]] in [[:en:Berlin|Berlin]] is accredited to Turkey.<ref name="auto68">{{Cite web |title=Relations between Turkey and Malawi |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-malawi.en.mfa}}</ref> * Turkish Embassy in [[:en:Lusaka|Lusaka]] is accredited to [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]].<ref name="auto68" /> * Trade volume between the two countries was US$21 million in 2019 (Malawi's exports/imports: 16.4/4.67 million USD).<ref name="auto68" /> |- |{{Flag|Turkmenistan}} |20 February 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Turkmenistan and Malawi as of 20 Feb. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475431?ln=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |22 December 1998 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1998<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 1998 |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Ukraine and Malawi as of 22 Dec. 1998 (UN Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1475425?ln=en}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|United Kingdom}} |6 July 1964 |See [[:en:Malawi–United_Kingdom_relations|Malawi–United Kingdom relations]] Historical ties make the UK historically one of the more important donors and supporters of Malawi. However, the expulsion of the UK's High Commissioner in April 2011 may change this relationship. Since the expulsion the UK has suspended direct government aid,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14154485|title=UK cuts aid to Malawi government|publisher=BBC|date=2011-07-14}}</ref> citing concerns over governance and human rights. |- valign="top" |{{flag|United States}} |6 July 1964<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Malawi |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/malawi}}</ref> |See [[:en:Malawi–United_States_relations|Malawi–United States relations]] {{see also|The Nation (Malawi)#Cochrane-Dyet 2011 cable controversy{{!}}Cochrane-Dyet 2011 Cable Controversy}} The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy significantly strengthened the already cordial U.S. relationship with Malawi. Significant numbers of Malawians study in the United States. The United States has an active Peace Corps program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, and an Agency for International Development (USAID) mission in Malawi. In July 2011, the United States suspended direct funding. The US government agency responsible, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, suspended aid because it was 'deeply upset' by the deaths of the 19 people during the [[:en:2011_Malawian_protests|July protests]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14299172|title=US suspends aid to Malawi after killings|publisher=BBC|date=2011-07-26}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |31 January 2007 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoy extendemos un saludo al Gobierno y Pueblo de Malaui al celebrar 14 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas. |url=https://twitter.com/CancilleriaVE/status/1355867392585424901}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Zambia}} |15 September 1970 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1970<ref>{{Cite book|title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa - Issues 3420-3497|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service|year=1970}}</ref> |} == Malawi na [[:en:Commonwealth_of_Nations|Commonwealth of Nations]] == Malawi became a full member of the Commonwealth on independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_II|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[:en:Head_of_the_Commonwealth|Head of the Commonwealth]], was [[:en:Queen_of_Malawi|Queen of Malawi]], represented by the [[:en:Governor-General_of_Malawi|Governor-General of Malawi]], until the country became a [[:en:Republic_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations|republic in the Commonwealth of Nations]] in 1966, when the then [[:en:Prime_Minister_of_Malawi|Prime Minister of Malawi]], [[:en:Hastings_Banda|Hastings Banda]], declared himself the first [[:en:President_of_Malawi|President of Malawi]]. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Malawi|List of diplomatic missions in Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Malawi|List of diplomatic missions of Malawi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations}}{{Foreign relations of Malawi}}{{Southern African Development Community}}{{Africa in topic|Foreign relations of}} nkds6fb4n7tz09gtj8lh77nl8gy6bqi 0 21044 117920 112450 2026-07-24T06:36:50Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Mbili == [[File:Bunda_college.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bunda_college.jpg|thumb|Sukulu ya Bunda ya vyaulimi mu 2004]] Mu nkhani iyo wakayowoya ku Malawi pa 24 May 2010, pulezidenti wachitatu wa chalo cha Malawi, Profesa Bingu wa Mutharika, wakalongosora umo wakughanaghanira vya kukhazikiska mayunivesite 6 mu Malawi. Fundo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuluta ku masukulu ghapachanya, kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe na luso kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Malawi. Yimoza mwa yunivesite yiphya iyo yikapangika yikaŵa Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR). LUANAR yikapangika kwizira mu Dango la Nyumba ya Malamulo Nambara 22 la 2011 ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Julayi 2012, ndipo Bunda Campus ndiyo yikaŵa sukulu yakwamba m'paka apo NRC yikakanjira mu LUANAR mu Disembala 2014. Lili na masukulu ghanayi: Sukulu ya Vyakumera (iyo yikambiska mu 1967), Sukulu ya Vyakumera (2001), Sukulu ya Masambiro gha Vyakusazgirako (2004), na Sukulu ya Vyakurya na Sayansi ya Ŵanthu (2013).<ref>[http://www.bunda.luanar.mw/luanar/all_faculties.php FACULTIES AT LUANAR ] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180213232936/http://www.bunda.luanar.mw/luanar/all_faculties.php Archive]) LUANAR. Retrieved 13 February 2018</ref> Mapulogiramu gha PhD ghakuchitika pamoza na Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM).<ref name="kaude">Pauline Kaude (13 March 2015) [https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-launches-lilongwe-university-of-agriculture-and-natural-resources/ Malawi launches Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources] Malawi News Agency/''Nyasa Times''. Retrieved 7 March 2018</ref><ref name="Norad1">Ramji Nyirenda and Arne Tostensen (2009) [https://www.norad.no/om-bistand/publikasjon/2009/building-capacity-for-development-and-food-security-in-malawi.-mid-term-review-of-the-bunda-college-capacity-building-programme-bcdp-/ Building Capacity for Development and Food Security in Malawi. Mid-Term Review of the Bunda College Capacity Building Programme (BCDP)] ''Norads samlede rapporter''. 18/2009. Retrieved 13 March 2018</ref> Mu 2005, munda wa Bunda Farm, uwo ukaŵa ku Bunda College, ukazgoka kampani ya ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 2017, Bunda Farm Ltd. yikambiska siteshoni yakupelekera mafuta na mapampu gha mafuta pa sukulu iyi kuti yisanguluskenge ndalama ku yunivesite iyi kweniso kusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu vya bizinesi.<ref name="atim">Pauline Atim (13 November 2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20180813012157/https://blog.ruforum.org/2017/11/13/visit-to-lilongwe-university-of-agriculture-and-natural-resources-luanar/ Visit to Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR)] Ruforum.org. Retrieved 7 March 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.nyasatimes.com/bunda-filling-station-fuel-development-luanar/ Bunda Filling Station to fuel development at LUANAR] ''Nyasa Times'', 31 March 2017</ref> == Masukulu, maunduna na maofesi == Yunivesite ya Lilongwe of Agriculture and Natural Resources yili na maofesi na maofesi agha. === Faculty of Agriculture === Dipatimenti iyi yili na madipatimenti ghankhondi na limoza: Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vipambi na Nthaka, Dipatimenti ya Engineering ya Vyakumera, Dipatimenti ya Horticulture, Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vinyama, Dipatimenti ya Basic Sciences na Veterinary Medicine. Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Muzi yikovwira madipatimenti ghanyake pa sukulu ya Bunda College of Agriculture pakusambizga sayansi ya muzi. Vinthu ivi ni Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Computer Applications, Microbiology, Biochemistry, na Biometry. Ŵantchito ŵa dipatimenti iyi ŵakovwiraso kusambizga masambiro ghanyake gha mu madipatimenti ghanyake. Vinyake mwa masambiro agha ni sayansi yakukhwaskana na kunangika kwa vinthu, thermodynamics, masambiro gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, kulemba mabuku pa kompyuta, kwendeska vinthu vya mu manyuzipepara, na masambiro ghanyake ghakuyana waka. ==== Agricultural Engineering Department ==== Dipatimenti ya Agricultural Engineering yikakhazikiskika pa Bunda College of Agriculture mu 1972 ndipo yili na ntchito ya kusambizga, kupenjerezga, na kupeleka mauthenga na ma consultancy mu ulimi wa ulimi wa ulimi. Dipatimenti iyi yikugwira nchito yikuru pakukhozga ulimi mwa kupanga na kwambiska vyakupangapanga vyakwenelera na nthowa zakupangira vyakumera, vyakurya na viŵeto. Dipatimenti iyi yikuŵika mtima comene pa kafukufuku ndipo yikugomezga kuti para munthu wakucita kafukufuku, wakusambizga makora. Dipatimenti iyi yikukondwa comene para ŵanthu ŵakucita vinthu pamoza na makampani. Ntchito ya Dipatimenti ya Vyaulimi na Vyakumera njakuti yivikilire, kusambizga, na kusambizga ŵanthu umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vinjeru vya sayansi kuti ŵapange makora vinthu vyamoyo. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering * Bachelor of Science in Irrigation Engineering * Master of Science in Irrigation Engineering ==== Animal Science Department ==== Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vinyama njimoza mwa Dipatimenti zinkhondi izo zili mu Yunivesite ya Agriculture. Dipatimenti iyi yikukhumba kuti yiŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito pa sayansi ya vinyama apo mulimo wake nkhukhozga na kukhozga umanyi na maluso, kujithemba, na nkharo yiwemi mu sayansi ya vinyama kuti viŵeto viŵe na vyakurya vyakukhora. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Animal Science * Diploma in Dairy Science and Technology * Master of Science in Animal Science ==== Basic Sciences Department ==== Ŵasambiri wose ŵa chaka chakwamba pa sukulu ya Bunda ŵakusambira masambiro ghakwamba pa Dipatimenti ya Sayansi. Masambiro agha ni Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Mathematics, Microbiology na Physics. ==== Crop Sciences Department ==== Dipatimenti ya sayansi ya vyakurya yikovwira kuti paŵe masambiro ghapacanya ndiposo kuti paŵe ma tekinoloje gha viŵeto na vyakurya. ===== Department programs ===== * Master of Science in Agronomy * Bachelor of Science in Agronomy * Bachelor of Science in Agriculture * Bachelor of Science in Soil Science * Bachelor of Science in Seed Systems * Master of Science in Plant Breeding * Master of Science in Crop Protection * Master of Science in Soil Science * Master of Science in Seed Systems * Ph.D in Crop and Soil Science by Research * Bachelor of Science in Crop Protection (Honors) ==== The Department of Horticulture ==== Dipatimenti ya Horticulture yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Dipatimenti ya Horticulture and Forestry m'paka mu 2014 apo yikapatuka na kusamira ku Faculty of Agriculture. Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire vinandi pa nkhani ya vyakurya, vyakurya vyakukondweska, na kusanga ndalama zinandi. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology * Bachelor of Science in Horticulture * Master of Science in Horticulture === Faculty of Development Studies === Mu 2012, pa LUANAR pakaŵa Yunivesite ya Development Studies. Sukulu iyi yili na madipatimenti ghankhondi: Agriculture Education and Development Communication, Agricultural and Applied Economics, Extension and Rural Development and Agribusiness Management. Pa Dipatimenti ya Masambiro gha Vyakusazgirako, pali madipatimenti agha: ==== Agribusiness Management Department ==== Yunivesite ya Lilongwe ya Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) kwizira mu Dipatimenti ya Agribusiness Management (ABM) ndiyo yekha sukulu ya masambiro ghapachanya mu Malawi iyo yikupereka masambiro gha nyengo yitali mu vyakusambizga vya makoperative na microfinance. Dipatimenti ya Agribusiness Management (ABM) ni yimoza mwa Dipatimenti za ku University of Agriculture and Natural Resources ya Lilongwe. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agribusiness Management * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Enterprise Development and Microfinance * Bachelor Arts in Cooperative Business Studies * Master of Science in Agribusiness Management ==== Agriculture Education and Development Communication Department ==== Dipatimenti iyi yikapangika mu 1993 kuti ŵasambizgi ŵasambirenge viyowoyero vinyake. Pasono, dipatimenti iyi yikovwira ŵana wose ŵa sukulu kuti ŵamanye kuyowoya makora. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Development Communication * Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Education * Master of Science in Agriculture Education * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Innovations * Agriculture Education and Development Communication ==== Agricultural and Applied Economics Department ==== Dipatimenti iyi yikukhumba kukhozga umanyi na maluso mu vyalo vya ulimi na vyaumoyo kwizira mu masambiro, kafukufuku, ma consultancy na ma outreach kuti yikovwire kuchepeska ukavu mwa kukhozga umanyi mu ulimi na kukwezga ndalama za ŵalimi ŵanandi mu Malawi. Dipatimenti iyi yikukhumba kuti yiŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito pa kusambizga, kupenjerezga, na kupempha ulongozgi pa nkhani ya vyakurya na vyamalonda mu Malawi na kunyake. Dipatimenti iyi yikuperekaso masambiro gha: * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Economics * Bachelor of Science in Development Economics * Master of Science in Agricultural and Applied Economics * PhD in Agricultural and Resource Economics * PhD in Agricultural and Resource Economics * Master of Science in Agricultural and Applied Economics * Bachelor of Arts in Development Economics ==== Extension Department ==== Chilato cha dipatimenti iyi nchakuti yiŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito pa kusambizga, kupenjerezga na kupempha wovwiri pa nkhani ya vyakurya mu Malawi na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Ntchito yake nkhukhozga na kukhozga umanyi na maluso ghakwendeskera vyalo mu vigaŵa vya malawi kwizira mu kusambizga, kupenjerezga, kufumiska ŵanthu na kuŵapa ulongozgi kuti ŵawovwire kulima vyakurya, ndalama za ku mizi, kweniso kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko mu Malawi na mu chigaŵa ichi. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Extension * Master of Science in Rural Development and Extension * PhD in Rural Development and Extension === Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine === Yunivesite ya LUANAR yikambiska masambiro gha viŵeto mu 2013. Sukulu iyi yikamalizga masambiro ghake ghakwamba mu 2019. Ku yunivesite iyi, ŵakuchita kafukufuku wa vya vinyama ndipo ŵakukolerana na yunivesite ya Edinburgh, Valencia, Hokkaido, Cornel, na ILRI. Ŵasambizgi aŵa ŵakuchita kafukufuku pa nkhani ya matenda ghakwambukira. Kuteŵetera Boma. Mapulogiramu agha ghakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya kuwona matenda gha vinyama, kughamazga, kughanozga, na kughamazga. Sukulu iyi yikovwira ŵadokotala ŵa viŵeto, ŵenecho ŵa viŵeto, na ŵanthu ŵanandi. === Veterinary Pathobiology Department === ==== Department programs ==== * Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine === Faculty of Food and Human Sciences === Yunivesite ya Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) yikakhazikiskika na Dango la Nyumba ya Malamulo No. 22 la 2011. LUANAR yikafuma ku Bunda College of Agriculture, iyo yikaŵa koleji ya University of Malawi (UNIMA), iyo yikapatuka ku UNIMA pa 1 July 2012. Yunivesite ya Food and Human Sciences (FFHS) yikafuma ku dipatimenti ya Home Economics and Human Nutrition (DHEHN) iyo yikapangika mu 1984. Kwamba mu 1984 m'paka mu 2013, DHEHN yikakura comene pa nkhani ya ŵanthu (4 mpaka 22), ŵana ŵa sukulu (3 mpaka 331), mapulogiramu gha masambiro (0 mpaka 4), masukulu gha kusambizga na kufufuza, ndalama na vinthu vinyake, mapulogiramu gha kusambizga ŵanthu, mabuku, kweniso umo yikukolerana na vilato vya caru cose, vya cigaŵa na vya caru cose. FFHS yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Julayi 2013, ndipo yili na ofesi ya mulara wa sukulu iyi, dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo na vyakurya. === Human Nutrition and Health Department === Nga ni umo umoyo wa ŵanthu uliri wakuzirwa comene kuti caru ciŵe makora, ndendende ndimo vyakurya vyakwenelera vikovwilira kuti munthu waŵe na umoyo uwemi. Kuleka kurya vyakurya vyakwenelera ni katundu uyo wakutondeska munthu kufiska vilato vyake, kusangwa na umoyo, ndiposo umo wangaŵira wamoyo. ==== Department programs ==== * Post-Graduate Diploma in Clinical Dietetics * Master of Science in Human Nutrition * Master of Science in Clinical Dietetic === Human Ecology Department === Mbumba na vinthu vinyake ni vyakuzirwa comene kuti mtundu ukure. Kuti vilato vya Millennium Development Goals vifiskike, mulimo uwu ukwenera kwamba mu mbumba. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya umo vinthu viliri pakati pa ŵanthu, vinthu vyakuthupi, na cilengiwa. Dipatimenti ya Human Ecology iyo yikaŵako sonosono apa pa LUANAR, yikwimira ŵanthu ŵanandi pa nkhani ya sayansi ya ŵanthu na ntchito za ŵanthu pa charu chose. ==== Department programs ==== * Bachelor of Science in Gender and Development * Bachelor of Science in Human Sciences and Community Services * Diploma in Gender and Development * Diploma in Youth Development * Master of Science in Gender and Development ==== Food Science and Technology Department ==== Kuzenga vyakurya na kusazgirako phindu ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene mu ndondomeko ya boma la Malawi yakufiska vilato vya Millennium Development Goal vya kumazga ukavu na njara. Dipatimenti ya sayansi ya vyakurya na matekinoloje ku LUANAR yikasanga ntchito yikuru pakulongosora vya sayansi ya vyakurya na matekinoloje kweniso kumanya umo vinthu vya ku Malawi vikupangikira. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Food Science and Technology * Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Food Science * Master of Science in Food Science and Technology === Faculty of Natural Resources === Yunivesite ya Natural Resources iyo yikambiska mu Julayi 2001, yili na madipatimenti ghatatu. Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera na Sayansi ya Usomba, Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera na Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vyakwendeskera Vinthu vya mu Mbuto. ==== The Department of Forestry ==== Pakwamba Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera yikaŵa mu Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera na Vyakumera. Chilato cha Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera nchakuti LUANAR yiŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito pa kusambizga, kupenjerezga, kusazgirako na kupempha wovwiri mu vyakumera mu Malawi na pa caru cose. Ndimo viliri na dipatimenti ya vya chilengiwa. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agroforestry * Bachelor of Science in Forestry * Master of Science in Agroforestry * Master of Science in Environmental Forestry * Master of Science in Social Forestry * PhD in Forestry ==== The Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Science ==== Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vyakumera na Somba (AQFD) ku Bunda College yikambira pa sukulu yimoza ya Sayansi ya Vyakumera na Vyakumera iyo yikaŵa mu Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vinyama kufuma mu 1974 m'paka 1993. Cifukwa ca kukhumba kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ca SADC kuti ŵaŵe na maluso pa nkhani ya kulima viŵeto, mu 1991 pakalembeka ndondomeko ya masambiro gha kulima viŵeto. Masambiro ghakwamba ghakaŵako mu 1994/95. Mu chaka chenechichi, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake vya mu SADC ŵakamba kusambira mu koleji iyi. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa ku chigaŵa ichi awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro gha masisitere pa nkhani ya vyamoyo ŵakasankha kuti ŵachitenge kafukufuku pa nkhani ya vyakumera. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science * Master of Science in Aquaculture * Master of Science in Fisheries * PhD in Aquaculture and Fisheries * Master of Science in Aquaculture and Fishiries ==== The Department of Environment and Natural Resource Management ==== Dipatimenti Yakusambira vya Vyakwendakwenda (DESM) yikakhazikiskika mu 2001 ndipo yili ku chigaŵa cha Natural Resources. Dipatimenti iyi yili na ŵantchito 14. Ŵantchito aŵa ŵakumanya vinandi pa nkhani ya vyakuvikilira chilengiwa, vyamoyo vyamuthengere, vya chilengiwa, sayansi ya vya chilengiwa, vya chilengiwa, na vyakuthupi. Mu dipatimenti iyi muli maofesi ghatatu gha ŵantchito. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Natural Resources Management (Land and Water) * Bachelor of Science in Natural Resources Management (Wildlife and Ecotourism) * Master of Science in Environment and Climate Change === Faculty of Postgraduate Studies === Likupeleka masambiro gha ku yunivesite, masisitere na madokotala. === [https://web.archive.org/web/20230319044201/https://luanar.ac.mw/aquafish/index.php AquaFish] === AquaFish ni yimoza mwa ma Africa Centres of Excellence ghaŵiri agho ghali ku Malaŵi ( linyake, ACEPHEM, lili ku University of Malawi College of Medicine). === [https://web.archive.org/web/20230319044159/https://luanar.ac.mw/card/index.php Centre for Agricultural Research and Development] (CARD) === == Vyakususkana == IMu Disembala 2017, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakasuskanga chifukwa cha kuzimwa kwa magesi pa sukulu ya Bunda. Sukulu iyi yikajalika kwa nyengo yicoko waka. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Malawi uwo ukafufuza vya nyifwa ya msambiri ukasanga kuti ŵanyake ŵakayuzgika na ŵapolisi, kweni ukapeleka mulandu yayi ku ŵapolisi.<ref>Faith Kamtambe (7 January 2018) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230319044158/https://times.mw/malawi-human-rights-commission-recommends-second-postmortem-on-bunda-student/ Malawi Human Rights Commission recommends second postmortem on bunda student] [[The Daily Times (Malawi)|The Daily Times]] Retrieved 13 March 2018</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230327215318/https://luanar.ac.mw/luanar/ Homepage] * [https://www.nyasatimes.com/mutharika-snubs-university-malawi-graduation-bunda-delink-unima-finalised/] {{authority control}} 86d085994is3acvpzusw5lxo4yrnbgy 117921 117920 2026-07-24T06:37:25Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yunivesite ya Lilongwe ya ulimi na vinthu vyachilengiwa''', pachizungu: ''Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources'' (LUANAR) ni yunivesite iyo yili ku [[Lilongwe]], [[Malaŵi|Malawi]]. Likapangika mu chaka cha 2011 pakusazgikana pakati pa Bunda College of Agriculture of the University of Malawi na Natural Resources College (NRC).''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2016 |title=Mutharika snubs University of Malawi graduation: Bunda delink from Unima finalised |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/mutharika-snubs-university-malawi-graduation-bunda-delink-unima-finalised/}}</ref>'' == Mbili == [[File:Bunda_college.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bunda_college.jpg|thumb|Sukulu ya Bunda ya vyaulimi mu 2004]] Mu nkhani iyo wakayowoya ku Malawi pa 24 May 2010, pulezidenti wachitatu wa chalo cha Malawi, Profesa Bingu wa Mutharika, wakalongosora umo wakughanaghanira vya kukhazikiska mayunivesite 6 mu Malawi. Fundo iyi yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuluta ku masukulu ghapachanya, kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵaŵe na luso kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Malawi. Yimoza mwa yunivesite yiphya iyo yikapangika yikaŵa Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR). LUANAR yikapangika kwizira mu Dango la Nyumba ya Malamulo Nambara 22 la 2011 ndipo yikamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Julayi 2012, ndipo Bunda Campus ndiyo yikaŵa sukulu yakwamba m'paka apo NRC yikakanjira mu LUANAR mu Disembala 2014. Lili na masukulu ghanayi: Sukulu ya Vyakumera (iyo yikambiska mu 1967), Sukulu ya Vyakumera (2001), Sukulu ya Masambiro gha Vyakusazgirako (2004), na Sukulu ya Vyakurya na Sayansi ya Ŵanthu (2013).<ref>[http://www.bunda.luanar.mw/luanar/all_faculties.php FACULTIES AT LUANAR ] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180213232936/http://www.bunda.luanar.mw/luanar/all_faculties.php Archive]) LUANAR. Retrieved 13 February 2018</ref> Mapulogiramu gha PhD ghakuchitika pamoza na Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture (RUFORUM).<ref name="kaude">Pauline Kaude (13 March 2015) [https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-launches-lilongwe-university-of-agriculture-and-natural-resources/ Malawi launches Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources] Malawi News Agency/''Nyasa Times''. Retrieved 7 March 2018</ref><ref name="Norad1">Ramji Nyirenda and Arne Tostensen (2009) [https://www.norad.no/om-bistand/publikasjon/2009/building-capacity-for-development-and-food-security-in-malawi.-mid-term-review-of-the-bunda-college-capacity-building-programme-bcdp-/ Building Capacity for Development and Food Security in Malawi. Mid-Term Review of the Bunda College Capacity Building Programme (BCDP)] ''Norads samlede rapporter''. 18/2009. Retrieved 13 March 2018</ref> Mu 2005, munda wa Bunda Farm, uwo ukaŵa ku Bunda College, ukazgoka kampani ya ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 2017, Bunda Farm Ltd. yikambiska siteshoni yakupelekera mafuta na mapampu gha mafuta pa sukulu iyi kuti yisanguluskenge ndalama ku yunivesite iyi kweniso kusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu vya bizinesi.<ref name="atim">Pauline Atim (13 November 2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20180813012157/https://blog.ruforum.org/2017/11/13/visit-to-lilongwe-university-of-agriculture-and-natural-resources-luanar/ Visit to Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR)] Ruforum.org. Retrieved 7 March 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.nyasatimes.com/bunda-filling-station-fuel-development-luanar/ Bunda Filling Station to fuel development at LUANAR] ''Nyasa Times'', 31 March 2017</ref> == Masukulu, maunduna na maofesi == Yunivesite ya Lilongwe of Agriculture and Natural Resources yili na maofesi na maofesi agha. === Faculty of Agriculture === Dipatimenti iyi yili na madipatimenti ghankhondi na limoza: Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vipambi na Nthaka, Dipatimenti ya Engineering ya Vyakumera, Dipatimenti ya Horticulture, Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vinyama, Dipatimenti ya Basic Sciences na Veterinary Medicine. Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Muzi yikovwira madipatimenti ghanyake pa sukulu ya Bunda College of Agriculture pakusambizga sayansi ya muzi. Vinthu ivi ni Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Computer Applications, Microbiology, Biochemistry, na Biometry. Ŵantchito ŵa dipatimenti iyi ŵakovwiraso kusambizga masambiro ghanyake gha mu madipatimenti ghanyake. Vinyake mwa masambiro agha ni sayansi yakukhwaskana na kunangika kwa vinthu, thermodynamics, masambiro gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, kulemba mabuku pa kompyuta, kwendeska vinthu vya mu manyuzipepara, na masambiro ghanyake ghakuyana waka. ==== Agricultural Engineering Department ==== Dipatimenti ya Agricultural Engineering yikakhazikiskika pa Bunda College of Agriculture mu 1972 ndipo yili na ntchito ya kusambizga, kupenjerezga, na kupeleka mauthenga na ma consultancy mu ulimi wa ulimi wa ulimi. Dipatimenti iyi yikugwira nchito yikuru pakukhozga ulimi mwa kupanga na kwambiska vyakupangapanga vyakwenelera na nthowa zakupangira vyakumera, vyakurya na viŵeto. Dipatimenti iyi yikuŵika mtima comene pa kafukufuku ndipo yikugomezga kuti para munthu wakucita kafukufuku, wakusambizga makora. Dipatimenti iyi yikukondwa comene para ŵanthu ŵakucita vinthu pamoza na makampani. Ntchito ya Dipatimenti ya Vyaulimi na Vyakumera njakuti yivikilire, kusambizga, na kusambizga ŵanthu umo ŵangagwiliskira ntchito vinjeru vya sayansi kuti ŵapange makora vinthu vyamoyo. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering * Bachelor of Science in Irrigation Engineering * Master of Science in Irrigation Engineering ==== Animal Science Department ==== Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vinyama njimoza mwa Dipatimenti zinkhondi izo zili mu Yunivesite ya Agriculture. Dipatimenti iyi yikukhumba kuti yiŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito pa sayansi ya vinyama apo mulimo wake nkhukhozga na kukhozga umanyi na maluso, kujithemba, na nkharo yiwemi mu sayansi ya vinyama kuti viŵeto viŵe na vyakurya vyakukhora. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Animal Science * Diploma in Dairy Science and Technology * Master of Science in Animal Science ==== Basic Sciences Department ==== Ŵasambiri wose ŵa chaka chakwamba pa sukulu ya Bunda ŵakusambira masambiro ghakwamba pa Dipatimenti ya Sayansi. Masambiro agha ni Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Mathematics, Microbiology na Physics. ==== Crop Sciences Department ==== Dipatimenti ya sayansi ya vyakurya yikovwira kuti paŵe masambiro ghapacanya ndiposo kuti paŵe ma tekinoloje gha viŵeto na vyakurya. ===== Department programs ===== * Master of Science in Agronomy * Bachelor of Science in Agronomy * Bachelor of Science in Agriculture * Bachelor of Science in Soil Science * Bachelor of Science in Seed Systems * Master of Science in Plant Breeding * Master of Science in Crop Protection * Master of Science in Soil Science * Master of Science in Seed Systems * Ph.D in Crop and Soil Science by Research * Bachelor of Science in Crop Protection (Honors) ==== The Department of Horticulture ==== Dipatimenti ya Horticulture yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Dipatimenti ya Horticulture and Forestry m'paka mu 2014 apo yikapatuka na kusamira ku Faculty of Agriculture. Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera yikukhumba kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire vinandi pa nkhani ya vyakurya, vyakurya vyakukondweska, na kusanga ndalama zinandi. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology * Bachelor of Science in Horticulture * Master of Science in Horticulture === Faculty of Development Studies === Mu 2012, pa LUANAR pakaŵa Yunivesite ya Development Studies. Sukulu iyi yili na madipatimenti ghankhondi: Agriculture Education and Development Communication, Agricultural and Applied Economics, Extension and Rural Development and Agribusiness Management. Pa Dipatimenti ya Masambiro gha Vyakusazgirako, pali madipatimenti agha: ==== Agribusiness Management Department ==== Yunivesite ya Lilongwe ya Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) kwizira mu Dipatimenti ya Agribusiness Management (ABM) ndiyo yekha sukulu ya masambiro ghapachanya mu Malawi iyo yikupereka masambiro gha nyengo yitali mu vyakusambizga vya makoperative na microfinance. Dipatimenti ya Agribusiness Management (ABM) ni yimoza mwa Dipatimenti za ku University of Agriculture and Natural Resources ya Lilongwe. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agribusiness Management * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Enterprise Development and Microfinance * Bachelor Arts in Cooperative Business Studies * Master of Science in Agribusiness Management ==== Agriculture Education and Development Communication Department ==== Dipatimenti iyi yikapangika mu 1993 kuti ŵasambizgi ŵasambirenge viyowoyero vinyake. Pasono, dipatimenti iyi yikovwira ŵana wose ŵa sukulu kuti ŵamanye kuyowoya makora. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Development Communication * Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Education * Master of Science in Agriculture Education * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Innovations * Agriculture Education and Development Communication ==== Agricultural and Applied Economics Department ==== Dipatimenti iyi yikukhumba kukhozga umanyi na maluso mu vyalo vya ulimi na vyaumoyo kwizira mu masambiro, kafukufuku, ma consultancy na ma outreach kuti yikovwire kuchepeska ukavu mwa kukhozga umanyi mu ulimi na kukwezga ndalama za ŵalimi ŵanandi mu Malawi. Dipatimenti iyi yikukhumba kuti yiŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito pa kusambizga, kupenjerezga, na kupempha ulongozgi pa nkhani ya vyakurya na vyamalonda mu Malawi na kunyake. Dipatimenti iyi yikuperekaso masambiro gha: * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Economics * Bachelor of Science in Development Economics * Master of Science in Agricultural and Applied Economics * PhD in Agricultural and Resource Economics * PhD in Agricultural and Resource Economics * Master of Science in Agricultural and Applied Economics * Bachelor of Arts in Development Economics ==== Extension Department ==== Chilato cha dipatimenti iyi nchakuti yiŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito pa kusambizga, kupenjerezga na kupempha wovwiri pa nkhani ya vyakurya mu Malawi na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Ntchito yake nkhukhozga na kukhozga umanyi na maluso ghakwendeskera vyalo mu vigaŵa vya malawi kwizira mu kusambizga, kupenjerezga, kufumiska ŵanthu na kuŵapa ulongozgi kuti ŵawovwire kulima vyakurya, ndalama za ku mizi, kweniso kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wa ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko mu Malawi na mu chigaŵa ichi. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Extension * Master of Science in Rural Development and Extension * PhD in Rural Development and Extension === Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine === Yunivesite ya LUANAR yikambiska masambiro gha viŵeto mu 2013. Sukulu iyi yikamalizga masambiro ghake ghakwamba mu 2019. Ku yunivesite iyi, ŵakuchita kafukufuku wa vya vinyama ndipo ŵakukolerana na yunivesite ya Edinburgh, Valencia, Hokkaido, Cornel, na ILRI. Ŵasambizgi aŵa ŵakuchita kafukufuku pa nkhani ya matenda ghakwambukira. Kuteŵetera Boma. Mapulogiramu agha ghakovwira chomene pa nkhani ya kuwona matenda gha vinyama, kughamazga, kughanozga, na kughamazga. Sukulu iyi yikovwira ŵadokotala ŵa viŵeto, ŵenecho ŵa viŵeto, na ŵanthu ŵanandi. === Veterinary Pathobiology Department === ==== Department programs ==== * Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine === Faculty of Food and Human Sciences === Yunivesite ya Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) yikakhazikiskika na Dango la Nyumba ya Malamulo No. 22 la 2011. LUANAR yikafuma ku Bunda College of Agriculture, iyo yikaŵa koleji ya University of Malawi (UNIMA), iyo yikapatuka ku UNIMA pa 1 July 2012. Yunivesite ya Food and Human Sciences (FFHS) yikafuma ku dipatimenti ya Home Economics and Human Nutrition (DHEHN) iyo yikapangika mu 1984. Kwamba mu 1984 m'paka mu 2013, DHEHN yikakura comene pa nkhani ya ŵanthu (4 mpaka 22), ŵana ŵa sukulu (3 mpaka 331), mapulogiramu gha masambiro (0 mpaka 4), masukulu gha kusambizga na kufufuza, ndalama na vinthu vinyake, mapulogiramu gha kusambizga ŵanthu, mabuku, kweniso umo yikukolerana na vilato vya caru cose, vya cigaŵa na vya caru cose. FFHS yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Julayi 2013, ndipo yili na ofesi ya mulara wa sukulu iyi, dipatimenti ya vyaumoyo na vyakurya. === Human Nutrition and Health Department === Nga ni umo umoyo wa ŵanthu uliri wakuzirwa comene kuti caru ciŵe makora, ndendende ndimo vyakurya vyakwenelera vikovwilira kuti munthu waŵe na umoyo uwemi. Kuleka kurya vyakurya vyakwenelera ni katundu uyo wakutondeska munthu kufiska vilato vyake, kusangwa na umoyo, ndiposo umo wangaŵira wamoyo. ==== Department programs ==== * Post-Graduate Diploma in Clinical Dietetics * Master of Science in Human Nutrition * Master of Science in Clinical Dietetic === Human Ecology Department === Mbumba na vinthu vinyake ni vyakuzirwa comene kuti mtundu ukure. Kuti vilato vya Millennium Development Goals vifiskike, mulimo uwu ukwenera kwamba mu mbumba. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya umo vinthu viliri pakati pa ŵanthu, vinthu vyakuthupi, na cilengiwa. Dipatimenti ya Human Ecology iyo yikaŵako sonosono apa pa LUANAR, yikwimira ŵanthu ŵanandi pa nkhani ya sayansi ya ŵanthu na ntchito za ŵanthu pa charu chose. ==== Department programs ==== * Bachelor of Science in Gender and Development * Bachelor of Science in Human Sciences and Community Services * Diploma in Gender and Development * Diploma in Youth Development * Master of Science in Gender and Development ==== Food Science and Technology Department ==== Kuzenga vyakurya na kusazgirako phindu ni vinthu vyakuzirwa comene mu ndondomeko ya boma la Malawi yakufiska vilato vya Millennium Development Goal vya kumazga ukavu na njara. Dipatimenti ya sayansi ya vyakurya na matekinoloje ku LUANAR yikasanga ntchito yikuru pakulongosora vya sayansi ya vyakurya na matekinoloje kweniso kumanya umo vinthu vya ku Malawi vikupangikira. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Food Science and Technology * Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and Food Science * Master of Science in Food Science and Technology === Faculty of Natural Resources === Yunivesite ya Natural Resources iyo yikambiska mu Julayi 2001, yili na madipatimenti ghatatu. Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera na Sayansi ya Usomba, Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera na Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vyakwendeskera Vinthu vya mu Mbuto. ==== The Department of Forestry ==== Pakwamba Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera yikaŵa mu Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera na Vyakumera. Chilato cha Dipatimenti ya Vyakumera nchakuti LUANAR yiŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito pa kusambizga, kupenjerezga, kusazgirako na kupempha wovwiri mu vyakumera mu Malawi na pa caru cose. Ndimo viliri na dipatimenti ya vya chilengiwa. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Agroforestry * Bachelor of Science in Forestry * Master of Science in Agroforestry * Master of Science in Environmental Forestry * Master of Science in Social Forestry * PhD in Forestry ==== The Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Science ==== Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vyakumera na Somba (AQFD) ku Bunda College yikambira pa sukulu yimoza ya Sayansi ya Vyakumera na Vyakumera iyo yikaŵa mu Dipatimenti ya Sayansi ya Vinyama kufuma mu 1974 m'paka 1993. Cifukwa ca kukhumba kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ca SADC kuti ŵaŵe na maluso pa nkhani ya kulima viŵeto, mu 1991 pakalembeka ndondomeko ya masambiro gha kulima viŵeto. Masambiro ghakwamba ghakaŵako mu 1994/95. Mu chaka chenechichi, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake vya mu SADC ŵakamba kusambira mu koleji iyi. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa ku chigaŵa ichi awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro gha masisitere pa nkhani ya vyamoyo ŵakasankha kuti ŵachitenge kafukufuku pa nkhani ya vyakumera. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science * Master of Science in Aquaculture * Master of Science in Fisheries * PhD in Aquaculture and Fisheries * Master of Science in Aquaculture and Fishiries ==== The Department of Environment and Natural Resource Management ==== Dipatimenti Yakusambira vya Vyakwendakwenda (DESM) yikakhazikiskika mu 2001 ndipo yili ku chigaŵa cha Natural Resources. Dipatimenti iyi yili na ŵantchito 14. Ŵantchito aŵa ŵakumanya vinandi pa nkhani ya vyakuvikilira chilengiwa, vyamoyo vyamuthengere, vya chilengiwa, sayansi ya vya chilengiwa, vya chilengiwa, na vyakuthupi. Mu dipatimenti iyi muli maofesi ghatatu gha ŵantchito. ===== Department programs ===== * Bachelor of Science in Natural Resources Management (Land and Water) * Bachelor of Science in Natural Resources Management (Wildlife and Ecotourism) * Master of Science in Environment and Climate Change === Faculty of Postgraduate Studies === Likupeleka masambiro gha ku yunivesite, masisitere na madokotala. === [https://web.archive.org/web/20230319044201/https://luanar.ac.mw/aquafish/index.php AquaFish] === AquaFish ni yimoza mwa ma Africa Centres of Excellence ghaŵiri agho ghali ku Malaŵi ( linyake, ACEPHEM, lili ku University of Malawi College of Medicine). === [https://web.archive.org/web/20230319044159/https://luanar.ac.mw/card/index.php Centre for Agricultural Research and Development] (CARD) === == Vyakususkana == IMu Disembala 2017, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakasuskanga chifukwa cha kuzimwa kwa magesi pa sukulu ya Bunda. Sukulu iyi yikajalika kwa nyengo yicoko waka. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku Malawi uwo ukafufuza vya nyifwa ya msambiri ukasanga kuti ŵanyake ŵakayuzgika na ŵapolisi, kweni ukapeleka mulandu yayi ku ŵapolisi.<ref>Faith Kamtambe (7 January 2018) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230319044158/https://times.mw/malawi-human-rights-commission-recommends-second-postmortem-on-bunda-student/ Malawi Human Rights Commission recommends second postmortem on bunda student] [[The Daily Times (Malawi)|The Daily Times]] Retrieved 13 March 2018</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230327215318/https://luanar.ac.mw/luanar/ Homepage] * [https://www.nyasatimes.com/mutharika-snubs-university-malawi-graduation-bunda-delink-unima-finalised/] {{authority control}} hm3e097pwwtplixyurtpea3aaqdwogf 0 40525 117917 116403 2026-07-24T06:28:26Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Makhalilo gha chilwa, malo na charu */ 117917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Continent}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox Continent |title = Afilika |image = {{Switcher|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show national borders|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection) blank.svg|frameless]]|Hide national borders|default=1}} |area = {{convert|30370000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} &nbsp;([[List of continents by area|2nd]]) |population = {{UN_Population|Africa}}{{UN_Population|ref}} ({{UN_Population|Year}}; [[List of continents by population|2nd]]) |density = {{pop density|{{Decomma|{{UN_Population|Africa}}}}|30221532|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} ({{UN Population|Year}}) |religions = {{unbulleted list | [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]] (49%) | [[Islam in Africa|Islam]] (42%) | [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] (8%) | [[Religion in Africa|Others]] (1%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |title=Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020 |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132003/https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$8.05&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; 4th)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=GDP PPP, current prices|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>}} |GDP_nominal = $2.96&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)|5th]])<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP Nominal, current prices|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = $2,180 (Nominal; 2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)#GDP per capita (nominal) by continents|6th]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=Nominal GDP per capita|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |demonym = [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] |countries = 54+2*+5** (*disputed) (**territories) |list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa |dependencies = {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#External territories|External]] (5) | 1 = {{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Bouvet Island]] | 2 = {{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | 3 = {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|name=French Southern Territories}} | 4 = {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} | 5 = {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} }} {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#Internal territories|Internal]] (6+1 disputed) | 1 = {{flag|France}} ''([[Mayotte]] and [[Réunion]])'' | 2 = {{flag|Italy}} ''([[Pantelleria]] and [[Pelagie Islands]])'' | 3 = {{flag|Morocco}} ''([[Southern Provinces]])'' | 4 = {{flag|Portugal}} ''([[Madeira]])'' | 5 = {{flag|Spain}} ''([[Alboran Island]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], and [[Plazas de soberanía]])'' | 6 = {{flag|Tanzania}} ''([[Zanzibar]])'' | 7 = {{flag|Yemen}} ''([[Socotra]])'' }} |languages = [[Languages of Africa|1250–3000 native languages]] |time = [[UTC-1]] to [[UTC+4]] |cities = [[List of urban agglomerations in Africa|Largest urban areas]]:<!-- -->{{hlist |item_style=white-space:break; |[[Cairo]] |[[Lagos]] <br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Johannesburg]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Luanda]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Khartoum]] |[[Dar es Salaam]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Abidjan]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Alexandria]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Kigali]] |[[Nairobi]]<br> |[[Algiers]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Cape Town]] |[[Kano (city)|Kano]]<br> |[[Dakar]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Casablanca]]<br> |[[Addis Ababa]] |[[Kampala]]}} }} [[File:MapAfricaSize.gif|thumb|Ukuru wa Africa pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake]] [[Chilwa]] cha '''Afilika''' ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita pafupifupi 30.300,000, kusazgapo virwa vinyake.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley (1999), ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. {{ISBN|0-7613-1367-2}}.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.4 biliyoni{{UN_Population|ref}} Kufika chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa pafupifupi {{percent|{{UN Population|Africa}}|{{UN Population|World}}}} pa ŵanthu wose pa caru capasi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo mbaciwukirano comene pa vyaru vyose;<ref>{{cite news|title=5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=17 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926194109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=[[Njideka Harry|Harry]]|first=Njideka U.|date=11 September 2013|title=African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society|work=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920184934/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|url-status=live}}</ref> mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 19.7 na 30.4 pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|title=item, 4 of the provisional agenda&nbsp;– General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|author=Janneh, Abdoulie|date=April 2012|work=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111359/http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na usambazi unandi chomene, kweni chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kusuzgika maghanoghano,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Collier|first1=Paul|last2=Gunning|first2=Jan Willem|title=Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|date=1 August 1999|volume=13|issue=3|pages=3–22|doi=10.1257/jep.13.3.3}}</ref>[[chikoloni]], Nkhondo Yakuzizima,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alemazung |first1=Joy Asongazoh |title=Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |date=1 September 2010 |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=62–85 |id={{Gale|A306596751}} |s2cid=140806396 |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127024827/http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bayeh |first1=Endalcachew |title=The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states |journal=International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences |date=February 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/78 |s2cid=198939744 |doi=10.4000/poldev.78 |access-date=24 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nkhondo ya ku caru ciphya, kusowa kwa demokilase, na vimbundi.Nangauli usambazi uli kupangika makora yayi, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu vyaru ivi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo mbawukirano, charu cha Africa ni msika wakuzirwa pa caru cose. Charu ichi chili kuzingilizgika na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]] kumpoto, Suez Isthmus na [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Indian Ocean]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Atlantic Ocean]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vinandi nga ni Madagascar. Mu vyaru ivi muli vyaru 54 ivyo vili na mazaza, vigaŵa 8, na vyaru viŵiri vyambura mazaza. Charu cha [[Algeria]] ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Vyaru vya mu Africa vikukolerana pakuzenga wupu wa African Union, uwo uli na ofesi yake yikuru mu [[Addis Ababa]]. Charu cha Africa chili pafupi na equator na prime meridian. Ni caru cimoza pera ico cili kufuma kumpoto kukafika kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa. General info|url=http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|publisher=Visual Geography|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424072430/http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|archive-date=24 April 2011|access-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu, ndipo chigaŵa chikuru chili kumwera kwa charu. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili mu vigaŵa vyakututuka, kupaturako chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Western Sahara]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], na [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Mauritania]], na vigaŵa vyose vya [[Morocco]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], na [[Tunisia]] ivyo vili pachanya pa chigaŵa cha Cancer, kumpoto kwa chigaŵa chakututuka. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha charu ichi, kumwera kwa [[Namibia]], kumwera kwa [[Botswana]], vigaŵa vinandi vya [[South Africa]], vigaŵa vyose vya [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini]], kweniso kumwera kwa Mozambique na [[Madagascar]], vili kusi kwa malo ghakuchemeka Tropic of Capricorn. Ku Africa kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene, ndipo kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene. Ndipouli, mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli masuzgo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kuzgoka mapopa, kukomeka kwa makuni, kusoŵa maji, na kunangika kwa vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kulutilira kutikhuŵazga chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Wupu wa United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UNIPCC) ukati Africa ni caru ico cikusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schneider, S.H.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|title=Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor=Parry, M.L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities|display-authors=etal|access-date=15 September 2011|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312104158/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":10Africa">Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, "2014: Africa". In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619170833/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf |date=19 June 2020 }}</ref> Mbiri ya Africa njitali, njakusuzga kuyipulikiska, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuyizirwiska. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Africa, chomenechomene ku East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikukhalira vya ŵanthu ŵa Homo sapiens (ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano) ivyo vikusangika ku Ethiopia, South Africa, na Morocco, vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 233,000, 259,000, na 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa ndiko ŵanthu ŵakukhala nyengo yitali chomene.<ref>{{cite web |title=The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin. |url=https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023511/https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows |date=9 June 2009 |url=https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, nga ni Ŵaeguputo na Carthage, ŵakafuma ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu vyaru vinyake na kusama. Mu vyaka 400 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵamba kukhwaska chomene caru ici. Kwambira mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu vyaru vya ku America chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha ŵazga. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800 m'paka kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikamba kulamulira pafupifupi charu chose cha Africa. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vilipo sono mu Africa vikafuma mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.<ref>The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914: {{cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=Samuel Fury Childs|title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|date=4 May 2019|volume=47|issue=3|pages=474–489|doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|s2cid=159124664|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|issn=0308-6534|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407145030/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Zina== [[File:AS17-148-22733 (21516723298).jpg|thumb|Charu chose cha Africa icho ŵanthu ŵa mu Apollo 17 ŵakawona]] Afri likaŵa zina Lachilatini ilo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Northern Africa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Georges|first1=Karl Ernst|editor1-last=Georges|editor1-first=Heinrich|encyclopedia=Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch|date=1913–1918|location=Hannover|edition=8th|url=http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|access-date=20 September 2015|language=de|title=Afri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|date=1879|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|access-date=20 September 2015|title=Afer|archive-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|url-status=live}}</ref> Zina ili likwenera kuti likayowoyanga za fuko la ku Libya, ilo likaŵa sekuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber mazuŵa ghano. Kanandi zina ili likakolerananga na lizgu la Chifenike lakuti ʿafar ilo likung'anamura "fumbi", kweni mu 1981, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiberberber lakuti ifri. Lizgu lenelili likusangikaso mu zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Ifran ŵakufuma ku Algeria na Tripolitania. Mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, msumba wa Carthage ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa icho ŵakachichemanga kuti Africa Proconsularis, pamanyuma pakuti ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage mu Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Punic mu 146 B.C.E., ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa ku Libya. Nyengo zinyake lizgu Lachilatini lakuti -ica likuyowoyeka kuti likung'anamura charu (kuyelezgera kuti, mu Chiceltic kufuma ku Celtae, nga umo Julius Caesar wakayowoyera). Chigaŵa cha Ifriqiya icho chikaŵa cha Ŵasilamu, chikati chawukira Ufumu wa Byzantine (Eastern Roman), chikaŵa na zina lakuti Exarchatus Africae. Kuyana na Ŵaroma, caru ca Africa cikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Egupto, apo "Asia" cikaŵa Anatolia na vyaru vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba vya malo zina lake Ptolemy (85-165 C.E.) wakajambura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi, ndipo wakalongosora kuti msumba wa Alekizandiriya ndiwo uli pa mphaka pakati pa Asia na Africa. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanya ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵakamba kumanya vinandi vya "Africa". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti zina lakale lakuti "Afirika" likung'anamura kuti: * Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) wakati zina ili likukolerana na zina la Eferi, muzukuru wa Abrahamu, uyo wakuzunulika pa Gen. 25:4, ndipo wakati ŵazukuru ŵake ŵakanjira mu Libya. * Isidore wa ku Seville mu buku lake la Etymologiae XIV.5.2 la m'ma 700 C.E., wakati "Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti aprica, kung'anamura "dazi". * Mu 1881, Massey wakayowoya kuti lizgu lakuti Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chieguputo lakuti af-rui-ka, kung'anamura "kuzgokera ku chiziŵa cha Ka". Ka ni nkhongono ya munthu waliyose ndipo "kujura kwa Ka" kukung'anamura chiŵaro panji malo ghakubabikira. Ŵaeguputo ŵakatenge Africa ni "malo agho ŵakababikira".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|title=Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey|publisher=Gerald-massey.org.uk|date=29 October 1907|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130200159/http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|archive-date=30 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mu 1976, Michèle Fruyt wakayowoya kuti lizgu Lachilatini lakuti africus likung'anamura "mphepo ya kumwera".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fruyt, M. |title= D'Africus ventus a Africa terrain |journal=Revue de Philologie|volume= 50|year= 1976|pages= 221–238}}</ref> * Robert R. Mu 1984, Stieglitz wa pa Yunivesite ya Rutgers wakati: "Zina lakuti Africa, ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti *Aphir-ic-a, likuyana waka na lizgu la Cihebere lakuti Ophir ['lusambazi']".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3209914|jstor=3209914|title=Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East|journal=The Biblical Archaeologist|volume=47|issue=3|pages=134–142|year=1984|last1=Stieglitz|first1=Robert R.|s2cid=130072563}}</ref> * Ibn Khallikan na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti zina la Africa likafuma kwa fumu ya ku Himyarite yakuchemeka Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi uyo wakawuskapo Ifriqiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane|last=Hallikan|first='Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn|date=1842|publisher=Benjamin Duprat|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231636/https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|title=Science in the Medieval World|last=al-Andalusi|first=Sa'id|year=2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0292792319|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231632/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|title=Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree|last=Upton|first=Roger D.|date=1881|publisher=C.K. Paul & Company|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231639/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref> * Chiarabu afrīqā (zina lachikazi) na ifrīqiyā, sono kanandi likuzunulika afrīqiyā (zina lachikazi) <nowiki>'Africa', kufuma ku 'afara' (kufumira ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'afir' (kufuma ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'kufuma ku zuŵa, kufota') na 'afara' (kufuma ku 'kufota mu zuŵa pa mchenga wakotcha') panji 'kuphaka fuvu''</nowiki>.<ref>Modified from Wilhelm Sturmfels and Heinz Bischof: ''Unsere Ortsnamen im ABC erklärt nach Herkunft und Bedeutung'', Bonn, 1961, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag.</ref> * Panyake Faraqa wa ku Fonike wakang'anamuranga 'kupatukana'.<ref>Serge Losique: ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de pays et de peuples'', Paris, 1971, Éditions Klincksieck.</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Africa}} {{Further|History of North Africa|History of West Africa|History of Central Africa|History of East Africa|History of Southern Africa}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== {{Main|Recent African origin of modern humans}} [[File:Lucy blackbg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Lucy, chiwangwa cha Australopithecus afarensis icho chikasangika pa Novembala 24, 1974 mu Dambo la Awash ku Ethiopia ]] Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Africa ndicho chakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵasayansi ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi na ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Vipasi vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵaŵe ŵanthu, nga ni Australopithecus afarensis uyo wali na vyaka vyakujumpha 3.9 million. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵako kale chomene (ŵakaŵako kale chomene) ni Homo ergaster (c. Vinthu ivi vikawoneka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 B.C.E.<ref name=Sayre/> Pakati pajumpha vyaka 350,000 m'paka 260,000 kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵako mu Africa,<ref name="Schlebusch2017"/><ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="NYT-20190910"/><ref name="NAT-20190910"/> Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuvuna vipasi.<ref>Mokhtar, G. (1990) ''UNESCO [[General History of Africa]], Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa'', University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-85255-092-8}}</ref><ref>Eyma, A.K. and C.J. Bennett. (2003) ''Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1'', Universal Publishers. p. 210. {{ISBN|1-58112-564-X}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakafumako ku Africa na kwamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu mu nyengo ya Out of Africa II migration iyo yikachitika vyaka pafupifupi 50,000 pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo yira, ŵakasanga ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, kumwera kwa Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, na Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Goucher, Candice|author2=Walton, Linda|title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72354-6|pages=2–20|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044204/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kuwuka kwa maboma ghakubanuka === {{see|Cradle of civilization#Ancient Egypt}} Kwamba kale, chigaŵa cha Sahara chikusintha chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake chikusintha mwakuyana na umo nyengo yiliri pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keenan, Jeremy|title=The Sahara: Past, Present and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97001-9|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228175639/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Paumaliro wa nyengo ya Ice Age, iyo yikwenera kuti yikaŵa mu 10,500 B.C.E., Sahara yikazgokaso chipalamba, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakawerako ku vigaŵa vya mukati na mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Africa, ndipo ŵakalembapo vinthu vya mu jalawe ivyo vikulongora kuti Sahara yikaŵa na vyakumera vinandi. Ndipouli, chifukwa chakuti nyengo yikakwera kweniso kukawomira, mu 5000 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Sahara chikaŵa chakomira chomene. Pafupifupi mu 3500 B.C.E., chifukwa cha kupindika kwa charu, Sahara yikazgoka mapopa mwaluŵiro. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Sahara na kuluta ku Dambo la Nayelo kusi ku Second Cataract uko ŵakakhalanga. Nyengo yikafika paheni comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ku Central na East Africa kuleke kuwa vula zinandi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga, ndipo mu vyaka 200 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa chilangalanga. [[File:Mathendous giraffes.jpg|thumb|left|Vinthu vyakujambulika pa malibwe mu chigaŵa cha Fezzan, ku Libya]] Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref name="Pottery">{{cite journal |last1=Jesse |first1=Friederike |title=Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=8 |jstor=43135518 |year=2010 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10171 }}</ref><ref name="swissinfo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 Simon Bradley, ''A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 |date=6 March 2012 }}, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | doi=10.1086/693898 | title=Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group | year=2017 | last1=Winchell | first1=Frank | last2=Stevens | first2=Chris J. | last3=Murphy | first3=Charlene | last4=Champion | first4=Louis | last5=Fuller | first5=Dorianq. | journal=Current Anthropology | volume=58 | issue=5 | pages=673–683 | s2cid=149402650 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170745/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Abu Simbel Main Temple (2346939149).jpg|thumb|Vithuzithuzi vikuruvikuru vya Ramesses II ku Abu Simbel, Egypt, vikaŵako mu 1250 B.C.E.]] Nkhumba izi zikaŵako kakwamba mu charu cha Sudan. Kweniso ŵakamba kupanga viŵiya vya dongo na kuzenga malo gha malibwe (nga ni Tichitt, Oualata). Mu milonga na nyanja zinandi izo zikaŵako cifukwa ca vula, ŵanthu ŵakaloŵanga comene pa somba. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, nkhorongo yikakura chomene kufuma ku Senegal m'paka ku Cameroon. Pakati pa 9,000 na 5,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha maolive na rafia. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵiya vinyake vyakuchemeka black-eyed peas na voandzeia. Pakuti vyakumera vinandi vikakuliranga mu nkhorongo, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhwantha zakusona malibwe. Pafupifupi mu 4000 B.C.E., mlengalenga wa Sahara ukamba kukavuka chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nyanja na milonga vichepe chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhalamo mu vyaru ivi, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵalute ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulima mpunga pafupi na Mlonga wa Niger. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga visulo ku North Africa. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa, kwali ŵakavipanganga mwakujiyimira paŵekha panji ŵakavipharazga kufuma kumpoto. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, mulimo wa kupanga visulo ukambira cha m'ma 500 B.C.E., nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kupanga visulo yayi m'paka m'ma 100 C.E. Vinthu vya mkuwa vyakufuma ku Eguputo, kumpoto kwa Africa, Nubia, na Ethiopia ivyo vikalembeka m'ma 500 B.C.E. vikavumbukwa ku West Africa, ndipo vikulongora kuti pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Sahara.<ref name="O'Brien">O'Brien, Patrick K. ed. (2005) ''Oxford Atlas of World History''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23. {{ISBN|978-0199746538}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === {{Main|Ancient African history}} [[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Mapu agho ghakulongora maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵako pakati pa 500 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E.]] Pafupifupi mu 3300 B.C.E., mbiri yakale yikamba ku Northern Africa apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira kulemba na kulemba mu nyengo ya Farawo. Boma la Eguputo likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghakale chomene pa charu chose ndipo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 343 B.C.E.<ref>Hassan, Fekri A. (2002) ''Droughts, Food and Culture'', Springer. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-306-46755-0}}</ref><ref>McGrail, Sean. (2004) ''Boats of the World'', Oxford University Press. p. 48. {{ISBN|0-19-927186-0}}</ref> Ŵaeguputo ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Libya na Nubia. Ŵafenikiya ŵa ku Ture ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage, ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, uwo ukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu ku Fonike.<ref>Fage, J.D. (1979), ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-21592-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.004 |chapter=North Africa in the period of Phoenician and Greek colonization, c.800 to 323 BC |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |year=1979 |last1=Law |first1=R. C. C. |pages=87–147 |isbn=978-1-139-05456-0 }}</ref><ref>Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore (1994), ''Africa Since 1800'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-42970-6}}</ref> Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakamba kusanda vyaru vya mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Berlin Conference {{!}} Western Civilization II (HIS 104) – Biel|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192536/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Greeks, Romans and Barbarians|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504023034/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 332 B.C.E., Alekizanda Mukuru wakapokelereka nga ni muwomboli mu Eguputo. Wakazenga msumba wa Alexandria ku Eguputo, uwo ukakhalako kwa nyengo yitali ndipo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Ptolemy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |title=Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC – 395 AD |publisher=Wsu.edu |date=6 June 1999 |access-date=18 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152425/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:20141108- DSC1502 (15893475532).jpg|thumb|Malo agho Ŵaroma ŵakasunga ku Timgad, Algeria]] [[File:Aksum, iscrizione di re ezana, in greco, sabeo e ge'ez, 330-350 dc ca. 10.jpg|upright|thumb|Libwe la Ezana likulongosora umo Themba Ezana likang'anamukira ku Cikhristu na kuwuskira ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Meroë.]] Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukati wapoka chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, chigaŵa ichi chikamba kulamulirika na Ŵaroma. Ŵaroma ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru ivyo sono ni Tunisia na vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Themba lakwamba la Ŵaroma ilo likafuma ku North Africa likaŵa Septimius Severus, uyo wakababikira ku Leptis Magna mu Libya. Chikhristu chikafika mu vigaŵa ivi kufuma ku Yudeya na ku Eguputo, kweniso kufuma ku charu cha Romu kuya ku Nubia. Mu 340 C.E., chikaŵa kuti chazgoka chisopa cha boma la Ufumu wa Aksumite. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Siriya na Girisi awo ŵakafika pa Nyanja Yiswesi ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhani iyi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tesfagiorgis, Mussie|title=Eritrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-232-6|page=153|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044525/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ufumu wa Caliphate wa ku Arabia uwo ukaŵa kuti wapangika waka, ukafika ku Eguputo, ndipo pamanyuma ukafika ku North Africa. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasazgikana na mafuko gha Ciarabu. Apo msumba wa Umayyad ku Damaseko ukaparanyika mu ma 700 C.E., msumba wa chisopa cha Cisilamu uwo ukaŵa ku Meditereniyani ukafumako ku Siriya kuluta ku Qayrawan, kumpoto kwa Africa. Ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciisilamu, ndipo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵasambizgi, ŵa malango, na ŵavinjeru. Mu nyengo iyi, Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Ku West Africa, Dhar Tichitt na Oualata ku Mauritania mazuŵa ghano, ni malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Sahara muli malo gha malibwe pafupifupi 500. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaloŵanga somba na kulima mphoza. Augustin Holl wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke ndiwo ŵakazenga malo agha. Pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikakhoma chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ukaboni wa vyakuzengeka na kuyaniska vyakuzengeka vikulongora kuti Dhar Tichitt wakaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Djenné-Djenno (uko sono ni Mali) wakakhalanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Vinthu vyamoyo vikazengeka na mathipa agho ghakawomira pa dazi. Kufika mu 250 B.C.E., Djenné-Djenno wakaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba ukuru wa msika.<ref>Iliffe, John (2007). pp. 49–50{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref>Collins and Burns (2007), p. 78.{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref> Kumwera kwenikweni, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala pa Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., panji kumasinda wuwo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunura visulo. Kufika mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara. Ndipo ŵakamara mu nyengo ya 500 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhala vyaka pafupifupi 2,000. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe kake na ka terracotta ka Nok, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vithuzithuzi vya mkuŵa vya ufumu wa Yoruba ku Ife na vya ufumu wa Bini ku Benin, ni vyakulondezgana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Nok.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=39}}<ref name="FB 1969">Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.</ref> === Vyaka vya m'ma 800 mpaka m'ma 1800 === [[File:Bronze ornamental staff head, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Viŵiya vya mkuŵa ivyo vikapangika mu Igbo-Ukwu, ku Nigeria, mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., vikaŵa vyapadera chomene kuluska ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapanga mu nyengo yira.<ref name=Honour-2005>{{cite book |last1=Honour |first1=Hugh|last2=Fleming|first2=John|title=A world history of art|date=2005|publisher=Laurence King |location=London |isbn=978-1856694513 |edition=7th}}</ref>]] Mu nyengo iyo vyaru vikaŵa pambere vyaru ivi vindambe kulamulira, mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru na maboma pafupifupi 10,000. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ku South Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ku Central, Southern, na Eastern Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ku Horn of Africa; maufumu ghakurughakuru gha ku Sahelian; misumba na maufumu gha ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha nga mba Akan; ŵanthu ŵa ku Edo, Yoruba, na Igbo ku West Africa; na matawuni gha Swahili agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Southeast Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|title=The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence|access-date=23 July 2007|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Martin|last=Meredith|date=20 January 2006|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070029/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., maufumu ghanandi, kusazgapo maufumu ghakwambilira gha Hausa, ghakathandazgikira mu chipalamba cha Sahara kufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Central Sudan. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa Ghana, Gao, na Kanem-Bornu. Ghana wakamara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100, kweni Ufumu wa Mali ndiwo ukamulongozga. Kanem wakazomera Chisilamu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, maufumu ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha ndipo kumpoto kwa Muslim kukaŵavya nkhongono. Ufumu wa Nri ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Kweniso ni ufumu wakale comene uwo uli mu Nigeria mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Nri ngwakumanyikwa cifukwa ca malata gha mkuŵa agho ghakasangika mu tawuni ya Igbo-Ukwu. Malibwe agha ghakalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|title=Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) &#124; Thematic Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=Metmuseum.org|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-date=4 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204053356/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ufumu wa Ife, ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu maufumu gha Ŵayoruba, ndipo ukaŵa na boma la ŵasembe awo ŵakachemekanga Ooni of Ife. Ife yikaŵa malo ghakuru gha cisopa na maluso mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo yikaŵa na mitheto yakuyelezgera yakuŵikapo vinthu vya mkuŵa. Boma la Ife likaŵa la Ufumu wa Oyo, uko ma obas panji mafumu ghake, agho ghakachemekanga Alaafins of Oyo, ghakaŵa na mazaza pa misumba na maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵayoruba. [[File:Great Zimbabwe Closeup.jpg|thumb|left|Mabwinja gha Zimbabwe Mukuru (wakakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100 m'paka 1500 C.E.)]] Ŵa Almoravid ŵakaŵa fuko la Ŵaberi ilo likafuma ku Sahara, ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Iberia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Hilal na Banu Ma'qil ŵakaŵa Ŵabedouin ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakasamukira ku Eguputo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1300. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakamba kusangana na Ŵaarabu na Ŵaberi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mali chaparanyika, mulongozgi munyake zina lake Sonni Ali (1464-1492) wakambiska ufumu wa Songhai mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Niger na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Sonni Ali wakathereska msumba wa Timbuktu mu 1468 na Jenne mu 1473. Askia Mohammad I (1493-1528) uyo wakamulondezga, wakazgora chisopa cha Chisilamu kuŵa chisopa cha boma, wakazenga misasa, na kwiza na ŵasambizgi ŵa Chisilamu ku Gao, kusazgapo al-Maghili (uyo wakafwa mu 1504), uyo wakambiska chisambizgo cha Chisilamu cha ku Sudan. Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, vyaru vinyake vya Hausa nga ni Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, na Gobir, vikazgoka misumba yakuzingilizgika na viliŵa. M'paka m'ma 1400, vyaru ivi vikaŵa ku mphepete mwa maufumu ghakuru gha ku Sudan.<ref name="multiple">Lapidus, Ira M. (1988) ''A History of Islamic Societies'', Cambridge.</ref> === Kuguliska ŵazga kukaŵa palipose === {{See also|Trans-Saharan slave trade|Atlantic slave trade|Indian Ocean slave trade}} [[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, vyaka vya m'ma 1500-1900.]] Ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kwa nyengo yitali.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Historical survey: Slave societies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230184609/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=30 December 2007 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033344/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=6 December 2007 }}, National Geographic</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1800, ŵanthu pafupifupi 712 miliyoni ŵakakoleka na malonda gha ŵazga ku Atlantic.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156|date=23 February 2007}}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|title=Focus on the slave trade|publisher=BBC News – Africa|work=bbc.co.uk|date=3 September 2001|access-date=28 February 2008|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lovejoy, Paul E. |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love|url-access=registration |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78430-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kweniso pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1800, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Europe ŵakakoleka na ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary na kuguliskika ku North Africa. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic ghakamara mu 1820 ndipo vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Europe na America, kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhalanga kufupi na nyanja za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pa 1808 na 1860, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ilo likalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa ku West Africa, likakora sitima za ŵazga pafupifupi 1,600 na kufwatura Ŵafrika 150,000 awo ŵakaŵa mu ngalaŵa izi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakana kuzomerezga vyaru vya ku Britain kuti vileke kuguliska vinyama ŵakachitapo kanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 50 ŵa mu Africa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge wuzga. Maboma ghakuru chomene gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa (Asante Confederacy, Kingdom of Dahomey, na Oyo Empire) ghakachita vinthu vyakupambanapambana kuti ghende makora. Asante na Dahomey ŵakaghanaghaniranga chomene vya "malonda ghakwenelera" agho ghakaŵa nga ni mafuta, koko, makuni, na golide. Ufumu wa Oyo ukati watondeka kusintha, ukawira mu nkhondo.<ref>Simon, Julian L. (1995) ''State of Humanity'', Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. {{ISBN|1-55786-585-X}}</ref> ===Chikoloni=== [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|350px|Kuyaniska Afrika mu 1880 na 1913]] {{Excerpt|Scramble for Africa| only=paragraphs}} === Nkhondo za kujithemba === [[File:Map of Africa in 1939.svg|thumb|Muwuso wa Eu'''r'''ope mu 1939 {{aligned table |cols=2 |fullwidth=true | {{legend|#502D16|[[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]]}} | {{legend|#00E500|[[Italian Empire|Italian]]}} | {{legend|#C83737|[[British Empire|British]]}} | {{legend|#009000|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]}} | {{legend|#214478|[[French colonial empire|French]]}} | {{legend|#FFDA00|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]]}} | {{legend|#f6f6f6|Independent}} }} ]] Ufumu wa Ŵazungu ukalutilira kuwusa m'paka Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Africa ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Mu 1951, charu cha Libya, icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Italy, chikamba kujiwusa chekha. Mu 1956, charu cha Tunisia na Morocco vikafwatuka ku boma la France.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bély, Lucien|title=The History of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|year=2001|publisher=Editions Jean-paul Gisserot|isbn=978-2-87747-563-1|page=118|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611045035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author1=Aryeetey, Ernest|author2=Harrigan, Jane|first3=Nissanke|last3=Machiko|title=Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|year=2000|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-844-6|page=5|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044656/https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref>Ghana nayo wakajiyimira yekha mu 1957. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vinandi vya pa caru ici vikamba kujiyimira pavyekha. Charu cha Portugal chikaŵa ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara (kwamba ku Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, na Sao Tome na Principe) kwambira m'ma 1500 m'paka mu 1975, apo boma la Estado Novo likadumulika mu Lisbon. Rhodesia yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku Britain mu 1965, pasi pa boma la Ian Smith, kweni charu cha Zimbabwe chikazomerezgeka yayi kuŵa na wanangwa uwu m'paka mu 1980, apo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakamba kuwusa. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira mu Africa kuti chiŵe na wanangwa, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵazungu. === Africa ya ku maiko gha ku mpoto === {{see|Decolonisation of Africa}} {{see also|Non-Aligned Movement}} Mazuŵa ghano, mu Africa muli vyaru 54, ndipo vinandi mwa vyaru ivi vili na mphaka izo zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalamuliranga. Kwambira apo vyaru vya mu Africa vikapokera wanangwa, kanandi vikusuzgika cifukwa ca kutimbanizgika kwa vinthu, vimbundi, nkhaza, na nkhaza. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa ni vyaru ivyo vili na muwuso wa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, ni vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vikatondeka kuŵa na maboma gha demokilase nyengo zose. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vili na maboma ghanandi agho ghakwambiska viwawa. Kweni pakati pa 1990 na 2018, caru cose ca Africa cikamba kuŵa na muwuso waurunji.<ref>tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2019.1613980</ref> Ŵakati ŵafumako ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakavu comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ndipo chikaŵa chambura kukhazikika pa nkhani za ndyali. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Kenya vikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo vikaŵa na mwaŵi wakujura misika ya caru cose. Vyaru vicoko waka vya mu Africa ndivyo vikakura luŵiro comene pambere caka ca 1990 cindafike. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Libya na Equatorial Guinea, ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga makora yayi mu charu ichi chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pakukhumba kusanga chandulo cha ndyali, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko, ndipo zinyake zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo charu cha Rwandani chikalamuliranga. Pakuwona kuti nkhaza zikuruzikuru zikucitika, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵasilikari. Mu vyaru vya mu Africa mukaŵaso mphindano za malo na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujiwusa ŵekha. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Nigeria na boma la ku Igbo ilo likakhumbanga kujipatura. Nkhondo ziŵiri za cikaya izo zikacitika mu Sudan, yakwamba yikacitika mu 1955 m'paka mu 1972 ndipo yachiŵiri mu 1983 m'paka mu 2005, zikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Pa nkhondo zose izi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga mitundu na visopa. Nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa United States na Soviet Union nayo yikawovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Boma la Soviet Union na la United States likakhozga comene ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na ŵasilikari ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru ivi. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakuzizima, wovwiri wa Soviet na America ukamara mwamabuchi ndipo Soviet Union yikawa. Mu Ethiopia mukaŵa njara yikuru pakati pa 1983 na 1985, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.2 miliyoni ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti njara iyi yikamba cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda na kukora vyakurya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|title=BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia|date=6 April 2000|access-date=1 January 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Robert G. Patman, ''The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-521-36022-6}}, pp. 295–296</ref><ref>Steven Varnis, ''Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-88738-348-3}}, p. 38</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | jstor=722691 | title=The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia | last1=Woldemeskel | first1=Getachew | journal=African Affairs | year=1989 | volume=88 | issue=352 | pages=359–374 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 1994, ŵanthu 800,000 ŵakafwa pa mulandu wa kutinkhana ku Rwanda. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo yambe, nkhondo izo zikaŵa zakuparanya comene mu Africa, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.5 miliyoni ŵakafwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 January 2008|title=Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|access-date=20 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414093820/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|url-status=live}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="250px"> File:African nations order of independence 1950-1993.gif|An animated map shows the order of [[Decolonisation of Africa|independence of African nations]], 1950–2011 File:Africa’s wars and conflicts, 1980–96.svg|Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96<br>{{legend|#cc4c02|Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)}}{{legend|#fe9929|Minor Wars/Conflict}}{{legend|#fed98e|Other Conflicts}} File:Political Map of Africa.svg|Political map of Africa in 2021 </gallery> Nkhondo pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana na maboma zikulutilira. Kwambira mu 2003, nkhondo yikulutilira mu Darfur (Sudan) iyo yikakura comene mu 2003 m'paka 2005 ndipo nkhaza zikakwera comene mu 2007 na 2013. Gulu la Boko Haram ilo likulimbana chomene mu Nigeria (pamoza na nkhondo zinandi ku Niger, Chad, na Cameroon) likakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 kwambira mu 2009. Nkhondo zinandi za mu Africa zachepako kufika mu 2022. Kweni nkhondo ya Tigray iyo yikamba mu 2020 yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, chomenechomene chifukwa cha njara. Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, nkhaza zachepa chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikamara mu Angola, Sierra Leone, na Algeria mu 2002, Liberia mu 2003, kweniso Sudan na Burundi mu 2005. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo, iyo yikaŵa na vyaru 9 na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakugaluka, yikamara mu 2003. Kuchepa kwa nkhaza uku, kukakolerana na kuti vyaru vinandi vikaleka kulongozgeka na boma la chikomyunizimu ndipo vikamba kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya malonda. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, vyaru ivi vikamba kwenda mwamtende pakati pa vyaru vyapafupi. Kuŵa na mtende ndiposo kusintha kwa vinthu mu vyaru vya mu Africa kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku China, ŵanjire mu vyaru ivi. Pakati pa chaka cha 2000 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha GDP ku sub-Saharan Africa chikaŵa pa 5.02%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha GDP chikakwera kufuma pa $811 Billion kufika pa $1.63 Trillion (Constant 2015 USD). Kumpoto kwa Africa nako kukakura mwakuyana waka. Cigaŵa cikuru ca ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi comene vyakukhwaskana na sayansi ya vinthu, comenecomene foni. Nangauli vyaru vinandi vikalutilira kukura, kweni kufuma mu 2014 kukura kwa vyaru ivi kukakhira comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, kuleka kwambiska vyamalonda, kweniso nthenda ya Ebola na COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | title=Validate User | journal=African Affairs | date=October 2018 | volume=117 | issue=469 | pages=543–568 | doi=10.1093/afraf/ady022 | last1=Frankema | first1=Ewout | last2=Van Waijenburg | first2=Marlous | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | url-status=live | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | title=Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn | newspaper=Africa Renewal | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | url-status=live }}</ref> == Makhalilo gha chilwa, malo na charu == {{Main|Malo gha Africa}} [[File:Topography of africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Topography of Africa]] Charu cha Africa ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vitatu ivi. Charu ichi chikupatukana na Europe na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 163. (Kuyana na umo charu cha Egypt chiliri, chigaŵa cha Sinai icho chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Suez Canal nacho chikuwoneka kuti chili ku Africa).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|title=Atlas – Xpeditions|publisher=National Geographic Society|date=2003|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303230811/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|archive-date=3 March 2009| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985) ''The Middle East and North Africa'', Oxford University Press US. {{ISBN|0-19-503538-0}}</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja ili na utali wa makilomita 26,000 (mailosi 16,000), ndipo palije malo ghakunjilirapo agho ghakusangika mu nyanja.<ref name="MW">(1998) ''Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index)'', Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11. {{ISBN|0-87779-546-0}}</ref> Kuchokera kumpoto kwambiri, Ras ben Sakka ku Tunisia (37°21' N), mpaka kumwera kwambiri, Cape Agulhas ku South Africa (34°51'15" S), ndi mtunda wa pafupifupi 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, malo gha kumanjiliro gha dazi chomene, ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 7,400 (4,600 mi) kufuma ku Ras Hafun, 51°27'52" E, chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi chomene icho chili kufupi na Cape Guardafui, kuumaliro wa Horn of Africa. Charu chikuru chomene mu Africa ni Algeria, ndipo chigaŵa chichoko chomene ni Seychelles. Charu chichoko chomene pa charu ichi ni Gambia. ===Chilwa cha Afilika=== [[Image:Motion of Nubia Plate.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Mazuŵa ghano, chigaŵa cha pasi cha Africa chikwenda pa charu chapasi mwaluŵiro lwa 0.292° ± 0.007° pa chaka chimoza, pakuyaniska na charu chapakati (NNR-MORVEL56)]] {{Excerpt|African Plate}} === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Africa}} Nyengo ya mu Africa yikupambana chomene na ya mu vyaru vyakututuka. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi chili na mapopa ghanandi, ndipo chigaŵa chapakati na kumwera chili na vyakumera vinandi. Pakati pa malo agha pakaŵa vyakumera nga ni sahel na steppe. Charu cha Africa ndicho chili na chithukivu chikuru chomene pa charu chapasi. Ivyo vikachitika mu 1922 ku Libya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakusuzga chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye apo kukazizima chomene.<ref name="newRecord">{{cite journal|last=El Fadli|first=KI|title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=September 2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2|page=199|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E|doi-access=free}} (The 136&nbsp;°F (57.8&nbsp;°C), claimed by [['Aziziya]], [[Libya]], on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archive-date= 4 January 2013}}</ref> ===Ecology and biodiversity=== [[File:Vegetation Africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The main biomes in Africa.]] Mu vyaru vya mu Africa muli malo ghakuvikilirika ghakujumpha 3,000. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika mu Africa vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vileke kuŵa vinandi kweniso kuti malo gha kulima ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu vyaru vinyake, kusuzgika na ŵanthu, na mitundu yinyake ya vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi, vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vyambeso kuŵa na umoyo uwemi mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha nduna, ŵantchito ŵambura kwenelera, na ndalama. Wupu wa United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ukuti, ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakumazga makuni ghanandi kuluska umo vikuŵira pa caru cose.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 |date=6 December 2008 }}. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008</ref>Kuyana na lipoti la Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ku Africa, vyakumera 31 pa 100 vya mu Africa na nkhorongo 19 pa 100 zili kunangika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti makuni pafupifupi 90 pa 100 gha ku West Africa ghali kumara. Makuni ghakujumpha 90% gha ku Madagascar ghakaparanyika kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakizira mu charu ichi vyaka 2000 ivyo vyajumpha. Pafupifupi 65% ya malo gha vyakurya gha mu Africa ghakunangika na dongo.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html "Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221918/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html |date=17 October 2017 }}, ''The Independent'', 11 June 2008.</ref>{{see also|Afrotropical realm|Palearctic realm}} === Environmental issues === {{Excerpt|Environmental issues in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Water === [[File:Africa Precipitation Map.svg|thumb|Africa Water Precipitation]] {{Excerpt|Water in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Climate change === [[File:Climate smart agriculture in Machakos county (15640332182).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Climate-smart agriculture]] and [[rainwater harvesting]] in [[Machakos County]], [[Kenya]].]] {{Excerpt|Climate change in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ===Fauna=== {{Main|Fauna of Africa}} [[File:Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Savanna at [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[Tanzania]]]] Mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli nyama zinandi zakututuŵa na zakupambanapambana, ndipo nyama zikuruzikuru izo zikurya nyama (nga ni nkhalamu, njati, na mphumphi) na vyakumera (nga ni mbaŵala, zovu, ngamila, na zirafu) vikukhala mwakufwatuka mu vigaŵa vya malo ghambura ŵanthu. Kweniso kuli nyama zinandi za mu nkhorongo, nga ni njoka na vinyama vinyake vya mu maji nga ni ng'ona na vyamoyo vinyake vya mu nyanja. Kweniso mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vinandi chomene ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. ==Ndale== {{See also|List of political parties in Africa by country}} === African Union === {{Main|African Union}} [[File:Regions of the African Union.png|thumb|[[Regions of the African Union]]:<br /> {{Color box|#DAA520|'''Northern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#87CEEB|'''Southern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#90EE90|'''Eastern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#FA8072|'''Western Regions A and B'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#B88FFF|'''Central Region'''|border=darkgray}}]] Wupu wa African Union (AU) uli na vyaru 55. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Juni 26, 2001, ndipo likuru lake likaŵa ku Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Julayi 9, 2002, ndipo ndiwo ukalondezganga wupu wa African Unity (OAU). Mu Julayi 2004, wupu wa African Union's Pan-African Parliament (PAP) ukasamukira ku Midrand, South Africa, kweni wupu wa African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ukakhala mu Addis Ababa. Wupu wa African Union (AU), uwo ukwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na wupu wa AU Commission, ukapangika na Dango la African Union (AU), ilo likukhumba kuti wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC), uwo ukaŵa wupu wakukolerana na vyaru vinyake, uŵe wupu wa boma. Wupu wa African Union uli na boma laparamende, lakucemeka African Union Government, ilo lili na wupu wakulongozga, wa vyeruzgo, na wa malango. Likulongozgeka na Mulara wa wupu wa African Union ndiposo mulongozgi wa boma, uyo nayo ni mulongozgi wa wupu wa Pan-African Parliament. Munthu wakuŵa purezidenti wa AU para wasankhika ku PAP, ndipo pamasinda wakusanga wovwiri wa ŵanandi mu PAP. Maluso na mazaza gha purezidenti wa African Parliament ghafuma ku Constitutive Act na Protocol ya Pan-African Parliament, kweniso chiharo cha mazaza gha purezidenti agho ghali kulembeka mu vyaru vya Africa na vyaru vya maiko. Boma la AU lili na maboma gha vigaŵa vyose, gha boma, na gha boma, kweniso maboma ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵachali kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi boma likuŵawona. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu ivi ni vya ndyali, ndipo kanandi vikuchitika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuswa comene wanangwa wawo, muli vyaru nga ni Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, na Ivory Coast. ===Boundary conflicts=== {{see|The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885|List of conflicts in Africa}} {{Excerpt|Military history of Africa#Post-colonial|paragraph=1|file=no}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Africa|List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|List of African countries by GDP (PPP)}} {{See also|Economy of the African Union}} [[File:RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the [[African Economic Community]]. {{legend|#691717|[[Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]]}} {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#4DB34D|[[Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} {{legend|#7E8000|[[Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]]}} ]] Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni ntchaukavu chomene pa charu chose chapasi kweniso ntchakusuzgika chomene (pambere Antarctica yindaŵeko). Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na masuzgo nga ni vimbundi, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kunozgekera makora vinthu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kusambira, kujithemba, kuleka kusanga ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, vinthu ivyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha ufumu, malonda gha ŵazga, na Nkhondo Yakuzizima. GDP yake yose yikulondezga ya United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, India na France. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2003, vyaru 24 ivyo vikaŵa pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake vyose (151 na 175) vikaŵa vya mu Africa. Ukavu, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, kusoŵa chakurya, maji na malo ghakutowa yayi, kweniso umoyo uheni vikukhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Banki ya Charu chose yikapharazga vya ukavu wa pa charu chose, kuyana na fundo ya $1.25 pa zuŵa (kuyaniska na $1.00 pa zuŵa). Charu cha Sub-Saharan Africa ndicho ntchigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuchepeska ukavu (ndalama zakukwana madola 1.25 pa zuŵa); mu 1981 ŵanthu pafupifupi 50% (200 miliyoni) ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu. Munthu mukavu mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara wakukhala na ndalama zakukwana masenti 70 pa zuŵa, ndipo wakaŵa mukavu comene mu 2003 kuluska mu 1973, ico cikulongora kuti ukavu ukukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca ndyali na maboma gha caru cinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |title=Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa |publisher=Globalpolitician.com |date=19 December 2005 |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131200200/http://globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |archive-date=31 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924092909/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2008 |title=The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All |publisher=Turkish Weekly |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=7 November 2011 }}</ref> Sono caru ca Africa cili pangozi yakuŵaso na ngongoli, comenecomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Nkhaza ya ngongoli iyo yikaŵako mu 2005 yikamara na wovwiri wa wupu wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Scheme). Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika pafupifupi 10 kufuma apo suzgo la ngongoli mu caru ca Africa ca kumwera kwa Sahara mu 2005 likamalira, Zambia yikanjiraso mu ngongoli. Chifukwa chaching'ono chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukhira kwa mitengo ya mkuwa mu 2011, kweni chifukwa chikuru chikaŵa chakuti ndalama zinandi izo Zambia yikabwereka zikapambikika panji kupokeka na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|title=Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918163443/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2005, chuma cha mu Africa chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2005 chikaŵa pa 5%. Vyaru vinyake vikakura comene, comenecomene Angola, Sudan, na Equatorial Guinea, vyose ivi vikaŵa kuti vyambapo sonosono kunozga mafuta panji vyasazgirako nkhongono zawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka sonosono apa, uyo wakwendera vya ndyali wa ku Austria, Arno Tausch, wakati vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Ghana, vikukolerana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera demokilase na malonda.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3214715|ssrn=3214715|title=Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data|date=2018|last1=Tausch|first1=Arno|s2cid=158596579|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|journal=|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211141227/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{-}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:left; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px auto 10px auto" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of IMF ranked countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)|GDP]] <small>(nominal, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||568,499||2014 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}}||475,231||2022 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||458,708||2011 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}} ||213,810||2014 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||156,083||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||145,712||2014 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||142,867||2021 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||118,130||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Libya}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=522,672,&s=NGDPD,&sy=1980&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>||92,542||2012 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||85,421||2023 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)|GDP]] <small>(PPP, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}} ||1,803,584||2023 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||1,372,624||2023 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||990,030||2023 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}}||620,971||2023 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||393,847||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||387,233||2023 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||341,999||2023 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||265,631||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Ghana}} ||229,471||2023 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||228,031||2023 |} {{-}} Pakuyaniska mtengo wa vinthu pa caru cose ico Tausch wakacita mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa caru cose, wakawona kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora: 1. Wupu Wakulondezga Malango 2. Kuwukira boma 3. Kuŵa na mtima wa kuleka nkhaza 4. Kugomezga mabungwe 5. Chimwemwe, umoyo uwemi 6. Kuleka kusopa mwakujikuzga 7. Kuzomera malonda 8. Kuŵa na Nkhongono 9. Kuchitako ndyali 10. Kuŵa na cigomezgo ndiposo kujipeleka 11. Kulije maghanoghano gha wovwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakuzomera kalvinistic work ethic. Tausch wakamalizga na kuyowoya kuti, umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwendera na maukaboni ghose "nchakuzizika comene". Nangauli munthu wakwenera kuŵa na cigomezgo cikuru pa nkhani ya umo Ghana wazamuŵira na demokilase na cuma ca msika, kweni nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi ku Eguputo na Algeria, comenecomene ku South Africa, caru ico cili na cuma cikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana yayi kwa ŵanthu, nga umo lipoti la UNDP likuyowoyera, kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende. Tausch wakayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukondwa chomene na vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa nkhani ya vyachuma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. [[File:African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020.png|upright=1.2|thumb|African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020]] Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mu caru ici ndimo muli cobalti wakukwana 90 peresenti, platinamu wakukwana 90 peresenti, golide wakukwana 50 peresenti, chromium wakukwana 98 peresenti, tantalite wakukwana 70 peresenti, manganese wakukwana 64 peresenti, na uranium wakukwana limoza pa vigaŵa vitatu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece Africa, China's new frontier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece |date=29 June 2011 }}. ''Times Online''. 10 February 2008</ref> Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na visulo vya coltan 70 pa 100 pa caru cose. Kweniso charu cha DRC chili na madimondi ghakujumpha 30% pa charu chose. Charu cha Guinea ndicho chikuguliska bauxite yinandi pa charu chose. Pakuti ku Africa, vinthu vikukura comene cifukwa ca mauteŵeti, m'malo mwa kupanga vinthu panji vyakurya, ntheura kulije nchito panji ukavu. Nakuti suzgo la vyakurya ilo likaŵako mu 2008 likati lachitika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose, likapangiska kuti ŵanthu 100 miliyoni ŵaleke kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera.<ref>[http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm The African Decade?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613173905/http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm |date=13 June 2010 }}. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta]. The Times. 13 October 2009 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071020/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece |date=29 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>"[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html Africa: Developed Countries' Leverage On the Continent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072131/http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html |date=20 October 2012 }}". AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca China caŵa paubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo nchigaŵa cikuru comene ca vyamalonda mu Africa. Mu 2007, makampani gha ku China ghakagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $1 biliyoni mu Africa. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa Yunivesite ya Harvard, wakalongosora kuti caru ca Africa cingajipwelelera yekha para cingaleka kuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake na kwamba kujiguliska. "Charu cha Africa chili pa mphambano; tili pafupi kumalizga vyaka 100 ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vyakurya vikusangikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Africa yikwamba kuŵika mtima pa kupanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti viwovwire kuti mu vigaŵa vyose muŵe malonda ghawemi".<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm "Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221141/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm|date=17 October 2017}}, ''[[Science Daily]]'', 3 December 2010</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Africa|Genetic history of Africa|Child marriage#Africa{{!}}Child marriage in Africa}} {{Pie chart | caption= [[List of African countries by population|Proportion of total African population by country]] | other = yes | label1 = Nigeria | value1 = 15.38 | color1=#36A | label2 = Ethiopia | value2 = 8.37 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Egypt | value3 = 7.65 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Democratic Republic of the Congo | value4 = 6.57 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Tanzania | value5 = 4.55 | color5=#928 | label6 = South Africa | value6 = 4.47 | color6=#E33 | label7 = Kenya | value7 = 3.88 | color7=#E72 | label8 = Uganda | value8 = 3.38 | color8=#FE3 | label9 = Algeria | value9 = 3.36 | color9=#A45 }} Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ku Africa cakura comene, ntheura nchicoko comene. Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵali na vyaka 25 kukhilira pasi. Unandi wa ŵanthu mu Africa ukakwera kufuma pa 229 miliyoni mu 1950 kufika pa 630 miliyoni mu 1990.<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx Past and future population of Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044751/http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx |date=24 September 2015 }}. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|title=Africa Population Dynamics|publisher=overpopulation.org|access-date=26 July 2007|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217040305/http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu Africa chikukwana 1.4 billion. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru vinyake; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu America ŵakajumpha mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kuyana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵazamubabika mu Africa cizamufika pa 37% mu 2050. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa (ŵana pa mwanakazi yumoza) chikaŵa 4.7 mu 2018. Vyaru vyose vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na TFR (chiŵelengero cha ŵana) kuluska awo ŵakababika mu 2019 ndipo vikaŵa na 27.1% ya awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo pa charu chose. Mu 2021, vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na 29% vya ŵanthu awo ŵakababika pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development .desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf|title=World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results|location=New York|author=[[United Nations]]. Department of Economic and Social Affairs|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30977-6/fulltext|title=Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|publisher=[[The Lancet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |website=The World Bank |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513095844/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu (viyowoyero vya mu banja la Niger na Congo) ndiwo ŵanandi chomene kumwera, pakati na kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sahel awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa.<ref>Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171325/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC |date=24 September 2015 }}''. PUQ. p. 204. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}</ref> Kweni mu South Sudan na East Africa muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nilotic, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Swahili awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ("San" panji "Bushmen"). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakusangika chomene ku Gabon na Equatorial Guinea. Mu chipalamba cha Kalahari, kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Bushmen (panji kuti "San", awo ŵakukolerana chomene na "Hottentots" kweni ŵakupambana na iwo) ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Africaa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece |date=25 May 2010 }}. ''Times Online''. 16 December 2004</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Niger na Congo, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mtundu wa Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan, na Wolof ndiwo ni ukuru chomene pa mitundu yose. Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Sahara, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka panji Mande ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chadic, kusazgapo Ŵahasa, ŵakukhala kumpoto chomene kwa Sahara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nilo-Sahara, nga ni Ŵasonghai, Kanuri, na Zarma, ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. [[Image:African_countries_by_HDI_(2019).png|thumb|upright=1.2|left| {| width="100%" style="background:transparent;" | Map of Africa indicating [[Human Development Index]] (2018). |-Africa | {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#00C400|0.800–0.849}} {{Legend|#00F900|0.750–0.799}} {{Legend|#D3FF00|0.700–0.749}} {{Legend|#FFFF00|0.650–0.699}} {{Legend|#FFD215|0.600–0.649}} {{Legend|#FFA83C|0.550–0.599}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#FF852F|0.500–0.549}} {{Legend|#FF5B00|0.450–0.499}} {{Legend|#FF0000|0.400–0.449}} {{Legend|#A70000|≤ 0.399}} {{Legend|#D9D9D9|No data}} {{Col-end}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵali mu magulu ghatatu: Ŵa Berber kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ŵaeguputo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nile na Sahara kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵaarabu awo ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. ŵakamba kuyowoya Chiarabu na Chisilamu ku North Africa. ŴaFenikiya (awo ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage) na Ŵahyksos, Ŵaalani ŵa ku Indo-Iran, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Indo-Europe, Ŵaroma, na Ŵavandali nawo ŵakakhala ku North Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Morocco na Algeria, ndipo mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Tunisia na Libya, ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chi Berber ŵalipo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A: The Berbers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 March 2004|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112181804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakuyowoya Chiberberberia na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Sahara ku North Africa. Ku Mauritania, kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵali kufwa, ndipo kumwera kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Niger na Congo. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu na Chiarabu, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi mbanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa mtundu wa Beja awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Africa na Asia ŵakusangikaso ku Egypt na Sudan. Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia na Eritrea (nga mba Amhara na Tigray, awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Habesha) ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Semite, apo Ŵa Oromo na Ŵasomali ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Cushitic. Pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yindambe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Algeria na Morocco (1,6 miliyoni ku North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique na Angola. Pakati pa 1975 na 1977, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakawelera ku Portugal. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo ŵachoko chomene mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene mu Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, na South Africa. Charu icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵazungu mu Africa ni South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na Britain ndiwo ŵali na mbumba zikuru comene za ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.<ref name=World>{{cite encyclopedia|date=1989|title=Africa|encyclopedia=[[World Book Encyclopedia]]|publisher=World Book, Inc.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-7166-1289-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/1989worldbookencyclo22worl}}</ref> Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia, chomenechomene awo ŵakafuma ku India, ŵakiza ku Britain. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India, ndipo ku Kenya, Tanzania, na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera na kumwera kwa Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 1972, Fumu Idi Amin yikachimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India mu Uganda, kweni ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kuwelera. Kweniso mu virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar mba ku Austronesia, kweni awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakusazgikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, Arabia, India, na Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi na ku India ndiwo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ku South Africa ŵakuchemeka Cape Coloured (ŵanthu awo ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa). Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na ŵa ku China ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html Naomi Schwarz, "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html |date=24 December 2011 }}, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007</ref> === Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinandi chomene. (lternative Estimates of African Population, 0–2018 AD (in thousands) === ) Ukaboni: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|date=27 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Year<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2018 ! scope="col" |2100<br>(projected) |- |'''Africa''' |16 500 |33 000 |46 000 |55 000 |61 000 |74 208 |90 466 |124 697 |228 342 |387 645 |759 954 |1 321 000<ref name="worldometers"/> |3 924 421<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects |url=https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-update-2022 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> |- |'''World''' |230 820 |268 273 |437 818 |555 828 |603 410 |1 041 092 |1 270 014 |1 791 020 |2 524 531 |3 913 482 |5 907 680 |7 500 000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|title=World Population Day: July 11, 2018|website=United States Census Bureau|date=11 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718064224/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |10 349 323<ref name=":6" /> |} === Shares of Africa and World Population, 0–2020 AD (% of world total) === Ukaboni: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net"/> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Chaka<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2020 ! scope="col" |2100<br/>(projected) |- |'''Afilika''' |7.1 |12.3 |10.5 |9.9 |10.1 |7.1 |7.1 |7.0 |9.0 |9.9 |12.9 |18.2<ref name="worldometers">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|title=Africa Population (LIVE)|website=worldometers.info|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902033531/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> |39.4<ref name="www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank">{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/worlds-population-is-projected-to-nearly-stop-growing-by-the-end-of-the-century/|title=World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century|author1=ANTHONY CILLUFFO|author2= NEIL G. RUIZ|date=17 June 2019}}</ref> |} ===Chisopo=== [[File:Religion distribution Africa crop.png|A map showing religious distribution in Africa|thumb|upright=1.1]] {{Main|Religion in Africa}} {{See also||African divination}} Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵali na visopa vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuchindika visopa vya ku Africa. Ndipouli, para ŵanthu ŵafumbika panji kupendeka, ŵanandi ŵakujiyaniska na visopa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Pali vifukwa vinandi, ndipo cimoza mwa vifukwa vikuru nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakagomezganga kuti visambizgo na maluso gha cisopa ca ku Africa ni viheni. Ntchakusuzga kusanga maukaboni gha visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga chifukwa kanandi maboma agho ŵanthu ŵakusopa mu visopa vyakupambanapambana ghakughanaghanapo chomene pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=stanford>{{cite web|url=http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html|title=African Religion on the Internet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182749/http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html |archive-date=2 September 2006 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/01/world/rising-muslim-power-in-africa-causes-unrest-in-nigeria-and-elsewhere-963950.html|date=1 November 2001|title=Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere|first=Normitsu|last=Onishi|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 March 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>Buku linyake likuti visopa vikuru comene mu Africa ni Cisilamu na Cikhristu. Buku linyake likuti, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu caru ici Mbakhristu, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbasilamu, ndipo 10 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali mu visopa vyawo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Chihindu, Chibuda, Chiconfucian, Chibahai, panji Chiyuda. Kweniso mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakusopa yayi. ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Africa}} {{See also|Writing systems of Africa#Indigenous writing systems}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 1,000 mu Africa (UNESCO yikuti viyowoyero ivi ni 2,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Africa |date=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602050234/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D8048%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date= 2 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku Africa, kweni ŵanyake ŵali kufuma ku Europe panji Asia. Charu cha Africa chili na viyowoyero vinandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Africa: [[File:Map of African language families.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa]] * Viyowoyero vya Afroasiatic ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 285 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero pafupifupi 240 mu Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, Sahel, na kumwera kwa Asia. * Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo na Sahara ni viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100 ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 30 miliyoni. Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, na kumpoto kwa Tanzania. * Viyowoyero vya Niger-Congo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka, chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo panji ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose. * Viyowoyero vya Khoisan vilipo pafupifupi 50 ndipo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 400,000 ku Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khoisan Languages|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|website=The Language Gulper|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125082754/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>Viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Khoisan vili pafupi kumara. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni viyowoyero ivi vikamanyikwanga na boma. Mu vyaru vinandi, Cingelezi na Cifurenci (wonani Cifurenci ca ku Africa) vikugwiliskirika nchito pakudumbiskana na ŵanthu nga ni boma, malonda, masambiro na vyakupharazga. Chiarabic, Ciphwitikizi, Cifrikaans na Cisipanishi ni viyelezgero vya viyowoyero ivyo vikamba ku Africa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa ŵakuviyowoya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Italy ŵakayowoyanga Citaliyan. Ku Namibia ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cijeremani cifukwa kukaŵa caru ico kale cikalongozgekanga na ŵa German. ===Umoyo=== [[File:HIV in Africa 2011.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 ([[World Bank]]) {| style="width:100%;" |- | valign=top | {{legend|#2b0000|over 15%}} {{legend|#800000|5–15%}} {{legend|#d40000|2–5%}} {{legend|#ff2a2a|1–2%}} {{legend|#ff9955|0.5-1%}} {{legend|#ffb380|0.1–0.5%}} {{legend|#b9b9b9|not available}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mu Africa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose m'malo mwa munkhwala wakuchemeka allopathic, uwo ukuŵa wakudura chomene. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na maboma ŵati vyaka vya m'ma 2000 ni vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vya vyakurya vya ku Africa mu chilato cha kukhozga fundo ya WHO ya ku Africa ya kuzenga vyakurya vya ku Africa mu vyakurya vya ku Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kofi-Tsekpo |first1=Mawuli |title=Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa |journal=African Journal of Health Sciences |date=11 February 2005 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=i-ii |doi=10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772 |pmid=17298111 }}</ref> Awo ŵakupanga malango gha boma mu cigaŵa ici ŵakususkika cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa ndondomeko za umoyo za ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero cawo ndiposo usange kuŵapo kwawo pamoza na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano kungakhozga urunji na kuŵapo kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala, umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndiposo umo vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikukulira. Nthenda ya AIDS njakuzara comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nangauli mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15.2 pa ŵanthu 100 pa caru cose, kweni pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali na nthenda iyi pa caru cose, ŵanthu 35 miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mu 2011, mu vyaru vya ku Africa pera, ŵanthu 69 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na HIV ndipo 70 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakafwa na AIDS. Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, umo nthenda ya AIDS yikusuzga comene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Kweniso, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukukhala pacoko comene cifukwa ca nthenda ya HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of The Modern World|last=Stearns|first=Peter N. | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=556}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Mwambo wa Afilika}} [[File:Wassu Stone Circle.jpg|thumb|Vinthu ivi vili mu charu cha Gambia na Senegal.]] Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kulondezga mitheto yinyake ya mu Africa chifukwa cha kuyuyulika na kusuzgika na maboma gha ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, mitheto ya ku Africa yikakanizgika, ndipo viyowoyero vya ku Africa vikakanizgika mu masukulu gha ŵamishonale. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakayezga "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mwa kukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi na uloyi.<ref name="pearsonhighered.com">{{Cite web |title=Pearsonhighered.com |url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501070358/http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Obidoh Freeborn wakughanaghana kuti ukoloni ni cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti luso la ku Africa liŵe la mazuŵa ghano. Kuyana na umo Douglas Fraser na Herbert M. Cole wakati: "Vinthu vikasintha mwamabuchi mu boma chifukwa cha muwuso wa ŵasilikari. Fraser na Cole ŵakayowoya kuti mu Igboland, vinthu vinyake vya luso "vikusoŵa nkhongono na luso nga umo vikaŵira na vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikachitikanga mu nyengo yakale. Chika Okeke-Agulu, uyo ni mulembi wa mabuku, wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na mazaza paŵekha kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria|first=Chika|last=Okeke-Agulu|year=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7630-9|page=63|access-date=18 December 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611035844/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|url-status=live}}</ref> Awo ŵakung'anamura F. Abiola Irele na Simon Gikandi ŵakayowoya kuti mabuku gha mu Africa ghakaŵako cifukwa ca "kukumana pakati pa Africa na Europe". Kweni Mhoze Chikowero wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito sumu, kuvina, vyauzimu, na mitheto yinyake kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha na ŵavinjeru. Pasono ŵanthu ŵakuyezgayezga chomene kuti ŵamanye makora mitheto ya ku Africa, nga umo vikaŵira na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka African Renaissance, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Thabo Mbeki. Kuzakafika mu Malichi 2023, malo 98 gha mu Africa ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo gha Charu Chose. Pa malo agha, 54 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, 39 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, ndipo 5 ni malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo 15 gha mu Africa ghali pa Mndandanda wa Vinthu Vya Caru Cose Ivyo Vili pa Suzgo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/africa/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention}}</ref> ===Visual art=== [[File:Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998-11-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1| Chizindikiro cha Nok (zaka za m'ma 500 BCE-5 CE)]] {{Excerpt|African art|paragraph=1,2,3,4,5||only=paragraphs}} ===Architecture=== {{Excerpt|Architecture of Africa|paragraph=1,2,3|file=1}} ===Cinema=== {{Excerpt|Cinema of Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=1}} ===Music=== [[File:Ke-Nako Music-Performance Vienna2008c.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A musician from South Africa]] {{Excerpt|Music of Africa|paragraph=1,2}} ===Dance=== {{Excerpt|African dance|paragraph=1,2|file=no}} ===Sports=== [[File:World cup african countries best results and hosts.png|thumb|Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za timu za mpira za amuna zaku Africa pa FIFA World Cup]] Vyaru 54 vya mu Africa vili na magulu gha mpira mu wupu wa African Football Confederation. Eguputo wali kuthereska nkhonya ya Africa kankhondi na kaŵiri, ndipo wakukwaniska katatu. Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, na Algeria ŵafika ku vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya FIFA World Cup. Morocco yikalemba mbiri pa World Cup ya 2022 ku Qatar pakuŵa chalo chakwamba ku Africa kufika ku semi-final ya FIFA Men's World Cup. Charu cha South Africa chikapokelera maseŵera gha World Cup mu 2010, ndipo chikaŵa charu chakwamba cha ku Africa kuchita nthena. Magulu ghapachanya mu kilabu yiliyose ya mpira wa ku Africa ghakuseŵera mu CAF Champions League, apo magulu ghapasi ghakuseŵera mu CAF Confederation Cup. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Africa caŵa na malo ghaphya gha maseŵero gha basketball agho ghazengeka mu misumba yakupambanapambana nga ni Cairo, Dakar, Johannesburg, Kigali, Luanda na Rades. Chiŵerengero cha osewera a basketball a ku Africa omwe adalemba ku NBA chakhala chikukula kwambiri m'ma 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[FIBA]] |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha cricket. Charu cha South Africa na Zimbabwe vili na chigaŵa cha Test, apo charu cha Kenya ndicho chili na chigaŵa chakwamba cha One Day International cricket (ODI). Vyaru vitatu ivi vikachitiska ungano wa Cricket World Cup mu 2003. Charu cha Namibia ndico nchigaŵa cinyake ca mu Africa ico cacitapo maseŵera gha pa caru cose. Charu cha Morocco, icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndicho chikachitiskaso maseŵero gha Morocco Cup mu 2002, kweni charu ichi chindachiteko maseŵero ghakuru. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha rugby. Namibia na Zimbabwe wose ŵaŵapo kanandi waka pa Rugby World Cup, apo South Africa ndiyo yikwenda makora chomene (pamoza na New Zealand) pa Rugby World Cup, pakuti yikawina katatu, mu 1995, 2007, na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|title=RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa ｜ Rugby World Cup 2023|website=www.rugbyworldcup.com|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213126/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> == Vigaŵa na malo == {{Main|List of regions of Africa|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa}} {{center|{{Africa Labelled Map}}}} Vyaru ivyo vili pa tabuleti iyi vyalembeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya vigaŵa ivyo vikuzunulika na wupu wa United Nations. Para pali mphambano, fundo zikulongosoreka makora. <!--{{editnote | NOTE: If you have arguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page and await until the consensus supports making proposed edits. Thank you!--> <!--begin country info tables--> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | Chidindo cha boma ! Zina la chigaŵa panji charu, na ndembera{{efn|Continental regions as per [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa|UN categorizations/map]].}} ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]]<br>(km²) ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population|Population]]<ref name="uscen">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov\/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|title=IDB: Countries Ranked by Population|date=28 November 1999|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128111024/http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|archive-date=28 November 1999}}</ref> ! Chaka ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Density]]<br>(per km²) ! Msumba waboma ! [[Language|Name(s) in official language(s)]] ! [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO 3166-1]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''North Africa''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Algeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Algeria}} | [[Algeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,381,740 |style="text-align:right;"|46,731,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2022 |style="text-align:right;"|17.7 |[[Algiers]] | الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie | DZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Canary Islands}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Canary Islands}} |[[Canary Islands]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[Canary Islands]], of which [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]]; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|7,492 |style="text-align:right;"|2,154,905 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|226 |[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<br>[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] | Canarias | IC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Italy}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Italy}} | style="text-align:left" | [[Pelagie Islands]] (Italy) |style="text-align:right;"| 25.5 |style="text-align:right;"| 6,556 |style="text-align:right;"| 2019 |style="text-align:right;"| 247 | style="text-align:left" | [[Lampedusa]] | Pelagie/Isole Pelagie/Ìsuli Pilaggî | ITA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ceuta}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ceuta}} |[[Ceuta]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Ceuta]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|20 |style="text-align:right;"|85,107 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|3,575 |— | Ceuta/Sebta/سَبْتَة (Sabtah) | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Egypt}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Egypt}} |[[Egypt]]{{efn|[[Egypt]] is generally considered a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the [[Suez Canal]].}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,450 |style="text-align:right;"|82,868,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|83 |[[Cairo]] | مِصر (Miṣr) | EGY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Libya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Libya}} |[[Libya]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,759,540 |style="text-align:right;"|6,310,434 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|4 |[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] | ليبيا (Lībiyā) | LBY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madeira}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madeira}} |[[Madeira]] (Portugal){{efn|The Portuguese [[Madeira Islands]] are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|797 |style="text-align:right;"|245,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|307 |[[Funchal]] | Madeira | PRT-30 |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Melilla}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Melilla}} |[[Melilla]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Melilla]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|12 |style="text-align:right;"|85,116 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|5,534 |— | Melilla/Mlilt/مليلية | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Morocco}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Morocco}} |[[Morocco]] |style="text-align:right;"|446,550 |style="text-align:right;"|35,740,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Rabat]] | المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc | MAR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tunisia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tunisia}} |[[Tunisia]] |style="text-align:right;"|163,610 |style="text-align:right;"|10,486,339 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Tunis]] | تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie | TUN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Western Sahara}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Western Sahara}} | [[Western Sahara]]{{efn|name="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"|The territory of [[Western Sahara]] is claimed by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and [[Morocco]]. The [[SADR]] is recognized as a sovereign state by the [[African Union]]. [[Morocco]] claims the entirety of the country as its [[Southern Provinces]]. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.}} |style="text-align:right;"|266,000 |style="text-align:right;"|405,210 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|2 |[[El Aaiún]] | الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental | ESH |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burundi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burundi}} | [[Burundi]] |style="text-align:right;"|27,830 |style="text-align:right;"|8,988,091 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|323 |[[Gitega]] | Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi | BDI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Comoros}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Comoros}} | [[Comoros]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,170 |style="text-align:right;"|752,438 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|347 |[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] | Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur) | COM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Djibouti}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Djibouti}} | [[Djibouti]] |style="text-align:right;"|23,000 |style="text-align:right;"|828,324 |style="text-align:right;"|2015 |style="text-align:right;"|22 |[[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti | DJI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eritrea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eritrea}} | [[Eritrea]] |style="text-align:right;"|121,320 |style="text-align:right;"|5,647,168 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|47 |[[Asmara]] | Eritrea | ERI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ethiopia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} | [[Ethiopia]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,127,127 |style="text-align:right;"|84,320,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|75 |[[Addis Ababa]] | ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ | ETH |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:BlasonTAAF.svg|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} | [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|French Southern Territories]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|439,781 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |style="text-align:right;"|2019 |style="text-align:right;"|— |[[Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint Pierre]] | Terres australes et antarctiques françaises | FRA-TF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Kenya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Kenya}} | [[Kenya]] |style="text-align:right;"|582,650 |style="text-align:right;"|39,002,772 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|66 |[[Nairobi]] | Kenya | KEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madagascar}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madagascar}} | [[Madagascar]] |style="text-align:right;"|587,040 |style="text-align:right;"|20,653,556 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|35 |[[Antananarivo]] | Madagasikara/Madagascar | MDG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Malawi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Malawi}} |[[Malawi]] |style="text-align:right;"|118,480 |style="text-align:right;"|14,268,711 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|120 |[[Lilongwe]] | Malaŵi/Malaŵi | MWI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritius}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritius}} |[[Mauritius]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,040 |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,264 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|630 |[[Port Louis]] | Maurice/Moris | MUS |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mayotte}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mayotte|local}} |[[Mayotte]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|374 |style="text-align:right;"|223,765 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|490 |[[Mamoudzou]] | Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty | MYT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mozambique}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mozambique}} |[[Mozambique]] |style="text-align:right;"|801,590 |style="text-align:right;"|21,669,278 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|27 |[[Maputo]] | Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki | MOZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Réunion}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Réunion}} | [[Réunion]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|2,512 |style="text-align:right;"|743,981 |style="text-align:right;"|2002 |style="text-align:right;"|296 |[[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] | La Réunion | FRA-RE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Rwanda}} | [[Rwanda]] |style="text-align:right;"|26,338 |style="text-align:right;"|10,473,282 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|398 |[[Kigali]] | Rwanda | RWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Seychelles}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Seychelles}} |[[Seychelles]] |style="text-align:right;"|455 |style="text-align:right;"|87,476 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|192 |[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] | Seychelles/Sesel | SYC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somalia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somalia}} |[[Somalia]] |style="text-align:right;"|637,657 |style="text-align:right;"|9,832,017 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|15 |[[Mogadishu]] | 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl) | SOM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somaliland}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somaliland}} |[[Somaliland]] |style="text-align:right;"|176,120 |style="text-align:right;"|5,708,180 |style="text-align:right;"|2021 |style="text-align:right;"|25 |[[Hargeisa]] | Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd) | |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Sudan}} |[[South Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|619,745 |style="text-align:right;"|8,260,490 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Juba]] | South Sudan | SSD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sudan}} |[[Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,861,484 |style="text-align:right;"|30,894,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|17 |[[Khartoum]] | Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān) | SDN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tanzania}} |[[Tanzania]] |style="text-align:right;"|945,087 |style="text-align:right;"|44,929,002 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Dodoma]] | Tanzania/Tanzania | TZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Uganda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Uganda}} |[[Uganda]] |style="text-align:right;"|236,040 |style="text-align:right;"|32,369,558 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|137 |[[Kampala]] | Uganda/Yuganda | UGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zambia}} |[[Zambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|752,614 |style="text-align:right;"|11,862,740 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|16 |[[Lusaka]] | Zambia | ZMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zimbabwe}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} |[[Zimbabwe]] |style="text-align:right;"|390,580 |style="text-align:right;"|11,392,629 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|29 |[[Harare]] | Zimbabwe | ZWE |- |colspan="10" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"|'''Pakati pa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Angola}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Angola}} |[[Angola]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,246,700 |style="text-align:right;"|12,799,293 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Luanda]] | Angola | AGO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cameroon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cameroon}} |[[Cameroon]] |style="text-align:right;"|475,440 |style="text-align:right;"|18,879,301 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|40 |[[Yaoundé]] | Cameroun/Kamerun | CMR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Central African Republic}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} |[[Central African Republic]] |style="text-align:right;"|622,984 |style="text-align:right;"|4,511,488 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|7 |[[Bangui]] | Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine | CAF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Chad}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Chad}} |[[Chad]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,000 |style="text-align:right;"|10,329,208 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|8 |[[N'Djamena]] | تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad | TCD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} |[[Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|342,000 |style="text-align:right;"|4,012,809 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Brazzaville]] | Congo/Kôngo/Kongó | COG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,345,410 |style="text-align:right;"|69,575,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|30 |[[Kinshasa]] | République démocratique du Congo | COD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Equatorial Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|28,051 |style="text-align:right;"|633,441 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|23 |[[Malabo]] | Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial | GNQ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Gabon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Gabon}} |[[Gabon]] |style="text-align:right;"|267,667 |style="text-align:right;"|1,514,993 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|6 |[[Libreville]] | gabonaise | GAB |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:Insigne Insularum Sancti Thomae et Principis.png|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,001 |style="text-align:right;"|212,679 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|212 |[[São Tomé]] | Sao Tome na Principe | STP |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kummwela kwa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Botswana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Botswana}} |[[Botswana]] |style="text-align:right;"|600,370 |style="text-align:right;"|1,990,876 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Gaborone]] | Botswana/Botswana | BWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eswatini}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eswatini}} |[[Eswatini]] |style="text-align:right;"|17,363 |style="text-align:right;"|1,123,913 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|65 |[[Mbabane]] | eSwatini/Eswatini | SWZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Lesotho}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Lesotho}} |[[Lesotho]] |style="text-align:right;"|30,355 |style="text-align:right;"|2,130,819 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Maseru]] | Lesotho/Lesotho | LSO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Namibia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Namibia}} | [[Namibia]] |style="text-align:right;"|825,418 |style="text-align:right;"|2,108,665 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Windhoek]] | Namibia | NAM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Africa}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Africa}} |[[South Africa]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,219,912 |style="text-align:right;"|51,770,560 |style="text-align:right;"|2011 |style="text-align:right;"|42 |[[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]]{{efn|[[Bloemfontein]] is the judicial capital of South Africa, while [[Cape Town]] is its legislative seat, and [[Pretoria]] is the country's administrative seat.}} | yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika | ZAF |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Benin}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Benin}} | [[Benin]] |style="text-align:right;"|112,620 |style="text-align:right;"|8,791,832 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Porto-Novo]] | Bénin | BEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burkina Faso}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} | [[Burkina Faso]] |style="text-align:right;"|274,200 |style="text-align:right;"|15,746,232 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|57 |[[Ouagadougou]] | Burkina Faso | BFA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cape Verde}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} | [[Cape Verde]] |style="text-align:right;"|4,033 |style="text-align:right;"|429,474 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|107 |[[Praia]] | Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi | CPV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|The Gambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|The Gambia}} | [[The Gambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|11,300 |style="text-align:right;"|1,782,893 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|158 |[[Banjul]] | The Gambia | GMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ghana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ghana}} | [[Ghana]] |style="text-align:right;"|239,460 |style="text-align:right;"|23,832,495 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |[[Accra]] | Ghana | GHA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea}} | [[Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|245,857 |style="text-align:right;"|10,057,975 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|41 |[[Conakry]] | Guinée | GIN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea-Bissau}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} | [[Guinea-Bissau]] |style="text-align:right;"|36,120 |style="text-align:right;"|1,533,964 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Bissau]] | Guiné-Bissau | GNB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ivory Coast}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} |[[Ivory Coast]] |style="text-align:right;"|322,460 |style="text-align:right;"|20,617,068 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Abidjan]],{{efn|[[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital of [[Ivory Coast]], while [[Abidjan]] is the ''de facto'' seat.}} [[Yamoussoukro]] | Côte d'Ivoire | CIV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Liberia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Liberia}} |[[Liberia]] |style="text-align:right;"|111,370 |style="text-align:right;"|3,441,790 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|31 |[[Monrovia]] | Liberia | LBR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mali}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mali}} |[[Mali]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,240,000 |style="text-align:right;"|12,666,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Bamako]] | Mali | MLI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritania}} |[[Mauritania]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,030,700 |style="text-align:right;"|3,129,486 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Nouakchott]] | موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā) | MRT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Niger}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Niger}} |[[Niger]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,267,000 |style="text-align:right;"|15,306,252 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Niamey]] | Niger | NER |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Nigeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Nigeria}} |[[Nigeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|923,768 |style="text-align:right;"|166,629,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|180 |[[Abuja]] | Nigeria | NGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|United Kingdom}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} |[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] (United Kingdom) |style="text-align:right;"|420 |style="text-align:right;"|7,728 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | SHN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Senegal}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Senegal}} |[[Senegal]] |style="text-align:right;"|196,190 |style="text-align:right;"|13,711,597 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Dakar]] | Sénégal | SEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sierra Leone}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} |[[Sierra Leone]] |style="text-align:right;"|71,740 |style="text-align:right;"|6,440,053 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|90 |[[Freetown]] | Sierra Leone | SLE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Togo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Togo}} |[[Togo]] |style="text-align:right;"|56,785 |style="text-align:right;"|6,019,877 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|106 |[[Lomé]] | togolaise | TGO |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#eee;" | colspan="3" | Afilika pamoza |style="text-align:right;"|30,368,609 |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,320,281 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|33 ! colspan="3"| |} <!--end country info table + refs--> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} <!-- *[[Bibliography of Africa]] --> * [[Index of Africa-related articles]] * [[African historiography]] * [[Outline of Africa]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Vyalemba vinandi== * {{Cite book|last=Malone|first=Jacqui|url= |title=Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance|date=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|oclc=891842452}} * {{Cite book|last=Welsh-Asante|first=Kariamu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbrTfSO3fwC|title=African Dance|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2427-8|language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Shillington |first1=Kevin |title=History of Africa |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-59957-0 }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{see also|Africa Bibliography}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Asante|first=Molefi|author-link=Molefi Asante|title=The History of Africa|publisher=Routledge|location=US|date=2007|isbn=978-0-415-77139-9}} * {{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. Desmond|author-link=J. Desmond Clark|title=The Prehistory of Africa|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|date=1970|isbn=978-0-500-02069-2}} * {{cite book|last=Crowder|first=Michael|title=The Story of Nigeria|publisher=Faber|location=London|date=1978|isbn=978-0-571-04947-9}} * {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Basil|author-link=Basil Davidson|title=The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times|publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth|date=1966|oclc=2016817}} * {{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=April A.|first2=Donald L.|last2=Gordon|title=Understanding Contemporary Africa|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|location=Boulder|date=1996|isbn=978-1-55587-547-3}} * {{cite book|last=Khapoya|first=Vincent B.|title=The African experience: an introduction|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|date=1998|isbn=978-0-13-745852-3|url=https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap}} * Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968). ''Africa Yesterday and Today'', in series, ''The George School Readings on Developing Lands''. New York: Praeger Publishers. * [[V. S. Naipaul|Naipaul, V.S.]] ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief''. Picador, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-330-47205-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wade|first1=Lizzie|title=Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aaa7864|year=2015|doi-access=free}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|n=Category:Africa|voy=Africa}} '''General information''' * {{GovPubs|Africa}} * {{Britannica|7924}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa}} * [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/africa-human-geography Africa: Human Geography] at the [[National Geographic Society]] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/ African & Middle Eastern Reading Room] from the United States [[Library of Congress]] * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ Africa South of the Sahara] from [[Stanford University]] * [http://www.aluka.org/ Aluka], digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf Africa Interactive Map] from the [[United States Army Africa]] '''History''' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section10.shtml The Story of Africa] from [[BBC World Service]] * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Africa | volume= 1 | pages = 320–358 |short= 1}} * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/menu_APIC.html Africa Policy Information Center (APIC)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive Hungarian military forces in Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive |date=3 November 2013 }} '''News media''' * [http://allafrica.com/ allAfrica.com] current news, events and statistics * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/index.shtml ''Focus on Africa''] magazine from [[BBC World Service]] {{Africa topics}} {{Africa}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Africa |list = {{African Trade Agreements}} {{Continents of the world}} {{Regions of the world}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Africa| ]] [[Category:Continents]] cc2r9yxr97d4uqzom56mxgb0r6uz5th 828 43807 117896 116807 2026-07-23T13:49:09Z Grufo 8824 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 117896 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local main_frame = child_frame:getParent() return { frame = main_frame, opipe = child_frame.args, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local keyw local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {} local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) end if argc < varsarg0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache, len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else len, cache = 0, {} for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset ~= -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) local sequence = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if sequence[nums[idx]] then fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl tmp1 = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to add cannot be zero', 0) end if tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 0 or math.floor(tmp1) ~= tmp1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp2 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + tmp1 - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp2] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + tmp1 + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local val = tbl[src] if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, 3 else argc = 4 end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) if do_sort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else len, cache = 0, {} for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = ctx.pipe[1] if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2] -- |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local tmp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]] -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...] -- |[named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname, fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1] -- |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) s0wwht3ty2l3u443tnfm9mh3z5pmpgj 117906 117896 2026-07-24T03:52:09Z Grufo 8824 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 117906 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local main_frame = child_frame:getParent() return { frame = main_frame, opipe = child_frame.args, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local keyw local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {} local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) end if argc < varsarg0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache, len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else len, cache = 0, {} for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset ~= -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) local sequence = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if sequence[nums[idx]] then fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end local insn = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl if insn == nil or insn < 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp1 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp1] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local val = tbl[src] if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, 3 else argc = 4 end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) if do_sort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else len, cache = 0, {} for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = ctx.pipe[1] if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2] -- |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local tmp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]] -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...] -- |[named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname, fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1] -- |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) 9ko1dij40e2ajwgg59fvqm72uoivi2f 0 46490 117927 115433 2026-07-24T07:11:45Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Interlingua | nativename = {{lang|ia|interlingua}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-art|inteɾˈliŋɡwa|}} | speakers = A few hundred | date = 2007 | ref = <ref name="Fiedler">{{cite book|first1=Sabine|last1=Fiedler|year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, Volume 2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779-788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779}}</ref> | familycolor = | fam1 = [[International auxiliary language]] | creator = [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] | created = 1951 | setting = Scientific registration of international vocabulary; [[international auxiliary language]] | posteriori = '''Source languages''': [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. | script = [[Latin script]] | agency = No regulating body | iso1 = ia | iso2 = ina | iso3 = ina | image = Bandiera de Interlingua.svg | imagescale = | imagecaption = Official Interlingua flag<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Presentation del bandiera official de interlingua |language=ia |url=https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2026-01-16-interlingua-75-annos-bandiera/ |publisher=[[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref> | notice = IPA | glotto = inte1239 | glottorefname = Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) }} '''Interlingua''' (/ɪntərˈlɪŋɡwə/) ni chiyowoyelo chakuwovwira cha pa charu chose (IAL) icho chikapangika pakati pa 1937 na 1951 na American ''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Ni ciyowoyero cakupangika na ŵanthu, ndipo mazgu ghake, kalembero kake, na vinyake ivyo vikucitika mu ciyowoyero ici vikufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake. Mabuku gha '''Interlingua''' ghakulongosora kuti (kulembeka) kwa Interlingua kukupulikikwa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yeager|first1=Leland B.|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|year=1991|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua}}</ref> nangauli ni ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Interlingua yikapangika kuti yikolerane na viyowoyelo vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo ŵasambire viyowoyero ivi.<ref name="iala1971">{{harvnb|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}}</ref><ref name="breinstrup-beginners">Breinstrup, Thomas, Preface, [http://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Prefacio%20-%20Contento.pdf ''Interlingua course for beginners''], Bilthoven, Netherlands: Union Mundial pro Interlingua, 2006.</ref> Zina lakuti Interlingua likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti ''inter'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "pakati", na ''lingua'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "lulimi". Mazgu agha ghakuyana waka mu ciyowoyero ca Interlingua; ntheura ciyowoyero ici cikung'anamura 'pakati pa viyowoyero.' == Chidule == Interlingua yikugomezga pa mazgu agho ghakuyana agho ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vya ku Western Europe, ivyo vinandi vikafuma ku [[Chilatini]] panji vikakhwaskika chomene na chiyowoyero ichi (nga ni [[viyowoyero vya Romance]]). Awo ŵakakhazikiska Interlingua ŵali na "viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga" vinayi, ndipo mwakawiro, lizgu (panji mtundu wake) likwenera kusangika mu vitatu mwa viyowoyero ivi kuti lizomerezgeke mu Interlingua. Viyowoyero ivi ni [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyani]], na kuphatikizika kwa [[Chisipanishi]] na [[Chitogorezi]], ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chimoza chikuru pa ntchito za Interlingua. Kusazgapo apa, [[Chijeremani]] na [[Chirashiya]] vikachemekwa kuti "viyowoyero vyakulongozga vya chiŵiri".{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Nangauli mazgu ghanandi mu Interlingua ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha sono|Neo-Latin]] chifukwa ghakufuma chomene ku Chilatini, mazgu gha Interlingua ghangafuma mu chiyowoyero chilichose, usange ghali kunjira mu viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga nga ni [[mazgu ghakupokera|mazgu ghakupokera]]. Mwachiyelezgero, mazgu gha mu [[Chiyapani]] nga ''[[geisha]]'' na ''[[samurai]]'', kweniso lizgu la mu [[Chifini]] lakuti ''[[sauna]]'', ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mu viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Western Europe, ndipo ntheura ghali mu Interlingua. Mwakuyana waka, lizgu la mu [[Chiyowoyero cha Guugu Yimithirr|Guugu Yimithirr]] lakuti ''gangurru'' likugwiliskirika ntchito mu mtundu wakasintha kufuma ku Chilatini (Interlingua: {{Lang|ia|kanguru}}, Chingelezi: ''[[kangaroo]]'').{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Awo ŵakusunga na kulongozga Interlingua ŵakuyezgayezga kuti galamala ya chiyowoyero ichi yiŵe yipusu ndipo kupanga mazgu kuŵe kwakuyana, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mizi yichoko waka ya mazgu na viwangwa vya mazgu. Ichi chikukhumba kuti chiyowoyero ichi chiŵe chakusambira mwaluŵiro.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} == Mbiri == Mwanakazi wakukhala na usambazi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), wakamba kunweka na [[vyakusambira vya viyowoyero|masambiro gha viyowoyero]] na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska bungwe la kusapota ŵanthu wose la [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA) mu [[New York City]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose waŵe pa maziko ghakukhora gha sayansi. Morris wakapanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku ya IALA pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]].{{sfn|Falk|1995}} Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyero vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵakumanya vinandi. Morris wakakhazikiska IALA kuti yilutilire ntchito iyi.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} === International Auxiliary Language Association === IALA likazgoka gulu likuru ilo likawovwiranga masambiro gha viyowoyero mu America. Kafukufuku munandi wakachitika na Sapir, Collinson, na [[Morris Swadesh]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940, ndipo ndalama zake zikafuma ku IALA. Alice Morris wakawovwirapo pa kusintha kwa kafukufuku uyu ndipo wakapeleka chovwiro chikuru cha ndalama ku IALA.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} Mwachiyelezgero, Morris wakasintha kafukufuku wa Sapir na Morris Swadesh wa mu 1932 uyo wakayerekezganga umo viyowoyero vikupangira mazgu ghaumaliro, kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson wa mu 1937 pa nkhani ya kulongora. IALA likapokeraso chovwiro kufuma ku magulu nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], [[Research Corporation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]].{{sfn|Gopsill|Sexton|2006a}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Mu vyaka vyakwamba, IALA likaghanaghananga ntchito zitatu zikuru: * kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana; * kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyero na [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa umo viyowoyero vikukolerana]]; * kwendeska kuyerekezgera kwa viyowoyero vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, kusazgapo [[Esperanto]], [[Esperanto II]], [[Ido (chiyowoyero)|Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua ya Peano]] (Latino sine flexione), [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue]] (Occidental). Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chakumalizga ichi, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyana pa viyowoyero ivi, pamoza na kuyerekezgera na viyowoyero vya mitundu.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} == Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua == Ntchakumanyikwa yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya na kugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mwakukhazikika.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Viyowoyero vinandi ivyo vikapangika na ŵanthu (kusazgapo ivyo ni vya kupangika) padera pa [[Esperanto]] vili na ŵayowoyi ŵachoko chomene.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990|p=46}} Mu kalembero ka ŵanthu ku Hungary mu 2001, ako kakafumbanga vya viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera mu charu chose cha Hungary ndiwo ŵakati ŵakuyowoya Interlingua.{{cite web|url=https://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html|title=18. Demográfiai adatok – Központi Statisztikai Hivatal|website=www.nepszamlalas2001.hu|lang=hu|trans-title=Demographic Data – Central Statistical Office|access-date=2025-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617000434/http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html |archive-date=2018-06-17|url-status=live}} Ŵakukhozgera Interlingua ŵakuti chandulo chikuru cha chiyowoyero ichi ntchakuti ndicho chingamanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose]], padera pa [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua (IL) de A.p.I.]],{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} chifukwa cha galamala na mazgu ghake agho ghakuyana na viyowoyero vya chilengedwe (mwakupambana na viyowoyero vyakulongosoreka mwadongosolo). Ichi chikovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya chiyowoyero chilichose cha mu gulu la [[viyowoyero vya Romance]] na ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi awo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya kuti ŵaŵazge na kupulikiska Interlingua kwambura kusambira dankha.{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} Masamba gha pa intaneti gha Interlingua ghakusazgapo matembelo gha [[Wikipedia]] na Wiktionary, kweniso magazini ghanyake nga ni ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]]'' kufuma ku Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Pafupifupi vyaka viŵiri-viŵiri, UMI yikupanga ungano wa pa charu chose mu charu chakupambana. Mu chaka icho chili pakati pa maungano agha, mabungwe gha Interlingua gha ku Scandinavia ghakukolerana kupanga ungano ku Sweden, chifukwa pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua mu Scandinavia. Mabungwe gha mu vyaru nga ni Union Brazilian pro Interlingua nagho ghakupanga maungano nyengo zose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}} Interlingua yikusambizgika mu masukulu ghanyake gha sekondale na mayunivesite, nyengo zinyake nga nthowa yakovwilira ŵanthu kusambira viyowoyero vinyake mwaluŵiro, kupereka ulongozgi pa nkhani ya [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyapakati]], panji kumanyiska mazgu gha pa charu chose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991a}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991b}} Mwachiyelezgero, kosi ya masabata ghaŵiri yikasambizgika ku [[University of Granada]] mu [[Spain]] mu 2007.{{cite web|url=https://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/curso-introduccion-a-la-interlinguistica-interlingua-hablado-y-escrito/|title=Curso «Introducción a la Interlingüística. Interlingua hablado y escrito»|lang=es|date=2007-11-07|website=Universidad de Granada|access-date=2025-01-16}} == Kalembero == Interlingua wali na [[kalembero]] iyo yikuyana chomene na umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera. === Alfabeti ya Interlingua === Interlingua yikugwiliskira ntchito malembo 26 gha [[ISO basic Latin alphabet|alfabeti ya Chilatini ya ISO]], kwambura [[diacritic|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/interlingua.htm|title=Interlingua Alphabet|website=Omniglot|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> Alfabeti iyi, umo malembo ghakuyowoyekera mu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|alfabeti ya mazgu ya charu chose (IPA)]], kweniso mazina gha malembo mu Interlingua ni agha: {| class="wikitable" |+ Alfabeti ya Interlingua ! Nambara ||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19||20||21||22||23||24||25||26 |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghakuru]])''|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghachoko]])''|| a || b || c || d || e || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || m || n || o || p || q || r || s || t || u || v || w || x || y || z |- |''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''|| {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|t͡s}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} || {{IPA link|h}}~{{IPA link|∅}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|ʒ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA link|o}} || {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|r}} || {{IPA link|s}}~{{IPA link|z}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|u}} || {{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|k}}{{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|z}} |- |''Mazina''|| a || be || ce || de || e || ef || ge || ha || i || jota || ka || el || em || en || o || pe || cu || er || es || te || u || ve || duple ve || ix || ypsilon || zeta |} {{Notelist}} === Kalembero wakunjilirapo === Buku lakuti ''Grammar of Interlingua'' likulongosora mu chigaŵa 15 za "kalembero wakunjilirapo" (collateral orthography), uyo wakulongosora umo lizgu likwenera kulembekera mu Interlingua para likasinthika na kunjira mu chiyowoyero ichi kwambura kughanaghanira chomene uko lizgu likafumira.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/spell/collat.html|title=''Grammar of Interlingua''}}</ref> == Mazgu gha Interlingua (Phonology) == [[File:Vocabulario scientific international.ogg|thumb|Interlingua yakuyowoyeka]] Interlingua ni chiyowoyero icho chikugwiliskirika chomene pakulemba, ndipo umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera kuti ghali wuli chikupulikikwa mwakuyana yayi pakati pa ŵayowoyi wose. Mazgu agho ghali mu mabokosi ( ) ghakugwiliskirika ntchito yayi na ŵayowoyi wose. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha milomo|gha milomo]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu zino|gha mu zino]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha kuseri kwa zino|gha kuseri kwa zino]] ! [[Mazgu gha pakatikati pa kamwa|gha pakatikati]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu mmero|gha mu mmero]] ! [[Mazgu gha mu khosi|gha mu khosi]] |- ! [[Mazgu gha mphuno|Mazgu gha mphuno]] | colspan="2"| {{IPA link|m}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo|Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo]] | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|d}} | colspan="2"| | | {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusazga|Mazgu gha kusazga]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="3"| ({{IPA link|ts}} ~ {{IPA link|tʃ}}) | rowspan=2| ({{IPA link|d}}){{IPA link|ʒ}} | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusisita|Mazgu gha kusisita]] | {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} ||| | colspan="2"| | ({{IPA link|h}}) |- ! [[Mazgu gha kuyandikira|Mazgu gha kuyandikira]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|l}} | colspan="2"| | {{IPA link|j}} | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|w}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha r|Mazgu gha r]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|r}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! [[Lizgu lakudanga|lakudanga]] ! [[Lizgu lakubwelera|lakubwelera]] |- ! [[Lizgu lakufupi|Lakufupi]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakatikati|Lakati]] | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakujuruka|Lakujuruka]] | colspan=2|{{IPA link|a}} |} === Umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera === Mu nyengo zinandi, [[konsonanti|makonsonanti]] mu Interlingua ghakuyowoyeka nga umo ghakuyowoyekera mu Chingelezi, apo [[vowel|mavawelo]] ghakuyana na gha mu Chisipanishi. Malembo ghaŵiri ghakuyana agho ghali pamoza ghangayowoyeka nga ni lizgu limoza mu Chingelezi panji Chifurenchi, kweni ghangayowoyekaso nga ni mu Chitaliyana kuti ghapulikikwe makora. Interlingua wali na [[diphthong|mazgu gha mavawelo ghaŵiri]] ghakukhilira, agho ni {{IPA|/ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/}}, na {{IPA|/oi/}}.{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} Kweni {{IPA|/ei/}} na {{IPA|/oi/}} ghakuwoneka mwachoko. === Kukanika kwa mazgu (Stress) === Dango likuru ndakuti kukankha kwa lizgu kukuŵa pa wawelo iyo yili panthazi pa konsonanti yakumalizga. Viyelezgero: * {{lang|ia|l'''i'''ngua}} — "chiyowoyero" * {{lang|ia|ess'''e'''r}} — "kuŵa" * {{lang|ia|requirim'''e'''nto}} — "chakukhumbikwa" Mu mazgu gha unandi, lizgu lakumalizga {{lang|ia|-(e)s}} likuleka kupulikikwa pa nkhani ya kukankha. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|l'''i'''nguas}} likukankha malo ghamoza nga ni {{lang|ia|lingua}}. Usange dango ili lingaleka kugwira ntchito, kukankha kukuŵa pa wawelo yakwamba. Pali vyakuleka vichoko: * Mazgu gha zina panji chivumbuzi agho ghamalira na wawelo pamaso pa {{lang|ia|-le}}, {{lang|ia|-ne}}, panji {{lang|ia|-re}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ica/-ico}}, {{lang|ia|-ide/-ido}}, na {{lang|ia|-ula/-ulo}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ic}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachiŵiri kufuma kumaliro. Ŵayowoyi ŵangayowoya mazgu ghose mwakugwiliskira ntchito dango likuru. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|kilom'''e'''tro}} ntchakuzomerezgeka, nangauli {{lang|ia|kil'''o'''metro}} ndiko kukuyowoyeka chomene.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} === Umo mazgu ghakupangikira (Phonotactics) === Interlingua yilije malango ghakulongosoreka chomene pa umo mazgu ghakukhalira pamoza. Kweni nthowa iyo mazgu gha Interlingua ghakusankhikira, iyo yikukhumba kuti mazgu ghaŵe gha pa charu chose, yikupangiska kuti mazgu ghanyake ghaŵe ghapusu kuyowoya kwa ŵasambiri ŵanandi. Para mazgu ghaphya ghapangika, nyengo zinyake mathero ghakuzomerezgeka yayi kusazgikapo kwambura kusintha kanthu. Chiyerezgero ntchakuti mathero gha unandi {{lang|ia|-s}} nyengo zose ghakwamba na wawelo kuti ghaleke kupanga gulu la makonsonanti ilo ntchakusuzga kuyowoya. Usange lizgu la umodzi likumalira pa konsonanti, {{lang|ia|-s}} wakumalira wakusintha kuŵa {{lang|ia|-es}}. === Mazgu ghakubwereka === [[Mazgu ghakubwereka|Mazgu ghakubwereka]] kufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake agho ghandasintheke ghakulembeka umo ghali kulembekera mu chiyowoyero chawo chakufumirako. Malembo ghangaŵa na [[vimanyikwiro vya malembo|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]] panji vimanyikwiro vya kukankha. Usange vimanyikwiro ivi vikusintha yayi umo lizgu likuyowoyekera, vikuchotskeka.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} == Mazgu gha chiyowoyero == Awo ŵakulongozga chiyowoyero cha Interlingua ŵakusora mazgu chifukwa cha umo ghakusangikira na umo ghakugwilira ntchito mu viyowoyero ivyo vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakupima. Ivi ni [[Chisipanishi|Spanish]], [[Chipwitikizi|Portuguese]], [[Chitaliyana|Italian]], [[Chifurenchi|French]], na [[Chingelezi|English]], apo [[Chijeremani|German]] na [[Chirashiya|Russian]] vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakusazgirapo. Mazgu gha Interlingua ghangaŵa ghakufuma ku chiyowoyero chilichose para ghali kufalikira mu viyowoyero vyakupima ivi.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} Spanish na Portuguese, ivyo vyose ni viyowoyero vya ku Iberia, vikupimika nga ni chigaŵa chimoza. Mazgu ghanandi gha Interlingua ghakufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]], apo [[Chigiriki|Greek]] na [[viyowoyero vya Chijeremani|Germanic languages]] ndivyo vikupanga mazgu ghanandi ghakwamba na ghaŵiri. Mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma ku [[viyowoyero vya Chisilavo|Slavic languages]] na viyowoyero ivyo ni vyakuleka ku Indo-European.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} === Umo mazgu ghakuzomerezgeka === Lizgu, ilo ni mazgu ghenecho agho ghali na ng'anamuro, likuzomerezgeka kuŵa mu mazgu gha Interlingua para likusangika mu vinyake vitatu vya viyowoyero vinayi vyakwamba. Chiyowoyero chilichose chachiŵiri chinganjira mu malo mwa chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba. Lizgu lililose la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European ilo likusangika mu chiyowoyero chakupima lingawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke kuŵa lizgu la pa charu chose.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Mu nyengo zinyake, kuŵapo kwa lizgu lakale chomene panji ilo lingawoneka kuti lingazgoka lizgu la sono kungawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke. Lizgu lingawoneka kuti lili mu chiyowoyero para lizgu lakufuma kwa ilo lilipo, kweni lizgu leneko palije. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Chingelezi ''proximity'' likovwira pa lizgu la Interlingua {{lang|ia|proxime}}, ilo likung'anamura "pafupi". Ivi vikuzomerezgeka usange chiyowoyero chimoza panji vinandi vya kupima vili na lizgu lakwambilira ili, ndipo viyowoyero vya Romance vyose vili nalo. Kweni mazgu ghakuŵikika mu Interlingua chifukwa cha kuŵa na mazgu ghakuyana mu viyowoyero vinandi pera yayi. Usange ng'anamuro la lizgu lasintha chomene mu nyengo, lizgu ilo likupimika nga ndakupambana. Kweni usange ling'anamuro limoza panji ghanandi ghakhalilira, lizgu lingazomerezgeka mu Interlingua na ng'anamuro ilo lasungika.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Para nthowa iyi yileka kusanga lizgu la pa charu chose, lizgu la chinthu chinyake likatoranga kufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]]. Ichi chikachitikanga waka na mazgu ghachoko gha vya galamala. === Kapangidwe ka mazgu === Kapangidwe ka lizgu la Interlingua kakuwoneka nga ni "mazgu gha pa charu chose" ghakuyana na mazgu ghanyake. Lizgu likwenera kuŵa lakusangika mwakawiro, kwambura kuŵa na vimanyikwiro vya chiyowoyero chimoza pera. Kweniso likwenera kulongora vinandi ivyo viyowoyero vyose ivyo vikovwira vili navyo. Ntheura, lizgu lingasintha kuŵa mitundu ya viyowoyero vinyake mwakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya chiyowoyero chilichose. Para lizgu lili na mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma kwa ilo mu viyowoyero vyakwambilira, ubwezi wa kapangidwe kawo ukwenera kusungika. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Interlingua la "nyengo" ni {{lang|ia|tempore}}, osati {{lang|ia|*tempus}} panji {{lang|ia|*tempo}}, chifukwa likukolerana na mazgu ghakufuma kwa ilo nga ni {{lang|ia|temporal}}.{{cite}} Vinthu vya chiyowoyero ivyo vikupangiska kupambana kwa mazgu vikukolerana na [[malango gha kusintha kwa mazgu|sound laws]] gha viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mazgu agho ghapangika kanandi ghakuŵa pafupi chomene na umo mazgu ghakale ghakaŵira. Nyengo zinyake ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha ŵanthu|Vulgar Latin]], kweni nyengo zinyake ghangaŵa gha sono.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} == Malango gha chiyowoyero == {{Main|malango gha chiyowoyero cha Interlingua}} Interlingua yikapangika mwakuleka vinthu vyose vya galamala ivyo vikusangika yayi mu chiyowoyero chilichose chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba vyakupima. Ntheura, Interlingua yilije kukolerana kwa [[mazina na mazgu ghakulongosora|zina na lizgu lakulongosora]] mwakuyana na chibabiro, mulandu, panji unandi (nga umo viliri mu Spanish na Portuguese {{lang|es|gatas negras}} panji Italian {{lang|it|gatte nere}}, "ŵamphaka ŵanakazi ŵakufipa"), chifukwa ichi chilije mu Chingelezi. Kweniso yilije nyengo za viliwiro vya vitenzi (nga ni mu Chingelezi ''I am reading''), chifukwa izi zilije mu Chifurenchi. Kweni, Interlingua yikupambaniska mazina gha umoza na unandi chifukwa viyowoyero vyose vyakupima vili na kupambaniska uku.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Pa nkhani ya viyowoyero vyakupima vyachiŵiri, Interlingua yili na mazgu ghakuŵika mazina (articles), mwakupambana na [[Chirashiya|Russian]]. Lizgu lakulongora chinthu chakumanyikwa {{lang|ia|le}} likusintha yayi, nga umo liliri mu Chingelezi ("the"). Mazina ghakuŵavya [[chibabiro cha galamala|jenda ya galamala]].{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Unandi wa mazina ukupangika mwa kusazgirapo ''-s'', panji ''-es'' para lizgu likumalira na konsonanti.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} [[Viimiliri vya munthu|Mazgu ghakuimilira ŵanthu]] ghali na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakuchita chinthu na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakupokera chinthu kweniso wa kujiremekezga. Mu munthu wachitatu, lizgu la kujiremekezga nyengo zose ni {{lang|ia|se}}.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Vimiliri vinandi (adverbs) vikupangika mwakuzomerezgeka kufuma ku mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) mwa kusazgirapo {{lang|ia|-mente}}, panji {{lang|ia|-amente}} para lizgu likumalira na ''-c''. Ntheura, chingapangika chivimiliri kufuma ku lizgu lililose lakulongosora.{{sfn|Brauers|1975}} Vitenzi vili na kawonekero kamoza kwa ŵanthu wose ({{lang|ia|io vive}}, {{lang|ia|tu vive}}, {{lang|ia|illa vive}}, "ine nkhukhala", "iwe ukukhala", "iyo wakukhala"). [[Mubali wakulongora|Mubali wakulongora]] (indicative) ({{lang|ia|pare}}, "wakuwoneka") ukuyana waka na [[mubali wa malango|imperative]] ({{lang|ia|pare!}}, "woneka!"), ndipo palije mubali wa kukhumba panji kudumbiskana (subjunctive).{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Vitenzi vitatu vyakugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi vili na mitundu mifupi mu nyengo ya sono: * {{lang|ia|es}} kwa "ni", "ndine", "ndi"; * {{lang|ia|ha}} kwa "wali na", "ŵali na"; * {{lang|ia|va}} kwa "kwenda", "wakuluta". Pali mitundu yichoko ya vitenzi vyambura kulondezga malango wose, kweni yikugwiliskirika ntchito mwakawiro yayi.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Pali nyengo zinayi zifupi za vitenzi: * sono; * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa (conditional). Kweniso pali nyengo zitatu zakupangika na kovwira: * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa. Kapangidwe ka nyengo izi kakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakovwira pamoza na mtundu wakwamba wa chitenzi panji chigaŵa cha chitenzi chakale (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Ille ha arrivate}}, "Iyo wafika").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Nyengo zifupi na zakupangika zingasazgikana kuti zilonoske nyengo zakusuzga (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Nos haberea morite}}, "Tikaŵa kuti tifikenge pa nyifwa"). Ndondomeko ya mazgu mu sentensi kanandi ni [[wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera|wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera chinthu]], kweni para pali lizgu lakwimira chinthu panji lakujiremekezga, likwiza pambere chitenzi ({{lang|ia|io les vide}}, "ine nkhuŵawona").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) ghangiza pambere panji pamanyuma pa zina ilo ghakulongosora, kweni kanandi ghakuŵa pamanyuma pake.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Malo gha vimiliri (adverbs) mu sentensi ngakusintha-sintha kuyana na fundo ya ng'anamuro.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Galamala ya Interlingua yikulongosoreka kuti yikuyana na galamala ya viyowoyero vya Romance, kweni yasazgikira kuŵa yipusu chomene, chomenechomene chifukwa cha chovwiro cha Chingelezi.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Kafukufuku wa mu 1991 wakayowoya kuti galamala ya Interlingua yikuyana na magalamala ghapusu gha [[Chijapanizi|Japanese]] na chomenechomene [[Chichayina|Chinese]].{{sfn|Yeager|1991b}} F. P. Gopsill wakalemba kuti Interlingua yilije vinthu vyambura kulondezga malango, nangauli ''Interlingua Grammar'' ya Gode yikulongora kuti Interlingua yili na vinthu vichoko vyambura kulondezga malango.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} == Mivvimbi na vimanyikwiro == Nga umo viliri na [[Esperanto]], pali maghanoghano ghakupanga mbumba (flag) ya Interlingua. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192338/https://www.fotw.info/flags/qy-ia.html Mivvimbi ya Interlingua (IALA)] kufuma ku fotw.net (nakusungika pa web)</ref> Maghanoghano gha wakung'anamura wa ku Czech, Karel Podrazil, ghakumanyikwa chomene pa malo gha pa intaneti agho ghali na viyowoyero vinandi. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html |title=Toto super le airbag jachetta e gilet / jachetta e gilet con airbag (invento hungaro) - interlingua - All about Airbag Jacket and Airbag Vest |website=Airbagjacket.eu |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> Mbumba iyi yili na nyenyezi yituŵa ya mphingo zinayi iyo yikufika ku mphaka za mbumba ndipo yikupatura chigaŵa chapachanya cha buluu na chigaŵa chapasi chituŵa cha bofira. Nyenyezi iyi yikwimira vigaŵa vinayi vya charu (kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumadzulo), apo vigaŵa viŵiri vya mbumba vikuyimira ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake awo ŵakumanya kupulikana mu Interlingua. Chimanyikwiro chinyake cha Interlingua ni [[Blue Marble|Charu cha buluu (Blue Marble)]] chakuzingilizgika na nyenyezi 12 pa malo ghafipa panji gha buluu. Ichi chikukolerana na nyenyezi 12 za [[Mbumba ya ku Europe|mbumba ya Europe]] (chifukwa viyowoyero ivyo vikapangiska Interlingua vikufuma ku Europe). <gallery widths=200 heights=130> File:Bandiera de Interlingua.png|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo iyo kanandi yikuwoneka mu gulu la ŵakuyowoya Interlingua File:Flag of Interlingua.svg|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo ya Interlingua iyo Karel Podrazil wakapereka File:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|Mbumba ya Interlingua iyo yikazomerezgeka mwalamulo pa chikumbusko cha vyaka 75<ref name="flag"/><ref name="flagspec"/> </gallery> === Malongosolero gha mbumba === [[File:Construction sheet for the flag of Interlingua.svg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi chakulongora umo mbumba ya Interlingua yikapangikira.]] Mbumba ya Interlingua ni chithuzithuzi cha makona ghanayi (rectangle) icho chiŵerengero cha utali na msinkhu wake ni 2:3, ndipo chigaŵa chitali chikuŵa chakutambalala. <ref name="flagspec" /> Mbumba iyi yili na mitundu yiŵiri: * azure (buluu); * gold (chikasu). Mitundu iyi yikulongosoreka na vinthu ivi: {| class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-collapse: collapse; white-space: nowrap; text-align: left" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |- style="text-align: centre; background: #eee" ! !style="background:#003399"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF"> Buluu (Azure) </span> !style="background:#FFCC00"| Chikasu (Gold) |- | [[Pantone]] | Reflex Blue | Yellow |- | [[RGB color model|RGB]] | <code>#003399</code> | <code>#FFCC00</code> |- | [[CMYK]] | 100.80.0.0 | 0.21.100.0 |- |} Mbumba iyi yili na malo ghose gha buluu, ndipo pakati pali chithuzithuzi cha makona 8 icho chikupanga nyenyezi ya mphingo zinayi ya mtundu wa golide. Usange mbumba iyi yikulongoleka na utali wa 18 na msinkhu wa 12, chithuzithuzi cha pakati chikulongosoreka na manambara agha: [ ⟨0,6⟩ ⟨8,7⟩ ⟨9,12⟩ ⟨10,7⟩ ⟨18,6⟩ ⟨10,5⟩ ⟨9,0⟩ ⟨8,5⟩ ⟨0,6⟩ ]. == Mazuŵa gha vyakulembeka == <references/> == Mabuku na mabuku gha malemba == * {{Cite book |last=Blandino|first=Giovanni|year=1989|title=Philosophia del Cognoscentia e del Scientia|chapter=Le problema del linguas international auxiliari|lang=ia|publisher=[[Pontifical Lateran University|Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis]], [[Pontifical Urban University|Pontificia università urbaniana]]|location=Rome, Italy}} * {{cite book | last = Brauers | first = Karl | year = 1975| title = Grammatica synoptic de Interlingua | publisher = Editiones Interlingua | location = Morges, Switzerland }} * {{cite book |last=Bray |first=Mary Connell |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |chapter="Foreword" and "Acknowledgements"|title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language|url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017122232/http://bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html |archive-date=2007-10-17 |access-date=2010-04-18 |edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1971 |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0188-8|oclc=162319 |url-status=usurped}} * {{cite book|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|year=2006a|url=https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Prefacio%20-%20Contento.pdf|title=Interlingua course for beginners|location=Bilthoven, Netherlands|publisher=Union Mundial pro Interlingua}} * {{cite web|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|date=2006b|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/spectroscopia.htm|title=Un revolution in le mundo scientific|trans-title=A revolution in the scientific world|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427122501/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/spectroscopia.htm|archive-date=2019-04-27|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|date=2006c|orig-date=2001|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm|title=Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur|lang=ia|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web |first=Thomas|last=Breinstrup|editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2006d |orig-year=2001 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | title = Biographias: Hugh Edward Blair | website = Interlingua|lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428002611/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | archive-date= 2019-04-28 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web |editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup|year= 2007 |orig-year=2001 |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/stenstrom.htm | title = Biographias: Ingvar Stenström | website = Interlingua |lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190426010638/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/stenstrom.htm | archive-date= 2019-04-26 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web |editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/organisationes.htm | title = Portrait del organisationes de interlingua | website = Interlingua |year= 2009 |orig-year=2001 |lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061016165344/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/organisationes.htm | archive-date= 2006-10-16 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web |editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2012 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm | title = Biographias: Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch | website = Interlingua|orig-year=2001 |lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101324/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm | archive-date= 2011-05-14 | url-status = live }} *{{cite journal|last=Falk|first=Julia S.|title=Words without grammar: Linguists and the international language movement in the United States|journal=Language and Communication|volume=15|issue=3|pages=241–259|publisher=Pergamon|year=1995|doi=10.1016/0271-5309(95)00010-N}} * {{cite book|last=Falk|first= Julia S.|title=Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century.|publisher= Routledge|location=London & New York|year=1999}} * {{cite book|first=Sabine|last=Fiedler|editor-first1=Harald |editor-first2=Dmitrij |editor-first3=Peter |editor-first4=Neal R. |editor-last1=Burger |editor-last2=Dobrovol'Skij |editor-last3=Kühn |editor-last4=Norrick |year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung|volume=2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779–788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779|isbn=978-3-11-019831-7 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gode|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Gode|last2=Blair |first2=Hugh E. |author2-link=Hugh E. Blair|title=Interlingua; a grammar of the international language|url=https://archive.org/details/interlinguagramm00gode|access-date=2007-03-05|edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1955|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0186-1|oclc=147452}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1990|title=International languages: a matter for Interlingua|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=0-9511695-6-4|oclc=27813762}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1994|title=Interlingua today: A course for beginners|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=9781898017011}} * {{cite web|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|url=http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua {{!}} 1951-1991|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027145739/http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|archive-date=2009-10-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2025-01-14}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514114352/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|archive-date=2011-05-14|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006a|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|title=Profunde recerca duce a un lingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210152200/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|archive-date=2022-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006b|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|title=Le natura, si – un schema, no|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412014242/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|archive-date=2022-04-12|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006c|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite book|author=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|author-link=International Auxiliary Language Association |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language|url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227051537/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html |archive-date=2007-12-27 |access-date=2010-04-18 |edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1971 |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=0-8044-0188-8|oclc=162319 |url-status=usurped |ref=CITEREFGode1971}} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Alice Vanderbilt|author-link=Alice Vanderbilt Morris|url=http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040702192153/http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-date=2004-07-02|url-status=dead|title=International Auxiliary Language Association General Report 1945|publisher=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|location=New York|year=1945}} * {{cite book|last=Pei|first=Mario|author-link=Mario Pei|title=One Language for the World and How To Achieve It|publisher= [[Devin-Adair Publishing Company|Devin-Adair]]|location= New York|year=1958}} * {{cite book|last1=Sexton|first1=Brian C.|last2= Wilgenhoff|first2=Karel|first3=F. Peter|last3=Gopsill|title=Supplementary Interlingua-English Dictionary|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=Sheffield|year= 1991}} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991a | chapter = The Interlingua of IALA: From "the linguists' project" of 1951 to the working "tool of international scientific communication" of 1981 | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991b | chapter = Utilisation de Interlingua in le inseniamento de linguas | trans-chapter=Utilization of Interlingua in the teaching of languages | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} *{{cite book| last1 = Stillman | first1 = E. Clark | last2 = Gode von Aesch | first2 = Alexander | chapter = Le tres principios principal del standardization international in interlingua | language = ia | title = Interlinguistic standardization | location = New York | publisher = International Auxiliary Language Association | year = 1943 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131210/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-date= 2008-05-15 | url-status = live | pages = Articles 82–100 | translator-last= Mulaik | translator-first= Stanley A. | translator-link= Stanley A. Mulaik }} * {{cite web|author=Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI)|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |title=Interlingua 2001: communication sin frontieras durante 50 annos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422101259/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |archive-date=2015-04-22|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|lang=ia }} * {{cite book | last = Wilgenhof | first = Karel | year = 1995 | title = Grammatica de Interlingua | publisher = Union Mundial pro Interlingua | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands}} * {{cite book|last=Yeager|first=Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager|year=1991a|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua|lang=ia}} * {{cite book | last = Yeager | first = Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager| year = 1991b | chapter = Artificialitate, ethnocentrismo, e le linguas oriental: Le caso de Interlingua |trans-chapter=Artificiality, ethnocentrism, and the Oriental languages: The case of Interlingua| title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI}} {{Constructed languages}} [[Category:Interlingua]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana| ]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakovwira vya pa charu chose]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakukolerana]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika vikayambiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950]] [[Category:1951 mazgu ghakwamba]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vya chitemwa]] e9b401cg8qdr4hnmhb9gxuhd81n7hi0 117934 117927 2026-07-24T07:18:22Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Interlingua | nativename = {{lang|ia|interlingua}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-art|inteɾˈliŋɡwa|}} | speakers = A few hundred | date = 2007 | ref = <ref name="Fiedler">{{cite book|first1=Sabine|last1=Fiedler|year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, Volume 2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779-788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779}}</ref> | familycolor = | fam1 = [[Chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose]] | creator = [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] | created = 1951 | setting = Kulembeka kwa mazgu gha sayansi gha pa charu chose; [[chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose]] | posteriori = '''Viyowoyelo vyakufuma ku vyakale''': [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyana]], [[Chipwitikizi]], na [[Chisipanishi]]. | script = [[Malembo gha Chilatini]] | agency = Palije bungwe lakulamulira | iso1 = ia | iso2 = ina | iso3 = ina | image = Bandiera de Interlingua.svg | imagescale = | imagecaption = Official Interlingua flag<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Presentation del bandiera official de interlingua |language=ia |url=https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2026-01-16-interlingua-75-annos-bandiera/ |publisher=[[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref> | notice = IPA | glotto = inte1239 | glottorefname = Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) }} '''Interlingua''' (/ɪntərˈlɪŋɡwə/) ni chiyowoyelo chakuwovwira cha pa charu chose (IAL) icho chikapangika pakati pa 1937 na 1951 na American ''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Ni ciyowoyero cakupangika na ŵanthu, ndipo mazgu ghake, kalembero kake, na vinyake ivyo vikucitika mu ciyowoyero ici vikufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake. Mabuku gha '''Interlingua''' ghakulongosora kuti (kulembeka) kwa Interlingua kukupulikikwa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yeager|first1=Leland B.|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|year=1991|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua}}</ref> nangauli ni ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Interlingua yikapangika kuti yikolerane na viyowoyelo vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo ŵasambire viyowoyero ivi.<ref name="iala1971">{{harvnb|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}}</ref><ref name="breinstrup-beginners">Breinstrup, Thomas, Preface, [http://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Prefacio%20-%20Contento.pdf ''Interlingua course for beginners''], Bilthoven, Netherlands: Union Mundial pro Interlingua, 2006.</ref> Zina lakuti Interlingua likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti ''inter'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "pakati", na ''lingua'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "lulimi". Mazgu agha ghakuyana waka mu ciyowoyero ca Interlingua; ntheura ciyowoyero ici cikung'anamura 'pakati pa viyowoyero.' == Chidule == Interlingua yikugomezga pa mazgu agho ghakuyana agho ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vya ku Western Europe, ivyo vinandi vikafuma ku [[Chilatini]] panji vikakhwaskika chomene na chiyowoyero ichi (nga ni [[viyowoyero vya Romance]]). Awo ŵakakhazikiska Interlingua ŵali na "viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga" vinayi, ndipo mwakawiro, lizgu (panji mtundu wake) likwenera kusangika mu vitatu mwa viyowoyero ivi kuti lizomerezgeke mu Interlingua. Viyowoyero ivi ni [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyani]], na kuphatikizika kwa [[Chisipanishi]] na [[Chitogorezi]], ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chimoza chikuru pa ntchito za Interlingua. Kusazgapo apa, [[Chijeremani]] na [[Chirashiya]] vikachemekwa kuti "viyowoyero vyakulongozga vya chiŵiri".{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Nangauli mazgu ghanandi mu Interlingua ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha sono|Neo-Latin]] chifukwa ghakufuma chomene ku Chilatini, mazgu gha Interlingua ghangafuma mu chiyowoyero chilichose, usange ghali kunjira mu viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga nga ni [[mazgu ghakupokera|mazgu ghakupokera]]. Mwachiyelezgero, mazgu gha mu [[Chiyapani]] nga ''[[geisha]]'' na ''[[samurai]]'', kweniso lizgu la mu [[Chifini]] lakuti ''[[sauna]]'', ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mu viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Western Europe, ndipo ntheura ghali mu Interlingua. Mwakuyana waka, lizgu la mu [[Chiyowoyero cha Guugu Yimithirr|Guugu Yimithirr]] lakuti ''gangurru'' likugwiliskirika ntchito mu mtundu wakasintha kufuma ku Chilatini (Interlingua: {{Lang|ia|kanguru}}, Chingelezi: ''[[kangaroo]]'').{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Awo ŵakusunga na kulongozga Interlingua ŵakuyezgayezga kuti galamala ya chiyowoyero ichi yiŵe yipusu ndipo kupanga mazgu kuŵe kwakuyana, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mizi yichoko waka ya mazgu na viwangwa vya mazgu. Ichi chikukhumba kuti chiyowoyero ichi chiŵe chakusambira mwaluŵiro.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} == Mbiri == Mwanakazi wakukhala na usambazi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), wakamba kunweka na [[vyakusambira vya viyowoyero|masambiro gha viyowoyero]] na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska bungwe la kusapota ŵanthu wose la [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA) mu [[New York City]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose waŵe pa maziko ghakukhora gha sayansi. Morris wakapanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku ya IALA pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]].{{sfn|Falk|1995}} Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyero vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵakumanya vinandi. Morris wakakhazikiska IALA kuti yilutilire ntchito iyi.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} === International Auxiliary Language Association === IALA likazgoka gulu likuru ilo likawovwiranga masambiro gha viyowoyero mu America. Kafukufuku munandi wakachitika na Sapir, Collinson, na [[Morris Swadesh]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940, ndipo ndalama zake zikafuma ku IALA. Alice Morris wakawovwirapo pa kusintha kwa kafukufuku uyu ndipo wakapeleka chovwiro chikuru cha ndalama ku IALA.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} Mwachiyelezgero, Morris wakasintha kafukufuku wa Sapir na Morris Swadesh wa mu 1932 uyo wakayerekezganga umo viyowoyero vikupangira mazgu ghaumaliro, kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson wa mu 1937 pa nkhani ya kulongora. IALA likapokeraso chovwiro kufuma ku magulu nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], [[Research Corporation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]].{{sfn|Gopsill|Sexton|2006a}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Mu vyaka vyakwamba, IALA likaghanaghananga ntchito zitatu zikuru: * kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana; * kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyero na [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa umo viyowoyero vikukolerana]]; * kwendeska kuyerekezgera kwa viyowoyero vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, kusazgapo [[Esperanto]], [[Esperanto II]], [[Ido (chiyowoyero)|Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua ya Peano]] (Latino sine flexione), [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue]] (Occidental). Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chakumalizga ichi, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyana pa viyowoyero ivi, pamoza na kuyerekezgera na viyowoyero vya mitundu.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} == Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua == Ntchakumanyikwa yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya na kugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mwakukhazikika.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Viyowoyero vinandi ivyo vikapangika na ŵanthu (kusazgapo ivyo ni vya kupangika) padera pa [[Esperanto]] vili na ŵayowoyi ŵachoko chomene.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990|p=46}} Mu kalembero ka ŵanthu ku Hungary mu 2001, ako kakafumbanga vya viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera mu charu chose cha Hungary ndiwo ŵakati ŵakuyowoya Interlingua.{{cite web|url=https://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html|title=18. Demográfiai adatok – Központi Statisztikai Hivatal|website=www.nepszamlalas2001.hu|lang=hu|trans-title=Demographic Data – Central Statistical Office|access-date=2025-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617000434/http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html |archive-date=2018-06-17|url-status=live}} Ŵakukhozgera Interlingua ŵakuti chandulo chikuru cha chiyowoyero ichi ntchakuti ndicho chingamanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose]], padera pa [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua (IL) de A.p.I.]],{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} chifukwa cha galamala na mazgu ghake agho ghakuyana na viyowoyero vya chilengedwe (mwakupambana na viyowoyero vyakulongosoreka mwadongosolo). Ichi chikovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya chiyowoyero chilichose cha mu gulu la [[viyowoyero vya Romance]] na ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi awo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya kuti ŵaŵazge na kupulikiska Interlingua kwambura kusambira dankha.{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} Masamba gha pa intaneti gha Interlingua ghakusazgapo matembelo gha [[Wikipedia]] na Wiktionary, kweniso magazini ghanyake nga ni ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]]'' kufuma ku Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Pafupifupi vyaka viŵiri-viŵiri, UMI yikupanga ungano wa pa charu chose mu charu chakupambana. Mu chaka icho chili pakati pa maungano agha, mabungwe gha Interlingua gha ku Scandinavia ghakukolerana kupanga ungano ku Sweden, chifukwa pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua mu Scandinavia. Mabungwe gha mu vyaru nga ni Union Brazilian pro Interlingua nagho ghakupanga maungano nyengo zose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}} Interlingua yikusambizgika mu masukulu ghanyake gha sekondale na mayunivesite, nyengo zinyake nga nthowa yakovwilira ŵanthu kusambira viyowoyero vinyake mwaluŵiro, kupereka ulongozgi pa nkhani ya [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyapakati]], panji kumanyiska mazgu gha pa charu chose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991a}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991b}} Mwachiyelezgero, kosi ya masabata ghaŵiri yikasambizgika ku [[University of Granada]] mu [[Spain]] mu 2007.{{cite web|url=https://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/curso-introduccion-a-la-interlinguistica-interlingua-hablado-y-escrito/|title=Curso «Introducción a la Interlingüística. Interlingua hablado y escrito»|lang=es|date=2007-11-07|website=Universidad de Granada|access-date=2025-01-16}} == Kalembero == Interlingua wali na [[kalembero]] iyo yikuyana chomene na umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera. === Alfabeti ya Interlingua === Interlingua yikugwiliskira ntchito malembo 26 gha [[ISO basic Latin alphabet|alfabeti ya Chilatini ya ISO]], kwambura [[diacritic|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/interlingua.htm|title=Interlingua Alphabet|website=Omniglot|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> Alfabeti iyi, umo malembo ghakuyowoyekera mu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|alfabeti ya mazgu ya charu chose (IPA)]], kweniso mazina gha malembo mu Interlingua ni agha: {| class="wikitable" |+ Alfabeti ya Interlingua ! Nambara ||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19||20||21||22||23||24||25||26 |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghakuru]])''|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghachoko]])''|| a || b || c || d || e || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || m || n || o || p || q || r || s || t || u || v || w || x || y || z |- |''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''|| {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|t͡s}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} || {{IPA link|h}}~{{IPA link|∅}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|ʒ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA link|o}} || {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|r}} || {{IPA link|s}}~{{IPA link|z}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|u}} || {{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|k}}{{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|z}} |- |''Mazina''|| a || be || ce || de || e || ef || ge || ha || i || jota || ka || el || em || en || o || pe || cu || er || es || te || u || ve || duple ve || ix || ypsilon || zeta |} {{Notelist}} === Kalembero wakunjilirapo === Buku lakuti ''Grammar of Interlingua'' likulongosora mu chigaŵa 15 za "kalembero wakunjilirapo" (collateral orthography), uyo wakulongosora umo lizgu likwenera kulembekera mu Interlingua para likasinthika na kunjira mu chiyowoyero ichi kwambura kughanaghanira chomene uko lizgu likafumira.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/spell/collat.html|title=''Grammar of Interlingua''}}</ref> == Mazgu gha Interlingua (Phonology) == [[File:Vocabulario scientific international.ogg|thumb|Interlingua yakuyowoyeka]] Interlingua ni chiyowoyero icho chikugwiliskirika chomene pakulemba, ndipo umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera kuti ghali wuli chikupulikikwa mwakuyana yayi pakati pa ŵayowoyi wose. Mazgu agho ghali mu mabokosi ( ) ghakugwiliskirika ntchito yayi na ŵayowoyi wose. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha milomo|gha milomo]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu zino|gha mu zino]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha kuseri kwa zino|gha kuseri kwa zino]] ! [[Mazgu gha pakatikati pa kamwa|gha pakatikati]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu mmero|gha mu mmero]] ! [[Mazgu gha mu khosi|gha mu khosi]] |- ! [[Mazgu gha mphuno|Mazgu gha mphuno]] | colspan="2"| {{IPA link|m}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo|Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo]] | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|d}} | colspan="2"| | | {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusazga|Mazgu gha kusazga]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="3"| ({{IPA link|ts}} ~ {{IPA link|tʃ}}) | rowspan=2| ({{IPA link|d}}){{IPA link|ʒ}} | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusisita|Mazgu gha kusisita]] | {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} ||| | colspan="2"| | ({{IPA link|h}}) |- ! [[Mazgu gha kuyandikira|Mazgu gha kuyandikira]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|l}} | colspan="2"| | {{IPA link|j}} | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|w}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha r|Mazgu gha r]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|r}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! [[Lizgu lakudanga|lakudanga]] ! [[Lizgu lakubwelera|lakubwelera]] |- ! [[Lizgu lakufupi|Lakufupi]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakatikati|Lakati]] | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakujuruka|Lakujuruka]] | colspan=2|{{IPA link|a}} |} === Umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera === Mu nyengo zinandi, [[konsonanti|makonsonanti]] mu Interlingua ghakuyowoyeka nga umo ghakuyowoyekera mu Chingelezi, apo [[vowel|mavawelo]] ghakuyana na gha mu Chisipanishi. Malembo ghaŵiri ghakuyana agho ghali pamoza ghangayowoyeka nga ni lizgu limoza mu Chingelezi panji Chifurenchi, kweni ghangayowoyekaso nga ni mu Chitaliyana kuti ghapulikikwe makora. Interlingua wali na [[diphthong|mazgu gha mavawelo ghaŵiri]] ghakukhilira, agho ni {{IPA|/ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/}}, na {{IPA|/oi/}}.{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} Kweni {{IPA|/ei/}} na {{IPA|/oi/}} ghakuwoneka mwachoko. === Kukanika kwa mazgu (Stress) === Dango likuru ndakuti kukankha kwa lizgu kukuŵa pa wawelo iyo yili panthazi pa konsonanti yakumalizga. Viyelezgero: * {{lang|ia|l'''i'''ngua}} — "chiyowoyero" * {{lang|ia|ess'''e'''r}} — "kuŵa" * {{lang|ia|requirim'''e'''nto}} — "chakukhumbikwa" Mu mazgu gha unandi, lizgu lakumalizga {{lang|ia|-(e)s}} likuleka kupulikikwa pa nkhani ya kukankha. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|l'''i'''nguas}} likukankha malo ghamoza nga ni {{lang|ia|lingua}}. Usange dango ili lingaleka kugwira ntchito, kukankha kukuŵa pa wawelo yakwamba. Pali vyakuleka vichoko: * Mazgu gha zina panji chivumbuzi agho ghamalira na wawelo pamaso pa {{lang|ia|-le}}, {{lang|ia|-ne}}, panji {{lang|ia|-re}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ica/-ico}}, {{lang|ia|-ide/-ido}}, na {{lang|ia|-ula/-ulo}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ic}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachiŵiri kufuma kumaliro. Ŵayowoyi ŵangayowoya mazgu ghose mwakugwiliskira ntchito dango likuru. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|kilom'''e'''tro}} ntchakuzomerezgeka, nangauli {{lang|ia|kil'''o'''metro}} ndiko kukuyowoyeka chomene.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} === Umo mazgu ghakupangikira (Phonotactics) === Interlingua yilije malango ghakulongosoreka chomene pa umo mazgu ghakukhalira pamoza. Kweni nthowa iyo mazgu gha Interlingua ghakusankhikira, iyo yikukhumba kuti mazgu ghaŵe gha pa charu chose, yikupangiska kuti mazgu ghanyake ghaŵe ghapusu kuyowoya kwa ŵasambiri ŵanandi. Para mazgu ghaphya ghapangika, nyengo zinyake mathero ghakuzomerezgeka yayi kusazgikapo kwambura kusintha kanthu. Chiyerezgero ntchakuti mathero gha unandi {{lang|ia|-s}} nyengo zose ghakwamba na wawelo kuti ghaleke kupanga gulu la makonsonanti ilo ntchakusuzga kuyowoya. Usange lizgu la umodzi likumalira pa konsonanti, {{lang|ia|-s}} wakumalira wakusintha kuŵa {{lang|ia|-es}}. === Mazgu ghakubwereka === [[Mazgu ghakubwereka|Mazgu ghakubwereka]] kufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake agho ghandasintheke ghakulembeka umo ghali kulembekera mu chiyowoyero chawo chakufumirako. Malembo ghangaŵa na [[vimanyikwiro vya malembo|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]] panji vimanyikwiro vya kukankha. Usange vimanyikwiro ivi vikusintha yayi umo lizgu likuyowoyekera, vikuchotskeka.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} == Mazgu gha chiyowoyero == Awo ŵakulongozga chiyowoyero cha Interlingua ŵakusora mazgu chifukwa cha umo ghakusangikira na umo ghakugwilira ntchito mu viyowoyero ivyo vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakupima. Ivi ni [[Chisipanishi|Spanish]], [[Chipwitikizi|Portuguese]], [[Chitaliyana|Italian]], [[Chifurenchi|French]], na [[Chingelezi|English]], apo [[Chijeremani|German]] na [[Chirashiya|Russian]] vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakusazgirapo. Mazgu gha Interlingua ghangaŵa ghakufuma ku chiyowoyero chilichose para ghali kufalikira mu viyowoyero vyakupima ivi.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} Spanish na Portuguese, ivyo vyose ni viyowoyero vya ku Iberia, vikupimika nga ni chigaŵa chimoza. Mazgu ghanandi gha Interlingua ghakufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]], apo [[Chigiriki|Greek]] na [[viyowoyero vya Chijeremani|Germanic languages]] ndivyo vikupanga mazgu ghanandi ghakwamba na ghaŵiri. Mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma ku [[viyowoyero vya Chisilavo|Slavic languages]] na viyowoyero ivyo ni vyakuleka ku Indo-European.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} === Umo mazgu ghakuzomerezgeka === Lizgu, ilo ni mazgu ghenecho agho ghali na ng'anamuro, likuzomerezgeka kuŵa mu mazgu gha Interlingua para likusangika mu vinyake vitatu vya viyowoyero vinayi vyakwamba. Chiyowoyero chilichose chachiŵiri chinganjira mu malo mwa chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba. Lizgu lililose la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European ilo likusangika mu chiyowoyero chakupima lingawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke kuŵa lizgu la pa charu chose.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Mu nyengo zinyake, kuŵapo kwa lizgu lakale chomene panji ilo lingawoneka kuti lingazgoka lizgu la sono kungawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke. Lizgu lingawoneka kuti lili mu chiyowoyero para lizgu lakufuma kwa ilo lilipo, kweni lizgu leneko palije. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Chingelezi ''proximity'' likovwira pa lizgu la Interlingua {{lang|ia|proxime}}, ilo likung'anamura "pafupi". Ivi vikuzomerezgeka usange chiyowoyero chimoza panji vinandi vya kupima vili na lizgu lakwambilira ili, ndipo viyowoyero vya Romance vyose vili nalo. Kweni mazgu ghakuŵikika mu Interlingua chifukwa cha kuŵa na mazgu ghakuyana mu viyowoyero vinandi pera yayi. Usange ng'anamuro la lizgu lasintha chomene mu nyengo, lizgu ilo likupimika nga ndakupambana. Kweni usange ling'anamuro limoza panji ghanandi ghakhalilira, lizgu lingazomerezgeka mu Interlingua na ng'anamuro ilo lasungika.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Para nthowa iyi yileka kusanga lizgu la pa charu chose, lizgu la chinthu chinyake likatoranga kufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]]. Ichi chikachitikanga waka na mazgu ghachoko gha vya galamala. === Kapangidwe ka mazgu === Kapangidwe ka lizgu la Interlingua kakuwoneka nga ni "mazgu gha pa charu chose" ghakuyana na mazgu ghanyake. Lizgu likwenera kuŵa lakusangika mwakawiro, kwambura kuŵa na vimanyikwiro vya chiyowoyero chimoza pera. Kweniso likwenera kulongora vinandi ivyo viyowoyero vyose ivyo vikovwira vili navyo. Ntheura, lizgu lingasintha kuŵa mitundu ya viyowoyero vinyake mwakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya chiyowoyero chilichose. Para lizgu lili na mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma kwa ilo mu viyowoyero vyakwambilira, ubwezi wa kapangidwe kawo ukwenera kusungika. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Interlingua la "nyengo" ni {{lang|ia|tempore}}, osati {{lang|ia|*tempus}} panji {{lang|ia|*tempo}}, chifukwa likukolerana na mazgu ghakufuma kwa ilo nga ni {{lang|ia|temporal}}.{{cite}} Vinthu vya chiyowoyero ivyo vikupangiska kupambana kwa mazgu vikukolerana na [[malango gha kusintha kwa mazgu|sound laws]] gha viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mazgu agho ghapangika kanandi ghakuŵa pafupi chomene na umo mazgu ghakale ghakaŵira. Nyengo zinyake ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha ŵanthu|Vulgar Latin]], kweni nyengo zinyake ghangaŵa gha sono.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} == Malango gha chiyowoyero == {{Main|malango gha chiyowoyero cha Interlingua}} Interlingua yikapangika mwakuleka vinthu vyose vya galamala ivyo vikusangika yayi mu chiyowoyero chilichose chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba vyakupima. Ntheura, Interlingua yilije kukolerana kwa [[mazina na mazgu ghakulongosora|zina na lizgu lakulongosora]] mwakuyana na chibabiro, mulandu, panji unandi (nga umo viliri mu Spanish na Portuguese {{lang|es|gatas negras}} panji Italian {{lang|it|gatte nere}}, "ŵamphaka ŵanakazi ŵakufipa"), chifukwa ichi chilije mu Chingelezi. Kweniso yilije nyengo za viliwiro vya vitenzi (nga ni mu Chingelezi ''I am reading''), chifukwa izi zilije mu Chifurenchi. Kweni, Interlingua yikupambaniska mazina gha umoza na unandi chifukwa viyowoyero vyose vyakupima vili na kupambaniska uku.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Pa nkhani ya viyowoyero vyakupima vyachiŵiri, Interlingua yili na mazgu ghakuŵika mazina (articles), mwakupambana na [[Chirashiya|Russian]]. Lizgu lakulongora chinthu chakumanyikwa {{lang|ia|le}} likusintha yayi, nga umo liliri mu Chingelezi ("the"). Mazina ghakuŵavya [[chibabiro cha galamala|jenda ya galamala]].{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Unandi wa mazina ukupangika mwa kusazgirapo ''-s'', panji ''-es'' para lizgu likumalira na konsonanti.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} [[Viimiliri vya munthu|Mazgu ghakuimilira ŵanthu]] ghali na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakuchita chinthu na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakupokera chinthu kweniso wa kujiremekezga. Mu munthu wachitatu, lizgu la kujiremekezga nyengo zose ni {{lang|ia|se}}.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Vimiliri vinandi (adverbs) vikupangika mwakuzomerezgeka kufuma ku mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) mwa kusazgirapo {{lang|ia|-mente}}, panji {{lang|ia|-amente}} para lizgu likumalira na ''-c''. Ntheura, chingapangika chivimiliri kufuma ku lizgu lililose lakulongosora.{{sfn|Brauers|1975}} Vitenzi vili na kawonekero kamoza kwa ŵanthu wose ({{lang|ia|io vive}}, {{lang|ia|tu vive}}, {{lang|ia|illa vive}}, "ine nkhukhala", "iwe ukukhala", "iyo wakukhala"). [[Mubali wakulongora|Mubali wakulongora]] (indicative) ({{lang|ia|pare}}, "wakuwoneka") ukuyana waka na [[mubali wa malango|imperative]] ({{lang|ia|pare!}}, "woneka!"), ndipo palije mubali wa kukhumba panji kudumbiskana (subjunctive).{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Vitenzi vitatu vyakugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi vili na mitundu mifupi mu nyengo ya sono: * {{lang|ia|es}} kwa "ni", "ndine", "ndi"; * {{lang|ia|ha}} kwa "wali na", "ŵali na"; * {{lang|ia|va}} kwa "kwenda", "wakuluta". Pali mitundu yichoko ya vitenzi vyambura kulondezga malango wose, kweni yikugwiliskirika ntchito mwakawiro yayi.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Pali nyengo zinayi zifupi za vitenzi: * sono; * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa (conditional). Kweniso pali nyengo zitatu zakupangika na kovwira: * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa. Kapangidwe ka nyengo izi kakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakovwira pamoza na mtundu wakwamba wa chitenzi panji chigaŵa cha chitenzi chakale (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Ille ha arrivate}}, "Iyo wafika").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Nyengo zifupi na zakupangika zingasazgikana kuti zilonoske nyengo zakusuzga (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Nos haberea morite}}, "Tikaŵa kuti tifikenge pa nyifwa"). Ndondomeko ya mazgu mu sentensi kanandi ni [[wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera|wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera chinthu]], kweni para pali lizgu lakwimira chinthu panji lakujiremekezga, likwiza pambere chitenzi ({{lang|ia|io les vide}}, "ine nkhuŵawona").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) ghangiza pambere panji pamanyuma pa zina ilo ghakulongosora, kweni kanandi ghakuŵa pamanyuma pake.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Malo gha vimiliri (adverbs) mu sentensi ngakusintha-sintha kuyana na fundo ya ng'anamuro.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Galamala ya Interlingua yikulongosoreka kuti yikuyana na galamala ya viyowoyero vya Romance, kweni yasazgikira kuŵa yipusu chomene, chomenechomene chifukwa cha chovwiro cha Chingelezi.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Kafukufuku wa mu 1991 wakayowoya kuti galamala ya Interlingua yikuyana na magalamala ghapusu gha [[Chijapanizi|Japanese]] na chomenechomene [[Chichayina|Chinese]].{{sfn|Yeager|1991b}} F. P. Gopsill wakalemba kuti Interlingua yilije vinthu vyambura kulondezga malango, nangauli ''Interlingua Grammar'' ya Gode yikulongora kuti Interlingua yili na vinthu vichoko vyambura kulondezga malango.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} == Mivvimbi na vimanyikwiro == Nga umo viliri na [[Esperanto]], pali maghanoghano ghakupanga mbumba (flag) ya Interlingua. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192338/https://www.fotw.info/flags/qy-ia.html Mivvimbi ya Interlingua (IALA)] kufuma ku fotw.net (nakusungika pa web)</ref> Maghanoghano gha wakung'anamura wa ku Czech, Karel Podrazil, ghakumanyikwa chomene pa malo gha pa intaneti agho ghali na viyowoyero vinandi. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html |title=Toto super le airbag jachetta e gilet / jachetta e gilet con airbag (invento hungaro) - interlingua - All about Airbag Jacket and Airbag Vest |website=Airbagjacket.eu |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> Mbumba iyi yili na nyenyezi yituŵa ya mphingo zinayi iyo yikufika ku mphaka za mbumba ndipo yikupatura chigaŵa chapachanya cha buluu na chigaŵa chapasi chituŵa cha bofira. Nyenyezi iyi yikwimira vigaŵa vinayi vya charu (kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumadzulo), apo vigaŵa viŵiri vya mbumba vikuyimira ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake awo ŵakumanya kupulikana mu Interlingua. Chimanyikwiro chinyake cha Interlingua ni [[Blue Marble|Charu cha buluu (Blue Marble)]] chakuzingilizgika na nyenyezi 12 pa malo ghafipa panji gha buluu. Ichi chikukolerana na nyenyezi 12 za [[Mbumba ya ku Europe|mbumba ya Europe]] (chifukwa viyowoyero ivyo vikapangiska Interlingua vikufuma ku Europe). <gallery widths=200 heights=130> File:Bandiera de Interlingua.png|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo iyo kanandi yikuwoneka mu gulu la ŵakuyowoya Interlingua File:Flag of Interlingua.svg|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo ya Interlingua iyo Karel Podrazil wakapereka File:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|Mbumba ya Interlingua iyo yikazomerezgeka mwalamulo pa chikumbusko cha vyaka 75<ref name="flag"/><ref name="flagspec"/> </gallery> === Malongosolero gha mbumba === [[File:Construction sheet for the flag of Interlingua.svg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi chakulongora umo mbumba ya Interlingua yikapangikira.]] Mbumba ya Interlingua ni chithuzithuzi cha makona ghanayi (rectangle) icho chiŵerengero cha utali na msinkhu wake ni 2:3, ndipo chigaŵa chitali chikuŵa chakutambalala. <ref name="flagspec" /> Mbumba iyi yili na mitundu yiŵiri: * azure (buluu); * gold (chikasu). Mitundu iyi yikulongosoreka na vinthu ivi: {| class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-collapse: collapse; white-space: nowrap; text-align: left" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |- style="text-align: centre; background: #eee" ! !style="background:#003399"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF"> Buluu (Azure) </span> !style="background:#FFCC00"| Chikasu (Gold) |- | [[Pantone]] | Reflex Blue | Yellow |- | [[RGB color model|RGB]] | <code>#003399</code> | <code>#FFCC00</code> |- | [[CMYK]] | 100.80.0.0 | 0.21.100.0 |- |} Mbumba iyi yili na malo ghose gha buluu, ndipo pakati pali chithuzithuzi cha makona 8 icho chikupanga nyenyezi ya mphingo zinayi ya mtundu wa golide. Usange mbumba iyi yikulongoleka na utali wa 18 na msinkhu wa 12, chithuzithuzi cha pakati chikulongosoreka na manambara agha: [ ⟨0,6⟩ ⟨8,7⟩ ⟨9,12⟩ ⟨10,7⟩ ⟨18,6⟩ ⟨10,5⟩ ⟨9,0⟩ ⟨8,5⟩ ⟨0,6⟩ ]. == Mazuŵa gha vyakulembeka == <references/> == Mabuku na mabuku gha malemba == * {{Cite book |last=Blandino|first=Giovanni|year=1989|title=Philosophia del Cognoscentia e del Scientia|chapter=Le problema del linguas international auxiliari|lang=ia|publisher=[[Pontifical Lateran University|Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis]], [[Pontifical Urban University|Pontificia università urbaniana]]|location=Rome, Italy}} * {{cite book | last = Brauers | first = Karl | year = 1975| title = Grammatica synoptic de Interlingua | publisher = Editiones Interlingua | location = Morges, Switzerland }} * {{cite book |last=Bray |first=Mary Connell |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |chapter="Foreword" and "Acknowledgements"|title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international 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world|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427122501/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/spectroscopia.htm|archive-date=2019-04-27|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|date=2006c|orig-date=2001|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm|title=Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur|lang=ia|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web |first=Thomas|last=Breinstrup|editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2006d |orig-year=2001 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | title = Biographias: Hugh Edward Blair | website = Interlingua|lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428002611/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | archive-date= 2019-04-28 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web 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Routledge|location=London & New York|year=1999}} * {{cite book|first=Sabine|last=Fiedler|editor-first1=Harald |editor-first2=Dmitrij |editor-first3=Peter |editor-first4=Neal R. |editor-last1=Burger |editor-last2=Dobrovol'Skij |editor-last3=Kühn |editor-last4=Norrick |year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung|volume=2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779–788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779|isbn=978-3-11-019831-7 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gode|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Gode|last2=Blair |first2=Hugh E. |author2-link=Hugh E. Blair|title=Interlingua; a grammar of the international language|url=https://archive.org/details/interlinguagramm00gode|access-date=2007-03-05|edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1955|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0186-1|oclc=147452}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1990|title=International languages: a matter for Interlingua|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=0-9511695-6-4|oclc=27813762}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1994|title=Interlingua today: A course for beginners|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=9781898017011}} * {{cite web|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|url=http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua {{!}} 1951-1991|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027145739/http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|archive-date=2009-10-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2025-01-14}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514114352/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|archive-date=2011-05-14|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006a|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|title=Profunde recerca duce a un lingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210152200/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|archive-date=2022-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006b|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|title=Le natura, si – un schema, no|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412014242/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|archive-date=2022-04-12|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006c|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite book|author=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|author-link=International Auxiliary Language Association |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language|url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227051537/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html |archive-date=2007-12-27 |access-date=2010-04-18 |edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1971 |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=0-8044-0188-8|oclc=162319 |url-status=usurped |ref=CITEREFGode1971}} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Alice Vanderbilt|author-link=Alice Vanderbilt Morris|url=http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040702192153/http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-date=2004-07-02|url-status=dead|title=International Auxiliary Language Association General Report 1945|publisher=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|location=New York|year=1945}} * {{cite book|last=Pei|first=Mario|author-link=Mario Pei|title=One Language for the World and How To Achieve It|publisher= [[Devin-Adair Publishing Company|Devin-Adair]]|location= New York|year=1958}} * {{cite book|last1=Sexton|first1=Brian C.|last2= Wilgenhoff|first2=Karel|first3=F. Peter|last3=Gopsill|title=Supplementary Interlingua-English Dictionary|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=Sheffield|year= 1991}} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991a | chapter = The Interlingua of IALA: From "the linguists' project" of 1951 to the working "tool of international scientific communication" of 1981 | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991b | chapter = Utilisation de Interlingua in le inseniamento de linguas | trans-chapter=Utilization of Interlingua in the teaching of languages | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} *{{cite book| last1 = Stillman | first1 = E. Clark | last2 = Gode von Aesch | first2 = Alexander | chapter = Le tres principios principal del standardization international in interlingua | language = ia | title = Interlinguistic standardization | location = New York | publisher = International Auxiliary Language Association | year = 1943 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131210/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-date= 2008-05-15 | url-status = live | pages = Articles 82–100 | translator-last= Mulaik | translator-first= Stanley A. | translator-link= Stanley A. Mulaik }} * {{cite web|author=Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI)|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |title=Interlingua 2001: communication sin frontieras durante 50 annos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422101259/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |archive-date=2015-04-22|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|lang=ia }} * {{cite book | last = Wilgenhof | first = Karel | year = 1995 | title = Grammatica de Interlingua | publisher = Union Mundial pro Interlingua | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands}} * {{cite book|last=Yeager|first=Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager|year=1991a|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua|lang=ia}} * {{cite book | last = Yeager | first = Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager| year = 1991b | chapter = Artificialitate, ethnocentrismo, e le linguas oriental: Le caso de Interlingua |trans-chapter=Artificiality, ethnocentrism, and the Oriental languages: The case of Interlingua| title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI}} {{Constructed languages}} [[Category:Interlingua]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana| ]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakovwira vya pa charu chose]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakukolerana]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika vikayambiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950]] [[Category:1951 mazgu ghakwamba]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vya chitemwa]] 55vm2ezxm9l1ddx3o13b9m8cp8jzoap 117935 117934 2026-07-24T07:21:15Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua */ 117935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Interlingua | nativename = {{lang|ia|interlingua}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-art|inteɾˈliŋɡwa|}} | speakers = A few hundred | date = 2007 | ref = <ref name="Fiedler">{{cite book|first1=Sabine|last1=Fiedler|year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, Volume 2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779-788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779}}</ref> | familycolor = | fam1 = [[Chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose]] | creator = [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] | created = 1951 | setting = Kulembeka kwa mazgu gha sayansi gha pa charu chose; [[chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose]] | posteriori = '''Viyowoyelo vyakufuma ku vyakale''': [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyana]], [[Chipwitikizi]], na [[Chisipanishi]]. | script = [[Malembo gha Chilatini]] | agency = Palije bungwe lakulamulira | iso1 = ia | iso2 = ina | iso3 = ina | image = Bandiera de Interlingua.svg | imagescale = | imagecaption = Official Interlingua flag<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Presentation del bandiera official de interlingua |language=ia |url=https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2026-01-16-interlingua-75-annos-bandiera/ |publisher=[[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref> | notice = IPA | glotto = inte1239 | glottorefname = Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) }} '''Interlingua''' (/ɪntərˈlɪŋɡwə/) ni chiyowoyelo chakuwovwira cha pa charu chose (IAL) icho chikapangika pakati pa 1937 na 1951 na American ''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Ni ciyowoyero cakupangika na ŵanthu, ndipo mazgu ghake, kalembero kake, na vinyake ivyo vikucitika mu ciyowoyero ici vikufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake. Mabuku gha '''Interlingua''' ghakulongosora kuti (kulembeka) kwa Interlingua kukupulikikwa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yeager|first1=Leland B.|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|year=1991|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua}}</ref> nangauli ni ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Interlingua yikapangika kuti yikolerane na viyowoyelo vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo ŵasambire viyowoyero ivi.<ref name="iala1971">{{harvnb|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}}</ref><ref name="breinstrup-beginners">Breinstrup, Thomas, Preface, [http://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Prefacio%20-%20Contento.pdf ''Interlingua course for beginners''], Bilthoven, Netherlands: Union Mundial pro Interlingua, 2006.</ref> Zina lakuti Interlingua likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti ''inter'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "pakati", na ''lingua'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "lulimi". Mazgu agha ghakuyana waka mu ciyowoyero ca Interlingua; ntheura ciyowoyero ici cikung'anamura 'pakati pa viyowoyero.' == Chidule == Interlingua yikugomezga pa mazgu agho ghakuyana agho ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vya ku Western Europe, ivyo vinandi vikafuma ku [[Chilatini]] panji vikakhwaskika chomene na chiyowoyero ichi (nga ni [[viyowoyero vya Romance]]). Awo ŵakakhazikiska Interlingua ŵali na "viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga" vinayi, ndipo mwakawiro, lizgu (panji mtundu wake) likwenera kusangika mu vitatu mwa viyowoyero ivi kuti lizomerezgeke mu Interlingua. Viyowoyero ivi ni [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyani]], na kuphatikizika kwa [[Chisipanishi]] na [[Chitogorezi]], ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chimoza chikuru pa ntchito za Interlingua. Kusazgapo apa, [[Chijeremani]] na [[Chirashiya]] vikachemekwa kuti "viyowoyero vyakulongozga vya chiŵiri".{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Nangauli mazgu ghanandi mu Interlingua ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha sono|Neo-Latin]] chifukwa ghakufuma chomene ku Chilatini, mazgu gha Interlingua ghangafuma mu chiyowoyero chilichose, usange ghali kunjira mu viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga nga ni [[mazgu ghakupokera|mazgu ghakupokera]]. Mwachiyelezgero, mazgu gha mu [[Chiyapani]] nga ''[[geisha]]'' na ''[[samurai]]'', kweniso lizgu la mu [[Chifini]] lakuti ''[[sauna]]'', ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mu viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Western Europe, ndipo ntheura ghali mu Interlingua. Mwakuyana waka, lizgu la mu [[Chiyowoyero cha Guugu Yimithirr|Guugu Yimithirr]] lakuti ''gangurru'' likugwiliskirika ntchito mu mtundu wakasintha kufuma ku Chilatini (Interlingua: {{Lang|ia|kanguru}}, Chingelezi: ''[[kangaroo]]'').{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Awo ŵakusunga na kulongozga Interlingua ŵakuyezgayezga kuti galamala ya chiyowoyero ichi yiŵe yipusu ndipo kupanga mazgu kuŵe kwakuyana, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mizi yichoko waka ya mazgu na viwangwa vya mazgu. Ichi chikukhumba kuti chiyowoyero ichi chiŵe chakusambira mwaluŵiro.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} == Mbiri == Mwanakazi wakukhala na usambazi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), wakamba kunweka na [[vyakusambira vya viyowoyero|masambiro gha viyowoyero]] na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska bungwe la kusapota ŵanthu wose la [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA) mu [[New York City]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose waŵe pa maziko ghakukhora gha sayansi. Morris wakapanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku ya IALA pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]].{{sfn|Falk|1995}} Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyero vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵakumanya vinandi. Morris wakakhazikiska IALA kuti yilutilire ntchito iyi.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} === International Auxiliary Language Association === IALA likazgoka gulu likuru ilo likawovwiranga masambiro gha viyowoyero mu America. Kafukufuku munandi wakachitika na Sapir, Collinson, na [[Morris Swadesh]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940, ndipo ndalama zake zikafuma ku IALA. Alice Morris wakawovwirapo pa kusintha kwa kafukufuku uyu ndipo wakapeleka chovwiro chikuru cha ndalama ku IALA.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} Mwachiyelezgero, Morris wakasintha kafukufuku wa Sapir na Morris Swadesh wa mu 1932 uyo wakayerekezganga umo viyowoyero vikupangira mazgu ghaumaliro, kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson wa mu 1937 pa nkhani ya kulongora. IALA likapokeraso chovwiro kufuma ku magulu nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], [[Research Corporation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]].{{sfn|Gopsill|Sexton|2006a}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Mu vyaka vyakwamba, IALA likaghanaghananga ntchito zitatu zikuru: * kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana; * kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyero na [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa umo viyowoyero vikukolerana]]; * kwendeska kuyerekezgera kwa viyowoyero vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, kusazgapo [[Esperanto]], [[Esperanto II]], [[Ido (chiyowoyero)|Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua ya Peano]] (Latino sine flexione), [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue]] (Occidental). Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chakumalizga ichi, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyana pa viyowoyero ivi, pamoza na kuyerekezgera na viyowoyero vya mitundu.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} == Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua == Ntchakumanyikwa yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya na kugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mwakukhazikika.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Viyowoyero vinandi ivyo vikapangika na ŵanthu (kusazgapo ivyo ni vya kupangika) padera pa [[Esperanto]] vili na ŵayowoyi ŵachoko chomene.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990|p=46}} Mu kalembero ka ŵanthu ku Hungary mu 2001, ako kakafumbanga vya viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera mu charu chose cha Hungary ndiwo ŵakati ŵakuyowoya Interlingua.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html|title=18. Demográfiai adatok – Központi Statisztikai Hivatal|website=www.nepszamlalas2001.hu|lang=hu|trans-title=Demographic Data – Central Statistical Office|access-date=2025-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617000434/http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html |archive-date=2018-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵakukhozgera Interlingua ŵakuti chandulo chikuru cha chiyowoyero ichi ntchakuti ndicho chingamanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose]], padera pa [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua (IL) de A.p.I.]],{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} chifukwa cha galamala na mazgu ghake agho ghakuyana na viyowoyero vya chilengedwe (mwakupambana na viyowoyero vyakulongosoreka mwadongosolo). Ichi chikovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya chiyowoyero chilichose cha mu gulu la [[viyowoyero vya Romance]] na ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi awo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya kuti ŵaŵazge na kupulikiska Interlingua kwambura kusambira dankha.{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} Masamba gha pa intaneti gha Interlingua ghakusazgapo matembelo gha [[Wikipedia]] na Wiktionary, kweniso magazini ghanyake nga ni ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]]'' kufuma ku Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Pafupifupi vyaka viŵiri-viŵiri, UMI yikupanga ungano wa pa charu chose mu charu chakupambana. Mu chaka icho chili pakati pa maungano agha, mabungwe gha Interlingua gha ku Scandinavia ghakukolerana kupanga ungano ku Sweden, chifukwa pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua mu Scandinavia. Mabungwe gha mu vyaru nga ni Union Brazilian pro Interlingua nagho ghakupanga maungano nyengo zose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}} Interlingua yikusambizgika mu masukulu ghanyake gha sekondale na mayunivesite, nyengo zinyake nga nthowa yakovwilira ŵanthu kusambira viyowoyero vinyake mwaluŵiro, kupereka ulongozgi pa nkhani ya [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyapakati]], panji kumanyiska mazgu gha pa charu chose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991a}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991b}} Mwachiyelezgero, kosi ya masabata ghaŵiri yikasambizgika ku [[University of Granada]] mu [[Spain]] mu 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/curso-introduccion-a-la-interlinguistica-interlingua-hablado-y-escrito/|title=Curso «Introducción a la Interlingüística. Interlingua hablado y escrito»|lang=es|date=2007-11-07|website=Universidad de Granada|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> == Kalembero == Interlingua wali na [[kalembero]] iyo yikuyana chomene na umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera. === Alfabeti ya Interlingua === Interlingua yikugwiliskira ntchito malembo 26 gha [[ISO basic Latin alphabet|alfabeti ya Chilatini ya ISO]], kwambura [[diacritic|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/interlingua.htm|title=Interlingua Alphabet|website=Omniglot|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> Alfabeti iyi, umo malembo ghakuyowoyekera mu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|alfabeti ya mazgu ya charu chose (IPA)]], kweniso mazina gha malembo mu Interlingua ni agha: {| class="wikitable" |+ Alfabeti ya Interlingua ! Nambara ||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19||20||21||22||23||24||25||26 |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghakuru]])''|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghachoko]])''|| a || b || c || d || e || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || m || n || o || p || q || r || s || t || u || v || w || x || y || z |- |''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''|| {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|t͡s}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} || {{IPA link|h}}~{{IPA link|∅}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|ʒ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA link|o}} || {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|r}} || {{IPA link|s}}~{{IPA link|z}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|u}} || {{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|k}}{{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|z}} |- |''Mazina''|| a || be || ce || de || e || ef || ge || ha || i || jota || ka || el || em || en || o || pe || cu || er || es || te || u || ve || duple ve || ix || ypsilon || zeta |} {{Notelist}} === Kalembero wakunjilirapo === Buku lakuti ''Grammar of Interlingua'' likulongosora mu chigaŵa 15 za "kalembero wakunjilirapo" (collateral orthography), uyo wakulongosora umo lizgu likwenera kulembekera mu Interlingua para likasinthika na kunjira mu chiyowoyero ichi kwambura kughanaghanira chomene uko lizgu likafumira.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/spell/collat.html|title=''Grammar of Interlingua''}}</ref> == Mazgu gha Interlingua (Phonology) == [[File:Vocabulario scientific international.ogg|thumb|Interlingua yakuyowoyeka]] Interlingua ni chiyowoyero icho chikugwiliskirika chomene pakulemba, ndipo umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera kuti ghali wuli chikupulikikwa mwakuyana yayi pakati pa ŵayowoyi wose. Mazgu agho ghali mu mabokosi ( ) ghakugwiliskirika ntchito yayi na ŵayowoyi wose. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha milomo|gha milomo]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu zino|gha mu zino]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha kuseri kwa zino|gha kuseri kwa zino]] ! [[Mazgu gha pakatikati pa kamwa|gha pakatikati]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu mmero|gha mu mmero]] ! [[Mazgu gha mu khosi|gha mu khosi]] |- ! [[Mazgu gha mphuno|Mazgu gha mphuno]] | colspan="2"| {{IPA link|m}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo|Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo]] | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|d}} | colspan="2"| | | {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusazga|Mazgu gha kusazga]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="3"| ({{IPA link|ts}} ~ {{IPA link|tʃ}}) | rowspan=2| ({{IPA link|d}}){{IPA link|ʒ}} | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusisita|Mazgu gha kusisita]] | {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} ||| | colspan="2"| | ({{IPA link|h}}) |- ! [[Mazgu gha kuyandikira|Mazgu gha kuyandikira]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|l}} | colspan="2"| | {{IPA link|j}} | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|w}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha r|Mazgu gha r]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|r}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! [[Lizgu lakudanga|lakudanga]] ! [[Lizgu lakubwelera|lakubwelera]] |- ! [[Lizgu lakufupi|Lakufupi]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakatikati|Lakati]] | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakujuruka|Lakujuruka]] | colspan=2|{{IPA link|a}} |} === Umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera === Mu nyengo zinandi, [[konsonanti|makonsonanti]] mu Interlingua ghakuyowoyeka nga umo ghakuyowoyekera mu Chingelezi, apo [[vowel|mavawelo]] ghakuyana na gha mu Chisipanishi. Malembo ghaŵiri ghakuyana agho ghali pamoza ghangayowoyeka nga ni lizgu limoza mu Chingelezi panji Chifurenchi, kweni ghangayowoyekaso nga ni mu Chitaliyana kuti ghapulikikwe makora. Interlingua wali na [[diphthong|mazgu gha mavawelo ghaŵiri]] ghakukhilira, agho ni {{IPA|/ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/}}, na {{IPA|/oi/}}.{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} Kweni {{IPA|/ei/}} na {{IPA|/oi/}} ghakuwoneka mwachoko. === Kukanika kwa mazgu (Stress) === Dango likuru ndakuti kukankha kwa lizgu kukuŵa pa wawelo iyo yili panthazi pa konsonanti yakumalizga. Viyelezgero: * {{lang|ia|l'''i'''ngua}} — "chiyowoyero" * {{lang|ia|ess'''e'''r}} — "kuŵa" * {{lang|ia|requirim'''e'''nto}} — "chakukhumbikwa" Mu mazgu gha unandi, lizgu lakumalizga {{lang|ia|-(e)s}} likuleka kupulikikwa pa nkhani ya kukankha. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|l'''i'''nguas}} likukankha malo ghamoza nga ni {{lang|ia|lingua}}. Usange dango ili lingaleka kugwira ntchito, kukankha kukuŵa pa wawelo yakwamba. Pali vyakuleka vichoko: * Mazgu gha zina panji chivumbuzi agho ghamalira na wawelo pamaso pa {{lang|ia|-le}}, {{lang|ia|-ne}}, panji {{lang|ia|-re}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ica/-ico}}, {{lang|ia|-ide/-ido}}, na {{lang|ia|-ula/-ulo}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ic}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachiŵiri kufuma kumaliro. Ŵayowoyi ŵangayowoya mazgu ghose mwakugwiliskira ntchito dango likuru. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|kilom'''e'''tro}} ntchakuzomerezgeka, nangauli {{lang|ia|kil'''o'''metro}} ndiko kukuyowoyeka chomene.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} === Umo mazgu ghakupangikira (Phonotactics) === Interlingua yilije malango ghakulongosoreka chomene pa umo mazgu ghakukhalira pamoza. Kweni nthowa iyo mazgu gha Interlingua ghakusankhikira, iyo yikukhumba kuti mazgu ghaŵe gha pa charu chose, yikupangiska kuti mazgu ghanyake ghaŵe ghapusu kuyowoya kwa ŵasambiri ŵanandi. Para mazgu ghaphya ghapangika, nyengo zinyake mathero ghakuzomerezgeka yayi kusazgikapo kwambura kusintha kanthu. Chiyerezgero ntchakuti mathero gha unandi {{lang|ia|-s}} nyengo zose ghakwamba na wawelo kuti ghaleke kupanga gulu la makonsonanti ilo ntchakusuzga kuyowoya. Usange lizgu la umodzi likumalira pa konsonanti, {{lang|ia|-s}} wakumalira wakusintha kuŵa {{lang|ia|-es}}. === Mazgu ghakubwereka === [[Mazgu ghakubwereka|Mazgu ghakubwereka]] kufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake agho ghandasintheke ghakulembeka umo ghali kulembekera mu chiyowoyero chawo chakufumirako. Malembo ghangaŵa na [[vimanyikwiro vya malembo|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]] panji vimanyikwiro vya kukankha. Usange vimanyikwiro ivi vikusintha yayi umo lizgu likuyowoyekera, vikuchotskeka.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} == Mazgu gha chiyowoyero == Awo ŵakulongozga chiyowoyero cha Interlingua ŵakusora mazgu chifukwa cha umo ghakusangikira na umo ghakugwilira ntchito mu viyowoyero ivyo vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakupima. Ivi ni [[Chisipanishi|Spanish]], [[Chipwitikizi|Portuguese]], [[Chitaliyana|Italian]], [[Chifurenchi|French]], na [[Chingelezi|English]], apo [[Chijeremani|German]] na [[Chirashiya|Russian]] vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakusazgirapo. Mazgu gha Interlingua ghangaŵa ghakufuma ku chiyowoyero chilichose para ghali kufalikira mu viyowoyero vyakupima ivi.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} Spanish na Portuguese, ivyo vyose ni viyowoyero vya ku Iberia, vikupimika nga ni chigaŵa chimoza. Mazgu ghanandi gha Interlingua ghakufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]], apo [[Chigiriki|Greek]] na [[viyowoyero vya Chijeremani|Germanic languages]] ndivyo vikupanga mazgu ghanandi ghakwamba na ghaŵiri. Mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma ku [[viyowoyero vya Chisilavo|Slavic languages]] na viyowoyero ivyo ni vyakuleka ku Indo-European.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} === Umo mazgu ghakuzomerezgeka === Lizgu, ilo ni mazgu ghenecho agho ghali na ng'anamuro, likuzomerezgeka kuŵa mu mazgu gha Interlingua para likusangika mu vinyake vitatu vya viyowoyero vinayi vyakwamba. Chiyowoyero chilichose chachiŵiri chinganjira mu malo mwa chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba. Lizgu lililose la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European ilo likusangika mu chiyowoyero chakupima lingawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke kuŵa lizgu la pa charu chose.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Mu nyengo zinyake, kuŵapo kwa lizgu lakale chomene panji ilo lingawoneka kuti lingazgoka lizgu la sono kungawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke. Lizgu lingawoneka kuti lili mu chiyowoyero para lizgu lakufuma kwa ilo lilipo, kweni lizgu leneko palije. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Chingelezi ''proximity'' likovwira pa lizgu la Interlingua {{lang|ia|proxime}}, ilo likung'anamura "pafupi". Ivi vikuzomerezgeka usange chiyowoyero chimoza panji vinandi vya kupima vili na lizgu lakwambilira ili, ndipo viyowoyero vya Romance vyose vili nalo. Kweni mazgu ghakuŵikika mu Interlingua chifukwa cha kuŵa na mazgu ghakuyana mu viyowoyero vinandi pera yayi. Usange ng'anamuro la lizgu lasintha chomene mu nyengo, lizgu ilo likupimika nga ndakupambana. Kweni usange ling'anamuro limoza panji ghanandi ghakhalilira, lizgu lingazomerezgeka mu Interlingua na ng'anamuro ilo lasungika.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Para nthowa iyi yileka kusanga lizgu la pa charu chose, lizgu la chinthu chinyake likatoranga kufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]]. Ichi chikachitikanga waka na mazgu ghachoko gha vya galamala. === Kapangidwe ka mazgu === Kapangidwe ka lizgu la Interlingua kakuwoneka nga ni "mazgu gha pa charu chose" ghakuyana na mazgu ghanyake. Lizgu likwenera kuŵa lakusangika mwakawiro, kwambura kuŵa na vimanyikwiro vya chiyowoyero chimoza pera. Kweniso likwenera kulongora vinandi ivyo viyowoyero vyose ivyo vikovwira vili navyo. Ntheura, lizgu lingasintha kuŵa mitundu ya viyowoyero vinyake mwakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya chiyowoyero chilichose. Para lizgu lili na mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma kwa ilo mu viyowoyero vyakwambilira, ubwezi wa kapangidwe kawo ukwenera kusungika. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Interlingua la "nyengo" ni {{lang|ia|tempore}}, osati {{lang|ia|*tempus}} panji {{lang|ia|*tempo}}, chifukwa likukolerana na mazgu ghakufuma kwa ilo nga ni {{lang|ia|temporal}}.{{cite}} Vinthu vya chiyowoyero ivyo vikupangiska kupambana kwa mazgu vikukolerana na [[malango gha kusintha kwa mazgu|sound laws]] gha viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mazgu agho ghapangika kanandi ghakuŵa pafupi chomene na umo mazgu ghakale ghakaŵira. Nyengo zinyake ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha ŵanthu|Vulgar Latin]], kweni nyengo zinyake ghangaŵa gha sono.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} == Malango gha chiyowoyero == {{Main|malango gha chiyowoyero cha Interlingua}} Interlingua yikapangika mwakuleka vinthu vyose vya galamala ivyo vikusangika yayi mu chiyowoyero chilichose chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba vyakupima. Ntheura, Interlingua yilije kukolerana kwa [[mazina na mazgu ghakulongosora|zina na lizgu lakulongosora]] mwakuyana na chibabiro, mulandu, panji unandi (nga umo viliri mu Spanish na Portuguese {{lang|es|gatas negras}} panji Italian {{lang|it|gatte nere}}, "ŵamphaka ŵanakazi ŵakufipa"), chifukwa ichi chilije mu Chingelezi. Kweniso yilije nyengo za viliwiro vya vitenzi (nga ni mu Chingelezi ''I am reading''), chifukwa izi zilije mu Chifurenchi. Kweni, Interlingua yikupambaniska mazina gha umoza na unandi chifukwa viyowoyero vyose vyakupima vili na kupambaniska uku.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Pa nkhani ya viyowoyero vyakupima vyachiŵiri, Interlingua yili na mazgu ghakuŵika mazina (articles), mwakupambana na [[Chirashiya|Russian]]. Lizgu lakulongora chinthu chakumanyikwa {{lang|ia|le}} likusintha yayi, nga umo liliri mu Chingelezi ("the"). Mazina ghakuŵavya [[chibabiro cha galamala|jenda ya galamala]].{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Unandi wa mazina ukupangika mwa kusazgirapo ''-s'', panji ''-es'' para lizgu likumalira na konsonanti.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} [[Viimiliri vya munthu|Mazgu ghakuimilira ŵanthu]] ghali na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakuchita chinthu na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakupokera chinthu kweniso wa kujiremekezga. Mu munthu wachitatu, lizgu la kujiremekezga nyengo zose ni {{lang|ia|se}}.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Vimiliri vinandi (adverbs) vikupangika mwakuzomerezgeka kufuma ku mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) mwa kusazgirapo {{lang|ia|-mente}}, panji {{lang|ia|-amente}} para lizgu likumalira na ''-c''. Ntheura, chingapangika chivimiliri kufuma ku lizgu lililose lakulongosora.{{sfn|Brauers|1975}} Vitenzi vili na kawonekero kamoza kwa ŵanthu wose ({{lang|ia|io vive}}, {{lang|ia|tu vive}}, {{lang|ia|illa vive}}, "ine nkhukhala", "iwe ukukhala", "iyo wakukhala"). [[Mubali wakulongora|Mubali wakulongora]] (indicative) ({{lang|ia|pare}}, "wakuwoneka") ukuyana waka na [[mubali wa malango|imperative]] ({{lang|ia|pare!}}, "woneka!"), ndipo palije mubali wa kukhumba panji kudumbiskana (subjunctive).{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Vitenzi vitatu vyakugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi vili na mitundu mifupi mu nyengo ya sono: * {{lang|ia|es}} kwa "ni", "ndine", "ndi"; * {{lang|ia|ha}} kwa "wali na", "ŵali na"; * {{lang|ia|va}} kwa "kwenda", "wakuluta". Pali mitundu yichoko ya vitenzi vyambura kulondezga malango wose, kweni yikugwiliskirika ntchito mwakawiro yayi.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Pali nyengo zinayi zifupi za vitenzi: * sono; * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa (conditional). Kweniso pali nyengo zitatu zakupangika na kovwira: * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa. Kapangidwe ka nyengo izi kakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakovwira pamoza na mtundu wakwamba wa chitenzi panji chigaŵa cha chitenzi chakale (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Ille ha arrivate}}, "Iyo wafika").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Nyengo zifupi na zakupangika zingasazgikana kuti zilonoske nyengo zakusuzga (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Nos haberea morite}}, "Tikaŵa kuti tifikenge pa nyifwa"). Ndondomeko ya mazgu mu sentensi kanandi ni [[wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera|wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera chinthu]], kweni para pali lizgu lakwimira chinthu panji lakujiremekezga, likwiza pambere chitenzi ({{lang|ia|io les vide}}, "ine nkhuŵawona").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) ghangiza pambere panji pamanyuma pa zina ilo ghakulongosora, kweni kanandi ghakuŵa pamanyuma pake.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Malo gha vimiliri (adverbs) mu sentensi ngakusintha-sintha kuyana na fundo ya ng'anamuro.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Galamala ya Interlingua yikulongosoreka kuti yikuyana na galamala ya viyowoyero vya Romance, kweni yasazgikira kuŵa yipusu chomene, chomenechomene chifukwa cha chovwiro cha Chingelezi.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Kafukufuku wa mu 1991 wakayowoya kuti galamala ya Interlingua yikuyana na magalamala ghapusu gha [[Chijapanizi|Japanese]] na chomenechomene [[Chichayina|Chinese]].{{sfn|Yeager|1991b}} F. P. Gopsill wakalemba kuti Interlingua yilije vinthu vyambura kulondezga malango, nangauli ''Interlingua Grammar'' ya Gode yikulongora kuti Interlingua yili na vinthu vichoko vyambura kulondezga malango.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} == Mivvimbi na vimanyikwiro == Nga umo viliri na [[Esperanto]], pali maghanoghano ghakupanga mbumba (flag) ya Interlingua. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192338/https://www.fotw.info/flags/qy-ia.html Mivvimbi ya Interlingua (IALA)] kufuma ku fotw.net (nakusungika pa web)</ref> Maghanoghano gha wakung'anamura wa ku Czech, Karel Podrazil, ghakumanyikwa chomene pa malo gha pa intaneti agho ghali na viyowoyero vinandi. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html |title=Toto super le airbag jachetta e gilet / jachetta e gilet con airbag (invento hungaro) - interlingua - All about Airbag Jacket and Airbag Vest |website=Airbagjacket.eu |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> Mbumba iyi yili na nyenyezi yituŵa ya mphingo zinayi iyo yikufika ku mphaka za mbumba ndipo yikupatura chigaŵa chapachanya cha buluu na chigaŵa chapasi chituŵa cha bofira. Nyenyezi iyi yikwimira vigaŵa vinayi vya charu (kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumadzulo), apo vigaŵa viŵiri vya mbumba vikuyimira ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake awo ŵakumanya kupulikana mu Interlingua. Chimanyikwiro chinyake cha Interlingua ni [[Blue Marble|Charu cha buluu (Blue Marble)]] chakuzingilizgika na nyenyezi 12 pa malo ghafipa panji gha buluu. Ichi chikukolerana na nyenyezi 12 za [[Mbumba ya ku Europe|mbumba ya Europe]] (chifukwa viyowoyero ivyo vikapangiska Interlingua vikufuma ku Europe). <gallery widths=200 heights=130> File:Bandiera de Interlingua.png|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo iyo kanandi yikuwoneka mu gulu la ŵakuyowoya Interlingua File:Flag of Interlingua.svg|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo ya Interlingua iyo Karel Podrazil wakapereka File:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|Mbumba ya Interlingua iyo yikazomerezgeka mwalamulo pa chikumbusko cha vyaka 75<ref name="flag"/><ref name="flagspec"/> </gallery> === Malongosolero gha mbumba === [[File:Construction sheet for the flag of Interlingua.svg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi chakulongora umo mbumba ya Interlingua yikapangikira.]] Mbumba ya Interlingua ni chithuzithuzi cha makona ghanayi (rectangle) icho chiŵerengero cha utali na msinkhu wake ni 2:3, ndipo chigaŵa chitali chikuŵa chakutambalala. <ref name="flagspec" /> Mbumba iyi yili na mitundu yiŵiri: * azure (buluu); * gold (chikasu). Mitundu iyi yikulongosoreka na vinthu ivi: {| class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-collapse: collapse; white-space: nowrap; text-align: left" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |- style="text-align: centre; background: #eee" ! !style="background:#003399"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF"> Buluu (Azure) </span> !style="background:#FFCC00"| Chikasu (Gold) |- | [[Pantone]] | Reflex Blue | Yellow |- | [[RGB color model|RGB]] | <code>#003399</code> | <code>#FFCC00</code> |- | [[CMYK]] | 100.80.0.0 | 0.21.100.0 |- |} Mbumba iyi yili na malo ghose gha buluu, ndipo pakati pali chithuzithuzi cha makona 8 icho chikupanga nyenyezi ya mphingo zinayi ya mtundu wa golide. Usange mbumba iyi yikulongoleka na utali wa 18 na msinkhu wa 12, chithuzithuzi cha pakati chikulongosoreka na manambara agha: [ ⟨0,6⟩ ⟨8,7⟩ ⟨9,12⟩ ⟨10,7⟩ ⟨18,6⟩ ⟨10,5⟩ ⟨9,0⟩ ⟨8,5⟩ ⟨0,6⟩ ]. == Mazuŵa gha vyakulembeka == <references/> == Mabuku na mabuku gha malemba == * {{Cite book |last=Blandino|first=Giovanni|year=1989|title=Philosophia del Cognoscentia e del Scientia|chapter=Le problema del linguas international auxiliari|lang=ia|publisher=[[Pontifical Lateran University|Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis]], [[Pontifical Urban University|Pontificia università urbaniana]]|location=Rome, Italy}} * {{cite book | last = Brauers | first = Karl | year = 1975| title = Grammatica synoptic de Interlingua | publisher = Editiones Interlingua | location = Morges, Switzerland }} * {{cite book |last=Bray |first=Mary Connell |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |chapter="Foreword" and "Acknowledgements"|title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international 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world|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427122501/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/spectroscopia.htm|archive-date=2019-04-27|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|date=2006c|orig-date=2001|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm|title=Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur|lang=ia|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web |first=Thomas|last=Breinstrup|editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2006d |orig-year=2001 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | title = Biographias: Hugh Edward Blair | website = Interlingua|lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428002611/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | archive-date= 2019-04-28 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web 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2006-10-16 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web |editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2012 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm | title = Biographias: Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch | website = Interlingua|orig-year=2001 |lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101324/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm | archive-date= 2011-05-14 | url-status = live }} *{{cite journal|last=Falk|first=Julia S.|title=Words without grammar: Linguists and the international language movement in the United States|journal=Language and Communication|volume=15|issue=3|pages=241–259|publisher=Pergamon|year=1995|doi=10.1016/0271-5309(95)00010-N}} * {{cite book|last=Falk|first= Julia S.|title=Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century.|publisher= Routledge|location=London & New York|year=1999}} * {{cite book|first=Sabine|last=Fiedler|editor-first1=Harald |editor-first2=Dmitrij |editor-first3=Peter |editor-first4=Neal R. |editor-last1=Burger |editor-last2=Dobrovol'Skij |editor-last3=Kühn |editor-last4=Norrick |year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung|volume=2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779–788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779|isbn=978-3-11-019831-7 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gode|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Gode|last2=Blair |first2=Hugh E. |author2-link=Hugh E. Blair|title=Interlingua; a grammar of the international language|url=https://archive.org/details/interlinguagramm00gode|access-date=2007-03-05|edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1955|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0186-1|oclc=147452}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1990|title=International languages: a matter for Interlingua|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=0-9511695-6-4|oclc=27813762}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1994|title=Interlingua today: A course for beginners|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=9781898017011}} * {{cite web|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|url=http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua {{!}} 1951-1991|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027145739/http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|archive-date=2009-10-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2025-01-14}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514114352/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|archive-date=2011-05-14|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006a|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|title=Profunde recerca duce a un lingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210152200/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|archive-date=2022-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006b|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|title=Le natura, si – un schema, no|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412014242/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|archive-date=2022-04-12|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006c|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite book|author=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|author-link=International Auxiliary Language Association |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language|url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227051537/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html |archive-date=2007-12-27 |access-date=2010-04-18 |edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1971 |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=0-8044-0188-8|oclc=162319 |url-status=usurped |ref=CITEREFGode1971}} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Alice Vanderbilt|author-link=Alice Vanderbilt Morris|url=http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040702192153/http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-date=2004-07-02|url-status=dead|title=International Auxiliary Language Association General Report 1945|publisher=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|location=New York|year=1945}} * {{cite book|last=Pei|first=Mario|author-link=Mario Pei|title=One Language for the World and How To Achieve It|publisher= [[Devin-Adair Publishing Company|Devin-Adair]]|location= New York|year=1958}} * {{cite book|last1=Sexton|first1=Brian C.|last2= Wilgenhoff|first2=Karel|first3=F. Peter|last3=Gopsill|title=Supplementary Interlingua-English Dictionary|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=Sheffield|year= 1991}} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991a | chapter = The Interlingua of IALA: From "the linguists' project" of 1951 to the working "tool of international scientific communication" of 1981 | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991b | chapter = Utilisation de Interlingua in le inseniamento de linguas | trans-chapter=Utilization of Interlingua in the teaching of languages | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} *{{cite book| last1 = Stillman | first1 = E. Clark | last2 = Gode von Aesch | first2 = Alexander | chapter = Le tres principios principal del standardization international in interlingua | language = ia | title = Interlinguistic standardization | location = New York | publisher = International Auxiliary Language Association | year = 1943 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131210/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-date= 2008-05-15 | url-status = live | pages = Articles 82–100 | translator-last= Mulaik | translator-first= Stanley A. | translator-link= Stanley A. Mulaik }} * {{cite web|author=Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI)|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |title=Interlingua 2001: communication sin frontieras durante 50 annos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422101259/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |archive-date=2015-04-22|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|lang=ia }} * {{cite book | last = Wilgenhof | first = Karel | year = 1995 | title = Grammatica de Interlingua | publisher = Union Mundial pro Interlingua | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands}} * {{cite book|last=Yeager|first=Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager|year=1991a|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua|lang=ia}} * {{cite book | last = Yeager | first = Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager| year = 1991b | chapter = Artificialitate, ethnocentrismo, e le linguas oriental: Le caso de Interlingua |trans-chapter=Artificiality, ethnocentrism, and the Oriental languages: The case of Interlingua| title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI}} {{Constructed languages}} [[Category:Interlingua]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana| ]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakovwira vya pa charu chose]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakukolerana]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika vikayambiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950]] [[Category:1951 mazgu ghakwamba]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vya chitemwa]] l4759h44eljhdd06uvylbomv7ran4dy 117941 117935 2026-07-24T07:41:54Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Interlingua | nativename = {{lang|ia|interlingua}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-art|inteɾˈliŋɡwa|}} | speakers = A few hundred | date = 2007 | ref = <ref name="Fiedler">{{cite book|first1=Sabine|last1=Fiedler|year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, Volume 2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779-788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779}}</ref> | familycolor = | fam1 = [[Chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose]] | creator = [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] | created = 1951 | setting = Kulembeka kwa mazgu gha sayansi gha pa charu chose; [[chiyowoyelo chakovwira chapasi chose]] | posteriori = '''Viyowoyelo vyakufuma ku vyakale''': [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyana]], [[Chipwitikizi]], na [[Chisipanishi]]. | script = [[Malembo gha Chilatini]] | agency = Palije bungwe lakulamulira | iso1 = ia | iso2 = ina | iso3 = ina | image = Bandiera de Interlingua.svg | imagescale = | imagecaption = Official Interlingua flag<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Presentation del bandiera official de interlingua |language=ia |url=https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2026-01-16-interlingua-75-annos-bandiera/ |publisher=[[Union Mundial pro Interlingua]] |access-date=2026-01-16}}</ref> | notice = IPA | glotto = inte1239 | glottorefname = Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) }} '''Interlingua''' (/ɪntərˈlɪŋɡwə/) ni chiyowoyelo chakuwovwira cha pa charu chose (IAL) icho chikapangika pakati pa 1937 na 1951 na American ''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Ni ciyowoyero cakupangika na ŵanthu, ndipo mazgu ghake, kalembero kake, na vinyake ivyo vikucitika mu ciyowoyero ici vikufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake. Mabuku gha '''Interlingua''' ghakulongosora kuti (kulembeka) kwa Interlingua kukupulikikwa na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yeager|first1=Leland B.|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|year=1991|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua}}</ref> nangauli ni ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Interlingua yikapangika kuti yikolerane na viyowoyelo vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe, ivyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyawo ŵasambire viyowoyero ivi.<ref name="iala1971">{{harvnb|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}}</ref><ref name="breinstrup-beginners">Breinstrup, Thomas, Preface, [http://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Prefacio%20-%20Contento.pdf ''Interlingua course for beginners''], Bilthoven, Netherlands: Union Mundial pro Interlingua, 2006.</ref> Zina lakuti Interlingua likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti ''inter'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "pakati", na ''lingua'', ilo likung'anamura kuti "lulimi". Mazgu agha ghakuyana waka mu ciyowoyero ca Interlingua; ntheura ciyowoyero ici cikung'anamura 'pakati pa viyowoyero.' == Chidule == Interlingua yikugomezga pa mazgu agho ghakuyana agho ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vya ku Western Europe, ivyo vinandi vikafuma ku [[Chilatini]] panji vikakhwaskika chomene na chiyowoyero ichi (nga ni [[viyowoyero vya Romance]]). Awo ŵakakhazikiska Interlingua ŵali na "viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga" vinayi, ndipo mwakawiro, lizgu (panji mtundu wake) likwenera kusangika mu vitatu mwa viyowoyero ivi kuti lizomerezgeke mu Interlingua. Viyowoyero ivi ni [[Chingelezi]], [[Chifurenchi]], [[Chitaliyani]], na kuphatikizika kwa [[Chisipanishi]] na [[Chitogorezi]], ivyo vikuwoneka nga ni chiyowoyero chimoza chikuru pa ntchito za Interlingua. Kusazgapo apa, [[Chijeremani]] na [[Chirashiya]] vikachemekwa kuti "viyowoyero vyakulongozga vya chiŵiri".{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Nangauli mazgu ghanandi mu Interlingua ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha sono|Neo-Latin]] chifukwa ghakufuma chomene ku Chilatini, mazgu gha Interlingua ghangafuma mu chiyowoyero chilichose, usange ghali kunjira mu viyowoyero vikuruvikuru vyakulongozga nga ni [[mazgu ghakupokera|mazgu ghakupokera]]. Mwachiyelezgero, mazgu gha mu [[Chiyapani]] nga ''[[geisha]]'' na ''[[samurai]]'', kweniso lizgu la mu [[Chifini]] lakuti ''[[sauna]]'', ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mu viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Western Europe, ndipo ntheura ghali mu Interlingua. Mwakuyana waka, lizgu la mu [[Chiyowoyero cha Guugu Yimithirr|Guugu Yimithirr]] lakuti ''gangurru'' likugwiliskirika ntchito mu mtundu wakasintha kufuma ku Chilatini (Interlingua: {{Lang|ia|kanguru}}, Chingelezi: ''[[kangaroo]]'').{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} Awo ŵakusunga na kulongozga Interlingua ŵakuyezgayezga kuti galamala ya chiyowoyero ichi yiŵe yipusu ndipo kupanga mazgu kuŵe kwakuyana, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mizi yichoko waka ya mazgu na viwangwa vya mazgu. Ichi chikukhumba kuti chiyowoyero ichi chiŵe chakusambira mwaluŵiro.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} == Mbiri == Mwanakazi wakukhala na usambazi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), wakamba kunweka na [[vyakusambira vya viyowoyero|masambiro gha viyowoyero]] na gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska bungwe la kusapota ŵanthu wose la [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA) mu [[New York City]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose waŵe pa maziko ghakukhora gha sayansi. Morris wakapanga pulogiramu ya kafukufuku ya IALA pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]].{{sfn|Falk|1995}} Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyero vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵakumanya vinandi. Morris wakakhazikiska IALA kuti yilutilire ntchito iyi.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} === International Auxiliary Language Association === IALA likazgoka gulu likuru ilo likawovwiranga masambiro gha viyowoyero mu America. Kafukufuku munandi wakachitika na Sapir, Collinson, na [[Morris Swadesh]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930 na 1940, ndipo ndalama zake zikafuma ku IALA. Alice Morris wakawovwirapo pa kusintha kwa kafukufuku uyu ndipo wakapeleka chovwiro chikuru cha ndalama ku IALA.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} Mwachiyelezgero, Morris wakasintha kafukufuku wa Sapir na Morris Swadesh wa mu 1932 uyo wakayerekezganga umo viyowoyero vikupangira mazgu ghaumaliro, kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson wa mu 1937 pa nkhani ya kulongora. IALA likapokeraso chovwiro kufuma ku magulu nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], [[Research Corporation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]].{{sfn|Gopsill|Sexton|2006a}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Mu vyaka vyakwamba, IALA likaghanaghananga ntchito zitatu zikuru: * kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana; * kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyero na [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa umo viyowoyero vikukolerana]]; * kwendeska kuyerekezgera kwa viyowoyero vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, kusazgapo [[Esperanto]], [[Esperanto II]], [[Ido (chiyowoyero)|Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua ya Peano]] (Latino sine flexione), [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue]] (Occidental). Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chakumalizga ichi, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyana pa viyowoyero ivi, pamoza na kuyerekezgera na viyowoyero vya mitundu.{{sfn|Bray|1971|loc=Foreword}} == Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua == Ntchakumanyikwa yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya na kugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mwakukhazikika.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990}} Viyowoyero vinandi ivyo vikapangika na ŵanthu (kusazgapo ivyo ni vya kupangika) padera pa [[Esperanto]] vili na ŵayowoyi ŵachoko chomene.{{sfn|Gopsill|1990|p=46}} Mu kalembero ka ŵanthu ku Hungary mu 2001, ako kakafumbanga vya viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera mu charu chose cha Hungary ndiwo ŵakati ŵakuyowoya Interlingua.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html|title=18. Demográfiai adatok – Központi Statisztikai Hivatal|website=www.nepszamlalas2001.hu|lang=hu|trans-title=Demographic Data – Central Statistical Office|access-date=2025-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617000434/http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/hun/kotetek/18/tables/load2_39_1.html |archive-date=2018-06-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵakukhozgera Interlingua ŵakuti chandulo chikuru cha chiyowoyero ichi ntchakuti ndicho chingamanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[chiyowoyero chakovwira chapadziko chose|viyowoyero vyakovwira chapadziko chose]], padera pa [[Latino sine flexione|Interlingua (IL) de A.p.I.]],{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} chifukwa cha galamala na mazgu ghake agho ghakuyana na viyowoyero vya chilengedwe (mwakupambana na viyowoyero vyakulongosoreka mwadongosolo). Ichi chikovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya chiyowoyero chilichose cha mu gulu la [[viyowoyero vya Romance]] na ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi awo ŵali na masambiro ghapachanya kuti ŵaŵazge na kupulikiska Interlingua kwambura kusambira dankha.{{sfn|Blandino|1989}} Masamba gha pa intaneti gha Interlingua ghakusazgapo matembelo gha [[Wikipedia]] na Wiktionary, kweniso magazini ghanyake nga ni ''[[Panorama in Interlingua]]'' kufuma ku Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Pafupifupi vyaka viŵiri-viŵiri, UMI yikupanga ungano wa pa charu chose mu charu chakupambana. Mu chaka icho chili pakati pa maungano agha, mabungwe gha Interlingua gha ku Scandinavia ghakukolerana kupanga ungano ku Sweden, chifukwa pali ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Interlingua mu Scandinavia. Mabungwe gha mu vyaru nga ni Union Brazilian pro Interlingua nagho ghakupanga maungano nyengo zose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}} Interlingua yikusambizgika mu masukulu ghanyake gha sekondale na mayunivesite, nyengo zinyake nga nthowa yakovwilira ŵanthu kusambira viyowoyero vinyake mwaluŵiro, kupereka ulongozgi pa nkhani ya [[interlinguistics|kafukufuku wa viyowoyero vyapakati]], panji kumanyiska mazgu gha pa charu chose.{{sfn|Breinstrup|2006c}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991a}}{{sfn|Stenström|1991b}} Mwachiyelezgero, kosi ya masabata ghaŵiri yikasambizgika ku [[University of Granada]] mu [[Spain]] mu 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canal.ugr.es/prensa-y-comunicacion/notas-de-prensa/curso-introduccion-a-la-interlinguistica-interlingua-hablado-y-escrito/|title=Curso «Introducción a la Interlingüística. Interlingua hablado y escrito»|lang=es|date=2007-11-07|website=Universidad de Granada|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> == Kalembero == Interlingua wali na [[kalembero]] iyo yikuyana chomene na umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera. === Alfabeti ya Interlingua === Interlingua yikugwiliskira ntchito malembo 26 gha [[ISO basic Latin alphabet|alfabeti ya Chilatini ya ISO]], kwambura [[diacritic|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/interlingua.htm|title=Interlingua Alphabet|website=Omniglot|access-date=2025-01-16}}</ref> Alfabeti iyi, umo malembo ghakuyowoyekera mu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|alfabeti ya mazgu ya charu chose (IPA)]], kweniso mazina gha malembo mu Interlingua ni agha: {| class="wikitable" |+ Alfabeti ya Interlingua ! Nambara ||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19||20||21||22||23||24||25||26 |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghakuru]])''|| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z |- |''Malembo ([[malembo ghachoko]])''|| a || b || c || d || e || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || m || n || o || p || q || r || s || t || u || v || w || x || y || z |- |''[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''|| {{IPA link|a}} || {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|k}}, {{IPA link|t͡s}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} || {{IPA link|h}}~{{IPA link|∅}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|ʒ}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|l}} || {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || {{IPA link|o}} || {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|r}} || {{IPA link|s}}~{{IPA link|z}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|u}} || {{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|w}}~{{IPA link|v}} || {{IPA link|k}}{{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|z}} |- |''Mazina''|| a || be || ce || de || e || ef || ge || ha || i || jota || ka || el || em || en || o || pe || cu || er || es || te || u || ve || duple ve || ix || ypsilon || zeta |} {{Notelist}} === Kalembero wakunjilirapo === Buku lakuti ''Grammar of Interlingua'' likulongosora mu chigaŵa 15 za "kalembero wakunjilirapo" (collateral orthography), uyo wakulongosora umo lizgu likwenera kulembekera mu Interlingua para likasinthika na kunjira mu chiyowoyero ichi kwambura kughanaghanira chomene uko lizgu likafumira.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adoneilson.com/int/gi/spell/collat.html|title=''Grammar of Interlingua''}}</ref> == Mazgu gha Interlingua (Phonology) == [[File:Vocabulario scientific international.ogg|thumb|Interlingua yakuyowoyeka]] Interlingua ni chiyowoyero icho chikugwiliskirika chomene pakulemba, ndipo umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera kuti ghali wuli chikupulikikwa mwakuyana yayi pakati pa ŵayowoyi wose. Mazgu agho ghali mu mabokosi ( ) ghakugwiliskirika ntchito yayi na ŵayowoyi wose. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha milomo|gha milomo]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu zino|gha mu zino]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha kuseri kwa zino|gha kuseri kwa zino]] ! [[Mazgu gha pakatikati pa kamwa|gha pakatikati]] ! colspan="2" | [[Mazgu gha mu mmero|gha mu mmero]] ! [[Mazgu gha mu khosi|gha mu khosi]] |- ! [[Mazgu gha mphuno|Mazgu gha mphuno]] | colspan="2"| {{IPA link|m}} | colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo|Mazgu gha kujambuka mphepo]] | {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|d}} | colspan="2"| | | {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusazga|Mazgu gha kusazga]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="3"| ({{IPA link|ts}} ~ {{IPA link|tʃ}}) | rowspan=2| ({{IPA link|d}}){{IPA link|ʒ}} | | colspan="2"| | |- ! [[Mazgu gha kusisita|Mazgu gha kusisita]] | {{IPA link|f}} || {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|s}} || {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} ||| | colspan="2"| | ({{IPA link|h}}) |- ! [[Mazgu gha kuyandikira|Mazgu gha kuyandikira]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|l}} | colspan="2"| | {{IPA link|j}} | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|w}} | |- ! [[Mazgu gha r|Mazgu gha r]] | colspan="2"| | colspan="2"|{{IPA link|r}} | colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! [[Lizgu lakudanga|lakudanga]] ! [[Lizgu lakubwelera|lakubwelera]] |- ! [[Lizgu lakufupi|Lakufupi]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakatikati|Lakati]] | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Lizgu lakujuruka|Lakujuruka]] | colspan=2|{{IPA link|a}} |} === Umo mazgu ghakuyowoyekera === Mu nyengo zinandi, [[konsonanti|makonsonanti]] mu Interlingua ghakuyowoyeka nga umo ghakuyowoyekera mu Chingelezi, apo [[vowel|mavawelo]] ghakuyana na gha mu Chisipanishi. Malembo ghaŵiri ghakuyana agho ghali pamoza ghangayowoyeka nga ni lizgu limoza mu Chingelezi panji Chifurenchi, kweni ghangayowoyekaso nga ni mu Chitaliyana kuti ghapulikikwe makora. Interlingua wali na [[diphthong|mazgu gha mavawelo ghaŵiri]] ghakukhilira, agho ni {{IPA|/ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/}}, na {{IPA|/oi/}}.{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} Kweni {{IPA|/ei/}} na {{IPA|/oi/}} ghakuwoneka mwachoko. === Kukanika kwa mazgu (Stress) === Dango likuru ndakuti kukankha kwa lizgu kukuŵa pa wawelo iyo yili panthazi pa konsonanti yakumalizga. Viyelezgero: * {{lang|ia|l'''i'''ngua}} — "chiyowoyero" * {{lang|ia|ess'''e'''r}} — "kuŵa" * {{lang|ia|requirim'''e'''nto}} — "chakukhumbikwa" Mu mazgu gha unandi, lizgu lakumalizga {{lang|ia|-(e)s}} likuleka kupulikikwa pa nkhani ya kukankha. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|l'''i'''nguas}} likukankha malo ghamoza nga ni {{lang|ia|lingua}}. Usange dango ili lingaleka kugwira ntchito, kukankha kukuŵa pa wawelo yakwamba. Pali vyakuleka vichoko: * Mazgu gha zina panji chivumbuzi agho ghamalira na wawelo pamaso pa {{lang|ia|-le}}, {{lang|ia|-ne}}, panji {{lang|ia|-re}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ica/-ico}}, {{lang|ia|-ide/-ido}}, na {{lang|ia|-ula/-ulo}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachitatu kufuma kumaliro. * Mazgu agho ghamalira na {{lang|ia|-ic}} ghakukankha pa silabi yachiŵiri kufuma kumaliro. Ŵayowoyi ŵangayowoya mazgu ghose mwakugwiliskira ntchito dango likuru. Mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|kilom'''e'''tro}} ntchakuzomerezgeka, nangauli {{lang|ia|kil'''o'''metro}} ndiko kukuyowoyeka chomene.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} === Umo mazgu ghakupangikira (Phonotactics) === Interlingua yilije malango ghakulongosoreka chomene pa umo mazgu ghakukhalira pamoza. Kweni nthowa iyo mazgu gha Interlingua ghakusankhikira, iyo yikukhumba kuti mazgu ghaŵe gha pa charu chose, yikupangiska kuti mazgu ghanyake ghaŵe ghapusu kuyowoya kwa ŵasambiri ŵanandi. Para mazgu ghaphya ghapangika, nyengo zinyake mathero ghakuzomerezgeka yayi kusazgikapo kwambura kusintha kanthu. Chiyerezgero ntchakuti mathero gha unandi {{lang|ia|-s}} nyengo zose ghakwamba na wawelo kuti ghaleke kupanga gulu la makonsonanti ilo ntchakusuzga kuyowoya. Usange lizgu la umodzi likumalira pa konsonanti, {{lang|ia|-s}} wakumalira wakusintha kuŵa {{lang|ia|-es}}. === Mazgu ghakubwereka === [[Mazgu ghakubwereka|Mazgu ghakubwereka]] kufuma ku viyowoyero vinyake agho ghandasintheke ghakulembeka umo ghali kulembekera mu chiyowoyero chawo chakufumirako. Malembo ghangaŵa na [[vimanyikwiro vya malembo|vimanyikwiro vya malembo]] panji vimanyikwiro vya kukankha. Usange vimanyikwiro ivi vikusintha yayi umo lizgu likuyowoyekera, vikuchotskeka.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} == Mazgu gha chiyowoyero == Awo ŵakulongozga chiyowoyero cha Interlingua ŵakusora mazgu chifukwa cha umo ghakusangikira na umo ghakugwilira ntchito mu viyowoyero ivyo vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakupima. Ivi ni [[Chisipanishi|Spanish]], [[Chipwitikizi|Portuguese]], [[Chitaliyana|Italian]], [[Chifurenchi|French]], na [[Chingelezi|English]], apo [[Chijeremani|German]] na [[Chirashiya|Russian]] vikucemeka viyowoyero vyakusazgirapo. Mazgu gha Interlingua ghangaŵa ghakufuma ku chiyowoyero chilichose para ghali kufalikira mu viyowoyero vyakupima ivi.{{sfn|Morris|1945}} Spanish na Portuguese, ivyo vyose ni viyowoyero vya ku Iberia, vikupimika nga ni chigaŵa chimoza. Mazgu ghanandi gha Interlingua ghakufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]], apo [[Chigiriki|Greek]] na [[viyowoyero vya Chijeremani|Germanic languages]] ndivyo vikupanga mazgu ghanandi ghakwamba na ghaŵiri. Mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma ku [[viyowoyero vya Chisilavo|Slavic languages]] na viyowoyero ivyo ni vyakuleka ku Indo-European.{{sfn|Gode|1971|loc=Introduction}} === Umo mazgu ghakuzomerezgeka === Lizgu, ilo ni mazgu ghenecho agho ghali na ng'anamuro, likuzomerezgeka kuŵa mu mazgu gha Interlingua para likusangika mu vinyake vitatu vya viyowoyero vinayi vyakwamba. Chiyowoyero chilichose chachiŵiri chinganjira mu malo mwa chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba. Lizgu lililose la chiyowoyero cha Indo-European ilo likusangika mu chiyowoyero chakupima lingawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke kuŵa lizgu la pa charu chose.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Mu nyengo zinyake, kuŵapo kwa lizgu lakale chomene panji ilo lingawoneka kuti lingazgoka lizgu la sono kungawovwira kuti lizomerezgeke. Lizgu lingawoneka kuti lili mu chiyowoyero para lizgu lakufuma kwa ilo lilipo, kweni lizgu leneko palije. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Chingelezi ''proximity'' likovwira pa lizgu la Interlingua {{lang|ia|proxime}}, ilo likung'anamura "pafupi". Ivi vikuzomerezgeka usange chiyowoyero chimoza panji vinandi vya kupima vili na lizgu lakwambilira ili, ndipo viyowoyero vya Romance vyose vili nalo. Kweni mazgu ghakuŵikika mu Interlingua chifukwa cha kuŵa na mazgu ghakuyana mu viyowoyero vinandi pera yayi. Usange ng'anamuro la lizgu lasintha chomene mu nyengo, lizgu ilo likupimika nga ndakupambana. Kweni usange ling'anamuro limoza panji ghanandi ghakhalilira, lizgu lingazomerezgeka mu Interlingua na ng'anamuro ilo lasungika.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} Para nthowa iyi yileka kusanga lizgu la pa charu chose, lizgu la chinthu chinyake likatoranga kufuma ku [[Chilatini|Latin]]. Ichi chikachitikanga waka na mazgu ghachoko gha vya galamala. === Kapangidwe ka mazgu === Kapangidwe ka lizgu la Interlingua kakuwoneka nga ni "mazgu gha pa charu chose" ghakuyana na mazgu ghanyake. Lizgu likwenera kuŵa lakusangika mwakawiro, kwambura kuŵa na vimanyikwiro vya chiyowoyero chimoza pera. Kweniso likwenera kulongora vinandi ivyo viyowoyero vyose ivyo vikovwira vili navyo. Ntheura, lizgu lingasintha kuŵa mitundu ya viyowoyero vinyake mwakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vyakupambanapambana vya chiyowoyero chilichose. Para lizgu lili na mazgu ghanyake ghakufuma kwa ilo mu viyowoyero vyakwambilira, ubwezi wa kapangidwe kawo ukwenera kusungika. Mwachiyelezgero, lizgu la Interlingua la "nyengo" ni {{lang|ia|tempore}}, osati {{lang|ia|*tempus}} panji {{lang|ia|*tempo}}, chifukwa likukolerana na mazgu ghakufuma kwa ilo nga ni {{lang|ia|temporal}}.{{cite}} Vinthu vya chiyowoyero ivyo vikupangiska kupambana kwa mazgu vikukolerana na [[malango gha kusintha kwa mazgu|sound laws]] gha viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Mazgu agho ghapangika kanandi ghakuŵa pafupi chomene na umo mazgu ghakale ghakaŵira. Nyengo zinyake ghakuyana na [[Chilatini cha ŵanthu|Vulgar Latin]], kweni nyengo zinyake ghangaŵa gha sono.{{sfn|Stillman|Gode von Aesch|1943}} == Malango gha chiyowoyero == {{Main|malango gha chiyowoyero cha Interlingua}} Interlingua yikapangika mwakuleka vinthu vyose vya galamala ivyo vikusangika yayi mu chiyowoyero chilichose chimoza cha viyowoyero vyakwamba vyakupima. Ntheura, Interlingua yilije kukolerana kwa [[mazina na mazgu ghakulongosora|zina na lizgu lakulongosora]] mwakuyana na chibabiro, mulandu, panji unandi (nga umo viliri mu Spanish na Portuguese {{lang|es|gatas negras}} panji Italian {{lang|it|gatte nere}}, "ŵamphaka ŵanakazi ŵakufipa"), chifukwa ichi chilije mu Chingelezi. Kweniso yilije nyengo za viliwiro vya vitenzi (nga ni mu Chingelezi ''I am reading''), chifukwa izi zilije mu Chifurenchi. Kweni, Interlingua yikupambaniska mazina gha umoza na unandi chifukwa viyowoyero vyose vyakupima vili na kupambaniska uku.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Pa nkhani ya viyowoyero vyakupima vyachiŵiri, Interlingua yili na mazgu ghakuŵika mazina (articles), mwakupambana na [[Chirashiya|Russian]]. Lizgu lakulongora chinthu chakumanyikwa {{lang|ia|le}} likusintha yayi, nga umo liliri mu Chingelezi ("the"). Mazina ghakuŵavya [[chibabiro cha galamala|jenda ya galamala]].{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Unandi wa mazina ukupangika mwa kusazgirapo ''-s'', panji ''-es'' para lizgu likumalira na konsonanti.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} [[Viimiliri vya munthu|Mazgu ghakuimilira ŵanthu]] ghali na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakuchita chinthu na mtundu umoza wa uyo wakupokera chinthu kweniso wa kujiremekezga. Mu munthu wachitatu, lizgu la kujiremekezga nyengo zose ni {{lang|ia|se}}.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Vimiliri vinandi (adverbs) vikupangika mwakuzomerezgeka kufuma ku mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) mwa kusazgirapo {{lang|ia|-mente}}, panji {{lang|ia|-amente}} para lizgu likumalira na ''-c''. Ntheura, chingapangika chivimiliri kufuma ku lizgu lililose lakulongosora.{{sfn|Brauers|1975}} Vitenzi vili na kawonekero kamoza kwa ŵanthu wose ({{lang|ia|io vive}}, {{lang|ia|tu vive}}, {{lang|ia|illa vive}}, "ine nkhukhala", "iwe ukukhala", "iyo wakukhala"). [[Mubali wakulongora|Mubali wakulongora]] (indicative) ({{lang|ia|pare}}, "wakuwoneka") ukuyana waka na [[mubali wa malango|imperative]] ({{lang|ia|pare!}}, "woneka!"), ndipo palije mubali wa kukhumba panji kudumbiskana (subjunctive).{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Vitenzi vitatu vyakugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi vili na mitundu mifupi mu nyengo ya sono: * {{lang|ia|es}} kwa "ni", "ndine", "ndi"; * {{lang|ia|ha}} kwa "wali na", "ŵali na"; * {{lang|ia|va}} kwa "kwenda", "wakuluta". Pali mitundu yichoko ya vitenzi vyambura kulondezga malango wose, kweni yikugwiliskirika ntchito mwakawiro yayi.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Pali nyengo zinayi zifupi za vitenzi: * sono; * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa (conditional). Kweniso pali nyengo zitatu zakupangika na kovwira: * yakale; * yamunthazi; * yakukhumbikwa. Kapangidwe ka nyengo izi kakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakovwira pamoza na mtundu wakwamba wa chitenzi panji chigaŵa cha chitenzi chakale (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Ille ha arrivate}}, "Iyo wafika").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Nyengo zifupi na zakupangika zingasazgikana kuti zilonoske nyengo zakusuzga (mwachiyelezgero, {{lang|ia|Nos haberea morite}}, "Tikaŵa kuti tifikenge pa nyifwa"). Ndondomeko ya mazgu mu sentensi kanandi ni [[wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera|wakuchita–chitenzi–wakupokera chinthu]], kweni para pali lizgu lakwimira chinthu panji lakujiremekezga, likwiza pambere chitenzi ({{lang|ia|io les vide}}, "ine nkhuŵawona").{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Mazgu ghakulongosora (adjectives) ghangiza pambere panji pamanyuma pa zina ilo ghakulongosora, kweni kanandi ghakuŵa pamanyuma pake.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Malo gha vimiliri (adverbs) mu sentensi ngakusintha-sintha kuyana na fundo ya ng'anamuro.{{sfn|Wilgenhof|1995}} Galamala ya Interlingua yikulongosoreka kuti yikuyana na galamala ya viyowoyero vya Romance, kweni yasazgikira kuŵa yipusu chomene, chomenechomene chifukwa cha chovwiro cha Chingelezi.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}} Kafukufuku wa mu 1991 wakayowoya kuti galamala ya Interlingua yikuyana na magalamala ghapusu gha [[Chijapanizi|Japanese]] na chomenechomene [[Chichayina|Chinese]].{{sfn|Yeager|1991b}} F. P. Gopsill wakalemba kuti Interlingua yilije vinthu vyambura kulondezga malango, nangauli ''Interlingua Grammar'' ya Gode yikulongora kuti Interlingua yili na vinthu vichoko vyambura kulondezga malango.{{sfn|Gode|Blair|1955}}{{sfn|Gopsill|1994}} == Mivvimbi na vimanyikwiro == Nga umo viliri na [[Esperanto]], pali maghanoghano ghakupanga mbumba (flag) ya Interlingua. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192338/https://www.fotw.info/flags/qy-ia.html Mivvimbi ya Interlingua (IALA)] kufuma ku fotw.net (nakusungika pa web)</ref> Maghanoghano gha wakung'anamura wa ku Czech, Karel Podrazil, ghakumanyikwa chomene pa malo gha pa intaneti agho ghali na viyowoyero vinandi. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html |title=Toto super le airbag jachetta e gilet / jachetta e gilet con airbag (invento hungaro) - interlingua - All about Airbag Jacket and Airbag Vest |website=Airbagjacket.eu |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref> Mbumba iyi yili na nyenyezi yituŵa ya mphingo zinayi iyo yikufika ku mphaka za mbumba ndipo yikupatura chigaŵa chapachanya cha buluu na chigaŵa chapasi chituŵa cha bofira. Nyenyezi iyi yikwimira vigaŵa vinayi vya charu (kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumadzulo), apo vigaŵa viŵiri vya mbumba vikuyimira ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Romance na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake awo ŵakumanya kupulikana mu Interlingua. Chimanyikwiro chinyake cha Interlingua ni [[Blue Marble|Charu cha buluu (Blue Marble)]] chakuzingilizgika na nyenyezi 12 pa malo ghafipa panji gha buluu. Ichi chikukolerana na nyenyezi 12 za [[Mbumba ya ku Europe|mbumba ya Europe]] (chifukwa viyowoyero ivyo vikapangiska Interlingua vikufuma ku Europe). <gallery widths=200 heights=130> File:Bandiera de Interlingua.png|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo iyo kanandi yikuwoneka mu gulu la ŵakuyowoya Interlingua File:Flag of Interlingua.svg|Mbumba yambura kuŵikika mwalamulo ya Interlingua iyo Karel Podrazil wakapereka File:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|Mbumba ya Interlingua iyo yikazomerezgeka mwalamulo pa chikumbusko cha vyaka 75<ref name="flag"/><ref name="flagspec"/> </gallery> === Malongosolero gha mbumba === [[File:Construction sheet for the flag of Interlingua.svg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi chakulongora umo mbumba ya Interlingua yikapangikira.]] Mbumba ya Interlingua ni chithuzithuzi cha makona ghanayi (rectangle) icho chiŵerengero cha utali na msinkhu wake ni 2:3, ndipo chigaŵa chitali chikuŵa chakutambalala. <ref name="flagspec" /> Mbumba iyi yili na mitundu yiŵiri: * azure (buluu); * gold (chikasu). Mitundu iyi yikulongosoreka na vinthu ivi: {| class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; border-collapse: collapse; white-space: nowrap; text-align: left" width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" |- style="text-align: centre; background: #eee" ! !style="background:#003399"| <span style="color:#FFFFFF"> Buluu (Azure) </span> !style="background:#FFCC00"| Chikasu (Gold) |- | [[Pantone]] | Reflex Blue | Yellow |- | [[RGB color model|RGB]] | <code>#003399</code> | <code>#FFCC00</code> |- | [[CMYK]] | 100.80.0.0 | 0.21.100.0 |- |} Mbumba iyi yili na malo ghose gha buluu, ndipo pakati pali chithuzithuzi cha makona 8 icho chikupanga nyenyezi ya mphingo zinayi ya mtundu wa golide. Usange mbumba iyi yikulongoleka na utali wa 18 na msinkhu wa 12, chithuzithuzi cha pakati chikulongosoreka na manambara agha: [ ⟨0,6⟩ ⟨8,7⟩ ⟨9,12⟩ ⟨10,7⟩ ⟨18,6⟩ ⟨10,5⟩ ⟨9,0⟩ ⟨8,5⟩ ⟨0,6⟩ ]. == Mazuŵa gha vyakulembeka == <references/> == Mabuku na mabuku gha malemba == * {{Cite book |last=Blandino|first=Giovanni|year=1989|title=Philosophia del Cognoscentia e del Scientia|chapter=Le problema del linguas international auxiliari|lang=ia|publisher=[[Pontifical Lateran University|Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis]], [[Pontifical Urban University|Pontificia università urbaniana]]|location=Rome, Italy}} * {{cite book | last = Brauers | first = Karl | year = 1975| title = Grammatica synoptic de Interlingua | publisher = Editiones Interlingua | location = Morges, Switzerland }} * {{cite book |last=Bray |first=Mary Connell |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |chapter="Foreword" and "Acknowledgements"|title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language|url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017122232/http://bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html |archive-date=2007-10-17 |access-date=2010-04-18 |edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1971 |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0188-8|oclc=162319 |url-status=usurped}} * {{cite book|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|year=2006a|url=https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Prefacio%20-%20Contento.pdf|title=Interlingua course for beginners|location=Bilthoven, Netherlands|publisher=Union Mundial pro Interlingua}} * {{cite web|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|date=2006b|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/spectroscopia.htm|title=Un revolution in le mundo scientific|trans-title=A revolution in the scientific world|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427122501/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/spectroscopia.htm|archive-date=2019-04-27|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web|last=Breinstrup|first=Thomas|date=2006c|orig-date=2001|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/50annos.htm|title=Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur|lang=ia|website=Historia de interlingua}} * {{cite web |first=Thomas|last=Breinstrup|editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2006d |orig-year=2001 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | title = Biographias: Hugh Edward Blair | website = Interlingua|lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428002611/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/blair.htm | archive-date= 2019-04-28 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web |editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup|year= 2007 |orig-year=2001 |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/stenstrom.htm | title = Biographias: Ingvar Stenström | website = Interlingua |lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190426010638/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/stenstrom.htm | archive-date= 2019-04-26 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web |editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/organisationes.htm | title = Portrait del organisationes de interlingua | website = Interlingua |year= 2009 |orig-year=2001 |lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061016165344/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/organisationes.htm | archive-date= 2006-10-16 | url-status = live }} * {{cite web |editor-first1=Th.|editor-last1=Breinstrup |editor-first2=Ingvar|editor-last2=Stenström|editor-first3=Jesper |editor-last3=Olsson |year= 2012 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm | title = Biographias: Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch | website = Interlingua|orig-year=2001 |lang = ia | access-date = 2025-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514101324/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/biographias/gode.htm | archive-date= 2011-05-14 | url-status = live }} *{{cite journal|last=Falk|first=Julia S.|title=Words without grammar: Linguists and the international language movement in the United States|journal=Language and Communication|volume=15|issue=3|pages=241–259|publisher=Pergamon|year=1995|doi=10.1016/0271-5309(95)00010-N}} * {{cite book|last=Falk|first= Julia S.|title=Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century.|publisher= Routledge|location=London & New York|year=1999}} * {{cite book|first=Sabine|last=Fiedler|editor-first1=Harald |editor-first2=Dmitrij |editor-first3=Peter |editor-first4=Neal R. |editor-last1=Burger |editor-last2=Dobrovol'Skij |editor-last3=Kühn |editor-last4=Norrick |year=2007|chapter=Phraseology in planned languages|title=Phraseology: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung|volume=2|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=779–788|doi=10.1515/9783110190762.779|isbn=978-3-11-019831-7 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gode|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Gode|last2=Blair |first2=Hugh E. |author2-link=Hugh E. Blair|title=Interlingua; a grammar of the international language|url=https://archive.org/details/interlinguagramm00gode|access-date=2007-03-05|edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1955|publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=0-8044-0186-1|oclc=147452}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1990|title=International languages: a matter for Interlingua|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=0-9511695-6-4|oclc=27813762}} * {{cite book|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|year=1994|title=Interlingua today: A course for beginners|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=[[Sheffield]], [[England]]|isbn=9781898017011}} * {{cite web|last=Gopsill|first=Frank Peter|url=http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua {{!}} 1951-1991|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027145739/http://geocities.com/hkyson/directorio/interlinguistica/html/lehistoriahtml.htm|archive-date=2009-10-27|url-status=dead|access-date=2025-01-14}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|title=Le historia antenatal de Interlingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514114352/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-1.htm|archive-date=2011-05-14|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006a|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|title=Profunde recerca duce a un lingua|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210152200/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-2.htm|archive-date=2022-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006b|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite web|last1=Gopsill|first1=Frank Peter|last2=Sexton|first2=Brian|url=http://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|title=Le natura, si – un schema, no|lang=ia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412014242/https://www.interlingua.com/historia/diverse/historia-3.htm|archive-date=2022-04-12|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Historia de interlingua|date=2006c|orig-date=2001}} * {{cite book|author=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|author-link=International Auxiliary Language Association |editor=Alexander Gode |editor-link=Alexander Gode |title=Interlingua-English; A dictionary of the international language|url=http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227051537/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED.html |archive-date=2007-12-27 |access-date=2010-04-18 |edition=Second|orig-year=1951|year=1971 |publisher=Frederick Ungar Publishing|location=[[New York City|New York]] |isbn=0-8044-0188-8|oclc=162319 |url-status=usurped |ref=CITEREFGode1971}} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Alice Vanderbilt|author-link=Alice Vanderbilt Morris|url=http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040702192153/http://www.interlingua.fi/ialagr45.htm|archive-date=2004-07-02|url-status=dead|title=International Auxiliary Language Association General Report 1945|publisher=International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA)|location=New York|year=1945}} * {{cite book|last=Pei|first=Mario|author-link=Mario Pei|title=One Language for the World and How To Achieve It|publisher= [[Devin-Adair Publishing Company|Devin-Adair]]|location= New York|year=1958}} * {{cite book|last1=Sexton|first1=Brian C.|last2= Wilgenhoff|first2=Karel|first3=F. Peter|last3=Gopsill|title=Supplementary Interlingua-English Dictionary|publisher=British Interlingua Society|location=Sheffield|year= 1991}} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991a | chapter = The Interlingua of IALA: From "the linguists' project" of 1951 to the working "tool of international scientific communication" of 1981 | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} * {{cite book | last = Stenström | first = Ingvar | year = 1991b | chapter = Utilisation de Interlingua in le inseniamento de linguas | trans-chapter=Utilization of Interlingua in the teaching of languages | title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI }} *{{cite book| last1 = Stillman | first1 = E. Clark | last2 = Gode von Aesch | first2 = Alexander | chapter = Le tres principios principal del standardization international in interlingua | language = ia | title = Interlinguistic standardization | location = New York | publisher = International Auxiliary Language Association | year = 1943 | url = https://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131210/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/publicationes/standardisation.htm | archive-date= 2008-05-15 | url-status = live | pages = Articles 82–100 | translator-last= Mulaik | translator-first= Stanley A. | translator-link= Stanley A. Mulaik }} * {{cite web|author=Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI)|url=https://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |title=Interlingua 2001: communication sin frontieras durante 50 annos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422101259/http://www.interlingua.com/historia/index.html |archive-date=2015-04-22|url-status=live|access-date=2025-01-14|lang=ia }} * {{cite book | last = Wilgenhof | first = Karel | year = 1995 | title = Grammatica de Interlingua | publisher = Union Mundial pro Interlingua | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands}} * {{cite book|last=Yeager|first=Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager|year=1991a|title=Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public|publisher=Servicio de Libros UMI|location=Beekbergen, Netherlands|chapter=Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua|trans-chapter=Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua|lang=ia}} * {{cite book | last = Yeager | first = Leland B.|author-link=Leland B. Yeager| year = 1991b | chapter = Artificialitate, ethnocentrismo, e le linguas oriental: Le caso de Interlingua |trans-chapter=Artificiality, ethnocentrism, and the Oriental languages: The case of Interlingua| title = Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager | location = Beekbergen, Netherlands | publisher = Servicio de Libros UMI}} {{Interlingua}}{{Constructed languages}} [[Category:Interlingua]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana| ]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakovwira vya pa charu chose]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakukolerana]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupangika vikayambiskika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1950]] [[Category:1951 mazgu ghakwamba]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vya chitemwa]] fzaetsjfqxilfop5nzsjf68tszzzrte 0 46492 117933 110983 2026-07-24T07:16:50Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wupu wa Ciyowoyero Cinyake pa Caru Cose''' (''International Auxiliary Language Association, Inc.'') (IALA) yikaŵa gulu la ku America ilo likapangika mu 1924 kuti "likhozge kusanda, kudumbiskana na kuvumbura nkhani zose zakukhwaskana na kukhazikiskika kwa ciyowoyero cinyake, pamoza na kafukufuku na kuyezga vinthu ivyo vingawovwira kukhazikiskika kwa ciyowoyero ici mwamahara ndiposo pa malo ghakukhora". Nangauli likapangika kuti liwone chiyowoyero icho ntchakwenelera pa vyaru ivyo vingaŵa na chiyowoyero chinyake, kweni likamanya kuti palije chiyowoyero icho chingaŵa chakwenelera pa vyaru ivi, ntheura likapanga chiyowoyero chinyake, chakuchemeka [[Interlingua]]. IALA yikalutizga kulemba mabuku gha Interlingua mpaka mu 1953, apo ntchito zake zikapelekeka ku Interlingua Division of Science Service. IALA yikamara mu 1956. {{Interlingua}} [[Category:Interlingua]] 85griac4bw1t3jpz8uby48bs80iy61e 0 46893 117936 112739 2026-07-24T07:23:58Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chiyowoyelo |name=Glosa |nativename=''Glosa'' |image= |imagescale=0.7 |creator=Ronald Clark and Wendy Ashby, based on the [[Interglossa]] of [[Lancelot Hogben]] |created=1972–1992 |setting=[[international auxiliary language]] |fam2=[[International auxiliary language|auxiliary language]] |posteriori=[[Interglossa]] |iso3=none |glotto=none |ietf = [https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/ art-x-glosa] |notice=IPA |pronunciation= |speakers= |territory= |official= |academy= }} '''Glosa''' ni chiyowoyero chakovwira cha pa charu chose chapasi chakupangika mwakuyana na [[Interglossa]] (mndandanda wakale wa chiyowoyero chakovwira icho chikasindikizgika mu 1943). Dikishonale yakwamba ya Glosa yikasindikizgika mu 1978. Zina la chiyowoyero ichi likufumira ku lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti glossa ilo likung’anamura lulimi panji chiyowoyero. Glosa ni chiyowoyero chakujipatura, icho chikung’anamura kuti mazgu ghakusintha yayi kawonekero, ndiposo kulemba kwa Glosa nako kukuŵa kwa nyengo zose ndiposo kwakuyana na mazgu. Pakuŵa ciyowoyero cakupatulika, palije vimanyikwiro vyakusintha, mwakuti nyengo zose mazgu ghakukhala mu kawonekero kawo ka dikishonale, kwali ghali na mulimo wuli mu sentensi. Ntheura, milimo ya galamala, para yikumanyikwa makora yayi kufuma pa ivyo vikuyowoyeka, yikutoleka na mazgu ghachoko waka ghakugwira ntchito ndiposo na kugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya mazgu (syntax). Pakuŵa chiyowoyero cha a posteriori, Glosa yikutora mazgu ghake ghanandi kufuma ku misisi ya Chigiriki na Chilatini, iyo ŵalembi ŵakuwona kuti nja pa charu chose mu nthowa yinyake chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito kwawo mu sayansi. [[Category:Glosa]] sqg3vtdnucih1tt2mku2gpraklujcq5 0 48066 117904 117758 2026-07-24T00:52:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Kallstadt 21.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = Wappen Kallstadt.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|29|26|N|08|10|33|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kallstadt in DÜW.svg |state = Rheinland-Pfalz |district = Bad Dürkheim |Verbandsgemeinde = Freinsheim |elevation = 134 |area = 6.57 |postal_code = 67169 |area_code = 06322 |licence = DÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 32 028 |website = [http://www.kallstadt.de/ www.kallstadt.de] |mayor = Dr. Thomas Jaworek<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bad Dürkheim], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = CDU }} '''Kallstadt''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkalʃtat}}) ni msumba uchoko mu chigaŵa cha [[Palatinate (chigaŵa)|Palatinate]] cha [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], yimoza mwa [[vyaru vya Germany|vyaru 16 vya boma]] vya Germany. Ni chigaŵa cha [[Chigaŵa Chikuru cha Msumba cha Rhine-Neckar|Chigaŵa Chikuru cha Msumba cha Rhine-Neckar]], uko msumba ukuru chomene ni [[Mannheim]], uwo ni [[Mndandanda wa misumba ya ku Germany mwakulingana na unandi wa ŵanthu|msumba wa nambara 22 pa misumba yose ya Germany pakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu]]. Mu nyengo yinandi ya m'ma 1800, ukaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]]. Wamanyikwa pa charu chose chifukwa ni kwawo kwa [[Heinz]] na [[Banja la Trump|mabanja gha Trump]], agho ni mabanja ghaŵiri ghakumanyikwa chomene pa vya malonda na ndyali mu [[United States]]. == Makhalilo gha malo == [[File:Palatinate in Rhineland-Palatinate.png|thumb|left]] [[File:Kallstadt 22.JPG|thumb|left|Kulima mpheska ku Kallstadt, 2014]] Kallstadt wali pa [[Nthowa ya Vinyo ya Germany]]. Ni chigaŵa cha [[Freinsheim (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ya Freinsheim]], iyo ofesi yake yikuru yili mu [[Freinsheim|msumba uwo uli na zina lenelira]]. <!-- Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira kufuma ku Kallstadt ŵalongosoreka kuti kanandi ŵakaŵanga ŵakujipeleka chomene kuluska kuŵa ŵakavu.<ref name=":0" /> Pakuyana na fundo wuli? Ichi chikuwoneka nga nkhusopera munthu. Kasi ŵanthu ŵalinga ndiwo ŵakasamuka? Ŵakaluta ku vyaru wuli, ndipo pa nyengo wuli? Kasi ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu wuli la ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakaŵa na usambazi wuli? Kasi mbanjani mwa iwo awo ŵakachita makora? Pakuyana na fundo wuli? Ichi ni mazgu ghakusopera ndipo chikukhumbikwira ukaboni wakukwana pambere chindasazgikemo.--> Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1,200 ndipo uli mu chigaŵa icho chuma chake chikukura mwaluŵiro. Uli na malo ghakurya agho ghangapokelera ŵalendo pafupifupi 2,000 pamoza na mahotelo agho ghali na mabedi pafupifupi 400. Ŵalendo ŵakusazgapo ŵa ku America awo ŵakufuma ku [[Ramstein Air Base]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/besuch-im-geburtsort-vom-grossvater-von-donald-trump-14520414.html|title=Im Ort von Trumps Vorfahren: 'Trump hat sich wenigstens getraut, das auch zu zeigen'|last=Frasch|first=Timo|date=2016-11-09|newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]|issn=0174-4909|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050608/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/besuch-im-geburtsort-vom-grossvater-von-donald-trump-14520414.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mbiri == [[File:Kallstadt_Hauptstrasse.jpg|Nthowa yikuru|thumb]] Nthowa ya [[Roma wakale|Ŵaroma]] yikakoleraniskanga Altenstadt – sono ni chigaŵa cha [[Alsace]] ku France ndiposo chigaŵa cha [[Wissembourg]] – na [[Rhineland]]; malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵapo kuno ghakasambazganga chomene mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma. Vinthu vinandi vya [[vyakusanda vya mbiri|kusanda vya mbiri]] vikulongora kuti malo agha ghakakhalanga ŵamalonda, ŵasilikari ŵakale ŵa gulu la Ŵaroma ndiposo [[kulima mpheska|ŵakulima mpheska]] kufuma pafupifupi mu 79 BC mpaka pa 383 AD. Mbumba ya [[Ŵafuranki|Ŵafuranki]] yikamba pafupifupi mu chaka cha 500 ndipo mulongozgi wawo, Chagilo, ndiyo wakapeleka zina ku msumba uwu. Mu 824, Kallstadt wakazunulika kakwamba mu mabuku gha mbiri nga ''Cagelenstat.'' Pakwamba ukaŵa [[Msumba wa Ufumu]], kweni pamanyuma ukaluta ku County ya Pfeffingen (Homburg). Kufuma mu 1321 ukaŵa pasi pa ŵankhondo ŵa Monfort, ndipo kufuma mu 1451 mpaka pafupifupi mu 1551 ukaŵa wa Nyumba ya Blicken von Lichtenberg. Kufuma apo mpaka mu 1794, Kallstadt wakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Electoral Palatinate]] icho chikaŵa pasi pa [[Nyumba ya Leiningen]]. [[Banki ya kumazere ya Mlonga wa Rhine]] yikapokeka na France pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Mgwirizano Wakudanga]]. Pamanyuma pa [[Phangano la Campo Formio]] (1797), [[Republic Yakwamba ya France]] yikapoka chigaŵa ichi ndipo pakati pa 1798 na 1814, Kallstadt wakaŵa mu [[madipatimenti gha France|dipatimenti ya France]] ya [[Mont-Tonnerre]]. Nanga ni [[Ufumu Wakupatulika wa Roma]] panji Electoral Palatinate vikawelerapo yayi pa [[Ungano wa Vienna]] mu 1815. Germany yikazgoka [[Mgwirizano wa vyaru vya Germany|mgwirizano wa vyaru]] uwo ukalamulirikanga chomene na [[Ufumu wa Austria]] na [[Ufumu wa Prussia]], awo ŵakajipoka vigaŵa vinandi vya Germany ivyo vikakhalako kumazere kwa Mlonga wa Rhine. Kallstadt wakaluta pasi pa Austria, kweni Austria yikasinthana mwaluŵiro [[Phangano la Munich (1816)|chigaŵa ichi]] na [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]] mu 1816. Pamanyuma pa phangano ili, Kallstadt [[Circle of the Rhine|wakaŵa wa Bavaria]], ndipo Bavaria yikanjira mu [[Ufumu wa Germany]] mu 1871. Palatinate (Kumanjiliro gha dazi), kusazgapo Kallstadt, wakalutilira kuŵa wa Bavaria mpaka pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], apo vyaru vya Germany vikanozgekaso mwalamulo pamanyuma pakuti vikamara nkhongono pasi pa [[Germany wa Nazi|boma la Nazi]], apo Kallstadt wakaŵa mu [[Gau Westmark]]. Mu 1946 Palatinate wakapatulika ku Bavaria ndipo wakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[vyaru vya Germany|Charu]] chiphya cha [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], yimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira vya [[Federal Republic of Germany]]. Referendamu yakuti Palatinate na Bavaria viŵeso pamoza yikatondeka mu 1956, ndipo Kallstadt wachali chigaŵa cha Rhineland-Palatinate. === Nyumba na vyakuzenga === *'''Bismarck Tower''' – [[Bismarck tower (Kallstadt)|Bismarck Tower]] wali pa [[Peterskopf (Palatinate)|Peterskopf]] uyo ngwakutowa mamita 497 ndipo uli mu chigaŵa cha Kallstadt icho chili kutali na msumba mukuru, mu [[Nkhorongo ya Palatinate]]. *'''St. Salvator,''' mpingo wa [[Lutheran]] uwo uli mu [[Mpingo wa Evangelical wa Palatinate]].<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire]]|date=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743210799|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/28 28–9]|author1=Gwenda Blair}}</ref> Mpingo uwu ni nyumba yakale chomene mu tawuni iyi; vigaŵa vinyake vikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400. Parishi yikaŵa ya [[Yunivesite ya Heidelberg]] mpaka mu 1563 ndipo pamanyuma yikaweleraso ku [[Electoral Palatinate]]. Kusintha kwa chisopa (Reformation) mu Palatinate, kusazgapo Kallstadt, kukamba mu 1556. *Pali '''nyumba zinandi za vinyo''', izo zikusazga malo ghakusungiramo vinyo na malo ghakurya. [[Karl Benz|Carl Benz]] ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kwendeskera galimoto kuluta ku nyumba za alendo za ku Kallstadt kufuma ku msumba wake wa [[Ladenburg]]. Ŵalendo ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵali kuluta ku Weinhaus Henninger ni [[Zhou Enlai]], [[Aristoteles Onassis]], [[Piper-Heidsieck|Remy Heidsiek]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari|Mfumukazi Soraya]], [[Will Quadflieg]] na [[Erika Köth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weinhaus-henninger.de/aktuelles/news/119-geschichte-weinhaus-henninger.html|title=Geschichte des Henningers|website=Hotel und Restaurant Weinhaus Henninger|language=de-DE|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128135138/http://www.weinhaus-henninger.de/aktuelles/news/119-geschichte-weinhaus-henninger.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mabanja gha Heinz na Trump=== [[File:Salvatorkirche Kallstadt.JPG|thumb|Salvatorkirche (Mpingo wa Muponoski) wa ku Kallstadt]] Kallstadt ni kwawo kwa ŵasekuru ŵakale awo ŵakasamukira ku United States ŵa mabanja ghaŵiri, [[Heinz]] na [[Banja la Trump|Trump]]. Mabanja agha ghakolerana. Banja la Trump lakhala ku Kallstadt kufuma m'ma 1600. Mu 2015, Simone Wendel, uyo ni wakupanga mafilimu ndipo wakufuma ku Kallstadt (kweniso wali kutali waka kukolerana na banja la Trump), wakapanga filimu yakulemba vyaunenesko yakucemeka ''[[Mafumu gha ku Kallstadt]].'' Filimu iyi yikulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakukoleranira na ŵabali ŵawo ŵakumanyikwa ku USA. Wendel wakalongora mwambo wakale wa kupanga vinyo na vyakurya uwo walutilira kwa nyengo yitali ku Kallstadt. Wakulongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Kallstadt ŵakutemwa chomene banja la Heinz chifukwa chakuti katundu wawo mukuru ni vyakununkhiskira vyakurya vyakovwira pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, ndipo ni vyakupulikikwa chomene kuluska malonda gha malo gha Donald Trump.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article145558110/Donald-Trump-King-of-Kallstadt.html|title=Deutsche Großeltern: Donald Trump, King of Kallstadt|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130205618/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article145558110/Donald-Trump-King-of-Kallstadt.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.swr.de/film/kings-of-kallstadt-donald-trump-heinz-tomaten-ketchup-doku/-/id=5791128/did=18372210/nid=5791128/yj0an/ |title=Kings of Kallstadt {{!}} Dokumentarfilm: Mein Dorf, Ketchup & der König von New York |publisher=[[Südwestrundfunk|SWR Fernsehen]] |language=German |access-date=2016-11-27 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803230249/https://www.swr.de/film/kings-of-kallstadt-donald-trump-heinz-tomaten-ketchup-doku/-/id=5791128/did=18372210/nid=5791128/yj0an/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu Kallstadt ŵakukumbuka makora apo trust ya Heinz yikapokera gulu la ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Kallstadt. Sonosono apa banja la Heinz likapeleka ndalama zinandi ([[Euro|€]]40,000) zakunozgeraso ogani wa mu mpingo wa St. Salvator, apo Donald Trump wakapelekako chilichose yayi pa ntchito iyi.<ref name="knall2">{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/wahl-in-amerika/trumps-wurzeln-king-of-new-york-knallkopf-of-kallstadt-14017048.html|title=Donald Trumps Wurzeln: King of New York, Knallkopf of Kallstadt|last=|first=|date=20 January 2016|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020214441/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/wahl-in-amerika/trumps-wurzeln-king-of-new-york-knallkopf-of-kallstadt-14017048.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Wendel wakafumba Donald Trump mafumbo ku New York ndipo wakalongoraso gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kallstadt pa ulendo wa [[Steuben Day]]. Trump wakasazgirako nyengo ya kufumbika kuluska iyo yikanozgekera kale ndipo wakalayizga kuti wazamwiza ku Kallstadt.<ref name=":02" /> == Ndale == === Khonsolo ya tauni === Khonsolo iyi yili na ŵanthu 16 awo mba khonsolo, awo ŵakasankhika pa [[visola vya tauni mu Rheinland-Palatinate vya 2014|visola vya tauni ivyo vikachitika pa 25 Meyi 2014]], kweniso [[mulara wa tauni]] nga ni wapampando. Visola vya tauni ivyo vikachitika pa 25 Meyi 2014 vikapeleka vyakufuma ivi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2014/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3320202800.html|title=LWL RLP - Kommunalwahlen: Ergebnisse der Ratswahlen: Wahlergebnisse 2014: Stadt- und Gemeinderatswahlen|first=Statistisches Landesamt|last=Rheinland-Pfalz|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-21|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821150837/http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2014/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3320202800.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" |- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" | || [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] || [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] || [[Free Voters|FWG]] || '''Wose''' |- align="center" | 2014 || 4 || 7 || 5 || mipando 16 |- align="center" | 2009 || 4 || 6 || 6 || mipando 16 |- align="center" | 2004 || 4 || 5 || 7 || mipando 16 |} === Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha === Blazon ya Chijeremani yikuti: ''{{lang|de|Über goldener Zinnenmauer, darin ein roter Reichsapfel mit goldenem Reif und rotem Kreuz, beseitet von je einer blauen Schießscharte, in Blau ein rotbewehrter silberner Adler.}}'' [[Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha|Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha]] cha tauni iyi chingalongosoreka mu [[Heraldry|mazgu gha heraldry]] gha Chingelezi nthena: ''Per fess embattled, azure an eagle displayed argent armed and langued gules, and Or masoned an orb of the third banded of the field and ensigned with a cross fleuretty of the third, this last between two arrowslits of the first.'' Chimanyikwilo chakale chomene chakumanyikwa cha Kallstadt nchakufuma mu 1494 ndipo chili na [[charge (heraldry)|vithuzithuzi]] vya [[Palatine Lion]] na mtundu wa [[Wittelsbach]] wa bendy lozengy (madiyamondi ghakupendekeka agho ghakusinthana [[tincture (heraldry)|mitundu]] ya argent na azure, kung'anamura siliva na buluu), ndipo pasi pali chilembo chichoko cha K. Mu 1506, chinthu chakuyana na chimanyikwilo cha mazuŵa ghano chikawoneka apo chimanyikwilo chinyake chikalongora nombo pachanya pa linga. Ichi chikimiranga kunjira kwa msumba uwu mu malo gha Leiningen. Kapangikiro kakuyana waka kakalutilira mpaka mu 1711 apo pakawoneka chimanyikwilo icho chikaŵa na [[globus cruciger]] pera. Ichi chikimiranga Ŵaŵerengeka Ŵa Palatinate, ndipo panji chikafuma pambere chaka cha 1506 chindafike. Pa 15 Janyuwale 1845, chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha icho chingalongosoreka kuti "Azure an orb ensigned with a cross Or", kung'anamura [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] wa buluu uwo uli na globus cruciger wagolide na mphinjika pachanya, chikapelekeka kuŵa chimanyikwilo cha tauni iyi. Pa 22 Juni 1962, kweni, chimanyikwilo icho chilipo sono, icho chikuphatikizga vithuzithuzi vya chimanyikwilo ichi na chimanyikwilo cha 1506, ndicho chikapelekeka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/k/kallstad.htm|title=Heraldry of the world - Outdated file|publisher=|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2011-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514191044/http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/k/kallstad.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == * Wilhelm Heinrich von Creuzer (1740–1794), mujere wa ku Germany ndiposo pulezidenti wa khoti<ref>Kurt Stuck. ''Verwaltungspersonal im Herzogtum Zweibrücken''. Ludwigshafen am Rhein: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde, 1993, p. 16.</ref> * Johann Heinrich Heinz, awiske ŵa [[United States|waku America]] wakwambiska makampani gha vyakurya [[Henry J. Heinz]], uyo wakambiska [[H. J. Heinz Company]] * [[Frederick Trump|Frederick Trump]] (wakababika kuti Friedrich Trumpf), wabizinesi wa ku Germany-America, sekuru wa awiske ŵa pulezidenti wa 45 na wa 47 wa United States [[Donald Trump]] * [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth Trump]], (wakababika kuti Elisabeth Christ), wabizinesi mwanakazi wa ku Germany-America, muwoli wa Frederick Trump ndiposo gogo wa awiske ŵa pulezidenti wa United States Donald Trump * {{ill|Norbert Scharf|de||WD=}}, wandale (SPD) == Wonaniso == *[[Karlstad, Sweden]] == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Kuŵazga kunthazi == * Merk, Ernst. ''Heimatbuch des Edelweinortes Kallstadt''. 1952 == Pa intaneti == {{commonscat-inline}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190902110102/https://www.kallstadt.de/ Webusayiti ya boma ya tauni] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.landjugend-kallstadt.de/ Brulljesmacher Kallstadt], webusayiti ya [[Landjugend]] ya ku Kallstadt (Chijeremani) * [http://kings-of-kallstadt.blogspot.de/2014/03/wie-schon-gesagt.html Kings of Kallstadt, webusayiti ya filimu] (Chijeremani na Chingelezi) {{Cities and towns in Bad Dürkheim (district)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nkhorongo ya Palatinate]] [[Category:Bad Dürkheim (district)]] [[Category:Banja la Trump]] [[Category:Misumba ya Ufumu]] 8hjsfors9ek0updm7sni97pywaq22bw 0 48068 117899 117760 2026-07-23T23:59:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Bobenheim am Berg COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|31|27|N|8|8|54|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bobenheim am Berg in DÜW.svg |state = Rheinland-Pfalz |district = Bad Dürkheim |Verbandsgemeinde = Freinsheim |elevation = 196 |area = 6.33 |postal_code = 67273 |area_code = 06353 |licence = DÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 32 005 |website = [http://www.bobenheim-am-berg.de/ www.bobenheim-am-berg.de] |mayor = Dietmar Leist<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bad Dürkheim], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = CDU }} '''Bobenheim am Berg''' ni ''Ortsgemeinde'' – [[Matawuni gha Germany|tawuni]] ilo lili mu ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', mtundu wa tawuni zakuwungana – mu chigaŵa cha [[Bad Dürkheim (district)|Bad Dürkheim]] ku [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany]]. == Kakhalilo ka malo == === Malo === Tawuni iyi yili mu [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] ndipo yili chigaŵa cha msumba ukuru wa [[Rhine-Neckar]]. Bobenheim am Berg wali mu [[Freinsheim (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ya Freinsheim]], iyo ofesi yake yikuru yili mu [[Freinsheim|tawuni ya Freinsheim]]. == Ŵanthu == === Chisopa === Mu 2007, 43.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Ŵaevangeliko]] ndipo 30.9% ŵakaŵa [[Roman Catholicism|Ŵakatolika]]. Awo ŵakaŵa na chisopa chinyake panji ŵalije chisopa ŵakaŵa 25.6%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133331/http://www.kommwis.de/uploads/media/Online-Gemeindestatistik_02.htm KommWis, Stand: 31.12.2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133331/http://www.kommwis.de/uploads/media/Online-Gemeindestatistik_02.htm |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref> == Ndyali == === Khonsolo ya tawuni === Khonsolo yili na ŵanthu 12 awo mba khonsolo, awo ŵakasankhika pa visola vya tawuni ivyo vikachitika pa 7 Juni 2009, kweniso meya wambura malipiro uyo ni mulongozgi wa khonsolo. Visola vya tawuni ivyo vikachitika pa 7 Juni 2009 vikapeleka vyakufuma ivi:<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3320200500.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" |- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" | || [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] || [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] || [[Free Voters|FWG]] || '''Vyose''' |- align="center" | 2009 || 3 || 6 || 3 || 12 vikaro |- align="center" | 2004 || 3 || 7 || 2 || 12 vikaro |} === Chimanyikwilo === Mazgu gha Chijeremani ghakuti: ''In Gold ein schwarzes Gemarkungszeichen.'' Lizgu lakumaliska likung'anamula [[charge (heraldry)|chimanyikwilo]] chachilendo icho chikuwoneka pa [[escutcheon (heraldry)|chikopa cha chikwangwani]], icho chikuchemeka “chimanyikwilo cha malo gha tawuni”. [[Coat of arms|Chimanyikwilo]] cha tawuni iyi chikung'anamulika mu mazgu gha [[Heraldry|heraldry]] ya Chingelezi nthena: ''Or a bar and a saltire both couped, the arm in sinister chief crossed by a bendlet couped and the two arms in base conjoined by a chevron reversed sable.'' [[tincture (heraldry)|Mitundu]] iyi ni mitundu ya [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]].<ref>[http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/b/bobenheb.htm Description and explanation of Bobenheim am Berg’s arms]</ref> Chimanyikwilo ichi chikazomerezgeka mu 1983 na ''[[Regierungsbezirk]]'' ya [[Rheinhessen-Pfalz]], iyo sono yiliko yayi, ndipo chikufuma ku chidindo cha khoti cha 1714.<ref>Karl Heinz Debus: ''Das große Wappenbuch der Pfalz''. Neustadt an der Weinstraße 1988, {{ISBN|3-9801574-2-3}}</ref> == Chikhalidwe na malo ghakuwoneka == === Vyakuchitika chaka chilichose === Chaka chilichose pa sabata yachiŵiri ya mwezi wa Ogasiti, kukuchitika [[kermis]] (chiphikiro cha kupatulira tchalitchi, icho ku malo agha chikuchemeka ''Kerwe''), ndipo pa sabata yakwamba ya [[Advent]], pakuchitika ''Belzenickelmarkt'' (“Msika wa Father Christmas/Santa Claus”). == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == Mubali wa Bundestag, Norbert Schindler, wakukhala ku Bobenheim am Berg.<ref>Quelle: Die Rheinpfalz Nr. 247 22. Oktober 2008 : Nach dem Traumergebnis spendiert Schindler Schwarzriesling für alle - Neustadt: 59 -Jähriger als CDU-Bundestagskanditat für Wahlkreis Neustadt - Speyer nominiert</ref> == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukolerana vya pa intaneti == {{Commons category|Bobenheim am Berg}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101105035158/http://www.bobenheim.de/html/hp-engl.html Webusayiti yovomerezeka ya tawuni (peji la Chingelezi)] {{in lang|de}} {{Cities and towns in Bad Dürkheim (district)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bad Dürkheim (district)]] {{BadDürkheim-geo-stub}} t5qakuxt7djgee3q4ft6wij9w7ca72u 0 48080 117901 117832 2026-07-24T00:39:34Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Wakuzenga na kukhozga malo wa ku America (1905–1999)}} {{other people}} {{pp-blp|small=yes}} {{use American English|date=August 2020}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}} {{infobox person | name = Fred Trump | image = Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped3).jpg | alt = Chithuzi cha mwanalume muchekuru wambura sisi zinandi za mutu, wakuŵa na masharubu. Wakumwetulira, ndipo mawungu ghake ghakuru na vipapo vya pasi pa maso vikubenekelera pafupifupi maso ghake ghakuwoneka ghakutowa. Chigongono chake cha kumalyero chili kubira mkati pafupi na chibwano. Mano ghake ghawemi ghakuwoneka gha mtundu wa uswesi. | caption = Trump mu 1986 | birth_name = Frederick Christ Trump | birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|10|11}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1999|6|25|1905|10|11}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | burial_place = Lutheran [[Masiŵa gha All Faiths]], Queens | political_party = [[Chipani cha Republican (United States)|Republican]] | other_party = [[Chipani cha Democratic cha Boma la New York]] | education = [[Pratt Institute]] | occupation = {{hlist|Mubizinesi|Wakuzenga na kukhozga malo}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]|January 1936}} | children = {{hlist|[[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]]|[[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]]|[[Elizabeth Trump Grau|Elizabeth]]|[[Donald Trump|Donald]]|[[Robert Trump|Robert]]}} | parents = [[Frederick Trump]]<br/>[[Elizabeth Christ Trump]] | family = [[Mbumba ya Trump]] | awards = [[Mphotho ya Horatio Alger]] }} '''Frederick Christ Trump'''{{efn|Zina lake lapakati likuzunulika {{IPAc-en|k|ɹ|ɪ|s|t}}, likuyana na mazgu ghakuti "fist".}} (Okutobala 11, 1905 – Juni 25, 1999) wakaŵa [[wakuzenga na kukhozga malo]] kweniso mubizinesi wa ku America. Wakaŵa awiske ŵa [[Donald Trump]], mlongozgi wa 45 na 47 wa [[Pulezidenti wa United States]], pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake ŵanayi. Wakababikira ku [[Bronx]] mu [[New York City]] kwa ŵapapi [[Ŵa Germany|Ŵa Germany]] awo ŵakasamukira ku America, Trump wakamba ntchito ya [[kuzenga nyumba]] na kuguliska nyumba m'ma 1920 pambere wandalongozge bizinesi ya malo iyo yikambika na ŵapapi ŵake (iyo pamanyuma yikamanyikwa kuti [[Trump Organization]]).{{efn|name="fredco"|Kale yikaŵavya zina limoza, kweni yikachemekanga Fred (C.) Trump Organization<ref>{{cite news |date=December 23, 1951 |title=Controller |work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24272037/controller/ |access-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005031005/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24272037/controller/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harry |last=Ryan |date=February 11, 1961 |title=Real estate |work=New York Daily News |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24271973/real_estate/|access-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030955/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24271973/real_estate/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ndipo yikendereskanga makampani ghanyake nga ni Trump Management na Trump Construction Corp.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump Management Inc |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0123132D:US |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=[[Bloomberg.com]] |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216192109/https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=1fe0f160-708c-11eb-8844-8908c1824c1f&url=L3Byb2ZpbGUvY29tcGFueS8wMTIzMTMyRDpVUw== |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gerstein-2016"/>}} Kampani yake yikachita makora chomene, pakuzenga na kwendeska nyumba za mbumba yimoza ku [[Queens]], nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo ku [[Mphepete mwa nyanja wa Kumafumiro gha Dazi wa United States]] pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kweniso nyumba zakujumpha 27,000 ku New York yose. Trump wakafumbikiskika chifukwa cha [[kupenja phindu mwambura kwenelera]] na komiti ya [[Seneti ya United States]] mu 1954 ndipo wakafumbikiskikaso na [[Boma la New York]] mu 1966. Donald Trump wakaŵa pulezidenti wa kampani ya malo ya awiske mu 1971. Vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma, iwo ŵakapelekeka ku khoti na [[Dipatimenti ya vya Malango ya United States, Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu]] chifukwa cha [[kusankhana mitundu ku United States|kusankhana ŵanthu ŵafipa chifukwa cha mtundu wawo]]. Kuyana na ''[[The New York Times]]'', Fred na muwoli wake, [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary]], ŵakapeleka ndalama zakujumpha US$1 biliyoni (kuyana na mtengo wa ndalama wa 2018) ku ŵana ŵawo, [[kugega msonkho|ŵakugega]] kulipira ndalama zakujumpha US$500 miliyoni za [[msonkho wa mphatso ku United States|msonkho wa mphatso]]. Mu 1992, Fred na Donald ŵakambiska kampani yinyake iyo yikagwiliskirika ntchito kusamuskira usambazi wa Fred ku ŵana ŵake. Pafupifupi nyengo yakuti wafwe, Fred wakasamuskira umwini wa nyumba zake zinandi ku ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵachali ŵamoyo, ndipo vyaka vichoko waka pamanyuma ŵakaziguliska pa mtengo uwo ukaŵa wakujumpha maulendo 16 kuluska uwo ŵakaphalira kale. Trump wakakakika pa chiyezgo cha [[Ku Klux Klan]] mu 1927, kweni palije ukaboni wakukwana wakuti wakawovwiranga gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"|Mu Seputembala 2015, ''[[Boing Boing]]'' wakalembaso nkhani ya ''[[New York Times]]'' yakukhwaskana na kukakika kwa Fred mu 1927 iyo yikalongosora adiresi yake,<ref name="boing"/> ndipo Donald wakazomerezga adiresi iyi ku ''Times''. Pamanyuma, apo wakafumbika vya nkhani ya 1927, Donald wakakana kuti awiske ŵakakhalapo ku malo agho panji kuti ŵakakakikapo,<ref>{{cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=September 22, 2015 |title=In Interview, Donald Trump Denies Report of Father's Arrest in 1927 |department=First Draft |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/09/22/in-interview-donald-trump-denies-report-of-fathers-arrest-in-1927/ |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131024147/https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/09/22/in-interview-donald-trump-denies-report-of-fathers-arrest-in-1927/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo pakwenera kuŵa munthu munyake uyo wakachita mulandu uwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyinka |first=Gem |date=March 4, 2024 |title=Donald Isn't The Only Trump With A Criminal History. Here's Why His Dad Fred Was Arrested |url=https://www.thelist.com/1531276/donald-trump-dad-fred-trump-arrested/ |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=The List|archive-date=March 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308071149/https://www.thelist.com/1531276/donald-trump-dad-fred-trump-arrested/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{efn|name="k1k"|KKK mu nyengo iyo yikaŵa gulu lakutali chomene la [[white nationalist|ŵanthu ŵakutemwa mtundu wa ŵatuŵa]] la [[Protestantism in the United States|Ŵaprotesitanti]] ku U.S. ilo likalimbana chomene na [[Anti-Black racism|ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Africa]], [[Antisemitism in the United States|Ŵayuda]], [[Anti-Catholicism in the United States|Ŵakatolika]], na [[Immigration reduction in the United States|ŵanthu ŵakusama]]. (Likasuskangaso [[Christian views on birth control|nthowa zakukanizga kubaba]], [[Prohibition in the United States|kumwa moŵa]], na [[Objections to evolution|kusambizga chisanduko cha vinthu mwakugwiliskira ntchito sayansi]].)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rothman |first=Joshua D. |date=December 4, 2016 |title=When Bigotry Paraded Through the Streets |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/12/second-klan/509468/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110120823/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/12/second-klan/509468/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Kwambira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kuti waleke kulumikizika na [[Nazism]], Trump wakakana kuti wakafuma ku Germany ndipo wakawovwiranga milimo ya [[Jewish|Ŵayuda]].{{efn|name="brsh"|Trump wakamba kuvwara [[toothbrush mustache]] mu 1950, nyengo iyo ukaŵa kuti waleka kutemweka chifukwa cha kulumikizika na [[Adolf&nbsp;Hitler]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Cohen |first=Rich |author-link=Rich Cohen |date=November 2007 |title=Becoming Adolf |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/11/cohen200711 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221180319/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/11/cohen200711 |archive-date=December 21, 2014 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2023 |title=How Donald Trump's father Fred built a billion-dollar property empire |url=https://www.loveproperty.com/galleries/157358/how-donald-trumps-father-fred-built-a-billiondollar-property-empire |access-date=September 5, 2023 |website=Love Property |quote=Bizarrely, by 1950 he was sporting a Hitler toothbrush moustache, which had understandably become a major no-no.}}</ref>}}{{Efn|name="sam"|Ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa [[fraternity]] ku [[Sigma Alpha Mu]] ilo kale likaŵa gulu la Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakati munyawo [[Fred Trump&nbsp;Jr.]] wakayowoya kuti awiske ŵakaŵa Muyuda.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 1, 2019 |title=Does Donald Trump Have Jewish Roots? |url=https://vosizneias.com/2019/11/01/donald-trump-have-jewish-roots/ |access-date=August 12, 2020 |work=[[Vos Iz Neias?]] |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112422/https://vosizneias.com/2019/11/01/donald-trump-have-jewish-roots/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2018, munthu wakusanda maghanoghano [[Justin A. Frank]] wakayowoya kuti Fred&nbsp;Jr. wakajoyina gulu ili kuti wasuskane na awiske, awo Frank wakuti ŵakaŵa {{nowrap|[[Antisemitism in the United States|ŵakutinkha Ŵayuda]]}}.{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mwana wa Fred&nbsp;Jr., [[Mary L. Trump]], nayo pamanyuma wakayowoya kuti sekuru ŵake ŵakaŵa "ŵakutinkha Ŵayuda chomene".<ref name="why"/>}}{{efn|name="kt"|Apo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa U.S., Donald wakayowoyapo kanandi waka mwautesi kuti awiske ŵakafuma ku Germany.<ref name="Germany"/><ref name="fourth"/><ref name="health"/> Apo wakayowoyanga vya [[German Chancellor|Mulongozgi wa boma la Germany]], Donald wakuti wakayowoya kuti, "Nkhakulira pasi pa Mjeremani mukuru chomene kuluska wose,"<ref name="Alone"/> kugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakunyoza Mjeremani, chomenechomene msilikari wa [[World War I|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]]/[[World War II|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]].<ref name="kraut"/>}} ==Umoyo wa pakwamba na ntchito== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:Elisabeth and Friedrich Trump circa 1915.jpg|thumb|Fred Trump (kumazere chomene) pamoza na mbumba yake, {{circa|1915}}]] Adada ŵa Trump, [[Frederick Trump]] awo ŵakababika ku Germany (pakwamba ŵakachemekanga Friedrich), ŵakasanga usambazi ukuru pa nyengo ya [[Klondike Gold Rush]] chifukwa cha kwendeska malo ghakulyeramo na nyumba ya mahule ya ŵakukumba golide. Friedrich wakawelera ku [[Kallstadt]] mu 1901, ndipo mu chaka chakulondezgapo wakakumana na kweniso wakatora [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth Christ]].{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=90, 94–95}} Ŵakasamira ku [[New York City]], uko mwana wawo wakwamba, Elizabeth, wakababika mu 1904.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=97}} Pamanyuma mu chaka chenechicho, mbumba yikawelera ku Kallstadt.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=98}} Fred wakababikira mu [[Bavaria]], uko ŵapapi ŵake ŵakakhumbanga {{nowrap|kuwelera}} kukakhala, kweni Friedrich wakachimbizgika chifukwa cha [[Draft evasion|kukana kuluta ku nkhondo]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Kate |date=November 21, 2016 |title=Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415144100/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree |archive-date=April 15, 2025 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=98}} Mbumba yikawelera ku New York pa Julayi 1, 1905, ndipo yikasamira ku [[the Bronx]], uko Frederick Christ Trump wakababika pa Okutobala 11, 1905.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=110}}{{efn|name="kt"}} Munung'una wa Fred, [[John G. Trump]], wakababika mu 1907. Ŵana wose ŵatatu ŵakakulira uku ŵakayowoyanga [[Chiyowoyero cha Germany|Chijeremani]] ku nyumba.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=29}} Mu Seputembala 1908, mbumba yikasamira ku [[Woodhaven, Queens]].{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=112}} Ukaboni wakulongosora vinandi vya ubwana wa Trump ukufuma ku nkhani izo wakalemba yekha ndipo vikulongosora kujiyimira yekha, kusambira kweniso chomene [[ntchito yakulimbikira]]{{snd}}mwakuti vinyake vikawoneka nga ni nkhani zakwambika waka.{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=67|ps=. "Mu 1950 [Fred] wakalemba kampani yakusambizga vya ubale na ŵanthu ya Madison Avenue kuti yilenge chikalata cha manyuzipepala icho chikayowoya vya 'nkhani ya chipambano iyo yikuyana na nkhani ya kubendeseka ya [[Horatio Alger]] yakukhwaskana na mwana uyo wakasandura ndalama zichoko waka kuŵa ufumu wa bizinesi.' Kweni nkhani ya Fred Trump yakukhwaskana na umoyo wake, iyo ŵalutirizgi ŵake ŵakayiyika mu manyuzipepala ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa, nayo yikaŵa ya kubendeseka nga umo yikaŵira nkhani ya Horatio Alger."}}{{efn|Mu buku lake la mbiri ya mbumba ya Trump, [[Gwenda Blair]] wakugwiliskira ntchito nkhani izi kweniso mafunso agho wakafumba Fred na ŵabali ŵake.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=486}} Blair wakakumana na Fred kakwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa "wakufoka chomene".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Glasser |first1=Susan B. |last2=Kruse |first2=Michael |date=April 2016 |title=Trumpology: A Master Class |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-campaign-biography-psychology-history-barrett-hurt-dantiono-blair-obrien-213835/ |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=[[Politico Magazine]] |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816000748/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-campaign-biography-psychology-history-barrett-hurt-dantiono-blair-obrien-213835/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 10, Trump wakagwiranga ntchito ya kwiza na kutolera katundu kwa munthu wakuguliska nyama.<ref name="Horowitz-2016">{{cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=August 12, 2016 |title=Fred Trump Taught His Son the Essentials of Showboating Self-Promotion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/13/us/politics/fred-donald-trump-father.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503091137/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/13/us/politics/fred-donald-trump-father.html |archive-date=May 3, 2025 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Pakajumpha vyaka viŵiri, pa [[Zuŵa lakukumbukira ŵasilikari|Zuŵa lakukumbukira ŵasilikari]], awiske ŵakafwa mu [[nthenda ya chimfine ya 1918]],<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last=Rozhon |first=Tracie |date=June 26, 1999 |title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418131121/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |archive-date=April 18, 2010}}</ref> mwaluŵiro chomene kuyana na ivyo Fred wakayowoya.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=116}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230124081625/https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/5166022 NYC Municipal Archives Historical Vital Records, Department of Records and Information Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124081625/https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/5166022 |date=January 24, 2023}}. Accessed December 2, 2023. "[A doctor] attended the deceased from May 23 ... to May 30, 1918."</ref> Kufuma mu 1918 mpaka 1923, Fred wakasambira ku [[Sukulu ya sekondare ya Richmond Hill (Queens)|Sukulu ya sekondare ya Richmond Hill]] mu Queens,{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=117}} uku wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni [[Caddie|msungiliri wa vinthu pa malo gha gofu]], wakupenta vizingo vya misewu, wakupokera na kutumizga katundu, kweniso wakuguliska manyuzipepala.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=119}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Wendell |first=Ed |date=July 28, 2015 |title=The Trump name's humble Woodhaven roots |url=http://leaderobserver.com/view/full_story/26776139/article-The-Trump-name-humble-Woodhaven-roots |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234528/http://leaderobserver.com/view/full_story/26776139/article-The-Trump-name-humble-Woodhaven-roots |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |access-date=August 16, 2021 |publisher=The Leader/Observer |location=Queens, New York}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, amama ŵake ŵakalutilira bizinesi ya [[vyakuzenga nyumba]] iyo Friedrich wakambiska. Pakukhumba kuŵa muzengi, Fred wakazenga garaja la mzengezgani ndipo wakasambiranga masambiro gha usiku gha [[uchekaji]] na kuŵazga mapulani gha vyakuzenga; vikuyowoyeka kuti wakasambira [[vyakupakira maji]], [[uzengi wa malibwe]], na [[mawaya gha magesi]] kwizira mu [[masambiro gha makalata]],{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=119}} nangauli mabuku ghanyake gha mbiri ghakulongora kuti masambiro ghake gha vyakuzenga ghakaŵa pa nyengo ya pamanyuma pa sekondare, apo wakaŵa wakugwirangaso ntchito mu ntchitoyi.<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/>{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=}}{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=}} Pamanyuma pakumaliza masambiro mu Januwale 1923, Trump wakasanga ntchito ya nyengo yose yakuguzura matabwa kuya ku malo gha vyakuzenga.{{sfn|Whitman|1973}} Wakawerenga vya uchekaji ndipo wakaŵa mskhasu wa kalipentara.{{Efn|Manyuzipepala ghakale ghakuyowoya kuti Trump wakasambilira masambiro ghake ku [[YMCA]],<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/> apo mabuku ghakuzaka ghakuyowoya waka za [[Pratt Institute]].{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=68}}{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=26}} Mu buku lake la m'ma 2000 la mbiri ya umoyo wake, Blair wakuyowoya kuti Trump wakasambira masambiro gha YMCA apo wakaŵa ku sekondare ndipo wakasambira ku Pratt pamanyuma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=120}}}} Amama ŵa Trump ŵakasunga bizinesi mu zina lawo m'paka apo wakafikira vyaka 21, [[msinkhu wakuzomerezgeka mwalamulo]].<ref name="whitman"/> Zina la kampani "[[E. Trump & Son]]" likawoneka mu vyakupharazga kufuma mu 1924,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 16, 1924 |title=Classified ad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031008/https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=The Chat |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=53}}</ref> ndipo mu chaka ichi Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito ngongole ya madola 800 kufuma kwa amama ŵake kuti wamalizge na kuguliska nyumba yake yakwamba.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire">{{cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Gerald S. |date=July 26, 1964 |title=Millionaire Calls Work His Hobby |journal=[[The Bridgeport Post]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |page=65 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502060102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="whitman">{{cite news |last=Whitman |first=Alden |date=January 28, 1973 |title=A builder looks back – and moves forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502133920/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Kweni malemba gha boma ghakulongora kuti wakamba kuzenga yayi m'paka mu 1927,{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34–35}} chaka icho kampani yikapangika kuŵa [[Incorporation (business)|kampani yakuzomerezgeka mwalamulo]]<ref>{{cite news |date=April 16, 1927 |title=New concerns function with Queens capital |page=16 |work=The Daily Star |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252015%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2520-%25200653.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D6c404f01%26Do |quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty. |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408221322/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2015/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927%20-%200653.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> (ndipo pamanyuma pa kufika kwa Trump pa vyaka 21). Trump wakayowoyeka kuti wakazenga nyumba zinyake 19 mu 1926 mu [[Hollis, Queens]], ndipo wakaguliska zinyake pambere zindamalizike kuti wagwiliskire ntchito ndalama zake pakuzengaso zinyake.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Muwalebi wa kafukufuku [[Wayne Barrett]] wakuti Trump wakakwezga ukuru wa nyengo ya ntchito yake mu 1934 apo wakalombanga ku [[Makhoti gha boma la United States|khoti la boma]] kuti wapokere kampani iyo yikaleka kugwira ntchito ya [[mortgage servicer]] na katundu wake.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34, 37, 39}} Mu 1927, Trump [[#kkk|wakakakika]] pa chiwonetsero cha [[Ku Klux Klan]], kweni palije [[ukaboni wakukwana]] wakuti wakakhozgeranga gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"}} ===Kukwera ku chipambano=== Mu 1933, Trump wakazenga umoza mwa masitolo ghakwamba ghakuguliska vinthu vya mtundu wa [[supermarket]] mu Msumba wa New York, uwo ukachemekanga Trump Market, mu Woodhaven, Queens. Ukapangika mwakuyana na sitolo ya [[Long Island]] ya [[King Kullen]], iyo yikaŵa msakato wa masitolo ghakuguliska vinthu mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakujitengera vyawo. Sitolo ya Trump yikapharazganga kuti "Jiguliskirani na kusunga ndalama!" ndipo yikamba kutemweka luŵiro. Pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi na umoza, Trump wakaguliska iyo ku King Kullen.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=123}} Mu khoti la boma mu 1934, Trump na munyake ŵakapokera kampani yachigaŵa ya kusungira ngongole za nyumba ya [[Brooklyn]] ya [[J.&nbsp;Lehrenkrauss Corporation]],{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=127}} iyo yikaŵa yafwa ndalama ndipo pamanyuma yikasambazgika. Ichi chikamupa Trump mwayi wakusanga mazina gha malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa pafupi [[kukatika chifukwa cha kutondeka kulipira ngongole]], ndipo wakagura malo agha pa mtengo wakuchepa na kuguliskaso kuti wasange phindu. Ichi na mabizinesi ghanyake gha vyakuzenga nyumba vikamupangiska kuti wamanyikwe luŵiro nga ni yumoza wa ŵamalonda ŵakuluska mu Msumba wa New York.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}}<ref name="aces">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Richard J. |date=May 14, 1950 |title=Trump the Builder Plays Mothers as Ace Cards |url=https://img0.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426081241/https://www.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |archive-date=April 26, 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2020 |work=[[Brooklyn Eagle]] |page=25 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakumalizga masambiro mu January 1923, Trump wakamba ntchito ya nyengo yose yakutolera matabwa kuya ku malo ghakuzengapo.{{sfn|Whitman|1973}} Wakachita masambiro gha vya uchisumi ndipo wakaŵa mthandizi wa musisiteri.{{Efn|Magazini ghakale ghakalemba kuti Trump wakasambira masambiro agha ku [[YMCA]],<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/> kweni mabuku gha pamanyuma ghakuzunura waka [[Pratt Institute]].{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=68}}{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=26}} Mu buku lake la vyaka vya m'ma 2000, Blair wakuti Trump wakasambira ku YMCA apo wakaŵa ku sekondale ndipo wakalutizga masambiro ku Pratt pamanyuma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=120}}}} Anyina ŵa Trump ŵakasunga zina la bizinesi mu zina lawo mpaka apo wakafikira vyaka 21, [[vyaka vya ukuru]].<ref name="whitman"/> Zina la kampani "[[E. Trump & Son]]" likamba kuwoneka mu malonda mu 1924,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 16, 1924 |title=Classified ad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031008/https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=The Chat |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=53}}</ref> ndipo mu chaka ichi Trump wakuti wakagwiliskira ntchito ngongole ya madola 800 kufuma kwa anyina kuti wamare kuzenga na kuguliska nyumba yake yakwamba.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire">{{cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Gerald S. |date=July 26, 1964 |title=Millionaire Calls Work His Hobby |journal=[[The Bridgeport Post]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |page=65 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502060102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="whitman">{{cite news |last=Whitman |first=Alden |date=January 28, 1973 |title=A builder looks back – and moves forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502133920/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Ndipouli, ivyo vikulongora vya boma vikukolerana yayi na fundo yakuti wakazenga nyumba m'paka mu 1927,{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34–35}} chaka icho kampani iyi yikasazikika mwalamulo [[Incorporation (business)|nga kampani]].<ref>{{cite news |date=April 16, 1927 |title=New concerns function with Queens capital |page=16 |work=The Daily Star |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252015%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2520-%25200653.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D6c404f01%26Do |quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty. |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408221322/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2015/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927%20-%200653.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakayowoyanga kuti wakazenga nyumba zinyake 19 mu 1926 mu [[Hollis, Queens]], ndipo wakaguliskanga zinyake pambere zindamare kuti wagwiliskire ntchito ndarama izo pakuzengaso zinyake.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Mlembi wakufufuza nkhani [[Wayne Barrett]] wakuti Trump wakakwezga chomene nyengo ya ntchito yake mu 1934 apo wakayezganga kuphalira khoti la boma chifukwa icho wakeneranga kupokera kampani yakale iyo yikapwanyika ya [[mortgage servicer]] na katundu wake.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34, 37, 39}} Mu 1927, Trump [[#kkk|wakakakika]] pa chiwonetsero cha [[Ku Klux Klan]], kweni palije [[ukaboni wakukwana]] wakuti wakakolerananga na gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"}} ===Kukwera ku chipambano=== Mu 1933, Trump wakazenga sitolo yimoza mwa masitolo ghakwamba gha ma [[supermarket]] ghakale mu New York City, iyo yikachemekanga Trump Market, mu Woodhaven, Queens. Yikaŵa yakuyana na [[Long Island]]'s [[King Kullen]], kampani ya masitolo gha kujisangira vinthu. Malonda gha sitolo iyi ghakati "Jisangirani na Kusunga Ndalama!" ndipo yikazgoka yakumanyikwa chomene. Pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi na umoza, Trump wakayiguliska kwa King Kullen.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=123}} Mu khoti la boma mu 1934, Trump na munyake ŵakapokera kampani yakugwiliska ntchito ya ndalama za ngongole ya nyumba ya [[Brooklyn]] ya [[J. Lehrenkrauss Corporation]],{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=127}} iyo yikaŵa yafika pa ubankabankha ndipo pamanyuma yikagaŵikana. Ichi chikapeleka mwaŵi kwa Trump kuti wasange mazina gha nyumba zinandi izo zikaŵa pafupi kupokera na maboma cifukwa ca kuleka kulipira ngongole, ndipo wakagulanga nyumba izi pa mtengo wakuchepa na kuziguliskaso kuti wasange phindu. Ichi na milimo yinyake ya vyakuzenga nyumba vikapangiska kuti Trump wamanyikwe nga njumoza wa ŵamalonda ŵakuchita makora chomene mu New York City.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}}<ref name="aces">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Richard J. |date=May 14, 1950 |title=Trump the Builder Plays Mothers as Ace Cards |url=https://img0.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426081241/https://www.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |archive-date=April 26, 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2020 |work=[[Brooklyn Eagle]] |page=25 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakovwira pa ngongole za nyumba [[Subsidized housing in the United States|izomwe zikapelekeka]] na [[Federal Housing Administration]] (FHA) pamanyuma pachoko pakwambiska pulogiramu iyi kwizira mu [[National Housing Act of 1934]],<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> iyo yikazomerezgaso mchitiro wakupambana mitundu wa [[Racism in the United States|kugaŵa malo mwakutengera mtundu]] uwo ukuchemeka [[redlining]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |date=May 3, 2017 |title=A 'Forgotten History' Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=[[NPR]] |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603055315/https://web.archive.org/web/20200603055315/https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 1936, Trump wakaŵa na ŵantchito 400{{efn|Blair wakulongora kuti wose ŵakaŵa [[Ŵazungu|ŵanthu ŵazungu]], kweni ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku vyaru vyakupambana.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=150}}}} awo ŵakafukanga misingi ya nyumba izo zikaguliskikanga pa mitengo yakufuma pa madola 3,000 kufika pa madola 6,250.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=150}} Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya wiske ya [[Psychological pricing|kuŵika mitengo mwakupangiska maghanoghano]], apo wakalembanga mitengo iyo yamalizgikanga na "... 9.99".<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> Mu ma 1930 ghakumaliro, wakagwiliskira ntchito [[showboat|boti lakulanga malonda]] mumphepete mwa [[Coney Island]]; boti ili likayimbanga [[American patriotic music|sumu zakukhuŵilizga chitemwa cha charu]] ndipo likanyamulanga mabaluni ghakuyana na [[swordfish]] agho ŵanthu ŵakatenge ŵangagwiliskira ntchito kupeza madola 25 panji 250 pa kugura nyumba zake.<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> Mu 1938, ''[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'' yikachema Trump kuti "the [[Henry Ford]] wa bizinesi yakuzenga nyumba".<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 10, 1938|title=Recovery Going Into High, Says Youthful B'klyn Builder|page=39|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/52610700|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=August 9, 2021|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809033310/http://www.newspapers.com/image/52610700/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu nyengo iyi, Trump wakayowoya kuti wazamusanga phindu kufuma ku [[World War II]].{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}} Mu 1942, wakazenga nyumba 2,000 mu Brooklyn kwizira mu ndalama za FHA.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=146}} Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, [[Office of Production Management]] ya boma la United States (iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1941) yikazomerezga kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama za FHA pa nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo mu [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn]], cifukwa cha kufupi kwake na [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]]. Trump wakakhumbanga kuzenga nyumba 700 kweneku, iyo mphanyi yikaŵa ntchito yake yikuru chomene kweniso ya ofesi ya FHA ya boma la New York pa nyengo iyo, kweni pamanyuma pa [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] na [[United States declaration of war on Japan|kulengeka kwa nkhondo kwa United States pa Japan]], pulani iyi yikasinthika na kuŵika mtima pa nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo ku malo ghanyake ghakuzengera ŵasilikari pa [[East Coast of the United States|mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi]], ku [[Hampton Roads]] pafupi na [[Norfolk, Virginia]], uko Trump wakaŵa kuti wakamba kale kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=156–161}} [[United States Congress|Bungwe la malango la United States]] likasazgirako chigaŵa mu National Housing Act icho chikapeleka [[mortgage insurance]] ku nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo, ndipo kwizira mu nthowa iyi Trump wakazomerezgeka kuŵa mwenecho wa nyumba izo wakazenga. Mu 1944, wakazenga nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo zakukwana 1,360, pafupifupi 10% ya nyumba zose izo zikazengeka mu Norfolk.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=156–161}} Wakazengaso [[barracks]] na nyumba za munda (garden apartments) za ŵantchito ŵa [[U.S. Navy]] kufupi na malo ghakuzengera sitima mu Norfolk na [[Newport News, Virginia]], kweniso ku [[Chester, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="nyt"/> Vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pakuguliska ntchito ya munthu wakumanyiska vya malonda, [[Howard Rubenstein]], kuti wawovwire kupanga nkhani zakukhwaskana na umoyo wake izo zikayerezganga nkhani za [[rags-to-riches]] za mulembi wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, [[Horatio Alger]],<ref name="Belkin-2016">{{Cite web |last=Belkin |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Belkin |date=July 16, 2016 |title=Be a killer, be a king: The education of Donald Trump |url=https://news.yahoo.com/killer-king-education-donald-trump-000000711.html |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News }}</ref> mu 1985, Fred wakapokera [[Horatio Alger Award]] (chifukwa cha "Ŵamerika ŵakumanyikwa chomene").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred C. Trump |url=https://horatioalger.org/members/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=Horatio Alger Association|archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419114634/https://horatioalger.org/members/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Munthu wakumanyikwa pa wayilesi na televizioni [[Art Linkletter]] ndiyo wakamanyiska Trump pa mwambo uwu, ndipo minisitala wa [[Protestant]] [[Norman Vincent Peale]] na muwoli wake (Ruth Stafford Peale, uyo wakapokera kale chawanangwa ichi), [[Ruth Stafford Peale|Ruth Peale]], ndiwo ŵakamupa chawanangwa ichi.<ref name="Horatio Alger Association">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNJLzxHwENo |title=Fred C. Trump* – 1985 Horatio Alger Award Recipient |publisher=Horatio Alger Association |access-date=August 27, 2022 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827110510/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=KNJLzxHwENo |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nkhani yake yakupokera chawanangwa, Trump wakayowoya kuti chinthu chakuzirwa pa chipambano chake chikaŵa kutemwa ntchito yake ndipo kuti "wakawonanga ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasanga chipambano ... awo ŵakachita vinthu viwemi na viheni ndipo ... wakalondezganga mikhaliro yiwemi iyo ŵakaŵa nayo". Pamanyuma wakayowoya (panji mwakubudika)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=David Cay |author-link=David Cay Johnston |date=August 26, 2016 |title=Q&A |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?414381-1/qa-david-cay-johnston |access-date=April 6, 2023 |website=[[C-SPAN]] |quote=. "I don't remember reading that in Shakespeare." Event occurs at 48. |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052843/https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052843/https://www.c-span.org/video/?414381-1/qa-david-cay-johnston |url-status=live}}</ref> kuti mazgu ghakuti "Lekani kulondezga ngolo yakuzura yayi chifukwa", apo wakalongora ku mutu wake, "palije ico chikugwa kufuma mwenemumo" ghakaŵa gha [[William Shakespeare]]. Wakapitiriza na kumanyiska ŵamumbumba yake awo ŵakaŵa ŵachali ŵamoyo.<ref name="Horatio Alger Association"/> ==Milimo yinyake== [[File:FredTrump1950-05.png|thumb|upright=.5|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of a man with slicked-back hair and a faint mustache. He wears a suit.|Trump pafupi na {{circa|1950}}]] Kukwambilira kwa 1954, Purezidenti [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakamba kususka ŵamalonda ŵa vyakuzenga nyumba awo ŵakapanga phindu lakujumphizga pa ntchito za boma. Mu Juni chaka icho, ''[[The New York Times]]'' yikaŵika zina la Trump pa ndandanda ya ŵakuzenga nyumba 35 mu msumba awo ŵakaŵapanikizgika kuti ŵakasanga phindu lakujumphizga kufuma ku mapangano gha boma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}} Iye na ŵanyake ŵakafufuzika na [[United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|komiti ya ndalama ya Senate ya United States]] chifukwa cha [[windfall gain]]. Trump na munyake William Tomasello{{efn|Tomasello, uyo wakaŵa na kukolerana na [[mafia]],{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=171–172}}<!-- Blair refers to William as James. --> wakaŵa na 25% ya Beach Haven Apartments ndipo Trump wakamulongosora kuti ni "mupanga wa njerwa [ndipo] mwenecho wa malo wakale".<ref>{{cite web |date=June 18, 1954 |title=Executive Session in the Matter of: Special Interview to Investigate Federal Housing Administration |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/1954-06-18-senate-interview-of-fred-trump.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=Columbia Reporting Company |location=Washington, D.C. |page=342 |via=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=September 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901052804/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/1954-06-18-senate-interview-of-fred-trump.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Padera pa ndalama, Trump panji wakagwilira ntchito na Tomasello kuti waŵe kutali na masuzgo gha mafia panji mabungwe gha ŵantchito.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=171–172}}}} ŵakazunulika nga ni viyelezgero vya umo ŵakuzenga nyumba ŵakasangira phindu kwizira mu FHA.{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=409}} Ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakalipira madola 34,200 pa malo agho ŵakapanga kuti kampani yawo yiŵe na renti ya madola 76,960 pa chaka mu pangano la vyaka 99, mwakuti usange nyumba izo ŵakazenga pa malo agha zingalekera kulipira ngongole, FHA mphanyi yikaŵapa madola 1.924 miliyoni. Trump na Tomasello ŵakawoneka kuti ŵakapokera ngongole zakukwana madola 3.5 miliyoni kwakuluska mtengo uwo Beach Haven Apartments yikaguliranga.<ref name="unbelievable"/>{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=58}} Trump wakayowoya kuti cifukwa chakuti wakafumiskapo yayi ndalama izi, wakangapokera yayi phindu mwakudunjika.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}}{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=410}} Wakayowoyaso kuti cifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo, mphanyi wakeneranga kuŵikapo ndalama zinandi kuluska 10% ya [[mortgage loan]] iyo yikaŵavya kupelekeka na FHA, ndipo mphanyi wakasangana na suzgo la kutaya ndalama usange wakazenga nyumba mu nthowa iyi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}}{{sfn|Senate|1954|pp=414–415}} Mu 1961, Trump wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana $2,500 ku kampeni yakusankhikaso ya meya wa New York [[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]], ndipo ichi chikamovwira kusanga chitemwa cha boma pa ntchito yakuzenga [[Trump Village]], malo ghakuru gha nyumba zakukhalamo ku Coney Island.<ref name="Blair-2018">{{Cite web |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fred Trump Slays the King of Cooperative Housing |url=https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/fred-trump-slays-the-king-of-cooperative-housing |access-date=January 17, 2022 |website=The Gotham Center for New York City History|archive-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117080755/https://web.archive.org/web/20220117080755/https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/fred-trump-slays-the-king-of-cooperative-housing |url-status=live}}</ref> Ntchito iyi yikazengeka mu vyaka vya 1963–64 ndipo yikagula ndalama zakukwana $70 miliyoni. Yikaŵa yimoza mwa ntchito zikuru chomene kweniso zakumalizga za Trump,<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/><ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=Biography: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |time=30, 32 |network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]] |number=1}}</ref> ndipo ndiyo pera yikaŵa na zina lake.<ref name="Blair-2018"/> Pamoza, wakazenga nyumba zakukwana 27,000 za ŵanthu ŵakavu kweniso nyumba zakulongozgana mu chigaŵa cha New York, kusazgapo ku Brooklyn (ku Coney Island, Bensonhurst, [[Sheepshead Bay]], [[Flatbush]], na [[Brighton Beach]]) kweniso ku Queens (ku [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] na [[Jamaica Estates]]).<ref name="nyt"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=121, 156}} Mu 1966, Trump wakafufuzikaso chifukwa cha kupoka phindu likuru chomene, nyengo iyi na ŵakufufuza ŵa boma la New York [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|State investigators]].<!-- Per nyc.gov/site/doi/about/timeline.page --> Pamanyuma pakuti Trump wakakwezga chomene ndalama zakuzengera izo zikapelekeka na pulogalamu ya boma, wakasanga phindu la $598,000 kwizira mu kupangiska renti ya vinthu vyakuzengera pa ntchito ya Trump Village, ndipo ndalama izi zikagwiliskirika ntchito pa ntchito zinyake. Mu ukaboni uwo wakapeleka pa January 27, 1966, Trump wakati iyo payekha wandachite chinthu chiheni ndipo wakalumba umo ntchito yake yakuzengera yikendeskera.{{sfn|Blair|2015 |pages=213–216 |postscript=. "Trump Village has the finest reputation. We finished eight months ahead of schedule, millions of dollars under anticipated constructions {{sic}} costs, and I don't think there will ever be another job in the city that will be able to shine a candle up against Trump Village."}} Komiti yikati Trump wakaŵa "munthu wakuchenjera chomene" ndipo wakaŵa na "luso la kusanga phindu lose ilo lingasangika mu ntchito yake yakuzenga nyumba", kweni pakaŵavya milandu yakuphalirika ku khoti ([[indictment]]s). M'malo mwake, ŵakayowoya kuti pulogalamu ya nyumba ya boma yikakhumbikwiranga ndondomeko zakukhora pa kayendeskero na kuyankha pa ivyo vikachitika.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=215–216}} Mphala wa wachiŵiri wa nduna ya milandu wakalemberana na [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) kuti wamanye usange yikaŵa na malipoti ghaliyose ghakukhwaskana na Trump pambere wandayowoyepo ku khoti pa March 31, 1966.<ref name="Gerstein-2016"/> ===Steeplechase Park=== [[File:Steeplechase Park at night, Coney Island, N. Y. (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha [[Steeplechase Park]], icho chikulongora chizindikiro cha "Funny Face" cha Pavilion of Fun pakati pa chigaŵa chake|alt=Chithuzithuzi cha Pavilion of Fun cha Steeplechase Park. Chizindikiro cha "Funny Face" chili pakati pa chigaŵa chake.]] Pa July 1, 1965, Trump wakagula [[Steeplechase Park]] ya ku Coney Island iyo yikaŵa kuti yajulika sonono, pa mtengo wa $2.3 miliyoni, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuzenga nyumba zapachanya za ŵanthu ŵakusanga ndalama zinandi.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 1, 1965 |title=Steeplechase Park Planned as the Site Of Housing Project |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/01/archives/steeplechase-park-planned-as-the-site-of-housing-project.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031636/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/01/archives/steeplechase-park-planned-as-the-site-of-housing-project.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Robert |last2=Abelman |first2=Lester |date=July 2, 1965 |title=Steeplechase Sold; Loses Race to the Sands of Time |page=6 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33933720/ |access-date=July 14, 2019 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921021201/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33933720/steeplechase-sold-loses-race-to-the/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fowler 1979">{{cite web |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=June 3, 1979 |title=15-Year Dispute Over Lease for Coney Island Steeplechase Continues |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/03/archives/15year-dispute-over-lease-for-coney-island-steeplechase-continues.html |access-date=September 15, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192610/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/03/archives/15year-dispute-over-lease-for-coney-island-steeplechase-continues.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, wakapharazga mapulani ghakuzenga denga lakuzingilizgika la mamita 160 kufuma pasi, ilo likaŵa na malo gha maseŵero kweniso malo gha maungano.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 24, 1966 |title=A 160-Foot-High Pleasure Dome Is Proposed for Coney Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/24/archives/a-160foothigh-pleasure-dome-is-proposed-for-coney-island-a-dome.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031544/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/24/archives/a-160foothigh-pleasure-dome-is-proposed-for-coney-island-a-dome.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa ungano uwo ukachitika mwakuzindikirika chomene mu September 1966, Trump wakabwangura Pavilion of Fun ya pa malo agha, malo ghakuru gha maseŵero ghakupangika na magalasi.<ref name="Immerso2002">{{cite book |last=Immerso |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4POVzmwY9cC |title=Coney Island: The People's Playground |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8135-3138-0 |edition=illustrated |pages=172 |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 22, 1966 |title=6 Bikinied Beauties Attend Demolishing Of Coney Landmark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/6-bikinied-beauties-attend-demolishing-of-coney-landmark.html |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218214508/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/6-bikinied-beauties-attend-demolishing-of-coney-landmark.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti wakaguliska njerwa ku ŵalendo ŵa ungano uwu kuti ŵabwangure magalasi agho ghakaŵa kuti ghasalapo, kusazgapo chithuzithuzi chakumanyikwa cha chizindikiro cha malo agha, chakuchemeka "[[Steeplechase Face|Funny Face]]".<ref name="The Telegraph 2017">{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Soo |date=December 4, 2017 |title=New York's family funfair spoiled by Donald Trump's dad |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/coney-island-history-amusement-parks-fred-trump/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=The Telegraph |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716002154/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/coney-island-history-amusement-parks-fred-trump/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=Dana |date=May 17, 2016 |title=52 years ago, Donald Trump's father demolished Coney Island's beloved Steeplechase Park |url=https://www.6sqft.com/50-years-ago-donald-trumps-father-demolished-coney-islands-beloved-steeplechase-park/ |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=6sqft |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711153349/https://www.6sqft.com/50-years-ago-donald-trumps-father-demolished-coney-islands-beloved-steeplechase-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BP-Remembering-2016">{{cite web |last=Lynch |first=Dennis |date=May 20, 2016 |title=Remembering the day Trump's dad destroyed a Coney icon |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/39/21/24-trump-steeplechase-2016-05-20-bk.html |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=[[Brooklyn Paper]] |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716213417/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/39/21/24-trump-steeplechase-2016-05-20-bk.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwezi wakulondezgapo, Msumba wa New York ukapharazga mapulani ghakugula malo agha kuti ghagwiliskike ntchito ngati malo gha maseŵero.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fowle |first=Farnsworth |date=October 5, 1966 |title=City Wants Site of Steeplechase For Seafront Coney Island Park; Planning Board Sets Oct. 19 Hearing to Bar Area for High-Rise Homes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/05/archives/city-wants-site-of-steeplechase-for-seafront-coney-island-park.html |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031859/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/05/archives/city-wants-site-of-steeplechase-for-seafront-coney-island-park.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakatora milandu yinandi ku khoti yakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa kagwiliskiranga ntchito malo agha, ndipo paumaliro wakapokera chipukuta ndalama cha $1.3 miliyoni.<ref name="Fowler 1979"/> Pamanyuma pakuti malo agha ghakhala ghambura kugwiliskika ntchito kwa vyaka vinandi, Trump wakamba kupangiska munthu uyo wakendeskanga maseŵero gha pa malo gha maungano kugwiliskira ntchito malo agha mwakukopa renti.<ref name="Immerso2002"/><ref name="Fowler 1979"/> Pakuluta kwa vyaka vinyake khumi, msumba ukakwaniska kuwelerako na kutora malo agha.<ref name="Chambers 1977">{{cite web |last=Chambers |first=Marcia |date=April 3, 1977 |title=New York, After 10 Years, Finds Plan to Create a Coney Island Park Is Unsuccessful |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/03/archives/new-york-after-10-years-finds-plan-to-create-a-coney-island-park-is.html |access-date=September 15, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711032447/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/03/archives/new-york-after-10-years-finds-plan-to-create-a-coney-island-park-is.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Colin |date=August 29, 1981 |title=Beleaguered Coney Islanders Rally With Sense Of Affection; The Talk of Coney Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/29/nyregion/beleaguered-coney-islanders-rally-with-sense-affection-talk-coney-island.html |access-date=September 16, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916060313/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/29/nyregion/beleaguered-coney-islanders-rally-with-sense-affection-talk-coney-island.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mirabella 1985">{{cite news |last=Mirabella |first=Alan |date=June 2, 1985 |title=A plan to bring back Coney Island |page=311 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28804609/ |access-date=May 5, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108150411/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28804609/a-plan-to-bring-back-coney-island/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2016, [[Coney Island History Project]] yikachita chiwonetsero chapadera chakukumbukira "Myaka 50 kufuma apo Fred Trump's Demolition of Steeplechase Pavilion".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Denson |first=Charles |date=July 5, 2016 |title=Fred Trump's Coney Island: 50th Anniversary Exhibit |url=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/blog/news/fred-trumps-coney-island-50th-anniversary-exhibit |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=Coney Island History Project |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407053301/https://web.archive.org/web/20230407053301/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/blog/news/fred-trumps-coney-island-50th-anniversary-exhibit |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mwana wake wakawa purezidenti wa kampani=== {{See also|#Wealth and death|The Trump Organization#Valuation disputes}} [[File:Donald Trump with Fred Trump (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|Fred na mwana wake [[Donald Trump|Donald]] pa [[Central Park]]'s [[Wollman Rink|Wollman Ice Rink]] ({{circa|lk=no|1986}}), iyo yikanozgeka na kampani yawo pakati pa 1980 na 1986|alt=Fred na mwana wake Donald pa malo gha Wollman Ice Rink ku Central Park. Fred wakavwara suti na tayi, ndipo Donald wakavwara jasi na tayi.]] Mwana wa Fred, [[Donald Trump|Donald]], wakamba kugwira ntchito mu bizinesi ya nyumba ya awiske mu 1968, pakwamba wakagwiranga ntchito ku Brooklyn.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=308}} Mu chaka chenicho, Fred wakamovwira Donald kuti waleke kuluta ku nkhondo ya Vietnam mwa kupeleka chikalata cha kusazgika pa nkhondo chifukwa cha mulandu wa munthu wakukhalamo mu nyumba uyo (mwakuyowoya) wakamupima Donald ndipo wakati wali na [[bone spurs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stracqualursi |first=Veronica |date=December 26, 2018 |title=New York Times: Daughters of foot doctor say he diagnosed Trump with bone spurs as 'favor' to Fred Trump |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/26/politics/trump-bone-spurs-vietnam-war/index.html |access-date=November 3, 2024 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118031631/https://web.archive.org/web/20241118031631/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/26/politics/trump-bone-spurs-vietnam-war/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|pp=89–91}} Mu 1971, Donald wakaŵa purezidenti wa kampani,<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/ |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322145047/https://web.archive.org/web/20230322145047/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo Fred wakaŵa [[chairman]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/> Donald wakamba kuchema kampani iyi kuti "the Trump Organization" mu 1973.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trump |first1=Donald J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye6e_VxM00kC&pg=PA105 |title=Trump: The Art of the Deal |last2=Schwartz |first2=Tony |author-link2=Tony Schwartz (writer) |date=2009 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-307-57533-3 |pages=105 |orig-year=1987}}</ref>{{efn|name="fredco"}} Mwana uyu wakamba bizinesi ya nyumba ku [[Manhattan]], apo awiske Fred wakalutilira kugwira ntchito ku Brooklyn, Queens, na [[Staten Island]].<ref name="whitman"/> Donald wakayowoya kuti, "Vikaŵa viwemi kwa ine. Chifukwa para ndiwe mwana wa munthu munyake, vingaŵa chiphalizgano. Kweni munthowa iyi, Manhattan nkhaŵa nayo nekha."<ref name="nyt"/> Fred wakayowoya kuti, "Nikamupa Donald wanangwa wakugwira ntchito. Wali na maŵanakiro ghakuru ndipo chilichose icho wakukora chikuwoneka kusintha ku golide... [Iyo] ni munthu wamahara chomene uyo namumanya."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockington |first=Ariana |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Who were Donald Trump's parents? What he's shared about his upbringing |url=https://www.today.com/parents/donald-trump-parents-rcna178986 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=TODAY.com |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109104205/https://web.archive.org/web/20241109104205/https://www.today.com/parents/donald-trump-parents-rcna178986 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwakuyana na vinyake, Fred ndiyo wakakhumbanga kuti kampani yikure kuluta ku Manhattan.<ref name="whitman"/><ref>{{Cite interview|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|interviewer=[[Michael Kirk]]|title=The Choice 2020: Gwenda Blair|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/gwenda-blair/|work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=June 19, 2020|quote=I think [Donald] was something of an extension of the Trump Organization. I think Fred wanted to explore Manhattan.|access-date=August 11, 2021|archive-date=August 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061801/https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061801/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/gwenda-blair/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mzukulu wake [[Mary L. Trump]] wakayowoya kuti Fred "wakakhwaskika chomene pa vinthu vyose vya ulendo wakwamba wa Donald mu msika wa nyumba ku Manhattan".{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=89}} [[Louise Sunshine]] (uyo wakaŵa vice president wa kampani pakati pa 1973 na 1985) wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa "panyuma pa Donald mu nthowa zose, kusazgapo ndalama".<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Sunshine |first=Louise |interviewer=Jim Gilmore |title=The FRONTLINE Interview: Louise Sunshine |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-frontline-interview-louise-sunshine/ |access-date=August 11, 2021 |work=Frontline |publisher=PBS |date=July 25, 2016 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061754/https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061754/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-frontline-interview-louise-sunshine/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya pakati pa ma 1970, Donald wakapokera ngongoli kufuma kwa awiske zakujumpha $14 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexandra |last1=Berzon |first2=Richard |last2=Rubin |date=September 23, 2016 |title=Trump's Father Helped GOP Candidate With Numerous Loans |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-father-helped-gop-candidate-with-numerous-loans-1474656573 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828054816/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-father-helped-gop-candidate-with-numerous-loans-1474656573 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2015–16, apo wakaŵa pa kampeni yake ya kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States, [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|kampeni yake ya pulezidenti]], [[False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|Donald wakayowoya utesi]] kuti awiske ŵakamupa "ngongoli yichoko ya miliyoni yimoza ya madola" iyo wakagwiliskira ntchito kuzenga "kampani iyo njakuzirwa chomene kuluska $10 biliyoni".<ref>{{cite news |last=Glum |first=Julia |date=September 26, 2016 |title=How Much Money Did Trump Get From His Dad? The Small Loan Controversy Explained |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/how-much-money-did-trump-get-his-dad-small-loan-controversy-explained-2422185 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818150911/https://www.ibtimes.com/how-much-money-did-trump-get-his-dad-small-loan-controversy-explained-2422185 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kessler160303">{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030225446/https://web.archive.org/web/20191030225446/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lipoti la mu Okutobala 2018 mu ''[[The New York Times]]'' lakuyowoya vya ndalama za Fred na Donald Trump likavumbura kuti Fred wakapanga nthowa 295 zakupokera ndalama kwa Donald ndipo likamalizga kuti Donald "wakaŵa miliyoniya apo wakaŵa na vyaka 8", ndipo wakapokera $413 miliyoni (mwakusintha na kukwera kwa mitengo ya katundu; $483.6 miliyoni mu ndalama za 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=413000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142745/https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142745/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=413000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|url-status=live}}</ref> kufuma ku bizinesi ya awiske mu umoyo wake wose, kusazgapo ndalama zakujumpha $60.7 miliyoni (kwambura kusintha na kukwera kwa mitengo; $163.9 miliyoni mu ndalama za 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=140000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142744/https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142744/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=140000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|url-status=live}}</ref> izo zikaŵa ngongoli ndipo zinyake zikalipilirika yayi.<ref name="tax schemes">{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906075853/https://web.archive.org/web/20230906075853/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{efn|Apo Donald Trump wakanozga [[Grand Hyatt New York]] mu kumalizga kwa ma 1970, Fred wakamovwira na $2 miliyoni kuti walipire ngongoli ya kuzenga. Kweniso wakamupaska mwana wake nthowa ya ngongoli ya $35 miliyoni, [[mortgage]] ya $30 miliyoni, na ngongoli yinyake ya kampani.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=295, 305}}}} Mwakuyana na Barbara Res, uyo wakaŵa vice president wa bizinesi ya Trump pa vya kuzenga, Fred wakakhala ŵalendo ŵa bizinesi pa mpando uwo ukaŵa wakupendama ndipo wakaphalira Donald kuti wanozge ofesi yake mwakuti awo ŵakususka ŵake ŵakhalenge ŵakulaŵiska ku dazi.{{sfn|Baker|Glasser|2022|p=16}} ===Mulandu wa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku khoti la boma=== Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakanika kupokera nyumba zakupanga lendi ŵakadandawura ku [[New York City Commission on Human Rights]] na [[Urban League]], ndipo magulu agha ghakatuma ŵanthu ŵakuyesa ku nyumba za Trump mu Julayi 1972. Ŵakasanga kuti [[white people|ŵanthu ŵatuŵa]] ŵakapokera nyumba, apo [[black people|ŵanthu ŵafipa]] kanandi ŵakakanikanga (mwakuphalirika kuti pakaŵavya malo);{{efn|Mary L. Trump wakalemba mu 2020 kuti Fred wakachemanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga lendi kwa iyo kuti "''die Schwarze''" ('ŵafipa').<ref name="OBrien"/>}} mwakuyana na superintendent wa Beach Haven Apartments, ichi chikachitikanga chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa bwana wake.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=Biography: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |publisher=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]] |time=46}}</ref> Magulu gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakapeleka nkhani iyi ku [[United States Department of Justice|Dipatimenti ya vya Malango ya United States]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123">{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Kranish |first2=Robert Jr. |last2=O'Harrow |date=January 23, 2016 |title=Inside the Government's Racial Bias Case Against Donald Trump's Company, and How He Fought It |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=July 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20160729171242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 1973, [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|Dipatimenti ya U.S. ya vya Malango pa Civil Rights]] yikapeleka mulandu wa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku khoti pa [[Trump Organization]] (Fred Trump, chairman, na Donald Trump, president) chifukwa chakuswa [[Fair Housing Act of 1968]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/> Pakuzgora, loya wa Trump [[Roy Cohn]] wakapeleka mulandu wakuti DoJ yikupharazga utesi, ndipo wakakhumbanga ndalama zakulipilira za $100 miliyoni.<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref name="fbi3">{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 03 of 03 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2003%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=August 5, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |pages=8, 19, 52–54, 63–64 |format=pdf |archive-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001400/https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001400/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2003%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> FBI wakafumba ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakugwira ntchito pafupifupi ŵanthu makumi ghatatu na ŵatatu ŵa kampani ya Trump.<ref name="fbi3"/> Ŵanyake ŵakati ŵakamanyanga yayi za malango ghakusankhira ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu wa khungu [[kusankhira ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu wa khungu|racial profiling]] ndipo ŵakati nyumba zawo zicoko waka ndizo zikapangika kupangiska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black panji [[Ŵa Puerto Rico]].{{efn|Trump yekha wakapempha kuti pangano la kupangiska nyumba ligwiskike yayi usange munthu wakupenja nyumba wakaŵa na ndalama zakunjira pa mwezi zakukwana kanayi kuluska renti.<ref name="fbi3"/><ref name="fbi2">{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 02 of 03 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2002%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=August 4, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |format=pdf |pages=22–26, 45–47 |archive-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001315/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2002%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakugwira ntchito ŵakafumbika usange ŵanthu Ŵayuda ŵakaphalirikanga makora pakupenja nyumba; munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito wakati ŵanthu aŵa "ŵakasanganga nyumba mwambura kusuzgika kuluska munthu munyake waliyose".<ref name="fbi3"/>}} Munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga nchito yakulinda pa mulyango wakaphalira khoti kuti mulara wake wakamutuma kuti waphalire ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black awo ŵakapenjanga nyumba kuti renti yikaŵa yakukwera kaŵiri kuluska umo yikaŵira nadi.<ref name="fbi2"/> Ŵakwendeska nyumba panji ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera mapempho gha nyumba ŵakazomera kuti mafomu agho ghakatumizgikanga ku ofesi yikuru ya gulu la Trump kuti ghazomerezgeke ghakapharazgikanga na chizindikiro cha mtundu wa munthu uyo wakapempha.<ref name="BarrettVV790115">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |date=January 15, 1979 |title=Like Father, Like Son: Anatomy of a Young Power Broker |work=[[The Village Voice]] |url= https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/07/20/how-a-young-donald-trump-forced-his-way-from-avenue-z-to-manhattan/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170523012016/http://www.villagevoice.com/2015/07/20/how-a-young-donald-trump-forced-his-way-from-avenue-z-to-manhattan/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= May 23, 2017 |access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref> Munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito kale wakaphalira kuti chizindikiro icho{{Snd}}icho wakagomezganga kuti chikagwiranga ntchito mu nthambi ya Brooklyn ya kampani{{Snd}}chikayowoyanga vya "ŵanthu ŵambura kwenelera" nga ni "ŵa black, Ŵa Puerto Rico, awo ŵakukayikirika kuti ŵakugwiriska ntchito munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo, panji munthu waliyose uyo wakawonekanga kuti ngwambura kwenelera", ndipo kanayi pa khumi chikaŵanga kuti munthu uyo wakapempha wakaŵa wa mtundu wa black; ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black ŵakaphalirikanga utesi kuti malo ghakhalamo ghalije.<ref name="fbi3"/> Munthu uyo wakagwiranga ntchito yakupenja ŵakupenja nyumba kwa masabata ghaŵiri wakati apo wakafumba Fred Trump usange wakwenera kupangiska nyumba ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black, wakaphalirika kuti chikaŵa "chakukanizgika chomene na dango kusankhira ŵanthu",<ref name="Choi-2017">{{cite web |last=Choi |first=David |date=February 15, 2017 |title=The FBI released hundreds of pages related to a 1970s housing discrimination lawsuit against Trump |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/fbi-report-trump-housing-discrimination-2017-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330161110/https://www.businessinsider.com/fbi-report-trump-housing-discrimination-2017-2 |archive-date=March 30, 2025 |access-date=June 30, 2020 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> kweni wakati wafumbaso, wakaphalirika "kuleka kupangiska nyumba ku ŵa black", ndipo wakaphalirika kuti:<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 01 of 01 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2001%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=June 30, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |format=pdf |page=37 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111000733/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2001%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=ŵachimbizge ŵa black awo ŵakaŵa mu nyumba iyo mwa kuŵaphalira kuti pali nyumba zakutchipa izo ŵangasangamo na kulipira $500 pera pakwamba, ndalama izo Trump wakati waŵalipirenge yekha. Trump wakaphalira yayi uko nyumba izi zikaŵa. Wakaniŵiska kuti nileke kupangiska nyumba ku ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera ndalama zakovwira kufuma ku boma.}} Pa nyengo iyi, Trump wakasanga chigaŵa cha 20% mu [[Starrett City]] ya ku Brooklyn, malo ghakurughakuru ghakhalamo agho ghakawovwirikanga na boma, agho ghakatsegulika mu 1974 na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakhalenge lumoza, apo 70% ya nyumba zake zikeneranga kupangikira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa white ndipo zinyake ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Sale of Brooklyn Housing Complex Would Benefit Trump|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/nyregion/starrett-city-housing-complex-trump-sale.html |access-date=December 22, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708132438/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/nyregion/starrett-city-housing-complex-trump-sale.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Genevro |first=Rosalie |date=November 16, 2011 |title=Starrett City: A Home of One's Own—with Party Walls |url=http://urbanomnibus.net/2011/11/starrett-city-a-home-of-ones-own-with-party-walls/ |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=[[Urban Omnibus]] |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035352/http://urbanomnibus.net/2011/11/starrett-city-a-home-of-ones-own-with-party-walls/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pangano la [[Dango lakuzomera khoti]] pakati pa DoJ na gulu la Trump likasayinika pa Juni 10, 1975, ndipo waliyose wakayowoya kuti wapokera chinthu chinyake{{Snd}}gulu la Trump chifukwa pangano ili likakhumbanga yayi kuti "lipokelere ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera ndalama zakovwira kufuma ku boma nga mbakukhala", ndipo mulongozgi wa chigaŵa cha nyumba cha DoJ wakayowoya kuti ili likaŵa "pangano limoza mwa agho ghakaŵa ghakukhora chomene agho ghakachitikapo".<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref name="BarrettVV790115"/> Pangano ili likakanizga Fred na Donald Trump pamoza na kampani yawo "kusankhira munthu waliyose pa nkhani ya kuguliska panji kupangiska nyumba", ndipo "likakhumbanga kuti Trump walembeske malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura ŵakukhala mu manyuzipepara gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yichoko [kwa vyaka viŵiri], wakwezge ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yichoko ku ntchito zakukwana, ndiposo kulemba malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura ŵakukhala mwakupereka pakwamba".<ref name="BarrettVV790115"/> Paumaliro, likalangura a Trump kuti "ŵamanye mwakukwana paŵekha vya [[Dango la nyumba zakukhalamo mwakuyana la 1968|Dango la Fair Housing Act la 1968]]".<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref>{{cite court |litigants=United States of America vs. Fred C. Trump and Trump Management, Inc.|court=East District of New York Court |date=October 15, 1973 |url= https://archive.org/stream/DonaldTrumpArchive/Discrimination%20case%20%20US%20v%20Trump%20case%20via%20National%20Archives%20FOIA_djvu.txt}}</ref> ===Milandu ya pamanyuma=== Mu 1975, ŵapangiska mu nyumba mu minara yiŵiri ya Trump ku Norfolk ŵakachita [[rent strike|kunangira kulipira renti]] kwa mwezi umoza chifukwa cha [[infestation|kuŵapo kwa vinyama na vyakujambuka]] nga ni mbewa na vibenene, kweniso masuzgo gha [[water heating|kutentheska maji]], [[air conditioning|makina ghakuŵeya mphepo]], na uteŵeti wa [[elevator|makwelero gha nyumba]].<ref name="Pierceall-2016">{{Cite web |last=Pierceall |first=Kimberly |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Tracing Donald Trump's financial ties to Norfolk starts with father Fred |url=https://www.pilotonline.com/business/article_9bfa0ac1-a79c-5048-904b-b557efd4dc5c.html/ |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005015424/https://www.pilotonline.com/business/article_9bfa0ac1-a79c-5048-904b-b557efd4dc5c.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu kwamba 1976, Trump wakaphalirika na jaji wa chiga kuti wanozge vyakuswa malango gha nyumba mu chinthu cha nyumba 504 ku [[Seat Pleasant, Maryland|Seat Pleasant, Maryland]]. Kuyana na wakuwona vya nyumba wa [[Prince George's County|chiga ichi]], vyakuswa malango vikaŵa na mazenera ghakuphyoka, mathabwa gha pa mtenje ghakuvunda, na vyakuzimya moto ivyo vikaŵavya.{{efn|Kuyana na pulezidenti wachiŵiri wa kampani yaying'ono iyo yikawoneranga malo agha, nyengo yasono pakwamba pakawoneka kuŵa kwakusazgikira ŵapangiska ŵa ndalama zichoko.<ref name="pgunits"/>}} Pamanyuma pa zuŵa la khoti na mafoni ghanandi na Trump, wakachemeka ku malo agha kukakumana na ŵalara ŵa chiga mu Seputembala 1976 ndipo wakakakika apo wakaŵa pa malo agha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Vernon C. |title=New Carrollton mayor seeks housing inspector |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/03/10/new-carrolton-mayor-seeks-housing-inspector/250e7105-8f1c-4a9d-8f06-56839b346ad9/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 10, 1977 |access-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818115605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/03/10/new-carrolton-mayor-seeks-housing-inspector/250e7105-8f1c-4a9d-8f06-56839b346ad9/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakafumiskika pa bail ya $1,000.<ref name="pgunits">{{cite news |last1=DeYoung |first1=Karen |title=N.Y. Owner of P.G. Units Seized in Code Violations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/ny-owner-of-pg-units-seize-in-code-violations-pg-2.pdf |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 30, 1976 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214210802/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/ny-owner-of-pg-units-seize-in-code-violations-pg-2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 1987, apo ngongoli wa Donald kwa awiske ŵake wakajumpha $11 miliyoni, Fred wakaŵika $15.5 miliyoni mu [[Trump Palace Condominiums|nyumba za Trump Palace Condominiums]]; mu 1991, wakaguliska magawo agha kwa mwana wake pa $10,000, ivyo vikawoneka nga ni nthowa yakuti [[Tax evasion in the United States|waleke kulipira msonkho]] wa mamiliyoni gha madola wa [[gift tax|vyawanangwa]] mwa kubisa chawanangwa, kweniso wakasanga chandulo ku [[write-off|kuchita kuchita kulemba pasi kwa ngongoli]].<ref name="tax schemes"/> Kuumaliro wa 1990, apo malipiro gha bondi ya $18.4 miliyoni gha [[Atlantic City|Atlantic City's]] [[Trump's Castle|Trump's Castle]] ghakafikanga nyengo, Fred wakatuma [[bookkeeper|mulembi wa maakaunti]] kukagura $3.5 miliyoni mu [[casino chips|mipukutu ya kasino]], iyo yikagwiliskika ntchito yayi. Trump's Castle yikamalizga mwaluŵiro kulipira bondi yake. [[Casino Control Commission|Komishoni ya Malango gha Kasino ya chiga]] yikati ntchinthu chakubwerekeska ndalama mwakupambana na dango ndipo yikalipiska kasino $65,000.<ref name="tax schemes"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Max J. |date=September 23, 2020 |title=The very shady way Fred Trump tried to save his son's casino |url=https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/09/trump-files-fred-trump-funneled-cash-donald-using-casino-chips/ |access-date=July 4, 2023 |website=[[MotherJones.com|Mother Jones]]|archive-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704092407/https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/09/trump-files-fred-trump-funneled-cash-donald-using-casino-chips/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|p=200}} Mu 1992, Fred na Donald ŵakakhazikiska kampani yaying'ono<!--All County--> iyo mwana waliyose wamoyo wa Fred wakaŵa na chigaŵa cha 20%. Nga umo vikulongosoreka mu 2018 na ''The New York Times'', kampani iyi yikaŵavya chifukwa chakuwoneka kuti njakwenelera ndipo vikawoneka kuti yikagwiliskika ntchito pakuchita upusikizgi wa msonkho mwa kutumizga mamiliyoni gha ndalama za Fred ku ŵana ŵake kwambura kulipira msonkho wa vyawanangwa. Ichi chikachitika mwa kumulipiska Fred ndalama zinandi kuluska mtengo weneko wa ntchito zakunozga vinthu na katundu nga ni [[boiler|makina ghakutentheska maji]].<ref name="tax schemes"/><ref name="fambiz"/> ==Usambazi na nyifwa== Mu 1976, Trump wakakhazikiska [[trust funds|ndalama zakusungika mu trust]] za $1 miliyoni ($5.3 miliyoni mu 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=1000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=01&MM=01&YYYY=1976&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306091731/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=1000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=01&MM=01&YYYY=1976&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go!|url-status=live}}</ref> kwa mwana wake waliyose pa ŵana ŵake ŵankhondi na ŵazukuru ŵatatu, ndipo zikalipanga [[dividend|vyandulo]] chaka chilichose.<ref name="Kessler160303"/> Trump wakawoneka pa ndandanda yakwamba ya ŵanthu ŵasambazi chomene ku America ya [[Forbes 400|''Forbes'' 400]] mu 1982 na usambazi wakukwana $200 miliyoni uwo ukagaŵikana na mwana wake Donald.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wang |first=Jennifer |date=March 24, 2016 |title=The Ups And Downs Of Donald Trump: Three Decades On And Off The Forbes 400 |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2016/03/24/the-ups-and-downs-of-donald-trump-2016-03-24/ |access-date=June 9, 2018 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427184641/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2016/03/24/the-ups-and-downs-of-donald-trump-2016-03-24/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu chaka chenicho, Fred wakaguliska minara yiŵiri ya Norfolk na nyumba zinyake za ŵasilikari ku Hampton Roads, izo zakumalizga zikaguliskika pa $8–9 miliyoni, ndipo panyake $6.6 miliyoni zikaŵa mu [[promissory note|mapepala ghakulayizga kulipira]] (ivyo vikawoneka kuti vikaŵa vyambura kumalizgika kufika mu 2019). Mu 1998, chaka chimoza pambere Fred wandafwe, apo wakaŵa na [[Alzheimer's disease|nthenda ya Alzheimer]] ndipo mwana wake [[Robert Trump|Robert]] wakaŵa na [[power of attorney|mazaza gha kumuyimira]], mapepala agha ghakasamuskikira ku [[limited liability companies|makampani gha ma liability ghakachepeska]] ghakukolerana na makampani gha Trump Organization.<ref name="Pierceall-2016"/> Mu Disembala 1990, Donald Trump wakakhumba [[Codicil (will)|kusintha]] [[Will and testament|wilu]] ya awiske, iyo kuyana na mwana wa Fred [[Maryanne Trump Barry]], "yikaŵa nga nkhupeleka chuma chose ku Donald", kumupa mwaŵi wakuti "waguliske, wachite chilichose icho wakukhumba ... na malo agha".<ref name="Kranish-2020"/> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' yikalemba kuti ichi "chikapangika kuti chitaskire chiharo cha Donald Trump ku viyezgo vya ŵakukongozga ndalama na [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]]", uyo wakapatana nayo mu mwezi uwo.<ref name="Kranish-2020"/> Fred wakakana pempho ili, ndipo mu 1991, wakalemba wilu yake yaumaliro, iyo yikapangiska ŵana ŵake Donald, Maryanne, na Robert Trump kuŵa {{nowrap|ŵalongozgi ŵa chuma chake}}.<ref name="Evans-2000">{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Heidi |date=December 19, 2000 |title=Inside Trumps' bitter battle – Nephew's ailing baby caught in the middle |url= https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/trumps-bitter-battle-nephew-ailing-baby-caught-middle-article-1.888562 |access-date=July 2, 2020 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621050755/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/trumps-bitter-battle-nephew-ailing-baby-caught-middle-article-1.888562 |archive-date=June 21, 2015 |url-status=live}} Mu 1993, vigabano vya chiharo cha Trump ivyo vikeneranga kupelekeka vikafika pa madola 35 miliyoni ku mwana waliyose wa ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo.<ref name="Kessler160303"/><ref name="OBrien2005Oct">{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy L. |author-link=Timothy L. O'Brien |date=October 23, 2005 |title=What's He Really Worth? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225085813/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|Pakuti Donald wakaŵa kuti wasangana na vyakusuzga vya ndalama pa nyengo iyi, wakapempha ŵabali ŵake kuti ŵamupheko madola 10 miliyoni kufuma ku vigabano vyawo, ndipo pamanyuma wakapempha madola 20 miliyoni ghanyake.<ref name="OBrien2005Oct"/>}} Nyumba zake zinandi zikapelekeka ku ma [[Grantor retained annuity trust|grantor-retained annuity trusts]] ghaŵiri pasi pa mazina ghake na gha muwoli wake, ivyo vikagwiliskirika ntchito kuti vipeleke pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vitatu vya vinthu ku ŵana ŵawo ŵanayi awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo, ndipo ŵakanjilira chigaŵa chinyake chakhalako kwizira mu malipiro gha [[annuity]] pakati pa 1995 na Novembala 1997.{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|pp=153–154}}<ref name="tax schemes"/> Vinthu vyose pamoza vikapimika kuti ni madola 41.4 miliyoni pera, kweni mu 2004 vikaguliskika pa mtengo wakujumpha ka 16 pa mtengo uwu, ndipo vikazomerezga kuti ŵaleke kulipira mamiliyoni ghanandi gha msonkho wa vyawanangwa.<ref name="tax schemes"/> [[File:Fred Trump gravesite illustration.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|alt=Color painting of tombstones, one on the left with inscriptions and on the right either blank or facing away; in front of these, a paved patch abruptly ends.|Chithuzithuzi cha malo ghakusungirako thupi la Trump{{efn|name="plot"|Malo agha ghali kumwera kwa [[Metropolitan Avenue]], ndipo pali nthowa yakupangika mwapadera iyo yikumara pafupi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Matt |date=2014 |title=The Trumps |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/imjustwalkin/14374959570/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[Flickr]] |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419081739/https://www.flickr.com/photos/imjustwalkin/14374959570/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Trump Family Gravesite |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLOxC9AcsNo |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=Presidential Sites |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041332/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLOxC9AcsNo&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scov"/>}}]] Paumaliro Trump wakalwara na [[pneumonia]] ndipo wakaluta ku [[Long Island Jewish Medical Center]] (LIJMC) masabata ghanandi, uko wakafwira pa vyaka 93 pa Juni 25, 1999.<ref name="NYP"/> [[Wake (ceremony)|Wake]] yikachitika ku [[Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel]] pambere wandayikike pa msinkhu wa malilo ku [[Marble Collegiate Church]],<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYP">{{cite journal |last=Mosconi |first=Angela |date=June 26, 1999 |title=Fred Trump, Dad of Donald, Dies at 93 |url=https://nypost.com/1999/06/26/fred-trump-dad-of-donald-dies-at-93/ |access-date=January 29, 2017 |journal=[[New York Post]] |archive-date=November 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224231/http://nypost.com/1999/06/26/fred-trump-dad-of-donald-dies-at-93/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 ŵakawungana.<ref name="lets">{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Like Father, Like Son: President Trump Lets Others Mourn |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/us/politics/donald-fred-trump.html |access-date=July 29, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201821/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/us/politics/donald-fred-trump.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Mu mazgu ghake gha malilo, Donald Trump wakayowoya chomene vya kupambana kwake mu bizinesi.<ref name="lets"/> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵapo ŵakaŵa meya wa New York [[Rudy Giuliani]], uyo wakayowoya mazgu,{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=153}}{{sfn|Trump|2020|p=166}} na mulembi wa mbili ya mbumba ya Trump, Gwenda Blair.<ref name="lets"/>}} Thupi lake likasungika mu malo gha mbumba ku [[Lutheran]]-Christian [[All Faiths Cemetery]] mu [[Middle Village, Queens]].<ref>{{cite web |last=McGowan |first=Clodagh |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Queens Cemetery Workers Say They've Lost Their Benefits Amid State Probe |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/02/19/cemetery-in-queens-nyc-workers-say-they-have-lost-benefits-amid-state-investigation |access-date=June 24, 2020 |work=Spectrum News NY1 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180602/https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180602/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/02/19/cemetery-in-queens-nyc-workers-say-they-have-lost-benefits-amid-state-investigation |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name="plot"}} Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, chiharo cha Trump chikapimika na mbumba yake kuti chikaŵa pakati pa madola 250 miliyoni na 300 miliyoni,<ref name="nyt"/> kweni wakaŵa na ndalama zakukhwima zakukwana madola 1.9 miliyoni pera.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=191}} Chikalata cha chiharo chake chikagaŵira madola ghakujumpha 20 miliyoni pamanyuma pa msonkho pakati pa ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo na ŵazukuru ŵake.<ref name="Kessler160303"/><ref name="Lessons"/> Muwoli wake Mary wakafwa pa Ogasiti 7, 2000, pa vyaka 88, nayo ku LIJMC.<ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"/> Chiharo chawo pamoza cha Fred na Mary chikapimika kuti chikaŵa madola 51.8 miliyoni.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=191}} Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Trump, ŵana ŵa Fred Jr. ŵakasuska chikalata cha chiharo cha sekuru ŵawo, ŵakayowoya kuti wakasuzgika na matenda gha kusoŵa mahara ndipo ŵakati chikalata ichi "chikapangwa kwizira mu upusikizgi na kukakamizgika mwambura kwenelera" na Donald, Maryanne, na Robert Trump.<ref name="Lessons"/><ref name="Evans-2000"/> Ŵatatu aŵa ŵakayowoya mu [[Deposition (law)|mazgu ghawo gha mu khoti]] kuti Fred Trump wakaŵa "wakuthwa chomene nga ni chipinda" kufika nyengo yichoko waka pambere wandafwe,{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=175}} kweni pa nyengo yinyake ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵakamanyanga vya kusoŵa mahara kwake uko kukakuranga.<ref name="Kranish-2020"/><ref name="Kranish-2024"/><ref name="weiss"/> Kuyana na Mary L. Trump, Donald wakayamba kuyowoya viheni vya awiske pamanyuma pakuti Fred wakamba kulongora vimanyikwiro vya matenda gha Alzheimer's.<ref name="D'Antonio-2020">{{cite web |last=D'Antonio |first=Michael |date=June 17, 2020 |title=The psychologist in the Trump family speaks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/opinions/mary-trump-book-opinion-dantonio/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203194054/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/opinions/mary-trump-book-opinion-dantonio/index.html |archive-date=February 3, 2025 |access-date=July 2, 2020 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2003, vikayowoyeka kuti ŵana ŵanayi ŵa Trump awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo ŵakaguliskanga nyumba zakupokelamo renti izo ŵakasanga mu 1997 ku gulu la ŵakuguliska vinthu lakulongozgeka na [[Rubin Schron]], pa mtengo wa madola 600 miliyoni;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Lois |date=December 18, 2003 |title=Trumps Lighten Up – Family Sells Outer-Borough Buildings For $600M |url=https://nypost.com/2003/12/18/trumps-lighten-up-family-sells-outer-borough-buildings-for-600m/ |access-date=May 1, 2023 |website=New York Post|archive-date=May 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044239/https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044239/https://nypost.com/2003/12/18/trumps-lighten-up-family-sells-outer-borough-buildings-for-600m/ |url-status=live}}</ref> kuguliska uku kukachitika mu Meyi 2004. Kuvuza kwa 2016 kwa [[Tax returns of Donald Trump|chidziŵitso cha msonkho cha Donald Trump]] cha chaka cha 2005, icho chikulongora ndalama zakukwana madola 153 miliyoni, kukapangiska ''The New York Times'' kuti yambe kufufuza, ndipo chikapangiska lipoti likuru la mu 2018.<ref name="fambiz">{{Cite AV media |title=The Family Business: Trump and Taxes |date=2018 |type=Television production |publisher=[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] |minutes=1–6, 17–19}}</ref>{{Efn|Kufuma ku kusindikizika kwa 2017 kwa [[Tax returns of Donald Trump|chidziŵitso cha msonkho cha Donald Trump's]] cha chaka cha 2005, kufufuza uku kukagwiliskira ntchito mapepala 2,200 gha [[Financial disclosure of public servants|mazgu gha ndalama]] gha jaji wa boma la United States Maryanne Trump Barry,<ref name="fambiz"/> ma interview na ŵanthu awo kale ŵakagwiranga ntchito na Trump, na mapepala ghakujumpha 100,000 gha malipiro gha msonkho na marekhodi gha ndalama kufuma ku mabizinesi gha Trump.<ref name="tax schemes"/> [[Mary L. Trump]] wakapeleka mabokosi 19 gha marekhodi agha gha ndalama.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swan |first=Jonathan |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Mary Trump book: How she leaked Trump financials to NYT |url=https://www.axios.com/mary-trump-book-donald-trump-financials-c1635cb1-d1b0-48e0-b816-72d270170796.html |access-date=July 22, 2020 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722115838/https://www.axios.com/mary-trump-book-donald-trump-financials-c1635cb1-d1b0-48e0-b816-72d270170796.html |url-status=live}}</ref>|name="expose"}} ''Times'' yikati malo agho ghakaguliskika mu 2004 ghakaŵa na mtengo wakujumpha ka 16 pa umo ghakapimikiranga pakwamba.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Vikayowoyeka kuti Fred na Mary ŵakapeleka ku ŵana ŵawo ndalama zakujumpha madola 1 biliyoni pamoza, izo zikwenera kuti zikalipiranga msonkho wa 55% pa vyawanangwa na vigabano vyakujumpha madola 550 miliyoni, kweni marekhodi ghakulongora kuti ndalama zakukwana madola 52.2 miliyoni pera (pafupifupi 5%) ndizo zikalipika.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Kuyana na dango la New York State, ŵanthu ŵangazengerwa mulandu chifukwa cha kukana kulipira msonkho mwadala usange fomu ya msonkho ya upusikizgi yingapelekeka nga mbukaboni; [[statute of limitations]] yikugwira ntchito yayi mu milandu yanthena.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Jon |last2=Spector |first2=Joseph |date=October 3, 2018 |title=New York could levy hefty penalties if Trump tax fraud is proven |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/ |access-date=October 2, 2020 |work=USA Today|archive-date=September 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908205443/https://web.archive.org/web/20190908205443/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pofika pa Febuluwale 1, 2019, Maryanne Trump Barry wakaŵa wakufufuzika chifukwa cha [[judicial misconduct|makhaliro ghaheni gha jaji]] ghakukhwaskana na ndondomeko izi, kweni nkhani iyi yikamara pamanyuma mu mwezi uwo chifukwa cha kupuma kwake pa ntchito.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buettner |first1=Russ |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |date=April 10, 2019 |title=Retiring as a Judge, Trump's Sister Ends Court Inquiry Into Her Role in Tax Dodges |work=The New York Times |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |access-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010703/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{anchor|kkk}} ==Umoyo wamunthu== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:1927 Memorial Day parade in Queens - police and Klansmen.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Gulu la ŵanthu ŵa [[Ku Klux Klan]] awo ŵakakana kufumapo likuzingilizgika na ŵapolisi mu Queens pa Zuŵa la Kukumbukira ŵakufwa mu 1927; ŵanyake ŵimilira pafupi.|alt=A black-and-white photograph showing several hooded Ku Klux Klan members, one of whom is carrying an American flag. A few policemen are near the Klansmen, and more officers stand in a nearby car. To the right, a sashed Klansman is elevated. Civilians are intermixed and looking upon the scene. The letters "PEA" appear at bottom right.]] Mu Meyi 1927, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵakuvwara malaya ghakulongora gulu la [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK){{efn|name="k1k"}} na ŵakukhozgera KKK 400 awo ŵakavwara yayi malaya gha gulu ili ŵakanjira mu msambo wa Memorial Day parade ku Queens, ndipo ichi chikapangiska ŵapolisi kunjilirapo mwankhongono.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The Klansmen and Mobsters in Donald Trump's Closet |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |access-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508092819/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gr">{{Cite journal |last=Ayers |first=Oliver |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Fred Trump, the Ku Klux Klan and Grassroots Redlining in Interwar America |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |journal=[[Journal of Urban History]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–28 |doi=10.1177/0096144219858599 |issn=0096-1442 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 2, 2024 |access-date=May 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanalume 8 ŵakakakika,<ref name="gr"/> {{anchor|kkk}} ==Umoyo wamunthu== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:1927 Memorial Day parade in Queens - police and Klansmen.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Gulu la ŵanthu ŵa [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK) awo ŵakakana kulondezga malango likukumana na ŵapolisi ku Queens pa zuŵa la Memorial Day mu 1927; ŵanyake ŵimilira pafupi.|alt=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru chikulongora ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya Ku Klux Klan, yumoza wali na mbendera ya United States. Ŵapolisi ŵachoko ŵali pafupi na ŵa Klan, ndipo ŵapolisi ŵanyake ŵali mu galimoto yapafupi. Ku chanya ku chigaŵa chakumanjila, munthu wa Klan wali pa malo ghakukwezgeka. Ŵanthu wose ŵali pakati ndipo ŵakulaŵiska ivyo vikuchitika. Mazgu "PEA" ghakuwoneka pasi ku chigaŵa chakumanjila.]] Mu Meyi 1927, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 awo ŵakakhazikika mu vyakuvwara vya [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK){{efn|name="k1k"}} na ŵakukhozgera KKK 400 awo ŵakavwaranga yayi vyakuvwara vya Klan ŵakanjira mu chigwada cha Memorial Day ku Queens, ndipo ichi chikapangiska ŵapolisi kuchitapo kanthu mwankhongono.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The Klansmen and Mobsters in Donald Trump's Closet |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |access-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508092819/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gr">{{Cite journal |last=Ayers |first=Oliver |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Fred Trump, the Ku Klux Klan and Grassroots Redlining in Interwar America |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |journal=[[Journal of Urban History]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–28 |doi=10.1177/0096144219858599 |issn=0096-1442 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 2, 2024 |access-date=May 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanalume ŵankhondi na ŵatatu ŵakakakika,<ref name="gr"/><!-- * Thomas Carroll * Thomas Erwin * Harry J. Free/Lee (gray KKK militia garb) * John/Charles E. Kipp (confirmed KKK) * Ralph Losee (claimed bystander) * Fred Lyons * John Marcy * Fred Trump Trump wakakumana na muwoli wake wa munthazi, [[Mary Anne MacLeod]], munthu wakusamira kufuma ku [[Tong, Lewis]], [[Scotland]], pa [[dansi]] mu vyaka vya kukwambilira kufika pakati pa ma 1930.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=30}}{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}} Trump wakaphalira anyina pa usiku wenewura kuti wakumana na muwoli wake wa munthazi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=147–148}} Trump, uyo wakaŵa wa chisopa cha Lutheran, wakatora Mary, uyo wakaŵa wa chisopa cha [[Presbyterian]], pa Janyuwale 11, 1936,{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=147–148}} pa [[Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Madison Avenue]] ndipo mwambo ukalongozgeka na [[George Arthur Buttrick]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hannan |first=Martin |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/14903147.an-inconvenient-truth-donald-trumps-scottish-mother-was-a-low-earning-migrant/ |title=An inconvenient truth? Donald Trump's Scottish mother was a low-earning migrant |date=May 20, 2016 |work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |access-date=November 19, 2016 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014054533/http://www.thenational.scot/news/14903147.An_inconvenient_truth__Donald_Trump_s_Scottish_mother_was_a_low_earning_migrant/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Phwando la ukwati likachitikira ku [[Carlyle Hotel]] mu Manhattan, ndipo ŵakakhala usiku umoza pera pa ulendo wa ukwati ku Atlantic City.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=30}} Ŵakakakhala ku Jamaica, Queens,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Pilon |first=Mary |title=Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=February 12, 2017 |date=June 24, 2016 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705092537/https://web.archive.org/web/20240705092537/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi: Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023),<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/us/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-dead.html|title = Maryanne Trump Barry, Donald Trump's Older Sister, Dies at 86|last1 = Haberman|first1 = Maggie|last2 = Rashbaum|first2 = William K.|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = November 13, 2023|access-date = November 13, 2023|url-access = limited|archive-date = November 13, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231113155340/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/us/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-dead.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Fred Trump Jr. (1938–1981; wakayendeskanga ndege wa [[Trans World Airlines]]),<ref>{{cite news| first=Jason |last=Horowitz| date=January 2, 2016 |title=For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/us/politics/for-donald-trump-lessons-from-a-brothers-suffering.html |access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Trump Grau]] (wakababika mu 1942; uyo wakagwiranga ntchito ya ukuru ku [[Chase Manhattan Bank]]),<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M |work=[[Newsday]] |first=Michael |last=Gavin |date=June 23, 2017 |url=https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488 |access-date=May 28, 2018 |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122 |url-status=live}}</ref> Donald Trump (wakababika mu 1946), na Robert Trump (1948–2020;<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Morgan |date=August 14, 2020 |title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead |access-date=August 15, 2020 |work=[[FoxNews.com]] |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead |url-status=live}}</ref> mulara mukuru mu kampani ya adada ŵake ya kwendeska malo mpaka apo wakafumira pa ntchito).<ref>{{cite news |last=Chabba |first=Seerat |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Who Are Donald Trump's Siblings? What You Need To Know About Maryanne, Freddy, Elizabeth And Robert Trump |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/who-are-donald-trumps-siblings-what-you-need-know-about-maryanne-freddy-elizabeth-2446302 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152352/http://www.ibtimes.com/who-are-donald-trumps-siblings-what-you-need-know-about-maryanne-freddy-elizabeth-2446302 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Kimberly |last=Powell |date=March 2, 2016 |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/ancestry-of-donald-trump-1421916 |title=Donald Trump's German and Scottish Family Tree |work=ThoughtCo |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311161738/http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/trump_2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> {{multiple image |total_width=350 |image1=FredTrump1940.jpg|caption1={{center|c. 1940}}|alt1=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakura, chikuŵa pachoko kufuma pa ng'anamiro, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na masharubu ghakuyana na mswachi. Wavwara suti. |image2=FredTrump1941.jpg|caption2={{center|c. 1941}}|alt2=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma, mphuno yakupotoka na masharubu ghakugaŵikana. Wavwara suti. |image3=FredTrump1950-02.png|caption3={{center|c. 1950}}|alt3=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na masharubu ghakuyana na mswachi. Wavwara suti. |image4=Fred Trump c. 1950.jpg|caption4={{center|c. 1950}}|alt4=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na chimanyikwilo chakufipa pasi pa mphuno, kweniso chinyake chakuthwa pa hafu ya chibwano chake. Wavwara tayi ya kupota. |footer=Vinyake mwa vithuzi vya Trump vya pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900{{efn|name="brsh"}} vikulongora [[kusinthika kwa vithuzi]].{{efn|Vithuzi vya ŵanthu vya nyengo iyi vikaŵa vinandi kufuma ku ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' iyo yikaŵa paubwezi na Trump.<ref name="Brighton"/><ref name="bklyn"/> Vithuzi vinandi vya ŵanthu vikamba kuŵako kufuma cha m'ma {{circa|1955}} kuya munthazi.<ref name="synagogue"/><ref name="take"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisberg |first=Rabbi Yossi |date=June 24, 2025 |title=Memories from my grandfather and President Trump's father |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410600 |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=[[Israel National News]] |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221171825/https://web.archive.org/web/20251221171825/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410600 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Break Ground for New Jewish Center at Brighton Beach|date=August 1, 1954|page=1|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/576112203/|newspaper=Brooklyn Eagle|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=January 6, 2026|access-date=January 2, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106162341/https://web.archive.org/web/20260106162341/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/576112203/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Blair-2018"/>}} |footer_align=center }} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, Trump wakamba kubisa chiyambi chake cha Chijeremani.<ref name="Brighton"/>{{efn|name="brsh"}} Nangauli wakaŵa na [[katchuliro ka Chijeremani]] (ako pamanyuma kakasinthika kuŵa [[katchuliro ka New York|katchuliro ka New York]]),<ref name="Horatio Alger Association"/> wakakana kuti wakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=35, 44, 55}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}} Chifukwa chinyake chikuru chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukwezgeka kwa [[Ŵayuda ku New York]], wakakhozgeranga milimo ya Ŵayuda, ndipo vyawanangwa vyake (ivyo vikuwoneka kuti vikamba mu 1941, masabata ghaŵiri pamanyuma pakuti United States yanjira mu nkhondo) vikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanyake kughanaghana kuti wakalondezganga [[Chiyuda]].{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}{{Efn|name="sam"}}{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mwana wa Fred Jr., [[Mary L. Trump]], pamanyuma nayo wakayowoya kuti sekuru wake "wakaŵa na {{nowrap|mazgu ghakususka Ŵayuda}}".<ref name="why"/>{{efn|name="ushmm"|Nangauli kususkana na Ŵayuda kwa Hitler kukamanyikwanga makora,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Americans Knew |url=https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/topics/what-americans-knew |access-date=October 24, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103083207/https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/topics/what-americans-knew |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nkhondo ya Holocaust]] yikamba chomene mu 1941, ndipo malipoti gha ku United States ghakamba kulembeka paumaliro wa 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=The United States and the Holocaust, 1942–45 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-united-states-and-the-holocaust-1942-45 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104155709/https://web.archive.org/web/20231104155709/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-united-states-and-the-holocaust-1942-45 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Wakawuskaso kachilembo "h" mu zina lake la pakati (kuleka kulongora kuti wangasuskana na Ŵayuda chifukwa cha kuŵa Mkhristu).{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|p=25}} Pamanyuma Trump wakayowoya utesi kuti wakafumanga ku [[Ŵaswidi|Sweden]]{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}<ref name="nyt"/> ndipo mu 1973 wakayowoya mwambura kwenelera kuti wakababikira ku New Jersey;<ref name="whitman"/> mautesi agha ghakalutilira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 kwizira mwa Donald Trump na mulembi wa buku lakwamba la umoyo wa Donald.<ref name="CNN-2019">{{cite web |last=Lybrand |first=Holmes |date=April 3, 2019 |title=Fact Check: Trump's dad was not born in Germany |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/03/politics/fact-check-trumps-dad-was-not-born-in-germany/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129041054/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/03/politics/fact-check-trumps-dad-was-not-born-in-germany/index.html |archive-date=January 29, 2025 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |agency=CNN}}</ref>{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=25}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |date=February 25, 2017 |title=Jerome Tuccille, Libertarian Author and Trump Biographer, Dies at 79 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/books/jerome-tuccille-dead.html |access-date=June 15, 2022 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615100034/https://web.archive.org/web/20220615100034/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/books/jerome-tuccille-dead.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name="kt"}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, Fred wakazgoka mubwezi wa [[kazembe wa Israel ku United Nations]], [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], uyo pamanyuma wakaŵa [[nduna yikuru ya Israel]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Gabriel |date=June 1, 2016 |title=Trump Is Considering a Pre-Convention Visit to Israel |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/06/trump-is-considering-pre-convention-israel-visit.html |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113558/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/06/trump-is-considering-pre-convention-israel-visit.html |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Start dates of BN's premierships are not relevant to this section. --> Pamasinda pa kubabika kwa Elizabeth, ndipo apo United States yikamba kusanganika chomene mu nkhondo, Trump wakasamuska mbumba yake kuya ku [[Virginia Beach]], ku Hampton Roads.<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/>{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=32}} Mu 1944, apo chovwiro cha Trump chakufuma ku [[Federal Housing Administration|FHA]] chikamba kuchepa, iwo ŵakawelera ku [[Jamaica Estates, Queens]], uko Mary wakataya nthumbo.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=33}} Mu 1946, ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba ya [[Tudor architecture|mtundu wa Tudor]] ya vyumba vinkhondi, iyo Trump wakazenga mu Jamaica Estates,{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=225}} ndipo Trump wakagula malo ghapafupi agho ghakaŵa na ukuru wa {{convert|0.5|acre|sigfig=1|adj=on}},{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=33}} uko wakazenga nyumba yikuru ya vyumba 23 na mabafa 9. Mbumba iyi yikasamira mu nyumba iyi pakati pa 1950 na 1951, ndipo Fred na Mary ŵakakhala mwenemumo m'paka apo ŵakafwira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York, Queens, 41-1457 |url=https://1950census.archives.gov/iiif/2/1950census%2F43290879-New_York%2F43290879-New_York-197073%2F43290879-New_York-197073-0009.jpg/full/2129,/0/default.jpg |access-date=April 16, 2022 |website=[[1950 United States census|1950 Census]] |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419004436/https://1950census.archives.gov/iiif/2/1950census%2F43290879-New_York%2F43290879-New_York-197073%2F43290879-New_York-197073-0009.jpg/full/2129,/0/default.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Menza-2017">{{cite web |last=Menza |first=Kaitlin |date=April 5, 2017 |title=16 Things You Didn't Know About Donald Trump's Father, Fred |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/g9229257/fred-trump-facts/?slide=10 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |work=Town & Country}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Warren |first=Katie |date=December 19, 2019 |title=I visited Trump's childhood neighborhood on the outskirts of NYC, and it didn't take long to see why he's called it an 'oasis' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-childhood-neighborhood-queens-new-york-city-photos-2018-11 |access-date=August 10, 2020 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235724/https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-childhood-neighborhood-queens-new-york-city-photos-2018-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=225, 453, 598}} Aŵa ŵakapokelaso nyumba mu chipinda cha nambala 55 (iyo yikachemekanga nambala 63){{refn|name=...}} cha [[Trump Tower]] ya Donald Trump ({{circa|1983}}),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Max |last2=Drucker |first2=Jesse |last3=Mider |first3=Zachary R. |date=October 25, 2016 |title=Inside Trump Tower, the Center of the Billionaire's Universe |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-trump-tower/ |access-date=May 1, 2019 |work=B.}}</ref> kweni ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nyumba iyi mwakachetechete panji yayi chomene.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=327}}{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=66}}<ref name="Belkin-2016"/> Trump wakaŵa [[teetotaler|munthu wakuleka kumwa moŵa]]{{Efn|Mwakuyana na kuwunika kwa [[Timothy L. O'Brien]] kwa buku ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'' (2020) la muzukuru wa Trump, Mary L. Trump, "Fred Sr., uyo wakalekerathu kumwa moŵa, wakaŵa na malo ghakukondweska ghakumwera agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vyose kwambura moŵa ... ghakaŵa ghakuvikililika" na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzengera mafano gha ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ndudu ([[cigar store Indian]]s).<ref name="OBrien"/>}} ndipo wakaŵa [[authoritarian parent|baba wankhongono chomene pa kulera ŵana]], ndipo wakakhazikiska malango ghakukhwima nga ni [[table manners|mikhaliro yakulyera pa thebulu]] na nyengo zakuwelera ku nyumba, kweniso wakakanizga kutuka, kupaka lipstick, na kurya vinthu pakati pa nyengo za chakurya.<ref name="OBrien">{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy L. |author-link=Timothy L. O'Brien |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Mary Trump's Guided Tour Into Her Uncle Donald's Troubled Mind |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-07-08/mary-trump-s-guided-tour-into-her-uncle-donald-s-troubled-mind |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709003017/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-07-08/mary-trump-s-guided-tour-into-her-uncle-donald-s-troubled-mind |archive-date=July 9, 2020 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=228}}{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|pp=78–79}} Paumaliro pa zuŵa lililose, Trump wakapokeranga lipoti kufuma kwa Mary lakukhwaskana na ivyo ŵana ŵake ŵachita, ndipo usange pakakhumbikwanga, wakasankhanga chilango chakuti ŵapokere.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=228}} Kweniso, nyumba yikuru iyi yikaŵa na nthowa yakulaŵilira vinthu na [[intercom]], iyo Trump wakagwiliskiranga ntchito kuti wakhozge malango pa ŵana ŵake.{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|p=37}} Wakatoranga ŵana ŵake ku malo ghakuzengera nyumba kuti ŵakawunganye mabotolo ghambura kanthu na kughalipiliska kuti ŵapokere ndalama zakubwezerako.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=229}} Ŵana ŵanalume ŵakaŵa na ntchito yakuguliska manyuzipepara ([[Paperboy|paper routes]]), kweni para nyengo yikaŵa yiheni, wakaŵazomerezganga kuti ŵapereke manyuzipepara mu galimoto ya limousine.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=229}} Trump wakakanizganga vyakukondweska nga ni kwimba sumu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 11, 2025 |title='I could have been a flutist': Trump says he was once labelled 'brilliant at music'; briefly played flute as a child |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/i-could-have-been-a-flutist-trump-says-he-was-once-labelled-brilliant-at-music-briefly-played-the-flute-as-a-child/articleshow/121783525.cms |access-date=June 11, 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mwakuyana na mwana wa Fred Jr., Mary L. Trump, Fred Sr. wakakhumbanga kuti mwana wake mukuru waŵe munthu "wakuleka kutoreka" mu nkharo kuti wazakatore bizinesi ya mbumba, kweni Fred Jr. wakaŵa wakupambana na ichi.{{sfn|Trump|2020|p=41}} M'malo mwake, Trump wakasambizga Donald kuti wazakaŵe mulongozgi wa bizinesi ya mbumba, ndipo wakamuphalira kuti "ŵa wakukoma" na kuti "Ndiwe themba.".<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=David |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Trump's political skills praised – by Nixon in 1987 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2015/09/08/trump-biography-nixon/81599662/ |access-date=July 5, 2020 |work=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="D'Antonio-2020"/> Mary L. Trump wakayowoya kuti Fred Sr. "wakaparanya [Fred Jr.] mwa kumunangira na kumunyoza mu vigaŵa vyose vya nkharo yake" ndipo wakamuseka chifukwa cha kusankha kwake kuŵa wakwendeska ndege.<ref name="Lozada-2020">{{cite news |last=Lozada |first=Carlos |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Review of 'Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man' by Mary L. Trump |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/09/real-villain-mary-trumps-family-tell-all-isnt-donald-its-fred/ |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> Mu 1981, Fred Jr. wakafwa wali na vyaka 42 chifukwa cha masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na [[alcoholism|kumwa moŵa mwakujumphizga]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |time=1:21 |network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Trump|2020|ps=, author's note}} Mwakuyana na Donald Trump, apo amama ŵake ŵakalaŵiliranga [[coronation of Elizabeth II|kuvikika ufumu kwa Elizabeth II]] pa TV mu 1953, Fred wakayendayendanga mu nyumba ndipo wakati, "Kwa Chiuta, Mary. Vyakhala vyakukwana, zimani. Wose mbapusikizgi."{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=16}} Kweniso mu ma 1950, Fred wakamba kutemwa Norman Vincent Peale, uyo wakalemba buku ''[[The Power of Positive Thinking]]'' (1952), chifukwa cha umo wakalondoleranga umoyo na Chikhristu mwakuyana na bizinesi.<ref name="peale">{{Cite news |last=Elving |first=Ron |date=July 24, 2020 |title=Norman Vincent Peale Was A Conservative Hero Known Well Beyond His Era |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/24/894967922/norman-vincent-peale-was-a-conservative-hero-known-well-beyond-his-era |access-date=August 27, 2022 |work=NPR}}</ref> Trump na mbumba yake ŵakalutanga ku maulendo gha kusopa agho Peale wakachitanga ku [[Marble Collegiate Church]] mu Manhattan.<ref name="peale"/> Trump wakaŵaso wakukhozgera mupharazgi wa [[Southern Baptist]] [[Billy Graham]], ndipo wakatora mbumba yake kukawona Graham wakuyowoya ku [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] ({{Circa|1957|lk=off}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2018 |title=Inside Donald Trump's relationship with Rev. Billy Graham |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/inside-donald-trumps-relationship-rev-billy-graham/story?id=53448191 |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2017 |title=This date in history: Billy Graham preaches at Yankee Stadium |url=https://billygrahamlibrary.org/this-date-in-history-billy-graham-preaches-at-yankee-stadium/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=The Billy Graham Library}}</ref> ===Chawanangwa=== Fred na Mary Trump ŵakawovwiranga mabungwe gha vya munkhwala mwa kupeleka nyumba. Pamanyuma pakuti Mary wapokera chovwiro cha munkhwala ku [[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]], iwo ŵakapeleka nyumba ya chivwaro cha ŵalwari ya [[Trump Pavilion Rehabilitation building|Trump Pavilion]]; <ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYTstaffObit000809">{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 9, 2000 |title=Mary MacLeod Trump Philanthropist, 88 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/nyregion/mary-macleod-trump-philanthropist-88.html |access-date=January 30, 2017 |journal=The New York Times |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323085602/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/nyregion/mary-macleod-trump-philanthropist-88.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Fred wakaŵa so [[trustee|mwenekaya wakuwona vya kayendeskero]] ka chipatala ichi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=174}} Mbumba ya Trump yikapeleka nyumba ziŵiri mu Brooklyn kuti ziŵe malo ghakukhalamo ŵanthu "ŵakulephera kugwira ntchito makora mu maghanoghano", nyumba ku New Jersey yakukwana $4.75 miliyoni kwa [[United Cerebral Palsy]] (iyo Donald wakajipa ntchindi kuti ndiyo wakachita),<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kaczynski|first1=Andrew|last2=McDermott|first2=Nathan|last3=Massie|first3=Christopher|date=July 18, 2016|title=Records Contradict Trump's Claims Of Charitable Giving To A Disability Nonprofit|work=[[BuzzFeed News]]|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/andrewkaczynski/records-contradict-trumps-claims-of-charitable-giving-to-a-d|access-date=August 11, 2021}}</ref> kweniso nyumba zinyake kwa [[National Kidney Foundation]] (NKF).<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"/> Trump wakapeleka malo ghake ghanyake ghambura kusanga phindu likuru ku NKF, ndipo mwakuyana na ''The New York Times'' ichi chikaŵa "chimoza mwa vyawanangwa vikuru chomene ivyo wakapeleka", chifukwa wakapokera [[Tax deduction|kuchitira mphindulo pa misonkho]] kuyana na mtengo uwo wakayowoya. Mu lipoti la misonkho la 1992, mtengo wake ukalembeka kuti ni $34 miliyoni.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Mwakukwambilira chomene pamanyuma pakuti United States yanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose kuumaliro wa 1941, Trump wakawovwira vyakukhwaskana na Ŵayuda na charu cha Israyeli.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}{{efn|name="sam"}}{{efn|name="ushmm"}} Ivi vikasazgapo kupeleka malo ghakuzengera [[Beach Haven Jewish Center]], [[synagogue|nyumba yakusoperamo ya Ŵayuda]] ku Flatbush, Brooklyn, pafupifupi mu 1951,<ref name="synagogue"/><ref name="take"/> kugura [[Israel Bonds]] (iyo yikamba mu 1951),{{sfn|Blair|2015|page=159}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 25, 2016 |title=The Swedish Whopper: Donald Trump's Long-standing Struggle With the Truth |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/donald-trump-s-struggle-with-the-truth-1.5422774 |format=print and online |journal=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> kweniso kuŵa mulembi wa ndalama pa konsati ya chovwiro cha Israyeli mu 1952 iyo yikaŵa na ŵakwimba ŵa ku America ŵa mtundu wa [[easy-listening]].{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=174}} Fred wakawovwira sukulu yapadera ya [[Kew-Forest School]],<ref name="nyt"/> uko ŵana ŵake ŵakasambiranga ndipo wakaŵa mu komiti yakulongozga sukulu iyi.{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=38}} Mbumba ya Trump yikachitanga vinthu pamoza na [[The Salvation Army]], [[Boy Scouts of America]], kweniso Lighthouse for the Blind.<ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"> Fred wakawovwiraso [[Long Island Jewish Hospital]] na [[Hospital for Special Surgery]] mu Manhattan; <ref name="nyt"/> ku chipatala chakumaliro ichi, wakaŵa mulwari wa dokotala wa viŵaro [[Philip D. Wilson Jr.]], uyo wakaŵa dokotala mukuru wa chipatala ichi kufuma mu 1972 m'paka 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Gift Creates Mary and Fred Trump Institute for Implant Analysis |url=https://www.hss.edu/newsroom_hss-receives-implant-analysis-million-dollar-gift-from-trump.asp |access-date=August 20, 2023 |website=Discovery to Recovery |via=Hospital for Special Surgery}}</ref> Nangauli wakaŵa mulembi wa mavoti wa [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Trump wakamba kuŵa paubwezi na [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] ku New York,<ref name="Belkin-2016"/>{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=60}} ndipo wakapelekanga ndalama ku ŵandyali ŵa mu msumba (kusazgapo $2,500 ku kampeni ya Mayor Wagner mu 1961, iyo yikawovwira kuzenga Trump Village).<ref name="Blair-2018"/> Pamoza na Donald mu ma 1980, Fred wakapeleka ndalama zakujumpha $350,000 ku ŵandyali ŵa mu msumba, kusazgapo Mayor [[Ed Koch]], pulezidenti wa khonsolo [[Andrew Stein]], Controller [[Harrison J. Goldin]], na ŵalongozgi ŵanayi pa ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi ŵa maboma gha mu msumba.<ref name="Gerstein-2016"/> Mu Okutobala 2018, ''The New York Times'' yikati mu lipoti lake la kufukura pa vya chuma cha Trump kuti ŵakasanga ukaboni uliwose yayi wakuti wakapeleka ndalama zikuru ku mabungwe gha chifundo.<ref name="tax schemes"/> ==Chiharo== {{see also|New York investigations of The Trump Organization}} [[File:Woody Guthrie 2.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Wakwimba sumu wa mtundu wa folk [[Woody Guthrie]] (1943)]] Wakwimba sumu wa mtundu wa folk [[Woody Guthrie]] wakaŵa munthu wakupanga lenti ku Beach Haven Apartments pakati pa 1950 na 1951.<ref name="unbelievable">{{cite news |last=Moyer |first=Justin William |date=January 22, 2016 |title=The Unbelievable Story of Why Woody Guthrie Hated Donald Trump's Dad |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/22/the-unbelievable-story-of-why-woody-guthrie-hated-donald-trumps-dad/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321224532/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/22/the-unbelievable-story-of-why-woody-guthrie-hated-donald-trumps-racist-dad/ |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Kaufman-2021">{{Cite magazine |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Woody Guthrie's Daughter Cites Dad's Scathing 'Old Man Trump' in Reaction to Former President's Updated 'Heroes' Garden List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/woody-guthrie-daughter-responds-trump-heroes-garden-9514468/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211054510/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/woody-guthrie-daughter-responds-trump-heroes-garden-9514468/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=August 17, 2022 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> Mu sumu yake yambura kulembeka mu ma CD "[[Old Man Trump]]", wakadandawura vya mtengo wa lenti ndipo wakayimba kuti Trump wakawovwira kusambazga [[Ethnic hatred|chitinkha pakati pa mitundu]] "mu mtima wa ŵanthu".<ref name="nytguthrie">{{cite news |last=Kaplan |first=Thomas |date=January 25, 2016 |title=Woody Guthrie Wrote of His Contempt for His Landlord, Donald Trump's Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/25/woody-guthrie-sang-of-his-contempt-for-donald-trumps-father/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308075407/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/25/woody-guthrie-sang-of-his-contempt-for-donald-trumps-father/ |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Kaufman-2021"/> Mwakuyana, mu mtundu wa sumu ya "[[Ain't Got No Home (Woody Guthrie song)|Ain't Got No Home]]" iyo yikafumiskika yayi, Guthrie wakayowoya kuti:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molloy |first=Tim |date=October 6, 2016 |title=Woody Guthrie Wrote a Poem Calling Donald Trump's Dad a Racist – Here It Is |url=https://www.thewrap.com/woody-guthrie-poem-fred-trump-donald-trump-dad-racist-national-poetry-day/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=February 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206202538/https://www.thewrap.com/woody-guthrie-poem-fred-trump-donald-trump-dad-racist-national-poetry-day/ |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Poem quote|text=Beach Haven chikuwoneka nga kuchanya Kweneko palije ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakwenda! Yayi, yayi, yayi! Mulara Trump! Beach Haven yakale ni kwangu yayi!}} Trump wakayowoyeka mwambura kwenelera kuti ni mubali wa mwanalpolitiki wa Republican [[Fred Trump (politician)|Fred J. Trump]], uyo wakaŵa wakupikisana pa mavoti gha [[1956 Arizona gubernatorial election]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 9, 1956 |title=Republican Fred Trump For Governor |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=7632026 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430134617/https://www.newspapers.com/image/163746941/?clipping_id=7632026 |archive-date=April 30, 2025 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Arizona Daily Star]] |location=Tucson, Arizona |page=11 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ndipo wakalemberana makalata na [[Richard Nixon]] pa nyengo ya kampeni yake ya [[1960 United States presidential election|mavoti gha pulezidenti gha 1960]] yakulimbana na [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>Trump, Fred (September 30, 1960). Letter to Richard Nixon – via the [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library]], Box 764. "Please refer to Sen.&nbsp;K, not by name, but as the 'Junior Senator from Massachusetts'!"</ref> [[Jerome Tuccille]] mu buku lake la mbiri ya Donald Trump la mu 1985 wakawerezga utesi wa Fred wakuti wakababikira ku New Jersey ndipo wakalemba mwakubudika kuti zina lake la pakati likaŵa Charles (chifukwa cha Christ).{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=25}} Buku la Donald la ''[[The Art of the Deal]]'' (1987) nalo likuyowoya kuti Fred wakababikira ku New Jersey ndipo wakaŵa mwana wa munthu wakufuma ku Sweden (chifukwa cha Germany).<ref name="CNN-2019"/> ''[[The New York Post]]'' nayo yikawerezga fundo iyi mu mazgu ghake gha malilo gha Fred.{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=153}} Nga ni pulezidenti wa United States, Donald wakayowoya kanandi waka mwakubudika kuti awiske ŵakababikira ku Germany.<ref name="Germany">{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=April 2, 2019 |title=Analysis &#124; Trump wrongly claims his dad was born in Germany – for the third time |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/02/trump-wrongly-claims-his-dad-was-born-germany-third-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718033014/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/02/trump-wrongly-claims-his-dad-was-born-germany-third-time/ |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="fourth">{{Cite web |last=Riotta |first=Chris |date=April 3, 2019 |title=Donald Trump just claimed for fourth time that his father was born in Germany. He was wrong, again |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-father-fred-trump-born-germany-false-claim-new-york-city-nato-jens-stoltenberg-a8851946.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126154334/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-father-fred-trump-born-germany-false-claim-new-york-city-nato-jens-stoltenberg-a8851946.html |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=[[The Independent]] }}</ref><ref name="health">{{cite web |last=Sewell |first=Anne |title=Donald Trump's Health Under Scrutiny Again As He Forgets Key Family Detail |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/donald-trumps-health-under-scrutiny-again-as-he-forgets-key-family-detail |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026|website=[[Inquisitr]]}}</ref> Mwakuyana na buku la 2021 lakuyowoya vya chaka chaumaliro cha u pulezidenti wake wakwamba, Donald nyengo yinyake wakayowoya mwakuyuyura Chancellor wa Germany [[Angela Merkel]], kuti, "Nkhumanya makrauts awa", ndipo wakalongora pa chithuzithuzi cha awiske na kulutilira kuti, "Nkhakuliskika na mkraut mukuru chomene pa wose." <ref name="Alone">{{Cite book |last1=Leonnig |first1=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVo5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PG384 |title=I Alone Can Fix It: Donald J. Trump's Catastrophic Final Year |last2=Rucker |first2=Philip |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-29894-7 |location=New York |pages=384 |author-link=Carol D. Leonnig |author-link2=Philip Rucker}}</ref><ref name="kraut">{{cite web |title=Kraut Definition & Meaning |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kraut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502034542/https://web.archive.org/web/20250502034542/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/kraut |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=}}</ref>{{efn|name="walter"|Mu 1990, Ivana Trump wakayowoya kuti mphwa wa Fred, uyo wakaŵa wakumanya mbiri ya mbumba kweniso mukuru mu gulu lawo, [[John Whitney Walter|John Walter]], wakamulondezga Donald ku ntchito mwa kudinya visinthiro vyake vya malundi na kuyowoya kuti "[[Heil Hitler|''Heil'' Hitler]]", ndipo ichi chikwenera kuti chikaŵa chithuzithuzi cha mbumba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenner |first=Marie |author-link=Marie Brenner |date=September 1, 1990 |title=After the Gold Rush |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|archive-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803061942/https://web.archive.org/web/20170803061942/https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Mu u pulezidenti wake wachiŵiri, Donald wakayowoya kuti Chancellor wa Germany [[Friedrich Merz]] "wakumanya vyose vyakukhwaskana na awiske".<ref name="health"/> Mu buku lake la mbiri ya Donald Trump la 1993, [[Harry Hurt&nbsp;III]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa [[philanderer|munthu wakwendeska vyamaubwezi vya chigololo]], ndipo wakuti vyamaubwezi vyake vya ku Florida vikapangiska kuti wamanyikwe nga ni "The King of [[Miami Beach]]". Mu 1989 (apo Donald wakaŵa wachali mu nthengwa na Ivana kweni manyuzipepara ghakaŵa kwamba kale kulemba vya ubwezi wake na mwanakazi uyo wakazakaŵa muwoli wake Marla Maples), Fred wakayowoya kwa Donald kuti wangakaŵa na "ŵanakazi ŵanandi chikwi" kweni wakwenera yayi kugwilikira mu ubwezi umoza wa kuwaro kwa nthengwa.{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Frank|2018|pp=85–86}} Mwakuyana na Hurt, Donald wati wasankha kuluta na Ivana ku malilo gha awiske ku [[Czechoslovakia]] (mu nyengo iyo chisudzulo chawo chikaŵa pafupi), Fred wakaphalira mlembi wake wakale kweniso munthu wakumupulikira chomene kuti, "Nkhukhumba ndege yawo yibwangike. Ndipo para vyachitika nthena, masuzgo ghane ghose ghazamumara."<ref name="D'Antonio-2020"/>{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=349}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=March 6, 2018 |title='I Need Loyalty' |url=http://politi.co/2H9Z1aA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308050523/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/03/06/donald-trump-loyalty-staff-217227/ |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |website=Politico }}</ref>{{efn|name="walter"}} Pa nyengo ya [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|pulayimale ya Donald Trump ya mu 2016]], kukakika kwa awiske pa chiwawa cha KKK mu 1927 kukayowoyeka so.{{Efn|name="bb"}} Pakati pa mwezi wa February 2017, nyuzipepala ya ku Israel iyo yikaŵa ya maghanoghano gha ku chiharo yikati Donald Trump (uyo wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa "munthu wakuzirwa" yekha kwa iyo) na nduna yikuru ya Israel [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] ŵakasambiranga sankho ku ŵawiskewo, Trump ku [[ŵanthu ŵakufipa khungu]] ndipo Netanyahu [[Anti-Arabism|ku Ŵaarabu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Derfner |first=Larry |date=February 12, 2017 |title=My Racist Father, My Hero: Trump and Netanyahu's Meeting of Minds |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2017-02-12/ty-article/.premium/my-racist-father-my-hero-trump-and-netanyahus-meeting-of-minds/0000017f-f367-d8a1-a5ff-f3eff98d0000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702172015/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2017-02-12/ty-article/.premium/my-racist-father-my-hero-trump-and-netanyahus-meeting-of-minds/0000017f-f367-d8a1-a5ff-f3eff98d0000 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=June 6, 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]] }}</ref> Mazuŵa ghatatu pamanyuma pake, FBI yikafumiska makalata 389 gha kafukufuku wake uyo wakachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 wakukhwaskana na ivyo ŵakatenge ni sankho la mitundu na [[Trump Organization]].<ref name="Choi-2017"/> Mu mbiri yake ya maghanoghano gha Donald ya mu 2018, [[Justin A. Frank]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa wakutinkha Ŵayuda.{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mu 2020, Mary L. Trump wakakhozgera fundo iyi ndipo wakayowoya kuti Fred wakwenera kuti wakakolerana na KKK.<ref name="why">{{Cite web |last=Corn |first=David |authorlink=David Corn |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Mary Trump on why Donald Trump lies, why he's 'racist,' and why she wrote her book |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/07/watch-mary-trump-on-why-donald-trump-lies-why-hes-racist-and-why-she-wrote-her-book/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227182416/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/07/watch-mary-trump-on-why-donald-trump-lies-why-hes-racist-and-why-she-wrote-her-book/ |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |access-date=September 28, 2021 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] }}</ref> Mu Meyi 2016, mu nkhani yakukhwaskana na [[Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump|mazina ghawene gha Donald Trump]], ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' yikayowoya kuti awiske ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zina lautesi "Mr.&nbsp;Green" kuti ŵafumbiske mwakubisika mitengo ya malo.<ref>{{cite news |last=D'Antonio |first=Michael |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's Long, Strange History of Using Fake Names |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |url=http://fortune.com/2016/05/18/donald-trump-fake-names/ |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222135021/http://fortune.com/2016/05/18/donald-trump-fake-names/ |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2016, chifukwa cha ma pempho ghanandi gha [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Dango la wanangwa wa mazgu gha boma gha United States]], FBI yikafumiska fayilo yichoko iyo yikaŵapo ya Fred; yikaŵa na nkhani ya mu 1986 yakukhwaskana na vyawanangwa vya ndyali vya Trump Management, kalata ya mu 1991 iyo yikafufutika chomene yakukhwaskana na mphekesera za kukolerana na [[upusikizgi wakupangiska milandu|magulu gha uchigeŵenga]], kweniso lipoti la [[Background check|kafukufuku wa munthu]] la Trump Construction Corp.<ref name="Gerstein-2016">{{cite web |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |date=October 8, 2016 |title=FBI releases thin file on Donald Trump's father, Fred |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2016/10/fbi-releases-thin-file-on-fred-trump-229361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116125456/https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2016/10/fbi-releases-thin-file-on-fred-trump-229361 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Mu 2018, pakulemba mu [[New York (magazini)|''New York'' magazine]] pakuyowoya za nkhani ya ''New York Times'', [[Jonathan Chait]] wakayowoya kuti vyawanangwa vinandi ivyo Fred wakapeleka kwa Donald vikaŵa vyakupalamura dango mwakuyana na umo vikaŵira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chait |first=Jonathan |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The New York Times Proves President Trump Is a Crook |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/president-trump-crook-new-york-times-proves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227171536/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/president-trump-crook-new-york-times-proves.html |archive-date=February 27, 2025 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] }}</ref> Pakati pa 2020, komiti ya ndyali ya PAC yakucema kuti njara yake njakumasuka [[MeidasTouch]] yikayowoya mazgu ghakuti "galimoto yambura kanthu" kufuma mu kayowoyero ka Trump ku Horatio Alger Association, pakuyowoya kuti Donald wakamalira waka chuma icho wakapokera kwa awiske kweniso "chuma chikuru cha vyamalonda" icho wakapokera kufuma ku [[Obama administration|boma la Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[MeidasTouch]] |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Fred's Failure |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quhVLpGm2uk |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fearnow |first=Benjamin |date=June 20, 2021 |title=Donald Trump Roasted in MeidasTouch Father's Day Video Featuring His Dad |url=https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-roasted-meidastouch-fathers-day-video-featuring-his-dad-freds-failure-1602373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224101427/https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-roasted-meidastouch-fathers-day-video-featuring-his-dad-freds-failure-1602373 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=[[Newsweek]] }}</ref> Mulembi wa buku ''[[The Art of the Deal]]'' [[Tony Schwartz (writer)|Tony Schwartz]] wakayowoya mu 2020 kuti Fred "wakukhozga" wakaŵavya [[luntha lwa maghanoghano]], ndipo ichi chikakhwaska ŵana ŵake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taddonio |first=Patrice |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Trump the 'Bully': How Childhood & Military School Shaped the Future President |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trump-the-bully-how-childhood-military-school-shaped-the-future-president/ |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[PBS Frontline]] |archive-date=June 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607091733/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trump-the-bully-how-childhood-military-school-shaped-the-future-president/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu buku lake la 2020, ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'', Mary L. Trump (uyo ni [[wakasambira vya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu|muwemi wa maghanoghano]]) wakuyowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa [[sociopath|munthu uyo wali na mikhaliro ya sociopath yakukwana chomene]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Pengelly|first=Martin|date=July 7, 2020|title=Donald Trump's behavior was shaped by his 'sociopath' father, niece writes in bombshell book|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/07/donald-trump-abuse-father-niece-mary-book|access-date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707165418/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/07/donald-trump-abuse-father-niece-mary-book|archive-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> uyo wakatimbanizga [[emotional development|kusambira kwa maghanoghano gha Donald]].{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=43}} Kuyana na nkhani ya mu 2024 mu magazini ya vya mbiri ya maghanoghano ''[[Clio's Psyche]]'', Fred uyo wakaŵa "wankhaza" ndiposo wakupusikizga wakakanizga Donald "vyakukhumbikwa vya chitemwa na kusambizgika maghanoghano kuti waŵe na umoyo" (apo wakamucemanga kuti "wakukoma", na vinyake), ndipo ichi chikapangiska Donald kuŵavya "[[Morality|udindo wa makhaliro ghawemi]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eberle |first=Scott G. |date=June 19, 2024 |title=Finding Empathy Without Sympathy for Donald Trump |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/play-in-mind/202406/finding-empathy-without-sympathy-for-donald-trump |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=[[Psychology Today]] }}</ref> Kufuma apo [[Ukolerekesko wa Donald Trump mu New York|Donald Trump wakakakika mu New York]] mu 2023, mabuku ghanyake gha nkhani ghakalemba kuti awiske ŵake ŵakakakikapo kaŵiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hourie |first=Ilya |date=April 8, 2023 |title=Like Father, Like Son: Revisiting Fred Trump's Arrests |url=https://therealdeal.com/national/2023/04/08/like-father-like-son-revisiting-fred-trumps-arrests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503041404/https://therealdeal.com/national/2023/04/08/like-father-like-son-revisiting-fred-trumps-arrests/ |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]] }}</ref> === Mu mitheto === Mu 2011 ''[[Comedy Central Roast]]'' ya Donald Trump, wakusekeska wa ku America [[Seth MacFarlane]] wakayowoya kuti usambazi wa Donald ukafuma kwa awiske, ndipo wakaseka ivyo wakayowoya kuti Donald wakajipanga yekha "vyautesi vya munthu uyo wakamba yekha" ndipo wakayaniska ubwezi wawo na ubwezi wa [[Jaden Smith|Jaden]] na [[Will Smith]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCroix |first=Emy |date=April 26, 2018 |title=The 2011 Donald Trump Roast Is Re-Airing on Comedy Central, See the Best Jokes Here |url=https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/donald-trump-roast-comedy-central-158933/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122084304/https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/donald-trump-roast-comedy-central-158933/ |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=Life & Style }}</ref> Kuumaliro kwa 2016, [[Nell Scovell]] wakalemba vya kuyezgayezga kwambura chipambano kwa kukawona dindi la Trump mu ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', ndipo wakayowoya kuti chithuzi icho chikaŵa pa intaneti chikulongora kuti dindi ili likaŵa lakuzizwiska chifukwa likaŵa lichoko.<ref name="plot"/> Pamanyuma pakupempha ulongozgi wa umo wangafikira, Scovell wakalimbikiskika mwakubisika na pulezidenti wa masisita gha malaro.<ref name="scov">{{cite web |last=Scovell |first=Nell |author-link=Nell Scovell |date=October 11, 2016 |title=A Visit to Trump's Graveyard |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49247/search-for-trump-grave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224115548/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49247/search-for-trump-grave/ |archive-date=February 24, 2025 |access-date=April 13, 2023 |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucking |first=Liz |date=October 11, 2016 |title=Trump Gravestone {{!}} The Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/10/11/spirit-of-trump-family-haunts-this-queens-cemetery/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083151/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/10/11/spirit-of-trump-family-haunts-this-queens-cemetery/ |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=The Real Deal }}</ref> Mu 2018, ''[[Nylon.com]]'' wakagwiliskira ntchito chithuzi cha Trump wakukalamba icho chikaŵa na chibowo chakuwoneka chomene kunyuma kwa limoza la matama ghake (chifukwa cha [[mandibulectomy]]){{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=65}} ndipo wakayowoya kuti ivyo ''New York Times'' yikavumbura "vikapangiska ŵanthu kumanya, panyake kakwamba, umo Fred Trump wakawonekera—ndipo vikawoneka kuti wakuyanako na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nkhani za nthano awo mbaheni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calfee |first=Bailey |date=October 4, 2018 |title=The Scariest New Meme Is Trump's Dad |url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/trump-dad-meme |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083958/https://www.nylon.com/articles/trump-dad-meme |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[Nylon.com]] }}</ref> Kufuma mu 2018, Trump walongoreka mu vyakupharazga vya mitundu yakupambanapambana.{{Efn|E.g., mu chigaŵa cha ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'', [[Fred Willard]] wakaseŵera nga ni Trump mzimu wakukondwa chifukwa wakatolera milandu yake ku dindi, kweni wakakwiya chifukwa cha kuleka kuchita makora kwa Donald.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maglio|first=Tony|date=October 4, 2018|title=Fred Willard's Fred Trump Returns from Hell to Call His Son a 'Moron'|url=https://www.thewrap.com/fred-williard-fred-trump-ghost-hell-kimmel/|access-date=July 5, 2020|work=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705101233/https://www.thewrap.com/fred-williard-fred-trump-ghost-hell-kimmel/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakalongoreka mu vigaŵa vya ''[[Our Cartoon President]]'' (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Kaitlin|date=April 9, 2019|title=Showtime to Premiere Season Two of ''Our Cartoon President'' on May 12|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Showtime-to-Premiere-Season-Two-of-OUR-CARTOON-PRESIDENT-on-May-12-20190409|access-date=May 8, 2020|work=[[BroadwayWorld]]|archive-date=August 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809165503/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Showtime-to-Premiere-Season-Two-of-OUR-CARTOON-PRESIDENT-on-May-12-20190409|url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo munthu wa sankho uyo wakuwoneka kuti wakapangika kufuma pa iyo wakawoneka mu [[Chinthu ichi chachilendo|chigaŵa]] cha 2019 cha pulogalamu ya pa TV ''[[Watchmen (TV series)|Watchmen]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smail|first=Gretchen|date=November 25, 2019|title=There Was a Sneaky Dig at Trump's Family in 'Watchmen' This Week|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-trump-reference-in-watchmen-is-so-sly-you-might-have-missed-it-19380144|magazine=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|access-date=November 25, 2019|archive-date=November 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127230902/https://www.bustle.com/p/the-trump-reference-in-watchmen-is-so-sly-you-might-have-missed-it-19380144|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Abad-Santos|first=Alex|date=November 25, 2019|title=It sure seems like Watchmen turned Donald Trump's father into one of its racist villains|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/11/25/20981767/watchmen-episode-6-fred-trump-recap|access-date=June 30, 2021|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021240/https://www.vox.com/2019/11/25/20981767/watchmen-episode-6-fred-trump-recap|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Diehl]] wakamuseŵera mu filimu ya 2022 ''[[Armageddon Time]]'', iyo yikajambulika kuyana na ivyo mulara wa filimu [[James Gray (director)|James Gray]] wakakumbuka vya iyo ku Kew-Forest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edel |first=Victoria |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Yes, 'Armageddon Time'{{'}}s Fred and Maryanne Trump Scene Really Happened |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/49006785 |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=[[PopSugar]] }}</ref> Mu 2024, wakaseŵerezgeka na [[Martin Donovan]] mu filimu yakuyowoya vya umoyo wa Donald Trump ''[[The Apprentice (2024 film)|The Apprentice]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tartaglione |first1=Nancy |last2=D'Alessandro |first2=Anthony |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Donald Trump Origin Tale 'The Apprentice' Gets 11-Minute Ovation At Its Cannes World Premiere |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/the-apprentice-trump-movie-ovation-cannes-1235924376/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522022648/https://deadline.com/2024/05/the-apprentice-trump-movie-ovation-cannes-1235924376/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo PAC ya [[Lincoln Project]] yikamulongora kwizira mu [[njira za luso la makompyuta|luso lwa kupanga vinthu na makompyuta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desmarais |first=Anna |date=February 19, 2024 |title=Donald Trump's father resurrected by AI to tell him he's 'a disgrace' |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/19/youre-a-disgrace-donald-trumps-late-father-resurrected-by-ai-to-blast-him-ahead-of-electio |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=[[Euronews]] |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226095107/https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/19/youre-a-disgrace-donald-trumps-late-father-resurrected-by-ai-to-blast-him-ahead-of-electio |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinclair |first=Carla |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Donald Trump's daddy, Fred Trump, scolds his buffoon son from the grave: 'You sound like you're a drunk' (video) |url=https://boingboing.net/2024/07/12/donald-trumps-daddy-fred-trump-rises-from-the-grave-to-scold-his-foolish-son-you-sound-like-youre-a-drunk-video.html |access-date=July 13, 2024 |website=Boing Boing |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713070249/https://boingboing.net/2024/07/12/donald-trumps-daddy-fred-trump-rises-from-the-grave-to-scold-his-foolish-son-you-sound-like-youre-a-drunk-video.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Mu 2019, mulembi wa nkhani wa ku America ndiposo uyo wakugomezga vigomezgo vyakupangira [[Wayne Madsen (journalist)|Wayne Madsen]] wakayimba Fred kuti wakaŵa wakukhozgera [[Nazism in the Americas|Nazi]] chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa [[German American Bund]] mu New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Wayne |author-link= |date=October 8, 2019 |title=The America of Trump's Father |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1910/S00036/the-america-of-trumps-father.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310222412/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1910/S00036/the-america-of-trumps-father.htm |archive-date=March 10, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[Scoop News]]}}</ref> Mu pakati pa 2020, kampani yakupima unenesko wa nkhani [[Logically (company)|Logically]] yikati palije ukaboni wakupulikikwa makora wakuti Trump wakaŵa wakukhozgera Nazi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J |first=Vivek |date=August 17, 2020 |title=False: Donald Trump's father Fred Trump was a Nazi spy |url=https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/fact-check/false-was-fred-trump-a-nazi-spy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503005214/https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/fact-check/false-was-fred-trump-a-nazi-spy |archive-date=May 3, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[Logically (company)|Logically]] }}</ref> Mu nyengo ya [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|kampeni ya Donald Trump ya kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States mu 2024]], Donald Trump wakati awiske ŵakamuphalira kuti waleke kuyowoya mazgu ghakuti "Nazi" panji kutchula [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Trump's 'Opposite Of A Nazi' Claim Triggers Scathingly Awkward Flashback |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-opposite-of-a-nazi-claim_n_6720b73ee4b0dd72996c9eb2 |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=[[Huffington Post]] |archive-date=October 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029130026/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-opposite-of-a-nazi-claim_n_6720b73ee4b0dd72996c9eb2 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Munthu wakuchita maseŵero [[Stephen Colbert]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakang'anamuranga waka kuti zina la munthu wankhaza likwenera yayi [[Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain|kugwiriskika ntchito mwambura ntchindi]] ndipo kuti mbumba ya a Trump yikaŵa ku [[Ratlines (World War II)|Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkel |first=Inga |date=October 30, 2024 |title=Stephen Colbert mocks Trump's 'weird' childhood family rule |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/donald-trump-stephen-colbert-hitler-nazi-b2638550.html |access-date=April 27, 2025 |website=The Independent |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428094844/https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/donald-trump-stephen-colbert-hitler-nazi-b2638550.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} ==Vyakukumbuska== {{Notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ===Vyakufuma mmabuku=== * {{cite news|title=Hearings Before the Committee on Banking and Currency|publisher=United States Senate: [[Eighty-third Congress]]|via=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 20, 1954|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/fha-investigation-1954-part-1.pdf|ref={{sfnRef|Senate|1954}}}} * {{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-VVEAAAQBAJ |title=The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017–2021 |last2=Glasser |first2=Susan |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-385-54654-6 }} * {{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |url=https://archive.org/details/trumpdealsdownfa00barr/ |title=Trump: The Deals and the Downfall |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-06-016704-2 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7l6NEAAAQBAJ |title=American Oligarchs: The Kushners, the Trumps, and the Marriage of Money and Power |date=2020 |publisher=[[W.&nbsp;W. Norton]] |isbn=978-0-393-54130-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |author-link=Gwenda Blair |title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate |date=2015 |orig-year=1st pub. in 2000 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-1501139369 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book |last=Frank |first=Justin A. |author-link=Justin A. Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-hqDwAAQBAJ |title=Trump on the Couch: Inside the Mind of the President |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-7352-2032-4 }} *{{cite book|last=Hurt III|first=Harry|url=https://archive.org/details/losttycoonmanyli00hurt|title=Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump|publisher=W.&nbsp;W. Norton|year=1993|isbn=978-0393030297|location=New York|author-link=Harry Hurt III}} * {{cite book |last1=Kranish |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Kranish |last2=Fisher |first2=Marc |author-link2=Marc Fisher |url=https://archive.org/details/trumprevealedame0000kran_f0z7 |title=Trump Revealed: An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-5011-5578-9 |location=New York}} * {{cite book|last=Trump III|first=Fred C.|author-link=Fred Trump III|title=All in the Family: The Trumps and How We Got This Way|publisher=[[Gallery Books]]|date=2024|isbn=978-1-6680-7217-2|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boz-EAAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book|last=Trump|first=Mary L.|author-link=Mary L. Trump|title=Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=2020|isbn=978-1-9821-4146-2|location=New York|oclc=1164093746|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDnhDwAAQBAJ}} *{{cite book|last=Tuccille|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50ss1oWeZBAC|title=Trump: The Saga of America's Most Powerful Real Estate Baron|date=1985|publisher=Beard Books|isbn=978-1587982231|author-link=Jerome Tuccille}} == Pa intaneti == {{Commons category|Fred Trump}} *{{Cite magazine|last=Levin|first=Bess|date=October 2, 2018|title=Trump's One Weird Trick to Getting Rich, Revealed!: 'Outright Fraud,' Deceptive Tax Schemes, and a Lifetime Allowance from Daddy|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/10/donald-trump-fred-trump-taxes|magazine=Vanity Fair}} * {{cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |title=Donald Trump Says His Father Was Born In Germany (He Wasn't) |url= https://deadline.com/2019/04/donald-trump-says-his-father-was-born-in-germany-he-wasnt-oranges-mueller-investigation-1202587354/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline.com]]|date=April 2, 2019}} {{Trump family}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Fred}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1905]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa mu 1999]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:ŴaLutheran ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakusunga mabiliyoni]] [[Category:Ŵakukhala matabwa ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America mu vya kuzenga]] [[Category:Ŵene nyumba ŵa ku America]] [[Category:ŴaLutheran ŵakufuma ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa mphapu ya Germany]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]] [[Category:Ŵayambiska makampani gha nyumba ku America]] [[Category:Kusankhana mitundu kwakuŵaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black ku United States]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku Bronx]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku Queens, New York]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na nthenda ya Alzheimer's mu New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na chibayo mu New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵadada ŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa United States]] [[Category:ŴaRepublican ŵa New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Jamaica Estates, Queens]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Woodhaven, Queens]] [[Category:Ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa kufuma ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa ku Pratt Institute]] [[Category:Kuleka kulipira msonkho mu United States]] [[Category:Trump family|Fred]] [[Category:Ŵantchito ŵa Trump Organization]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Richmond Hill High School (Queens)]] [[Category:Ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵaluso ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵene malo ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] cbvb4ha3v66tr8wpu7x9i09rpr6nj8u 0 48136 117895 2026-07-23T13:41:59Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Short description|Part of the Second Jewish–Roman War}} {{about|chigaluka cha Ŵayuda ku Yudeya|kuwukira kwa Ŵayuda kwa nyengo yimoza mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Roma|Diaspora Revolt}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Nkhondo ya Kitos | partof = [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | image = Roman Empire - Iudaea (125 AD).svg | image_size = 260px | caption = Mapu gha Yudeya (ghaswesi), [[Chigaŵa cha Roma]] uko khumbo la Ŵayuda la kujiyimira pawokha lika..." 117895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Part of the Second Jewish–Roman War}} {{about|chigaluka cha Ŵayuda ku Yudeya|kuwukira kwa Ŵayuda kwa nyengo yimoza mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Roma|Diaspora Revolt}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Nkhondo ya Kitos | partof = [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | image = Roman Empire - Iudaea (125 AD).svg | image_size = 260px | caption = Mapu gha Yudeya (ghaswesi), [[Chigaŵa cha Roma]] uko khumbo la Ŵayuda la kujiyimira pawokha likapangiska [[Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | date = 117 CE <!-- Kasi Lukuas wakachimbilira ku Yudeya pawuli nadi, ndipo ichi ndicho chikambiska nkhondo iyi? --> | place = [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]] | territory = ''Status quo ante bellum'' | result = Kutonda kwa Ŵaroma<ref>https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=war-dir&f=wars_romanjewish#kitos Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma yikachitika vyaka makumi ghanayi na vinkhondi pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa Yerusalemu pa nyengo ya kuwukira kwa Trajan ku Parthia. Yikambira mu gulu la Ŵayuda ku Cyrene. Ŵawukiri ŵakananga matempile ghanandi gha Ŵaroma, ndipo ŵakakoma Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma wuwo. Chiwukirano chikafalikira ku Alexandria na ku Cyprus, uko ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, Ŵayuda na ŵambura kuŵa Ŵayuda wuwo, ŵakakomeka. Ndipouli, viwukirano ivi vikaŵa vya magulu gha ŵanthu agho ghakaŵavya ndondomeko, m'malo mwa magulu gha nkhondo, ndipo ivyo vikachitika vikaŵa vivulupi m'malo mwa nkhondo zanadi. Bwanamkubwa wa Eguputo wakagwiliskira ntchito malegion ghake kuvikilira misumba iyo yindakhwaskike, kweni wakagomezganga Trajan kuti watume ŵasilikari ŵakukwana kuti ŵatondeske ŵawukiri. Paumaliro Trajan wakawunganya gulu la nkhondo kuti litondeske viwukirano ku Cyrene na Alexandria, ndipo pa nyengo yimoza wakayezgayezga kugega viwukirano vinyake pakati pa Ŵayuda mu vigaŵa vya Mesopotamiya ivyo wakaŵa wachita kuthereska mwakukoma Ŵayuda mu misumba yinyake yikuru ya chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵandawukire. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakafwa pa viwukirano ivi, chomenechomene ku North Africa, ndipo malo ghanandi ghankhongono gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa Yudeya ghakanangika.</ref> | combatant1 = [[Ufumu wa Roma]] | combatant2 = [[Ŵayuda]] | commander1 = {{plainlist| *[[Trajan]]{{Natural Causes}} *[[Lusius Quietus]]{{Assassinated}}<ref>Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I - Chapitre III - Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien</ref> }} | commander2 = {{plainlist| *[[Lukuas]]{{executed}} *[[Lulianos na Paphos|Julianus]]{{executed}}<ref name=malamat>{{cite book|last=Malamat|first=Abraham|title=A History of the Jewish people|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/330|url-access=registration|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=1976|page=330|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6}}</ref><br/>[[Lulianos na Paphos|Pappus]]{{executed}}<ref name=malamat/> *[[Gamliel II]]{{Natural Causes}} }} | casualties1 = Ŵakufwa ŵa Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki: 200,000 ku Cyrene, 240,000 ku Cyprus (mwakuyana na [[Cassius Dio]]). Chiŵelengero chambura kumanyikwa cha ŵakufwa ku Eguputo, Mesopotamiya, Yudeya, na Siriya. | casualties2 = Kunangika na kusamuskika kwa magulu gha Ŵayuda ku North Africa, Cyrenaica, Cyprus, na Eguputo }} '''Nkhondo ya Kitos''' yikachitika mu chaka cha 117, nga ni chigaŵa cha [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]]. Malemba ghakale gha Chiyuda ghakuyidatisha ku vyaka 52 kufuma pa [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] (66–73) na vyaka 16 pambere [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chindambe (132–136). Nga umo vikaŵira pa nkhondo zinyake za [[Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]], Nkhondo ya Kitos yikapangiskika na kusakhutira kwa [[Ŵayuda]] ku [[Ufumu wa Roma]]. Maghanoghano agha, agho panji ghakakura chomene pamanyuma pa [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Yerusalemu (70 CE)|kunangika kwa Tempile Lachiŵiri na Ŵaroma]] mu chaka cha 70, ghakapangiska viwukirano vinyake vikuruvikuru vya Ŵayuda mu [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]] na mu [[Near East]] yose, kusazgapo [[Eguputo wa Roma|Eguputo]], [[Libya wa Roma|Libya]], [[Cyprus wa Roma|Cyprus]], na [[Mesopotamiya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Mesopotamiya]]. Pamanyuma pakuti chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda ku Mesopotamiya chikatondeska, fumu ya Roma [[Trajan]] yikimika mulara wake wa nkhondo [[Lusius Quietus]] (uyo wakamanyikwangaso kuti Kitos) kuŵa consul na bwanamkubwa wa Yudeya. Malemba gha m'masinda gha [[Chiyankhulo cha Syriac|Chisiriya]] ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, kweni ŵakatondeka kwenekura na [[ŵankhondo ŵa Roma]]. Ndipouli, kugomezgeka kwa malemba agha kukukayikika, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuchita chenjerero chifukwa palije ukaboni wakukhozgera uwu kufuma ku ŵalembi ŵa Chigiriki na Chiaroma [[Cassius Dio]] na [[Eusebius]], awo ŵakaŵa magwero ghakuru gha vyakuchitika vya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma. Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Roma awo ŵakazingilizga [[Lod|Lida]], uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵabali [[Lulianos na Paphos|Julian na Pappus]]. Ŵanthu aŵa awo ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu [[Talmud]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">Pes. 50a; B. B. 10b; Eccl. R. ix. 10</ref><ref name="Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b2">Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b</ref> Nangauli Ŵaroma ŵakatondeska viwukirano vinandi vya Ŵayuda, vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakukhwaskana, ndipo ichi chikapangiska mulondezgi wa Trajan, [[Hadrian]], kusamuska kwamuyirayira [[Legio VI Ferrata|Legio VI ''Ferrata'']] ku [[Kaisareya Maritima]]. Malo agha ghakafika pachanya pa suzgo apo [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chikamba mwasonosono pamanyuma pake, chikamba na kukhazikiskika kwa boma lakujiyimira pawokha la Ŵayuda na ŵawukiri ndipo chikamara na kukomeka na kusamuskika kwa Ŵayuda mu Yudeya mose, kweniso panji kunangika panji kunangikira chomene kwa [[legion ya Roma|malegion ghatatu gha Roma]]. ==Zina== {{langx|he|פולמוס קיטוס|Polemos Ḳiṭus}} ni zina lakubudika (panji kwizira mu [[Chiaramu cha Ŵapalestina Ŵachiyuda]]) kufuma ku {{langx|grc-x-koine|Πόλεμος του Κυήτου|Pólemos tou Kuḗtou|Nkhondo ya Quietus}}, kufuma ku zina la bwanamkubwa wa Roma wa [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]], [[Lusius Quietus]], uyo wakatondeska chiwukirano ichi. Mazina ghakuti "Nkhondo ya Kitos", "Chiwukirano cha Diaspora", na "Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma" kanandi ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakupambana yayi, kweni mazina ghaŵiri ghakwamba ghakupulikikwa makora nga ni vigawo vya nkhondo yikuru iyi. ==Mbiri yakwamba== === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda (66–73 CE) === {{main|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma}} Kusuzgana pakati pa [[Kususka Chiyuda#Ufumu wa Roma pambere Chikhristu chindize|Ŵayuda ŵa mu Ufumu wa Roma na ŵanthu Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma]] kukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 CE, ndipo pachokopachoko kukafika pa vyakuchitika vyankhaza vinandi, chomenechomene mu [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]], uko nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Yudeya ŵakawukiranga mwankhaza [[Ufumu wa Roma]]. Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitikaso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu, nga ni [[Vivulupi vya ku Alexandria (38 CE)|kukoma Ŵayuda ku Alexandria]], uko kukalondezganga [[Mbiri ya Ŵayuda ku Alexandria|gulu likuru la Ŵayuda la ku Alexandria]] mu chigaŵa cha Eguputo. Ndipouli, kupatulako Alexandria, Ŵayuda ŵa mu diaspora ŵakakhalanga makora mu Ufumu wa Roma mose ndipo ŵakagomezganga boma la Roma kuti lisungilire wanangwa wawo.<ref name="Goodman20082">{{cite book |author=Martin Goodman |author-link=Martin Goodman (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNQPAEErNy8C |title=Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-375-72613-2 |page=418}}</ref> Kukura kwa kusuzgana uku kukafika pachanya ndipo kukaphulika kuŵa [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]], iyo yikamba mu chaka cha 66. Nkhondo zakwamba zikachitika chifukwa cha kusuzgana kwa chisopa pakati pa Ŵagiriki na Ŵayuda, kweni pamanyuma zikakura kuŵa [[Kukana kulipira msonkho|viphikiro vyakususka msonkho]] na kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa Roma.<ref>Josephus, ''War of the Jews'' II.8.11, II.13.7, II.14.4, II.14.5</ref> Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Roma mu Yudeya likathereskeka mwaluŵiro na ŵawukiri, ndipo fumu yakukolerana na Ŵaroma [[Herod Agrippa II]] wakachimbira ku [[Yerusalemu]], pamoza na ŵalara ŵa Roma, kuluta ku [[Galileya]]. [[Cestius Gallus]], [[Legatus|legate]] wa [[Siriya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Siriya]], wakiza na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Siriya, ilo likaŵa ku [[Legio XII Fulminata|XII Fulminata]], lakovwirika na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, kuti wawuskepo mtende na kutondeska chiwukirano. Ndipouli, legion iyi yikategheka na ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ndipo yikatondeka pa [[Nkhondo ya Beth Horon (66)|Nkhondo ya Beth Horon]], icho chikaziziswa chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa Roma. Pamanyuma pake, kutondeska chiwukirano ichi kukapelekeka kwa General [[Vespasian]] na mwana wake [[Titus]], awo ŵakawunganya malegion ghanayi ndipo ŵakamba kuluta mu charu chose, kwambira ku Galileya mu chaka cha 67. Chiwukirano chikamara apo [[legion ya Roma|malegion]] agho ghakalongozgekanga na Titus [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Yerusalemu (70 CE)|ghakazingilizga na kunanga]] malo ghakuru gha ŵawukiri ku Yerusalemu mu chaka cha 70, ndipo pamanyuma ghakatondeska malo ghanyake ghose gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa ghachali kukana. == Kusuzgika mu Yudeya == Pamanyuma pakutondeska kukana kwa ŵawukiri ku Mesopotamiya, Quietus wakapika ntchindi ya consulship ndipo Trajan wakamupa ubwanamkubwa wa [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]].<ref>Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'', 68.32.5; Eusebius, ''Ecclesiastical History'', 4.2.5</ref>{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Vyakuchitika vya pa nyengo iyi vikupulikikwa makora yayi,{{Efn|Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}}}} kweni mwakuyana na ŵasambizgi nga ni Pucci Ben Zeev, vikuwoneka kuti pakaŵa funde la kusuzgika kwa Ŵayuda ilo Lucius Quietus wakatondeska.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Ndipouli, nkhani zakudumuka na zakumanyuma zikupereka kumanya kunyake. Chimoza mwa viboni ivi ni cholembedwa chakufuma ku [[Sardinia]], icho chikulemba {{lang|la|expeditio Judaeae}} pakati pa nkhondo izo Trajan wakachita.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} Kusazgapo apo, magwero ghaŵiri gha m'masinda gha [[Chiyankhulo cha Syriac|Chisiriya]] ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, uko ŵakatondeka na Ŵaroma.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Nkhondo izi panji zikapangiskika na milimo ya kusopa ya Ŵaroma mu Yerusalemu. Mwakuyana na [[Hippolytus wa ku Roma|Hippolytus]], legion ilo likiza na Trajan likakhazikiska chikozgo icho chikamanyikwanga kuti Kore pa [[Phiri la Tempile]], mulimo uwo Ŵayuda ŵakawuwonanga nga nkhufipiska malo ghawo ghatuŵa chomene. Ukaboni wa malemba ghakuseŵeka pa malibwe ukulongora kuti pakaŵaso chakuchitika chakuyana waka: cholembedwa chimoza chikulongora kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ''[[Legio III Cyrenaica]]'' ŵakapeleka jotchero panji chikozgo kwa chiuta wa Chigiriki na Chieguputo [[Serapis]] mu Yerusalemu mu chaka chaumaliro cha ulamuliro wa Trajan (116 CE).{{Sfn|Ben Zeev|2018|p=90}} Magwero gha Arabbi ghakulongosora nkhani ya [[Lulianos na Paphos|Julian na Pappus]], iyo panji yikachitika mu nyengo iyi ya kusuzgika mu Yudeya.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Panji Quietus wakazingilizga [[Lod|Lida]], uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa Julian na Pappus. Suzgo likakura chomene mwakuti patriarch Rabban [[Gamaliel II]], uyo wakaŵa wakajara mwenemumo ndipo wakafwa pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, wakazomerezga kuzizipizga nanga ni pa [[Hanukkah|Ḥanukkah]]. Arabbi ŵanyake ŵakasuska fundo iyi.<ref>Ta'anit ii. 10; Yer. Ta'anit ii. 66a; Yer. Meg. i. 70d; R. H. 18b</ref> Pamanyuma pake Lida likapoka, ndipo Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵakawukira ŵakakomeka; "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu [[Talmud]].<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> Pappus na Julian ŵakaŵa pakati pa awo Ŵaroma ŵakakoma chaka icho, ndipo ŵakazgoka ŵakufwira chipulikano pakati pa Ŵayuda.<ref name="Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b2" /> Lusius Quietus, uyo Trajan wakamuwonanga mwantchindi yikuru ndipo wakateŵetera Roma makora, wakafumiskika mwakachetechete pa udindo wake apo [[Hadrian]] wakaŵa kuti wakhozga mazaza gha ufumu. Wakakomeka mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa mu chilimwe cha 118, panji chifukwa cha dango la Hadrian. Hadrian wakapanga visankho vyambura kukondwereska, kusazgapo kumazga nkhondo, kuleka vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi ivyo Trajan wakathereska, na kukhozga mphaka za kumafumiro gha dazi. Nangauli wakaleka chigaŵa cha Mesopotamiya, wakimikaso [[Parthamaspates wa Parthia|Parthamaspates]]—uyo wakachimbizgika ku [[Ctesiphon]] na [[Osroes I|Osroes]] uyo wakawelera—kuŵa fumu ya [[Osroene]] iyo yikawuskikaso. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, Osroene yikakhalilira kujiyimira payokha mwakukayikiska nga ni [[buffer state|boma lakupatura]] pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri agha. Vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakusuzga kwa Ŵaroma, awo ŵakeneranga pasi pa Hadrian kusamuska [[Legio VI Ferrata|Legio VI ''Ferrata'']] kwamuyirayira ku [[Kaisareya Maritima]] mu Yudeya. Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakukana kuti pakaŵapo nkhondo yiliyose mu Yudeya pa nyengo ya Chiwukirano cha Diaspora. Ŵakulemba mdauko [[Eric M. Meyers]] na Mark A. Chancey, mwachiyelezgero, ŵakulemba kuti "chiwukirano ichi chikawoneka kuti chikafika yayi ku Yudeya, uko kwiza kwa legion yachiŵiri kuti yikhozge Legion Yachikhumi kukapangiska chivikiliro chakukwanira ku viwukirano vinyake."{{sfn|Meyers|Chancey|2012|p=166}} Mwakuyana waka, Fergus Millar wakuti "palije ukaboni wakukhozgeka wa chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda mu Yudeya" pa nyengo yimoza na Chiwukirano cha Diaspora.{{sfn|Millar|1995|p=103}} ==Pamanyuma pa nkhondo== === Kusintha kwa udindo wa chigaŵa na kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi === Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Kitos, Yudeya yikasinthika pa nkhani za boma na vya ŵasilikari. Chigaŵa ichi chikakweskeka kufuma pa udindo wa [[Praetorian prefect|praetorian]] kuya ku udindo wa consul, ndipo ichi chikazomerezga kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi. Nga ni chigaŵa cha kusintha uku, legion yachiŵiri, panji [[Legio II Traiana Fortis|Legio II Traiana]], yikakhazikiskika mu chigaŵa ichi pafupifupi {{Circa|120 CE}}.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} Pamanyuma pa Quietus, ŵabwanamkubwa ŵakulondezgapo ŵa chigaŵa ichi nawo ŵakaŵa na udindo wa consul. Pakati pawo pakaŵa [[Lucius Cossonius Gallus]], uyo wakimikika kuŵa consul mu 116 ndipo wakalamulira Yudeya pakati pa 118 na 120, kweniso [[Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus]], [[Consul suffectus|''consul suffectus'']] mu 119, uyo wakaŵa bwanamkubwa pakati pa 122 na 125.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} === Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba === {{Main article|Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba}} Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitika mu Yudeya mu 130 CE, apo [[Hadrian]] wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndipo wakadumura kuzengaso msumba wakunangika wa Yerusalemu kuŵa [[Colonia (Roman)|koloni la Roma]] la [[Aelia Capitolina]], ilo likathya zina lake.{{sfn|Magness|2024|pp=294–296}} Chisankho ichi, pamoza na dango panji lakukanizga [[Brit milah|kukotora]], chikapangiska kuti [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chiyambe,{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=106}} icho chikaŵa chiwukirano chachikulu chaumaliro cha Ŵayuda ndiposo kuyezga kwakumazgira kwa kujitolela wanangwa wa mtundu wawo.{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=127}}{{sfn|Isaac|1990|p=55}} Pakwamba ŵawukiri ŵakathereska Ŵaroma, ŵakakhazikiska kwa nyengo yichoko waka boma lakujiyimira pawokha ndipo ŵakasuzga chomene nkhongono za ŵasilikari ŵa Roma. Pakuzgora, Roma yikawunganya gulu likuru chomene la ŵasilikari ndipo yikamalizga chiwukirano ichi na kuwukira kwakuluska vyose pa Ŵayuda ŵa ku Yudeya,{{sfn|Taylor|2012|p=243}}<ref name="raviv2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Raviv |first1=Dvir |last2=Ben David |first2=Chaim |date=2021-05-27 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |s2cid=236389017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuŵazgora ŵazga na kuŵasamuskira ku malo ghanyake mwavinandi,{{sfn|Mor|2016|pp=471, 483–484}} kunanga mizi ya ku Yudeya,{{sfn|Zissu|2018|pp=28–29, 37}} na kukanizga mitheto ya Chiyuda, ivyo vikakhalilira m'paka apo Hadrian wakafwira mu 138.{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=126}} Yudeya yikasinthika zina kuŵa [[Siriya Palaestina]].{{sfn|Eshel|2006|pp=126–127}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> <references responsive="1"></references> == Mabuku == *{{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=John M.G. |url= |title=Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) |publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |year=1998 |orig-date= |isbn=978-0567-08651-8 |edition= |series= |volume= |location=Edinburgh}} *{{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Julian |url= |title=Trajan Optimus Princeps: A Life and Times |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |orig-date=1997 |isbn=0-203-36056-7 |edition=e-Library |series= |volume= |location=London and New York}} *{{cite journal |last=Ben Zeev |first=Miriam |year=2018 |title=New Insights into Roman Policy in Judea on the Eve of the Bar Kokhba Revolt |journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period |publisher=Brill |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=84–107 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551240 |doi=10.1163/15700631-12481193 |jstor=26551240}} *{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4th |location= |pages= |chapter=The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135}} *{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Martin |year=2004 |title=Trajan and the Origins of Roman Hostility to the Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600803 |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |volume= |issue=182 |pages=3–29 |doi= 10.1093/past/182.1.3|jstor=3600803 |url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite book |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110787764/html |title=The Early Roman Period (30 BCE–117 CE) |publisher=[[De Gruyter Oldenbourg]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-110-78599-9 |editor-last=Hacham |editor-first=Noah |series=Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum |volume=5 |location= |chapter= |pages= |doi=10.1515/9783110787764 |editor-last2=Ilan |editor-first2=Tal}} *{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/039283010F789E29AA6B95AA212BC9FA |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url= |title=Israel in Egypt: The Land of Egypt as Concept and Reality for Jews in Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-43539-1 |editor-last=Salvesen |editor-first=Alison |series=Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity |volume=110 |location=Leiden & Boston |chapter=Jewish Egypt in the Light of the Risings under Trajan |pages=347–366 |editor-last2=Pearce |editor-first2=Sarah |editor-last3=Frenkel |editor-first3=Miriam}} *{{Cite book |last=Isaac |first=Benjamin |url= |title=The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-198-14952-1 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last=Kerkeslager |first=Allen |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |location= |chapter=The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE |pages=}} *{{Cite book |last=Magness |first=Jodi |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/jerusalem-through-the-ages-9780190937805 |title=Jerusalem Through The Ages: From Its Beginnings To The Crusades |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-19-093780-5 |series= |volume= |location=New York, NY |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last1=Meyers |first1=Eric M. |author-link1=Eric M. Meyers |title=Alexander to Constantine: Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, Volume III |last2=Chancey |first2=Mark A. |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-300-14179-5 |series=The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library}} *{{Cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |author-link=Fergus Millar |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674778863 |title=The Roman Near East: 31 BC–AD 337 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-674-77886-3 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{cite book|last=Mor|first=Menahem|title=The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132–136 CE |year=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-31463-4}} *{{Cite book |last=Pucci Ben Zeev |first=Miriam |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |location=Cambridge |chapter=The Uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117|pages=93–104 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.005}} *{{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=E. Mary |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502048_023 |title=The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian |publisher=SBL Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-50204-8 |series= |volume= |location= |pages=389–427 |chapter=The Jewish Revolt of AD 115–117 |doi=10.1163/9789004502048_023}} *{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243 |title=The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199554485}} *{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Susan |year=2002 |title=Hadrian and the Renewal of Cyrene |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/libyan-studies/article/abs/hadrian-and-the-renewal-of-cyrene/79FD713919C7F0CAA562DB2C4DC00F12 |journal=[[Libyan Studies]] |volume=33 |issue= |pages=45–56 |doi=10.1017/S0263718900005112|language=|publisher=Society for Libyan Studies|url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite book | last=Zissu | first=Boaz | editor-first=Joshua J. | editor-last=Schwartz | editor2-first=Peter J. | editor2-last=Tomson | title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE | series=Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum | volume=15 | chapter=Interbellum Judea 70–132 ce: An Archaeological Perspective | chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004352971_003 | year=2018 | pages=19–49 | isbn=978-90-04-35297-1 | publisher=Brill | doi=10.1163/9789004352971_011 }} == Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro == *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B <small>BAR KOKBA AND BAR KOKBA WAR</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=egypt%20roman <small>Cyprus: In Roman Times</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=egypt%20roman <small>Cyrene</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-7/ Chiwukirano kulimbana na Trajan], pa livius.org *[https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.ix.ii.html Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers], [[Eusebius]], ''[[Mbiri ya Mpingo (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'', 4.2. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nkhondo za m'ma 110s]] [[Category:M'ma 110s mu Ufumu wa Roma]] [[Category:115]] [[Category:116]] [[Category:117]] [[Category:Chiyuda mu vyaka vya m'ma 100]] [[Category:Viwukirano vya vyaka vya m'ma 100]] [[Category:Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] [[Category:Nkhondo zakwendera chisopa]] qaev50gselbhxdw1dfszoukic7htyis 117905 117895 2026-07-24T02:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Part of the Second Jewish–Roman War}} {{about|chigaluka cha Ŵayuda ku Yudeya|kuwukira kwa Ŵayuda kwa nyengo yimoza mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Roma|Diaspora Revolt}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Nkhondo ya Kitos | partof = [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | image = Roman Empire - Iudaea (125 AD).svg | image_size = 260px | caption = Mapu gha Yudeya (ghaswesi), [[Chigaŵa cha Roma]] uko khumbo la Ŵayuda la kujiyimira pawokha likapangiska [[Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] | date = 117 CE <!-- Kasi Lukuas wakachimbilira ku Yudeya pawuli nadi, ndipo ichi ndicho chikambiska nkhondo iyi? --> | place = [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]] | territory = ''Status quo ante bellum'' | result = Kutonda kwa Ŵaroma<ref>https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=war-dir&f=wars_romanjewish#kitos Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma yikachitika vyaka makumi ghanayi na vinkhondi pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa Yerusalemu pa nyengo ya kuwukira kwa Trajan ku Parthia. Yikambira mu gulu la Ŵayuda ku Cyrene. Ŵawukiri ŵakananga matempile ghanandi gha Ŵaroma, ndipo ŵakakoma Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma wuwo. Chiwukirano chikafalikira ku Alexandria na ku Cyprus, uko ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, Ŵayuda na ŵambura kuŵa Ŵayuda wuwo, ŵakakomeka. Ndipouli, viwukirano ivi vikaŵa vya magulu gha ŵanthu agho ghakaŵavya ndondomeko, m'malo mwa magulu gha nkhondo, ndipo ivyo vikachitika vikaŵa vivulupi m'malo mwa nkhondo zanadi. Bwanamkubwa wa Eguputo wakagwiliskira ntchito malegion ghake kuvikilira misumba iyo yindakhwaskike, kweni wakagomezganga Trajan kuti watume ŵasilikari ŵakukwana kuti ŵatondeske ŵawukiri. Paumaliro Trajan wakawunganya gulu la nkhondo kuti litondeske viwukirano ku Cyrene na Alexandria, ndipo pa nyengo yimoza wakayezgayezga kugega viwukirano vinyake pakati pa Ŵayuda mu vigaŵa vya Mesopotamiya ivyo wakaŵa wachita kuthereska mwakukoma Ŵayuda mu misumba yinyake yikuru ya chigaŵa ichi pambere ŵandawukire. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakafwa pa viwukirano ivi, chomenechomene ku North Africa, ndipo malo ghanandi ghankhongono gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa Yudeya ghakanangika.</ref> | combatant1 = [[Ufumu wa Roma]] | combatant2 = [[Ŵayuda]] | commander1 = {{plainlist| *[[Trajan]]{{Natural Causes}} *[[Lusius Quietus]]{{Assassinated}}<ref>Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I - Chapitre III - Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien</ref> }} | commander2 = {{plainlist| *[[Lukuas]]{{executed}} *[[Lulianos na Paphos|Julianus]]{{executed}}<ref name=malamat>{{cite book|last=Malamat|first=Abraham|title=A History of the Jewish people|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewishp00harv/page/330|url-access=registration|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=1976|page=330|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6}}</ref><br/>[[Lulianos na Paphos|Pappus]]{{executed}}<ref name=malamat/> *[[Gamliel II]]{{Natural Causes}} }} | casualties1 = Ŵakufwa ŵa Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki: 200,000 ku Cyrene, 240,000 ku Cyprus (mwakuyana na [[Cassius Dio]]). Chiŵelengero chambura kumanyikwa cha ŵakufwa ku Eguputo, Mesopotamiya, Yudeya, na Siriya. | casualties2 = Kunangika na kusamuskika kwa magulu gha Ŵayuda ku North Africa, Cyrenaica, Cyprus, na Eguputo }} '''Nkhondo ya Kitos''' yikachitika mu chaka cha 117, nga ni chigaŵa cha [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]]. Malemba ghakale gha Chiyuda ghakuyidatisha ku vyaka 52 kufuma pa [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] (66–73) na vyaka 16 pambere [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chindambe (132–136). Nga umo vikaŵira pa nkhondo zinyake za [[Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]], Nkhondo ya Kitos yikapangiskika na kusakhutira kwa [[Ŵayuda]] ku [[Ufumu wa Roma]]. Maghanoghano agha, agho panji ghakakura chomene pamanyuma pa [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Yerusalemu (70 CE)|kunangika kwa Tempile Lachiŵiri na Ŵaroma]] mu chaka cha 70, ghakapangiska viwukirano vinyake vikuruvikuru vya Ŵayuda mu [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]] na mu [[Near East]] yose, kusazgapo [[Eguputo wa Roma|Eguputo]], [[Libya wa Roma|Libya]], [[Cyprus wa Roma|Cyprus]], na [[Mesopotamiya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Mesopotamiya]]. Pamanyuma pakuti chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda ku Mesopotamiya chikatondeska, fumu ya Roma [[Trajan]] yikimika mulara wake wa nkhondo [[Lusius Quietus]] (uyo wakamanyikwangaso kuti Kitos) kuŵa consul na bwanamkubwa wa Yudeya. Malemba gha m'masinda gha [[Chiyankhulo cha Syriac|Chisiriya]] ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, kweni ŵakatondeka kwenekura na [[ŵankhondo ŵa Roma]]. Ndipouli, kugomezgeka kwa malemba agha kukukayikika, ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuchita chenjerero chifukwa palije ukaboni wakukhozgera uwu kufuma ku ŵalembi ŵa Chigiriki na Chiaroma [[Cassius Dio]] na [[Eusebius]], awo ŵakaŵa magwero ghakuru gha vyakuchitika vya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma. Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Roma awo ŵakazingilizga [[Lod|Lida]], uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵabali [[Lulianos na Paphos|Julian na Pappus]]. Ŵanthu aŵa awo ŵakuchemeka kuti "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu [[Talmud]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">Pes. 50a; B. B. 10b; Eccl. R. ix. 10</ref><ref name="Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b2">Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b</ref> Nangauli Ŵaroma ŵakatondeska viwukirano vinandi vya Ŵayuda, vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakukhwaskana, ndipo ichi chikapangiska mulondezgi wa Trajan, [[Hadrian]], kusamuska kwamuyirayira [[Legio VI Ferrata|Legio VI ''Ferrata'']] ku [[Kaisareya Maritima]]. Malo agha ghakafika pachanya pa suzgo apo [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chikamba mwasonosono pamanyuma pake, chikamba na kukhazikiskika kwa boma lakujiyimira pawokha la Ŵayuda na ŵawukiri ndipo chikamara na kukomeka na kusamuskika kwa Ŵayuda mu Yudeya mose, kweniso panji kunangika panji kunangikira chomene kwa [[legion ya Roma|malegion ghatatu gha Roma]]. ==Zina== {{langx|he|פולמוס קיטוס|Polemos Ḳiṭus}} ni zina lakubudika (panji kwizira mu [[Chiaramu cha Ŵapalestina Ŵachiyuda]]) kufuma ku {{langx|grc-x-koine|Πόλεμος του Κυήτου|Pólemos tou Kuḗtou|Nkhondo ya Quietus}}, kufuma ku zina la bwanamkubwa wa Roma wa [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]], [[Lusius Quietus]], uyo wakatondeska chiwukirano ichi. Mazina ghakuti "Nkhondo ya Kitos", "Chiwukirano cha Diaspora", na "Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma" kanandi ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mwakupambana yayi, kweni mazina ghaŵiri ghakwamba ghakupulikikwa makora nga ni vigawo vya nkhondo yikuru iyi. ==Mbiri yakwamba== === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda (66–73 CE) === {{main|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma}} Kusuzgana pakati pa [[Kususka Chiyuda#Ufumu wa Roma pambere Chikhristu chindize|Ŵayuda ŵa mu Ufumu wa Roma na ŵanthu Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma]] kukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 CE, ndipo pachokopachoko kukafika pa vyakuchitika vyankhaza vinandi, chomenechomene mu [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]], uko nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Yudeya ŵakawukiranga mwankhaza [[Ufumu wa Roma]]. Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitikaso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu, nga ni [[Vivulupi vya ku Alexandria (38 CE)|kukoma Ŵayuda ku Alexandria]], uko kukalondezganga [[Mbiri ya Ŵayuda ku Alexandria|gulu likuru la Ŵayuda la ku Alexandria]] mu chigaŵa cha Eguputo. Ndipouli, kupatulako Alexandria, Ŵayuda ŵa mu diaspora ŵakakhalanga makora mu Ufumu wa Roma mose ndipo ŵakagomezganga boma la Roma kuti lisungilire wanangwa wawo.<ref name="Goodman20082">{{cite book |author=Martin Goodman |author-link=Martin Goodman (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNQPAEErNy8C |title=Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations |publisher=Vintage Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-375-72613-2 |page=418}}</ref> Kukura kwa kusuzgana uku kukafika pachanya ndipo kukaphulika kuŵa [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]], iyo yikamba mu chaka cha 66. Nkhondo zakwamba zikachitika chifukwa cha kusuzgana kwa chisopa pakati pa Ŵagiriki na Ŵayuda, kweni pamanyuma zikakura kuŵa [[Kukana kulipira msonkho|viphikiro vyakususka msonkho]] na kuwukira ŵanthu ŵa Roma.<ref>Josephus, ''War of the Jews'' II.8.11, II.13.7, II.14.4, II.14.5</ref> Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Roma mu Yudeya likathereskeka mwaluŵiro na ŵawukiri, ndipo fumu yakukolerana na Ŵaroma [[Herod Agrippa II]] wakachimbira ku [[Yerusalemu]], pamoza na ŵalara ŵa Roma, kuluta ku [[Galileya]]. [[Cestius Gallus]], [[Legatus|legate]] wa [[Siriya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Siriya]], wakiza na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Siriya, ilo likaŵa ku [[Legio XII Fulminata|XII Fulminata]], lakovwirika na ŵasilikari ŵanyake, kuti wawuskepo mtende na kutondeska chiwukirano. Ndipouli, legion iyi yikategheka na ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ndipo yikatondeka pa [[Nkhondo ya Beth Horon (66)|Nkhondo ya Beth Horon]], icho chikaziziswa chomene ŵalongozgi ŵa Roma. Pamanyuma pake, kutondeska chiwukirano ichi kukapelekeka kwa General [[Vespasian]] na mwana wake [[Titus]], awo ŵakawunganya malegion ghanayi ndipo ŵakamba kuluta mu charu chose, kwambira ku Galileya mu chaka cha 67. Chiwukirano chikamara apo [[legion ya Roma|malegion]] agho ghakalongozgekanga na Titus [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Yerusalemu (70 CE)|ghakazingilizga na kunanga]] malo ghakuru gha ŵawukiri ku Yerusalemu mu chaka cha 70, ndipo pamanyuma ghakatondeska malo ghanyake ghose gha Ŵayuda agho ghakaŵa ghachali kukana. == Kusuzgika mu Yudeya == Pamanyuma pakutondeska kukana kwa ŵawukiri ku Mesopotamiya, Quietus wakapika ntchindi ya consulship ndipo Trajan wakamupa ubwanamkubwa wa [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Roma)|Yudeya]].<ref>Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'', 68.32.5; Eusebius, ''Ecclesiastical History'', 4.2.5</ref>{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Vyakuchitika vya pa nyengo iyi vikupulikikwa makora yayi,{{Efn|Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}}}} kweni mwakuyana na ŵasambizgi nga ni Pucci Ben Zeev, vikuwoneka kuti pakaŵa funde la kusuzgika kwa Ŵayuda ilo Lucius Quietus wakatondeska.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Cassius Dio na Eusebius, awo mba magwero ghakuru pa viwukirano vya diaspora vya nyengo iyi, ŵakuzunura yayi vyakuchitika mu Yudeya pa nyengo iyo.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Ndipouli, nkhani zakudumuka na zakumanyuma zikupereka kumanya kunyake. Chimoza mwa viboni ivi ni cholembedwa chakufuma ku [[Sardinia]], icho chikulemba {{lang|la|expeditio Judaeae}} pakati pa nkhondo izo Trajan wakachita.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} Kusazgapo apo, magwero ghaŵiri gha m'masinda gha [[Chiyankhulo cha Syriac|Chisiriya]] ghakulongora kuti ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakufuma ku Eguputo na Libya ŵakasamukira ku Yudeya, uko ŵakatondeka na Ŵaroma.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Nkhondo izi panji zikapangiskika na milimo ya kusopa ya Ŵaroma mu Yerusalemu. Mwakuyana na [[Hippolytus wa ku Roma|Hippolytus]], legion ilo likiza na Trajan likakhazikiska chikozgo icho chikamanyikwanga kuti Kore pa [[Phiri la Tempile]], mulimo uwo Ŵayuda ŵakawuwonanga nga nkhufipiska malo ghawo ghatuŵa chomene. Ukaboni wa malemba ghakuseŵeka pa malibwe ukulongora kuti pakaŵaso chakuchitika chakuyana waka: cholembedwa chimoza chikulongora kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ''[[Legio III Cyrenaica]]'' ŵakapeleka jotchero panji chikozgo kwa chiuta wa Chigiriki na Chieguputo [[Serapis]] mu Yerusalemu mu chaka chaumaliro cha ulamuliro wa Trajan (116 CE).{{Sfn|Ben Zeev|2018|p=90}} Magwero gha Arabbi ghakulongosora nkhani ya [[Lulianos na Paphos|Julian na Pappus]], iyo panji yikachitika mu nyengo iyi ya kusuzgika mu Yudeya.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=100}} Panji Quietus wakazingilizga [[Lod|Lida]], uko ŵawukiri Ŵayuda ŵakawungana pasi pa ulongozgi wa Julian na Pappus. Suzgo likakura chomene mwakuti patriarch Rabban [[Gamaliel II]], uyo wakaŵa wakajara mwenemumo ndipo wakafwa pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, wakazomerezga kuzizipizga nanga ni pa [[Hanukkah|Ḥanukkah]]. Arabbi ŵanyake ŵakasuska fundo iyi.<ref>Ta'anit ii. 10; Yer. Ta'anit ii. 66a; Yer. Meg. i. 70d; R. H. 18b</ref> Pamanyuma pake Lida likapoka, ndipo Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵakawukira ŵakakomeka; "ŵakukomeka ŵa ku Lida" kanandi ŵakuzunulika mu mazgu gha ulemu ukuru mu [[Talmud]].<ref name="ReferenceA2" /> Pappus na Julian ŵakaŵa pakati pa awo Ŵaroma ŵakakoma chaka icho, ndipo ŵakazgoka ŵakufwira chipulikano pakati pa Ŵayuda.<ref name="Ta'anit 18b; Yer. Ta'anit 66b2" /> Lusius Quietus, uyo Trajan wakamuwonanga mwantchindi yikuru ndipo wakateŵetera Roma makora, wakafumiskika mwakachetechete pa udindo wake apo [[Hadrian]] wakaŵa kuti wakhozga mazaza gha ufumu. Wakakomeka mu nyengo zambura kumanyikwa mu chilimwe cha 118, panji chifukwa cha dango la Hadrian. Hadrian wakapanga visankho vyambura kukondwereska, kusazgapo kumazga nkhondo, kuleka vigaŵa vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi ivyo Trajan wakathereska, na kukhozga mphaka za kumafumiro gha dazi. Nangauli wakaleka chigaŵa cha Mesopotamiya, wakimikaso [[Parthamaspates wa Parthia|Parthamaspates]]—uyo wakachimbizgika ku [[Ctesiphon]] na [[Osroes I|Osroes]] uyo wakawelera—kuŵa fumu ya [[Osroene]] iyo yikawuskikaso. Kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, Osroene yikakhalilira kujiyimira payokha mwakukayikiska nga ni [[buffer state|boma lakupatura]] pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri agha. Vinthu mu Yudeya vikakhalira vyakusuzga kwa Ŵaroma, awo ŵakeneranga pasi pa Hadrian kusamuska [[Legio VI Ferrata|Legio VI ''Ferrata'']] kwamuyirayira ku [[Kaisareya Maritima]] mu Yudeya. Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakukana kuti pakaŵapo nkhondo yiliyose mu Yudeya pa nyengo ya Chiwukirano cha Diaspora. Ŵakulemba mdauko [[Eric M. Meyers]] na Mark A. Chancey, mwachiyelezgero, ŵakulemba kuti "chiwukirano ichi chikawoneka kuti chikafika yayi ku Yudeya, uko kwiza kwa legion yachiŵiri kuti yikhozge Legion Yachikhumi kukapangiska chivikiliro chakukwanira ku viwukirano vinyake."{{sfn|Meyers|Chancey|2012|p=166}} Mwakuyana waka, Fergus Millar wakuti "palije ukaboni wakukhozgeka wa chiwukirano cha Ŵayuda mu Yudeya" pa nyengo yimoza na Chiwukirano cha Diaspora.{{sfn|Millar|1995|p=103}} ==Pamanyuma pa nkhondo== === Kusintha kwa udindo wa chigaŵa na kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi === Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Kitos, Yudeya yikasinthika pa nkhani za boma na vya ŵasilikari. Chigaŵa ichi chikakweskeka kufuma pa udindo wa [[Praetorian prefect|praetorian]] kuya ku udindo wa consul, ndipo ichi chikazomerezga kuŵapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵanandi. Nga ni chigaŵa cha kusintha uku, legion yachiŵiri, panji [[Legio II Traiana Fortis|Legio II Traiana]], yikakhazikiskika mu chigaŵa ichi pafupifupi {{Circa|120 CE}}.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} Pamanyuma pa Quietus, ŵabwanamkubwa ŵakulondezgapo ŵa chigaŵa ichi nawo ŵakaŵa na udindo wa consul. Pakati pawo pakaŵa [[Lucius Cossonius Gallus]], uyo wakimikika kuŵa consul mu 116 ndipo wakalamulira Yudeya pakati pa 118 na 120, kweniso [[Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus]], [[Consul suffectus|''consul suffectus'']] mu 119, uyo wakaŵa bwanamkubwa pakati pa 122 na 125.{{sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006|p=101}} === Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba === {{Main article|Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba}} Vyakuchitika vinyake vikachitika mu Yudeya mu 130 CE, apo [[Hadrian]] wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndipo wakadumura kuzengaso msumba wakunangika wa Yerusalemu kuŵa [[Colonia (Roman)|koloni la Roma]] la [[Aelia Capitolina]], ilo likathya zina lake.{{sfn|Magness|2024|pp=294–296}} Chisankho ichi, pamoza na dango panji lakukanizga [[Brit milah|kukotora]], chikapangiska kuti [[Chiwukirano cha Bar Kokhba]] chiyambe,{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=106}} icho chikaŵa chiwukirano chachikulu chaumaliro cha Ŵayuda ndiposo kuyezga kwakumazgira kwa kujitolela wanangwa wa mtundu wawo.{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=127}}{{sfn|Isaac|1990|p=55}} Pakwamba ŵawukiri ŵakathereska Ŵaroma, ŵakakhazikiska kwa nyengo yichoko waka boma lakujiyimira pawokha ndipo ŵakasuzga chomene nkhongono za ŵasilikari ŵa Roma. Pakuzgora, Roma yikawunganya gulu likuru chomene la ŵasilikari ndipo yikamalizga chiwukirano ichi na kuwukira kwakuluska vyose pa Ŵayuda ŵa ku Yudeya,{{sfn|Taylor|2012|p=243}}<ref name="raviv2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Raviv |first1=Dvir |last2=Ben David |first2=Chaim |date=2021-05-27 |title=Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account? |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=585–607 |doi=10.1017/S1047759421000271 |issn=1047-7594 |s2cid=236389017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuŵazgora ŵazga na kuŵasamuskira ku malo ghanyake mwavinandi,{{sfn|Mor|2016|pp=471, 483–484}} kunanga mizi ya ku Yudeya,{{sfn|Zissu|2018|pp=28–29, 37}} na kukanizga mitheto ya Chiyuda, ivyo vikakhalilira m'paka apo Hadrian wakafwira mu 138.{{sfn|Eshel|2006|p=126}} Yudeya yikasinthika zina kuŵa [[Siriya Palaestina]].{{sfn|Eshel|2006|pp=126–127}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> <references responsive="1"></references> == Mabuku == *{{Cite book |last=Barclay |first=John M.G. |url= |title=Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) |publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |year=1998 |orig-date= |isbn=978-0567-08651-8 |edition= |series= |volume= |location=Edinburgh}} *{{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Julian |url= |title=Trajan Optimus Princeps: A Life and Times |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |orig-date=1997 |isbn=0-203-36056-7 |edition=e-Library |series= |volume= |location=London and New York}} *{{cite journal |last=Ben Zeev |first=Miriam |year=2018 |title=New Insights into Roman Policy in Judea on the Eve of the Bar Kokhba Revolt |journal=Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period |publisher=Brill |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=84–107 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26551240 |doi=10.1163/15700631-12481193 |jstor=26551240}} *{{Cite book |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4th |location= |pages= |chapter=The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135}} *{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Martin |year=2004 |title=Trajan and the Origins of Roman Hostility to the Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600803 |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |volume= |issue=182 |pages=3–29 |doi= 10.1093/past/182.1.3|jstor=3600803 |url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite book |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110787764/html |title=The Early Roman Period (30 BCE–117 CE) |publisher=[[De Gruyter Oldenbourg]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-110-78599-9 |editor-last=Hacham |editor-first=Noah |series=Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum |volume=5 |location= |chapter= |pages= |doi=10.1515/9783110787764 |editor-last2=Ilan |editor-first2=Tal}} *{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/jewish-war-under-trajan-and-hadrian/039283010F789E29AA6B95AA212BC9FA |title=Jewish War under Trajan and Hadrian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-139-04905-4 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last=Horbury |first=William |url= |title=Israel in Egypt: The Land of Egypt as Concept and Reality for Jews in Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-43539-1 |editor-last=Salvesen |editor-first=Alison |series=Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity |volume=110 |location=Leiden & Boston |chapter=Jewish Egypt in the Light of the Risings under Trajan |pages=347–366 |editor-last2=Pearce |editor-first2=Sarah |editor-last3=Frenkel |editor-first3=Miriam}} *{{Cite book |last=Isaac |first=Benjamin |url= |title=The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-198-14952-1 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last=Kerkeslager |first=Allen |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |location= |chapter=The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE |pages=}} *{{Cite book |last=Magness |first=Jodi |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/jerusalem-through-the-ages-9780190937805 |title=Jerusalem Through The Ages: From Its Beginnings To The Crusades |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-0-19-093780-5 |series= |volume= |location=New York, NY |pages= |chapter=}} *{{Cite book |last1=Meyers |first1=Eric M. |author-link1=Eric M. Meyers |title=Alexander to Constantine: Archaeology of the Land of the Bible, Volume III |last2=Chancey |first2=Mark A. |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-300-14179-5 |series=The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library}} *{{Cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |author-link=Fergus Millar |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674778863 |title=The Roman Near East: 31 BC–AD 337 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-674-77886-3 |series= |volume= |location= |pages= |chapter=}} *{{cite book|last=Mor|first=Menahem|title=The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132–136 CE |year=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-31463-4}} *{{Cite book |last=Pucci Ben Zeev |first=Miriam |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |location=Cambridge |chapter=The Uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117|pages=93–104 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.005}} *{{Cite book |last=Smallwood |first=E. Mary |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502048_023 |title=The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian |publisher=SBL Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-90-04-50204-8 |series= |volume= |location= |pages=389–427 |chapter=The Jewish Revolt of AD 115–117 |doi=10.1163/9789004502048_023}} *{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243 |title=The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199554485}} *{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Susan |year=2002 |title=Hadrian and the Renewal of Cyrene |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/libyan-studies/article/abs/hadrian-and-the-renewal-of-cyrene/79FD713919C7F0CAA562DB2C4DC00F12 |journal=[[Libyan Studies]] |volume=33 |issue= |pages=45–56 |doi=10.1017/S0263718900005112|language=|publisher=Society for Libyan Studies|url-access=subscription }} *{{Cite book | last=Zissu | first=Boaz | editor-first=Joshua J. | editor-last=Schwartz | editor2-first=Peter J. | editor2-last=Tomson | title=Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE | series=Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum | volume=15 | chapter=Interbellum Judea 70–132 ce: An Archaeological Perspective | chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004352971_003 | year=2018 | pages=19–49 | isbn=978-90-04-35297-1 | publisher=Brill | doi=10.1163/9789004352971_011 }} == Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro == *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B <small>BAR KOKBA AND BAR KOKBA WAR</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=egypt%20roman <small>Cyprus: In Roman Times</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=948&letter=C&search=egypt%20roman <small>Cyrene</small>]" nkhani yakufuma ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp Jewish Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180823/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/index.jsp|date=2011-06-28}} (public domain) *[https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-7/ Chiwukirano kulimbana na Trajan], pa livius.org *[https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.ix.ii.html Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers], [[Eusebius]], ''[[Mbiri ya Mpingo (Eusebius)|Ecclesiastical History]]'', 4.2. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nkhondo za m'ma 110s]] [[Category:M'ma 110s mu Ufumu wa Roma]] [[Category:115]] [[Category:116]] [[Category:117]] [[Category:Chiyuda mu vyaka vya m'ma 100]] [[Category:Viwukirano vya vyaka vya m'ma 100]] [[Category:Nkhondo za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma]] [[Category:Nkhondo zakwendera chisopa]] bezg46t3v6p3s1svqemijnu3pk59jwr 0 48137 117897 2026-07-23T13:52:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Short description|Pulogiramu ya kugula na kuguliska pa chisopa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Infobox website | name = Depop Limited | logo = Depop logo.svg | company_type = [[Kampani yachibali]] | parent = [[eBay]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|2011}} ku [[Roncade, Italy]] | location_city = London | location_country = United Kingdom | locations = {{hlist|[[London]]|[[Milan]]|[[Los Angeles]]|[[New York City]]}} | area_served = Charu chose | founder = Si..." 117897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pulogiramu ya kugula na kuguliska pa chisopa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Infobox website | name = Depop Limited | logo = Depop logo.svg | company_type = [[Kampani yachibali]] | parent = [[eBay]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|2011}} ku [[Roncade, Italy]] | location_city = London | location_country = United Kingdom | locations = {{hlist|[[London]]|[[Milan]]|[[Los Angeles]]|[[New York City]]}} | area_served = Charu chose | founder = Simon Beckerman | CEO = Peter Semple<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/depop-former-cmo-ceo/ |title=Depop appoints former CMO as chief executive |date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Marketing Week]]}}</ref> | industry = [[Kugula pa intaneti]] | num_employees = 400 (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2021/06/etsy-acquires-clothing-resale-platform-depop.html?page=all |title=Etsy acquires clothing resale platform Depop for $1.6 billion |date=2 June 2021 |work=[[American City Business Journals]] |first=Anne |last=Stych}}</ref> | url = {{URL|depop.com/}} | num_users = {{increase}} 56.3 miliyoni (2026)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.depop.com/who-we-are/facts-and-figures/ |title=Number of Users on Depop 2026 |website=Depop |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> | language = Chingelezi, Chitaliyana }} '''Depop Limited''' ni kampani ya [[Utumiki wa chisopa cha pa intaneti|chisopa]] ya [[Malonda gha pa intaneti]], yakukhazikika mu [[London]], ndipo yili na maofesi ghanyake mu [[Milan]] na [[New York City]]. Kampani iyi yikovwira ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kugula na kuguliska vinthu, ivyo kanandi ni vyakuvwara vyakale na vya mtundu wa vintage. == Mbiri == Depop yikakhazikiskika mu 2011 na wakuchita malonda Simon Beckerman ku malo gha ku Italy ghakukuriska umisiri na bizinesi ya [[kampani yikwamba|kampani yikwamba]], H-Farm.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Emma |title=Artefact – In conversation with {{!}} Depop founder Simon Beckerman |url=https://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716080409/http://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=21 June 2016 |website=Artefact}}</ref> Beckerman wakaghanaghana vya pulani yakwamba ya pulogiramu iyi pa nyengo iyo wakagwiranga ntchito pa PIG, magazini ya mafashoni yakukhazikika ku Italy iyo wakayikhazikiska pamoza na ŵanyake.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Neate Wealth |first=Rupert |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy buys secondhand clothing app Depop to tap into gen Z |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jun/02/etsy-buys-second-hand-clothing-app-depop-to-tap-into-gen-z |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=Feeling The Pre-Love: The Rise And Rise Of Depop |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/style/a33414436/depop/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Esquire |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fundo yikuru yikaŵa yakupanga malo agho vinthu ivyo vikulongoreka mu magazini vingagulika na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa intaneti.<ref name=":32" /> Fundo iyi yikazgoka pulani yakuyana na [[msika wa vinthu vyakale]] kweni pa intaneti, uko ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vyawo apo ŵakalamulirangaso ŵekha malonda, ubwezi na ŵanthu, kweniso ntchito yakupanga ivyo vikawonekeranga pa maakaunti ghawo.<ref name=":4" /> Apo wakapokeranga wovwiri wa ndalama kufuma ku H-Farm, Beckerman wakagwiranga ntchito na gulu la ŵanthu pakupanga na kunozga pulogiramu ya Depop kweniso kuyilongora ku ŵakuguliska ndalama ŵanandi.<ref name=":4" /> Mu 2013, Beckerman wakazgoka yumoza wa ŵa mu board ya kampani kuti wawovwire kunozga pulogiramu na bizinesi apo wakaleka udindo wake wa CEO.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Simon Beckerman & Maria Raga {{!}} BoF 500 {{!}} The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/people/maria-raga-simon-beckerman/#:~:text=In%202010,%20Raga%20moved%20to,re-popularisation%20of%20vintage%20pieces |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en}}</ref> Maria Raga, yumoza wa ŵakukhazikiska Depop kweniso CEO wakale, wakatora udindo wa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa ntchito mu 2014, ndipo mu 2016 wakazgoka mukuru wa ŵakulongozga kampani (chief executive).<ref name=":5" /> Kuyana na Raga, chilato chikuru pakupanga Depop chikaŵa chakuti yizgoke [[Airbnb]] panji [[Spotify]] yinyake, kweni yakukhwaska chomene makhaliro gha mafashoni.<ref name=":5" /> Paolo Barberis na Nana Bianca ŵakaŵa ŵaŵiri mwa ŵakwamba kugwiliska ndalama mu pulatifomu iyi mu 2012 na [[ndalama zakwamba zakugwiliskira ntchito]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=TechTalk con Simon Beckerman, Riccardo Donadon e Paolo Barberis su Depop, la startup diventata unicorno|url=https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2021/06/03/news/techtalk_con_simon_beckerman_riccardo_donadon_e_paolo_barberis_su_depop_la_startup_diventata_unicorno-304109175/|access-date=11 June 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Ofesi yikuru ya kampani yikasamuskikira ku London mu 2012.<ref name="politico">{{Cite web|first=Wale|last=Azeez|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/depop-were-all-shopkeepers-now/|title=Depop: We're all shopkeepers now|date=27 October 2015|website=[[Politico Europe]]|language=en-US|access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Depop yikakura ndipo yikajura maofesi ghanyake mu Milan na New York City.<ref name="crunch">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/29/social-shopping-app-depop-raises-8m-hires-ex-reddit-gm-to-break-into-us-market/|title=Social Shopping App Depop Raises $8M, Hires Ex-Reddit GM To Break Into US Market|last=Lunden|first=Ingrid|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=21 June 2016|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> Beckerman wakasanga ndalama zakukwana €1 miliyoni mu Okutobala 2013 kufuma ku Red Circle Investment ndipo wakimika Runar Reistrup wa ku [[Faroe Islands]] kuŵa [[Mulongozgi mukuru wa kampani|CEO]] muphya.<ref name="politico" /> Mu 2015, Depop yikapokera ndalama zinyake zakukwana madola 8 miliyoni kufuma ku [[Balderton Capital]] na HV Capital.<ref name="crunch" /> Mu Malichi 2016, CEO wakale, Runar Reistrup, wakati kukura kwa Depop kukafuma ku ŵanthu kuphalirananga ŵekha.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reistrup|first1=Runar|title=The Entrepreneur: Runar Reistrup, Depop|url=http://startups.co.uk/entrepreneur-runar-reistrup-depop/|website=Startups.co.uk|access-date=17 July 2016|date=31 March 2016}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa CEO, kukura uku kukasazgapo kuzenga Depop kuŵa kampani yikwamba na kusanga ndalama kuti paumaliro yiŵe na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵanandi chomene mu United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Runar Reistrup {{!}} CEO - YunoJuno |url=https://councils.forbes.com/profile/Runar-Reistrup-CEO-YunoJuno/830b3156-8736-4e0c-83a1-6bbc44b09e7c |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Forbes Business Council |language=en}}</ref> Mu Juni 2019, Depop yikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 62 miliyoni mu Series C kufuma ku General Atlantic kuti yilipire kukura kwake. Ŵakugwiliska ndalama ŵakwambilira awo ŵakasazgikapo ni HV Capital, [[Balderton Capital]], Creandum, [[Octopus Ventures]], TempoCap na [[Sebastian Siemiatkowski]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/|title=Depop, a social app targeting millennial and Gen Z shoppers, bags $62M, passes 13M users|website=TechCrunch|date=7 June 2019|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629162200/https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, Depop yikachitiskanga masambiro na nkhani zakudumbiskana nga ni chigaŵa cha vyakuchitika vyawo vya Depop Live NY,<ref name=":5" /> ndipo kampani yikajuraso sitolo ku London kwizira mu ubwezi wake na [[Selfridges]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Social peer-to-peer marketplace: Depop |url=https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-examples/depop |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu 2020, ndalama za malonda ghose agho Depop yikaguliska na ndalama zake zose zikasazgikira kujumpha kaŵiri kufika pa madola 650 miliyoni na madola 70 miliyoni, mwakulondezgana.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Charity L.|last1=Scott|first2=Colin|last2=Kellaher|date=2 June 2021|title=Etsy Buys Depop, Fashion Resale Site Popular With Gen Z, for $1.6 Billion|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/etsy-to-buy-fashion-resale-marketplace-depop-for-1-63-billion-11622635621|access-date=25 August 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Ichi chingachitika chifukwa chakuti Depop yikazgoranga mwaluŵiro ku ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakakhumbanga, yikaŵavya masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na kasungirwo ka katundu, kweniso chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito awo ŵakakhumbanga kuguliskaso vinthu vyawo.<ref name=":6" /> Kufika mu 2024, Depop yikaŵa na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakujumpha 35 miliyoni, kuyana na webusayiti yawo.<ref name="tcacq">{{cite web |title=Number of Users on Depop 2024 |url=https://news.depop.com/who-we-are/facts-and-figures/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Depop |language=en}}</ref> Depop yikumanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] na [[Millennial|ŵawukirano ŵa Millennial]],<ref>https://d1a.com/perspective/how-depop-is-globalizing-gen-z-fashion-culture-and-what-retail-brands-can-learn</ref> ndipo ni pulatifomu ya 10 yakugulirapo iyo yikuchezereka chomene na ŵakugula ŵa Gen Z mu United States,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=United States B2C Ecommerce Market Report 2022: Market is Expected to Grow by 11.80% to Reach $1,574.5 Billion in 2022 - Forecasts to 2026 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/united-states-b2c-ecommerce-market-101800632.html |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ndipo mu kafukufuku uyo ''[[The Strategist]]'' wakachita mu 2019, ŵawukirano ŵakavotera Depop kuŵa webusayiti yawo yakutemweka chomene yakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito.<ref name="instyle">{{cite web |last1=Gates |first1=Meggie |date=27 August 2021 |title=Depop Is the New Instagram — but Not in a Good Way |url=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/depop-sellers-body-dysmorphia |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=[[InStyle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sherwood |first=Jessica |date=25 October 2019 |title=Depop: Can pre-loved clothes make fast fashion sustainable? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49677383 |access-date=26 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === Kugulika na Etsy === Mu Juni 2021, Depop yikagulika na [[Etsy]] pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.6 biliyoni mu ndalama zakusangika, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chinthu chakudura chomene icho Etsy yikagulapo; kweni Depop yikulutilira kugwira ntchito nga ni mtundu wa bizinesi wakujiyimira wekha wakupambana na Etsy.<ref name="tcacq" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Paton|first=Elizabeth|date=2 June 2021|title=Etsy is buying the fashion resale app Depop for $1.6 billion|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/business/etsy-is-buying-the-fashion-resale-app-depop-for-1-6-billion.html|access-date=2 June 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ichi chikung'anamura kuti padera pa Depop kusungilira gulu lake lakale, kampani iyi yikasungiliraso malo ghake ku London.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy snaps up Gen-Z focussed shopping app Depop for $1.6bn |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57259413 |access-date=2024-11-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo yikagulika, chilato cha CEO wa Etsy, [[Josh Silverman]], chikaŵa chakuti walimbane na kusazgikira kwa ŵakugula awo ŵakamba kuwelera ku masitolo ghakuwoneka kuti ŵakagurenge vinthu vyawo.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2021 |title=Etsy courts Gen-Z with $1.6 bln deal for fashion reseller Depop |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/etsy-buy-gen-z-focused-fashion-marketplace-depop-163-billion-2021-06-02/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> Iyo wakawona Depop chifukwa cha mwaŵi wake wa kuŵa pulatifomu yakovwira vinthu vyakupambanapambana kweniso kupanga chikaya chikuru cha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=":7" /> Kuyana na Silverman, Depop wangasazgirako na kunozga mautumiki ghake kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵake ŵanandi ŵa Gen Z.<ref name=":8" /> Kwa Etsy, kugura uku kukusungilira malo gha kampani iyi mu msika wa vyakuvwara ndipo kukovwira kampani kusazgirako ŵakugula ŵake kufika ku ŵanthu ŵachoko; panyengo yeneyiyo, Depop yili na mwaŵi wakugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko za ntchito za Etsy.<ref name=":6" /> Maria Raga wakati waleka udindo wake wa CEO wa Depop mu 2022, Etsy yikaŵika Kruti Patel Goyal pa udindo uwu, uyo wakaŵa mukuru wakale wa [[chief product officer]] wa Etsy kweniso mulongozgi wa kampani iyi kwa vyaka 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoaib |first=Maliha |date=2022-06-15 |title=Depop CEO Maria Raga steps down, replaced by Etsy's chief product officer |url=https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/depop-ceo-maria-raga-steps-down-replaced-by-etsys-chief-product-officer |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Vogue Business |language=en-US}}</ref> Goyal wakati wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti na mukuru wakula kwa Etsy mu Meyi, Peter Semple, uyo wakaŵa wakale [[mukuru wa malonda]], wakasankhika kuŵa CEO wa Depop mwalamulo pa Ogasiti 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Virdi |first=Amrit |date=2025-07-28 |title=Depop appoints former CMO as chief executive |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/depop-former-cmo-ceo/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Marketing Week |language=en}}</ref> === Kugulika na eBay === Mu Febuluwale 2026, Etsy yikaphalira vya pulani yakuguliska Depop kwa eBay pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.2{{nbsp}} biliyoni, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kugulika uku kumalengeka kumalizika mukati mwa chaka ichi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gallogly |first1=Niko |title=Etsy Sells Depop, a Secondhand Clothing App Popular With Gen Z, to eBay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/18/business/etsy-depop-ebay.html |access-date=20 February 2026|work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ndondomeko ya bizinesi == === Kuguliska === Depop yikugwira ntchito nga ni msika kweniso pulatifomu ya chisopa, uko ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵangapulikiska ŵabwezi ŵawo na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵawone ivyo ŵakugula na kuguliska. Kwizira mu pulatifomu iyi, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵangagulitsa vinthu vya mitundu yakumanyikwa na vya ŵakupanga mafashoni, kweniso vyakuvwara vya kale.<ref name="Calaza 70–78">{{Cite journal |last1=Calaza |first1=Miriam García |last2=Varela Casal |first2=Cristina |last3=Valencia |first3=Juan Manuel Corbacho |date=2023-01-02 |title=Second-hand selling apps and the notion of luxury: trend networking and circular economy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17543266.2022.2118376 |journal=International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.1080/17543266.2022.2118376 |issn=1754-3266|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵa Depop ŵakukhozgekaso na pulatifomu iyi kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito mautumiki ghanyake gha chisopa nga ni [[Instagram]] pakupharazga maakaunti ghawo gha masitolo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy targets Gen Z shoppers with $1.6 billion Depop acquisition |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/2/22464572/etsy-targets-gen-z-shoppers-with-1-6-billion-depop-acquisition |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵaguliskaso vinthu vyawo pa Depop, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakapeleka ndalama izo ŵakasanga ku ntchito zakovwira ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-13 |title=9 Celebrities With Depop Shops To Start Frequenting Immidiately |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/172373-9-celebrities-with-depop-shops-to-start-frequenting-immidiately |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Bustle |language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2026}}</ref> Mawonekero gha malo gha Depop ghakuyana na gha Instagram. Kuyana na Depop, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito awo ŵakuŵika na kuguliska vinthu ŵakupeleka vithuzi vyawo pamoza na malongosoleko gha vinthu. Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakulongoraso unenesko wa vinthu vyawo vya ŵakupanga mafashoni kweniso usange vili na malembo, ma tag, na marisiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Depop Seller Guide |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360012845797-Depop-Seller-Guide |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205040230/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360012845797-Depop-Seller-Guide |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malonda agha ghakuwoneka mu mndandanda wa vinthu wa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Peji ya pulatifomu ya "Explore" yili na vinthu ivyo vyasankhika na ŵantchito ŵa Depop. Kuyana na Depop, kugula kukuchitika kwizira mu [[Apple Pay]], [[Google Pay]], makadi gha ngongole na gha kubanika, kweniso [[Klarna]]. Malipiro gha Depop ghakusungika mukati mwa pulogiramu, ivyo vikovwira kampani iyi kunjilirapo pa nkhani za mphindano na kunozga ndalama zakuwezgeka. Malipiro gha Depop ghakovwira ŵakuguliska kupokera ndalama zawo mwakudunjika mu maakaunti ghawo gha ku banki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-04 |title=Depop Payments |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18320822281361-Depop-Payments#h_01HSE9555MRJ4RQ49NGFF7G669 |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920105656/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18320822281361-Depop-Payments#h_01HSE9555MRJ4RQ49NGFF7G669 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuti wakuguliska wapokere ndalama kwizira mu Depop, wakwenera kusazgapo akaunti ya banki na kusimikizga umo waliri kwizira mu kupakiza chikalata chakumanyira munthu. Pa Julayi 18, 2024, CEO wa Depop Kruti Patel Goyal wakaphalira vya kuwuskako ndalama zakuguliska kwa ŵakuguliska ŵa ku United States, kweni wakasungilira ndalama zakwendeskera malipiro. Kusintha kwa ndondomeko iyi kukaŵa na chilato cha kusazgirako ndalama izo ŵakuguliska ŵakusanga kweniso kovwira kukura kwa msika wa vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Safaya |first=Shemona |date=2024-07-18 |title=In data: Depop removes US seller fees in bid to grow secondhand market |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/data-depop-removes-us-seller-085515441.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAFmmzDOqVafAY91FiXBNOVBFHea6P3X3J1uiCqxTAlgu0RVVuSYKUs-UtE16-knHjUVUdKI4zcJN0FBLGMGRbnmJQewwZZXL2FJBDBuhGg3aedNjOkkM3Y8IF4xiROLlN_OxnInfv28YpnveDhWKDsCSQJHrKWKlBYV8lNzauNy3 |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=yahoo!finance}}</ref> === Kugura === Kugura pa Depop kukusazgapo mtengo wa chinthu uwo ŵakuzomerezgana, ndalama zakutumizga, VAT panji misonkho yinyake yakwenelera na ndalama zakugwiliskira ntchito msika izo ŵakugula mu United States panji United Kingdom ŵakulipira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |first=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Marketplace fee for buyers |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/21752555753361-Marketplace-fee-for-buyers#marketplace-fee-for-buyers-0-0 |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112005424/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/21752555753361-Marketplace-fee-for-buyers#marketplace-fee-for-buyers-0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pa vyakutumizga vya ku vyaru vinyake, mapaketi gangaŵa na misonkho yakunjizga vinthu mu charu, ndalama za pa malango gha mphaka, panji ndalama zinyake, izo zikulipirika para chinthu chafika panji pa nyengo ya kulipira usange Depop ndiyo yikusonkha msonkho mu malo mwa wakugula. Pa kugura kwa mu charu chimoza, misonkho yakwenelera yingasonkheka na wakuguliska panji kulipirika na pulatifomu pa nyengo ya kulipira, kuti pa nyengo yakupokera chinthu kuleke kuŵa na misonkho yinyake yakulipira.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Will I have to pay for tax or customs on my order? |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18276924278033-Will-I-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order#will-i-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order--0-0 |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205050555/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18276924278033-Will-I-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order#will-i-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order--0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu Australia, United Kingdom, na United States, Depop yikuŵapa mwaŵi wakupokera ndalama zawo zose para chinthu chawo chindafike yayi, chafika chakubwanganduka, panji chikupambana chomene na umo chikayowoyekera pakwamba, usange nkhani iyi yalongoreka mukati mwa mazuŵa 30.<ref name=":10" /> === Ŵakuphalirana === Kufika mu Juni 2021, ŵakuphalirana ŵa Depop ŵakusazgapo [[Vinted]], pulatifomu iyo yikakhazikiskika na Milda Mitkute na Justas Janauskas mu 2008 ndipo yikaŵa na mtengo wa €3.5 biliyoni, kweniso malo gha ku United States ghakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito [[Poshmark]], agho ghakaŵa na mtengo wa madola 3.5 biliyoni.<ref name=":32"/> Ŵakuphalirana ŵanyake ŵakusazgapo Grailed, malo gha malonda gha pa intaneti pakati pa munthu na munthu agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 2014 ndipo ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha vyakuvwara vya ŵanalume vya mtengo ukuru kweniso vyakuvwara vya mu misewu (streetwear) vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito, na Vestiaire Collection, pulogiramu ya ku Europe yakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakale iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 2009 ndipo yikugwira ntchito pa vinthu vya luxury vyakale ivyo vyasimikizgika.<ref name="Calaza 70–78"/> Kumanyikwa kwa Depop kwakhwaska mwakubudika masitolo ghachikhalidwe ghakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito, agho ghangasuzgika kuphalirana chifukwa cha ndalama zikuru za ntchito na ivyo ŵakukhumba pa ubora wa vinthu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trendy second-hand clothing market is huge and still growing – yet nobody is turning a profit |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20240301-international-second-hand-clothing-market-profitable |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.bbc.com |date=4 March 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pali vinthu vyakuvwara vinandi chomene chifukwa cha kukura kwa mafashoni ghakupangika mwaluŵiro; ichi chakhwaska chigaŵa cha ndalama mu malonda gha vyakuvwara vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito. == Vyakuŵaŵiska == Mu Novembala 2019, ''[[Business of Fashion]]'' yikati ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu pulogiramu ya Depop ŵakapokeranga mauthenga ghakulongora makhumbiro gha kugonana.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lieber |first1=Chavie |date=12 November 2019 |title=The Dark Side of Depop |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/technology/depop-sexual-harassment-internet-safety |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=Business of Fashion}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2020, Jessica Hamilton, uyo wakaguranga pa Depop, wakaphalira kuti wakasanga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakubudiska ŵanthu ([[scammers]]) pa pulatifomu iyi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Syed |first=Armani |date=2024-07-07 |title=Depop's CEO on the Future of Fashion and the Path to Profitability |url=https://time.com/6995354/depop-ceo-kruti-patel-goyal-interview/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111072104/https://time.com/6995354/depop-ceo-kruti-patel-goyal-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iyo wakamanya suzgo ili wakati wakayezga kugula [[Nintendo Switch]] kufuma kwa wakuguliska uyo wakakhumbanga kupokera malipiro kwizira mu kusinthana ndalama ku banki mwakudunjika pera kwambura chitetezo cha wakugula.<ref name=":0" /> Hamilton wakayimba mulandu kampani iyi chifukwa cha kuleka kuchitapo kanthu na ndondomeko zakusungilira chivikiliro izo zikaŵa zakulopwa pakuyaniska na malo ghanyake gha malonda gha pa intaneti, ivyo vikapangiska kuti pulatifomu yiŵe yakusangika luŵiro na [[ŵakubowa makompyuta|ŵakubowa]].<ref name=":0" /> Chifukwa chakuti Depop yikaŵavya nthowa yakulongosoreka yakulondezgera na kukanizga maukaboni gha ubudi, kampani iyi yikataya chigomezgo cha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵanyake chifukwa cha kuleka kuchitapo kanthu.<ref name=":0" /> Mu Okutobala 2020, ŵakugula ŵanyake pa Depop ŵakapusikika kuti ŵalipire ŵakuguliska mwakudunjika kuti ŵaleke nthowa za chitetezo cha ŵakugula za Depop, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakuguliska aŵa ŵakaguliska uthenga wa ŵakugula awo ŵakapusikika pa [[mdima wa pa intaneti|dark web]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Depop reveals the environmental impact of seasonal secondhand switches |url=https://news.depop.com/company-news/depop-reveals-the-environmental-impact-of-seasonal-secondhand-switches/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=news.depop.com |language=en}}</ref> Pakuzgora pa nkhani iyi, Depop yikati yisazgirenge chivikiliro kwizira mu kukoserezga kusintha mapasiwedi na kugwiliskira ntchito [[chivikiliro cha vigaŵa vinandi|multi-factor authentication]].<ref name=":1" /> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakususka Depop chifukwa chakuti yikachitapo kanthu mwakuchedwa pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Malinki gha kuwalo == * [https://www.depop.com/ Peji yikuru] *[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.depop&hl=ru&gl=US Malinki ya Google Play] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Android (ndondomeko yakugwiriskira ntchito)]] [[Category:Vinthu vyakukhazikiskika mu Italy mu 2011]] [[Category:Kusazgikana na kugula makampani mu 2021]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghali mu City of London]] [[Category:Mawebusayiti gha pa intaneti ghakakhazikiskika mu 2011]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha iOS]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha pa foni]] [[Category:Misika ya pa intaneti ya United Kingdom]] [[Category:Makampani gha malonda ghakakhazikiskika mu 2011]] [[Category:Kusazgikana na kugula makampani kwapharazgika]] o6rvol4vawtobo6g5u631mg2e69j7mk 117900 117897 2026-07-24T00:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 117900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Pulogiramu ya kugula na kuguliska pa chisopa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} {{Infobox website | name = Depop Limited | logo = Depop logo.svg | company_type = [[Kampani yachibali]] | parent = [[eBay]] | foundation = {{Start date and age|2011}} ku [[Roncade, Italy]] | location_city = London | location_country = United Kingdom | locations = {{hlist|[[London]]|[[Milan]]|[[Los Angeles]]|[[New York City]]}} | area_served = Charu chose | founder = Simon Beckerman | CEO = Peter Semple<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/depop-former-cmo-ceo/ |title=Depop appoints former CMO as chief executive |date=1 August 2025 |work=[[Marketing Week]]}}</ref> | industry = [[Kugula pa intaneti]] | num_employees = 400 (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2021/06/etsy-acquires-clothing-resale-platform-depop.html?page=all |title=Etsy acquires clothing resale platform Depop for $1.6 billion |date=2 June 2021 |work=[[American City Business Journals]] |first=Anne |last=Stych}}</ref> | url = {{URL|depop.com/}} | num_users = {{increase}} 56.3 miliyoni (2026)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.depop.com/who-we-are/facts-and-figures/ |title=Number of Users on Depop 2026 |website=Depop |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> | language = Chingelezi, Chitaliyana }} '''Depop Limited''' ni kampani ya [[Utumiki wa chisopa cha pa intaneti|chisopa]] ya [[Malonda gha pa intaneti]], yakukhazikika mu [[London]], ndipo yili na maofesi ghanyake mu [[Milan]] na [[New York City]]. Kampani iyi yikovwira ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kugula na kuguliska vinthu, ivyo kanandi ni vyakuvwara vyakale na vya mtundu wa vintage. == Mbiri == Depop yikakhazikiskika mu 2011 na wakuchita malonda Simon Beckerman ku malo gha ku Italy ghakukuriska umisiri na bizinesi ya [[kampani yikwamba|kampani yikwamba]], H-Farm.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Emma |title=Artefact – In conversation with {{!}} Depop founder Simon Beckerman |url=https://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716080409/http://www.artefactmagazine.com/2015/01/14/in-conversation-with-depop-founder-simon-beckerman/ |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=21 June 2016 |website=Artefact}}</ref> Beckerman wakaghanaghana vya pulani yakwamba ya pulogiramu iyi pa nyengo iyo wakagwiranga ntchito pa PIG, magazini ya mafashoni yakukhazikika ku Italy iyo wakayikhazikiska pamoza na ŵanyake.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |last=Neate Wealth |first=Rupert |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy buys secondhand clothing app Depop to tap into gen Z |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2021/jun/02/etsy-buys-second-hand-clothing-app-depop-to-tap-into-gen-z |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=Feeling The Pre-Love: The Rise And Rise Of Depop |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/style/a33414436/depop/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Esquire |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fundo yikuru yikaŵa yakupanga malo agho vinthu ivyo vikulongoreka mu magazini vingagulika na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pa intaneti.<ref name=":32" /> Fundo iyi yikazgoka pulani yakuyana na [[msika wa vinthu vyakale]] kweni pa intaneti, uko ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vyawo apo ŵakalamulirangaso ŵekha malonda, ubwezi na ŵanthu, kweniso ntchito yakupanga ivyo vikawonekeranga pa maakaunti ghawo.<ref name=":4" /> Apo wakapokeranga wovwiri wa ndalama kufuma ku H-Farm, Beckerman wakagwiranga ntchito na gulu la ŵanthu pakupanga na kunozga pulogiramu ya Depop kweniso kuyilongora ku ŵakuguliska ndalama ŵanandi.<ref name=":4" /> Mu 2013, Beckerman wakazgoka yumoza wa ŵa mu board ya kampani kuti wawovwire kunozga pulogiramu na bizinesi apo wakaleka udindo wake wa CEO.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Simon Beckerman & Maria Raga {{!}} BoF 500 {{!}} The People Shaping the Global Fashion Industry |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/people/maria-raga-simon-beckerman/#:~:text=In%202010,%20Raga%20moved%20to,re-popularisation%20of%20vintage%20pieces |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en}}</ref> Maria Raga, yumoza wa ŵakukhazikiska Depop kweniso CEO wakale, wakatora udindo wa wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa ntchito mu 2014, ndipo mu 2016 wakazgoka mukuru wa ŵakulongozga kampani (chief executive).<ref name=":5" /> Kuyana na Raga, chilato chikuru pakupanga Depop chikaŵa chakuti yizgoke [[Airbnb]] panji [[Spotify]] yinyake, kweni yakukhwaska chomene makhaliro gha mafashoni.<ref name=":5" /> Paolo Barberis na Nana Bianca ŵakaŵa ŵaŵiri mwa ŵakwamba kugwiliska ndalama mu pulatifomu iyi mu 2012 na [[ndalama zakwamba zakugwiliskira ntchito]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=TechTalk con Simon Beckerman, Riccardo Donadon e Paolo Barberis su Depop, la startup diventata unicorno|url=https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2021/06/03/news/techtalk_con_simon_beckerman_riccardo_donadon_e_paolo_barberis_su_depop_la_startup_diventata_unicorno-304109175/|access-date=11 June 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Ofesi yikuru ya kampani yikasamuskikira ku London mu 2012.<ref name="politico">{{Cite web|first=Wale|last=Azeez|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/depop-were-all-shopkeepers-now/|title=Depop: We're all shopkeepers now|date=27 October 2015|website=[[Politico Europe]]|language=en-US|access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Depop yikakura ndipo yikajura maofesi ghanyake mu Milan na New York City.<ref name="crunch">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/29/social-shopping-app-depop-raises-8m-hires-ex-reddit-gm-to-break-into-us-market/|title=Social Shopping App Depop Raises $8M, Hires Ex-Reddit GM To Break Into US Market|last=Lunden|first=Ingrid|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=21 June 2016|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> Beckerman wakasanga ndalama zakukwana €1 miliyoni mu Okutobala 2013 kufuma ku Red Circle Investment ndipo wakimika Runar Reistrup wa ku [[Faroe Islands]] kuŵa [[Mulongozgi mukuru wa kampani|CEO]] muphya.<ref name="politico" /> Mu 2015, Depop yikapokera ndalama zinyake zakukwana madola 8 miliyoni kufuma ku [[Balderton Capital]] na HV Capital.<ref name="crunch" /> Mu Malichi 2016, CEO wakale, Runar Reistrup, wakati kukura kwa Depop kukafuma ku ŵanthu kuphalirananga ŵekha.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reistrup|first1=Runar|title=The Entrepreneur: Runar Reistrup, Depop|url=http://startups.co.uk/entrepreneur-runar-reistrup-depop/|website=Startups.co.uk|access-date=17 July 2016|date=31 March 2016}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa CEO, kukura uku kukasazgapo kuzenga Depop kuŵa kampani yikwamba na kusanga ndalama kuti paumaliro yiŵe na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵanandi chomene mu United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Runar Reistrup {{!}} CEO - YunoJuno |url=https://councils.forbes.com/profile/Runar-Reistrup-CEO-YunoJuno/830b3156-8736-4e0c-83a1-6bbc44b09e7c |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Forbes Business Council |language=en}}</ref> Mu Juni 2019, Depop yikasanga ndalama zakukwana madola 62 miliyoni mu Series C kufuma ku General Atlantic kuti yilipire kukura kwake. Ŵakugwiliska ndalama ŵakwambilira awo ŵakasazgikapo ni HV Capital, [[Balderton Capital]], Creandum, [[Octopus Ventures]], TempoCap na [[Sebastian Siemiatkowski]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/|title=Depop, a social app targeting millennial and Gen Z shoppers, bags $62M, passes 13M users|website=TechCrunch|date=7 June 2019|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629162200/https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/06/depop-a-social-app-targeting-millennial-and-gen-z-shoppers-bags-62m-passes-13m-users/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, Depop yikachitiskanga masambiro na nkhani zakudumbiskana nga ni chigaŵa cha vyakuchitika vyawo vya Depop Live NY,<ref name=":5" /> ndipo kampani yikajuraso sitolo ku London kwizira mu ubwezi wake na [[Selfridges]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=Social peer-to-peer marketplace: Depop |url=https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-examples/depop |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu 2020, ndalama za malonda ghose agho Depop yikaguliska na ndalama zake zose zikasazgikira kujumpha kaŵiri kufika pa madola 650 miliyoni na madola 70 miliyoni, mwakulondezgana.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Charity L.|last1=Scott|first2=Colin|last2=Kellaher|date=2 June 2021|title=Etsy Buys Depop, Fashion Resale Site Popular With Gen Z, for $1.6 Billion|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/etsy-to-buy-fashion-resale-marketplace-depop-for-1-63-billion-11622635621|access-date=25 August 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Ichi chingachitika chifukwa chakuti Depop yikazgoranga mwaluŵiro ku ivyo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakakhumbanga, yikaŵavya masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na kasungirwo ka katundu, kweniso chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito awo ŵakakhumbanga kuguliskaso vinthu vyawo.<ref name=":6" /> Kufika mu 2024, Depop yikaŵa na ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakujumpha 35 miliyoni, kuyana na webusayiti yawo.<ref name="tcacq">{{cite web |title=Number of Users on Depop 2024 |url=https://news.depop.com/who-we-are/facts-and-figures/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Depop |language=en}}</ref> Depop yikumanyikwa chomene pakati pa [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] na [[Millennial|ŵawukirano ŵa Millennial]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20260315143813/https://d1a.com/perspective/how-depop-is-globalizing-gen-z-fashion-culture-and-what-retail-brands-can-learn</ref> ndipo ni pulatifomu ya 10 yakugulirapo iyo yikuchezereka chomene na ŵakugula ŵa Gen Z mu United States,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=United States B2C Ecommerce Market Report 2022: Market is Expected to Grow by 11.80% to Reach $1,574.5 Billion in 2022 - Forecasts to 2026 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/united-states-b2c-ecommerce-market-101800632.html |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ndipo mu kafukufuku uyo ''[[The Strategist]]'' wakachita mu 2019, ŵawukirano ŵakavotera Depop kuŵa webusayiti yawo yakutemweka chomene yakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito.<ref name="instyle">{{cite web |last1=Gates |first1=Meggie |date=27 August 2021 |title=Depop Is the New Instagram — but Not in a Good Way |url=https://www.instyle.com/fashion/depop-sellers-body-dysmorphia |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=[[InStyle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sherwood |first=Jessica |date=25 October 2019 |title=Depop: Can pre-loved clothes make fast fashion sustainable? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49677383 |access-date=26 June 2020 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === Kugulika na Etsy === Mu Juni 2021, Depop yikagulika na [[Etsy]] pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.6 biliyoni mu ndalama zakusangika, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chinthu chakudura chomene icho Etsy yikagulapo; kweni Depop yikulutilira kugwira ntchito nga ni mtundu wa bizinesi wakujiyimira wekha wakupambana na Etsy.<ref name="tcacq" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Paton|first=Elizabeth|date=2 June 2021|title=Etsy is buying the fashion resale app Depop for $1.6 billion|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/business/etsy-is-buying-the-fashion-resale-app-depop-for-1-6-billion.html|access-date=2 June 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ichi chikung'anamura kuti padera pa Depop kusungilira gulu lake lakale, kampani iyi yikasungiliraso malo ghake ku London.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy snaps up Gen-Z focussed shopping app Depop for $1.6bn |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57259413 |access-date=2024-11-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyo yikagulika, chilato cha CEO wa Etsy, [[Josh Silverman]], chikaŵa chakuti walimbane na kusazgikira kwa ŵakugula awo ŵakamba kuwelera ku masitolo ghakuwoneka kuti ŵakagurenge vinthu vyawo.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2021 |title=Etsy courts Gen-Z with $1.6 bln deal for fashion reseller Depop |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/etsy-buy-gen-z-focused-fashion-marketplace-depop-163-billion-2021-06-02/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> Iyo wakawona Depop chifukwa cha mwaŵi wake wa kuŵa pulatifomu yakovwira vinthu vyakupambanapambana kweniso kupanga chikaya chikuru cha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=":7" /> Kuyana na Silverman, Depop wangasazgirako na kunozga mautumiki ghake kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵake ŵanandi ŵa Gen Z.<ref name=":8" /> Kwa Etsy, kugura uku kukusungilira malo gha kampani iyi mu msika wa vyakuvwara ndipo kukovwira kampani kusazgirako ŵakugula ŵake kufika ku ŵanthu ŵachoko; panyengo yeneyiyo, Depop yili na mwaŵi wakugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko za ntchito za Etsy.<ref name=":6" /> Maria Raga wakati waleka udindo wake wa CEO wa Depop mu 2022, Etsy yikaŵika Kruti Patel Goyal pa udindo uwu, uyo wakaŵa mukuru wakale wa [[chief product officer]] wa Etsy kweniso mulongozgi wa kampani iyi kwa vyaka 11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoaib |first=Maliha |date=2022-06-15 |title=Depop CEO Maria Raga steps down, replaced by Etsy's chief product officer |url=https://www.voguebusiness.com/companies/depop-ceo-maria-raga-steps-down-replaced-by-etsys-chief-product-officer |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Vogue Business |language=en-US}}</ref> Goyal wakati wasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti na mukuru wakula kwa Etsy mu Meyi, Peter Semple, uyo wakaŵa wakale [[mukuru wa malonda]], wakasankhika kuŵa CEO wa Depop mwalamulo pa Ogasiti 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Virdi |first=Amrit |date=2025-07-28 |title=Depop appoints former CMO as chief executive |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/depop-former-cmo-ceo/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Marketing Week |language=en}}</ref> === Kugulika na eBay === Mu Febuluwale 2026, Etsy yikaphalira vya pulani yakuguliska Depop kwa eBay pa ndalama zakukwana madola 1.2{{nbsp}} biliyoni, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kugulika uku kumalengeka kumalizika mukati mwa chaka ichi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gallogly |first1=Niko |title=Etsy Sells Depop, a Secondhand Clothing App Popular With Gen Z, to eBay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/18/business/etsy-depop-ebay.html |access-date=20 February 2026|work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ndondomeko ya bizinesi == === Kuguliska === Depop yikugwira ntchito nga ni msika kweniso pulatifomu ya chisopa, uko ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵangapulikiska ŵabwezi ŵawo na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵawone ivyo ŵakugula na kuguliska. Kwizira mu pulatifomu iyi, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵangagulitsa vinthu vya mitundu yakumanyikwa na vya ŵakupanga mafashoni, kweniso vyakuvwara vya kale.<ref name="Calaza 70–78">{{Cite journal |last1=Calaza |first1=Miriam García |last2=Varela Casal |first2=Cristina |last3=Valencia |first3=Juan Manuel Corbacho |date=2023-01-02 |title=Second-hand selling apps and the notion of luxury: trend networking and circular economy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17543266.2022.2118376 |journal=International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=70–78 |doi=10.1080/17543266.2022.2118376 |issn=1754-3266|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵa Depop ŵakukhozgekaso na pulatifomu iyi kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito mautumiki ghanyake gha chisopa nga ni [[Instagram]] pakupharazga maakaunti ghawo gha masitolo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=2021-06-02 |title=Etsy targets Gen Z shoppers with $1.6 billion Depop acquisition |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/2/22464572/etsy-targets-gen-z-shoppers-with-1-6-billion-depop-acquisition |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵaguliskaso vinthu vyawo pa Depop, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakapeleka ndalama izo ŵakasanga ku ntchito zakovwira ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-13 |title=9 Celebrities With Depop Shops To Start Frequenting Immidiately |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/172373-9-celebrities-with-depop-shops-to-start-frequenting-immidiately |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Bustle |language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=July 2026}}</ref> Mawonekero gha malo gha Depop ghakuyana na gha Instagram. Kuyana na Depop, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito awo ŵakuŵika na kuguliska vinthu ŵakupeleka vithuzi vyawo pamoza na malongosoleko gha vinthu. Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakulongoraso unenesko wa vinthu vyawo vya ŵakupanga mafashoni kweniso usange vili na malembo, ma tag, na marisiti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Depop Seller Guide |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360012845797-Depop-Seller-Guide |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205040230/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360012845797-Depop-Seller-Guide |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malonda agha ghakuwoneka mu mndandanda wa vinthu wa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito. Peji ya pulatifomu ya "Explore" yili na vinthu ivyo vyasankhika na ŵantchito ŵa Depop. Kuyana na Depop, kugula kukuchitika kwizira mu [[Apple Pay]], [[Google Pay]], makadi gha ngongole na gha kubanika, kweniso [[Klarna]]. Malipiro gha Depop ghakusungika mukati mwa pulogiramu, ivyo vikovwira kampani iyi kunjilirapo pa nkhani za mphindano na kunozga ndalama zakuwezgeka. Malipiro gha Depop ghakovwira ŵakuguliska kupokera ndalama zawo mwakudunjika mu maakaunti ghawo gha ku banki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-04 |title=Depop Payments |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18320822281361-Depop-Payments#h_01HSE9555MRJ4RQ49NGFF7G669 |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920105656/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18320822281361-Depop-Payments#h_01HSE9555MRJ4RQ49NGFF7G669 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuti wakuguliska wapokere ndalama kwizira mu Depop, wakwenera kusazgapo akaunti ya banki na kusimikizga umo waliri kwizira mu kupakiza chikalata chakumanyira munthu. Pa Julayi 18, 2024, CEO wa Depop Kruti Patel Goyal wakaphalira vya kuwuskako ndalama zakuguliska kwa ŵakuguliska ŵa ku United States, kweni wakasungilira ndalama zakwendeskera malipiro. Kusintha kwa ndondomeko iyi kukaŵa na chilato cha kusazgirako ndalama izo ŵakuguliska ŵakusanga kweniso kovwira kukura kwa msika wa vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Safaya |first=Shemona |date=2024-07-18 |title=In data: Depop removes US seller fees in bid to grow secondhand market |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/data-depop-removes-us-seller-085515441.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAFmmzDOqVafAY91FiXBNOVBFHea6P3X3J1uiCqxTAlgu0RVVuSYKUs-UtE16-knHjUVUdKI4zcJN0FBLGMGRbnmJQewwZZXL2FJBDBuhGg3aedNjOkkM3Y8IF4xiROLlN_OxnInfv28YpnveDhWKDsCSQJHrKWKlBYV8lNzauNy3 |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=yahoo!finance}}</ref> === Kugura === Kugura pa Depop kukusazgapo mtengo wa chinthu uwo ŵakuzomerezgana, ndalama zakutumizga, VAT panji misonkho yinyake yakwenelera na ndalama zakugwiliskira ntchito msika izo ŵakugula mu United States panji United Kingdom ŵakulipira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Depop |first=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Marketplace fee for buyers |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/21752555753361-Marketplace-fee-for-buyers#marketplace-fee-for-buyers-0-0 |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112005424/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/21752555753361-Marketplace-fee-for-buyers#marketplace-fee-for-buyers-0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pa vyakutumizga vya ku vyaru vinyake, mapaketi gangaŵa na misonkho yakunjizga vinthu mu charu, ndalama za pa malango gha mphaka, panji ndalama zinyake, izo zikulipirika para chinthu chafika panji pa nyengo ya kulipira usange Depop ndiyo yikusonkha msonkho mu malo mwa wakugula. Pa kugura kwa mu charu chimoza, misonkho yakwenelera yingasonkheka na wakuguliska panji kulipirika na pulatifomu pa nyengo ya kulipira, kuti pa nyengo yakupokera chinthu kuleke kuŵa na misonkho yinyake yakulipira.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Depop |date=2024-11-13 |title=Will I have to pay for tax or customs on my order? |url=https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18276924278033-Will-I-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order#will-i-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order--0-0 |access-date=2024-11-13 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205050555/https://depophelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-gb/articles/18276924278033-Will-I-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order#will-i-have-to-pay-for-tax-or-customs-on-my-order--0-0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu Australia, United Kingdom, na United States, Depop yikuŵapa mwaŵi wakupokera ndalama zawo zose para chinthu chawo chindafike yayi, chafika chakubwanganduka, panji chikupambana chomene na umo chikayowoyekera pakwamba, usange nkhani iyi yalongoreka mukati mwa mazuŵa 30.<ref name=":10" /> === Ŵakuphalirana === Kufika mu Juni 2021, ŵakuphalirana ŵa Depop ŵakusazgapo [[Vinted]], pulatifomu iyo yikakhazikiskika na Milda Mitkute na Justas Janauskas mu 2008 ndipo yikaŵa na mtengo wa €3.5 biliyoni, kweniso malo gha ku United States ghakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito [[Poshmark]], agho ghakaŵa na mtengo wa madola 3.5 biliyoni.<ref name=":32"/> Ŵakuphalirana ŵanyake ŵakusazgapo Grailed, malo gha malonda gha pa intaneti pakati pa munthu na munthu agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 2014 ndipo ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha vyakuvwara vya ŵanalume vya mtengo ukuru kweniso vyakuvwara vya mu misewu (streetwear) vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito, na Vestiaire Collection, pulogiramu ya ku Europe yakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakale iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 2009 ndipo yikugwira ntchito pa vinthu vya luxury vyakale ivyo vyasimikizgika.<ref name="Calaza 70–78"/> Kumanyikwa kwa Depop kwakhwaska mwakubudika masitolo ghachikhalidwe ghakuguliskirapo vinthu vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito, agho ghangasuzgika kuphalirana chifukwa cha ndalama zikuru za ntchito na ivyo ŵakukhumba pa ubora wa vinthu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trendy second-hand clothing market is huge and still growing – yet nobody is turning a profit |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20240301-international-second-hand-clothing-market-profitable |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=www.bbc.com |date=4 March 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Pali vinthu vyakuvwara vinandi chomene chifukwa cha kukura kwa mafashoni ghakupangika mwaluŵiro; ichi chakhwaska chigaŵa cha ndalama mu malonda gha vyakuvwara vyakugwiriskiraso ntchito. == Vyakuŵaŵiska == Mu Novembala 2019, ''[[Business of Fashion]]'' yikati ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mu pulogiramu ya Depop ŵakapokeranga mauthenga ghakulongora makhumbiro gha kugonana.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lieber |first1=Chavie |date=12 November 2019 |title=The Dark Side of Depop |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/technology/depop-sexual-harassment-internet-safety |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=Business of Fashion}}</ref> Mu Febuluwale 2020, Jessica Hamilton, uyo wakaguranga pa Depop, wakaphalira kuti wakasanga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakubudiska ŵanthu ([[scammers]]) pa pulatifomu iyi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Syed |first=Armani |date=2024-07-07 |title=Depop's CEO on the Future of Fashion and the Path to Profitability |url=https://time.com/6995354/depop-ceo-kruti-patel-goyal-interview/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111072104/https://time.com/6995354/depop-ceo-kruti-patel-goyal-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iyo wakamanya suzgo ili wakati wakayezga kugula [[Nintendo Switch]] kufuma kwa wakuguliska uyo wakakhumbanga kupokera malipiro kwizira mu kusinthana ndalama ku banki mwakudunjika pera kwambura chitetezo cha wakugula.<ref name=":0" /> Hamilton wakayimba mulandu kampani iyi chifukwa cha kuleka kuchitapo kanthu na ndondomeko zakusungilira chivikiliro izo zikaŵa zakulopwa pakuyaniska na malo ghanyake gha malonda gha pa intaneti, ivyo vikapangiska kuti pulatifomu yiŵe yakusangika luŵiro na [[ŵakubowa makompyuta|ŵakubowa]].<ref name=":0" /> Chifukwa chakuti Depop yikaŵavya nthowa yakulongosoreka yakulondezgera na kukanizga maukaboni gha ubudi, kampani iyi yikataya chigomezgo cha ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵanyake chifukwa cha kuleka kuchitapo kanthu.<ref name=":0" /> Mu Okutobala 2020, ŵakugula ŵanyake pa Depop ŵakapusikika kuti ŵalipire ŵakuguliska mwakudunjika kuti ŵaleke nthowa za chitetezo cha ŵakugula za Depop, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakuguliska aŵa ŵakaguliska uthenga wa ŵakugula awo ŵakapusikika pa [[mdima wa pa intaneti|dark web]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Depop reveals the environmental impact of seasonal secondhand switches |url=https://news.depop.com/company-news/depop-reveals-the-environmental-impact-of-seasonal-secondhand-switches/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=news.depop.com |language=en}}</ref> Pakuzgora pa nkhani iyi, Depop yikati yisazgirenge chivikiliro kwizira mu kukoserezga kusintha mapasiwedi na kugwiliskira ntchito [[chivikiliro cha vigaŵa vinandi|multi-factor authentication]].<ref name=":1" /> Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ŵakususka Depop chifukwa chakuti yikachitapo kanthu mwakuchedwa pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Malinki gha kuwalo == * [https://www.depop.com/ Peji yikuru] *[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.depop&hl=ru&gl=US Malinki ya Google Play] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Android (ndondomeko yakugwiriskira ntchito)]] [[Category:Vinthu vyakukhazikiskika mu Italy mu 2011]] [[Category:Kusazgikana na kugula makampani mu 2021]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghali mu City of London]] [[Category:Mawebusayiti gha pa intaneti ghakakhazikiskika mu 2011]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha iOS]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha pa foni]] [[Category:Misika ya pa intaneti ya United Kingdom]] [[Category:Makampani gha malonda ghakakhazikiskika mu 2011]] [[Category:Kusazgikana na kugula makampani kwapharazgika]] l704byfa9f7df03b7lyr78cge8nskvv 0 48138 117902 2026-07-24T00:40:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Short description|Kampani ya ku America ya malonda gha pa intaneti ya vyaru vinandi}} {{Lowercase title}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox company | name = eBay Inc. | logo = EBay logo.svg | logo_caption = Chimanyikwiro cha eBay icho chikugwiliskirika ntchito kufuma mu Okutobala 2012 | image = EBay Silicon Valley Headquarters in Willow Glen, San Jose, California 1938.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Ofesi yikuru mu chigaŵa cha Willow Glen, Sa..." 117902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kampani ya ku America ya malonda gha pa intaneti ya vyaru vinandi}} {{Lowercase title}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox company | name = eBay Inc. | logo = EBay logo.svg | logo_caption = Chimanyikwiro cha eBay icho chikugwiliskirika ntchito kufuma mu Okutobala 2012 | image = EBay Silicon Valley Headquarters in Willow Glen, San Jose, California 1938.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Ofesi yikuru mu chigaŵa cha [[Willow Glen, San Jose|Willow Glen]] mu [[San Jose, California]] | hq_location_city = [[San Jose, California]] | hq_location_country = United States | area_served = Charu chose | founder = [[Pierre Omidyar]] | key_people = {{Ubl|[[Paul Pressler (businessman)|Paul Pressler]] ([[Wapampando]])|[[Jamie Iannone]] ([[Purezidenti (udindo wa kampani)|purezidenti]]) na [[Mulongozgi mukuru wa kampani|CEO]])}} | industry = [[Malonda gha pa intaneti]] | services = [[Kugula pa intaneti]] | website = {{URL|ebay.com}} | former_name = AuctionWeb (1995–1997) | type = [[Kampani ya pa wumba|Ya pa wumba]] | traded_as = {{ubl|{{NASDAQ|EBAY}}|[[S&P 500]] component}} | founded = {{start date and age|1995|9|3}} | revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|11.1 billion|link=yes}} | revenue_year = 2025 | operating_income = {{decrease}} {{US$|2.28 billion}} | income_year = 2025 | net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|2.03 billion}} | net_income_year = 2025 | assets = {{decrease}} {{US$|17.6 billion}} | assets_year = 2025 | equity = {{decrease}} {{US$|4.62 billion}} | equity_year = 2025 | num_employees = 12,300 | num_employees_year = 2025 | footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1065088/000106508826000027/ebay-20251231.htm |title=eBay, Inc. 2025 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 19, 2026 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |access-date=February 20, 2026 }}</ref> }} [[File:EBayTorontoOffice.JPG|thumb|Ofesi ya eBay mu [[Toronto]], Canada]] '''eBay Inc.''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|b|eɪ|audio=en-us-eBay.ogg}} {{respell|EE|bay}}, yikulembera kuti '''ebay''') ni kampani ya ku [[United States of America|America]] ya [[kampani ya vyaru vinandi|vyaru vinandi]] ya [[malonda gha pa intaneti]] iyo yili ku [[San Jose, California]], iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kugula panji kuwona vinthu kwizira mu malonda gha [[malonda gha pa sitoro]] pa [[msika wa pa intaneti]] na mawebusayiti mu misika 190 pa charu chose. Malonda ghakuchitika kwizira mu [[msika wa pa intaneti]] panji kugula mwaluŵiro kwa "Buy It Now", ndipo kampani yikupokera [[Komishoni (malipiro)|makomishoni]] kufuma ku ŵakuguliska para vinthu vyaguliskika. eBay yikambiskika na [[Pierre Omidyar]] mu Seputembala 1995. Mu 2021, eBay yikaŵa na ŵakuguliska pafupifupi 17 miliyoni pa charu chose<ref>{{Cite web |title=eBay Statistics (2025): Growth Data on Users, Listings & Revenue |url=https://capitaloneshopping.com/research/ebay-statistics/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Capital One Shopping |language=en-US}}</ref>; mu 2023, yikapharazga kuti yikaŵa na ŵakugula 132 miliyoni awo ŵakaŵa ŵakugwira ntchito chaka chose pa charu chose ndipo yikachita malonda ghakukwana madola 73 biliyoni, agho 48% ghakaŵa mu United States. Mu 2023, kampani yikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha ndalama (ndalama izo yikapokera nga ni chigaŵa cha ndalama zose za malonda) cha 13.81%.<ref name=10K/> eBay yingagwiliskirika ntchito na ŵanthu payekhapayekha, makampani na maboma kugula na kuguliska pafupifupi chilichose chakuzomerezgeka na dango kwambura kususkika. Ŵakugula na ŵakuguliska ŵangapimana na kulemba ndemanga pa yumoza na munyake para malonda ghalighose ghamara, icho chikupangiska ndondomeko ya [[mbiri]]. Ntchito ya eBay yikusangika kwizira mu mawebusayiti na [[pulogiramu ya pa foni]]. Ŵakupanga mapulogiramu ŵangapanga mapulogiramu agho ghakukolerana na eBay kwizira mu eBay API. Ŵamalonda nawo ŵangasangapo makomishoni kwizira mu mapulogiramu gha [[malonda gha ŵabwezi]] gha eBay. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro== {{Commons category|lcfirst=yes}} *[https://www.youtube.com/ebay ebay] – [[YouTube]] [[Category:EBay| ]] [[Category:Vyakukhazikiskika vya 1995 ku California]] [[Category:Kupereka masheya ku ŵanthu koyamba kwa 1998]] [[Category:Makampani gha ku America agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 1995]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Android (operating system)]] [[Category:Mawebusayiti gha malonda gha classified]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghali ku San Jose, California]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghalembeka pa Nasdaq]] [[Category:Vyakugula vya Flipkart]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha iOS]] [[Category:Vinthu vya pa intaneti ivyo vikakhazikiskika mu 1995]] [[Category:Makampani gha vyaru vinandi agho ghali na ofesi zikuru mu United States]] [[Category:Ŵakapokera Mendulo ya Charu ya Ukadaulo]] [[Category:Misika ya pa intaneti ya ku United States]] [[Category:Makampani gha malonda agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 1995]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha watchOS]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Windows Phone]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Windows]] friqs8op941ko9rw1kdc5ziol549f61 117903 117902 2026-07-24T00:42:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kampani ya ku America ya malonda gha pa intaneti ya vyaru vinandi}} {{Lowercase title}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox company | name = eBay Inc. | logo = EBay logo.svg | logo_caption = Chimanyikwiro cha eBay icho chikugwiliskirika ntchito kufuma mu Okutobala 2012 | image = EBay Silicon Valley Headquarters in Willow Glen, San Jose, California 1938.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Ofesi yikuru mu chigaŵa cha [[Willow Glen, San Jose|Willow Glen]] mu [[San Jose, California]] | hq_location_city = [[San Jose, California]] | hq_location_country = United States | area_served = Charu chose | founder = [[Pierre Omidyar]] | key_people = {{Ubl|[[Paul Pressler (businessman)|Paul Pressler]] ([[Wapampando]])|[[Jamie Iannone]] ([[Purezidenti (udindo wa kampani)|purezidenti]]) na [[Mulongozgi mukuru wa kampani|CEO]])}} | industry = [[Malonda gha pa intaneti]] | services = [[Kugula pa intaneti]] | website = {{URL|ebay.com}} | former_name = AuctionWeb (1995–1997) | type = [[Kampani ya pa wumba|Ya pa wumba]] | traded_as = {{ubl|{{NASDAQ|EBAY}}|[[S&P 500]] component}} | founded = {{start date and age|1995}} | revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|11.1 billion|link=yes}} | revenue_year = 2025 | operating_income = {{decrease}} {{US$|2.28 billion}} | income_year = 2025 | net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|2.03 billion}} | net_income_year = 2025 | assets = {{decrease}} {{US$|17.6 billion}} | assets_year = 2025 | equity = {{decrease}} {{US$|4.62 billion}} | equity_year = 2025 | num_employees = 12,300 | num_employees_year = 2025 | footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1065088/000106508826000027/ebay-20251231.htm |title=eBay, Inc. 2025 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 19, 2026 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |access-date=February 20, 2026 }}</ref> }} [[File:EBayTorontoOffice.JPG|thumb|Ofesi ya eBay mu [[Toronto]], Canada]] '''eBay Inc.''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|b|eɪ|audio=en-us-eBay.ogg}} {{respell|EE|bay}}, yikulembera kuti '''ebay''') ni kampani ya ku [[United States of America|America]] ya [[kampani ya vyaru vinandi|vyaru vinandi]] ya [[malonda gha pa intaneti]] iyo yili ku [[San Jose, California]], iyo yikovwira ŵanthu kugula panji kuwona vinthu kwizira mu malonda gha [[malonda gha pa sitoro]] pa [[msika wa pa intaneti]] na mawebusayiti mu misika 190 pa charu chose. Malonda ghakuchitika kwizira mu [[msika wa pa intaneti]] panji kugula mwaluŵiro kwa "Buy It Now", ndipo kampani yikupokera [[Komishoni (malipiro)|makomishoni]] kufuma ku ŵakuguliska para vinthu vyaguliskika. eBay yikambiskika na [[Pierre Omidyar]] mu Seputembala 1995. Mu 2021, eBay yikaŵa na ŵakuguliska pafupifupi 17 miliyoni pa charu chose<ref>{{Cite web |title=eBay Statistics (2025): Growth Data on Users, Listings & Revenue |url=https://capitaloneshopping.com/research/ebay-statistics/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Capital One Shopping |language=en-US}}</ref>; mu 2023, yikapharazga kuti yikaŵa na ŵakugula 132 miliyoni awo ŵakaŵa ŵakugwira ntchito chaka chose pa charu chose ndipo yikachita malonda ghakukwana madola 73 biliyoni, agho 48% ghakaŵa mu United States. Mu 2023, kampani yikaŵa na chiŵelengero cha ndalama (ndalama izo yikapokera nga ni chigaŵa cha ndalama zose za malonda) cha 13.81%.<ref name=10K/> eBay yingagwiliskirika ntchito na ŵanthu payekhapayekha, makampani na maboma kugula na kuguliska pafupifupi chilichose chakuzomerezgeka na dango kwambura kususkika. Ŵakugula na ŵakuguliska ŵangapimana na kulemba ndemanga pa yumoza na munyake para malonda ghalighose ghamara, icho chikupangiska ndondomeko ya [[mbiri]]. Ntchito ya eBay yikusangika kwizira mu mawebusayiti na [[pulogiramu ya pa foni]]. Ŵakupanga mapulogiramu ŵangapanga mapulogiramu agho ghakukolerana na eBay kwizira mu eBay API. Ŵamalonda nawo ŵangasangapo makomishoni kwizira mu mapulogiramu gha [[malonda gha ŵabwezi]] gha eBay. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro== {{Commons category|lcfirst=yes}} *[https://www.youtube.com/ebay ebay] – [[YouTube]] [[Category:EBay| ]] [[Category:Vyakukhazikiskika vya 1995 ku California]] [[Category:Kupereka masheya ku ŵanthu koyamba kwa 1998]] [[Category:Makampani gha ku America agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 1995]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Android (operating system)]] [[Category:Mawebusayiti gha malonda gha classified]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghali ku San Jose, California]] [[Category:Makampani agho ghalembeka pa Nasdaq]] [[Category:Vyakugula vya Flipkart]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha iOS]] [[Category:Vinthu vya pa intaneti ivyo vikakhazikiskika mu 1995]] [[Category:Makampani gha vyaru vinandi agho ghali na ofesi zikuru mu United States]] [[Category:Ŵakapokera Mendulo ya Charu ya Ukadaulo]] [[Category:Misika ya pa intaneti ya ku United States]] [[Category:Makampani gha malonda agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 1995]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha watchOS]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Windows Phone]] [[Category:Mapulogiramu gha Windows]] ql3n57vpvl80ohy9jxzqyp9udcf1bnv 0 48139 117908 2026-07-24T06:07:29Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi}} {{Politics of Malawi}} {{History of Malawi}} [[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg|thumb|278x278px|Mbendera ya Nyasaland (1925–1964)]] '''Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi''' yikukhwaska vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=d0e3729&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3729&brand=eschol |access-date=20..." 117908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi}} {{Politics of Malawi}} {{History of Malawi}} [[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg|thumb|278x278px|Mbendera ya Nyasaland (1925–1964)]] '''Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi''' yikukhwaska vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=d0e3729&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3729&brand=eschol |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malawi - Politics, Democracy, Constitution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Malawi/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Malawi, iyo pa nyengo iyo yikachemekanga [[Nyasaland]], yikazgoka charu cha chipani chimoza mu Ogasiti 1961, apo charu chikachita chisankho chake chakwamba cha wupu, ndipo [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP), yakulongozgeka na [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], yikazgoka chipani chikuru chomene pa ndale. Udindo uwu ukazomerezgeka mwalamulo mu 1966 apo dango likuru la charu likapharazga kuti MCP ndiyo pera yikaŵa chipani chovomerezeka. Kweni mu 1993, dango likuru likasintha kuti lizomerezge ndondomeko ya vipani vinandi, ndipo ici chikajura nthowa yakuti vipani vinyake vya ndale viwuke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=48. Malawi (1964-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) yikawuka luŵiro na kuŵa chipani chakuzirwa, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyo, vipani vinyake navyo vyamba kuŵa na nkhongono pa ndale. Dango likuru la Malawi likupereka wanangwa ku ŵanthu wose awo ŵafika vyaka 18 panji kujumpha kuti ŵatoreko chigaŵa pa ndondomeko ya ndale, kusazgapo wanangwa wakwimilira pa maudindo gha boma. Ŵanakazi kweniso magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵachita makora chomene pa ndale za Malawi, ndipo ŵakhala pa maudindo ghakupambanapambana mu [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]], mu Kabinete na mu makhoti, ndipo ŵawovwira pakusintha na kukhozga ndale za charu.<ref name=":1" /> 45mf8ayzj6bxsk4lioehqa77195jlj6 117909 117908 2026-07-24T06:08:07Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi}} {{Politics of Malawi}} {{History of Malawi}} [[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg|thumb|278x278px|Mbendera ya Nyasaland (1925–1964)]] '''Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi''' yikukhwaska vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=d0e3729&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3729&brand=eschol |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malawi - Politics, Democracy, Constitution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Malawi/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Malawi, iyo pa nyengo iyo yikachemekanga [[Nyasaland]], yikazgoka charu cha chipani chimoza mu Ogasiti 1961, apo charu chikachita chisankho chake chakwamba cha wupu, ndipo [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP), yakulongozgeka na [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], yikazgoka chipani chikuru chomene pa ndale. Udindo uwu ukazomerezgeka mwalamulo mu 1966 apo dango likuru la charu likapharazga kuti MCP ndiyo pera yikaŵa chipani chovomerezeka. Kweni mu 1993, dango likuru likasintha kuti lizomerezge ndondomeko ya vipani vinandi, ndipo ici chikajura nthowa yakuti vipani vinyake vya ndale viwuke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=48. Malawi (1964-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) yikawuka luŵiro na kuŵa chipani chakuzirwa, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyo, vipani vinyake navyo vyamba kuŵa na nkhongono pa ndale. Dango likuru la Malawi likupereka wanangwa ku ŵanthu wose awo ŵafika vyaka 18 panji kujumpha kuti ŵatoreko chigaŵa pa ndondomeko ya ndale, kusazgapo wanangwa wakwimilira pa maudindo gha boma. Ŵanakazi kweniso magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵachita makora chomene pa ndale za Malawi, ndipo ŵakhala pa maudindo ghakupambanapambana mu [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]], mu Kabinete na mu makhoti, ndipo ŵawovwira pakusintha na kukhozga ndale za charu.<ref name=":1" /> == Mbiri == === Vyaka vyakwambilira (ma 1890–1964) === ==== Ulamuliro wa ŵa British pa nyengo ya ukoloni ==== Malawi yikaŵa [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|koloni la Britain]], ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Nyasaland, kufuma mu 1891 mpaka 1964. Pa nyengo ya ukoloni, vinthu vyachilengedwe vya Malawi vikagwiriskirika ntchito na ŵakoloni, ndipo mitheto na maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu vikakanizgikanga. Ŵa British ŵakagwiriskira ntchito usambazi wa Malawi, kusazgapo fodya, tiyi na shuga, ndipo ŵakiza na kuyambiska chiyowoyero chawo, mitheto yawo, kweniso ndondomeko zawo za ndale.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==== Kususka ukoloni na uzika wa mtundu ==== Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakasuskanga ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni mwa kuwukira na kuchita viwoneskero vyakupambanapambana. Malawi Congress Party (MCP) yikakhazikiskika mu 1959, yakulongozgeka na Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, kuti yilimbane na ukoloni na kupenja wanangwa wa kujiyimira paŵekha.<ref name=":1" /> {{Gallery | title = Vyakachitika mu Nyasaland | align = | footer = | style = | state = | height = | width = | perrow = | mode = | whitebg = | noborder = | captionstyle = | File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg | Mbendera ya Nyasaland (1925–1964) | alt1= | File:Flag of Malawi.svg | Mbendera ya sono ya Malawi, iyo kale yikaŵa Nyasaland, pamanyuma pa wanangwa | alt2= | File:Harvesting coffee, Nyasaland, Africa, photo from The Encyclopedia of Food by Artemas Ward.jpg | Kukolola khofi mu Nyasaland | alt3= | File:Nyasaland 1949 Mi 89-92 stamps (75th anniversary of the UPU).jpg | Masitampu gha Nyasaland mu 1949 | alt4= | File:Stamp_of_Nyasaland_1913.jpg | Sitampu ya Nyasaland ya 1913 | alt5= }} [[File:Rhodesia & Nyasaland £5 1957 Reverse.png|thumb|274x274px|Ndalama ya £5 ya Rhodesia & Nyasaland, iyo yikasindikizgika mu 1957.]] p0immp0wi9vdmsm6je4cmarfs3ycbzr 117910 117909 2026-07-24T06:09:28Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi}} {{Politics of Malawi}} {{History of Malawi}} [[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg|thumb|278x278px|Mbendera ya Nyasaland (1925–1964)]] '''Mbiri ya ndale za Malawi''' yikukhwaska vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft158004rs&chunk.id=d0e3729&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3729&brand=eschol |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Malawi - Politics, Democracy, Constitution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Malawi/Government-and-society |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Malawi, iyo pa nyengo iyo yikachemekanga [[Nyasaland]], yikazgoka charu cha chipani chimoza mu Ogasiti 1961, apo charu chikachita chisankho chake chakwamba cha wupu, ndipo [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP), yakulongozgeka na [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], yikazgoka chipani chikuru chomene pa ndale. Udindo uwu ukazomerezgeka mwalamulo mu 1966 apo dango likuru la charu likapharazga kuti MCP ndiyo pera yikaŵa chipani chovomerezeka. Kweni mu 1993, dango likuru likasintha kuti lizomerezge ndondomeko ya vipani vinandi, ndipo ici chikajura nthowa yakuti vipani vinyake vya ndale viwuke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=48. Malawi (1964-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/malawi-1964-present/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF) yikawuka luŵiro na kuŵa chipani chakuzirwa, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyo, vipani vinyake navyo vyamba kuŵa na nkhongono pa ndale. Dango likuru la Malawi likupereka wanangwa ku ŵanthu wose awo ŵafika vyaka 18 panji kujumpha kuti ŵatoreko chigaŵa pa ndondomeko ya ndale, kusazgapo wanangwa wakwimilira pa maudindo gha boma. Ŵanakazi kweniso magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵachita makora chomene pa ndale za Malawi, ndipo ŵakhala pa maudindo ghakupambanapambana mu [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]], mu Kabinete na mu makhoti, ndipo ŵawovwira pakusintha na kukhozga ndale za charu.<ref name=":1" /> == Mbiri == === Vyaka vyakwambilira (ma 1890–1964) === ==== Ulamuliro wa ŵa British pa nyengo ya ukoloni ==== Malawi yikaŵa [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|koloni la Britain]], ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Nyasaland, kufuma mu 1891 mpaka 1964. Pa nyengo ya ukoloni, vinthu vyachilengedwe vya Malawi vikagwiriskirika ntchito na ŵakoloni, ndipo mitheto na maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu vikakanizgikanga. Ŵa British ŵakagwiriskira ntchito usambazi wa Malawi, kusazgapo fodya, tiyi na shuga, ndipo ŵakiza na kuyambiska chiyowoyero chawo, mitheto yawo, kweniso ndondomeko zawo za ndale.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==== Kususka ukoloni na uzika wa mtundu ==== Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakasuskanga ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni mwa kuwukira na kuchita viwoneskero vyakupambanapambana. Malawi Congress Party (MCP) yikakhazikiskika mu 1959, yakulongozgeka na Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, kuti yilimbane na ukoloni na kupenja wanangwa wa kujiyimira paŵekha.<ref name=":1" /> {{Gallery | title = Vyakachitika mu Nyasaland | align = | footer = | style = | state = | height = | width = | perrow = | mode = | whitebg = | noborder = | captionstyle = | File:Flag of Nyasaland (1925–1964).svg | Mbendera ya Nyasaland (1925–1964) | alt1= | File:Flag of Malawi.svg | Mbendera ya sono ya Malawi, iyo kale yikaŵa Nyasaland, pamanyuma pa wanangwa | alt2= | File:Harvesting coffee, Nyasaland, Africa, photo from The Encyclopedia of Food by Artemas Ward.jpg | Kukolola khofi mu Nyasaland | alt3= | File:Nyasaland 1949 Mi 89-92 stamps (75th anniversary of the UPU).jpg | Masitampu gha Nyasaland mu 1949 | alt4= | File:Stamp_of_Nyasaland_1913.jpg | Sitampu ya Nyasaland ya 1913 | alt5= }} [[File:Rhodesia & Nyasaland £5 1957 Reverse.png|thumb|274x274px|Ndalama ya £5 ya Rhodesia & Nyasaland, iyo yikasindikizgika mu 1957.]] == Nyengo ya Wanangwa (1964–1994) == === Wanangwa === Malawi Congress Party (MCP) yikakhazikiskika mu 1959, yakulongozgeka na Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, kuti yilimbane na ukoloni na kupenja wanangwa wa kujiyimira paŵekha. Malawi yikapokera wanangwa wake pa Julayi 6, 1964, ndipo Dr. Banda wakaŵa purezidenti wakwamba wa charu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Democracy and Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/97/387/231/16549 |access-date=2024-06-02 |journal=African Affairs |date=April 1998 |volume=97 |issue=387 }}</ref> === Charu cha Chipani Chimoza === Mu 1971, Banda wakapharazga kuti Malawi ni [[one-party state|charu cha chipani chimoza]], ndipo MCP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani chimoza pera chakuzomerezgeka mwalamulo. Vipani vya ŵakususkana navyo vikakanizgika, ndipo kususka boma kukazomerezgekanga yayi. MCP yikazgoka chipani chikuru chomene, ndipo Banda wakalamulira mwankhongono, wakakanizga ŵakususkana na ŵanthu wose awo ŵakasuskanga boma lake.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Kukananga wanangwa wa ŵanthu ==== Boma la Banda likamanyikwanga chifukwa cha kukananga wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kugwiliskira ntchito ŵanthu mwachikakamizo, kuŵika ŵanthu mu jele chifukwa cha ndale, kweniso kuŵatambuzga.<ref name=":1" /> == Nyengo ya Vipani Vinandi (1994–2019) == === Kusintha kwa ndondomeko ya demokalase === Mu 1993, Malawi yikapokera dango likuru liphya ilo likazomerezga ndondomeko ya demokalase ya vipani vinandi. ==== Chisankho chakwamba cha vipani vinandi ==== Pa chisankho cha mu 1994, [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF), yakulongozgeka na [[Bakili Muluzi]], yikathereska mwa kusanga mavoti ghanandi. UDF, yakulongozgeka na Bakili Muluzi, ndiyo yikathereska pa chisankho cha mu 1994, ndipo ici chikamalizga ulamuliro wa MCP uwo ukaŵa kwa nyengo yitali. ==== Kusoŵa kukhazikika kwa ndale ==== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, Malawi yikakumana na kusintha kwakawirikawiri kwa maboma, pamoza na milandu yakukhwaskana na vimbundi kweniso kunjilirapo kwa ndale mu ntchito za boma. Muluzi wakateŵetera maulamuliro ghaŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma pake pakaŵa [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (DPP) na [[Joyce Banda]] ([[People's Party (Malawi)|People's Party]]). ==== Masuzgo gha vyachuma ==== Malawi yikakumana na masuzgo ghakuru gha vyachuma, kusazgapo ukavu, kukwera kwa mitengo ya vinthu, kweniso kuthemba chomene wovwiri wakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. == Nyengo ya Sono (2019–sono) == Mu 2019, chipani chinyake cha ŵakususkana chikapeleka milandu yakususkana na chipani icho chikalamuliranga, [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP), chakulongozgeka na [[Peter Mutharika]].{{Clarify|date=October 2025|reason=which party made the allegation? also provide reference if possible}} Mutharika wakathereskeka na [[Tonse Alliance (Malawi)|Tonse Alliance]], iyo yikalongozgekanga na Dr. [[Lazarus Chakwera]] kuŵa Purezidenti na Dr. [[Saulos Chilima]] kuŵa Wachiŵiri kwa Purezidenti. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Malawi topics}} {{Years in Malawi}} {{History of Africa}} {{Territories of the British Empire}} [[Category:Politics of Nyasaland]] [[Category:19th century in Malawi]] [[Category:20th century in Nyasaland]] [[Category:Political history of Malawi| ]] [[Category:History of Southern Africa by country]] hvqgv2zhmdjbidmn4fe65vxzf7tj0d5 10 48140 117911 2026-07-24T06:09:59Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Navbox |name = British Overseas Territories |title = Former [[British Empire]] and current [[British Overseas Territories]] |bodyclass = hlist |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |above = ; {{nobold|Legend}} : Former territory : '''Current territory''' : <nowiki>*</nowiki>Current [[Commonwealth realm]] : {{Dagger|sup=yes}}Current member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] |list1 = {{navbox|child |title = Europe |listclass = hlist |list1 = * Anglo-Corsican Kingdom|Cors..." 117911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = British Overseas Territories |title = Former [[British Empire]] and current [[British Overseas Territories]] |bodyclass = hlist |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |above = ; {{nobold|Legend}} : Former territory : '''Current territory''' : <nowiki>*</nowiki>Current [[Commonwealth realm]] : {{Dagger|sup=yes}}Current member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] |list1 = {{navbox|child |title = Europe |listclass = hlist |list1 = * [[Anglo-Corsican Kingdom|Corsica]] 1794–1796 * '''[[Gibraltar]]''' since 1713 * [[Heligoland]] 1807–1890 * [[United States of the Ionian Islands|Ionian Islands]] 1809–1864 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}pre 1800 acts of Union Ireland **[[Lordship of Ireland]]&nbsp;1177–1542 ** [[Kingdom of Ireland]]&nbsp;(1542–1800 de facto client state; 1719-1800 de jure dependency) {{Small|([[Act of Union 1800|Fully annexed into the UK]])}} * [[Irish Free State]] 1921–1931 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}Malta ** [[Malta Protectorate|Protectorate]] 1800–1813 ** [[Crown Colony of Malta|Colony]] 1813–1964 * [[Menorca|Minorca]] 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 }} |list2 = {{navbox|child |title = Africa |listclass = hlist |list1 = * [[Basutoland]] ({{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Lesotho]]) 1868–1966 * [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]] ({{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Botswana]]) 1884–1966 * [[British Cameroons|Cameroons]]{{Sup|13}} 1919–1961 * [[Cape Colony]] 1795–1803 * [[Cape Colony|Cape of Good Hope]] 1806–1910 * [[British Central Africa Protectorate|Central Africa]] 1891–1907 * [[East Africa Protectorate|East Africa]] 1895–1920 * [[Sultanate of Egypt|Egypt]] 1882–1922 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Gambia Colony and Protectorate|The Gambia]] 1816–1965 * [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] ({{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Ghana]]) 1874–1957 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Kenya Colony|Kenya]] 1920–1963 * [[Lagos Colony|Lagos]] 1862–1906 * [[History of Madeira|Madeira]] 1807–1808 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[British Mauritius|Mauritius]] 1810–1968 * [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] 1856–1910 * [[Niger Coast Protectorate|Niger Coast]] 1884–1900 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Colonial Nigeria|Nigeria]] 1914–1960 * [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate|Northern Nigeria]] 1900–1914 * [[Northern Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]]{{Sup|15}} 1924–1964 * [[Nyasaland]] 1891–1964 * [[Orange River Colony|Orange River]] 1900–1910 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[History of Seychelles#Crown Colony|Seychelles]] 1903–1976 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|Sierra Leone]] 1792–1961 * [[British Somaliland|Somaliland]] 1884–1960 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] 1910–1931 * [[South-West Africa|South-West Africa]]{{Sup|12}} 1915–1931 * [[Southern Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]]{{Sup|14}} 1923–1965 and 1979–1980 * [[Southern Nigeria Protectorate|Southern Nigeria]] 1900–1914 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[History of Swaziland|Swaziland]] 1893–1968 * [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]] 1899–1956 * [[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]]{{Sup|13}} 1922–1961 * [[Transvaal Colony|Transvaal]] 1900–1910 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Uganda Protectorate|Uganda]] 1890–1962 * [[Zanzibar]] 1890–1963 * [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]] 1887–1897 |below = * {{Sup|12}}Now {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Namibia]] * {{Sup|13}}[[League of Nations mandate]]. British Cameroons is now part of {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Cameroon]] and [[Nigeria]], while Tanganyika is part of {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Tanzania]]. * {{Sup|14}}[[Responsible government|Self-governing]] Southern Rhodesia [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] in 1965 (as [[Rhodesia]]) and continued as an [[diplomatic recognition|unrecognised]] state until the 1979 [[Lancaster House Agreement]]. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. * {{Sup|15}}Now {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Zambia]] }} |list3 = {{Navbox|child |title = Asia |listclass = hlist |list1 = * [[Aden Colony]] 1839–1967 * [[First Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan]] 1839–1842 ** [[European influence in Afghanistan|Protectorate]] 1879–1919 * '''[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]''' since 1960 (before as part of [[British Cyprus|Cyprus]]) * [[British Bencoolen|Bencoolen]] 1685–1824 * [[Bangka Island|Banka]] and [[Belitung|Billiton]] 1812–1824 * [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] 1757–1947 * [[History of Bhutan|Bhutan]] (protectorate) 1907–1949 * [[British Borneo|Borneo]] 1874–1963 * '''[[British Indian Ocean Territory]]''' since 1965 (before as part of [[British Mauritius|Mauritius]] and [[History of Seychelles#Crown Colony|Seychelles]]){{Sup|26}} * [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] 1824–1948 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Bruneian Empire|Brunei]] 1888–1984 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] 1795–1948 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[British Cyprus|Cyprus]] 1878–1960 * [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] 1841–1997 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[British Raj|India]]{{Sup|18}} 1858–1947 * [[French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies#British interregnum (1811–1816)|Java]] 1811–1816 * [[Sheikhdom of Kuwait|Kuwait]] 1918–1961 * [[Crown Colony of Labuan|Labuan]] 1848–1946 * [[British Malaya|Malaya]] 1819–1826 ** [[Federated Malay States|Federated States]] 1895–1946 ** [[Unfederated Malay States|Unfederated States]] 1885–1946 ** [[Malayan Union|Union]] 1946–1948 ** [[Federation of Malaya|Federation]] 1948–1957 * [[History of Malacca|Malacca]] 1824–1946 ** [[Crown Colony of Malacca|Crown Colony]] 1946–1957 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Independence of the Maldives|Maldives]] 1796–1965 * [[British occupation of Manila|Manila and Cavite]] 1762–1764 * [[Mandate for Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]]{{Sup|19}} 1920–1932 * [[Muscat and Oman]] 1891–1971 * [[North Borneo|North Borneo]] 1882–1963 ** [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|Crown Colony]] 1946–1963 * [[Padang|Padang]] 1781–1784 and 1795–1819 * [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]{{Sup|19}} 1923–1948 * [[History of Penang|Penang]] 1786–1946 ** [[Crown Colony of Penang|Crown Colony]] 1946–1957 * [[Côn Sơn Island|Pulo Condore]] 1702–1705 * [[Raj of Sarawak|Sarawak]] 1841–1946 ** [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Crown Colony]] 1946–1963 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]] 1946–1963 * [[War in southern Vietnam (1945–1946)|South Vietnam]] 1945–1946 * [[Straits Settlements|Straits Settlements]] 1826–1946 * [[Emirate of Transjordan|Transjordan]] 1921–1946 * [[Trucial States]] 1892–1971 * [[Weihaiwei under British rule|Weihai]] 1898–1930 |below = * {{Sup|18}}Now {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[India]], {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Pakistan]] and {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Bangladesh]] * {{Sup|19}}[[League of Nations mandate]]. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the [[Anglo-Iraqi Treaty]] * {{Sup|26}}Legitimacy of territorial establishment [[Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute|disputed]] }} |list4 = {{navbox|child |title = North America |listclass = hlist |list1 = * '''[[Anguilla]]''' since 1650 * <nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Antigua]] 1632–1860 * <nowiki>*</nowiki>[[History of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]] 1860–1981 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[History of the Bahamas|Bahamas]] 1670–1973 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[History of Barbados|Barbados]] 1624–1966 * [[Bay Islands Department|Bay Islands]] 1643–1860 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[British Honduras|Belize]] 1871–1981 * '''[[Bermuda]]''' since 1619 * [[British Arctic Territories]] 16th c.–1880 * [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)|British Columbia]] 1858–1866 ** [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)|1866–1871]] * [[Cape Breton Island]] 1754–1820 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[History of Dominica|Dominica]] 1763–1978 * [[East Florida]] 1763–1783 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[History of Grenada|Grenada]] 1762–1974 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Canada]] ** [[Lower Canada|Lower]] 1791–1841 ** [[Upper Canada|Upper]] 1791–1841 ** [[Province of Canada|Province]] 1841–1867 ** [[Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)|Dominion]] 1867–1931 * [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]] 1663–1712 * '''[[Cayman Islands]]''' since 1670 * [[Columbia District]]/[[Oregon Country]] 1818–1846 * [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]] 1636–1776 * [[Delaware Colony|Delaware]] 1701–1776 * [[East Jersey]] 1674–1702 * [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]] 1733–1776 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]] 1655–1962 * [[British Leeward Islands|Leeward Islands]] 1671–1816, 1833–1960 * [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachusetts Bay]] 1629–1691 ** [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Province]], 1691–1776 * [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]] 1632–1776 * '''[[Montserrat]]''' since 1632 * [[Mosquito Coast]] 1655–1860 * [[Nevis]] 1628–1983 * [[New Albion]] 1579 * [[History of New Brunswick|New Brunswick]] 1784–1867 * [[Dominion of New England|New England]] 1686–1689 * [[Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] 1680–1776 * [[New Haven Colony|New Haven]] 1637–1662 * [[Province of New Jersey|New Jersey]] 1665–1674 and 1702–1776 * [[Province of New York|New York]] 1664–1776 * [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] 1907–1949 * [[History of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland and Labrador]] 1583–1907 * [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] 1712–1776 * [[North-Western Territory]] 1859–1870 * [[History of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] 1713–1867 * [[Paulet affair (1843)|Paulet affair]] 1843 * [[History of Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]] 1763–1873 * [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] 1681–1776 * [[Plymouth Colony|Plymouth]] 1620–1691 * [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]] 1763–1791* [[Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands|Queen Charlotte Islands]] 1853–1863 * [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]] 1636–1776 * [[Rupert's Land]] 1670–1870 * [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] 1625–1650 * [[Saint Kitts]] 1623–1983 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[History of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]] 1882–1983 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[British Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]] 1605–1979 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] 1627–1979 * [[Saybrook Colony|Saybrook]] 1635–1644 * [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]] 1712–1776 * [[Stickeen Territories|Stickeen]] 1862–1863 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[History of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] 1889–1962 * '''[[Turks and Caicos Islands]]''' since 1799 * [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island]] 1849–1866 * '''[[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]]''' since 1666 * [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] 1607–1776 * [[British West Florida|West Florida]] 1763–1783 * [[West Indies Federation]] 1958–1962 ** [[West Indies Associated States|Associated States]] 1967–1983 * [[West Jersey]] 1674–1702 * [[British Windward Islands|Windward Islands]] 1833–1960 }} |list5 = {{navbox|child |title = South America |listclass = hlist |list1 = * [[Providence Island colony|Providence Island]] 1631–1641 * [[Willoughbyland]] 1651–1667 * [[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina|Saint Andrew and Providence Islands]]{{Sup|4}} 1670–1688 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[British Guiana|Guiana]] 1831–1966 |below = * {{Sup|4}}Now a [[departments of Colombia|department]] of [[Colombia]] }} |list6 = {{navbox|child |title = Oceania |listclass = hlist |list1 = * [[Colony of New South Wales|New South Wales]] 1788–1901 * [[Van Diemen's Land]]/[[Colony of Tasmania|Tasmania]] 1803–1901 * [[Auckland Islands]]{{Sup|20}} 1807–1863 * [[New Hebrides]]{{Sup|21}} 1824–1980 * [[Colony of Queensland|Queensland]] 1824–1901 * [[Swan River Colony|Swan River]]/[[Colony of Western Australia|Western Australia]] 1829–1901 * [[Colony of South Australia|South Australia]] 1836–1901 * '''[[Pitcairn Islands]]''' since 1838 * [[Colony of New Zealand|New Zealand]] 1841–1907 * [[North Australia]] 1846–1847 * [[Colony of Victoria|Victoria]] 1851–1901 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]] 1874–1970 * [[British New Guinea]] 1884–1902 * [[Kingdom of Rarotonga|Rarotonga]]/[[Cook Islands Federation|Cook Islands]]{{Sup|20}} 1888–1901 * [[Union Islands]]{{Sup|20}} 1889–1948 * [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]{{Sup|22}} 1892–1979 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[British Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] 1893–1978 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)|Tonga]] 1900–1970 * [[History of Niue|Niue]]{{Sup|20}} 1900–1974 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[History of Australia (1901–1945)|Australia]] 1901–1942 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]] 1907–1947 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Western Samoa Trust Territory|Samoa]] 1914–1962 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[History of Nauru|Nauru]] 1919–1942 and 1945–1968 |below = * {{Sup|20}}Now part of the {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Realm of New Zealand]] * {{Sup|21}}Now {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Vanuatu]] * {{Sup|22}}Now {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Kiribati]] and {{Dagger|sup=yes}}<nowiki>*</nowiki>[[Tuvalu]] }} |list7 = {{navbox|child |title = Antarctica and the South Atlantic |listclass = hlist |list1 = * '''[[Saint Helena]]'''{{Sup|23}} since 1658 * '''[[Ascension Island]]'''{{Sup|23}} since 1815 * '''[[Tristan da Cunha]]'''{{Sup|23}} since 1816 * '''[[Falkland Islands]]'''{{Sup|5}} since 1833 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Australian Antarctic Territory]] {{Small|(transferred to the [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]])}} 1841–1933 * {{Dagger|sup=yes}}[[Ross Dependency]] {{Small|(transferred to the [[Realm of New Zealand]])}} 1841–1947 * '''[[British Antarctic Territory]]'''{{Sup|24}} since 1908 * '''[[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]'''{{Sup|25}} since 1908 |below = * {{Sup|5}}Occupied by Argentina during the [[Falklands War]] of April–June 1982. * {{Sup|23}}Since 2009 part of '''[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]'''; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. * {{Sup|24}}Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the [[Antarctic Treaty]]. * {{Sup|25}}Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 }} | belowclass = hlist | below = * [[Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories|Historical flags of the British Empire]] * [[Anglosphere]] culture * {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:British Empire|Category]] * {{Icon|Portal}} [[Portal:British Empire|Portal]] }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Category:British Overseas Territories navigational boxes| ]] [[Category:International organization navigational boxes]] </noinclude> mzhocn5vw84ic1vs4rrgbsn28j4o3x1 0 48141 117913 2026-07-24T06:18:12Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Wandale wa ku Malawi}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Mchindi]] | name = Nancy Tembo | image = Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tembo pakuyowoya pa ungano wa COP26 wa Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu 2021 | birth_date = 1959 | birth_place = [[Mangochi]], [[Chalo cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (sono [[Malawi]]) | occupation = Wandale | o..." 117913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wandale wa ku Malawi}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Mchindi]] | name = Nancy Tembo | image = Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tembo pakuyowoya pa ungano wa COP26 wa Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu 2021 | birth_date = 1959 | birth_place = [[Mangochi]], [[Chalo cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (sono [[Malawi]]) | occupation = Wandale | office = [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] | term_start = 2022 | term_end = 15 September 2025 | president = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | predecessor = [[Eisenhower Nduwa Mkaka]] | successor = [[George Chaponda]] | party = [[Malawi Congress Party]] | education = [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]], [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] na [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] }} '''Nancy Gladys Tembo''' ni wandale wa ku Malawi uwo wakaŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] mu [[Boma la Malawi|Boma la Malawi]] pakati pa 2022 na 2025. Iyo ni [[Mphala ya Milandu|Echila wa Mphala ya Milandu]] uwo wakuyimira chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya mu [[Mphala ya Milandu ya Chalo cha Malawi]]. Wakaŵa candidate wakujiyimira payekha pamanyuma pa masuzgo gha ma primary election mu [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP) mu 2018, ndipo wakawina na ma vhoti ghanandi mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019]].{{Cite web |url=[http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html](http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html) |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-05 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html) }}{{cite web|url=[http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm](http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm) |title=Banja la Mtsogolo |access-date=August 5, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm) |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }} Iyo wakaŵa mumpanda-chuma wa MCP (pa nyengo iyo chipani chikuru cha kupikisana) mu nyengo ya Utsogoleri wa [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (2009-2012). Wakakakika ndipo wakakukhwapulika comene pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa viwoneshero nga ni [[Billy Mayaya]] na [[Undule Mwakasungula]] pa nyengo ya [[Viwoneshero vya ku Malawi mu 2011|Viwoneshero vya pa 20 July 2011]] apo ŵanthu 22 ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa kuvikilira boma.[[http://www.maravipost.com/scope/79-raphael/5493-muckraking-on-sunday-wraphael-tenthani.html](http://www.maravipost.com/scope/79-raphael/5493-muckraking-on-sunday-wraphael-tenthani.html)]{{dead link|date=June 2016}} Mu nyengo yake yakudanga nga ni Mbalamande (2004-2009),{{cite web|title=African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption - APNAC|url=[http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm](http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm)|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm)|archive-date=October 5, 2011}}{{cite web|title=John Tembo Now Wants Third Term | Malawi Voice|url=[http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/](http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/)|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/](https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/)|archive-date=January 30, 2011}} Tembo wakaŵa nduna ya kuwona za masambiro mu ŵakususka (shadow Minister of Education), cheyamani wa African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption (APNAC)-Malawi, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito mu Public Accounts Committee na Parliamentary Committee on Health (apo wakaŵa cheyamani wa Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Reproduction). Mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri nga ni MP, wakagwiranga nchito mu Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) na Legal Affairs Committee (LAC). == Umoyo wa paubana na Masambiro == Nancy Tembo wakababika mu 1959, mu [[Mangochi, Malawi|Mangochi]] ku ŵapapi ŵake uwo wakaŵa unesi Monica Msosa (wakababika Minofu) na dokotala wa mu chipatala, Noel Golden Grey Msosa. Ŵapapi ŵake ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa ŵaganyu ŵa boma ŵa mu chigaŵa uwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu zipatala za boma za ku Malawi kusazgapo Thyolo, Nsanje, Machinga, Mangochi na zinyake.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Iyo ngwa ku [[Malindi, Malawi]], muzi uwo uli mu Boma la [[Mangochi]] pa mumphepete mwa kumpoto kwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Tembo wakasambira pa [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]] ndipo pamanyuma wakaluta ku [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] ya [[Sukunyuru ya Malawi]]. Tembo wali na digiri ya masters kukhuma ku [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] mu [[Ufumu wakukolana|Ufumu Wakukolana]]{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} mu vya utsogoleri na kusintha kwa kasungiro. {{Cite web |title=Nancy Tembo |url=[https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo](https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo) |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}} == Nchito ya Ndale == Tembo wakayamba nchito yake ya ndale apo wakachitanga mpikisano wa MP mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2004]] ndipo wakawina{{Cite web|title=Speaker Nancy TEMBO|url=[https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo](https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=IUCN World Conservation Congress 2020|language=en}} mpando wa Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City South West. Mu nyengo iyi wakagwirangaso nchito nga ni Mlembi wa Vyakupharazga na Mphala ya Vyakupharazga ya chipani chikuru cha kupikisana panyengo hiyo cha [[Malawi Congress Party]]. Mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2009|Sankho Likuru la 2009]] wakatondeka kuwina mpando wachiŵiri, wakaluzga ku mukhala wa chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party ([[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]]). Mu 2012 wakasoleka kuŵa Komishonara wa [[Komishoni ya Masankho ya Malawi]] (MEC) ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka 2016. Mu nyengo ya [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2014|Sankho Likuru la 2014]] lakutimbana, wakalongozga kugaluka kwa ma Komishonara gha MEC kupenja urunji wa masankho na kupempha kuti ma vhoti ghaŵerengeso pambere munthu wakuwina wandapharazgike. Kuŵerengaso kwakatondeka pa vifukwa vya marango ndipo pulezidenti wakale [[Peter Mutharika]] wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. [[File:Nancy_Tembo_UNFCCC_Glasgow_Climate_Dialogues_event_05.jpg|thumb|Tembo kukumana na Mfumu Wakudanga wa Scotland [[Nicola Sturgeon]] pa [[COP26]] mu 2021]] [[File:Nancy Tembo at the US Embassy 2025.jpg|thumb|Nancy Tembo pa Embasi ya US mu 2025]] Mu 2018, wakachita mpikisano mu ma primary election gha MCP mu chigaŵa yake yakale. Pa zuŵa la ma primaries wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. Pamanyuma, makani gha pa wayilesi ghakayamba kupharazga Chiphiko kuŵa wakuwina ndipo MCP nayo wakasimikizga kuti iyo ndiyo wakawina ma primary election na kuŵa candidate wa chipani cha masankho gha mphala ya milandu gha Malawi mu 2019.{{Cite web|date=2018-09-21|title=MCP confirms Chipiko victory against Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}} Kafukafuku uyu wakapangiska Hon. Tembo kuchita mpikisano wakujiyimira payekha apo wakawina{{Cite web|last=Nthenda|first=Gladys|title=I've always been MCP-Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo](https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo)|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo](https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo)|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 10, 2021|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Kulinji|language=en}} na ma vhoti ghanandi kuluska 25,000+. Wakathereska mupikisani wake wa MCP, Chiphiko, uwo wakaba pa malo wachitatu.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Pamanyuma pa kuthereska kwake, wakachitako nkhondo ya urunji wa masankho kupenja kufuta kwa [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019|Masankho gha Pulezidenti gha 2019]]. Wakasazgikana na ŵanyawo mu [[Tonse Alliance (Malawi)|Ungano wa Tonse]] wa vipani ŵa ndale 9, wakulongozgeka na [[Lazarus Chakwera]].{{cite web|date=November 7, 2024|author=Kasabo, Angel|title=TONSE ALLIANCE LUNCHED, ECL AT THE HELM|website=rcv.co.zm|url=[https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/](https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/)}} Yezgezo yawo yakapangiska kubabika kwa Republic yachi3 na kusoreka kwa Chakwera nga ni nambara 6 pa [[Pulezidenti wa Malawi]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Mu 2019, apo wakaŵa mu mphala ya milandu, Tembo wakavumbura 'ugulitsi' wambura urunji wa charu cha sukulu ya boma (Livimbo Primary School) mu chigaŵa chake uwo ukalandikanga na ŵanthu ŵa bizinesi. Makalata yakalongora kuti charu ichi wakaŵa wa sukulu. Bizinesi iyo yakalandikanga umwene yakaŵa kuti yazenga nyumba zikuru mu charu cha sukulu.{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2019-11-17 |title=Government orders demolition of warehouse encroaching on Livimbo schools - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/) |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=[www.nyasatimes.com](https://www.google.com/search?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyasatimes.com) |language=en-GB}} Wakapempha ŵalara ŵa Nduna ya vya Charu kuti ŵalongosore. Nyumba zili kufutulika na boma. Komiti ya chitukuko ya chigaŵa ikazenga vilinga vya nchito kuti ivikilire charu cha sukulu ku kuwukiraso.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa Nduna ya Chilengiwa na Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu kabineti yakudanga ya Pulezidenti Chakwera ndipo wakalapizga pa 10 July 2020. Tembo waŵa mkhristu wakukhozgera kupanda makuni na kuwezgerapo chilengiwa mu Malawi pa kukolerana na [[Wupu wa Vyalo Vyawungana]], [[Kukolerana kwa Chalo pa za Chilengiwa|IUCN]], Cleaner Cooking Coalition,{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} [[Rotary International]],{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Lilongwe Rotary Club in tree planting drive: Minister Tembo says corporate world not doing enough|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}} na ŵanandi ŵanyake. Khumbo lake ndilo kuwuskapo kuotcha makuni (chinthu chikuru icho chikupangiska kutoteka kwa makuni na [[Nongunongu ya chilengiwa]] mu mizi ya Malawi) na nthowa zituŵa, na zakukhalilira zakubika{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Meet the eight African women shaping the future of the continent|url=[https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/](https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Landscape News|language=en-US}} ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi na khumbo lakumaliro la kusanga Malawi watuŵa na wabwino mu umoyo wasu. Mu August 2021, apo Malawi wakaba cheyamani wa Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), iyo wakatora utsogoleri wa SADC Cluster on Environment, Natural Resources, and Tourism. Pamanyuma, nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo, wakateŵetera nga ni Cheyamani wa SADC Council of Ministers.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Mu November 2021, wakayimira charu chake cha Malawi pa ungano wa United Nations [[COP26]] Climate Change Conference mu [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] pamanyuma pa kukolerana na wovwiri kukhuma ku boma la UK.{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=UK minister tips Malawi on climate change|url=[https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/](https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Nation Online|language=en-US}} Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Malawi]] mu January 2022.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Mu 2023, [[Charles III]] wakaba [[Mutu wa Commonwealth|mutu wa commonwealth]]. Komishonara Mukuru wa ku Britain [[Fiona Ritchie (diplomat)|Fiona Ritchie]] wakanozga chiphikiro pa 11 May pa nyumba yake ya boma kuwonetsa kuvalikizga ufumu kwa Mfumu muphya ndipo wakapokelera Tembo nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Tembo wakasimikizgira Ritchie za wovwiri wa charu chake kwa Charles III.{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nancy Tembo attends coronation reception hosted by British High Commissioner to Malawi |url=[https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/](https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/) |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Lagos Daily |language=en-US}} Mu May 2024 Komiti ya Public Appointments (PAC) ya [[Joyce Chitsulo]] ikapempha kuti Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Tembo yiwezgepo ŵaganyu ŵawo ŵose uwo ŵakugwira nchito ku vyalo vyakuwalo uwo ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵambura kusefeka na PAC. Pempho ili likiza pamanyuma pa kusoleka wa [[David Bisnowaty]] kuŵa charge d'affaires wa Malawi mu Israel. PAC ikazomerezga kusoza kwose kwa ŵalara asi chikawoneka kuti ichi chikagegeka na Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Chitsulo wakachaliya nduna pa kusoza ŵalara pa nyengo yachoko waka kuti ŵagege kusefeka ndipo ŵangalongozga embasi kwa vyaka 4 kwambura kuwonelera na PAC.{{Cite web |last=Chimjeka |first=Rebecca |date=2024-05-30 |title=Public Appointments Committee asks government to recall diplomats |url=[https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/](https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/) |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}} Bisnowaty (MP wakale) na Tembo ŵakasuskana kuti kuwonelera kukaŵa kwambura kukhumbikwa ndipo Bisnowaty wakajipereka pa udindo uwo. Chitsulo na ŵakukhozgera ŵa m'magulu ŵakusanga maghanoghano yakuti Bisnowaty wakaŵa wakujipereka apo wakawonereranga ndalama za embasi kuŵa zakukayikiska.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-13 |title=CSOs, Pac insist on Bisnowaty interview |url=[https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/](https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/) |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}} Wakaŵa candidate mu [[Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya]] mu masankho gha 2025. Wakathereska pa fupi Edward Mvoliwa, ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵaŵa na ma vhoti kuluska 8,000.{{Cite web |title=Lilongwe City Ngwenya Constituency in the Elections dashboard |url=[https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map](https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map) |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=nplelectionsdashboard.com |language=en}} Kukaŵa ŵapikisani ŵanyake ŵanayi kusazgapo [[Loveness Gondwe]]. == Umoyo wa pachembo == Mfumu wake, Morgan Tembo, ni Chief Executive Officer na m'manga-pamoza wa [[PayChangu]].{{Cite web|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/)|title=Centenary Bank, PayChangu Partner to Foster Sustainable Fast Cash Transfers - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|date=June 18, 2025|website=[www.nyasatimes.com](https://www.google.com/search?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyasatimes.com)}} Wakateŵeterapo nga ni Chief Financial Officer (CFO) ku Limbe Leaf Group, iyo ni chigaŵa cha [[Universal Corporation]]—kampani yikuru ya za ulimi pa charu chose. Ŵali na ŵana 6. Asogwe ŵa mfumu wawo wakaŵa wandale muwemi wakale [[John Tembo]] ndipo ntheura ni munyina wa mama wakale de facto [[Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira]].{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} Mumbu wawo wakaŵa Dr [[Elizabeth Sibande]] uwo wakaŵa mwasayansi wa vya ulimi uwo wakachita ma mtundu gha mbalala. {{Cite journal |last1=Sibale |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Lwanda |first2=George Chikondi |date=2022 |title=The life scientific and cultural: Dr Elizabeth Mary Sibale, agronomist, mother and changemaker |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=18–23 |jstor=27187055 |issn=0037-993X}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tembo, Nancy}} [[Mphapu:Ŵakubabika mu 1959]] [[Mphapu:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Mphapu:Ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Mphapu:Ŵanakazi ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Mphapu:Ŵandale ŵanakazi ŵa vyakuwalo]] [[Mphapu:Ma Nduna gha Vyakuwalo gha Malawi]] [[Mphapu:Ŵandale ŵa Malawi Congress Party]] [[Mphapu:Ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] [[Mphapu:Ŵanthu kukhuma mu Boma la Mangochi]] [[Mphapu:Ŵana sukulu ŵakale ŵa Sukunyuru ya Malawi]] [[Mphapu:Ŵanakazi ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] awr18p9k9nynbtmee0jpxoj6jp4mkyb 117914 117913 2026-07-24T06:23:16Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wandale wa ku Malawi}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Mchindi]] | name = Nancy Tembo | image = Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tembo pakuyowoya pa ungano wa COP26 wa Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu 2021 | birth_date = 1959 | birth_place = [[Mangochi]], [[Chalo cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (sono [[Malawi]]) | occupation = Wandale | office = [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] | term_start = 2022 | term_end = 15 September 2025 | president = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | predecessor = [[Eisenhower Nduwa Mkaka]] | successor = [[George Chaponda]] | party = [[Malawi Congress Party]] | education = [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]], [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] na [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] }} '''Nancy Gladys Tembo''' ni wandale wa ku Malawi uwo wakaŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] mu [[Boma la Malawi|Boma la Malawi]] pakati pa 2022 na 2025. Iyo ni [[Mphala ya Milandu|Echila wa Mphala ya Milandu]] uwo wakuyimira chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya mu [[Mphala ya Milandu ya Chalo cha Malawi]]. Wakaŵa candidate wakujiyimira payekha pamanyuma pa masuzgo gha ma primary election mu [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP) mu 2018, ndipo wakawina na ma vhoti ghanandi mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html](http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html) |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-05 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm](http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm) |title=Banja la Mtsogolo |access-date=August 5, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm) |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }}</ref> Iyo wakaŵa mumpanda-chuma wa MCP (pa nyengo iyo chipani chikuru cha kupikisana) mu nyengo ya Utsogoleri wa [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (2009-2012). Wakakakika ndipo wakakukhwapulika comene pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa viwoneshero nga ni [[Billy Mayaya]] na [[Undule Mwakasungula]] pa nyengo ya [[Viwoneshero vya ku Malawi mu 2011|Viwoneshero vya pa 20 July 2011]] apo ŵanthu 22 ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa kuvikilira boma.[[http://www.maravipost.com/scope/79-raphael/5493-muckraking-on-sunday-wraphael-tenthani.html](http://www.maravipost.com/scope/79-raphael/5493-muckraking-on-sunday-wraphael-tenthani.html)] Mu nyengo yake yakudanga nga ni Mbalamande (2004-2009),<ref>{{cite web|title=African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption - APNAC|url=[http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm](http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm)|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm)|archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Tembo Now Wants Third Term | Malawi Voice|url=[http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/](http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/)|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/](https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/)|archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> Tembo wakaŵa nduna ya kuwona za masambiro mu ŵakususka (shadow Minister of Education), cheyamani wa African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption (APNAC)-Malawi, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito mu Public Accounts Committee na Parliamentary Committee on Health (apo wakaŵa cheyamani wa Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Reproduction). Mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri nga ni MP, wakagwiranga nchito mu Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) na Legal Affairs Committee (LAC). == Umoyo wa paubana na Masambiro == Nancy Tembo wakababika mu 1959, mu [[Mangochi, Malawi|Mangochi]] ku ŵapapi ŵake uwo wakaŵa unesi Monica Msosa (wakababika Minofu) na dokotala wa mu chipatala, Noel Golden Grey Msosa. Ŵapapi ŵake ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa ŵaganyu ŵa boma ŵa mu chigaŵa uwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu zipatala za boma za ku Malawi kusazgapo Thyolo, Nsanje, Machinga, Mangochi na zinyake. Iyo ngwa ku [[Malindi, Malawi]], muzi uwo uli mu Boma la [[Mangochi]] pa mumphepete mwa kumpoto kwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]]. Tembo wakasambira pa [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]] ndipo pamanyuma wakaluta ku [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] ya [[Sukunyuru ya Malawi]]. Tembo wali na digiri ya masters kukhuma ku [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] mu [[Ufumu wakukolana|Ufumu Wakukolana]] mu vya utsogoleri na kusintha kwa kasungiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Tembo |url=[https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo](https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo) |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}</ref> == Nchito ya Ndale == Tembo wakayamba nchito yake ya ndale apo wakachitanga mpikisano wa MP mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2004]] ndipo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker Nancy TEMBO|url=[https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo](https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=IUCN World Conservation Congress 2020|language=en}}</ref> mpando wa Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City South West. Mu nyengo iyi wakagwirangaso nchito nga ni Mlembi wa Vyakupharazga na Mphala ya Vyakupharazga ya chipani chikuru cha kupikisana panyengo hiyo cha [[Malawi Congress Party]]. Mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2009|Sankho Likuru la 2009]] wakatondeka kuwina mpando wachiŵiri, wakaluzga ku mukhala wa chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party ([[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]]). Mu 2012 wakasoleka kuŵa Komishonara wa [[Komishoni ya Masankho ya Malawi]] (MEC) ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka 2016. Mu nyengo ya [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2014|Sankho Likuru la 2014]] lakutimbana, wakalongozga kugaluka kwa ma Komishonara gha MEC kupenja urunji wa masankho na kupempha kuti ma vhoti ghaŵerengeso pambere munthu wakuwina wandapharazgike. Kuŵerengaso kwakatondeka pa vifukwa vya marango ndipo pulezidenti wakale [[Peter Mutharika]] wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. [[File:Nancy_Tembo_UNFCCC_Glasgow_Climate_Dialogues_event_05.jpg|thumb|Tembo kukumana na Mfumu Wakudanga wa Scotland [[Nicola Sturgeon]] pa [[COP26]] mu 2021]] [[File:Nancy Tembo at the US Embassy 2025.jpg|thumb|Nancy Tembo pa Embasi ya US mu 2025]] Mu 2018, wakachita mpikisano mu ma primary election gha MCP mu chigaŵa yake yakale. Pa zuŵa la ma primaries wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. Pamanyuma, makani gha pa wayilesi ghakayamba kupharazga Chiphiko kuŵa wakuwina ndipo MCP nayo wakasimikizga kuti iyo ndiyo wakawina ma primary election na kuŵa candidate wa chipani cha masankho gha mphala ya milandu gha Malawi mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-21|title=MCP confirms Chipiko victory against Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kafukafuku uyu wakapangiska Hon. Tembo kuchita mpikisano wakujiyimira payekha apo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nthenda|first=Gladys|title=I've always been MCP-Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo](https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo)|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo](https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo)|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 10, 2021|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Kulinji|language=en}}</ref> na ma vhoti ghanandi kuluska 25,000+. Wakathereska mupikisani wake wa MCP, Chiphiko, uwo wakaba pa malo wachitatu. Pamanyuma pa kuthereska kwake, wakachitako nkhondo ya urunji wa masankho kupenja kufuta kwa [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019|Masankho gha Pulezidenti gha 2019]]. Wakasazgikana na ŵanyawo mu [[Tonse Alliance (Malawi)|Ungano wa Tonse]] wa vipani ŵa ndale 9, wakulongozgeka na [[Lazarus Chakwera]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 7, 2024|author=Kasabo, Angel|title=TONSE ALLIANCE LUNCHED, ECL AT THE HELM|website=rcv.co.zm|url=[https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/](https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/)}}</ref> Yezgezo yawo yakapangiska kubabika kwa Republic yachi3 na kusoreka kwa Chakwera nga ni nambara 6 pa [[Pulezidenti wa Malawi]]. Mu 2019, apo wakaŵa mu mphala ya milandu, Tembo wakavumbura 'ugulitsi' wambura urunji wa charu cha sukulu ya boma (Livimbo Primary School) mu chigaŵa chake uwo ukalandikanga na ŵanthu ŵa bizinesi. Makalata yakalongora kuti charu ichi wakaŵa wa sukulu. Bizinesi iyo yakalandikanga umwene yakaŵa kuti yazenga nyumba zikuru mu charu cha sukulu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2019-11-17 |title=Government orders demolition of warehouse encroaching on Livimbo schools - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/) |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=[www.nyasatimes.com](https://www.google.com/search?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyasatimes.com) |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakapempha ŵalara ŵa Nduna ya vya Charu kuti ŵalongosore. Nyumba zili kufutulika na boma. Komiti ya chitukuko ya chigaŵa ikazenga vilinga vya nchito kuti ivikilire charu cha sukulu ku kuwukiraso. Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa Nduna ya Chilengiwa na Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu kabineti yakudanga ya Pulezidenti Chakwera ndipo wakalapizga pa 10 July 2020. Tembo waŵa mkhristu wakukhozgera kupanda makuni na kuwezgerapo chilengiwa mu Malawi pa kukolerana na [[Wupu wa Vyalo Vyawungana]], [[Kukolerana kwa Chalo pa za Chilengiwa|IUCN]], Cleaner Cooking Coalition, [[Rotary International]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Lilongwe Rotary Club in tree planting drive: Minister Tembo says corporate world not doing enough|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> na ŵanandi ŵanyake. Khumbo lake ndilo kuwuskapo kuotcha makuni (chinthu chikuru icho chikupangiska kutoteka kwa makuni na [[Nongunongu ya chilengiwa]] mu mizi ya Malawi) na nthowa zituŵa, na zakukhalilira zakubika<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Meet the eight African women shaping the future of the continent|url=[https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/](https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Landscape News|language=en-US}}</ref> ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi na khumbo lakumaliro la kusanga Malawi watuŵa na wabwino mu umoyo wasu. Mu August 2021, apo Malawi wakaba cheyamani wa Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), iyo wakatora utsogoleri wa SADC Cluster on Environment, Natural Resources, and Tourism. Pamanyuma, nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo, wakateŵetera nga ni Cheyamani wa SADC Council of Ministers. Mu November 2021, wakayimira charu chake cha Malawi pa ungano wa United Nations [[COP26]] Climate Change Conference mu [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] pamanyuma pa kukolerana na wovwiri kukhuma ku boma la UK.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=UK minister tips Malawi on climate change|url=[https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/](https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Malawi]] mu January 2022. Mu 2023, [[Charles III]] wakaba [[Mutu wa Commonwealth|mutu wa commonwealth]]. Komishonara Mukuru wa ku Britain [[Fiona Ritchie (diplomat)|Fiona Ritchie]] wakanozga chiphikiro pa 11 May pa nyumba yake ya boma kuwonetsa kuvalikizga ufumu kwa Mfumu muphya ndipo wakapokelera Tembo nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Tembo wakasimikizgira Ritchie za wovwiri wa charu chake kwa Charles III.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nancy Tembo attends coronation reception hosted by British High Commissioner to Malawi |url=[https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/](https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/) |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Lagos Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu May 2024 Komiti ya Public Appointments (PAC) ya [[Joyce Chitsulo]] ikapempha kuti Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Tembo yiwezgepo ŵaganyu ŵawo ŵose uwo ŵakugwira nchito ku vyalo vyakuwalo uwo ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵambura kusefeka na PAC. Pempho ili likiza pamanyuma pa kusoleka wa [[David Bisnowaty]] kuŵa charge d'affaires wa Malawi mu Israel. PAC ikazomerezga kusoza kwose kwa ŵalara asi chikawoneka kuti ichi chikagegeka na Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Chitsulo wakachaliya nduna pa kusoza ŵalara pa nyengo yachoko waka kuti ŵagege kusefeka ndipo ŵangalongozga embasi kwa vyaka 4 kwambura kuwonelera na PAC.{{Cite web |last=Chimjeka |first=Rebecca |date=2024-05-30 |title=Public Appointments Committee asks government to recall diplomats |url=[https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/](https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/) |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Bisnowaty (MP wakale) na Tembo ŵakasuskana kuti kuwonelera kukaŵa kwambura kukhumbikwa ndipo Bisnowaty wakajipereka pa udindo uwo. Chitsulo na ŵakukhozgera ŵa m'magulu ŵakusanga maghanoghano yakuti Bisnowaty wakaŵa wakujipereka apo wakawonereranga ndalama za embasi kuŵa zakukayikiska.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-13 |title=CSOs, Pac insist on Bisnowaty interview |url=[https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/](https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/) |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakaŵa candidate mu [[Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya]] mu masankho gha 2025. Wakathereska pa fupi Edward Mvoliwa, ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵaŵa na ma vhoti kuluska 8,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilongwe City Ngwenya Constituency in the Elections dashboard |url=[https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map](https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map) |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=nplelectionsdashboard.com |language=en}}</ref> Kukaŵa ŵapikisani ŵanyake ŵanayi kusazgapo [[Loveness Gondwe]]. == Umoyo wa pachembo == Mfumu wake, Morgan Tembo, ni Chief Executive Officer na m'manga-pamoza wa [[PayChangu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/)|title=Centenary Bank, PayChangu Partner to Foster Sustainable Fast Cash Transfers - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|date=June 18, 2025|website=[www.nyasatimes.com](https://www.google.com/search?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyasatimes.com)}}</ref> Wakateŵeterapo nga ni Chief Financial Officer (CFO) ku Limbe Leaf Group, iyo ni chigaŵa cha [[Universal Corporation]]—kampani yikuru ya za ulimi pa charu chose. Ŵali na ŵana 6. Asogwe ŵa mfumu wawo wakaŵa wandale muwemi wakale [[John Tembo]] ndipo ntheura ni munyina wa mama wakale de facto [[Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira]]. Mumbu wawo wakaŵa Dr [[Elizabeth Sibande]] uwo wakaŵa mwasayansi wa vya ulimi uwo wakachita ma mtundu gha mbalala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sibale |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Lwanda |first2=George Chikondi |date=2022 |title=The life scientific and cultural: Dr Elizabeth Mary Sibale, agronomist, mother and changemaker |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=18–23 |jstor=27187055 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tembo, Nancy}} [[Mphapu:Ŵakubabika mu 1959]] [[Mphapu:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Mphapu:Ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Mphapu:Ŵanakazi ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Mphapu:Ŵandale ŵanakazi ŵa vyakuwalo]] [[Mphapu:Ma Nduna gha Vyakuwalo gha Malawi]] [[Mphapu:Ŵandale ŵa Malawi Congress Party]] [[Mphapu:Ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] [[Mphapu:Ŵanthu kukhuma mu Boma la Mangochi]] [[Mphapu:Ŵana sukulu ŵakale ŵa Sukunyuru ya Malawi]] [[Mphapu:Ŵanakazi ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] cvmyvs7rzxa063wyd7831wxr3q0395p 117915 117914 2026-07-24T06:23:42Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Ukaboni */ 117915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wandale wa ku Malawi}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Mchindi]] | name = Nancy Tembo | image = Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tembo pakuyowoya pa ungano wa COP26 wa Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu 2021 | birth_date = 1959 | birth_place = [[Mangochi]], [[Chalo cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (sono [[Malawi]]) | occupation = Wandale | office = [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] | term_start = 2022 | term_end = 15 September 2025 | president = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | predecessor = [[Eisenhower Nduwa Mkaka]] | successor = [[George Chaponda]] | party = [[Malawi Congress Party]] | education = [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]], [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] na [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] }} '''Nancy Gladys Tembo''' ni wandale wa ku Malawi uwo wakaŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] mu [[Boma la Malawi|Boma la Malawi]] pakati pa 2022 na 2025. Iyo ni [[Mphala ya Milandu|Echila wa Mphala ya Milandu]] uwo wakuyimira chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya mu [[Mphala ya Milandu ya Chalo cha Malawi]]. Wakaŵa candidate wakujiyimira payekha pamanyuma pa masuzgo gha ma primary election mu [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP) mu 2018, ndipo wakawina na ma vhoti ghanandi mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html](http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html) |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-05 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html) }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm](http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm) |title=Banja la Mtsogolo |access-date=August 5, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm) |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }}</ref> Iyo wakaŵa mumpanda-chuma wa MCP (pa nyengo iyo chipani chikuru cha kupikisana) mu nyengo ya Utsogoleri wa [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (2009-2012). Wakakakika ndipo wakakukhwapulika comene pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa viwoneshero nga ni [[Billy Mayaya]] na [[Undule Mwakasungula]] pa nyengo ya [[Viwoneshero vya ku Malawi mu 2011|Viwoneshero vya pa 20 July 2011]] apo ŵanthu 22 ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa kuvikilira boma.[[http://www.maravipost.com/scope/79-raphael/5493-muckraking-on-sunday-wraphael-tenthani.html](http://www.maravipost.com/scope/79-raphael/5493-muckraking-on-sunday-wraphael-tenthani.html)] Mu nyengo yake yakudanga nga ni Mbalamande (2004-2009),<ref>{{cite web|title=African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption - APNAC|url=[http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm](http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm)|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm)|archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Tembo Now Wants Third Term | Malawi Voice|url=[http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/](http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/)|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/](https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/)|archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> Tembo wakaŵa nduna ya kuwona za masambiro mu ŵakususka (shadow Minister of Education), cheyamani wa African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption (APNAC)-Malawi, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito mu Public Accounts Committee na Parliamentary Committee on Health (apo wakaŵa cheyamani wa Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Reproduction). Mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri nga ni MP, wakagwiranga nchito mu Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) na Legal Affairs Committee (LAC). == Umoyo wa paubana na Masambiro == Nancy Tembo wakababika mu 1959, mu [[Mangochi, Malawi|Mangochi]] ku ŵapapi ŵake uwo wakaŵa unesi Monica Msosa (wakababika Minofu) na dokotala wa mu chipatala, Noel Golden Grey Msosa. Ŵapapi ŵake ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa ŵaganyu ŵa boma ŵa mu chigaŵa uwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu zipatala za boma za ku Malawi kusazgapo Thyolo, Nsanje, Machinga, Mangochi na zinyake. Iyo ngwa ku [[Malindi, Malawi]], muzi uwo uli mu Boma la [[Mangochi]] pa mumphepete mwa kumpoto kwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]]. Tembo wakasambira pa [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]] ndipo pamanyuma wakaluta ku [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] ya [[Sukunyuru ya Malawi]]. Tembo wali na digiri ya masters kukhuma ku [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] mu [[Ufumu wakukolana|Ufumu Wakukolana]] mu vya utsogoleri na kusintha kwa kasungiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Tembo |url=[https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo](https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo) |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}</ref> == Nchito ya Ndale == Tembo wakayamba nchito yake ya ndale apo wakachitanga mpikisano wa MP mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2004]] ndipo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker Nancy TEMBO|url=[https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo](https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=IUCN World Conservation Congress 2020|language=en}}</ref> mpando wa Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City South West. Mu nyengo iyi wakagwirangaso nchito nga ni Mlembi wa Vyakupharazga na Mphala ya Vyakupharazga ya chipani chikuru cha kupikisana panyengo hiyo cha [[Malawi Congress Party]]. Mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2009|Sankho Likuru la 2009]] wakatondeka kuwina mpando wachiŵiri, wakaluzga ku mukhala wa chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party ([[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]]). Mu 2012 wakasoleka kuŵa Komishonara wa [[Komishoni ya Masankho ya Malawi]] (MEC) ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka 2016. Mu nyengo ya [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2014|Sankho Likuru la 2014]] lakutimbana, wakalongozga kugaluka kwa ma Komishonara gha MEC kupenja urunji wa masankho na kupempha kuti ma vhoti ghaŵerengeso pambere munthu wakuwina wandapharazgike. Kuŵerengaso kwakatondeka pa vifukwa vya marango ndipo pulezidenti wakale [[Peter Mutharika]] wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. [[File:Nancy_Tembo_UNFCCC_Glasgow_Climate_Dialogues_event_05.jpg|thumb|Tembo kukumana na Mfumu Wakudanga wa Scotland [[Nicola Sturgeon]] pa [[COP26]] mu 2021]] [[File:Nancy Tembo at the US Embassy 2025.jpg|thumb|Nancy Tembo pa Embasi ya US mu 2025]] Mu 2018, wakachita mpikisano mu ma primary election gha MCP mu chigaŵa yake yakale. Pa zuŵa la ma primaries wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. Pamanyuma, makani gha pa wayilesi ghakayamba kupharazga Chiphiko kuŵa wakuwina ndipo MCP nayo wakasimikizga kuti iyo ndiyo wakawina ma primary election na kuŵa candidate wa chipani cha masankho gha mphala ya milandu gha Malawi mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-21|title=MCP confirms Chipiko victory against Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kafukafuku uyu wakapangiska Hon. Tembo kuchita mpikisano wakujiyimira payekha apo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nthenda|first=Gladys|title=I've always been MCP-Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo](https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo)|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo](https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo)|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 10, 2021|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Kulinji|language=en}}</ref> na ma vhoti ghanandi kuluska 25,000+. Wakathereska mupikisani wake wa MCP, Chiphiko, uwo wakaba pa malo wachitatu. Pamanyuma pa kuthereska kwake, wakachitako nkhondo ya urunji wa masankho kupenja kufuta kwa [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019|Masankho gha Pulezidenti gha 2019]]. Wakasazgikana na ŵanyawo mu [[Tonse Alliance (Malawi)|Ungano wa Tonse]] wa vipani ŵa ndale 9, wakulongozgeka na [[Lazarus Chakwera]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 7, 2024|author=Kasabo, Angel|title=TONSE ALLIANCE LUNCHED, ECL AT THE HELM|website=rcv.co.zm|url=[https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/](https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/)}}</ref> Yezgezo yawo yakapangiska kubabika kwa Republic yachi3 na kusoreka kwa Chakwera nga ni nambara 6 pa [[Pulezidenti wa Malawi]]. Mu 2019, apo wakaŵa mu mphala ya milandu, Tembo wakavumbura 'ugulitsi' wambura urunji wa charu cha sukulu ya boma (Livimbo Primary School) mu chigaŵa chake uwo ukalandikanga na ŵanthu ŵa bizinesi. Makalata yakalongora kuti charu ichi wakaŵa wa sukulu. Bizinesi iyo yakalandikanga umwene yakaŵa kuti yazenga nyumba zikuru mu charu cha sukulu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2019-11-17 |title=Government orders demolition of warehouse encroaching on Livimbo schools - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/) |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=[www.nyasatimes.com](https://www.google.com/search?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyasatimes.com) |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakapempha ŵalara ŵa Nduna ya vya Charu kuti ŵalongosore. Nyumba zili kufutulika na boma. Komiti ya chitukuko ya chigaŵa ikazenga vilinga vya nchito kuti ivikilire charu cha sukulu ku kuwukiraso. Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa Nduna ya Chilengiwa na Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu kabineti yakudanga ya Pulezidenti Chakwera ndipo wakalapizga pa 10 July 2020. Tembo waŵa mkhristu wakukhozgera kupanda makuni na kuwezgerapo chilengiwa mu Malawi pa kukolerana na [[Wupu wa Vyalo Vyawungana]], [[Kukolerana kwa Chalo pa za Chilengiwa|IUCN]], Cleaner Cooking Coalition, [[Rotary International]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Lilongwe Rotary Club in tree planting drive: Minister Tembo says corporate world not doing enough|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> na ŵanandi ŵanyake. Khumbo lake ndilo kuwuskapo kuotcha makuni (chinthu chikuru icho chikupangiska kutoteka kwa makuni na [[Nongunongu ya chilengiwa]] mu mizi ya Malawi) na nthowa zituŵa, na zakukhalilira zakubika<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Meet the eight African women shaping the future of the continent|url=[https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/](https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Landscape News|language=en-US}}</ref> ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi na khumbo lakumaliro la kusanga Malawi watuŵa na wabwino mu umoyo wasu. Mu August 2021, apo Malawi wakaba cheyamani wa Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), iyo wakatora utsogoleri wa SADC Cluster on Environment, Natural Resources, and Tourism. Pamanyuma, nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo, wakateŵetera nga ni Cheyamani wa SADC Council of Ministers. Mu November 2021, wakayimira charu chake cha Malawi pa ungano wa United Nations [[COP26]] Climate Change Conference mu [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] pamanyuma pa kukolerana na wovwiri kukhuma ku boma la UK.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=UK minister tips Malawi on climate change|url=[https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/](https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/)|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Malawi]] mu January 2022. Mu 2023, [[Charles III]] wakaba [[Mutu wa Commonwealth|mutu wa commonwealth]]. Komishonara Mukuru wa ku Britain [[Fiona Ritchie (diplomat)|Fiona Ritchie]] wakanozga chiphikiro pa 11 May pa nyumba yake ya boma kuwonetsa kuvalikizga ufumu kwa Mfumu muphya ndipo wakapokelera Tembo nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Tembo wakasimikizgira Ritchie za wovwiri wa charu chake kwa Charles III.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nancy Tembo attends coronation reception hosted by British High Commissioner to Malawi |url=[https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/](https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/) |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Lagos Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu May 2024 Komiti ya Public Appointments (PAC) ya [[Joyce Chitsulo]] ikapempha kuti Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Tembo yiwezgepo ŵaganyu ŵawo ŵose uwo ŵakugwira nchito ku vyalo vyakuwalo uwo ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵambura kusefeka na PAC. Pempho ili likiza pamanyuma pa kusoleka wa [[David Bisnowaty]] kuŵa charge d'affaires wa Malawi mu Israel. PAC ikazomerezga kusoza kwose kwa ŵalara asi chikawoneka kuti ichi chikagegeka na Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Chitsulo wakachaliya nduna pa kusoza ŵalara pa nyengo yachoko waka kuti ŵagege kusefeka ndipo ŵangalongozga embasi kwa vyaka 4 kwambura kuwonelera na PAC.{{Cite web |last=Chimjeka |first=Rebecca |date=2024-05-30 |title=Public Appointments Committee asks government to recall diplomats |url=[https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/](https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/) |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Bisnowaty (MP wakale) na Tembo ŵakasuskana kuti kuwonelera kukaŵa kwambura kukhumbikwa ndipo Bisnowaty wakajipereka pa udindo uwo. Chitsulo na ŵakukhozgera ŵa m'magulu ŵakusanga maghanoghano yakuti Bisnowaty wakaŵa wakujipereka apo wakawonereranga ndalama za embasi kuŵa zakukayikiska.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-13 |title=CSOs, Pac insist on Bisnowaty interview |url=[https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/](https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/) |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakaŵa candidate mu [[Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya]] mu masankho gha 2025. Wakathereska pa fupi Edward Mvoliwa, ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵaŵa na ma vhoti kuluska 8,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilongwe City Ngwenya Constituency in the Elections dashboard |url=[https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map](https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map) |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=nplelectionsdashboard.com |language=en}}</ref> Kukaŵa ŵapikisani ŵanyake ŵanayi kusazgapo [[Loveness Gondwe]]. == Umoyo wa pachembo == Mfumu wake, Morgan Tembo, ni Chief Executive Officer na m'manga-pamoza wa [[PayChangu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/](https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/)|title=Centenary Bank, PayChangu Partner to Foster Sustainable Fast Cash Transfers - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|date=June 18, 2025|website=[www.nyasatimes.com](https://www.google.com/search?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyasatimes.com)}}</ref> Wakateŵeterapo nga ni Chief Financial Officer (CFO) ku Limbe Leaf Group, iyo ni chigaŵa cha [[Universal Corporation]]—kampani yikuru ya za ulimi pa charu chose. Ŵali na ŵana 6. Asogwe ŵa mfumu wawo wakaŵa wandale muwemi wakale [[John Tembo]] ndipo ntheura ni munyina wa mama wakale de facto [[Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira]]. Mumbu wawo wakaŵa Dr [[Elizabeth Sibande]] uwo wakaŵa mwasayansi wa vya ulimi uwo wakachita ma mtundu gha mbalala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sibale |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Lwanda |first2=George Chikondi |date=2022 |title=The life scientific and cultural: Dr Elizabeth Mary Sibale, agronomist, mother and changemaker |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=18–23 |jstor=27187055 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tembo, Nancy}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1959]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵanakazi ŵa vyakuwalo]] [[Category:Ma Nduna gha Vyakuwalo gha Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa Malawi Congress Party]] [[Category:Ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kukhuma mu Boma la Mangochi]] [[Category:Ŵana sukulu ŵakale ŵa Sukunyuru ya Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] gqcys977b51yxzcu5rew9idllymjq1h 117916 117915 2026-07-24T06:26:48Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wandale wa ku Malawi}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Mchindi]] | name = Nancy Tembo | image = Nancy Tembo UNFCCC Glasgow Climate Dialogues.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tembo pakuyowoya pa ungano wa COP26 wa Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu 2021 | birth_date = 1959 | birth_place = [[Mangochi]], [[Chalo cha Rhodesia na Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (sono [[Malawi]]) | occupation = Wandale | office = [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] | term_start = 2022 | term_end = 15 September 2025 | president = [[Lazarus Chakwera]] | predecessor = [[Eisenhower Nduwa Mkaka]] | successor = [[George Chaponda]] | party = [[Malawi Congress Party]] | education = [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]], [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] na [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] }} '''Nancy Gladys Tembo''' ni wandale wa ku Malawi uwo wakaŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo]] mu [[Boma la Malawi|Boma la Malawi]] pakati pa 2022 na 2025. Iyo ni [[Mphala ya Milandu|Echila wa Mphala ya Milandu]] uwo wakuyimira chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya mu [[Mphala ya Milandu ya Chalo cha Malawi]]. Wakaŵa candidate wakujiyimira payekha pamanyuma pa masuzgo gha ma primary election mu [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP) mu 2018, ndipo wakawina na ma vhoti ghanandi mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-08-05 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124257/http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-politics/politics/5551-dpp-wants-to-talk-man-upnancy-tembo.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm |title=Banja la Mtsogolo |access-date=August 5, 2011 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826162838/http://www.banja.org.mw/hope.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2009 }}</ref> Iyo wakaŵa mumpanda-chuma wa MCP (pa nyengo iyo chipani chikuru cha kupikisana) mu nyengo ya Utsogoleri wa [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] (2009-2012). Wakakakika ndipo wakakukhwapulika comene pamoza na ŵalongozgi ŵa viwoneshero nga ni [[Billy Mayaya]] na [[Undule Mwakasungula]] pa nyengo ya [[Viwoneshero vya ku Malawi mu 2011|Viwoneshero vya pa 20 July 2011]] apo ŵanthu 22 ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa kuvikilira boma. Mu nyengo yake yakudanga nga ni Mbalamande (2004-2009),<ref>{{cite web|title=African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption - APNAC|url=[http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152037/http://www.apnacafrica.org/Contact/contactus_e.htm|archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Tembo Now Wants Third Term | Malawi Voice|url=[http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/|access-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130211456/http://www.malawivoice.com/latest-news/john-tembo-now-wants-third-term/|archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref> Tembo wakaŵa nduna ya kuwona za masambiro mu ŵakususka (shadow Minister of Education), cheyamani wa African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption (APNAC)-Malawi, ndipo wakagwiranga nchito mu Public Accounts Committee na Parliamentary Committee on Health (apo wakaŵa cheyamani wa Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Reproduction). Mu nyengo yake yachiŵiri nga ni MP, wakagwiranga nchito mu Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) na Legal Affairs Committee (LAC). == Umoyo wa paubana na Masambiro == Nancy Tembo wakababika mu 1959, mu [[Mangochi, Malawi|Mangochi]] ku ŵapapi ŵake uwo wakaŵa unesi Monica Msosa (wakababika Minofu) na dokotala wa mu chipatala, Noel Golden Grey Msosa. Ŵapapi ŵake ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa ŵaganyu ŵa boma ŵa mu chigaŵa uwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu zipatala za boma za ku Malawi kusazgapo Thyolo, Nsanje, Machinga, Mangochi na zinyake. Iyo ngwa ku [[Malindi, Malawi]], muzi uwo uli mu Boma la [[Mangochi]] pa mumphepete mwa kumpoto kwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]]. Tembo wakasambira pa [[Sukulu ya Sekondale ya St Mary's, Zomba]] ndipo pamanyuma wakaluta ku [[Coleji ya Chancellor]] ya [[Sukunyuru ya Malawi]]. Tembo wali na digiri ya masters kukhuma ku [[Sukunyuru ya Leeds Beckett]] mu [[Ufumu wakukolana|Ufumu Wakukolana]] mu vya utsogoleri na kusintha kwa kasungiro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nancy Tembo |url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/nancy-tembo |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=World Bank Live |language=en}}</ref> == Nchito ya Ndale == Tembo wakayamba nchito yake ya ndale apo wakachitanga mpikisano wa MP mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2004]] ndipo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker Nancy TEMBO|url=[https://www.iucncongress2020.org/programme/speakers/nancy-tembo|access-date=2021-11-10|website=IUCN World Conservation Congress 2020|language=en}}</ref> mpando wa Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City South West. Mu nyengo iyi wakagwirangaso nchito nga ni Mlembi wa Vyakupharazga na Mphala ya Vyakupharazga ya chipani chikuru cha kupikisana panyengo hiyo cha [[Malawi Congress Party]]. Mu [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2009|Sankho Likuru la 2009]] wakatondeka kuwina mpando wachiŵiri, wakaluzga ku mukhala wa chipani cha Democratic Progressive Party ([[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|DPP]]). Mu 2012 wakasoleka kuŵa Komishonara wa [[Komishoni ya Masankho ya Malawi]] (MEC) ndipo wakateŵetera mpaka 2016. Mu nyengo ya [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2014|Sankho Likuru la 2014]] lakutimbana, wakalongozga kugaluka kwa ma Komishonara gha MEC kupenja urunji wa masankho na kupempha kuti ma vhoti ghaŵerengeso pambere munthu wakuwina wandapharazgike. Kuŵerengaso kwakatondeka pa vifukwa vya marango ndipo pulezidenti wakale [[Peter Mutharika]] wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. [[File:Nancy_Tembo_UNFCCC_Glasgow_Climate_Dialogues_event_05.jpg|thumb|Tembo kukumana na Mfumu Wakudanga wa Scotland [[Nicola Sturgeon]] pa [[COP26]] mu 2021]] [[File:Nancy Tembo at the US Embassy 2025.jpg|thumb|Nancy Tembo pa Embasi ya US mu 2025]] Mu 2018, wakachita mpikisano mu ma primary election gha MCP mu chigaŵa yake yakale. Pa zuŵa la ma primaries wakapharazgika kuŵa wakuwina. Pamanyuma, makani gha pa wayilesi ghakayamba kupharazga Chiphiko kuŵa wakuwina ndipo MCP nayo wakasimikizga kuti iyo ndiyo wakawina ma primary election na kuŵa candidate wa chipani cha masankho gha mphala ya milandu gha Malawi mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-21|title=MCP confirms Chipiko victory against Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/mcp-confirms-chipiko-victory-against-nancy-tembo/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> Kafukafuku uyu wakapangiska Hon. Tembo kuchita mpikisano wakujiyimira payekha apo wakawina<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nthenda|first=Gladys|title=I've always been MCP-Nancy Tembo|url=[https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20211110102403/https://www.kulinji.com/index.php/article/news/2019/ive-always-been-mcp-nancy-tembo|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 10, 2021|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Kulinji|language=en}}</ref> na ma vhoti ghanandi kuluska 25,000+. Wakathereska mupikisani wake wa MCP, Chiphiko, uwo wakaba pa malo wachitatu. Pamanyuma pa kuthereska kwake, wakachitako nkhondo ya urunji wa masankho kupenja kufuta kwa [[Sankho Likuru la Malawi la 2019|Masankho gha Pulezidenti gha 2019]]. Wakasazgikana na ŵanyawo mu [[Tonse Alliance (Malawi)|Ungano wa Tonse]] wa vipani ŵa ndale 9, wakulongozgeka na [[Lazarus Chakwera]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 7, 2024|author=Kasabo, Angel|title=TONSE ALLIANCE LUNCHED, ECL AT THE HELM|website=rcv.co.zm|url=[https://rcv.co.zm/tonse-alliance-lunched-ecl-at-the-helm/}}</ref> Yezgezo yawo yakapangiska kubabika kwa Republic yachi3 na kusoreka kwa Chakwera nga ni nambara 6 pa [[Pulezidenti wa Malawi]]. Mu 2019, apo wakaŵa mu mphala ya milandu, Tembo wakavumbura 'ugulitsi' wambura urunji wa charu cha sukulu ya boma (Livimbo Primary School) mu chigaŵa chake uwo ukalandikanga na ŵanthu ŵa bizinesi. Makalata yakalongora kuti charu ichi wakaŵa wa sukulu. Bizinesi iyo yakalandikanga umwene yakaŵa kuti yazenga nyumba zikuru mu charu cha sukulu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2019-11-17 |title=Government orders demolition of warehouse encroaching on Livimbo schools - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/government-orders-demolition-of-warehouse-encroaching-on-livimbo-schools/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wakapempha ŵalara ŵa Nduna ya vya Charu kuti ŵalongosore. Nyumba zili kufutulika na boma. Komiti ya chitukuko ya chigaŵa ikazenga vilinga vya nchito kuti ivikilire charu cha sukulu ku kuwukiraso. Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa Nduna ya Chilengiwa na Kusintha kwa Nyengo mu kabineti yakudanga ya Pulezidenti Chakwera ndipo wakalapizga pa 10 July 2020. Tembo waŵa mkhristu wakukhozgera kupanda makuni na kuwezgerapo chilengiwa mu Malawi pa kukolerana na [[Wupu wa Vyalo Vyawungana]], [[Kukolerana kwa Chalo pa za Chilengiwa|IUCN]], Cleaner Cooking Coalition, [[Rotary International]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=Lilongwe Rotary Club in tree planting drive: Minister Tembo says corporate world not doing enough|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/lilongwe-rotary-club-in-tree-planting-drive-minister-tembo-says-corporate-world-not-doing-enough/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> na ŵanandi ŵanyake. Khumbo lake ndilo kuwuskapo kuotcha makuni (chinthu chikuru icho chikupangiska kutoteka kwa makuni na [[Nongunongu ya chilengiwa]] mu mizi ya Malawi) na nthowa zituŵa, na zakukhalilira zakubika<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=Meet the eight African women shaping the future of the continent|url=[https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/52527/8-african-women-shaping-the-future/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=Landscape News|language=en-US}}</ref> ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi na khumbo lakumaliro la kusanga Malawi watuŵa na wabwino mu umoyo wasu. Mu August 2021, apo Malawi wakaba cheyamani wa Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), iyo wakatora utsogoleri wa SADC Cluster on Environment, Natural Resources, and Tourism. Pamanyuma, nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo, wakateŵetera nga ni Cheyamani wa SADC Council of Ministers. Mu November 2021, wakayimira charu chake cha Malawi pa ungano wa United Nations [[COP26]] Climate Change Conference mu [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] pamanyuma pa kukolerana na wovwiri kukhuma ku boma la UK.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=UK minister tips Malawi on climate change|url=[https://www.mwnation.com/uk-minister-tips-malawi-on-climate-change/|access-date=2021-11-10|website=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Tembo wakasoleka kuŵa [[Nduna ya Vyakuwalo (Malawi)|Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Malawi]] mu January 2022. Mu 2023, [[Charles III]] wakaba [[Mutu wa Commonwealth|mutu wa commonwealth]]. Komishonara Mukuru wa ku Britain [[Fiona Ritchie (diplomat)|Fiona Ritchie]] wakanozga chiphikiro pa 11 May pa nyumba yake ya boma kuwonetsa kuvalikizga ufumu kwa Mfumu muphya ndipo wakapokelera Tembo nga ni Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Tembo wakasimikizgira Ritchie za wovwiri wa charu chake kwa Charles III.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owolabi |first=Adekunle |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nancy Tembo attends coronation reception hosted by British High Commissioner to Malawi |url=[https://lagosdaily.com.ng/15312/news/world/diplomacy/nancy-tembo-attends-coronation-reception-hosted-by-british-high-commissioner-to-malawi/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Lagos Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Mu May 2024 Komiti ya Public Appointments (PAC) ya [[Joyce Chitsulo]] ikapempha kuti Nduna ya Vyakuwalo ya Tembo yiwezgepo ŵaganyu ŵawo ŵose uwo ŵakugwira nchito ku vyalo vyakuwalo uwo ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵambura kusefeka na PAC. Pempho ili likiza pamanyuma pa kusoleka wa [[David Bisnowaty]] kuŵa charge d'affaires wa Malawi mu Israel. PAC ikazomerezga kusoza kwose kwa ŵalara asi chikawoneka kuti ichi chikagegeka na Nduna ya Vyakuwalo. Chitsulo wakachaliya nduna pa kusoza ŵalara pa nyengo yachoko waka kuti ŵagege kusefeka ndipo ŵangalongozga embasi kwa vyaka 4 kwambura kuwonelera na PAC.{{Cite web |last=Chimjeka |first=Rebecca |date=2024-05-30 |title=Public Appointments Committee asks government to recall diplomats |url=[https://times.mw/public-appointments-committee-asks-government-to-recall-diplomats/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Bisnowaty (MP wakale) na Tembo ŵakasuskana kuti kuwonelera kukaŵa kwambura kukhumbikwa ndipo Bisnowaty wakajipereka pa udindo uwo. Chitsulo na ŵakukhozgera ŵa m'magulu ŵakusanga maghanoghano yakuti Bisnowaty wakaŵa wakujipereka apo wakawonereranga ndalama za embasi kuŵa zakukayikiska.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-13 |title=CSOs, Pac insist on Bisnowaty interview |url=[https://times.mw/csos-pac-insist-on-bisnowaty-interview/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Wakaŵa candidate mu [[Chigaŵa cha Lilongwe City Ngwenya]] mu masankho gha 2025. Wakathereska pa fupi Edward Mvoliwa, ŵose ŵaŵiri ŵaŵa na ma vhoti kuluska 8,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilongwe City Ngwenya Constituency in the Elections dashboard |url=[https://nplelectionsdashboard.com/parliamentary-map |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=nplelectionsdashboard.com |language=en}}</ref> Kukaŵa ŵapikisani ŵanyake ŵanayi kusazgapo [[Loveness Gondwe]]. == Umoyo wa pachembo == Mfumu wake, Morgan Tembo, ni Chief Executive Officer na m'manga-pamoza wa [[PayChangu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.nyasatimes.com/centenary-bank-paychangu-partner-to-foster-sustainable-fast-cash-transfers/|title=Centenary Bank, PayChangu Partner to Foster Sustainable Fast Cash Transfers - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|date=June 18, 2025|website=[www.nyasatimes.com}}</ref> Wakateŵeterapo nga ni Chief Financial Officer (CFO) ku Limbe Leaf Group, iyo ni chigaŵa cha [[Universal Corporation]]—kampani yikuru ya za ulimi pa charu chose. Ŵali na ŵana 6. Asogwe ŵa mfumu wawo wakaŵa wandale muwemi wakale [[John Tembo]] ndipo ntheura ni munyina wa mama wakale de facto [[Cecilia Tamanda Kadzamira]]. Mumbu wawo wakaŵa Dr [[Elizabeth Sibande]] uwo wakaŵa mwasayansi wa vya ulimi uwo wakachita ma mtundu gha mbalala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sibale |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Lwanda |first2=George Chikondi |date=2022 |title=The life scientific and cultural: Dr Elizabeth Mary Sibale, agronomist, mother and changemaker |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=18–23 |jstor=27187055 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tembo, Nancy}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1959]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵandale ŵa ku Malawi ŵa m'zachi 21]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵanakazi ŵa vyakuwalo]] [[Category:Ma Nduna gha Vyakuwalo gha Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵandale ŵa Malawi Congress Party]] [[Category:Ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu kukhuma mu Boma la Mangochi]] [[Category:Ŵana sukulu ŵakale ŵa Sukunyuru ya Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵaeliti ŵa Mphala ya Milandu (Malawi)]] 2t5mdtjnxqnrzk72ts8jnbifq8g8ibf 0 48142 117919 2026-07-24T06:34:27Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|palije}} <!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.--> [[File:Malawi-map-blank.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Malawi.|Mapu ya Malawi.]] [[Malawi|Malawi]] ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na chitukuko chakukwana yayi pa charu chose. Mu [[Ndemanga ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Index]] ya chaka cha 2010, Malawi yikaŵa pa malo 170 pa vyaru 187.<ref name="Number52">{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.und..." 117919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} <!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.--> [[File:Malawi-map-blank.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Malawi.|Mapu ya Malawi.]] [[Malawi|Malawi]] ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na chitukuko chakukwana yayi pa charu chose. Mu [[Ndemanga ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Index]] ya chaka cha 2010, Malawi yikaŵa pa malo 170 pa vyaru 187.<ref name="Number52">{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2013 |title=Human Development Report 2013 |author=United Nations |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Chalo ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 16 miliyoni, ndipo 53% ŵawo ŵakukhala pasi pa [[Mphaka wa ukavu|mphaka wa ukavu]] wa charu. Pafupifupi 90% ŵakukhala na ndalama zakujumpha yayi madola gha ku America ghaŵiri pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number53">{{Cite web |title=FINCA Malawi |url=https://finca.org/where-we-work/africa/malawi/?wp-nocache=true |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Wupu wa Mitundu Yakwiza wa Kusungilira Ŵana|Wupu wa Ŵana wa United Nations]] (UNICEF) ukayowoya kuti mu Malawi muli ŵana 46,000 awo ŵakusuzgika chomene na [[kusowa chakurya chakukwana|kusowa chakurya]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|title=High stakes for Malawi's children as malnutrition rises|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|date=2005-10-14|access-date=2007-12-13|archive-date=2021-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023749/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2023, UNICEF yikachenjezga kuti ŵana ŵakujumpha 500,000 mu Malawi ŵakaŵa pa ngozi ya kusowa chakurya.<ref name=":1" /> Mazuŵa ghano, mapulogiramu ghanandi ghakuŵikika mu Malawi kuti ghakumane na masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kusintha kwa vyakuchita vya chuma na ulimi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Lindsay C. |last2=Mkwambisi |first2=David D. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Dyer |first4=Jen C. |date=April 2010 |title=Adaptation to climate change and desertification: Perspectives from national policy and autonomous practice in Malawi |journal=Climate and Development |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.3763/cdev.2010.0042 |issn=1756-5529 |s2cid=153677852}}</ref> ==Mbiri na ivyo vikachitika pakwamba== Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵalondezga kwamba kwa suzgo la chakurya mu Malawi kufika mu vyaka vya 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru mu kumwera kwa [[Africa]] chikachepeska chomene vyakurya vya chimanga mu Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene. Chimanga ndicho chikupanga pafupifupi 54% ya chakurya cha ma calories agho Ŵamalawi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito zuŵa lililose.<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2">{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso mbuto ziwemi za chimanga na fetereza uyo boma likapeleka, ŵanthu ŵakakura yayi mu vyakurya chifukwa cha umo ŵakachitira mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Chigumula mu Malawi. Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengedwe.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachoko kweniso kugawa fetereza pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Ukaboni wa vimbundi na kusanga phindu mwakwenelera yayi mu ADMARC ukapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisuzge ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwambura kwenelera.<ref name=Number12 /> Peneapo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] likakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pambere apa, nyengo za chilala na chigumula zikalutilira kusuzga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006. https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikugomezga chomene pa [[Ulimi|ulimi]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakulima ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Kuchuluka kwa chilala na chigumula kufuma mu 1990 kukakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakukwana zakuzizipizgira masoka agha panji kubwelera mwaluŵiro, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi ya kusuzgika chomene na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza. Mzere wa ukavu na njara ukalutilira kukura.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma ku vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga wovwiri pa ulimi wa chimanga chakusazgika luso. Kweni apo boma likalekezga pulogalamu iyi chifukwa cha mtengo wake ukuru, ulimi wa chimanga ukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakweraso.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2002, pakaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]] mu Malawi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakufwa ŵakayananga pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}</ref> Pafupifupi 85% ya ndalama zakwizira mu mbumba za Ŵamalawi zikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi. Chimanga, tirigu na mbatata vikaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalimanga na kurya.<ref name="Number15">{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}</ref> Ntheura, apo [[Wupu wa Ndalama wa Charu Chose|IMF]] ukayowoya kuti zokolola za chimanga mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu charu muŵe kusoŵa kwa matani 273,000 gha chimanga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu February 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa suzgo la chakurya ndipo likapharazga kuti chikaŵa nyengo ya soka la chalo.<ref name="Number12" /> Zakurya ivyo vikavunwa mu hafu yakwamba ya 2002 vikawovwira kuchepeska njara yikuru, kweni mu 2005, chilala chinyake chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya.<ref name="Number54">{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |access-date=2022-05-14 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |isbn=9781315529899|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pa Okutobala 15, 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Mulongozgi wa Malawi|Mulongozgi]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga [[nyengo ya soka|soka la chalo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4345246.stm |access-date=2007-12-13 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Kufuma apo Malawi yikamba kubwelera kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, kweni sono yikusangana na suzgo linyake la kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number20">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9780801466380 |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |isbn=9780801466380 |editor-last=Pinstrup-Andersen |editor-first=Per |doi=10.7591/9780801466380 |editor2-last=Cheng |editor2-first=Fuzhi}}</ref> Pakaŵaso masuzgo gha chakurya mu 2012 na 2015. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la 2002 vikapambananga yayi, kweni pa nyengo iyi vikakhwaskika chomene na chilala chikuru na vyigumula. Mu 2012, suzgo la chakurya likachitika chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikakhwaska zokolola za chimanga, kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa [[Kwacha ya Malawi|kwacha]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Malawi {{!}} WFP {{!}} United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=www.wfp.org |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030856/https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2015, chilara chikuru chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya, ndipo mulongozgi wa Malawi wakapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |url=https://www.dw.com/en/malawi-declares-national-disaster-over-food-crisis/a-19183292 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Deutsche Welle (DW)}}</ref> 86oma7em6f98zex9g26na1e0wujoaih 117922 117919 2026-07-24T06:52:21Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} <!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.--> [[File:Malawi-map-blank.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Malawi.|Mapu ya Malawi.]] [[Malawi|Malawi]] ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na chitukuko chakukwana yayi pa charu chose. Mu [[Ndemanga ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Index]] ya chaka cha 2010, Malawi yikaŵa pa malo 170 pa vyaru 187.<ref name="Number52">{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2013 |title=Human Development Report 2013 |author=United Nations |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Chalo ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 16 miliyoni, ndipo 53% ŵawo ŵakukhala pasi pa [[Mphaka wa ukavu|mphaka wa ukavu]] wa charu. Pafupifupi 90% ŵakukhala na ndalama zakujumpha yayi madola gha ku America ghaŵiri pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number53">{{Cite web |title=FINCA Malawi |url=https://finca.org/where-we-work/africa/malawi/?wp-nocache=true |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Wupu wa Mitundu Yakwiza wa Kusungilira Ŵana|Wupu wa Ŵana wa United Nations]] (UNICEF) ukayowoya kuti mu Malawi muli ŵana 46,000 awo ŵakusuzgika chomene na [[kusowa chakurya chakukwana|kusowa chakurya]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|title=High stakes for Malawi's children as malnutrition rises|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|date=2005-10-14|access-date=2007-12-13|archive-date=2021-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023749/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2023, UNICEF yikachenjezga kuti ŵana ŵakujumpha 500,000 mu Malawi ŵakaŵa pa ngozi ya kusowa chakurya.<ref name=":1" /> Mazuŵa ghano, mapulogiramu ghanandi ghakuŵikika mu Malawi kuti ghakumane na masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kusintha kwa vyakuchita vya chuma na ulimi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Lindsay C. |last2=Mkwambisi |first2=David D. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Dyer |first4=Jen C. |date=April 2010 |title=Adaptation to climate change and desertification: Perspectives from national policy and autonomous practice in Malawi |journal=Climate and Development |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.3763/cdev.2010.0042 |issn=1756-5529 |s2cid=153677852}}</ref> ==Mbiri na ivyo vikachitika pakwamba== Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵalondezga kwamba kwa suzgo la chakurya mu Malawi kufika mu vyaka vya 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru mu kumwera kwa [[Africa]] chikachepeska chomene vyakurya vya chimanga mu Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene. Chimanga ndicho chikupanga pafupifupi 54% ya chakurya cha ma calories agho Ŵamalawi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito zuŵa lililose.<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2">{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso mbuto ziwemi za chimanga na fetereza uyo boma likapeleka, ŵanthu ŵakakura yayi mu vyakurya chifukwa cha umo ŵakachitira mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Chigumula mu Malawi. Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengedwe.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachoko kweniso kugawa fetereza pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Ukaboni wa vimbundi na kusanga phindu mwakwenelera yayi mu ADMARC ukapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisuzge ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwambura kwenelera.<ref name=Number12 /> Peneapo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] likakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pambere apa, nyengo za chilala na chigumula zikalutilira kusuzga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006. https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikugomezga chomene pa [[Ulimi|ulimi]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakulima ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Kuchuluka kwa chilala na chigumula kufuma mu 1990 kukakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakukwana zakuzizipizgira masoka agha panji kubwelera mwaluŵiro, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi ya kusuzgika chomene na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza. Mzere wa ukavu na njara ukalutilira kukura.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma ku vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga wovwiri pa ulimi wa chimanga chakusazgika luso. Kweni apo boma likalekezga pulogalamu iyi chifukwa cha mtengo wake ukuru, ulimi wa chimanga ukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakweraso.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2002, pakaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]] mu Malawi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakufwa ŵakayananga pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}</ref> Pafupifupi 85% ya ndalama zakwizira mu mbumba za Ŵamalawi zikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi. Chimanga, tirigu na mbatata vikaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalimanga na kurya.<ref name="Number15">{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}</ref> Ntheura, apo [[Wupu wa Ndalama wa Charu Chose|IMF]] ukayowoya kuti zokolola za chimanga mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu charu muŵe kusoŵa kwa matani 273,000 gha chimanga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu February 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa suzgo la chakurya ndipo likapharazga kuti chikaŵa nyengo ya soka la chalo.<ref name="Number12" /> Zakurya ivyo vikavunwa mu hafu yakwamba ya 2002 vikawovwira kuchepeska njara yikuru, kweni mu 2005, chilala chinyake chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya.<ref name="Number54">{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |access-date=2022-05-14 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |isbn=9781315529899|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pa Okutobala 15, 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Mulongozgi wa Malawi|Mulongozgi]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga [[nyengo ya soka|soka la chalo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4345246.stm |access-date=2007-12-13 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Kufuma apo Malawi yikamba kubwelera kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, kweni sono yikusangana na suzgo linyake la kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number20">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9780801466380 |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |isbn=9780801466380 |editor-last=Pinstrup-Andersen |editor-first=Per |doi=10.7591/9780801466380 |editor2-last=Cheng |editor2-first=Fuzhi}}</ref> Pakaŵaso masuzgo gha chakurya mu 2012 na 2015. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la 2002 vikapambananga yayi, kweni pa nyengo iyi vikakhwaskika chomene na chilala chikuru na vyigumula. Mu 2012, suzgo la chakurya likachitika chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikakhwaska zokolola za chimanga, kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa [[Kwacha ya Malawi|kwacha]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Malawi {{!}} WFP {{!}} United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=www.wfp.org |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030856/https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2015, chilara chikuru chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya, ndipo mulongozgi wa Malawi wakapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |url=https://www.dw.com/en/malawi-declares-national-disaster-over-food-crisis/a-19183292 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Deutsche Welle (DW)}}</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Ulimi wa ku Malawi ukukhwaskika na masoka gha chilengedwe nga ni vigumula.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la chitukuko cha ulimi na malonda|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Vimbundi na vyakuchita vya kujipenja phindu mu ADMARC vikapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisangwe likupoka ndalama za ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwakubendera.<ref name=Number12 /> Apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Kuti lisange ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|World Bank]], ADMARC likazgoka kampani iyo yikaŵa na chigaŵa cha ŵanthu wamba ndipo likamazga chithandizo cha manyowa mu 1988/1989.<ref name=Number32 /> Kusowa kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto kwa ŵalimi ŵachoko nako kukawovwira kuti suzgo la chakurya la 1992 liŵe likuru.<ref name="Number33">{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire |first=Thandika |url=http://www.oit.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---sro-harare/documents/publication/wcms_228921.pdf |title=Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9 |publisher=International Labour Organization |year=1999 |location=Harare}}</ref> Kwambira nyengo iyi, chilangalanga na vigumula vikulutilira kukhuŵazga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chakwera chomene kuluska masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikukhazikika chomene pa ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakuvuna ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyajumphapo kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Chiŵelengero chikuru cha chilangalanga na vigumula kufuma mu 1990 chakhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nkhongono zakusintha panji kuwezgerapo ivyo ŵakataya chifukwa cha masoka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi yakukumana na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga chithandizo cha manyowa na mbuto za chimanga cha mtundu uphya. Kweni apo pulogiramu iyi yikamara chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wake, kupanga chimanga kukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakwera so.<ref name=Number5 /> ==Njara ya mu 2002 ku Malawi== Mu 2002, ku Malawi kukaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]]. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambanapambana, kufuma pa 300 m'paka 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}</ref> ==Vyakuchitiska suzgo la chakurya== ===Vyandulo vya ndyali=== Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi yapeleka wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalongozgekanga na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].<ref name="Number35">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |access-date=2014-03-30 |website=Global Edge |language=en-us}}</ref> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi yikaŵa na ndyali ya chipani chimoza, ndipo Banda ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]], chipani chimoza pera icho chikaŵapo pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number35 /> Ntheura Banda wakaŵa na mazaza nga ni muwusi wankhongono chomene, ndipo pa nyengo ya muwuso wake pakaŵa kuphwanya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1993 pera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi yiŵe na ndyali ya vyipani vinandi. Pa nyengo iyi Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]] ŵakathereskeka pa mavoti.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango ya chipani chimoza, kweniso makhoti.<ref name="Number34">{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105646/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref> Mu 1998, pasi pa muwuso wa demokilasi wa [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[Bungwe la National Food Reserve Agency|Bungwe la chakurya chakusungika cha charu]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga kuti ghawovwire pa nyengo ya masoka. NFRA, ilo likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na komiti ya ŵalongozgi ŵakusankhika na boma la Malawi, likalamuliranga vyakusungika vya chimanga kweniso ndalama na malonda ghakunjira na kufuma mu charu.<ref name="Number36">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency}}</ref> Kweni mwaluŵiro NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli yakukwana 1 biliyoni ya [[Malawi kwacha|kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiwongolero chikuru cha ngongoli cha 56%. Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga.<ref name=Number12 /> Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske chimanga chakusungika chifukwa mu 2000 pakaŵa chimanga chinandi. Pakawonekanga kuti pakukhumbikwanga yayi kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena ndipo chimanga chinyake chikaŵa kwamba kunangika.<ref name=Number12 /> Kulongozga uku kukaliso chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa 2000 uyo wakapemphika na [[European Commission|Bungwe la European Commission]]. Kafukufuku uyu wakayowoya kuti matani 30,000 m'paka 60,000 gha chimanga ghakaŵa ghakukwana pa nyengo ya soka lakukhuŵazga chigaŵa chimoza pera.<ref name=Number12 /> NFRA likalondezga languro la IMF ndipo likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chakusungika ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], ndipo malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakakhira kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.<ref name=Number16 /><ref name=Number15 /><ref name=Number12 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoyanga kuti languro la IMF lakuti chimanga chiguliskike ndilo likaŵa chimoza mwa ivyo vikapangiska njara ya 2002.<ref name=Number16 /> Kweni IMF na [[ActionAid]] ŵakazomera kuti chimanga icho chikaŵa chakale ndipo chikaŵa chakudura kuchisunga, ntheura pa nyengo iyo languro ili likawonekanga lakwenelera.<ref name=Number16 /> Apo njara yikakura chomene mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa kuti ghamara ndipo boma likaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuti lingagwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=Number12 /> Suzgo likakulirakulira chifukwa boma likanozga yayi kuwezgerapo chimanga chakusungika apo chikagwiliskikanga ntchito.<ref name=Number12 /> Kweniso ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakanjilirapo ndipo ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma mu malo ghakusungirako, pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo chakurya chikaŵa chakusowa.<ref name=Number15 /> == Mbiri na vyakuyambirira == Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵakulongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya ku Malawi likamba mu 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru ku kumwera kwa Africa chikapangiska kuti vyakurya vya [[chimanga]] viŵe vichoko chomene ku Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |journal=Water Resources Management |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga, icho chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo chikaŵa pafupifupi 54% ya mphamvu ya vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakalyanga,<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> ukakwera chomene; mtengo wa chimanga ukakhala pafupifupi wakukwana kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2">{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso ndondomeko ya boma ya kovwira ŵalimi na mbuto za chimanga za mtundu uphya na manyowa, ŵanthu ŵakalyanga vyakurya vinandi yayi chifukwa cha umo ŵakajizolerezgera mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Madambo ku Malawi.|Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengiwa nga ni kusefukira kwa maji.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la vya ulimi na malonda|Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation]] (ADMARC) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso kugawira manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Kupuluska ndarama na vinthu vya boma mukati mwa bungwe ili kukapangiska kuti ADMARC yileme kuŵa yakovwira ŵalimi ndipo yikapangiska mitengo ya vyakurya kuŵa yambura kulongosoka.<ref name=Number12 /> Apo mitengo ya fodya yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikamba kusuzgika chomene ndipo yikaŵa pafupi kumara.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t}}</ref> Kuti liŵeze ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|International Monetary Fund]] na mabungwe gha charu chose, ADMARC likazgoka kampani ya payekha mwa chigaŵa ndipo likaleka kovwira na manyowa mu vyaka vya 1988/1989.<ref name=Number32 /> Kuleka kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto ku ŵalimi ŵachoko kukapangiska kuti suzgo la vyakurya mu 1992 liŵe likuru chomene.<ref name="Number33">{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire |first=Thandika |title=Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9 |publisher=International Labour Organization |year=1999 |location=Harare}}</ref> Kwambira nyengo iyo, Malawi wakumana nyengo na nyengo na chilangalanga kweniso kusefukira kwa maji.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, kukaŵa masoka gha nyengo ghakukwana 33, apo pakati pa 1970 na 1989 kukaŵa masoka 7 pera.<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuphalira pa ivyo ŵalima kuti ŵarye kweniso kuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusintha nthowa zawo za ulimi ndipo ŵakaŵa pangozi ya njara. Mu 2002, kukaŵa [[njara]] yikuru ku Malawi iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasuzgike chomene. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambana, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakaŵa pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na malipoti gha [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la vya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Report]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, pafupifupi 85% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakasanganga ndalama zawo chomene kufuma ku ulimi.<ref name="Number15">{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}</ref> [[Chimanga]] chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene mu charu ichi. Ntheura apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusanga chakurya chakukwana. Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likati zokolola za chimanga zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe mphaka ya matani 273,000 gha chimanga.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu Febuluwale 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti charu ichi chikaŵa mu suzgo la vyakurya ndipo likati pali [[suzgo la chivikiliro cha charu|soka la chigaŵa cha charu]].<ref name="Number12" /> Mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha 2002, mvula yikawovwira ndipo vyakurya vikamba kuŵako, kuchepeska njara yikuru. Kweni mu 2005, chilangalanga chinyake chikapangiska kuti Malawi wakumaneso na suzgo la vyakurya.<ref name="Number54">{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Pa 15 Okutobala 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga kuti mu Malawi mukaŵa [[suzgo la vyakurya|soka la pa charu chose]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Nangauli Malawi wakachira kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, charu ichi chikalutilira kukumana na masuzgo gha vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kuthemba chomene ulimi wa chimanga.<ref name="Number20">{{Cite book |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Cornell University Press}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya 2012 na 2015, kukaŵaso masuzgo ghanyake gha vyakurya. Masuzgo agha ghakafuma ku vinthu vyakuyana na vya 2002, kweni ghakasazgikako chifukwa cha chilangalanga chikuru na kusefukira kwa maji. Mu 2012, kusowa kwa vula kukapangiska kuti zokolola za chimanga zichepe, apo kutsika kwa mtengo wa ndalama ya Malawi ([[kwacha]]) kukapangiska kuti mitengo ya vyakurya yikwere.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Malawi |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |website=World Food Programme}}</ref> Mu 2015, chilangalanga chikuru chikati chachitika, chikazakasazgika na kusefukira kwa maji. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa Malawi walengezge kuti charu chili mu suzgo la vyachilengiwa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> == Vyakupangiska suzgo la vyakurya == === Ndale === Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi wapokera wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalamulirika na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].<ref name="Number35">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |website=Global Edge}}</ref> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi wakaŵa na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Banda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani cha [[Malawi Congress Party]], icho chikaŵa chipani chekha pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number35 /> Chifukwa cha nkhongono zake, Banda wakalamuliranga nga ni mulongozgi wankhongono chomene, ndipo mu nyengo ya muwuso wake mukaŵa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1993, ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi usinthe kuŵa charu cha vyipani vinandi, ndipo Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party]] ŵakafumiskika mu mazaza.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango yimoza, na makhoti.<ref name="Number34">{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Mu 1998, mu nyengo ya pulezidenti [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[National Food Reserve Agency]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga cha chivikiliro mu nyengo ya masoka.<ref name="Number36">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency}}</ref> NFRA likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakimikika na boma la Malawi. Bungwe ili likalamuliranga chomene malo ghakusungirako chimanga kweniso ndarama, kugula na kuguliska vyakurya.<ref name="Number36" /> Kweni NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli ya pafupifupi 1 biliyoni ya [[kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiŵelengero chikuru cha chiwongolero cha ngongoli (56%).<ref name=Number12 /> Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga kuti lisunge nga ni chakurya cha nyengo ya soka.<ref name=Number12 /> Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske malo ghakusungirako chimanga chifukwa zokolola za 2000 zikaŵa zinandi ndipo pakaŵavya chifukwa cha kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena.<ref name=Number12 /> Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2000 na kulamulika na [[European Commission]] wakalongora kuti chimanga chakukwana matani 30,000 mpaka 60,000 ndicho chikakhumbikwanga kuti chivikilire charu pa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=Number12 /> Chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF, NFRA likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chake ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], kuchepeska malo ghakusungirako kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.<ref name=Number16 /><ref name=Number15 /><ref name=Number12 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakatenge suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likasazgikapo chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF wakuti chimanga ichi chigulisike.<ref name=Number16 /> Kweni IMF na mabungwe ghanyake ghakazomerezga kuti kusunga chimanga chinandi kukawonanga ndalama zinandi ndipo chimanga chikaŵa chakale, ntheura ulongozgi uwu ukaŵa wakupulikikwa pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number16 /> Apo njara yikafika pachanya mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa ghawaka ndipo boma likaŵavya vyakusungira vyakukwana. Suzgo ili likakura chifukwa boma likaleka kunozgekera mwakukwana kuti lizuzgenso malo ghakusungirako chimanga.<ref name=Number12 /> Kweniso, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma ku malo ghakusungirako boma ndipo pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo vyakurya vikamba kusowa.<ref name=Number15 /> Boma likamba kupenja chimanga kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi kweniso vyakutali, kweni chikatora nyengo kuti chifike ku Malawi chifukwa cha masuzgo gha mayendedwe, misewu yambura kwenelera, madoko ghakuzura, na magalimoto agho ghakatondekanga kufika luŵiro.<ref name=Number12 /><ref name=Number16 /> Vyaru vinyake vyakupereka wovwiri navyo vikachedwa kovwira chifukwa vikasuzgika na nkhani za katangale mu boma la Malawi kweniso chifukwa cha mphindano zakukhwaskana na ulongozgi wa IMF.<ref name=Number16 /> === Vyakupangiska vya chuma === Mu 2009, [[United Nations|Bungwe la vyaru vyose]] likati pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakakhalanga mu mizi.<ref name="Number30">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2011-02-22 |title=Urban/rural division of countries for the year 2010, World Urbanization Prospects |website=GeoHive}}</ref> Mu charu ichi mukaŵavya nchito zinandi zakukhwaskana na mafakitale panji mauteŵeti.<ref name=Number15 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasanganga nchito mu minda yikuru ya [[fodya]], mu matawuni, panji kusamira ku vyaru vyapafupi kuti ŵakagwire nchito za malipiro ghachoko.<ref name=Number15 /> Kweni mipata ya nchito yikaŵa yichoko. Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi. Mu vyaka vya 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga chigaŵa chikuru cha ndalama izo charu chikapezanga.<ref name="Number37">{{Cite web |last=Kadzamira, Z.D., Kalinga, O.J., Mitchell, J.C., Ingham, K., Phiri, K.M. |date=2021-10-29 |title=Malawi |website=Britannica Online}}</ref> Pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ndalama zose za charu (GDP) chikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku malonda gha ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene kufuma ku [[fodya]], shuga, tiyi, na kotoni.<ref name=Number37 /> Bungwe la [[Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation|ADMARC]] likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likalamuliranga chigaŵa chinyake cha msika wa chimanga ndipo likawovwiranga pa mitengo ya vyakurya.<ref name=Number15 /> Kafukufuku wa [[Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy]] wakalongora kuti mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene kufuma pa 4 MK pa kilogalamu yimoza mu Juni 2001 kufika pa ma MK 40 panji kujumpha mu Janyuwale 2002.<ref name=Number15 /> Nangauli mtengo wa vyakurya ukakwera, malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakhalilira waka pa 20 MK pa zuŵa.<ref name=Number15 /> Ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵatondeke kugura chakurya. Kufwatuka kwa msika, chomenechomene kuchepa kwa mazaza gha ADMARC, kukapangiska kuti kuŵe kusuzga kulondezga na kulamulira msika wa chimanga.<ref name=Number16 /> Mtengo wa chimanga ukamba kutoleka na msika pera, ndipo NFRA likaŵavya nkhongono zinandi zakusinthira vinthu mu msika.<ref name=Number16 /> Ndondomeko za ulimi za Malawi zikaŵaso na masuzgo chifukwa charu ichi chikagomezganga chomene pa chimanga pera. Maukaboni ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵalime vyakurya vyakupambana ghakatondeka chomene.<ref name=Number12 /> Ntheura, apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira mu 2001, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika chifukwa ŵakatondeka kulima chakurya chawo panji kusanga ndalama zakugulira chakurya. [[Fodya]] ukaŵa chinthu chikuru icho Malawi wakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake, kweni malonda gha fodya ghakamba kuchepa kufuma mu ma 1980. Ndalama izo zikafumanga mu fodya zikakhira na pafupifupi hafu, ndipo ivi vikachepeska nkhongono zakugulira vinthu za ŵalimi ŵachoko.<ref name=Number15 /> Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kuwezga ngongoli izo ŵakaŵa nazo ku mabungwe gha ndalama na ku boma.<ref name=Number15 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, mu 2001/2002 ŵakatondeka kusanga ngongoli zakugulira mbuto na manyowa.<ref name="Number22">{{Cite book |title=FAO/WFP Crop and food supply assessment mission |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries |year=2000}}</ref> Nthowa zinyake zakukhozgera ulimi, nga ni kusazgirako vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kunozga vyakuthilira maji, kusunga vyakurya, kuzenga misewu, na kupereka ngongoli ku ŵalimi, zikaŵa zakovwira chomene ŵalimi ŵakurya mu minda yikuru kuluska ŵalimi ŵachoko.<ref name=Number37 /> === Vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu na umoyo === [[File:Malawi AIDS Orphans.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Ŵana ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ku Malawi.|Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana awo ŵakataya ŵapapi chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya ukavu na njara.]] Ukavu uli palipose mu Malawi. Mwakuyana na [[Bungwe la Banki ya Charu|World Bank]], pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala pasi pa mphaka ya ukavu ya madola gha US$2 pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number17">{{Cite web |title=Malawi Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malawi/overview |website=World Bank}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi ndiwo ŵakasuzgika chomene mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya chifukwa ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira chakurya para vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima vyatondeka.<ref name=Number16 /> Lipoti la [[ActionAid]] la mu 2002 likayowoya kuti kufuma apo demokilase yikakhazikikira mu Malawi mu 1994, chigomezgo cha kovwirana pakati pa ŵanthu chikamba kuchepa.<ref name=Number1 /> Mu nyengo ya chilangalanga cha 1991/1992, mbumba zikovwirana na kupereka chakurya panji nchito ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga. Kweni mu suzgo la vyakurya la 2001/2002, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kuŵa na mtima wa "munthu waliyose wajipulumuske yekha", kuyana na lipoti la ActionAid.<ref name=Number1 /> [[HIV/AIDS ku Malawi|HIV/AIDS]] nayo yikaŵa suzgo likuru ilo likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe pangozi mu nyengo ya njara. Mu 2012, boma la Malawi likati nthenda iyi yikakhwaskanga pafupifupi 17% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni na 9% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi.<ref name="Number55">{{Cite journal |last=Government of Malawi |date=2012-03-31 |title=2012 Global AIDS Response Report: Malawi Country Report for 2010 and 2011 |journal=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV AIDS}}</ref> Mbumba izo zikaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS zikaŵa na vyakulima vichoko chifukwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakatondekanga kugwira ntchito mu minda. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanyake mu mbumba ŵakeneranga kuŵapwelelera, ndipo ndalama zinyake zikagwiranga ntchito pa munkhwala na malaro. Ichi chikapangiska kuti mbumba zinandi ziŵe zakuzizipizga yayi para chakurya chasowa.<ref name="Number18">{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Meera Kaul |title=Impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in the central region of Malawi |publisher=CARE International in Malawi |year=2002 |location=Malawi}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya njara ya 2002, pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakafwira mu vipatala ŵakaŵa chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.<ref name="Number31">{{Cite web |title=HIV & AIDS in Malawi |website=Avert}}</ref> Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ku matenda na kusoŵa chakurya chakukwana. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikati 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kukura chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakupereŵera thupi.<ref name="Number13">UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF.</ref> Kwambira mu 1992 apo suzgo la vyakurya likamba, umoyo wa ŵana pa nkhani ya chakurya ukasintha viŵi yayi.<ref name=Number13 /> Mu nyengo ya kusowa kwa chakurya mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu Malawi. [[UNICEF]] yikati miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ukhondo, maji ghambura kuŵa ghawemi, kweniso chifukwa chakuti njara yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakutondeka kulimbana na matenda.<ref name=Number13 /> Kafukufuku wa [[Save the Children]] UK mu 2002 wakalongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana na ŵalara ŵaŵe na kutupa kwa mawoko na malundi chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number21">Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya vinthu ivyo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakalyanga yayi, nga ni misisi yinyake, vikoti vya chimanga, vikhuni vyakuphwanyika, na vipasi vyakusangika mu muthondo. Ivi vikapangiska matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakuŵinya.<ref name=Number21 /> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Nsanje District|Nsanje]], ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kurya vimiti vya maji ivyo vikuchemeka nyika. Nangauli pakwamba vikaŵa chakurya cha nyengo, sono ŵakamba kuvigwiliskira ntchito nga ni chakurya chikuru, kweni kurya vinandi kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na matenda gha mu nthumbo.<ref name="Number51">{{cite journal |title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen |journal=The Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9502 |pages=1994–1995}}</ref> === Vyakukhwaskana na chilengiwa === Dongo la ku Malawi lili na suzgo chifukwa ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira manyowa mu nyengo yakale.<ref name="Number4">{{Cite book|last=Hardy |first=Jeffrey S. |date=1998-05-01 |title=Malawi: Soil Fertility Issues and Options |publisher=Cornell University Press |volume=1}}</ref> Pali nthowa zicoko waka zakuwezgera nkhongono za dongo. Malawi ngwakavu chomene kuti wambe kunjizga vinthu vinandi vya ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵawezgere vyakurya mu dongo, ndipo malo ghakulimapo ngakusuzga kusunga malo ghakuru ghakupumulira dongo.<ref name=Number4 /> Ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kugura manyowa chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama.<ref name=Number16 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, unandi wa vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima ukakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa kwa nkhongono ya dongo kweniso kuchepa kwa malo ghakulimapo. Ŵalimi ŵachoko ku Malawi ŵakakumanaso na kuchepa kwa vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Para nyengo ya vula yikusintha na kutentha kukukwera, nyengo yakulimapo yikuchepa ndipo ŵalimi ŵakukhumbikwira kugura mbuto zakudura za mtundu uphya kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyakukwana.<ref name="Number5" /> Ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵakasintha nyengo iyo ŵakalimiranga chimanga. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kulima mu Disembala m’malo mwa Novembala, apo ŵanyake ŵakalima mwaluŵiro kuti ŵayezge kukumana na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref name="Number5" /> Kuchuluka kwa nyengo za chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji kukapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number5" /> Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 na 2001/2002, vula yikaŵa yambura kwenelera. Pakachitikanga nyengo zakumira na kusefukira kwa maji, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kukura makora.<ref name="Number8">{{Cite web |last=Masina |first=Lameck |date=2013-01-22 |title=Washed Away: Malawi's Food Security Hit By Natural Disasters |website=Global Policy Forum}}</ref> Ŵalimi ŵanandi, kuti ŵayezge kujivikilira ku nyengo yambura kumanyikwa, ŵakamba kuvuna vyakurya vyawo pambere nyengo yakuvunira yindafike. Kweni ichi chikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivyo vikapelekekanga viŵe vichoko chomene mu 2001/2002.<ref name=Number8 /> Kusintha kwa nyengo kukapangiska kuti nthowa zakuyowoyera vya zokolola zamunthazi ziŵe zambura kugomezgeka. Mautolero agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito vifukwa vya nyengo na kuwona vyakurya ghakatondeka kumanya mwakwenelera kukhira kwa vyakurya mu nyengo iyi.<ref name=Number8 /> Mwachiyerezgero, ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga vya vyakurya ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kuchepa kwa chimanga kuzamuwelerapo chifukwa cha vyakurya vinyake nga ni misisi na vyakurya vya pasi. Kweni mu nyengo ya 2001/2002, vyakurya vyose vikatondeka.<ref name=Number8 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, boma likaŵavya kunozgeka kwakukwana apo suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likafika.<ref name=Number8 /> == Wovwiri na nthowa zakuzenga == Boma la Malawi likakhazikiska ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵalimi iyo yikuchemeka [[Farm Input Subsidy Programme]] (FISP) mu 2005. Mu ndondomeko iyi, boma likapelekanga manyowa na mbuto pa mtengo wakuchepa ku ŵalimi awo ŵakaŵa mu suzgo.<ref name="Number7" /> Manyowa gha mu FISP ghakaguliskikanga pa madola gha US$7 pa thumba la makilogalamu 50, apo mtengo wa msika ukaŵa pafupifupi madola gha US$27 pa thumba lenelili.<ref name=Number7 /> Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Michigan State University]] wakalongora kuti nangauli vula yambura kwenelera yikatondeska ndondomeko iyi mu nyengo ya 2005/2006, nyengo yiwemi mu 2007 yikawovwira kuti ndondomeko iyi yichite makora.<ref name="Number7">{{Cite journal |last=Jayne, T.S., Chapoto, A., Minde I.J., Donovan, C. |date=2008 |title=Grain Marketing Policy at the Crossroads: Challenges for Eastern and Southern Africa |journal=International Development Working Papers |publisher=Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Chifukwa cha FISP, Malawi wakasanga zokolola zikuru za chimanga mu 2007. Charu ichi chikavuna matani pafupifupi 3.4 miliyoni gha chimanga, ndipo chikaŵa na chakukwana chakujumpha chomene chomwe chikakwana matani 1.4 miliyoni.<ref name=Number7 /> Chifukwa cha chimanga chinandi ichi, Malawi wakamba kuguliska chimanga ku vyaru vinyake kweniso kupereka wovwiri ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na suzgo la vyakurya. [[Zimbabwe]] wakapokera matani 40,000 gha chimanga kufuma ku Malawi, ndipo [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] waliyose wakapokera matani 5,000 gha chimanga.<ref name=Number7 /> Mabungwe gha pa charu chose na gha mu Malawi, kusazgapo [[World Food Programme|WFP]], [[European Union|EU]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], na [[USAID]], ghakapeleka wovwiri wa vyakurya ku Malawi pamanyuma pakuti boma lapharazga soka mu 2002. Mu 2005, WFP yikati wovwiri wake wa vyakurya ukaŵa kovwira pafupifupi 11% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi.<ref name=Number20 /> ==Vyakukhala vyakunyuma (Long-term effects)== ===Umoyo=== Suzgo la vyakurya lapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi na matenda. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi nyengo yitali, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakutepeta chomene.<ref name="Number13">UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030933/http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Kufuma mu 1992, apo misisi ya suzgo la vyakurya yikambiranga, umoyo wa kadyero ka ŵana undasintha.<ref name=Number13 /> Mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, mu nyengo izo kusoŵa vyakurya kukaŵa kukuru, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu charu chose. [[UNICEF]] yikamanya kuti miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha ukhondo wambura kwenelera na maji ghambura kuvikilirika, ivyo vikakolerana na suzgo la vyakurya ndipo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakupokera matenda.<ref name=Number13 /> Mwakuyana waka, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Save the Children|Save The Children]] UK mu February 2002 wakawona kuti suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu chifukwa likapangiska kuvimba kwa mawoko na malundi mu ŵana na ŵalara.<ref name="Number21">Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.</ref> Kusoŵa vyakurya kwapangiska nyifwa zinandi chifukwa cha njara; unandi wake weneko ukumanyikwa yayi.<ref name=Number5 /> Zinyake mwa nyifwa izi zikasazgirako suzgo la [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, kweniso kukapangika unandi wa ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi. [[UNICEF]] yikuyowoya kuti 17% ya ŵana ŵalije ŵapapi ŵamoyo chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.<ref name=Number13 /> Pa nyengo iyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, kufuma mu Epulero m’paka Meyi 2002, [[WHO]] yikachita kuwunika umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Malawi. Yikawona kuti pakati pa Okutobala 2001 na Malichi 2002, pakaŵa nyifwa zakukwana 1.9 pa ŵanthu 10,000 zuŵa lililose. Kukaŵa muliri wa kolera uwo ukaŵa na milandu 33,150 yakumanyikwa na nyifwa 981, mwakuyana na chiŵelengero cha nyifwa cha 3%. Kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku malo gha chipatala chikakhira na 25% mu nyengo yeneyiyo. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongora kuti malo gha chipatala ghakaŵa na masuzgo chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito, munkhwala, kweniso mauthenga na mayendedwe ghambura kwenelera. Apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵika pakwamba kusanga vyakurya, kupenja wovwiri wa umoyo na kuluta ku malo gha chipatala ghambura kunozgeka kukamba kuchepa.<ref name=Number50>WHO 2002</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya misisi yambura kuŵa yakwenelera, mphangwe za chimanga, fumbi la mathabwa, na vipambi vyakuphikika, ndipo ŵakamba kutora matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakurya vyakuphambanapambana.<ref name=Number21 /> Lipoti mu magazini ya [[The Lancet]] likawona kuti mbumba zinandi, nanga zikaŵa zasambazi, mu [[Nsanje]] chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Malawi, zikaŵa kurya mizi ya chomera cha maji icho chikachemekanga nyika. Mizi iyi iyo pakwamba yikaŵa chakurya chakulyera waka, yikazgoka chakurya chikuru ndipo para munthu wangarya vinandi yingapangiska kutaya nthumbo.<ref name="Number51">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67799-9 | title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen | year=2005 | last1=Tenthani | first1=Raphael | journal=The Lancet | volume=366 | issue=9502 | pages=1994–1995 | pmid=16353311 | s2cid=28688185 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Pa nyengo yinyake, mwana mukuru wa mbumba ya ŵanthu 10 wakasanga mphonje zakupha za chomera cha mbatata zakuthengo. Awiske ŵakapeleka mphonje izi ku ŵana na anyina chifukwa ŵakaŵavya chakurya chinyake; ŵenecho ŵakarya yayi chifukwa ŵakaŵika njara ya ŵana na muwoli wawo panthazi pa njara yawo. Anyina na ŵana ŵawo 8 ŵakafwa yumoza yumoza chifukwa cha kusanza na kupokera chiphe cha vyakurya.<ref name=Number51 /> ===Ndondomeko za boma=== Ndondomeko ya boma ya kuvikilira vyakurya, iyo yikuchemeka FISP, yikawovwira kusazgirako ulimi. Nga umo vyayowoyekera kale, kupanga chimanga kukajumpha ivyo charu chikakhumbanga pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska FISP. Pakati pa 2005 na 2011, [[GDP|GDP ya Malawi]] yikakuranga mwakukwana 11.7% chaka chilichose, ndipo ŵakumanya vinthu ŵanandi ŵakayaniska kukura kwa GDP ya ulimi na FISP. Kweni kafukufuku wa sonosono wakulongora kuti FISP ni ndondomeko iyo yingakhalapo yayi nyengo yitali: apo mbumba izo zikukhumbikwira wovwiri zikuchuluka, uwemi wa fetereza na mbuto izo zikuperekeka ukakhira kufuma pa makilogalamu 85 pa mulimi mu 2005/2006 kufika pa makilogalamu 60 pa mulimi mu 2012/2013.<ref name="Number25">{{Cite journal |last=Thurlow, James |first=Pauw, Karl |date=2014 |title=Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program: Where do we go from here? Policy Note 18 |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/massppn18.pdf |journal=Malawi Strategy Support Program |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute}}</ref> Ndondomeko ziphya za kuvikilira vyakurya zikapangika mu 2002 na 2003. Ndondomeko ya Malawi ya [[Kuchepeska ukavu|kuchepeska ukavu]] yikaŵa chikalata cha ndondomeko icho chikakhumbikwanga kulongozga na kovwira pakupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ya boma. Pakatikati pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa kukura kwa chuma, ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa pa chuma, nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, na kayendeskero kawemi ka boma; mwa kupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ivyo vikukhozgera kukura kwa ulimi na kuŵika nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu, boma likate liŵe na nkhongono zakukhozgera kuŵa na vyakurya.<ref name="Number27">{{Cite journal |last=Sahley, C., Groelsema, Bob., Marchione, T., Nelson, D. |date=2005 |title=The Governance Dimensions of Food Security in Malawi |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnade034.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923152016/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE034.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2006 |journal=Is Food Security Achievable in Malawi? |location=Washington DC |publisher=USA Agency for International Development |volume=20}}</ref> Unduna wa vyaulimi ukagwira ntchito pamoza na mabungwe gha ŵanthu, ma unduna ghanyake, makampani ghapadera, na ŵakupereka wovwiri kupanga Ndondomeko ya Vyakurya na Kadyero. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa na vilato vya: 1) kusazgirako vyakurya mwa kusazgirako vyakuvwilira vya maji na kuŵa na fetereza na malo, 2) kukhozga misika ya ku mizi, 3) kupanga malango gha umoyo na kadyero, na 4) kukhazikiska na kukhozga ndondomeko zakulimbana na masoka, malo ghakusungirako chimanga, na nthowa zakuwonera na kulongosora kupanga vyakurya.<ref name=Number27 /> Pamasinda, Unduna wa Kupanga Chuma na Chitukuko ukapanga ndondomeko ya kukura kwa chuma iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na m'pata wakusanga vyakurya mwa kukhozgera malonda na ndalama zakunjira mu vyalo vya ku mizi mu Malawi, kuti ŵasange ndalama na ntchito.<ref name=Number27 /> ===Mitheto na chikaya=== Pa nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusintha umo ŵakakhaliranga kuti ŵasange chakurya. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kugwira ntchito zakwiza waka kuti ŵapokere vyakurya. Ŵanandi ŵakaguliska katundu wa mu nyumba na viŵeto pa mitengo yichoko kuti ŵagule chakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti chiŵe chakusuzga kwa iwo kuwelera ku umoyo wakukhazikika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vyakurya.<ref name="Number39">{{Cite journal |last=Margolies, A., Kalagho, K., Kazembe, C. |date=2019 |title=Examining perceptions of food assistance on household food security and resilience in Malawi; Policy Note 32 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133065 |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute |location=Washington DC |volume= |doi=10.2499/p15738coll2.133065|s2cid=239189252|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku [[Zambia]] na vyalo vinyake vyapafupi kukapenja ntchito za malipiro ghachoko panji vyakurya.<ref name=Number5 /> Suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaskaso masambiro. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵana awo ŵakaleka sukulu ŵakafika pa 25% chifukwa cha njara. Ŵanandi ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu kuti ŵagwire ntchito panji kupenja chakurya, apo ŵanyake ŵakatondeka kulipira ndalama za sukulu.<ref name=Number39 /> Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakadandawura kuti sukulu zikaluza mazaza pa ŵana chifukwa ŵangachichizga yayi ŵana kukhala, kusambira, panji kuchita ntchito za ku sukulu usange ŵali na njara na kudwala.<ref name=Number5 /> [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti mu vigaŵa ivyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, hafu m’paka vitatu mwa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu.<ref name=Number51 /> Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵana ku sukulu, [[UNICEF]] na [[WFP]] vikamba mapulogiramu ghakupereka vyakurya ku ŵana ku sukulu na wovwiri unyake ku ŵasambizgi na ŵantchito. [[UNICEF]] yikati pulogiramu iyi yikapangiska "kusintha kukuru" mu kuluta ku sukulu, ndipo mu malo ghanyake nyumba za sukulu zikazura na ŵana awo ŵakapenjanga chakurya.<ref name=Number51 /> Makhaliro gha chikaya chose ghakasinthaso kuheni, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ku ŵazengezgani, kusida ŵana, kulimbana chifukwa cha chakurya, na kusinthana kugonana kuti ŵasange chakurya.<ref name=Number5 /> Kwiba vyakurya na ndalama kukachuluka chomene. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵakukora ŵankhungu ŵakaŵatombozganga na kuŵapweteka nga ni chilango.<ref name=Number5 /> Ŵachekuru, ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi, na ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, chifukwa chikaŵa chakusuzga kwa iwo kujiwovwira, ndipo ŵakaŵa vilato vikuru vya kwiba na nkhaza.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2005, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakakomekanga pa msika wa [[ADMARC]] apo ŵakaguranga chimanga chawo cha makilogalamu 25 icho ŵakapika.<ref name="Number40">{{Cite web |title=The Effect of the Food Crisis on Women and Their Families |url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/46209.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}</ref> Mtengo wa [[ntchito ya kugonana]] ukakhira kufuma pa MK1000 kufika pa MK200, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana awo ŵakachitanga vinthu ivi kuti ŵasange ndalama ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru.<ref name=Number40 /> Mbumba na nthengwa nazo zikasinthika chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya: ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakachichizgika kutengwa ŵachali ŵachoko chifukwa mbumba zawo zikatenge zingakwaniska yayi kuŵapwelelera mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.<ref name=Number39 /> Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakutorana ŵanyake ŵakamba kuleka kugomezgeka mu nthengwa kuti ŵasange ndalama na chakurya, ndipo ichi nacho chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.<ref name=Number39 /> ==Suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu 2012–2013== Malawi yikasanganaso na suzgo linyake la vyakurya mu 2012 na 2013. Kuyana na MVAC National [[Chivikiliro cha vyakurya|Food Security]] Forecast, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni mu [[Malawi]] ŵakaŵa pangozi ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu vyaka vya 2013 na 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Ichi chikaŵa 9.5% ya ŵanthu mu vigaŵa 21 vya charu, ndipo chigaŵa cha kumpoto ndicho chikasangana na suzgo likuru chomene.<ref name=":0" /> Vifukwa vya chuma, ndale, na ulimi vikawovwirapo pa suzgo ili.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Ku chigaŵa cha chuma na ndale, Joyce Banda wakamba kulamulira mu Epulero 2012, ndipo wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa pulezidenti wa Malawi. Mu Meyi wa chaka chenicho, [[Malawian kwacha|kwacha]] yikachepeska mtengo wake na 49% ndipo yikayamba kutaya nkhongono chomene.<ref name=":12"/> Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], kuchepa kwa mtengo kwa ndalama iyi pamoza na kukwera kwa mitengo ya vinthu (inflation) kwa 12.4% mu mwezi wenewura kukapangiska mitengo ya vinthu vyakuzirwa na mauteŵeti kukwera chomene mu charu chose.<ref name=":12"/> Kweniso, Centre for Social Concern yikafumiska lipoti ilo likalongora kuti mtengo wa umoyo ukakwera na kujumpha 50% kufuma mu 2011 kufika mu 2012.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Ku chigaŵa cha ulimi, kupanga chimanga kukakhira na 40% mu vigaŵa vinandi chifukwa cha vula yichoko.<ref name=":12"/> Kupanga chimanga kochepa uku pamoza na kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ŵanthu kugura vinthu, vikapangiska kuti mu 2012 ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni yimoza ŵakhumbikwirenge wovwiri kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyawo vyakuzirwa.<ref name=":12" /> Ndipouli, umo Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee yikawoneranga mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa pangozi chikeneranga kukwera na 21% chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Kukwera kwa mitengo pamoza na kuchepa kwa kupanga chimanga vikapangiska kuti mitengo ya [[chimanga]] mu 2012 yiŵe yakwera na 40% kuluska mtengo wapakati wa vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":12" /> Chifukwa cha kukwera chomene kwa khumbo la chakurya, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakaguliskanga chimanga pa mitengo yapachanya chomene, ndipo ŵakapelekanga ku misika yinyake chimanga icho chikeneranga kupelekeka ku ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Madalitso |date=2013-09-30 |title=No maize in Malawi's Admarc depots |url=http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=BNL Times}}</ref> Vinthu ivyo vikabisika na malo ghakupelekera vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga vikawa vichoko chomene panji vikamara. Ichi chikakhwaska chomene chivikiliro cha vyakurya mu Malawi chifukwa chimanga ntchakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo ndicho chikulimika na kuryeka chomene mu charu.<ref name=":03"/> [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|Mulongozgi wa machenjezo ghakwamba gha njara]] wakafumiska uthenga wakuti suzgo likuru la vyakurya lingachitika mu Malawi kufika mu Julayi 2012 ndipo lingatora myezi 9.<ref name=":12" /> Kweniso, kuyana na kafukufuku mu [[The Journal of Modern African Studies]], vinthu vyakhalako kufuma ku masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale vikaŵa vikuwoneka mu 2012. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la vyakurya la 2002, nga ni kutondeka kwa chitukuko na misika, navyo vikawovwirapo pa suzgo la 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dorward|first1=Andrew|last2=Kydd|first2=Jonathan|date=2004|title=The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=42|issue=3|pages=343–361|issn=0022-278X|jstor=3876336|doi=10.1017/S0022278X04000229|s2cid=54763363|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf}}</ref> Ivi vikasazgapo kusazgikiska kwa malonda gha vyakurya mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, kufumiskapo wovwiri wa ŵalimi, na kuleka kulamulira misika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ng’ambi|first1=F.|last2=Owusu|first2=K.|date=2002|title=Structural damage: the causes and consequences of Malawi's food crisis|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB2013202812|language=en}}</ref> Kweniso, masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale ghali na ndalama zikuru za nyengo yitali chifukwa kusoŵa makora vyakurya mu thupi kukupangiska kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ntchito chifukwa cha [[Kukura kwambura kwenelera|kuŵa wakutepeta]]. Kuyana na kafukufuku, pafupifupi 60% ya ŵalara mu charu ŵakusuzgika na kukura kwambura kwenelera chifukwa cha njara iyo ŵakaŵa nayo apo ŵakaŵa ŵana, ndipo ichi chikukwana pafupifupi ŵanthu 4.5 miliyoni mu Malawi awo ŵali na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-study-reveals-huge-impact-hunger-economy-malawi-0|title=New Study Reveals Huge Impact Of Hunger On Economy Of Malawi|website=www.wfp.org|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Nadi, kafukufuku wenewura wa [[World Food Programme]] wakawona kuti Malawi yikataya ndalama zakukwana MWK 16.5 biliyoni mu kupanga vinthu chifukwa cha kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.<ref name=":2" /> == Chaka cha 2015 cha njara == Nangauli mu 2014 kuŵa kwa vyakurya mu Malawi kukakwera, ŵalimi ŵakawelera mu suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya mu 2015. Mu 2014, komiti ya Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC) yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu 640,009 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakusuzgika kusanga chakurya, pakuyaniska na ŵanthu 1.46 miliyoni mu chaka cham'mbuyo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Kuchepa kwa ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika na chakurya kukachitika chifukwa cha kusangika kwa vyakurya vinandi mu 2014 chifukwa cha vuna yiwemi, kweni ivi vikakhala kwa nyengo yichoko chifukwa mu 2015 Malawi yikakhwaskika na maji ghanandi chomene.<ref name=":3" /> Vikuyerekelezgeka kuti Malawi yikutaya ndalama zakukwana madola 12.5 miliyoni, panji 1% ya [[GDP|chuma cha charu chonse]], chaka chilichose chifukwa cha chilangalanga, ndipo madola 9 miliyoni panji 0.7% ya GDP chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa maji mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Besada|first1=Hany|last2=Werner|first2=Karolina|date=2015-01-02|title=An assessment of the effects of Africa's water crisis on food security and management|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=31|issue=1|pages=120–133|doi=10.1080/07900627.2014.905124|issn=0790-0627|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nadi, Malawi ni charu chachilendo yayi ku masuzgo gha nyengo, chifukwa pakati pa 1970 na 2006 pakaŵa masoka ghakujintha pa nyengo ghakujumpha 40.<ref name=":5"/> Mu 2015 kufika mu 2016, Malawi yikakumana na chilangalanga chikuru ndipo pamanyuma pakaŵa kusefukira kwa maji chifukwa cha [[El Niño|El Nino]].<ref name="Malawi Food Crisis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/emergency-response/malawi-food-crisis|title=Malawi Food Crisis|website=Oxfam GB|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Vilangalanga ivi vikaŵa viheni chomene mu vyaka 35 ivyo vyajumpha, chifukwa pakaŵa nyengo ziŵiri zakulima zakutondeka ndipo ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuŵapa chakurya iwo na mbumba zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|title=Update on the food crisis in Malawi|website=Deki|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401043739/https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ivyo vikakhwaska ŵanthu chomene chifukwa 90% ya ŵanthu mu Malawi ŵakuthemba vyakurya ivyo vikulimika na vula kweniso ulimi kuti ŵakhale na umoyo. Ntheura pa 13 April 2016, [[Peter Mutharika|Mutharika]] pulezidenti wakapharazga kuti mu charu mwawa masoka ghakuru ndipo wakaŵika Malawi pa mulandu wa suzgo la chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji.<ref name=":7" /> Chifukwa cha suzgo ili, mitengo ya [[chimanga]] yikakwera chomene ndipo mbumba zinandi zikakatondeka kugula. Kweniso maji ghakukwana pa ulimi ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaleke kuwelera ku umoyo wawo wa kale.<ref name="Malawi Food Crisis"/> Mu February wa chaka chenechichi, mtengo wa chimanga ukaŵa kuti wakwera kale na 60% kuluska mtengo wa vyaka vitatu ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":7"/> Kuyana na [[Action Against Hunger]], ulimi wa chimanga ukachepa na 27% kufuma mu 2013 ndipo ukawa pasi na 20% pakuyaniska na umo ukaŵira mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/massive-food-crisis-threatens-500000-children-malawi|title=Massive food crisis threatens 500,000 children in Malawi – Malawi|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Masuzgo agha ghakapangiska ŵanthu kuguliska katundu wawo kuti ŵagure chakurya cha mbumba zawo, ndipo charu chikanjira mu suzgo likuru.<ref name=":4" /> Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], mwana yumoza pa ŵana 10 wakusuzgika na kukura makora kwa thupi chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa vyakurya na suzgo la chakurya ilo likapangika na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/509722-malawi-facing-worst-food-crisis-decade-requires-81-million-relief-aid-un-agency|title=Malawi facing worst food crisis in decade, requires $81 million in relief aid – UN agency|date=2015-09-25|website=UN News|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Pakaŵaso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangiska suzgo ili kuŵa likuru, nga nkhuŵavya ndondomeko zakukhora za nyengo yitali zakovwira ŵalimi mu Malawi kuti ŵalimbane na kusintha kwa nyengo mu ulimi.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal | doi=10.3390/su7021620 | doi-access=free | title=Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers' Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi | year=2015 | last1=Coulibaly | first1=Jeanne | last2=Gbetibouo | first2=Glwadys | last3=Kundhlande | first3=Godfrey | last4=Sileshi | first4=Gudeta | last5=Beedy | first5=Tracy | journal=Sustainability | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=1620–1636 }}</ref> Vikupulikikwa kuti pakukhumbikwa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵalimi kusanga nthowa zakulimbana na kusintha kwa nyengo, nga ni ulimi wakukhalilira kweniso kusazgirako uwemi wa dongo.<ref name=":02" /> Kusowa kwa kunozgekera uku kukasazgikira pa masuzgo agho charu chikaŵa nagho kale. Kuyana na [[World Bank]], ŵanthu mu vyaru vyakukura makora yayi ŵakukhwaskika chomene na masoka gha chilengedwe chifukwa kutaya kwawo kukupimika kuyana na GDP yawo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences|title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences {{!}} Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org|date=January 2008 |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Kweniso [[United Nations Development Programme]] yikulongosora kuti para charu chilije kunozgekera makora, masoka na ivyo vikuchitika pamanyuma vikuŵa viheni chomene.<ref name=":5" /> Malawi yikayezga kuchepeska vyakufumapo vya suzgo la chakurya mwa kugura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga. Mu 2015, Malawi yikagura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga ya nyengo ya ulimi wa 2015/2016 kufuma ku kampani ya African Risk Capacity (ACR).<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last1=Reeves|first1=Jonathan|date=May 2017|title=The wrong model for resilience: How G7-backed drought insurance failed Malawi, and what we must learn from it|url=https://actionaid.org/publications/2017/wrong-model-resilience#downloads|journal=Action Aid}}</ref> Inshuwalansi iyi yikagulira madola ghakukwana US$5 miliyoni.<ref name=":62"/> Kweni wovwiri ukachedwa kufika ndipo ukafika ku ŵanthu ŵa Malawi mu 2017, ntheura ukatondeka kuchepeska kutaya kwachuma chifukwa cha suzgo ili.<ref name=":62"/> Action Aid yikuyowoya kuti chilangalanga cha 2015 chikapangiska Malawi kutaya ndalama zakukwana US$395 miliyoni.<ref name=":62"/> == Umo vinthu viliri sono == Nangauli Malawi yikambiska Ndondomeko ya Kovwira Ŵalimi na Vinthu vya Ulimi mu 2005, chandulo cha ndondomeko iyi chikalutilira kuthemba pa vula.<ref name=":62"/> Kweniso nthowa izo zikugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni manyowa gha kupanga na mbuto zakusinthika zikwambiska kunangika kwa dongo kweniso kuŵika ŵalimi mu vikatiko vya ngongoli.<ref name=":62" /> Ndondomeko zinandi zili kuŵikika kuti zivwire ŵalimi pa nkhani ya ndalama na ngongoli, nga ni [[ntchito za ulongozgi wa ulimi]], mapulogiramu gha ntchito za boma, na kupokera ndalama kwambura vifukwa vyakupokera. Ndondomeko ya charu ya kusintha na kunozgekera nyengo nayo yikukhumba kuŵikapo nthowa zakukhozgera chomene ulimi kuti ulutilire kususkana na masuzgo.<ref name=":62" /> Ivi vikukolerana na ndondomeko ya Malawi ya kusinthasintha vyakuchita, iyo yikuyowoya kuti masuzgo ghakuru ni ukavu, malo ghachoko gha kulimapo, kweniso kuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya chilengedwe.<ref name=":03"/> Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kunozga nkhani za kusangika kwa chakurya, kusamalira vinthu vya chilengedwe, nkhongono zakutowa, tekinoloje, na ndalama kuti chitukuko chikure, kusintha kwa nyengo kuchepe, kweniso kukhozga mtende na chitetezo cha ŵanthu.<ref name=":03"/> Mu 2018, mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera kanandi waka, kufuma pa 100 Malawi Kwacha (US$0.14) pa kilogalamu kufika pa 140 Kwacha ($0.19) pa kilogalamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mwnation.com/maize-prices-40/|title=Maize prices up 40%|last1=Phiri|first1=Grace|date=2018-02-06|website=The Nation Online|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ulimi wa chimanga mu Malawi ukachepa na 20% mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Deblina |date=24 May 2018 |title=Malawi maize production down by 20 percent |url=http://www.africanfarming.net/crops/agriculture/malawi-maize-production-down-by-20-per-cent |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=African Farming and Food Processing |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khamula |first=Owen |date=2018-05-22 |title=Malawi maize production harvests down by 20 percent |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-maize-production-harvests-drops-by-20/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kufika mu Seputembala 2018, boma la Malawi likakhazikiska mtengo wa chimanga pa 170 Kwacha ($0.23) pa kilogalamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/govt-brings-down-maize-prices-in-admarc/|title=Govt brings down maize prices in Admarc|date=2018-09-20|website=Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Pa 14 Malichi 2019, Fumu yikuru ya mu [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]] yikayowoya kuti yikwenjerwa kuti Karonga yingakumana na kusoŵa kwa chimanga chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chikatora nyengo yitali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903140491.html|title=Malawi: Karonga At Risk of Hunger Due to Prolonged Dry Spell|last1=Mhone|first1=Sithembile|date=2019-03-14|work=Nyasa Times (Leeds)|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2019, Malawi yikakhwaskika na [[Cyclone Idai|Chimphepo cha Idai]]. Pamanyuma pa kusefukira kwa maji kwakofya uko kukachitika chifukwa cha chimphepo ichi, nduna ya vya ulimi yikayowoya kuti charu chingaŵa kuti chataya 20% ya chimanga icho chikeneranga kubalika mu nyengo iyi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402094925/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2019|title=Malawi could lose 20 pct of maize crop in cyclone flooding – minister|last1=Winning|first1=Alexander|date=April 2, 2019|work=Reuters Africa|access-date=April 5, 2019}}</ref> == Mazgu ghakulongosora == <references/> [[Chigaŵa:Njara mu Africa]] [[Chigaŵa:2005 mu Malawi|suzgo la vyakurya]] [[Chigaŵa:Chilala mu Africa]] [[Chigaŵa:Masoka gha chilengiwa mu Malawi]] [[Chigaŵa: 2002 chilala]] [[Chigaŵa:2002 mu Malaŵi]] [[Chigaŵa:Kuvikilirika kwa vyakurya kuyana na vyaru|Malawi]] fqv6qpnrlslgg9fp7mb6mk1x3fn9q27 117923 117922 2026-07-24T06:52:44Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} <!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.--> [[File:Malawi-map-blank.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Malawi.|Mapu ya Malawi.]] [[Malawi|Malawi]] ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na chitukuko chakukwana yayi pa charu chose. Mu [[Ndemanga ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Index]] ya chaka cha 2010, Malawi yikaŵa pa malo 170 pa vyaru 187.<ref name="Number52">{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2013 |title=Human Development Report 2013 |author=United Nations |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Chalo ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 16 miliyoni, ndipo 53% ŵawo ŵakukhala pasi pa [[Mphaka wa ukavu|mphaka wa ukavu]] wa charu. Pafupifupi 90% ŵakukhala na ndalama zakujumpha yayi madola gha ku America ghaŵiri pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number53">{{Cite web |title=FINCA Malawi |url=https://finca.org/where-we-work/africa/malawi/?wp-nocache=true |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Wupu wa Mitundu Yakwiza wa Kusungilira Ŵana|Wupu wa Ŵana wa United Nations]] (UNICEF) ukayowoya kuti mu Malawi muli ŵana 46,000 awo ŵakusuzgika chomene na [[kusowa chakurya chakukwana|kusowa chakurya]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|title=High stakes for Malawi's children as malnutrition rises|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|date=2005-10-14|access-date=2007-12-13|archive-date=2021-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023749/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2023, UNICEF yikachenjezga kuti ŵana ŵakujumpha 500,000 mu Malawi ŵakaŵa pa ngozi ya kusowa chakurya.<ref name=":1" /> Mazuŵa ghano, mapulogiramu ghanandi ghakuŵikika mu Malawi kuti ghakumane na masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kusintha kwa vyakuchita vya chuma na ulimi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Lindsay C. |last2=Mkwambisi |first2=David D. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Dyer |first4=Jen C. |date=April 2010 |title=Adaptation to climate change and desertification: Perspectives from national policy and autonomous practice in Malawi |journal=Climate and Development |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.3763/cdev.2010.0042 |issn=1756-5529 |s2cid=153677852}}</ref> ==Mbiri na ivyo vikachitika pakwamba== Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵalondezga kwamba kwa suzgo la chakurya mu Malawi kufika mu vyaka vya 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru mu kumwera kwa [[Africa]] chikachepeska chomene vyakurya vya chimanga mu Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene. Chimanga ndicho chikupanga pafupifupi 54% ya chakurya cha ma calories agho Ŵamalawi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito zuŵa lililose.<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2">{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso mbuto ziwemi za chimanga na fetereza uyo boma likapeleka, ŵanthu ŵakakura yayi mu vyakurya chifukwa cha umo ŵakachitira mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Chigumula mu Malawi. Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengedwe.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachoko kweniso kugawa fetereza pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Ukaboni wa vimbundi na kusanga phindu mwakwenelera yayi mu ADMARC ukapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisuzge ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwambura kwenelera.<ref name=Number12 /> Peneapo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] likakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pambere apa, nyengo za chilala na chigumula zikalutilira kusuzga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006. https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikugomezga chomene pa [[Ulimi|ulimi]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakulima ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Kuchuluka kwa chilala na chigumula kufuma mu 1990 kukakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakukwana zakuzizipizgira masoka agha panji kubwelera mwaluŵiro, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi ya kusuzgika chomene na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza. Mzere wa ukavu na njara ukalutilira kukura.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma ku vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga wovwiri pa ulimi wa chimanga chakusazgika luso. Kweni apo boma likalekezga pulogalamu iyi chifukwa cha mtengo wake ukuru, ulimi wa chimanga ukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakweraso.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2002, pakaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]] mu Malawi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakufwa ŵakayananga pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}</ref> Pafupifupi 85% ya ndalama zakwizira mu mbumba za Ŵamalawi zikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi. Chimanga, tirigu na mbatata vikaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalimanga na kurya.<ref name="Number15">{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}</ref> Ntheura, apo [[Wupu wa Ndalama wa Charu Chose|IMF]] ukayowoya kuti zokolola za chimanga mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu charu muŵe kusoŵa kwa matani 273,000 gha chimanga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu February 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa suzgo la chakurya ndipo likapharazga kuti chikaŵa nyengo ya soka la chalo.<ref name="Number12" /> Zakurya ivyo vikavunwa mu hafu yakwamba ya 2002 vikawovwira kuchepeska njara yikuru, kweni mu 2005, chilala chinyake chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya.<ref name="Number54">{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |access-date=2022-05-14 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |isbn=9781315529899|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pa Okutobala 15, 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Mulongozgi wa Malawi|Mulongozgi]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga [[nyengo ya soka|soka la chalo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4345246.stm |access-date=2007-12-13 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Kufuma apo Malawi yikamba kubwelera kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, kweni sono yikusangana na suzgo linyake la kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number20">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9780801466380 |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |isbn=9780801466380 |editor-last=Pinstrup-Andersen |editor-first=Per |doi=10.7591/9780801466380 |editor2-last=Cheng |editor2-first=Fuzhi}}</ref> Pakaŵaso masuzgo gha chakurya mu 2012 na 2015. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la 2002 vikapambananga yayi, kweni pa nyengo iyi vikakhwaskika chomene na chilala chikuru na vyigumula. Mu 2012, suzgo la chakurya likachitika chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikakhwaska zokolola za chimanga, kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa [[Kwacha ya Malawi|kwacha]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Malawi {{!}} WFP {{!}} United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=www.wfp.org |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030856/https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2015, chilara chikuru chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya, ndipo mulongozgi wa Malawi wakapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |url=https://www.dw.com/en/malawi-declares-national-disaster-over-food-crisis/a-19183292 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Deutsche Welle (DW)}}</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Ulimi wa ku Malawi ukukhwaskika na masoka gha chilengedwe nga ni vigumula.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la chitukuko cha ulimi na malonda|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Vimbundi na vyakuchita vya kujipenja phindu mu ADMARC vikapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisangwe likupoka ndalama za ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwakubendera.<ref name=Number12 /> Apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Kuti lisange ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|World Bank]], ADMARC likazgoka kampani iyo yikaŵa na chigaŵa cha ŵanthu wamba ndipo likamazga chithandizo cha manyowa mu 1988/1989.<ref name=Number32 /> Kusowa kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto kwa ŵalimi ŵachoko nako kukawovwira kuti suzgo la chakurya la 1992 liŵe likuru.<ref name="Number33">{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire |first=Thandika |url=http://www.oit.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---sro-harare/documents/publication/wcms_228921.pdf |title=Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9 |publisher=International Labour Organization |year=1999 |location=Harare}}</ref> Kwambira nyengo iyi, chilangalanga na vigumula vikulutilira kukhuŵazga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chakwera chomene kuluska masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikukhazikika chomene pa ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakuvuna ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyajumphapo kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Chiŵelengero chikuru cha chilangalanga na vigumula kufuma mu 1990 chakhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nkhongono zakusintha panji kuwezgerapo ivyo ŵakataya chifukwa cha masoka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi yakukumana na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga chithandizo cha manyowa na mbuto za chimanga cha mtundu uphya. Kweni apo pulogiramu iyi yikamara chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wake, kupanga chimanga kukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakwera so.<ref name=Number5 /> ==Njara ya mu 2002 ku Malawi== Mu 2002, ku Malawi kukaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]]. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambanapambana, kufuma pa 300 m'paka 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}</ref> ==Vyakuchitiska suzgo la chakurya== ===Vyandulo vya ndyali=== Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi yapeleka wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalongozgekanga na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].<ref name="Number35">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |access-date=2014-03-30 |website=Global Edge |language=en-us}}</ref> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi yikaŵa na ndyali ya chipani chimoza, ndipo Banda ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]], chipani chimoza pera icho chikaŵapo pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number35 /> Ntheura Banda wakaŵa na mazaza nga ni muwusi wankhongono chomene, ndipo pa nyengo ya muwuso wake pakaŵa kuphwanya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1993 pera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi yiŵe na ndyali ya vyipani vinandi. Pa nyengo iyi Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]] ŵakathereskeka pa mavoti.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango ya chipani chimoza, kweniso makhoti.<ref name="Number34">{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105646/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref> Mu 1998, pasi pa muwuso wa demokilasi wa [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[Bungwe la National Food Reserve Agency|Bungwe la chakurya chakusungika cha charu]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga kuti ghawovwire pa nyengo ya masoka. NFRA, ilo likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na komiti ya ŵalongozgi ŵakusankhika na boma la Malawi, likalamuliranga vyakusungika vya chimanga kweniso ndalama na malonda ghakunjira na kufuma mu charu.<ref name="Number36">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency}}</ref> Kweni mwaluŵiro NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli yakukwana 1 biliyoni ya [[Malawi kwacha|kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiwongolero chikuru cha ngongoli cha 56%. Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga.<ref name=Number12 /> Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske chimanga chakusungika chifukwa mu 2000 pakaŵa chimanga chinandi. Pakawonekanga kuti pakukhumbikwanga yayi kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena ndipo chimanga chinyake chikaŵa kwamba kunangika.<ref name=Number12 /> Kulongozga uku kukaliso chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa 2000 uyo wakapemphika na [[European Commission|Bungwe la European Commission]]. Kafukufuku uyu wakayowoya kuti matani 30,000 m'paka 60,000 gha chimanga ghakaŵa ghakukwana pa nyengo ya soka lakukhuŵazga chigaŵa chimoza pera.<ref name=Number12 /> NFRA likalondezga languro la IMF ndipo likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chakusungika ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], ndipo malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakakhira kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.<ref name=Number16 /><ref name=Number15 /><ref name=Number12 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoyanga kuti languro la IMF lakuti chimanga chiguliskike ndilo likaŵa chimoza mwa ivyo vikapangiska njara ya 2002.<ref name=Number16 /> Kweni IMF na [[ActionAid]] ŵakazomera kuti chimanga icho chikaŵa chakale ndipo chikaŵa chakudura kuchisunga, ntheura pa nyengo iyo languro ili likawonekanga lakwenelera.<ref name=Number16 /> Apo njara yikakura chomene mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa kuti ghamara ndipo boma likaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuti lingagwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=Number12 /> Suzgo likakulirakulira chifukwa boma likanozga yayi kuwezgerapo chimanga chakusungika apo chikagwiliskikanga ntchito.<ref name=Number12 /> Kweniso ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakanjilirapo ndipo ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma mu malo ghakusungirako, pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo chakurya chikaŵa chakusowa.<ref name=Number15 /> == Mbiri na vyakuyambirira == Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵakulongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya ku Malawi likamba mu 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru ku kumwera kwa Africa chikapangiska kuti vyakurya vya [[chimanga]] viŵe vichoko chomene ku Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |journal=Water Resources Management |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga, icho chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo chikaŵa pafupifupi 54% ya mphamvu ya vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakalyanga,<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> ukakwera chomene; mtengo wa chimanga ukakhala pafupifupi wakukwana kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2">{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso ndondomeko ya boma ya kovwira ŵalimi na mbuto za chimanga za mtundu uphya na manyowa, ŵanthu ŵakalyanga vyakurya vinandi yayi chifukwa cha umo ŵakajizolerezgera mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Madambo ku Malawi.|Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengiwa nga ni kusefukira kwa maji.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la vya ulimi na malonda|Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation]] (ADMARC) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso kugawira manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Kupuluska ndarama na vinthu vya boma mukati mwa bungwe ili kukapangiska kuti ADMARC yileme kuŵa yakovwira ŵalimi ndipo yikapangiska mitengo ya vyakurya kuŵa yambura kulongosoka.<ref name=Number12 /> Apo mitengo ya fodya yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikamba kusuzgika chomene ndipo yikaŵa pafupi kumara.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t}}</ref> Kuti liŵeze ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|International Monetary Fund]] na mabungwe gha charu chose, ADMARC likazgoka kampani ya payekha mwa chigaŵa ndipo likaleka kovwira na manyowa mu vyaka vya 1988/1989.<ref name=Number32 /> Kuleka kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto ku ŵalimi ŵachoko kukapangiska kuti suzgo la vyakurya mu 1992 liŵe likuru chomene.<ref name="Number33">{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire |first=Thandika |title=Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9 |publisher=International Labour Organization |year=1999 |location=Harare}}</ref> Kwambira nyengo iyo, Malawi wakumana nyengo na nyengo na chilangalanga kweniso kusefukira kwa maji.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, kukaŵa masoka gha nyengo ghakukwana 33, apo pakati pa 1970 na 1989 kukaŵa masoka 7 pera.<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuphalira pa ivyo ŵalima kuti ŵarye kweniso kuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusintha nthowa zawo za ulimi ndipo ŵakaŵa pangozi ya njara. Mu 2002, kukaŵa [[njara]] yikuru ku Malawi iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasuzgike chomene. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambana, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakaŵa pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na malipoti gha [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la vya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Report]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, pafupifupi 85% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakasanganga ndalama zawo chomene kufuma ku ulimi.<ref name="Number15">{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}</ref> [[Chimanga]] chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene mu charu ichi. Ntheura apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusanga chakurya chakukwana. Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likati zokolola za chimanga zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe mphaka ya matani 273,000 gha chimanga.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu Febuluwale 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti charu ichi chikaŵa mu suzgo la vyakurya ndipo likati pali [[suzgo la chivikiliro cha charu|soka la chigaŵa cha charu]].<ref name="Number12" /> Mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha 2002, mvula yikawovwira ndipo vyakurya vikamba kuŵako, kuchepeska njara yikuru. Kweni mu 2005, chilangalanga chinyake chikapangiska kuti Malawi wakumaneso na suzgo la vyakurya.<ref name="Number54">{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Pa 15 Okutobala 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga kuti mu Malawi mukaŵa [[suzgo la vyakurya|soka la pa charu chose]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Nangauli Malawi wakachira kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, charu ichi chikalutilira kukumana na masuzgo gha vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kuthemba chomene ulimi wa chimanga.<ref name="Number20">{{Cite book |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Cornell University Press}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya 2012 na 2015, kukaŵaso masuzgo ghanyake gha vyakurya. Masuzgo agha ghakafuma ku vinthu vyakuyana na vya 2002, kweni ghakasazgikako chifukwa cha chilangalanga chikuru na kusefukira kwa maji. Mu 2012, kusowa kwa vula kukapangiska kuti zokolola za chimanga zichepe, apo kutsika kwa mtengo wa ndalama ya Malawi ([[kwacha]]) kukapangiska kuti mitengo ya vyakurya yikwere.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Malawi |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |website=World Food Programme}}</ref> Mu 2015, chilangalanga chikuru chikati chachitika, chikazakasazgika na kusefukira kwa maji. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa Malawi walengezge kuti charu chili mu suzgo la vyachilengiwa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> == Vyakupangiska suzgo la vyakurya == === Ndale === Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi wapokera wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalamulirika na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].<ref name="Number35">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |website=Global Edge}}</ref> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi wakaŵa na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Banda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani cha [[Malawi Congress Party]], icho chikaŵa chipani chekha pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number35 /> Chifukwa cha nkhongono zake, Banda wakalamuliranga nga ni mulongozgi wankhongono chomene, ndipo mu nyengo ya muwuso wake mukaŵa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1993, ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi usinthe kuŵa charu cha vyipani vinandi, ndipo Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party]] ŵakafumiskika mu mazaza.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango yimoza, na makhoti.<ref name="Number34">{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Mu 1998, mu nyengo ya pulezidenti [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[National Food Reserve Agency]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga cha chivikiliro mu nyengo ya masoka.<ref name="Number36">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency}}</ref> NFRA likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakimikika na boma la Malawi. Bungwe ili likalamuliranga chomene malo ghakusungirako chimanga kweniso ndarama, kugula na kuguliska vyakurya.<ref name="Number36" /> Kweni NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli ya pafupifupi 1 biliyoni ya [[kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiŵelengero chikuru cha chiwongolero cha ngongoli (56%).<ref name=Number12 /> Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga kuti lisunge nga ni chakurya cha nyengo ya soka.<ref name=Number12 /> Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske malo ghakusungirako chimanga chifukwa zokolola za 2000 zikaŵa zinandi ndipo pakaŵavya chifukwa cha kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena.<ref name=Number12 /> Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2000 na kulamulika na [[European Commission]] wakalongora kuti chimanga chakukwana matani 30,000 mpaka 60,000 ndicho chikakhumbikwanga kuti chivikilire charu pa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=Number12 /> Chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF, NFRA likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chake ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], kuchepeska malo ghakusungirako kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.<ref name=Number16 /><ref name=Number15 /><ref name=Number12 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakatenge suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likasazgikapo chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF wakuti chimanga ichi chigulisike.<ref name=Number16 /> Kweni IMF na mabungwe ghanyake ghakazomerezga kuti kusunga chimanga chinandi kukawonanga ndalama zinandi ndipo chimanga chikaŵa chakale, ntheura ulongozgi uwu ukaŵa wakupulikikwa pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number16 /> Apo njara yikafika pachanya mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa ghawaka ndipo boma likaŵavya vyakusungira vyakukwana. Suzgo ili likakura chifukwa boma likaleka kunozgekera mwakukwana kuti lizuzgenso malo ghakusungirako chimanga.<ref name=Number12 /> Kweniso, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma ku malo ghakusungirako boma ndipo pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo vyakurya vikamba kusowa.<ref name=Number15 /> Boma likamba kupenja chimanga kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi kweniso vyakutali, kweni chikatora nyengo kuti chifike ku Malawi chifukwa cha masuzgo gha mayendedwe, misewu yambura kwenelera, madoko ghakuzura, na magalimoto agho ghakatondekanga kufika luŵiro.<ref name=Number12 /><ref name=Number16 /> Vyaru vinyake vyakupereka wovwiri navyo vikachedwa kovwira chifukwa vikasuzgika na nkhani za katangale mu boma la Malawi kweniso chifukwa cha mphindano zakukhwaskana na ulongozgi wa IMF.<ref name=Number16 /> === Vyakupangiska vya chuma === Mu 2009, [[United Nations|Bungwe la vyaru vyose]] likati pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakakhalanga mu mizi.<ref name="Number30">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2011-02-22 |title=Urban/rural division of countries for the year 2010, World Urbanization Prospects |website=GeoHive}}</ref> Mu charu ichi mukaŵavya nchito zinandi zakukhwaskana na mafakitale panji mauteŵeti.<ref name=Number15 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasanganga nchito mu minda yikuru ya [[fodya]], mu matawuni, panji kusamira ku vyaru vyapafupi kuti ŵakagwire nchito za malipiro ghachoko.<ref name=Number15 /> Kweni mipata ya nchito yikaŵa yichoko. Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi. Mu vyaka vya 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga chigaŵa chikuru cha ndalama izo charu chikapezanga.<ref name="Number37">{{Cite web |last=Kadzamira, Z.D., Kalinga, O.J., Mitchell, J.C., Ingham, K., Phiri, K.M. |date=2021-10-29 |title=Malawi |website=Britannica Online}}</ref> Pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ndalama zose za charu (GDP) chikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku malonda gha ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene kufuma ku [[fodya]], shuga, tiyi, na kotoni.<ref name=Number37 /> Bungwe la [[Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation|ADMARC]] likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likalamuliranga chigaŵa chinyake cha msika wa chimanga ndipo likawovwiranga pa mitengo ya vyakurya.<ref name=Number15 /> Kafukufuku wa [[Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy]] wakalongora kuti mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene kufuma pa 4 MK pa kilogalamu yimoza mu Juni 2001 kufika pa ma MK 40 panji kujumpha mu Janyuwale 2002.<ref name=Number15 /> Nangauli mtengo wa vyakurya ukakwera, malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakhalilira waka pa 20 MK pa zuŵa.<ref name=Number15 /> Ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵatondeke kugura chakurya. Kufwatuka kwa msika, chomenechomene kuchepa kwa mazaza gha ADMARC, kukapangiska kuti kuŵe kusuzga kulondezga na kulamulira msika wa chimanga.<ref name=Number16 /> Mtengo wa chimanga ukamba kutoleka na msika pera, ndipo NFRA likaŵavya nkhongono zinandi zakusinthira vinthu mu msika.<ref name=Number16 /> Ndondomeko za ulimi za Malawi zikaŵaso na masuzgo chifukwa charu ichi chikagomezganga chomene pa chimanga pera. Maukaboni ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵalime vyakurya vyakupambana ghakatondeka chomene.<ref name=Number12 /> Ntheura, apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira mu 2001, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika chifukwa ŵakatondeka kulima chakurya chawo panji kusanga ndalama zakugulira chakurya. [[Fodya]] ukaŵa chinthu chikuru icho Malawi wakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake, kweni malonda gha fodya ghakamba kuchepa kufuma mu ma 1980. Ndalama izo zikafumanga mu fodya zikakhira na pafupifupi hafu, ndipo ivi vikachepeska nkhongono zakugulira vinthu za ŵalimi ŵachoko.<ref name=Number15 /> Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kuwezga ngongoli izo ŵakaŵa nazo ku mabungwe gha ndalama na ku boma.<ref name=Number15 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, mu 2001/2002 ŵakatondeka kusanga ngongoli zakugulira mbuto na manyowa.<ref name="Number22">{{Cite book |title=FAO/WFP Crop and food supply assessment mission |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries |year=2000}}</ref> Nthowa zinyake zakukhozgera ulimi, nga ni kusazgirako vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kunozga vyakuthilira maji, kusunga vyakurya, kuzenga misewu, na kupereka ngongoli ku ŵalimi, zikaŵa zakovwira chomene ŵalimi ŵakurya mu minda yikuru kuluska ŵalimi ŵachoko.<ref name=Number37 /> === Vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu na umoyo === [[File:Malawi AIDS Orphans.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Ŵana ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ku Malawi.|Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana awo ŵakataya ŵapapi chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya ukavu na njara.]] Ukavu uli palipose mu Malawi. Mwakuyana na [[Bungwe la Banki ya Charu|World Bank]], pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala pasi pa mphaka ya ukavu ya madola gha US$2 pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number17">{{Cite web |title=Malawi Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malawi/overview |website=World Bank}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi ndiwo ŵakasuzgika chomene mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya chifukwa ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira chakurya para vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima vyatondeka.<ref name=Number16 /> Lipoti la [[ActionAid]] la mu 2002 likayowoya kuti kufuma apo demokilase yikakhazikikira mu Malawi mu 1994, chigomezgo cha kovwirana pakati pa ŵanthu chikamba kuchepa.<ref name=Number1 /> Mu nyengo ya chilangalanga cha 1991/1992, mbumba zikovwirana na kupereka chakurya panji nchito ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga. Kweni mu suzgo la vyakurya la 2001/2002, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kuŵa na mtima wa "munthu waliyose wajipulumuske yekha", kuyana na lipoti la ActionAid.<ref name=Number1 /> [[HIV/AIDS ku Malawi|HIV/AIDS]] nayo yikaŵa suzgo likuru ilo likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe pangozi mu nyengo ya njara. Mu 2012, boma la Malawi likati nthenda iyi yikakhwaskanga pafupifupi 17% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni na 9% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi.<ref name="Number55">{{Cite journal |last=Government of Malawi |date=2012-03-31 |title=2012 Global AIDS Response Report: Malawi Country Report for 2010 and 2011 |journal=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV AIDS}}</ref> Mbumba izo zikaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS zikaŵa na vyakulima vichoko chifukwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakatondekanga kugwira ntchito mu minda. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanyake mu mbumba ŵakeneranga kuŵapwelelera, ndipo ndalama zinyake zikagwiranga ntchito pa munkhwala na malaro. Ichi chikapangiska kuti mbumba zinandi ziŵe zakuzizipizga yayi para chakurya chasowa.<ref name="Number18">{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Meera Kaul |title=Impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in the central region of Malawi |publisher=CARE International in Malawi |year=2002 |location=Malawi}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya njara ya 2002, pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakafwira mu vipatala ŵakaŵa chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.<ref name="Number31">{{Cite web |title=HIV & AIDS in Malawi |website=Avert}}</ref> Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ku matenda na kusoŵa chakurya chakukwana. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikati 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kukura chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakupereŵera thupi.<ref name="Number13">UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF.</ref> Kwambira mu 1992 apo suzgo la vyakurya likamba, umoyo wa ŵana pa nkhani ya chakurya ukasintha viŵi yayi.<ref name=Number13 /> Mu nyengo ya kusowa kwa chakurya mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu Malawi. [[UNICEF]] yikati miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ukhondo, maji ghambura kuŵa ghawemi, kweniso chifukwa chakuti njara yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakutondeka kulimbana na matenda.<ref name=Number13 /> Kafukufuku wa [[Save the Children]] UK mu 2002 wakalongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana na ŵalara ŵaŵe na kutupa kwa mawoko na malundi chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number21">Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya vinthu ivyo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakalyanga yayi, nga ni misisi yinyake, vikoti vya chimanga, vikhuni vyakuphwanyika, na vipasi vyakusangika mu muthondo. Ivi vikapangiska matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakuŵinya.<ref name=Number21 /> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Nsanje District|Nsanje]], ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kurya vimiti vya maji ivyo vikuchemeka nyika. Nangauli pakwamba vikaŵa chakurya cha nyengo, sono ŵakamba kuvigwiliskira ntchito nga ni chakurya chikuru, kweni kurya vinandi kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na matenda gha mu nthumbo.<ref name="Number51">{{cite journal |title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen |journal=The Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9502 |pages=1994–1995}}</ref> === Vyakukhwaskana na chilengiwa === Dongo la ku Malawi lili na suzgo chifukwa ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira manyowa mu nyengo yakale.<ref name="Number4">{{Cite book|last=Hardy |first=Jeffrey S. |date=1998-05-01 |title=Malawi: Soil Fertility Issues and Options |publisher=Cornell University Press |volume=1}}</ref> Pali nthowa zicoko waka zakuwezgera nkhongono za dongo. Malawi ngwakavu chomene kuti wambe kunjizga vinthu vinandi vya ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵawezgere vyakurya mu dongo, ndipo malo ghakulimapo ngakusuzga kusunga malo ghakuru ghakupumulira dongo.<ref name=Number4 /> Ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kugura manyowa chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama.<ref name=Number16 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, unandi wa vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima ukakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa kwa nkhongono ya dongo kweniso kuchepa kwa malo ghakulimapo. Ŵalimi ŵachoko ku Malawi ŵakakumanaso na kuchepa kwa vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Para nyengo ya vula yikusintha na kutentha kukukwera, nyengo yakulimapo yikuchepa ndipo ŵalimi ŵakukhumbikwira kugura mbuto zakudura za mtundu uphya kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyakukwana.<ref name="Number5" /> Ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵakasintha nyengo iyo ŵakalimiranga chimanga. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kulima mu Disembala m’malo mwa Novembala, apo ŵanyake ŵakalima mwaluŵiro kuti ŵayezge kukumana na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref name="Number5" /> Kuchuluka kwa nyengo za chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji kukapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number5" /> Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 na 2001/2002, vula yikaŵa yambura kwenelera. Pakachitikanga nyengo zakumira na kusefukira kwa maji, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kukura makora.<ref name="Number8">{{Cite web |last=Masina |first=Lameck |date=2013-01-22 |title=Washed Away: Malawi's Food Security Hit By Natural Disasters |website=Global Policy Forum}}</ref> Ŵalimi ŵanandi, kuti ŵayezge kujivikilira ku nyengo yambura kumanyikwa, ŵakamba kuvuna vyakurya vyawo pambere nyengo yakuvunira yindafike. Kweni ichi chikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivyo vikapelekekanga viŵe vichoko chomene mu 2001/2002.<ref name=Number8 /> Kusintha kwa nyengo kukapangiska kuti nthowa zakuyowoyera vya zokolola zamunthazi ziŵe zambura kugomezgeka. Mautolero agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito vifukwa vya nyengo na kuwona vyakurya ghakatondeka kumanya mwakwenelera kukhira kwa vyakurya mu nyengo iyi.<ref name=Number8 /> Mwachiyerezgero, ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga vya vyakurya ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kuchepa kwa chimanga kuzamuwelerapo chifukwa cha vyakurya vinyake nga ni misisi na vyakurya vya pasi. Kweni mu nyengo ya 2001/2002, vyakurya vyose vikatondeka.<ref name=Number8 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, boma likaŵavya kunozgeka kwakukwana apo suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likafika.<ref name=Number8 /> == Wovwiri na nthowa zakuzenga == Boma la Malawi likakhazikiska ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵalimi iyo yikuchemeka [[Farm Input Subsidy Programme]] (FISP) mu 2005. Mu ndondomeko iyi, boma likapelekanga manyowa na mbuto pa mtengo wakuchepa ku ŵalimi awo ŵakaŵa mu suzgo.<ref name="Number7" /> Manyowa gha mu FISP ghakaguliskikanga pa madola gha US$7 pa thumba la makilogalamu 50, apo mtengo wa msika ukaŵa pafupifupi madola gha US$27 pa thumba lenelili.<ref name=Number7 /> Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Michigan State University]] wakalongora kuti nangauli vula yambura kwenelera yikatondeska ndondomeko iyi mu nyengo ya 2005/2006, nyengo yiwemi mu 2007 yikawovwira kuti ndondomeko iyi yichite makora.<ref name="Number7">{{Cite journal |last=Jayne, T.S., Chapoto, A., Minde I.J., Donovan, C. |date=2008 |title=Grain Marketing Policy at the Crossroads: Challenges for Eastern and Southern Africa |journal=International Development Working Papers |publisher=Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Chifukwa cha FISP, Malawi wakasanga zokolola zikuru za chimanga mu 2007. Charu ichi chikavuna matani pafupifupi 3.4 miliyoni gha chimanga, ndipo chikaŵa na chakukwana chakujumpha chomene chomwe chikakwana matani 1.4 miliyoni.<ref name=Number7 /> Chifukwa cha chimanga chinandi ichi, Malawi wakamba kuguliska chimanga ku vyaru vinyake kweniso kupereka wovwiri ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na suzgo la vyakurya. [[Zimbabwe]] wakapokera matani 40,000 gha chimanga kufuma ku Malawi, ndipo [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] waliyose wakapokera matani 5,000 gha chimanga.<ref name=Number7 /> Mabungwe gha pa charu chose na gha mu Malawi, kusazgapo [[World Food Programme|WFP]], [[European Union|EU]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], na [[USAID]], ghakapeleka wovwiri wa vyakurya ku Malawi pamanyuma pakuti boma lapharazga soka mu 2002. Mu 2005, WFP yikati wovwiri wake wa vyakurya ukaŵa kovwira pafupifupi 11% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi.<ref name=Number20 /> ==Vyakukhala vyakunyuma (Long-term effects)== ===Umoyo=== Suzgo la vyakurya lapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi na matenda. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi nyengo yitali, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakutepeta chomene.<ref name="Number13">UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030933/http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Kufuma mu 1992, apo misisi ya suzgo la vyakurya yikambiranga, umoyo wa kadyero ka ŵana undasintha.<ref name=Number13 /> Mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, mu nyengo izo kusoŵa vyakurya kukaŵa kukuru, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu charu chose. [[UNICEF]] yikamanya kuti miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha ukhondo wambura kwenelera na maji ghambura kuvikilirika, ivyo vikakolerana na suzgo la vyakurya ndipo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakupokera matenda.<ref name=Number13 /> Mwakuyana waka, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Save the Children|Save The Children]] UK mu February 2002 wakawona kuti suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu chifukwa likapangiska kuvimba kwa mawoko na malundi mu ŵana na ŵalara.<ref name="Number21">Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.</ref> Kusoŵa vyakurya kwapangiska nyifwa zinandi chifukwa cha njara; unandi wake weneko ukumanyikwa yayi.<ref name=Number5 /> Zinyake mwa nyifwa izi zikasazgirako suzgo la [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, kweniso kukapangika unandi wa ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi. [[UNICEF]] yikuyowoya kuti 17% ya ŵana ŵalije ŵapapi ŵamoyo chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.<ref name=Number13 /> Pa nyengo iyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, kufuma mu Epulero m’paka Meyi 2002, [[WHO]] yikachita kuwunika umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Malawi. Yikawona kuti pakati pa Okutobala 2001 na Malichi 2002, pakaŵa nyifwa zakukwana 1.9 pa ŵanthu 10,000 zuŵa lililose. Kukaŵa muliri wa kolera uwo ukaŵa na milandu 33,150 yakumanyikwa na nyifwa 981, mwakuyana na chiŵelengero cha nyifwa cha 3%. Kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku malo gha chipatala chikakhira na 25% mu nyengo yeneyiyo. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongora kuti malo gha chipatala ghakaŵa na masuzgo chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito, munkhwala, kweniso mauthenga na mayendedwe ghambura kwenelera. Apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵika pakwamba kusanga vyakurya, kupenja wovwiri wa umoyo na kuluta ku malo gha chipatala ghambura kunozgeka kukamba kuchepa.<ref name=Number50>WHO 2002</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya misisi yambura kuŵa yakwenelera, mphangwe za chimanga, fumbi la mathabwa, na vipambi vyakuphikika, ndipo ŵakamba kutora matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakurya vyakuphambanapambana.<ref name=Number21 /> Lipoti mu magazini ya [[The Lancet]] likawona kuti mbumba zinandi, nanga zikaŵa zasambazi, mu [[Nsanje]] chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Malawi, zikaŵa kurya mizi ya chomera cha maji icho chikachemekanga nyika. Mizi iyi iyo pakwamba yikaŵa chakurya chakulyera waka, yikazgoka chakurya chikuru ndipo para munthu wangarya vinandi yingapangiska kutaya nthumbo.<ref name="Number51">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67799-9 | title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen | year=2005 | last1=Tenthani | first1=Raphael | journal=The Lancet | volume=366 | issue=9502 | pages=1994–1995 | pmid=16353311 | s2cid=28688185 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Pa nyengo yinyake, mwana mukuru wa mbumba ya ŵanthu 10 wakasanga mphonje zakupha za chomera cha mbatata zakuthengo. Awiske ŵakapeleka mphonje izi ku ŵana na anyina chifukwa ŵakaŵavya chakurya chinyake; ŵenecho ŵakarya yayi chifukwa ŵakaŵika njara ya ŵana na muwoli wawo panthazi pa njara yawo. Anyina na ŵana ŵawo 8 ŵakafwa yumoza yumoza chifukwa cha kusanza na kupokera chiphe cha vyakurya.<ref name=Number51 /> ===Ndondomeko za boma=== Ndondomeko ya boma ya kuvikilira vyakurya, iyo yikuchemeka FISP, yikawovwira kusazgirako ulimi. Nga umo vyayowoyekera kale, kupanga chimanga kukajumpha ivyo charu chikakhumbanga pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska FISP. Pakati pa 2005 na 2011, [[GDP|GDP ya Malawi]] yikakuranga mwakukwana 11.7% chaka chilichose, ndipo ŵakumanya vinthu ŵanandi ŵakayaniska kukura kwa GDP ya ulimi na FISP. Kweni kafukufuku wa sonosono wakulongora kuti FISP ni ndondomeko iyo yingakhalapo yayi nyengo yitali: apo mbumba izo zikukhumbikwira wovwiri zikuchuluka, uwemi wa fetereza na mbuto izo zikuperekeka ukakhira kufuma pa makilogalamu 85 pa mulimi mu 2005/2006 kufika pa makilogalamu 60 pa mulimi mu 2012/2013.<ref name="Number25">{{Cite journal |last=Thurlow, James |first=Pauw, Karl |date=2014 |title=Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program: Where do we go from here? Policy Note 18 |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/massppn18.pdf |journal=Malawi Strategy Support Program |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute}}</ref> Ndondomeko ziphya za kuvikilira vyakurya zikapangika mu 2002 na 2003. Ndondomeko ya Malawi ya [[Kuchepeska ukavu|kuchepeska ukavu]] yikaŵa chikalata cha ndondomeko icho chikakhumbikwanga kulongozga na kovwira pakupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ya boma. Pakatikati pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa kukura kwa chuma, ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa pa chuma, nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, na kayendeskero kawemi ka boma; mwa kupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ivyo vikukhozgera kukura kwa ulimi na kuŵika nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu, boma likate liŵe na nkhongono zakukhozgera kuŵa na vyakurya.<ref name="Number27">{{Cite journal |last=Sahley, C., Groelsema, Bob., Marchione, T., Nelson, D. |date=2005 |title=The Governance Dimensions of Food Security in Malawi |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnade034.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923152016/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE034.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2006 |journal=Is Food Security Achievable in Malawi? |location=Washington DC |publisher=USA Agency for International Development |volume=20}}</ref> Unduna wa vyaulimi ukagwira ntchito pamoza na mabungwe gha ŵanthu, ma unduna ghanyake, makampani ghapadera, na ŵakupereka wovwiri kupanga Ndondomeko ya Vyakurya na Kadyero. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa na vilato vya: 1) kusazgirako vyakurya mwa kusazgirako vyakuvwilira vya maji na kuŵa na fetereza na malo, 2) kukhozga misika ya ku mizi, 3) kupanga malango gha umoyo na kadyero, na 4) kukhazikiska na kukhozga ndondomeko zakulimbana na masoka, malo ghakusungirako chimanga, na nthowa zakuwonera na kulongosora kupanga vyakurya.<ref name=Number27 /> Pamasinda, Unduna wa Kupanga Chuma na Chitukuko ukapanga ndondomeko ya kukura kwa chuma iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na m'pata wakusanga vyakurya mwa kukhozgera malonda na ndalama zakunjira mu vyalo vya ku mizi mu Malawi, kuti ŵasange ndalama na ntchito.<ref name=Number27 /> ===Mitheto na chikaya=== Pa nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusintha umo ŵakakhaliranga kuti ŵasange chakurya. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kugwira ntchito zakwiza waka kuti ŵapokere vyakurya. Ŵanandi ŵakaguliska katundu wa mu nyumba na viŵeto pa mitengo yichoko kuti ŵagule chakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti chiŵe chakusuzga kwa iwo kuwelera ku umoyo wakukhazikika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vyakurya.<ref name="Number39">{{Cite journal |last=Margolies, A., Kalagho, K., Kazembe, C. |date=2019 |title=Examining perceptions of food assistance on household food security and resilience in Malawi; Policy Note 32 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133065 |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute |location=Washington DC |volume= |doi=10.2499/p15738coll2.133065|s2cid=239189252|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku [[Zambia]] na vyalo vinyake vyapafupi kukapenja ntchito za malipiro ghachoko panji vyakurya.<ref name=Number5 /> Suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaskaso masambiro. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵana awo ŵakaleka sukulu ŵakafika pa 25% chifukwa cha njara. Ŵanandi ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu kuti ŵagwire ntchito panji kupenja chakurya, apo ŵanyake ŵakatondeka kulipira ndalama za sukulu.<ref name=Number39 /> Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakadandawura kuti sukulu zikaluza mazaza pa ŵana chifukwa ŵangachichizga yayi ŵana kukhala, kusambira, panji kuchita ntchito za ku sukulu usange ŵali na njara na kudwala.<ref name=Number5 /> [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti mu vigaŵa ivyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, hafu m’paka vitatu mwa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu.<ref name=Number51 /> Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵana ku sukulu, [[UNICEF]] na [[WFP]] vikamba mapulogiramu ghakupereka vyakurya ku ŵana ku sukulu na wovwiri unyake ku ŵasambizgi na ŵantchito. [[UNICEF]] yikati pulogiramu iyi yikapangiska "kusintha kukuru" mu kuluta ku sukulu, ndipo mu malo ghanyake nyumba za sukulu zikazura na ŵana awo ŵakapenjanga chakurya.<ref name=Number51 /> Makhaliro gha chikaya chose ghakasinthaso kuheni, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ku ŵazengezgani, kusida ŵana, kulimbana chifukwa cha chakurya, na kusinthana kugonana kuti ŵasange chakurya.<ref name=Number5 /> Kwiba vyakurya na ndalama kukachuluka chomene. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵakukora ŵankhungu ŵakaŵatombozganga na kuŵapweteka nga ni chilango.<ref name=Number5 /> Ŵachekuru, ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi, na ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, chifukwa chikaŵa chakusuzga kwa iwo kujiwovwira, ndipo ŵakaŵa vilato vikuru vya kwiba na nkhaza.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2005, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakakomekanga pa msika wa [[ADMARC]] apo ŵakaguranga chimanga chawo cha makilogalamu 25 icho ŵakapika.<ref name="Number40">{{Cite web |title=The Effect of the Food Crisis on Women and Their Families |url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/46209.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}</ref> Mtengo wa [[ntchito ya kugonana]] ukakhira kufuma pa MK1000 kufika pa MK200, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana awo ŵakachitanga vinthu ivi kuti ŵasange ndalama ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru.<ref name=Number40 /> Mbumba na nthengwa nazo zikasinthika chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya: ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakachichizgika kutengwa ŵachali ŵachoko chifukwa mbumba zawo zikatenge zingakwaniska yayi kuŵapwelelera mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.<ref name=Number39 /> Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakutorana ŵanyake ŵakamba kuleka kugomezgeka mu nthengwa kuti ŵasange ndalama na chakurya, ndipo ichi nacho chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.<ref name=Number39 /> ==Suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu 2012–2013== Malawi yikasanganaso na suzgo linyake la vyakurya mu 2012 na 2013. Kuyana na MVAC National [[Chivikiliro cha vyakurya|Food Security]] Forecast, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni mu [[Malawi]] ŵakaŵa pangozi ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu vyaka vya 2013 na 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Ichi chikaŵa 9.5% ya ŵanthu mu vigaŵa 21 vya charu, ndipo chigaŵa cha kumpoto ndicho chikasangana na suzgo likuru chomene.<ref name=":0" /> Vifukwa vya chuma, ndale, na ulimi vikawovwirapo pa suzgo ili.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Ku chigaŵa cha chuma na ndale, Joyce Banda wakamba kulamulira mu Epulero 2012, ndipo wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa pulezidenti wa Malawi. Mu Meyi wa chaka chenicho, [[Malawian kwacha|kwacha]] yikachepeska mtengo wake na 49% ndipo yikayamba kutaya nkhongono chomene.<ref name=":12"/> Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], kuchepa kwa mtengo kwa ndalama iyi pamoza na kukwera kwa mitengo ya vinthu (inflation) kwa 12.4% mu mwezi wenewura kukapangiska mitengo ya vinthu vyakuzirwa na mauteŵeti kukwera chomene mu charu chose.<ref name=":12"/> Kweniso, Centre for Social Concern yikafumiska lipoti ilo likalongora kuti mtengo wa umoyo ukakwera na kujumpha 50% kufuma mu 2011 kufika mu 2012.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Ku chigaŵa cha ulimi, kupanga chimanga kukakhira na 40% mu vigaŵa vinandi chifukwa cha vula yichoko.<ref name=":12"/> Kupanga chimanga kochepa uku pamoza na kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ŵanthu kugura vinthu, vikapangiska kuti mu 2012 ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni yimoza ŵakhumbikwirenge wovwiri kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyawo vyakuzirwa.<ref name=":12" /> Ndipouli, umo Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee yikawoneranga mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa pangozi chikeneranga kukwera na 21% chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Kukwera kwa mitengo pamoza na kuchepa kwa kupanga chimanga vikapangiska kuti mitengo ya [[chimanga]] mu 2012 yiŵe yakwera na 40% kuluska mtengo wapakati wa vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":12" /> Chifukwa cha kukwera chomene kwa khumbo la chakurya, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakaguliskanga chimanga pa mitengo yapachanya chomene, ndipo ŵakapelekanga ku misika yinyake chimanga icho chikeneranga kupelekeka ku ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Madalitso |date=2013-09-30 |title=No maize in Malawi's Admarc depots |url=http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=BNL Times}}</ref> Vinthu ivyo vikabisika na malo ghakupelekera vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga vikawa vichoko chomene panji vikamara. Ichi chikakhwaska chomene chivikiliro cha vyakurya mu Malawi chifukwa chimanga ntchakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo ndicho chikulimika na kuryeka chomene mu charu.<ref name=":03"/> [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|Mulongozgi wa machenjezo ghakwamba gha njara]] wakafumiska uthenga wakuti suzgo likuru la vyakurya lingachitika mu Malawi kufika mu Julayi 2012 ndipo lingatora myezi 9.<ref name=":12" /> Kweniso, kuyana na kafukufuku mu [[The Journal of Modern African Studies]], vinthu vyakhalako kufuma ku masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale vikaŵa vikuwoneka mu 2012. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la vyakurya la 2002, nga ni kutondeka kwa chitukuko na misika, navyo vikawovwirapo pa suzgo la 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dorward|first1=Andrew|last2=Kydd|first2=Jonathan|date=2004|title=The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=42|issue=3|pages=343–361|issn=0022-278X|jstor=3876336|doi=10.1017/S0022278X04000229|s2cid=54763363|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf}}</ref> Ivi vikasazgapo kusazgikiska kwa malonda gha vyakurya mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, kufumiskapo wovwiri wa ŵalimi, na kuleka kulamulira misika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ng’ambi|first1=F.|last2=Owusu|first2=K.|date=2002|title=Structural damage: the causes and consequences of Malawi's food crisis|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB2013202812|language=en}}</ref> Kweniso, masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale ghali na ndalama zikuru za nyengo yitali chifukwa kusoŵa makora vyakurya mu thupi kukupangiska kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ntchito chifukwa cha [[Kukura kwambura kwenelera|kuŵa wakutepeta]]. Kuyana na kafukufuku, pafupifupi 60% ya ŵalara mu charu ŵakusuzgika na kukura kwambura kwenelera chifukwa cha njara iyo ŵakaŵa nayo apo ŵakaŵa ŵana, ndipo ichi chikukwana pafupifupi ŵanthu 4.5 miliyoni mu Malawi awo ŵali na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-study-reveals-huge-impact-hunger-economy-malawi-0|title=New Study Reveals Huge Impact Of Hunger On Economy Of Malawi|website=www.wfp.org|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Nadi, kafukufuku wenewura wa [[World Food Programme]] wakawona kuti Malawi yikataya ndalama zakukwana MWK 16.5 biliyoni mu kupanga vinthu chifukwa cha kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.<ref name=":2" /> == Chaka cha 2015 cha njara == Nangauli mu 2014 kuŵa kwa vyakurya mu Malawi kukakwera, ŵalimi ŵakawelera mu suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya mu 2015. Mu 2014, komiti ya Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC) yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu 640,009 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakusuzgika kusanga chakurya, pakuyaniska na ŵanthu 1.46 miliyoni mu chaka cham'mbuyo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Kuchepa kwa ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika na chakurya kukachitika chifukwa cha kusangika kwa vyakurya vinandi mu 2014 chifukwa cha vuna yiwemi, kweni ivi vikakhala kwa nyengo yichoko chifukwa mu 2015 Malawi yikakhwaskika na maji ghanandi chomene.<ref name=":3" /> Vikuyerekelezgeka kuti Malawi yikutaya ndalama zakukwana madola 12.5 miliyoni, panji 1% ya [[GDP|chuma cha charu chonse]], chaka chilichose chifukwa cha chilangalanga, ndipo madola 9 miliyoni panji 0.7% ya GDP chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa maji mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Besada|first1=Hany|last2=Werner|first2=Karolina|date=2015-01-02|title=An assessment of the effects of Africa's water crisis on food security and management|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=31|issue=1|pages=120–133|doi=10.1080/07900627.2014.905124|issn=0790-0627|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nadi, Malawi ni charu chachilendo yayi ku masuzgo gha nyengo, chifukwa pakati pa 1970 na 2006 pakaŵa masoka ghakujintha pa nyengo ghakujumpha 40.<ref name=":5"/> Mu 2015 kufika mu 2016, Malawi yikakumana na chilangalanga chikuru ndipo pamanyuma pakaŵa kusefukira kwa maji chifukwa cha [[El Niño|El Nino]].<ref name="Malawi Food Crisis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/emergency-response/malawi-food-crisis|title=Malawi Food Crisis|website=Oxfam GB|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Vilangalanga ivi vikaŵa viheni chomene mu vyaka 35 ivyo vyajumpha, chifukwa pakaŵa nyengo ziŵiri zakulima zakutondeka ndipo ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuŵapa chakurya iwo na mbumba zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|title=Update on the food crisis in Malawi|website=Deki|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401043739/https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ivyo vikakhwaska ŵanthu chomene chifukwa 90% ya ŵanthu mu Malawi ŵakuthemba vyakurya ivyo vikulimika na vula kweniso ulimi kuti ŵakhale na umoyo. Ntheura pa 13 April 2016, [[Peter Mutharika|Mutharika]] pulezidenti wakapharazga kuti mu charu mwawa masoka ghakuru ndipo wakaŵika Malawi pa mulandu wa suzgo la chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji.<ref name=":7" /> Chifukwa cha suzgo ili, mitengo ya [[chimanga]] yikakwera chomene ndipo mbumba zinandi zikakatondeka kugula. Kweniso maji ghakukwana pa ulimi ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaleke kuwelera ku umoyo wawo wa kale.<ref name="Malawi Food Crisis"/> Mu February wa chaka chenechichi, mtengo wa chimanga ukaŵa kuti wakwera kale na 60% kuluska mtengo wa vyaka vitatu ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":7"/> Kuyana na [[Action Against Hunger]], ulimi wa chimanga ukachepa na 27% kufuma mu 2013 ndipo ukawa pasi na 20% pakuyaniska na umo ukaŵira mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/massive-food-crisis-threatens-500000-children-malawi|title=Massive food crisis threatens 500,000 children in Malawi – Malawi|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Masuzgo agha ghakapangiska ŵanthu kuguliska katundu wawo kuti ŵagure chakurya cha mbumba zawo, ndipo charu chikanjira mu suzgo likuru.<ref name=":4" /> Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], mwana yumoza pa ŵana 10 wakusuzgika na kukura makora kwa thupi chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa vyakurya na suzgo la chakurya ilo likapangika na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/509722-malawi-facing-worst-food-crisis-decade-requires-81-million-relief-aid-un-agency|title=Malawi facing worst food crisis in decade, requires $81 million in relief aid – UN agency|date=2015-09-25|website=UN News|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Pakaŵaso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangiska suzgo ili kuŵa likuru, nga nkhuŵavya ndondomeko zakukhora za nyengo yitali zakovwira ŵalimi mu Malawi kuti ŵalimbane na kusintha kwa nyengo mu ulimi.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal | doi=10.3390/su7021620 | doi-access=free | title=Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers' Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi | year=2015 | last1=Coulibaly | first1=Jeanne | last2=Gbetibouo | first2=Glwadys | last3=Kundhlande | first3=Godfrey | last4=Sileshi | first4=Gudeta | last5=Beedy | first5=Tracy | journal=Sustainability | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=1620–1636 }}</ref> Vikupulikikwa kuti pakukhumbikwa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵalimi kusanga nthowa zakulimbana na kusintha kwa nyengo, nga ni ulimi wakukhalilira kweniso kusazgirako uwemi wa dongo.<ref name=":02" /> Kusowa kwa kunozgekera uku kukasazgikira pa masuzgo agho charu chikaŵa nagho kale. Kuyana na [[World Bank]], ŵanthu mu vyaru vyakukura makora yayi ŵakukhwaskika chomene na masoka gha chilengedwe chifukwa kutaya kwawo kukupimika kuyana na GDP yawo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences|title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences {{!}} Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org|date=January 2008 |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Kweniso [[United Nations Development Programme]] yikulongosora kuti para charu chilije kunozgekera makora, masoka na ivyo vikuchitika pamanyuma vikuŵa viheni chomene.<ref name=":5" /> Malawi yikayezga kuchepeska vyakufumapo vya suzgo la chakurya mwa kugura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga. Mu 2015, Malawi yikagura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga ya nyengo ya ulimi wa 2015/2016 kufuma ku kampani ya African Risk Capacity (ACR).<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last1=Reeves|first1=Jonathan|date=May 2017|title=The wrong model for resilience: How G7-backed drought insurance failed Malawi, and what we must learn from it|url=https://actionaid.org/publications/2017/wrong-model-resilience#downloads|journal=Action Aid}}</ref> Inshuwalansi iyi yikagulira madola ghakukwana US$5 miliyoni.<ref name=":62"/> Kweni wovwiri ukachedwa kufika ndipo ukafika ku ŵanthu ŵa Malawi mu 2017, ntheura ukatondeka kuchepeska kutaya kwachuma chifukwa cha suzgo ili.<ref name=":62"/> Action Aid yikuyowoya kuti chilangalanga cha 2015 chikapangiska Malawi kutaya ndalama zakukwana US$395 miliyoni.<ref name=":62"/> == Umo vinthu viliri sono == Nangauli Malawi yikambiska Ndondomeko ya Kovwira Ŵalimi na Vinthu vya Ulimi mu 2005, chandulo cha ndondomeko iyi chikalutilira kuthemba pa vula.<ref name=":62"/> Kweniso nthowa izo zikugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni manyowa gha kupanga na mbuto zakusinthika zikwambiska kunangika kwa dongo kweniso kuŵika ŵalimi mu vikatiko vya ngongoli.<ref name=":62" /> Ndondomeko zinandi zili kuŵikika kuti zivwire ŵalimi pa nkhani ya ndalama na ngongoli, nga ni [[ntchito za ulongozgi wa ulimi]], mapulogiramu gha ntchito za boma, na kupokera ndalama kwambura vifukwa vyakupokera. Ndondomeko ya charu ya kusintha na kunozgekera nyengo nayo yikukhumba kuŵikapo nthowa zakukhozgera chomene ulimi kuti ulutilire kususkana na masuzgo.<ref name=":62" /> Ivi vikukolerana na ndondomeko ya Malawi ya kusinthasintha vyakuchita, iyo yikuyowoya kuti masuzgo ghakuru ni ukavu, malo ghachoko gha kulimapo, kweniso kuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya chilengedwe.<ref name=":03"/> Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kunozga nkhani za kusangika kwa chakurya, kusamalira vinthu vya chilengedwe, nkhongono zakutowa, tekinoloje, na ndalama kuti chitukuko chikure, kusintha kwa nyengo kuchepe, kweniso kukhozga mtende na chitetezo cha ŵanthu.<ref name=":03"/> Mu 2018, mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera kanandi waka, kufuma pa 100 Malawi Kwacha (US$0.14) pa kilogalamu kufika pa 140 Kwacha ($0.19) pa kilogalamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mwnation.com/maize-prices-40/|title=Maize prices up 40%|last1=Phiri|first1=Grace|date=2018-02-06|website=The Nation Online|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ulimi wa chimanga mu Malawi ukachepa na 20% mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Deblina |date=24 May 2018 |title=Malawi maize production down by 20 percent |url=http://www.africanfarming.net/crops/agriculture/malawi-maize-production-down-by-20-per-cent |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=African Farming and Food Processing |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khamula |first=Owen |date=2018-05-22 |title=Malawi maize production harvests down by 20 percent |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-maize-production-harvests-drops-by-20/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kufika mu Seputembala 2018, boma la Malawi likakhazikiska mtengo wa chimanga pa 170 Kwacha ($0.23) pa kilogalamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/govt-brings-down-maize-prices-in-admarc/|title=Govt brings down maize prices in Admarc|date=2018-09-20|website=Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Pa 14 Malichi 2019, Fumu yikuru ya mu [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]] yikayowoya kuti yikwenjerwa kuti Karonga yingakumana na kusoŵa kwa chimanga chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chikatora nyengo yitali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903140491.html|title=Malawi: Karonga At Risk of Hunger Due to Prolonged Dry Spell|last1=Mhone|first1=Sithembile|date=2019-03-14|work=Nyasa Times (Leeds)|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2019, Malawi yikakhwaskika na [[Cyclone Idai|Chimphepo cha Idai]]. Pamanyuma pa kusefukira kwa maji kwakofya uko kukachitika chifukwa cha chimphepo ichi, nduna ya vya ulimi yikayowoya kuti charu chingaŵa kuti chataya 20% ya chimanga icho chikeneranga kubalika mu nyengo iyi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402094925/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2019|title=Malawi could lose 20 pct of maize crop in cyclone flooding – minister|last1=Winning|first1=Alexander|date=April 2, 2019|work=Reuters Africa|access-date=April 5, 2019}}</ref> == Mazgu ghakulongosora == <references/> [[Category:Njara mu Africa]] [[Category:2005 mu Malawi|suzgo la vyakurya]] [[Category:Chilala mu Africa]] [[Category:Masoka gha chilengiwa mu Malawi]] [[Category: 2002 chilala]] [[Category:2002 mu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Kuvikilirika kwa vyakurya kuyana na vyaru|Malawi]] 2e9bgk041it7kg3ln6bfx83l8mibsfl 117925 117923 2026-07-24T07:03:30Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Caro de Segeda moved page [[Kuŵa na vyakurya mu Malawi .]] to [[Kuŵa na vyakurya mu Malawi]] 117923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} <!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.--> [[File:Malawi-map-blank.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Malawi.|Mapu ya Malawi.]] [[Malawi|Malawi]] ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na chitukuko chakukwana yayi pa charu chose. Mu [[Ndemanga ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Index]] ya chaka cha 2010, Malawi yikaŵa pa malo 170 pa vyaru 187.<ref name="Number52">{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2013 |title=Human Development Report 2013 |author=United Nations |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Chalo ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 16 miliyoni, ndipo 53% ŵawo ŵakukhala pasi pa [[Mphaka wa ukavu|mphaka wa ukavu]] wa charu. Pafupifupi 90% ŵakukhala na ndalama zakujumpha yayi madola gha ku America ghaŵiri pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number53">{{Cite web |title=FINCA Malawi |url=https://finca.org/where-we-work/africa/malawi/?wp-nocache=true |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Wupu wa Mitundu Yakwiza wa Kusungilira Ŵana|Wupu wa Ŵana wa United Nations]] (UNICEF) ukayowoya kuti mu Malawi muli ŵana 46,000 awo ŵakusuzgika chomene na [[kusowa chakurya chakukwana|kusowa chakurya]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|title=High stakes for Malawi's children as malnutrition rises|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|date=2005-10-14|access-date=2007-12-13|archive-date=2021-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023749/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2023, UNICEF yikachenjezga kuti ŵana ŵakujumpha 500,000 mu Malawi ŵakaŵa pa ngozi ya kusowa chakurya.<ref name=":1" /> Mazuŵa ghano, mapulogiramu ghanandi ghakuŵikika mu Malawi kuti ghakumane na masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kusintha kwa vyakuchita vya chuma na ulimi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Lindsay C. |last2=Mkwambisi |first2=David D. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Dyer |first4=Jen C. |date=April 2010 |title=Adaptation to climate change and desertification: Perspectives from national policy and autonomous practice in Malawi |journal=Climate and Development |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.3763/cdev.2010.0042 |issn=1756-5529 |s2cid=153677852}}</ref> ==Mbiri na ivyo vikachitika pakwamba== Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵalondezga kwamba kwa suzgo la chakurya mu Malawi kufika mu vyaka vya 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru mu kumwera kwa [[Africa]] chikachepeska chomene vyakurya vya chimanga mu Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene. Chimanga ndicho chikupanga pafupifupi 54% ya chakurya cha ma calories agho Ŵamalawi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito zuŵa lililose.<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2">{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso mbuto ziwemi za chimanga na fetereza uyo boma likapeleka, ŵanthu ŵakakura yayi mu vyakurya chifukwa cha umo ŵakachitira mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Chigumula mu Malawi. Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengedwe.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachoko kweniso kugawa fetereza pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Ukaboni wa vimbundi na kusanga phindu mwakwenelera yayi mu ADMARC ukapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisuzge ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwambura kwenelera.<ref name=Number12 /> Peneapo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] likakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pambere apa, nyengo za chilala na chigumula zikalutilira kusuzga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006. https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikugomezga chomene pa [[Ulimi|ulimi]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakulima ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Kuchuluka kwa chilala na chigumula kufuma mu 1990 kukakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakukwana zakuzizipizgira masoka agha panji kubwelera mwaluŵiro, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi ya kusuzgika chomene na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza. Mzere wa ukavu na njara ukalutilira kukura.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma ku vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga wovwiri pa ulimi wa chimanga chakusazgika luso. Kweni apo boma likalekezga pulogalamu iyi chifukwa cha mtengo wake ukuru, ulimi wa chimanga ukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakweraso.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2002, pakaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]] mu Malawi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakufwa ŵakayananga pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}</ref> Pafupifupi 85% ya ndalama zakwizira mu mbumba za Ŵamalawi zikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi. Chimanga, tirigu na mbatata vikaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalimanga na kurya.<ref name="Number15">{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}</ref> Ntheura, apo [[Wupu wa Ndalama wa Charu Chose|IMF]] ukayowoya kuti zokolola za chimanga mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu charu muŵe kusoŵa kwa matani 273,000 gha chimanga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu February 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa suzgo la chakurya ndipo likapharazga kuti chikaŵa nyengo ya soka la chalo.<ref name="Number12" /> Zakurya ivyo vikavunwa mu hafu yakwamba ya 2002 vikawovwira kuchepeska njara yikuru, kweni mu 2005, chilala chinyake chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya.<ref name="Number54">{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |access-date=2022-05-14 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |isbn=9781315529899|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pa Okutobala 15, 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Mulongozgi wa Malawi|Mulongozgi]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga [[nyengo ya soka|soka la chalo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4345246.stm |access-date=2007-12-13 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Kufuma apo Malawi yikamba kubwelera kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, kweni sono yikusangana na suzgo linyake la kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number20">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9780801466380 |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |isbn=9780801466380 |editor-last=Pinstrup-Andersen |editor-first=Per |doi=10.7591/9780801466380 |editor2-last=Cheng |editor2-first=Fuzhi}}</ref> Pakaŵaso masuzgo gha chakurya mu 2012 na 2015. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la 2002 vikapambananga yayi, kweni pa nyengo iyi vikakhwaskika chomene na chilala chikuru na vyigumula. Mu 2012, suzgo la chakurya likachitika chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikakhwaska zokolola za chimanga, kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa [[Kwacha ya Malawi|kwacha]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Malawi {{!}} WFP {{!}} United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=www.wfp.org |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030856/https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2015, chilara chikuru chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya, ndipo mulongozgi wa Malawi wakapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |url=https://www.dw.com/en/malawi-declares-national-disaster-over-food-crisis/a-19183292 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Deutsche Welle (DW)}}</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Ulimi wa ku Malawi ukukhwaskika na masoka gha chilengedwe nga ni vigumula.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la chitukuko cha ulimi na malonda|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Vimbundi na vyakuchita vya kujipenja phindu mu ADMARC vikapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisangwe likupoka ndalama za ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwakubendera.<ref name=Number12 /> Apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Kuti lisange ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|World Bank]], ADMARC likazgoka kampani iyo yikaŵa na chigaŵa cha ŵanthu wamba ndipo likamazga chithandizo cha manyowa mu 1988/1989.<ref name=Number32 /> Kusowa kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto kwa ŵalimi ŵachoko nako kukawovwira kuti suzgo la chakurya la 1992 liŵe likuru.<ref name="Number33">{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire |first=Thandika |url=http://www.oit.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---sro-harare/documents/publication/wcms_228921.pdf |title=Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9 |publisher=International Labour Organization |year=1999 |location=Harare}}</ref> Kwambira nyengo iyi, chilangalanga na vigumula vikulutilira kukhuŵazga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chakwera chomene kuluska masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikukhazikika chomene pa ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakuvuna ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyajumphapo kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Chiŵelengero chikuru cha chilangalanga na vigumula kufuma mu 1990 chakhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nkhongono zakusintha panji kuwezgerapo ivyo ŵakataya chifukwa cha masoka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi yakukumana na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga chithandizo cha manyowa na mbuto za chimanga cha mtundu uphya. Kweni apo pulogiramu iyi yikamara chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wake, kupanga chimanga kukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakwera so.<ref name=Number5 /> ==Njara ya mu 2002 ku Malawi== Mu 2002, ku Malawi kukaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]]. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambanapambana, kufuma pa 300 m'paka 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}</ref> ==Vyakuchitiska suzgo la chakurya== ===Vyandulo vya ndyali=== Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi yapeleka wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalongozgekanga na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].<ref name="Number35">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |access-date=2014-03-30 |website=Global Edge |language=en-us}}</ref> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi yikaŵa na ndyali ya chipani chimoza, ndipo Banda ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]], chipani chimoza pera icho chikaŵapo pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number35 /> Ntheura Banda wakaŵa na mazaza nga ni muwusi wankhongono chomene, ndipo pa nyengo ya muwuso wake pakaŵa kuphwanya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1993 pera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi yiŵe na ndyali ya vyipani vinandi. Pa nyengo iyi Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]] ŵakathereskeka pa mavoti.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango ya chipani chimoza, kweniso makhoti.<ref name="Number34">{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105646/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref> Mu 1998, pasi pa muwuso wa demokilasi wa [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[Bungwe la National Food Reserve Agency|Bungwe la chakurya chakusungika cha charu]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga kuti ghawovwire pa nyengo ya masoka. NFRA, ilo likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na komiti ya ŵalongozgi ŵakusankhika na boma la Malawi, likalamuliranga vyakusungika vya chimanga kweniso ndalama na malonda ghakunjira na kufuma mu charu.<ref name="Number36">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency}}</ref> Kweni mwaluŵiro NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli yakukwana 1 biliyoni ya [[Malawi kwacha|kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiwongolero chikuru cha ngongoli cha 56%. Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga.<ref name=Number12 /> Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske chimanga chakusungika chifukwa mu 2000 pakaŵa chimanga chinandi. Pakawonekanga kuti pakukhumbikwanga yayi kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena ndipo chimanga chinyake chikaŵa kwamba kunangika.<ref name=Number12 /> Kulongozga uku kukaliso chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa 2000 uyo wakapemphika na [[European Commission|Bungwe la European Commission]]. Kafukufuku uyu wakayowoya kuti matani 30,000 m'paka 60,000 gha chimanga ghakaŵa ghakukwana pa nyengo ya soka lakukhuŵazga chigaŵa chimoza pera.<ref name=Number12 /> NFRA likalondezga languro la IMF ndipo likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chakusungika ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], ndipo malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakakhira kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.<ref name=Number16 /><ref name=Number15 /><ref name=Number12 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoyanga kuti languro la IMF lakuti chimanga chiguliskike ndilo likaŵa chimoza mwa ivyo vikapangiska njara ya 2002.<ref name=Number16 /> Kweni IMF na [[ActionAid]] ŵakazomera kuti chimanga icho chikaŵa chakale ndipo chikaŵa chakudura kuchisunga, ntheura pa nyengo iyo languro ili likawonekanga lakwenelera.<ref name=Number16 /> Apo njara yikakura chomene mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa kuti ghamara ndipo boma likaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuti lingagwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=Number12 /> Suzgo likakulirakulira chifukwa boma likanozga yayi kuwezgerapo chimanga chakusungika apo chikagwiliskikanga ntchito.<ref name=Number12 /> Kweniso ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakanjilirapo ndipo ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma mu malo ghakusungirako, pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo chakurya chikaŵa chakusowa.<ref name=Number15 /> == Mbiri na vyakuyambirira == Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵakulongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya ku Malawi likamba mu 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru ku kumwera kwa Africa chikapangiska kuti vyakurya vya [[chimanga]] viŵe vichoko chomene ku Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |journal=Water Resources Management |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga, icho chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo chikaŵa pafupifupi 54% ya mphamvu ya vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakalyanga,<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> ukakwera chomene; mtengo wa chimanga ukakhala pafupifupi wakukwana kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2">{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso ndondomeko ya boma ya kovwira ŵalimi na mbuto za chimanga za mtundu uphya na manyowa, ŵanthu ŵakalyanga vyakurya vinandi yayi chifukwa cha umo ŵakajizolerezgera mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Madambo ku Malawi.|Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengiwa nga ni kusefukira kwa maji.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la vya ulimi na malonda|Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation]] (ADMARC) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso kugawira manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Kupuluska ndarama na vinthu vya boma mukati mwa bungwe ili kukapangiska kuti ADMARC yileme kuŵa yakovwira ŵalimi ndipo yikapangiska mitengo ya vyakurya kuŵa yambura kulongosoka.<ref name=Number12 /> Apo mitengo ya fodya yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikamba kusuzgika chomene ndipo yikaŵa pafupi kumara.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t}}</ref> Kuti liŵeze ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|International Monetary Fund]] na mabungwe gha charu chose, ADMARC likazgoka kampani ya payekha mwa chigaŵa ndipo likaleka kovwira na manyowa mu vyaka vya 1988/1989.<ref name=Number32 /> Kuleka kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto ku ŵalimi ŵachoko kukapangiska kuti suzgo la vyakurya mu 1992 liŵe likuru chomene.<ref name="Number33">{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire |first=Thandika |title=Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9 |publisher=International Labour Organization |year=1999 |location=Harare}}</ref> Kwambira nyengo iyo, Malawi wakumana nyengo na nyengo na chilangalanga kweniso kusefukira kwa maji.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, kukaŵa masoka gha nyengo ghakukwana 33, apo pakati pa 1970 na 1989 kukaŵa masoka 7 pera.<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuphalira pa ivyo ŵalima kuti ŵarye kweniso kuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusintha nthowa zawo za ulimi ndipo ŵakaŵa pangozi ya njara. Mu 2002, kukaŵa [[njara]] yikuru ku Malawi iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasuzgike chomene. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambana, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakaŵa pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na malipoti gha [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la vya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Report]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, pafupifupi 85% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakasanganga ndalama zawo chomene kufuma ku ulimi.<ref name="Number15">{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}</ref> [[Chimanga]] chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene mu charu ichi. Ntheura apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusanga chakurya chakukwana. Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likati zokolola za chimanga zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe mphaka ya matani 273,000 gha chimanga.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu Febuluwale 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti charu ichi chikaŵa mu suzgo la vyakurya ndipo likati pali [[suzgo la chivikiliro cha charu|soka la chigaŵa cha charu]].<ref name="Number12" /> Mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha 2002, mvula yikawovwira ndipo vyakurya vikamba kuŵako, kuchepeska njara yikuru. Kweni mu 2005, chilangalanga chinyake chikapangiska kuti Malawi wakumaneso na suzgo la vyakurya.<ref name="Number54">{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Pa 15 Okutobala 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga kuti mu Malawi mukaŵa [[suzgo la vyakurya|soka la pa charu chose]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Nangauli Malawi wakachira kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, charu ichi chikalutilira kukumana na masuzgo gha vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kuthemba chomene ulimi wa chimanga.<ref name="Number20">{{Cite book |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Cornell University Press}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya 2012 na 2015, kukaŵaso masuzgo ghanyake gha vyakurya. Masuzgo agha ghakafuma ku vinthu vyakuyana na vya 2002, kweni ghakasazgikako chifukwa cha chilangalanga chikuru na kusefukira kwa maji. Mu 2012, kusowa kwa vula kukapangiska kuti zokolola za chimanga zichepe, apo kutsika kwa mtengo wa ndalama ya Malawi ([[kwacha]]) kukapangiska kuti mitengo ya vyakurya yikwere.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Malawi |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |website=World Food Programme}}</ref> Mu 2015, chilangalanga chikuru chikati chachitika, chikazakasazgika na kusefukira kwa maji. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa Malawi walengezge kuti charu chili mu suzgo la vyachilengiwa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> == Vyakupangiska suzgo la vyakurya == === Ndale === Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi wapokera wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalamulirika na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].<ref name="Number35">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |website=Global Edge}}</ref> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi wakaŵa na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Banda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani cha [[Malawi Congress Party]], icho chikaŵa chipani chekha pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number35 /> Chifukwa cha nkhongono zake, Banda wakalamuliranga nga ni mulongozgi wankhongono chomene, ndipo mu nyengo ya muwuso wake mukaŵa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1993, ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi usinthe kuŵa charu cha vyipani vinandi, ndipo Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party]] ŵakafumiskika mu mazaza.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango yimoza, na makhoti.<ref name="Number34">{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Mu 1998, mu nyengo ya pulezidenti [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[National Food Reserve Agency]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga cha chivikiliro mu nyengo ya masoka.<ref name="Number36">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency}}</ref> NFRA likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakimikika na boma la Malawi. Bungwe ili likalamuliranga chomene malo ghakusungirako chimanga kweniso ndarama, kugula na kuguliska vyakurya.<ref name="Number36" /> Kweni NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli ya pafupifupi 1 biliyoni ya [[kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiŵelengero chikuru cha chiwongolero cha ngongoli (56%).<ref name=Number12 /> Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga kuti lisunge nga ni chakurya cha nyengo ya soka.<ref name=Number12 /> Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske malo ghakusungirako chimanga chifukwa zokolola za 2000 zikaŵa zinandi ndipo pakaŵavya chifukwa cha kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena.<ref name=Number12 /> Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2000 na kulamulika na [[European Commission]] wakalongora kuti chimanga chakukwana matani 30,000 mpaka 60,000 ndicho chikakhumbikwanga kuti chivikilire charu pa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=Number12 /> Chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF, NFRA likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chake ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], kuchepeska malo ghakusungirako kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.<ref name=Number16 /><ref name=Number15 /><ref name=Number12 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakatenge suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likasazgikapo chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF wakuti chimanga ichi chigulisike.<ref name=Number16 /> Kweni IMF na mabungwe ghanyake ghakazomerezga kuti kusunga chimanga chinandi kukawonanga ndalama zinandi ndipo chimanga chikaŵa chakale, ntheura ulongozgi uwu ukaŵa wakupulikikwa pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number16 /> Apo njara yikafika pachanya mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa ghawaka ndipo boma likaŵavya vyakusungira vyakukwana. Suzgo ili likakura chifukwa boma likaleka kunozgekera mwakukwana kuti lizuzgenso malo ghakusungirako chimanga.<ref name=Number12 /> Kweniso, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma ku malo ghakusungirako boma ndipo pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo vyakurya vikamba kusowa.<ref name=Number15 /> Boma likamba kupenja chimanga kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi kweniso vyakutali, kweni chikatora nyengo kuti chifike ku Malawi chifukwa cha masuzgo gha mayendedwe, misewu yambura kwenelera, madoko ghakuzura, na magalimoto agho ghakatondekanga kufika luŵiro.<ref name=Number12 /><ref name=Number16 /> Vyaru vinyake vyakupereka wovwiri navyo vikachedwa kovwira chifukwa vikasuzgika na nkhani za katangale mu boma la Malawi kweniso chifukwa cha mphindano zakukhwaskana na ulongozgi wa IMF.<ref name=Number16 /> === Vyakupangiska vya chuma === Mu 2009, [[United Nations|Bungwe la vyaru vyose]] likati pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakakhalanga mu mizi.<ref name="Number30">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2011-02-22 |title=Urban/rural division of countries for the year 2010, World Urbanization Prospects |website=GeoHive}}</ref> Mu charu ichi mukaŵavya nchito zinandi zakukhwaskana na mafakitale panji mauteŵeti.<ref name=Number15 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasanganga nchito mu minda yikuru ya [[fodya]], mu matawuni, panji kusamira ku vyaru vyapafupi kuti ŵakagwire nchito za malipiro ghachoko.<ref name=Number15 /> Kweni mipata ya nchito yikaŵa yichoko. Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi. Mu vyaka vya 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga chigaŵa chikuru cha ndalama izo charu chikapezanga.<ref name="Number37">{{Cite web |last=Kadzamira, Z.D., Kalinga, O.J., Mitchell, J.C., Ingham, K., Phiri, K.M. |date=2021-10-29 |title=Malawi |website=Britannica Online}}</ref> Pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ndalama zose za charu (GDP) chikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku malonda gha ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene kufuma ku [[fodya]], shuga, tiyi, na kotoni.<ref name=Number37 /> Bungwe la [[Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation|ADMARC]] likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likalamuliranga chigaŵa chinyake cha msika wa chimanga ndipo likawovwiranga pa mitengo ya vyakurya.<ref name=Number15 /> Kafukufuku wa [[Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy]] wakalongora kuti mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene kufuma pa 4 MK pa kilogalamu yimoza mu Juni 2001 kufika pa ma MK 40 panji kujumpha mu Janyuwale 2002.<ref name=Number15 /> Nangauli mtengo wa vyakurya ukakwera, malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakhalilira waka pa 20 MK pa zuŵa.<ref name=Number15 /> Ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵatondeke kugura chakurya. Kufwatuka kwa msika, chomenechomene kuchepa kwa mazaza gha ADMARC, kukapangiska kuti kuŵe kusuzga kulondezga na kulamulira msika wa chimanga.<ref name=Number16 /> Mtengo wa chimanga ukamba kutoleka na msika pera, ndipo NFRA likaŵavya nkhongono zinandi zakusinthira vinthu mu msika.<ref name=Number16 /> Ndondomeko za ulimi za Malawi zikaŵaso na masuzgo chifukwa charu ichi chikagomezganga chomene pa chimanga pera. Maukaboni ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵalime vyakurya vyakupambana ghakatondeka chomene.<ref name=Number12 /> Ntheura, apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira mu 2001, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika chifukwa ŵakatondeka kulima chakurya chawo panji kusanga ndalama zakugulira chakurya. [[Fodya]] ukaŵa chinthu chikuru icho Malawi wakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake, kweni malonda gha fodya ghakamba kuchepa kufuma mu ma 1980. Ndalama izo zikafumanga mu fodya zikakhira na pafupifupi hafu, ndipo ivi vikachepeska nkhongono zakugulira vinthu za ŵalimi ŵachoko.<ref name=Number15 /> Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kuwezga ngongoli izo ŵakaŵa nazo ku mabungwe gha ndalama na ku boma.<ref name=Number15 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, mu 2001/2002 ŵakatondeka kusanga ngongoli zakugulira mbuto na manyowa.<ref name="Number22">{{Cite book |title=FAO/WFP Crop and food supply assessment mission |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries |year=2000}}</ref> Nthowa zinyake zakukhozgera ulimi, nga ni kusazgirako vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kunozga vyakuthilira maji, kusunga vyakurya, kuzenga misewu, na kupereka ngongoli ku ŵalimi, zikaŵa zakovwira chomene ŵalimi ŵakurya mu minda yikuru kuluska ŵalimi ŵachoko.<ref name=Number37 /> === Vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu na umoyo === [[File:Malawi AIDS Orphans.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Ŵana ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ku Malawi.|Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana awo ŵakataya ŵapapi chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya ukavu na njara.]] Ukavu uli palipose mu Malawi. Mwakuyana na [[Bungwe la Banki ya Charu|World Bank]], pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala pasi pa mphaka ya ukavu ya madola gha US$2 pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number17">{{Cite web |title=Malawi Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malawi/overview |website=World Bank}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi ndiwo ŵakasuzgika chomene mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya chifukwa ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira chakurya para vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima vyatondeka.<ref name=Number16 /> Lipoti la [[ActionAid]] la mu 2002 likayowoya kuti kufuma apo demokilase yikakhazikikira mu Malawi mu 1994, chigomezgo cha kovwirana pakati pa ŵanthu chikamba kuchepa.<ref name=Number1 /> Mu nyengo ya chilangalanga cha 1991/1992, mbumba zikovwirana na kupereka chakurya panji nchito ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga. Kweni mu suzgo la vyakurya la 2001/2002, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kuŵa na mtima wa "munthu waliyose wajipulumuske yekha", kuyana na lipoti la ActionAid.<ref name=Number1 /> [[HIV/AIDS ku Malawi|HIV/AIDS]] nayo yikaŵa suzgo likuru ilo likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe pangozi mu nyengo ya njara. Mu 2012, boma la Malawi likati nthenda iyi yikakhwaskanga pafupifupi 17% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni na 9% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi.<ref name="Number55">{{Cite journal |last=Government of Malawi |date=2012-03-31 |title=2012 Global AIDS Response Report: Malawi Country Report for 2010 and 2011 |journal=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV AIDS}}</ref> Mbumba izo zikaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS zikaŵa na vyakulima vichoko chifukwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakatondekanga kugwira ntchito mu minda. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanyake mu mbumba ŵakeneranga kuŵapwelelera, ndipo ndalama zinyake zikagwiranga ntchito pa munkhwala na malaro. Ichi chikapangiska kuti mbumba zinandi ziŵe zakuzizipizga yayi para chakurya chasowa.<ref name="Number18">{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Meera Kaul |title=Impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in the central region of Malawi |publisher=CARE International in Malawi |year=2002 |location=Malawi}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya njara ya 2002, pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakafwira mu vipatala ŵakaŵa chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.<ref name="Number31">{{Cite web |title=HIV & AIDS in Malawi |website=Avert}}</ref> Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ku matenda na kusoŵa chakurya chakukwana. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikati 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kukura chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakupereŵera thupi.<ref name="Number13">UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF.</ref> Kwambira mu 1992 apo suzgo la vyakurya likamba, umoyo wa ŵana pa nkhani ya chakurya ukasintha viŵi yayi.<ref name=Number13 /> Mu nyengo ya kusowa kwa chakurya mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu Malawi. [[UNICEF]] yikati miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ukhondo, maji ghambura kuŵa ghawemi, kweniso chifukwa chakuti njara yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakutondeka kulimbana na matenda.<ref name=Number13 /> Kafukufuku wa [[Save the Children]] UK mu 2002 wakalongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana na ŵalara ŵaŵe na kutupa kwa mawoko na malundi chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number21">Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya vinthu ivyo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakalyanga yayi, nga ni misisi yinyake, vikoti vya chimanga, vikhuni vyakuphwanyika, na vipasi vyakusangika mu muthondo. Ivi vikapangiska matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakuŵinya.<ref name=Number21 /> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Nsanje District|Nsanje]], ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kurya vimiti vya maji ivyo vikuchemeka nyika. Nangauli pakwamba vikaŵa chakurya cha nyengo, sono ŵakamba kuvigwiliskira ntchito nga ni chakurya chikuru, kweni kurya vinandi kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na matenda gha mu nthumbo.<ref name="Number51">{{cite journal |title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen |journal=The Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9502 |pages=1994–1995}}</ref> === Vyakukhwaskana na chilengiwa === Dongo la ku Malawi lili na suzgo chifukwa ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira manyowa mu nyengo yakale.<ref name="Number4">{{Cite book|last=Hardy |first=Jeffrey S. |date=1998-05-01 |title=Malawi: Soil Fertility Issues and Options |publisher=Cornell University Press |volume=1}}</ref> Pali nthowa zicoko waka zakuwezgera nkhongono za dongo. Malawi ngwakavu chomene kuti wambe kunjizga vinthu vinandi vya ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵawezgere vyakurya mu dongo, ndipo malo ghakulimapo ngakusuzga kusunga malo ghakuru ghakupumulira dongo.<ref name=Number4 /> Ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kugura manyowa chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama.<ref name=Number16 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, unandi wa vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima ukakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa kwa nkhongono ya dongo kweniso kuchepa kwa malo ghakulimapo. Ŵalimi ŵachoko ku Malawi ŵakakumanaso na kuchepa kwa vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Para nyengo ya vula yikusintha na kutentha kukukwera, nyengo yakulimapo yikuchepa ndipo ŵalimi ŵakukhumbikwira kugura mbuto zakudura za mtundu uphya kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyakukwana.<ref name="Number5" /> Ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵakasintha nyengo iyo ŵakalimiranga chimanga. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kulima mu Disembala m’malo mwa Novembala, apo ŵanyake ŵakalima mwaluŵiro kuti ŵayezge kukumana na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref name="Number5" /> Kuchuluka kwa nyengo za chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji kukapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number5" /> Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 na 2001/2002, vula yikaŵa yambura kwenelera. Pakachitikanga nyengo zakumira na kusefukira kwa maji, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kukura makora.<ref name="Number8">{{Cite web |last=Masina |first=Lameck |date=2013-01-22 |title=Washed Away: Malawi's Food Security Hit By Natural Disasters |website=Global Policy Forum}}</ref> Ŵalimi ŵanandi, kuti ŵayezge kujivikilira ku nyengo yambura kumanyikwa, ŵakamba kuvuna vyakurya vyawo pambere nyengo yakuvunira yindafike. Kweni ichi chikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivyo vikapelekekanga viŵe vichoko chomene mu 2001/2002.<ref name=Number8 /> Kusintha kwa nyengo kukapangiska kuti nthowa zakuyowoyera vya zokolola zamunthazi ziŵe zambura kugomezgeka. Mautolero agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito vifukwa vya nyengo na kuwona vyakurya ghakatondeka kumanya mwakwenelera kukhira kwa vyakurya mu nyengo iyi.<ref name=Number8 /> Mwachiyerezgero, ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga vya vyakurya ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kuchepa kwa chimanga kuzamuwelerapo chifukwa cha vyakurya vinyake nga ni misisi na vyakurya vya pasi. Kweni mu nyengo ya 2001/2002, vyakurya vyose vikatondeka.<ref name=Number8 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, boma likaŵavya kunozgeka kwakukwana apo suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likafika.<ref name=Number8 /> == Wovwiri na nthowa zakuzenga == Boma la Malawi likakhazikiska ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵalimi iyo yikuchemeka [[Farm Input Subsidy Programme]] (FISP) mu 2005. Mu ndondomeko iyi, boma likapelekanga manyowa na mbuto pa mtengo wakuchepa ku ŵalimi awo ŵakaŵa mu suzgo.<ref name="Number7" /> Manyowa gha mu FISP ghakaguliskikanga pa madola gha US$7 pa thumba la makilogalamu 50, apo mtengo wa msika ukaŵa pafupifupi madola gha US$27 pa thumba lenelili.<ref name=Number7 /> Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Michigan State University]] wakalongora kuti nangauli vula yambura kwenelera yikatondeska ndondomeko iyi mu nyengo ya 2005/2006, nyengo yiwemi mu 2007 yikawovwira kuti ndondomeko iyi yichite makora.<ref name="Number7">{{Cite journal |last=Jayne, T.S., Chapoto, A., Minde I.J., Donovan, C. |date=2008 |title=Grain Marketing Policy at the Crossroads: Challenges for Eastern and Southern Africa |journal=International Development Working Papers |publisher=Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Chifukwa cha FISP, Malawi wakasanga zokolola zikuru za chimanga mu 2007. Charu ichi chikavuna matani pafupifupi 3.4 miliyoni gha chimanga, ndipo chikaŵa na chakukwana chakujumpha chomene chomwe chikakwana matani 1.4 miliyoni.<ref name=Number7 /> Chifukwa cha chimanga chinandi ichi, Malawi wakamba kuguliska chimanga ku vyaru vinyake kweniso kupereka wovwiri ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na suzgo la vyakurya. [[Zimbabwe]] wakapokera matani 40,000 gha chimanga kufuma ku Malawi, ndipo [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] waliyose wakapokera matani 5,000 gha chimanga.<ref name=Number7 /> Mabungwe gha pa charu chose na gha mu Malawi, kusazgapo [[World Food Programme|WFP]], [[European Union|EU]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], na [[USAID]], ghakapeleka wovwiri wa vyakurya ku Malawi pamanyuma pakuti boma lapharazga soka mu 2002. Mu 2005, WFP yikati wovwiri wake wa vyakurya ukaŵa kovwira pafupifupi 11% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi.<ref name=Number20 /> ==Vyakukhala vyakunyuma (Long-term effects)== ===Umoyo=== Suzgo la vyakurya lapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi na matenda. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi nyengo yitali, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakutepeta chomene.<ref name="Number13">UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030933/http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Kufuma mu 1992, apo misisi ya suzgo la vyakurya yikambiranga, umoyo wa kadyero ka ŵana undasintha.<ref name=Number13 /> Mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, mu nyengo izo kusoŵa vyakurya kukaŵa kukuru, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu charu chose. [[UNICEF]] yikamanya kuti miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha ukhondo wambura kwenelera na maji ghambura kuvikilirika, ivyo vikakolerana na suzgo la vyakurya ndipo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakupokera matenda.<ref name=Number13 /> Mwakuyana waka, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Save the Children|Save The Children]] UK mu February 2002 wakawona kuti suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu chifukwa likapangiska kuvimba kwa mawoko na malundi mu ŵana na ŵalara.<ref name="Number21">Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.</ref> Kusoŵa vyakurya kwapangiska nyifwa zinandi chifukwa cha njara; unandi wake weneko ukumanyikwa yayi.<ref name=Number5 /> Zinyake mwa nyifwa izi zikasazgirako suzgo la [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, kweniso kukapangika unandi wa ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi. [[UNICEF]] yikuyowoya kuti 17% ya ŵana ŵalije ŵapapi ŵamoyo chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.<ref name=Number13 /> Pa nyengo iyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, kufuma mu Epulero m’paka Meyi 2002, [[WHO]] yikachita kuwunika umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Malawi. Yikawona kuti pakati pa Okutobala 2001 na Malichi 2002, pakaŵa nyifwa zakukwana 1.9 pa ŵanthu 10,000 zuŵa lililose. Kukaŵa muliri wa kolera uwo ukaŵa na milandu 33,150 yakumanyikwa na nyifwa 981, mwakuyana na chiŵelengero cha nyifwa cha 3%. Kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku malo gha chipatala chikakhira na 25% mu nyengo yeneyiyo. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongora kuti malo gha chipatala ghakaŵa na masuzgo chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito, munkhwala, kweniso mauthenga na mayendedwe ghambura kwenelera. Apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵika pakwamba kusanga vyakurya, kupenja wovwiri wa umoyo na kuluta ku malo gha chipatala ghambura kunozgeka kukamba kuchepa.<ref name=Number50>WHO 2002</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya misisi yambura kuŵa yakwenelera, mphangwe za chimanga, fumbi la mathabwa, na vipambi vyakuphikika, ndipo ŵakamba kutora matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakurya vyakuphambanapambana.<ref name=Number21 /> Lipoti mu magazini ya [[The Lancet]] likawona kuti mbumba zinandi, nanga zikaŵa zasambazi, mu [[Nsanje]] chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Malawi, zikaŵa kurya mizi ya chomera cha maji icho chikachemekanga nyika. Mizi iyi iyo pakwamba yikaŵa chakurya chakulyera waka, yikazgoka chakurya chikuru ndipo para munthu wangarya vinandi yingapangiska kutaya nthumbo.<ref name="Number51">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67799-9 | title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen | year=2005 | last1=Tenthani | first1=Raphael | journal=The Lancet | volume=366 | issue=9502 | pages=1994–1995 | pmid=16353311 | s2cid=28688185 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Pa nyengo yinyake, mwana mukuru wa mbumba ya ŵanthu 10 wakasanga mphonje zakupha za chomera cha mbatata zakuthengo. Awiske ŵakapeleka mphonje izi ku ŵana na anyina chifukwa ŵakaŵavya chakurya chinyake; ŵenecho ŵakarya yayi chifukwa ŵakaŵika njara ya ŵana na muwoli wawo panthazi pa njara yawo. Anyina na ŵana ŵawo 8 ŵakafwa yumoza yumoza chifukwa cha kusanza na kupokera chiphe cha vyakurya.<ref name=Number51 /> ===Ndondomeko za boma=== Ndondomeko ya boma ya kuvikilira vyakurya, iyo yikuchemeka FISP, yikawovwira kusazgirako ulimi. Nga umo vyayowoyekera kale, kupanga chimanga kukajumpha ivyo charu chikakhumbanga pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska FISP. Pakati pa 2005 na 2011, [[GDP|GDP ya Malawi]] yikakuranga mwakukwana 11.7% chaka chilichose, ndipo ŵakumanya vinthu ŵanandi ŵakayaniska kukura kwa GDP ya ulimi na FISP. Kweni kafukufuku wa sonosono wakulongora kuti FISP ni ndondomeko iyo yingakhalapo yayi nyengo yitali: apo mbumba izo zikukhumbikwira wovwiri zikuchuluka, uwemi wa fetereza na mbuto izo zikuperekeka ukakhira kufuma pa makilogalamu 85 pa mulimi mu 2005/2006 kufika pa makilogalamu 60 pa mulimi mu 2012/2013.<ref name="Number25">{{Cite journal |last=Thurlow, James |first=Pauw, Karl |date=2014 |title=Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program: Where do we go from here? Policy Note 18 |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/massppn18.pdf |journal=Malawi Strategy Support Program |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute}}</ref> Ndondomeko ziphya za kuvikilira vyakurya zikapangika mu 2002 na 2003. Ndondomeko ya Malawi ya [[Kuchepeska ukavu|kuchepeska ukavu]] yikaŵa chikalata cha ndondomeko icho chikakhumbikwanga kulongozga na kovwira pakupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ya boma. Pakatikati pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa kukura kwa chuma, ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa pa chuma, nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, na kayendeskero kawemi ka boma; mwa kupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ivyo vikukhozgera kukura kwa ulimi na kuŵika nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu, boma likate liŵe na nkhongono zakukhozgera kuŵa na vyakurya.<ref name="Number27">{{Cite journal |last=Sahley, C., Groelsema, Bob., Marchione, T., Nelson, D. |date=2005 |title=The Governance Dimensions of Food Security in Malawi |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnade034.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923152016/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE034.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2006 |journal=Is Food Security Achievable in Malawi? |location=Washington DC |publisher=USA Agency for International Development |volume=20}}</ref> Unduna wa vyaulimi ukagwira ntchito pamoza na mabungwe gha ŵanthu, ma unduna ghanyake, makampani ghapadera, na ŵakupereka wovwiri kupanga Ndondomeko ya Vyakurya na Kadyero. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa na vilato vya: 1) kusazgirako vyakurya mwa kusazgirako vyakuvwilira vya maji na kuŵa na fetereza na malo, 2) kukhozga misika ya ku mizi, 3) kupanga malango gha umoyo na kadyero, na 4) kukhazikiska na kukhozga ndondomeko zakulimbana na masoka, malo ghakusungirako chimanga, na nthowa zakuwonera na kulongosora kupanga vyakurya.<ref name=Number27 /> Pamasinda, Unduna wa Kupanga Chuma na Chitukuko ukapanga ndondomeko ya kukura kwa chuma iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na m'pata wakusanga vyakurya mwa kukhozgera malonda na ndalama zakunjira mu vyalo vya ku mizi mu Malawi, kuti ŵasange ndalama na ntchito.<ref name=Number27 /> ===Mitheto na chikaya=== Pa nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusintha umo ŵakakhaliranga kuti ŵasange chakurya. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kugwira ntchito zakwiza waka kuti ŵapokere vyakurya. Ŵanandi ŵakaguliska katundu wa mu nyumba na viŵeto pa mitengo yichoko kuti ŵagule chakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti chiŵe chakusuzga kwa iwo kuwelera ku umoyo wakukhazikika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vyakurya.<ref name="Number39">{{Cite journal |last=Margolies, A., Kalagho, K., Kazembe, C. |date=2019 |title=Examining perceptions of food assistance on household food security and resilience in Malawi; Policy Note 32 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133065 |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute |location=Washington DC |volume= |doi=10.2499/p15738coll2.133065|s2cid=239189252|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku [[Zambia]] na vyalo vinyake vyapafupi kukapenja ntchito za malipiro ghachoko panji vyakurya.<ref name=Number5 /> Suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaskaso masambiro. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵana awo ŵakaleka sukulu ŵakafika pa 25% chifukwa cha njara. Ŵanandi ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu kuti ŵagwire ntchito panji kupenja chakurya, apo ŵanyake ŵakatondeka kulipira ndalama za sukulu.<ref name=Number39 /> Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakadandawura kuti sukulu zikaluza mazaza pa ŵana chifukwa ŵangachichizga yayi ŵana kukhala, kusambira, panji kuchita ntchito za ku sukulu usange ŵali na njara na kudwala.<ref name=Number5 /> [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti mu vigaŵa ivyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, hafu m’paka vitatu mwa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu.<ref name=Number51 /> Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵana ku sukulu, [[UNICEF]] na [[WFP]] vikamba mapulogiramu ghakupereka vyakurya ku ŵana ku sukulu na wovwiri unyake ku ŵasambizgi na ŵantchito. [[UNICEF]] yikati pulogiramu iyi yikapangiska "kusintha kukuru" mu kuluta ku sukulu, ndipo mu malo ghanyake nyumba za sukulu zikazura na ŵana awo ŵakapenjanga chakurya.<ref name=Number51 /> Makhaliro gha chikaya chose ghakasinthaso kuheni, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ku ŵazengezgani, kusida ŵana, kulimbana chifukwa cha chakurya, na kusinthana kugonana kuti ŵasange chakurya.<ref name=Number5 /> Kwiba vyakurya na ndalama kukachuluka chomene. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵakukora ŵankhungu ŵakaŵatombozganga na kuŵapweteka nga ni chilango.<ref name=Number5 /> Ŵachekuru, ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi, na ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, chifukwa chikaŵa chakusuzga kwa iwo kujiwovwira, ndipo ŵakaŵa vilato vikuru vya kwiba na nkhaza.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2005, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakakomekanga pa msika wa [[ADMARC]] apo ŵakaguranga chimanga chawo cha makilogalamu 25 icho ŵakapika.<ref name="Number40">{{Cite web |title=The Effect of the Food Crisis on Women and Their Families |url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/46209.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}</ref> Mtengo wa [[ntchito ya kugonana]] ukakhira kufuma pa MK1000 kufika pa MK200, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana awo ŵakachitanga vinthu ivi kuti ŵasange ndalama ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru.<ref name=Number40 /> Mbumba na nthengwa nazo zikasinthika chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya: ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakachichizgika kutengwa ŵachali ŵachoko chifukwa mbumba zawo zikatenge zingakwaniska yayi kuŵapwelelera mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.<ref name=Number39 /> Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakutorana ŵanyake ŵakamba kuleka kugomezgeka mu nthengwa kuti ŵasange ndalama na chakurya, ndipo ichi nacho chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.<ref name=Number39 /> ==Suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu 2012–2013== Malawi yikasanganaso na suzgo linyake la vyakurya mu 2012 na 2013. Kuyana na MVAC National [[Chivikiliro cha vyakurya|Food Security]] Forecast, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni mu [[Malawi]] ŵakaŵa pangozi ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu vyaka vya 2013 na 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Ichi chikaŵa 9.5% ya ŵanthu mu vigaŵa 21 vya charu, ndipo chigaŵa cha kumpoto ndicho chikasangana na suzgo likuru chomene.<ref name=":0" /> Vifukwa vya chuma, ndale, na ulimi vikawovwirapo pa suzgo ili.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Ku chigaŵa cha chuma na ndale, Joyce Banda wakamba kulamulira mu Epulero 2012, ndipo wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa pulezidenti wa Malawi. Mu Meyi wa chaka chenicho, [[Malawian kwacha|kwacha]] yikachepeska mtengo wake na 49% ndipo yikayamba kutaya nkhongono chomene.<ref name=":12"/> Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], kuchepa kwa mtengo kwa ndalama iyi pamoza na kukwera kwa mitengo ya vinthu (inflation) kwa 12.4% mu mwezi wenewura kukapangiska mitengo ya vinthu vyakuzirwa na mauteŵeti kukwera chomene mu charu chose.<ref name=":12"/> Kweniso, Centre for Social Concern yikafumiska lipoti ilo likalongora kuti mtengo wa umoyo ukakwera na kujumpha 50% kufuma mu 2011 kufika mu 2012.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Ku chigaŵa cha ulimi, kupanga chimanga kukakhira na 40% mu vigaŵa vinandi chifukwa cha vula yichoko.<ref name=":12"/> Kupanga chimanga kochepa uku pamoza na kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ŵanthu kugura vinthu, vikapangiska kuti mu 2012 ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni yimoza ŵakhumbikwirenge wovwiri kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyawo vyakuzirwa.<ref name=":12" /> Ndipouli, umo Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee yikawoneranga mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa pangozi chikeneranga kukwera na 21% chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Kukwera kwa mitengo pamoza na kuchepa kwa kupanga chimanga vikapangiska kuti mitengo ya [[chimanga]] mu 2012 yiŵe yakwera na 40% kuluska mtengo wapakati wa vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":12" /> Chifukwa cha kukwera chomene kwa khumbo la chakurya, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakaguliskanga chimanga pa mitengo yapachanya chomene, ndipo ŵakapelekanga ku misika yinyake chimanga icho chikeneranga kupelekeka ku ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Madalitso |date=2013-09-30 |title=No maize in Malawi's Admarc depots |url=http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=BNL Times}}</ref> Vinthu ivyo vikabisika na malo ghakupelekera vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga vikawa vichoko chomene panji vikamara. Ichi chikakhwaska chomene chivikiliro cha vyakurya mu Malawi chifukwa chimanga ntchakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo ndicho chikulimika na kuryeka chomene mu charu.<ref name=":03"/> [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|Mulongozgi wa machenjezo ghakwamba gha njara]] wakafumiska uthenga wakuti suzgo likuru la vyakurya lingachitika mu Malawi kufika mu Julayi 2012 ndipo lingatora myezi 9.<ref name=":12" /> Kweniso, kuyana na kafukufuku mu [[The Journal of Modern African Studies]], vinthu vyakhalako kufuma ku masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale vikaŵa vikuwoneka mu 2012. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la vyakurya la 2002, nga ni kutondeka kwa chitukuko na misika, navyo vikawovwirapo pa suzgo la 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dorward|first1=Andrew|last2=Kydd|first2=Jonathan|date=2004|title=The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=42|issue=3|pages=343–361|issn=0022-278X|jstor=3876336|doi=10.1017/S0022278X04000229|s2cid=54763363|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf}}</ref> Ivi vikasazgapo kusazgikiska kwa malonda gha vyakurya mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, kufumiskapo wovwiri wa ŵalimi, na kuleka kulamulira misika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ng’ambi|first1=F.|last2=Owusu|first2=K.|date=2002|title=Structural damage: the causes and consequences of Malawi's food crisis|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB2013202812|language=en}}</ref> Kweniso, masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale ghali na ndalama zikuru za nyengo yitali chifukwa kusoŵa makora vyakurya mu thupi kukupangiska kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ntchito chifukwa cha [[Kukura kwambura kwenelera|kuŵa wakutepeta]]. Kuyana na kafukufuku, pafupifupi 60% ya ŵalara mu charu ŵakusuzgika na kukura kwambura kwenelera chifukwa cha njara iyo ŵakaŵa nayo apo ŵakaŵa ŵana, ndipo ichi chikukwana pafupifupi ŵanthu 4.5 miliyoni mu Malawi awo ŵali na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-study-reveals-huge-impact-hunger-economy-malawi-0|title=New Study Reveals Huge Impact Of Hunger On Economy Of Malawi|website=www.wfp.org|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Nadi, kafukufuku wenewura wa [[World Food Programme]] wakawona kuti Malawi yikataya ndalama zakukwana MWK 16.5 biliyoni mu kupanga vinthu chifukwa cha kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.<ref name=":2" /> == Chaka cha 2015 cha njara == Nangauli mu 2014 kuŵa kwa vyakurya mu Malawi kukakwera, ŵalimi ŵakawelera mu suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya mu 2015. Mu 2014, komiti ya Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC) yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu 640,009 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakusuzgika kusanga chakurya, pakuyaniska na ŵanthu 1.46 miliyoni mu chaka cham'mbuyo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Kuchepa kwa ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika na chakurya kukachitika chifukwa cha kusangika kwa vyakurya vinandi mu 2014 chifukwa cha vuna yiwemi, kweni ivi vikakhala kwa nyengo yichoko chifukwa mu 2015 Malawi yikakhwaskika na maji ghanandi chomene.<ref name=":3" /> Vikuyerekelezgeka kuti Malawi yikutaya ndalama zakukwana madola 12.5 miliyoni, panji 1% ya [[GDP|chuma cha charu chonse]], chaka chilichose chifukwa cha chilangalanga, ndipo madola 9 miliyoni panji 0.7% ya GDP chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa maji mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Besada|first1=Hany|last2=Werner|first2=Karolina|date=2015-01-02|title=An assessment of the effects of Africa's water crisis on food security and management|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=31|issue=1|pages=120–133|doi=10.1080/07900627.2014.905124|issn=0790-0627|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nadi, Malawi ni charu chachilendo yayi ku masuzgo gha nyengo, chifukwa pakati pa 1970 na 2006 pakaŵa masoka ghakujintha pa nyengo ghakujumpha 40.<ref name=":5"/> Mu 2015 kufika mu 2016, Malawi yikakumana na chilangalanga chikuru ndipo pamanyuma pakaŵa kusefukira kwa maji chifukwa cha [[El Niño|El Nino]].<ref name="Malawi Food Crisis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/emergency-response/malawi-food-crisis|title=Malawi Food Crisis|website=Oxfam GB|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Vilangalanga ivi vikaŵa viheni chomene mu vyaka 35 ivyo vyajumpha, chifukwa pakaŵa nyengo ziŵiri zakulima zakutondeka ndipo ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuŵapa chakurya iwo na mbumba zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|title=Update on the food crisis in Malawi|website=Deki|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401043739/https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ivyo vikakhwaska ŵanthu chomene chifukwa 90% ya ŵanthu mu Malawi ŵakuthemba vyakurya ivyo vikulimika na vula kweniso ulimi kuti ŵakhale na umoyo. Ntheura pa 13 April 2016, [[Peter Mutharika|Mutharika]] pulezidenti wakapharazga kuti mu charu mwawa masoka ghakuru ndipo wakaŵika Malawi pa mulandu wa suzgo la chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji.<ref name=":7" /> Chifukwa cha suzgo ili, mitengo ya [[chimanga]] yikakwera chomene ndipo mbumba zinandi zikakatondeka kugula. Kweniso maji ghakukwana pa ulimi ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaleke kuwelera ku umoyo wawo wa kale.<ref name="Malawi Food Crisis"/> Mu February wa chaka chenechichi, mtengo wa chimanga ukaŵa kuti wakwera kale na 60% kuluska mtengo wa vyaka vitatu ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":7"/> Kuyana na [[Action Against Hunger]], ulimi wa chimanga ukachepa na 27% kufuma mu 2013 ndipo ukawa pasi na 20% pakuyaniska na umo ukaŵira mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/massive-food-crisis-threatens-500000-children-malawi|title=Massive food crisis threatens 500,000 children in Malawi – Malawi|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Masuzgo agha ghakapangiska ŵanthu kuguliska katundu wawo kuti ŵagure chakurya cha mbumba zawo, ndipo charu chikanjira mu suzgo likuru.<ref name=":4" /> Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], mwana yumoza pa ŵana 10 wakusuzgika na kukura makora kwa thupi chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa vyakurya na suzgo la chakurya ilo likapangika na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/509722-malawi-facing-worst-food-crisis-decade-requires-81-million-relief-aid-un-agency|title=Malawi facing worst food crisis in decade, requires $81 million in relief aid – UN agency|date=2015-09-25|website=UN News|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Pakaŵaso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangiska suzgo ili kuŵa likuru, nga nkhuŵavya ndondomeko zakukhora za nyengo yitali zakovwira ŵalimi mu Malawi kuti ŵalimbane na kusintha kwa nyengo mu ulimi.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal | doi=10.3390/su7021620 | doi-access=free | title=Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers' Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi | year=2015 | last1=Coulibaly | first1=Jeanne | last2=Gbetibouo | first2=Glwadys | last3=Kundhlande | first3=Godfrey | last4=Sileshi | first4=Gudeta | last5=Beedy | first5=Tracy | journal=Sustainability | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=1620–1636 }}</ref> Vikupulikikwa kuti pakukhumbikwa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵalimi kusanga nthowa zakulimbana na kusintha kwa nyengo, nga ni ulimi wakukhalilira kweniso kusazgirako uwemi wa dongo.<ref name=":02" /> Kusowa kwa kunozgekera uku kukasazgikira pa masuzgo agho charu chikaŵa nagho kale. Kuyana na [[World Bank]], ŵanthu mu vyaru vyakukura makora yayi ŵakukhwaskika chomene na masoka gha chilengedwe chifukwa kutaya kwawo kukupimika kuyana na GDP yawo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences|title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences {{!}} Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org|date=January 2008 |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Kweniso [[United Nations Development Programme]] yikulongosora kuti para charu chilije kunozgekera makora, masoka na ivyo vikuchitika pamanyuma vikuŵa viheni chomene.<ref name=":5" /> Malawi yikayezga kuchepeska vyakufumapo vya suzgo la chakurya mwa kugura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga. Mu 2015, Malawi yikagura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga ya nyengo ya ulimi wa 2015/2016 kufuma ku kampani ya African Risk Capacity (ACR).<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last1=Reeves|first1=Jonathan|date=May 2017|title=The wrong model for resilience: How G7-backed drought insurance failed Malawi, and what we must learn from it|url=https://actionaid.org/publications/2017/wrong-model-resilience#downloads|journal=Action Aid}}</ref> Inshuwalansi iyi yikagulira madola ghakukwana US$5 miliyoni.<ref name=":62"/> Kweni wovwiri ukachedwa kufika ndipo ukafika ku ŵanthu ŵa Malawi mu 2017, ntheura ukatondeka kuchepeska kutaya kwachuma chifukwa cha suzgo ili.<ref name=":62"/> Action Aid yikuyowoya kuti chilangalanga cha 2015 chikapangiska Malawi kutaya ndalama zakukwana US$395 miliyoni.<ref name=":62"/> == Umo vinthu viliri sono == Nangauli Malawi yikambiska Ndondomeko ya Kovwira Ŵalimi na Vinthu vya Ulimi mu 2005, chandulo cha ndondomeko iyi chikalutilira kuthemba pa vula.<ref name=":62"/> Kweniso nthowa izo zikugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni manyowa gha kupanga na mbuto zakusinthika zikwambiska kunangika kwa dongo kweniso kuŵika ŵalimi mu vikatiko vya ngongoli.<ref name=":62" /> Ndondomeko zinandi zili kuŵikika kuti zivwire ŵalimi pa nkhani ya ndalama na ngongoli, nga ni [[ntchito za ulongozgi wa ulimi]], mapulogiramu gha ntchito za boma, na kupokera ndalama kwambura vifukwa vyakupokera. Ndondomeko ya charu ya kusintha na kunozgekera nyengo nayo yikukhumba kuŵikapo nthowa zakukhozgera chomene ulimi kuti ulutilire kususkana na masuzgo.<ref name=":62" /> Ivi vikukolerana na ndondomeko ya Malawi ya kusinthasintha vyakuchita, iyo yikuyowoya kuti masuzgo ghakuru ni ukavu, malo ghachoko gha kulimapo, kweniso kuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya chilengedwe.<ref name=":03"/> Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kunozga nkhani za kusangika kwa chakurya, kusamalira vinthu vya chilengedwe, nkhongono zakutowa, tekinoloje, na ndalama kuti chitukuko chikure, kusintha kwa nyengo kuchepe, kweniso kukhozga mtende na chitetezo cha ŵanthu.<ref name=":03"/> Mu 2018, mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera kanandi waka, kufuma pa 100 Malawi Kwacha (US$0.14) pa kilogalamu kufika pa 140 Kwacha ($0.19) pa kilogalamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mwnation.com/maize-prices-40/|title=Maize prices up 40%|last1=Phiri|first1=Grace|date=2018-02-06|website=The Nation Online|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ulimi wa chimanga mu Malawi ukachepa na 20% mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Deblina |date=24 May 2018 |title=Malawi maize production down by 20 percent |url=http://www.africanfarming.net/crops/agriculture/malawi-maize-production-down-by-20-per-cent |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=African Farming and Food Processing |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khamula |first=Owen |date=2018-05-22 |title=Malawi maize production harvests down by 20 percent |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-maize-production-harvests-drops-by-20/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kufika mu Seputembala 2018, boma la Malawi likakhazikiska mtengo wa chimanga pa 170 Kwacha ($0.23) pa kilogalamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/govt-brings-down-maize-prices-in-admarc/|title=Govt brings down maize prices in Admarc|date=2018-09-20|website=Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Pa 14 Malichi 2019, Fumu yikuru ya mu [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]] yikayowoya kuti yikwenjerwa kuti Karonga yingakumana na kusoŵa kwa chimanga chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chikatora nyengo yitali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903140491.html|title=Malawi: Karonga At Risk of Hunger Due to Prolonged Dry Spell|last1=Mhone|first1=Sithembile|date=2019-03-14|work=Nyasa Times (Leeds)|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2019, Malawi yikakhwaskika na [[Cyclone Idai|Chimphepo cha Idai]]. Pamanyuma pa kusefukira kwa maji kwakofya uko kukachitika chifukwa cha chimphepo ichi, nduna ya vya ulimi yikayowoya kuti charu chingaŵa kuti chataya 20% ya chimanga icho chikeneranga kubalika mu nyengo iyi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402094925/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2019|title=Malawi could lose 20 pct of maize crop in cyclone flooding – minister|last1=Winning|first1=Alexander|date=April 2, 2019|work=Reuters Africa|access-date=April 5, 2019}}</ref> == Mazgu ghakulongosora == <references/> [[Category:Njara mu Africa]] [[Category:2005 mu Malawi|suzgo la vyakurya]] [[Category:Chilala mu Africa]] [[Category:Masoka gha chilengiwa mu Malawi]] [[Category: 2002 chilala]] [[Category:2002 mu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Kuvikilirika kwa vyakurya kuyana na vyaru|Malawi]] 2e9bgk041it7kg3ln6bfx83l8mibsfl 0 48143 117924 2026-07-24T07:01:20Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Short description|Magazini yakale ya mu chiyowoyelo cha Esperanto}} {{Italic title}} [[File:Literatura Mondo first (1922).JPG|180px|thumb|Chikopi cha mbele cha magazini yakwamba]] '''''Literatura Mondo''''' ('Charu cha Mabuku') yikaŵa [[nyuzipepala]] ya mabuku ya [[Esperanto]] kweniso [[nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku]] mu [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] pakati pa 1922 na 1949. Yikazgoka malo ghakuzirwa gha icho chikachemekanga Sukulu ya Budapest ya mabuku gha Esperanto. Yik..." 117924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Magazini yakale ya mu chiyowoyelo cha Esperanto}} {{Italic title}} [[File:Literatura Mondo first (1922).JPG|180px|thumb|Chikopi cha mbele cha magazini yakwamba]] '''''Literatura Mondo''''' ('Charu cha Mabuku') yikaŵa [[nyuzipepala]] ya mabuku ya [[Esperanto]] kweniso [[nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku]] mu [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] pakati pa 1922 na 1949. Yikazgoka malo ghakuzirwa gha icho chikachemekanga Sukulu ya Budapest ya mabuku gha Esperanto. Yikakhazikiskika na [[Tivadar Soros]], awiske ŵa [[Hungary|Muhungary]] uyo wakababikira ku Hungary, [[Americans|Mwenekaya wa America]], [[bilionea]], kweniso [[wakovwira ŵanthu]] [[George Soros]]. ==Magazini== Magazini ya ''Literatura Mondo'' yikafuma kakwamba mu Budapest mu 1922.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Roland Greene|editor2=Stephen Cushman|title=The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries|year=2016|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, NJ; Oxford|isbn=9781400880638 |page=179|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/55236}}</ref> Kusindikizga kukamara mu 1927 kweni kukambaso mu Janyuwale 1931. Pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], ''Literatura Mondo'' yikambaso kusindikizgika ndipo yikalutilira kwa vyaka vitatu, kufuma mu 1947 m'paka 1949. Mu 1950, ''Literatura Mondo'' yikaphalira ŵakulembeska ŵake kuti "chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama, kusindikizga magazini sono nkhwamachitiko yayi. Mu chaka cha 1949 takafiska kusindikizga nambara zinkhondi na zinkhondi yayi, kweni zinayi pera." Mulembi mukuru wa magazini kufuma mu Okutobala 1922 m'paka Seputembala 1924 wakaŵa Theodor Schwarz (kufuma mu 1936 wakamanyikwanga kuti [[Tivadar Soros]])<ref name="Crusoes ">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CE7Dh03GWksC&pg=PR10 | title=Crusoes in Siberia | author=Tivadar Soros | author-link=Tivadar Soros | year=2010 | pages=x-xi | isbn=978-1-59569-182-8}}</ref> (''Teodoro Ŝvarc'' mu Esperanto). Pamanyuma pake pakiza [[Kálmán Kalocsay]], uyo wakawovwirikanga na [[Julio Baghy]], ndipo ŵakasintha magazini iyi mu nyengo zake zitatu zakusindikizgika.<ref>{{cite book | title=Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto: 1887–2007 | publisher=Mondial | author=Geoffrey Sutton | year=2008 | location=New York | isbn=978-1-59569-090-6}}</ref> ==Nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku== ''Literatura Mondo'' yikasindikizgaso mabuku. Agha ghakasazgapo milimo yose ya [[Kálmán Kalocsay]], milimo yakwamba ya Stellan Engholm, mabuku ghakwamba gha [[Lajos Tárkony]], Johan Weinhengst, Eugene Aisberg na [[Hendrik Adamson]], kweniso ''[[Encyclopedia of Esperanto]]''. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ==Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro== *[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/images/easteuro/large20218.html Chikopi cha magazini ya Epulero 1923, icho chili mu British Library] *{{Commons-inline}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Literatura Mondo}} [[Category:Vyakukhazikiskika vya 1922 ku Hungary]] [[Category:Vyakumazgiskika vya 1949 ku Hungary]] [[Category:Magazini za mabuku izo ziliko yayi izo zikasindikizgikanga ku Europe]] [[Category:Magazini izo ziliko yayi izo zikasindikizgikanga ku Hungary]] [[Category:Esperanto ku Hungary]] [[Category:Magazini gha Esperanto]] [[Category:Magazini gha mabuku agho ghakasindikizgikanga ku Hungary]] [[Category:Magazini agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 1922]] [[Category:Magazini agho ghakamazgiskika mu 1949]] [[Category:Magazini agho ghakasindikizgikanga mu Budapest]] [[Category:Magazini gha ndakatulo]] neppi7xnkilmr0obwcb9ba51bqn3auj 0 48144 117926 2026-07-24T07:03:31Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Caro de Segeda moved page [[Kuŵa na vyakurya mu Malawi .]] to [[Kuŵa na vyakurya mu Malawi]] 117926 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kuŵa na vyakurya mu Malawi]] g05ms1uztqp90t7j333eph6b7bf0wm9 10 48145 117928 2026-07-24T07:13:12Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Bokosi la Nav |zina = Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana |boma = wakawa |mutu = [[Viyowoyero vyapakati (chiyowoyero chakupangika)|Viyowoyero vyapakati]] ([[IALA]]) |pamwamba = [[Mbiri ya Viyowoyero Vyakupambanapambana|Mbiri]]{{·}}[[Mabuku gha Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana|Mabuku]] |gulu1 = Ntchito zakwamba |list1 = [[Manifesto wa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]]{{·}}[[Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana: Galamala ya chiyowoyero cha pa charu chose]]{{·}}Dikishonale ya viy..." 117928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bokosi la Nav |zina = Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana |boma = wakawa |mutu = [[Viyowoyero vyapakati (chiyowoyero chakupangika)|Viyowoyero vyapakati]] ([[IALA]]) |pamwamba = [[Mbiri ya Viyowoyero Vyakupambanapambana|Mbiri]]{{·}}[[Mabuku gha Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana|Mabuku]] |gulu1 = Ntchito zakwamba |list1 = [[Manifesto wa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]]{{·}}[[Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana: Galamala ya chiyowoyero cha pa charu chose]]{{·}}[[Dikishonale ya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana na Chingelezi]] |gulu2 = Ŵapayiniya mndandanda2 = [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]]{{·}}[[Alice Morris Sturges]] Fischer Leland Yeager Ric Berger Stanley Mulaik Stefano Bakonyi |gulu3 = Ŵalembi mndandanda3 = [[Eric Ahlström]]{{·}}[[Daniel Arseneault] Italo Notarstefano Onofrio Notarstefano |gulu4 = Mikhaliro |list4 = [[Grama ya viyowoyero vyapakati|Gramamma]]{{·}}[[Kuyowoya kwa viyowoyero vyapakati|Kuyowoya]]{{·}}[[Kufuma kwa mazgu mu viyowoyero vyapakati|Kufuma kwa mazgu]]{{·}}[[Kupanga mazgu ghakufuma nyengo zose mu viyowoyero vyapakati] |gulu5 = Mabungwe ghakuyana |list5 = [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua|UMI]]{{·}}[[Uwupu wa Viyowoyero Vyakovwira pa Charu Chose|IALA]{{·}}[[Academia pro Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Chigaŵa cha Uteŵeti wa Sayansi wa Viyowoyero vya Pacharu Chose]] |gulu6 = Magazini |list6 = [[Panorama mu viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]]{{·}}[[Vinthu vyakupambanapambana]]{{·}}[[Lipoti la Sukulu ya Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]] }}<palije kusazgapo> [[Chigaŵa:Mabokosi ghakulongozgera viyowoyero|{{ZINA LA PAGE}}]]</noinclude> e16mesntak0nu3ajqbezk34fb15fe6f 117929 117928 2026-07-24T07:13:24Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |zina = Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana |boma = wakawa |mutu = [[Viyowoyero vyapakati (chiyowoyero chakupangika)|Viyowoyero vyapakati]] ([[IALA]]) |pamwamba = [[Mbiri ya Viyowoyero Vyakupambanapambana|Mbiri]]{{·}}[[Mabuku gha Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana|Mabuku]] |gulu1 = Ntchito zakwamba |list1 = [[Manifesto wa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]]{{·}}[[Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana: Galamala ya chiyowoyero cha pa charu chose]]{{·}}[[Dikishonale ya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana na Chingelezi]] |gulu2 = Ŵapayiniya mndandanda2 = [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]]{{·}}[[Alice Morris Sturges]] Fischer Leland Yeager Ric Berger Stanley Mulaik Stefano Bakonyi |gulu3 = Ŵalembi mndandanda3 = [[Eric Ahlström]]{{·}}[[Daniel Arseneault] Italo Notarstefano Onofrio Notarstefano |gulu4 = Mikhaliro |list4 = [[Grama ya viyowoyero vyapakati|Gramamma]]{{·}}[[Kuyowoya kwa viyowoyero vyapakati|Kuyowoya]]{{·}}[[Kufuma kwa mazgu mu viyowoyero vyapakati|Kufuma kwa mazgu]]{{·}}[[Kupanga mazgu ghakufuma nyengo zose mu viyowoyero vyapakati] |gulu5 = Mabungwe ghakuyana |list5 = [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua|UMI]]{{·}}[[Uwupu wa Viyowoyero Vyakovwira pa Charu Chose|IALA]{{·}}[[Academia pro Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Chigaŵa cha Uteŵeti wa Sayansi wa Viyowoyero vya Pacharu Chose]] |gulu6 = Magazini |list6 = [[Panorama mu viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]]{{·}}[[Vinthu vyakupambanapambana]]{{·}}[[Lipoti la Sukulu ya Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]] }}<palije kusazgapo> [[Chigaŵa:Mabokosi ghakulongozgera viyowoyero|{{ZINA LA PAGE}}]]</noinclude> nownr7dr33ud90n9lkklz6l93lhiib6 117930 117929 2026-07-24T07:14:06Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Interlingua |state = collapsed |title = [[Interlingua (lingua artificial)|Interlingua]] ([[IALA]]) |above = [[Historia da interlingua|Mbiri ya Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Literatura en interlingua|Mabuku mu Interlingua]] |group1 = Mabuku gha ntchindami |list1 = [[Manifesto de Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language]]{{·}}[[Interlingua-English Dictionary]] |group2 = Ŵanthu ŵakwamba |list2 = [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]]{{·}}[[Alice Morris Sturges]]{{·}}[[Alexander Gode|Alexander Gode-von-Aesch]]{{·}}[[André Schild]]{{·}}[[Engelbert Pigal]]{{·}}[[Hugh Blair]]{{·}}[[Hugo Fischer]]{{·}}[[Leland Yeager]]{{·}}[[Ric Berger]]{{·}}[[Stanley Mulaik]]{{·}}[[Stefano Bakonyi]] |group3 = Ŵalembi |list3 = [[Eric Ahlström]]{{·}}[[Daniel Arseneault]]{{·}}[[Chuan Chusé Bielsa]]{{·}}[[Thomas Breinstrup]]{{·}}[[Sven Collberg]]{{·}}[[Vicente Costalago]]{{·}}[[Alexander Gode]]{{·}}[[Martin Lavallée]]{{·}}[[Jonas Negalha]]{{·}}[[Italo Notarstefano]]{{·}}[[Onofrio Notarstefano]]{{·}}[[Carolo Salicto]]{{·}}[[Marcus Scriptor]]{{·}}[[Sven Collberg]] |group4 = Vyakukhwaskana |list4 = [[Gramática da interlingua|Malango gha Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Pronunciación da interlingua|Ukwimira kwa mazgu gha Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Derivación de palabras en interlingua|Kupanga mazgu mu Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Formation de parolas derivate regularmente in interlingua|Formation]] |group5 = Mabungwe ghakukhwaskana |list5 = [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua|UMI]]{{·}}[[International Auxiliary Language Association|IALA]]{{·}}[[Academia pro Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Interlingua Division of Science Service]] |group6 = Magazini |list6 = [[Panorama in interlingua]]{{·}}[[Internovas]]{{·}}[[Interlingua Institute Report]] }}<noinclude>[[Category:Interlingua|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> bvaw8yedwqkgyyrddryef5ejl6ocmk4 117931 117930 2026-07-24T07:14:27Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Interlingua |state = collapsed |title = [[Interlingua]] ([[IALA]]) |above = [[Historia da interlingua|Mbiri ya Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Literatura en interlingua|Mabuku mu Interlingua]] |group1 = Mabuku gha ntchindami |list1 = [[Manifesto de Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language]]{{·}}[[Interlingua-English Dictionary]] |group2 = Ŵanthu ŵakwamba |list2 = [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]]{{·}}[[Alice Morris Sturges]]{{·}}[[Alexander Gode|Alexander Gode-von-Aesch]]{{·}}[[André Schild]]{{·}}[[Engelbert Pigal]]{{·}}[[Hugh Blair]]{{·}}[[Hugo Fischer]]{{·}}[[Leland Yeager]]{{·}}[[Ric Berger]]{{·}}[[Stanley Mulaik]]{{·}}[[Stefano Bakonyi]] |group3 = Ŵalembi |list3 = [[Eric Ahlström]]{{·}}[[Daniel Arseneault]]{{·}}[[Chuan Chusé Bielsa]]{{·}}[[Thomas Breinstrup]]{{·}}[[Sven Collberg]]{{·}}[[Vicente Costalago]]{{·}}[[Alexander Gode]]{{·}}[[Martin Lavallée]]{{·}}[[Jonas Negalha]]{{·}}[[Italo Notarstefano]]{{·}}[[Onofrio Notarstefano]]{{·}}[[Carolo Salicto]]{{·}}[[Marcus Scriptor]]{{·}}[[Sven Collberg]] |group4 = Vyakukhwaskana |list4 = [[Gramática da interlingua|Malango gha Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Pronunciación da interlingua|Ukwimira kwa mazgu gha Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Derivación de palabras en interlingua|Kupanga mazgu mu Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Formation de parolas derivate regularmente in interlingua|Formation]] |group5 = Mabungwe ghakukhwaskana |list5 = [[Union Mundial pro Interlingua|UMI]]{{·}}[[International Auxiliary Language Association|IALA]]{{·}}[[Academia pro Interlingua]]{{·}}[[Interlingua Division of Science Service]] |group6 = Magazini |list6 = [[Panorama in interlingua]]{{·}}[[Internovas]]{{·}}[[Interlingua Institute Report]] }}<noinclude>[[Category:Interlingua|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 168girqvo2mab05tqmosi51h9marmc2 0 48146 117932 2026-07-24T07:16:40Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Redirected page to [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] 117932 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] 7nnczaesdrwlk97e5v9slbdy2iuhlj5 0 48147 117937 2026-07-24T07:37:43Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "Mbiri ya [[Interlingua]] yikusazgapo umo chiyowoyelo ichi chikapangikira kweniso chikaya cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyelo ichi. Ulemu ukuru pa kupangika kwa Interlingua ukuyenera kupelekeka kwa mupapi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), uyo wakamba kunweka na sayansi ya viyowoyelo na kayezgo ka viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska International Au..." 117937 wikitext text/x-wiki Mbiri ya [[Interlingua]] yikusazgapo umo chiyowoyelo ichi chikapangikira kweniso chikaya cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyelo ichi. Ulemu ukuru pa kupangika kwa Interlingua ukuyenera kupelekeka kwa mupapi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), uyo wakamba kunweka na sayansi ya viyowoyelo na kayezgo ka viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA), bungwe ilo likaŵa la vyawanangwa, mu [[New York]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kusanda viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose kuchitikenge mwakuyana na nthowa za sayansi. Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyelo vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵakumanya vinthu. Morris wakapanga IALA kuti yilutilizge ntchito yake iyi. Wakanozga ndondomeko ya kafukufuku pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]]. == International Auxiliary Language Association == IALA yikaŵa yimoza mwa mabungwe ghakuzirwa chomene agho ghakawovwira pa masambiro gha viyowoyelo gha ku America, ndipo likapeleka ndalama ku kafukufuku wa Sapir pa nkhani za viyowoyelo vyakuyana (interlinguistic semantics), nga ni kafukufuku wa umaliro wa vinthu (1930) na milimo ya kusintha kwa madigiri (1944). Morris yekha wakawovwira kulemba kafukufuku wa Sapir na [[Morris Swadesh]] pa nkhani za umaliro wa vinthu (1932), kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson pa kulongosora (1937). Nangauli Morris na banja lake ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ndalama zinandi ku IALA, bungwe ili likapokerangaso wovwiri kufuma ku magulu ghakutchuka nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Mu vyaka vyake vyakwamba, IALA likalimbikira pa milimo yitatu: # Kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana. # Kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyelo na sayansi ya viyowoyelo vya pa charu chose. # Kuyaniska viyowoyelo vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, nga ni [[Esperanto]], Esperanto II, [[Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione]], [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue|Occidental]]. Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chake chakumalizira, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyaniska viyowoyelo ivi pamoza na viyowoyelo vya mitundu yakupambanapambana, pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵasambizgi ŵakufuma ku mayunivesite gha ku America na Europe. Likanozgaso maungano na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga viyowoyelo ivi vya pa charu chose, ndipo ŵakadumbiskananga umo viyowoyelo vyawo vikupangikira na vilato vyake. Na dango la kupangana (concession rule) ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakudumbiskananga ŵapelekenge vifukwa vyakujipata pa fundo zinyake, madumbirano gha mu IALA nyengo zinyake ghakazgoka ghakukalipa chomene. Pa Mungano Wachiŵiri wa Viyowoyelo vya Pakatikati pa Mitundu (Second International Interlanguage Congress) uwo ukachitikira ku [[Geneva]] mu 1931, IALA likamba kuchita vinthu viphya. Mungano uwu ukiza na ŵanthu ŵakumanya viyowoyelo, ndipo 27 mwa iwo ŵakalemba chikalata chakukhozgera ndondomeko ya kafukufuku wa IALA. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 8 nawo ŵakaŵikapo mazina ghawo paungano wachiŵatatu uwo ukachitikira ku [[Rome]] mu 1933. Mu 1933, Pulofesa [[Herbert N. Shenton]] wa ku [[Syracuse University]] wakanozga kafukufuku wakuzika pa masuzgo agho ghakukumana na viyowoyelo vya pakati pa mitundu para vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa maungano gha pa charu chose. Mu chaka chenechicho, Dr. [[Edward L. Thorndike]] wakalemba nkhani ya sayansi yakukhwaskana na luŵiro lwa kusambira viyowoyelo vyakupangika vya "chilengedwe" na vya "ma module". Shenton na Thorndike ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa chomene awo ŵakakhwaska ntchito ya IALA kufuma pa nyengo iyo. Mu 1937, masitepe ghakwamba ghakuti Interlingua limalizgike ghakamba, apo komiti ya ŵakumanya viyowoyelo 24 kufuma ku mayunivesite 19 yikafumiska buku lakuti "Some Criteria for an International Language and Commentary". Kweni kuyambika kwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu mu 1939 kukatondeska maungano gha komiti agha agho ghakachitikanga kamoza mu vyaka viŵiri. == Kupangika kwa chiyowoyero chiphya == === Kusintha kwa nthowa === Pakwamba, gulu ili (IALA) likaŵa kuti likukhumba yayi kupanga chiyowoyero chake. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti lisange chiyowoyero chakovwira icho chikaŵapo kale icho chikaŵa chakwenelera chomene pakuyowoyeskana pa charu chose, kweniso umo chingakhozgeka mwakugwira mtima. Nangauli ŵakachita kafukufuku kwa vyaka khumi, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu IALA ŵakamba kumanya kuti palije chimoza mwa "viyowoyero vya pakati pa mitundu" (interlinguas) ivyo vikaŵapo kale icho chikaŵa chakwenelera ntchito iyi. Mu 1937, ŵanthu ŵa mu IALA ŵakasankha kupanga chiyowoyero chiphya, ndipo ichi chikazizwiska chomene ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵakupanga na kusanda viyowoyero vya charu chose. === Mamodelo ghanayi === Mu 1943, Stillman wakachoka kuti wakawovwire pa nkhondo, ndipo Gode wakazgoka Mulongozgi wa Kanyengo wa Kafukufuku. Mu 1945, IALA likafumiska Lipoti Likuru (General Report) — ilo likapangika chomene na ntchito ya Morris — ndipo likalongosora mamodelo ghatatu gha chiyowoyero cha IALA: Modello P chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha mwakawiro (naturalistic) icho chikayezgayezga yayi kulinganizga panji kupanga ndondomeko ya mazgu gha prototypic. Modello E chikaŵa chakupangika mwakanyake, mu nthowa yakuyanako na Occidental. Modello K chikaŵa chakupangika mwakuyana, mu nthowa yakuyanako na Ido (kuti chikaŵa chakupangika pachoko kuluska Esperanto). Kufuma mu 1946 mpaka 1948, munthu wakumanyikwa chomene wa vya viyowoyero wa ku France, André Martinet, wakaŵa Mulongozgi wa Kafukufuku. Pa nyengo iyi, IALA likalutilira kupanga mamodelo ghakupambanapambana ndipo likachita mavoti kuti lisange umo chiyowoyero chakumalizga chikwenera kuŵira. Kafukufuku wakwamba wakapima umo ŵanthu ŵakachitira na mamodelo ghatatu gha mu 1945. Mu 1946, IALA likatumizga kafukufuku mukuru ku ŵasambizgi ŵa viyowoyero na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵakukhwaskana na viyowoyero, ŵakujumpha 3,000, mu makontinenti ghatatu. Mamodelo ghanayi ghakasankhika: {| border=0 |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;P || &nbsp; || multo naturalistic || Jo habe nascite, o dea cum le oculos azure, de parentes barbare, inter le bone et virtuose Cimmerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;M || &nbsp; || moderatemente naturalistic || Io have nascit, o dea con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuos Cimmerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;C || &nbsp; || legiermente schematic || Yo ha nascet, o deessa con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuose Cimerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;K || &nbsp; || moderatemente schematic || Yo naskeba, o dea kon le okuli azure, de parenti barbare, inter le bone e virtuose Kimerii |- | &nbsp; || colspan="3" | (interlingua moderne) || Io ha nascite, o dea con le oculos azur, de parentes barbare, inter le bon e virtuose Cimmerios |} Modello P ukasintha yayi kufuma mu 1945. Modello M ukaŵa wakuwoneka kuti ngwasono pakuyaniska na Modello P wakale. Modello K ukasintha pachoko kulazga ku nthowa ya Ido. Ivyo vikafumira mu kafukufuku vikazizwiska. Mamodelo ghaŵiri ghakupangika chomene, C na K, ghakanidwa — ndipo K ndicho chikakanika chomene. Pa mamodelo ghaŵiri gha mwakawiro, M chikapokera wovwiri uchoko wakuluska P. Kweni chifukwa cha mphambano za vyaru (mwachiyelezgero, ŵa ku France ŵakakhumbanga chomene Modello M kuluska ŵanyake), IALA likasankha nthowa ya pakati pa Modello M na Modello P, na kusazgapo vinthu vinyake vya Modello C. === Kumalizgika kwa chiyowoyero === Mu 1948, Martinet wakati wasanga ntchito ku University of Columbia, Gode wakatora udindo wa kumalizga kupangika kwa Interlingua. Ntchito yake yikaŵa: * kusanganiska vinthu vya Modello M na Modello P; * kugega ivyo ŵanthu ŵakawona kuti vikaŵa vyakupereŵera mu mamodelo agha; * kunozga vinthu ivi na vinthu vya Modello C apo pakakhumbikwanga; * kweniso kupanga mazgu gha chiyowoyero. Mazgu na kusintha kwa vithuzithuzi vya vitenzi (verb conjugations) vya Interlingua vikawonetsedwa pakwamba mu 1951, apo IALA likafumiska: Interlingua Grammar, Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) iyo yikaŵa na mazgu 27,000. Mu 1954, IALA likafumiska buku lakwamba lakusambizgira, ilo likachemekanga: “Interlingua a Prime Vista” (Interlingua pa Kulaŵiska Kakwamba). == Kupambana, kuchepa, na kuwukaso kwa Interlingua == Ntchito yakwamba yakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mu umoyo weneko yikaŵa magazini ya sayansi Spectroscopia Molecular, iyo yikafumiskikanga kufuma mu 1952 mpaka 1980. Mu 1954, Interlingua yikagwiliskirika ntchito pa Msonkhano Wachiwiri wa Charu Chose wa Matenda gha Mtima (Second World Cardiac Congress) ku Washington, DC, pa kulemba mwakudumura vinthu vyakuyowoyeka kweniso pakung'anamulira mazgu gha ŵakuyowoya. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vichoko, Interlingua yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pa maungano ghanyake ghakukwana 9 gha vya munkhwala. Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1950 mpaka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1970, magazini gha sayansi na chomene gha vya munkhwala ghakukwana 30 ghakafumiskanga chidule cha nkhani zawo mu Interlingua. Science Service, iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa yakufumiska magazini ya Science News-Letter, yikafumiskanga chigaŵa cha mwezi uliwose mu Interlingua kufuma ku vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1950 mpaka nyifwa ya Gode mu 1970. Mu 1967, gulu likuru la International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ilo likukhazikiska ndondomeko za mazgu gha sayansi, likavota pafupifupi mwakukolerana kuti lizomerezge Interlingua kuŵa maziko gha madikishonale ghake. == Kutseka kwa IALA na kukura kwa magulu ghaphya == IALA likajalika milyango yake mu 1953, kweni likamara mwalamulo yayi mpaka mu 1956 panji pamanyuma pake. Mulimo wake wa kukhozga Interlingua ukatorapo chomene na Science Service, iyo yikasora Gode kuŵa mulongozgi wa dipatimenti yiphya ya Interlingua Division. Hugh E. Blair, mubwezi wapamtima na munyake wa ntchito wa Gode, wakazgoka mnyake wakumovwira. Gulu lakulondezgapo, ilo likachemekanga Interlingua Institute, likakhazikiskika mu 1970 kuti likhozge Interlingua mu United States na Canada. Institute yiphya iyi: * yikawovwira ntchito za magulu ghanyake gha vya viyowoyero; * yikapeleka vyakupeleka vyakuzirwa ku kafukufuku wa masambiro; * yikapanganga vidule vya mabuku gha sayansi na vya munkhwala. Chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo likachita chikaŵa kupangika kwa mabuku ghakuru ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na phytopathology (matenda gha vyakumera), agho ghakapangika na American Phytopathological Society mu 1976 na 1977. === Nyengo ya suzgo na kuwukaso === Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Blair mu 1967 na Gode mu 1970, Interlingua Institute yikaŵa kwambura ulongozgi wakupulikikwa kwa nyengo yichoko. Kweni, mwakuyana na Esterhill, kufumiska mabuku kukachepa kwa nyengo yichoko waka muumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1960, ndipo kukawukaso mwaluŵiro pafupi na nyengo iyo kope lachiŵiri la Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) likafumiskikira mu 1971. Kunweka kukuru ku Europe kukawovwira kuchepeska masuzgo agho ghakaŵa ku America. Interlingua yikakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo kale ŵakakhozgeranga mapurojekiti ghanyake gha viyowoyero vya charu chose, chomenechomene: * Occidental (Interlingue) * Ido Munthu wakale wakakhozgera Occidental, Ric Berger, wakakhazikiska Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) mu 1955. Kufika kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1950, kunweka na Interlingua mu Europe kukamba kujumpha uko kukaŵa ku North America. Pa nyengo iyi, nkhani za Interlingua mu manyuzipepara zikawoneka chomene ku Northern Europe na Eastern Europe. Nkhani za Interlingua mu vyakuwoneska na manyuzipepara zikulutilira mpaka mazuŵa ghano, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 zikamba kuwoneka chomene ku South America. Kwambira mu ma 1980, UMI yikamba kuchita maungano gha charu chose chilichose chakaŵiri. Pa maungano ghakwambilira, ŵanthu awo ŵakizanga ŵakaŵanga pafupifupi 50 mpaka 100. UMI yikambaso pulogalamu yakufumiska mabuku, ndipo pamanyuma yikafumiska mabuku ghakujumpha 100. Mabuku ghanyake gha Interlingua ghakafumiskika na maunivesite gha ku: * Sweden * Italy * Brazil * Switzerland mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990. Masukulu ghanyake gha ku Scandinavia ghakamba mapurojekiti ghakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua pakusambizga mazgu gha sayansi na vinjeru vya charu chose. Mu 2000, Interlingua Institute likamara chifukwa cha mphindano pa nkhani za ndalama na UMI. Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, American Interlingua Society likakhazikiskika kuti lisere mu malo gha institute iyi, ndipo likazgora ku kunweka kuphya kwa Interlingua ku Mexico. == Pasi pa Chingwe cha Chitsulo == Interlingua chikayowoyeka na kukhozgeka mu ufumu wa Soviet, nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakatambuzgikanga ndipo ŵamazaza ŵakayeghayezganga kuletsera uthenga wakukhwaskana na chiyowoyero ichi. Mu East Germany, ŵamazaza ŵa boma ŵakatora makalata na magazini agho UMI likatumanga kwa Walter Raédler, uyo wakaŵa wakimirira Interlingua mu charu icho. Mu Czechoslovakia, Július Tomin wakapokera makalata ghakumofya pamanyuma pakuti nkhani yake yakwamba ya Interlingua yikafumiskika. Nangauli wakalutilira kusuzgika, wakalutilira ntchito yake ndipo wakazgoka: * wakimirira Interlingua mu Czech Republic; * wakasambizga Interlingua mu masukulu; * wakalemba nkhani zinandi na mabuku agho ghakafumiskika. == Interlingua mazuŵa ghano == Mazuŵa ghano, kunweka na Interlingua kwafalikira kufuma ku gulu la ŵasayansi kuya ku ŵanthu wose. Ŵanthu payekha, maboma, na makampani ghapadera ŵakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua pa: * kusambira na kusambizga; * ulendo; * kufumiska vinthu pa intaneti; * kuyowoyeskana pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambana. Interlingua yikukhozgeka pa charu chose na Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Magazini na mabuku gha Interlingua ghakupangika na magulu gha mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana, nga ni: * Societate American pro Interlingua * Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua * Interlingua Italia * União Brasileira pro Interlíngua Pasono, Panorama in Interlingua ndiyo magazini yakumanyikwa chomene pakati pa magazini ghanandi gha Interlingua. Ni magazini ya mapeji 28, iyo yikufumiskika kawiri pa myezi yiliyose, ndipo yikuyowoya vya: * vinthu ivyo vikuchitika sono; * sayansi; * maghanoghano gha ŵalembi; * nkhani zakukhwaskana na Interlingua. Chifukwa cha intaneti, Interlingua yawona kuwukaso kukuru mu vyaka vyapafupi ivyo vyajumpha. Kuyana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusanda, unandi wa ŵakuyowoya Interlingua wawonjezeka kanandi khumi. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro pa malo gha mauthenga gha pa intaneti (social media), Interlingua yasangaso kuwukaso kunyake kwasono. == Mazgu ghakulongosora == {{Kuwoneska}} == Viŵaro vya kuwaro == * [http://www.interlingua.com/ webusayiti ya UMI] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPfFJhFQwmQ Mbiri ya Interlingua] {{Interlingua}} [[Chigaŵa:Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]] [[Chigaŵa:Mbiri ya viyowoyero]] 53co4ywbn9j7nsn1iwgcqr94x5zrf3p 117938 117937 2026-07-24T07:37:56Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Mazgu ghakulongosora */ 117938 wikitext text/x-wiki Mbiri ya [[Interlingua]] yikusazgapo umo chiyowoyelo ichi chikapangikira kweniso chikaya cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyelo ichi. Ulemu ukuru pa kupangika kwa Interlingua ukuyenera kupelekeka kwa mupapi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), uyo wakamba kunweka na sayansi ya viyowoyelo na kayezgo ka viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA), bungwe ilo likaŵa la vyawanangwa, mu [[New York]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kusanda viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose kuchitikenge mwakuyana na nthowa za sayansi. Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyelo vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵakumanya vinthu. Morris wakapanga IALA kuti yilutilizge ntchito yake iyi. Wakanozga ndondomeko ya kafukufuku pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]]. == International Auxiliary Language Association == IALA yikaŵa yimoza mwa mabungwe ghakuzirwa chomene agho ghakawovwira pa masambiro gha viyowoyelo gha ku America, ndipo likapeleka ndalama ku kafukufuku wa Sapir pa nkhani za viyowoyelo vyakuyana (interlinguistic semantics), nga ni kafukufuku wa umaliro wa vinthu (1930) na milimo ya kusintha kwa madigiri (1944). Morris yekha wakawovwira kulemba kafukufuku wa Sapir na [[Morris Swadesh]] pa nkhani za umaliro wa vinthu (1932), kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson pa kulongosora (1937). Nangauli Morris na banja lake ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ndalama zinandi ku IALA, bungwe ili likapokerangaso wovwiri kufuma ku magulu ghakutchuka nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Mu vyaka vyake vyakwamba, IALA likalimbikira pa milimo yitatu: # Kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana. # Kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyelo na sayansi ya viyowoyelo vya pa charu chose. # Kuyaniska viyowoyelo vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, nga ni [[Esperanto]], Esperanto II, [[Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione]], [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue|Occidental]]. Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chake chakumalizira, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyaniska viyowoyelo ivi pamoza na viyowoyelo vya mitundu yakupambanapambana, pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵasambizgi ŵakufuma ku mayunivesite gha ku America na Europe. Likanozgaso maungano na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga viyowoyelo ivi vya pa charu chose, ndipo ŵakadumbiskananga umo viyowoyelo vyawo vikupangikira na vilato vyake. Na dango la kupangana (concession rule) ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakudumbiskananga ŵapelekenge vifukwa vyakujipata pa fundo zinyake, madumbirano gha mu IALA nyengo zinyake ghakazgoka ghakukalipa chomene. Pa Mungano Wachiŵiri wa Viyowoyelo vya Pakatikati pa Mitundu (Second International Interlanguage Congress) uwo ukachitikira ku [[Geneva]] mu 1931, IALA likamba kuchita vinthu viphya. Mungano uwu ukiza na ŵanthu ŵakumanya viyowoyelo, ndipo 27 mwa iwo ŵakalemba chikalata chakukhozgera ndondomeko ya kafukufuku wa IALA. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 8 nawo ŵakaŵikapo mazina ghawo paungano wachiŵatatu uwo ukachitikira ku [[Rome]] mu 1933. Mu 1933, Pulofesa [[Herbert N. Shenton]] wa ku [[Syracuse University]] wakanozga kafukufuku wakuzika pa masuzgo agho ghakukumana na viyowoyelo vya pakati pa mitundu para vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa maungano gha pa charu chose. Mu chaka chenechicho, Dr. [[Edward L. Thorndike]] wakalemba nkhani ya sayansi yakukhwaskana na luŵiro lwa kusambira viyowoyelo vyakupangika vya "chilengedwe" na vya "ma module". Shenton na Thorndike ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa chomene awo ŵakakhwaska ntchito ya IALA kufuma pa nyengo iyo. Mu 1937, masitepe ghakwamba ghakuti Interlingua limalizgike ghakamba, apo komiti ya ŵakumanya viyowoyelo 24 kufuma ku mayunivesite 19 yikafumiska buku lakuti "Some Criteria for an International Language and Commentary". Kweni kuyambika kwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu mu 1939 kukatondeska maungano gha komiti agha agho ghakachitikanga kamoza mu vyaka viŵiri. == Kupangika kwa chiyowoyero chiphya == === Kusintha kwa nthowa === Pakwamba, gulu ili (IALA) likaŵa kuti likukhumba yayi kupanga chiyowoyero chake. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti lisange chiyowoyero chakovwira icho chikaŵapo kale icho chikaŵa chakwenelera chomene pakuyowoyeskana pa charu chose, kweniso umo chingakhozgeka mwakugwira mtima. Nangauli ŵakachita kafukufuku kwa vyaka khumi, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu IALA ŵakamba kumanya kuti palije chimoza mwa "viyowoyero vya pakati pa mitundu" (interlinguas) ivyo vikaŵapo kale icho chikaŵa chakwenelera ntchito iyi. Mu 1937, ŵanthu ŵa mu IALA ŵakasankha kupanga chiyowoyero chiphya, ndipo ichi chikazizwiska chomene ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵakupanga na kusanda viyowoyero vya charu chose. === Mamodelo ghanayi === Mu 1943, Stillman wakachoka kuti wakawovwire pa nkhondo, ndipo Gode wakazgoka Mulongozgi wa Kanyengo wa Kafukufuku. Mu 1945, IALA likafumiska Lipoti Likuru (General Report) — ilo likapangika chomene na ntchito ya Morris — ndipo likalongosora mamodelo ghatatu gha chiyowoyero cha IALA: Modello P chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha mwakawiro (naturalistic) icho chikayezgayezga yayi kulinganizga panji kupanga ndondomeko ya mazgu gha prototypic. Modello E chikaŵa chakupangika mwakanyake, mu nthowa yakuyanako na Occidental. Modello K chikaŵa chakupangika mwakuyana, mu nthowa yakuyanako na Ido (kuti chikaŵa chakupangika pachoko kuluska Esperanto). Kufuma mu 1946 mpaka 1948, munthu wakumanyikwa chomene wa vya viyowoyero wa ku France, André Martinet, wakaŵa Mulongozgi wa Kafukufuku. Pa nyengo iyi, IALA likalutilira kupanga mamodelo ghakupambanapambana ndipo likachita mavoti kuti lisange umo chiyowoyero chakumalizga chikwenera kuŵira. Kafukufuku wakwamba wakapima umo ŵanthu ŵakachitira na mamodelo ghatatu gha mu 1945. Mu 1946, IALA likatumizga kafukufuku mukuru ku ŵasambizgi ŵa viyowoyero na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵakukhwaskana na viyowoyero, ŵakujumpha 3,000, mu makontinenti ghatatu. Mamodelo ghanayi ghakasankhika: {| border=0 |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;P || &nbsp; || multo naturalistic || Jo habe nascite, o dea cum le oculos azure, de parentes barbare, inter le bone et virtuose Cimmerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;M || &nbsp; || moderatemente naturalistic || Io have nascit, o dea con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuos Cimmerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;C || &nbsp; || legiermente schematic || Yo ha nascet, o deessa con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuose Cimerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;K || &nbsp; || moderatemente schematic || Yo naskeba, o dea kon le okuli azure, de parenti barbare, inter le bone e virtuose Kimerii |- | &nbsp; || colspan="3" | (interlingua moderne) || Io ha nascite, o dea con le oculos azur, de parentes barbare, inter le bon e virtuose Cimmerios |} Modello P ukasintha yayi kufuma mu 1945. Modello M ukaŵa wakuwoneka kuti ngwasono pakuyaniska na Modello P wakale. Modello K ukasintha pachoko kulazga ku nthowa ya Ido. Ivyo vikafumira mu kafukufuku vikazizwiska. Mamodelo ghaŵiri ghakupangika chomene, C na K, ghakanidwa — ndipo K ndicho chikakanika chomene. Pa mamodelo ghaŵiri gha mwakawiro, M chikapokera wovwiri uchoko wakuluska P. Kweni chifukwa cha mphambano za vyaru (mwachiyelezgero, ŵa ku France ŵakakhumbanga chomene Modello M kuluska ŵanyake), IALA likasankha nthowa ya pakati pa Modello M na Modello P, na kusazgapo vinthu vinyake vya Modello C. === Kumalizgika kwa chiyowoyero === Mu 1948, Martinet wakati wasanga ntchito ku University of Columbia, Gode wakatora udindo wa kumalizga kupangika kwa Interlingua. Ntchito yake yikaŵa: * kusanganiska vinthu vya Modello M na Modello P; * kugega ivyo ŵanthu ŵakawona kuti vikaŵa vyakupereŵera mu mamodelo agha; * kunozga vinthu ivi na vinthu vya Modello C apo pakakhumbikwanga; * kweniso kupanga mazgu gha chiyowoyero. Mazgu na kusintha kwa vithuzithuzi vya vitenzi (verb conjugations) vya Interlingua vikawonetsedwa pakwamba mu 1951, apo IALA likafumiska: Interlingua Grammar, Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) iyo yikaŵa na mazgu 27,000. Mu 1954, IALA likafumiska buku lakwamba lakusambizgira, ilo likachemekanga: “Interlingua a Prime Vista” (Interlingua pa Kulaŵiska Kakwamba). == Kupambana, kuchepa, na kuwukaso kwa Interlingua == Ntchito yakwamba yakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mu umoyo weneko yikaŵa magazini ya sayansi Spectroscopia Molecular, iyo yikafumiskikanga kufuma mu 1952 mpaka 1980. Mu 1954, Interlingua yikagwiliskirika ntchito pa Msonkhano Wachiwiri wa Charu Chose wa Matenda gha Mtima (Second World Cardiac Congress) ku Washington, DC, pa kulemba mwakudumura vinthu vyakuyowoyeka kweniso pakung'anamulira mazgu gha ŵakuyowoya. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vichoko, Interlingua yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pa maungano ghanyake ghakukwana 9 gha vya munkhwala. Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1950 mpaka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1970, magazini gha sayansi na chomene gha vya munkhwala ghakukwana 30 ghakafumiskanga chidule cha nkhani zawo mu Interlingua. Science Service, iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa yakufumiska magazini ya Science News-Letter, yikafumiskanga chigaŵa cha mwezi uliwose mu Interlingua kufuma ku vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1950 mpaka nyifwa ya Gode mu 1970. Mu 1967, gulu likuru la International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ilo likukhazikiska ndondomeko za mazgu gha sayansi, likavota pafupifupi mwakukolerana kuti lizomerezge Interlingua kuŵa maziko gha madikishonale ghake. == Kutseka kwa IALA na kukura kwa magulu ghaphya == IALA likajalika milyango yake mu 1953, kweni likamara mwalamulo yayi mpaka mu 1956 panji pamanyuma pake. Mulimo wake wa kukhozga Interlingua ukatorapo chomene na Science Service, iyo yikasora Gode kuŵa mulongozgi wa dipatimenti yiphya ya Interlingua Division. Hugh E. Blair, mubwezi wapamtima na munyake wa ntchito wa Gode, wakazgoka mnyake wakumovwira. Gulu lakulondezgapo, ilo likachemekanga Interlingua Institute, likakhazikiskika mu 1970 kuti likhozge Interlingua mu United States na Canada. Institute yiphya iyi: * yikawovwira ntchito za magulu ghanyake gha vya viyowoyero; * yikapeleka vyakupeleka vyakuzirwa ku kafukufuku wa masambiro; * yikapanganga vidule vya mabuku gha sayansi na vya munkhwala. Chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo likachita chikaŵa kupangika kwa mabuku ghakuru ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na phytopathology (matenda gha vyakumera), agho ghakapangika na American Phytopathological Society mu 1976 na 1977. === Nyengo ya suzgo na kuwukaso === Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Blair mu 1967 na Gode mu 1970, Interlingua Institute yikaŵa kwambura ulongozgi wakupulikikwa kwa nyengo yichoko. Kweni, mwakuyana na Esterhill, kufumiska mabuku kukachepa kwa nyengo yichoko waka muumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1960, ndipo kukawukaso mwaluŵiro pafupi na nyengo iyo kope lachiŵiri la Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) likafumiskikira mu 1971. Kunweka kukuru ku Europe kukawovwira kuchepeska masuzgo agho ghakaŵa ku America. Interlingua yikakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo kale ŵakakhozgeranga mapurojekiti ghanyake gha viyowoyero vya charu chose, chomenechomene: * Occidental (Interlingue) * Ido Munthu wakale wakakhozgera Occidental, Ric Berger, wakakhazikiska Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) mu 1955. Kufika kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1950, kunweka na Interlingua mu Europe kukamba kujumpha uko kukaŵa ku North America. Pa nyengo iyi, nkhani za Interlingua mu manyuzipepara zikawoneka chomene ku Northern Europe na Eastern Europe. Nkhani za Interlingua mu vyakuwoneska na manyuzipepara zikulutilira mpaka mazuŵa ghano, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 zikamba kuwoneka chomene ku South America. Kwambira mu ma 1980, UMI yikamba kuchita maungano gha charu chose chilichose chakaŵiri. Pa maungano ghakwambilira, ŵanthu awo ŵakizanga ŵakaŵanga pafupifupi 50 mpaka 100. UMI yikambaso pulogalamu yakufumiska mabuku, ndipo pamanyuma yikafumiska mabuku ghakujumpha 100. Mabuku ghanyake gha Interlingua ghakafumiskika na maunivesite gha ku: * Sweden * Italy * Brazil * Switzerland mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990. Masukulu ghanyake gha ku Scandinavia ghakamba mapurojekiti ghakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua pakusambizga mazgu gha sayansi na vinjeru vya charu chose. Mu 2000, Interlingua Institute likamara chifukwa cha mphindano pa nkhani za ndalama na UMI. Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, American Interlingua Society likakhazikiskika kuti lisere mu malo gha institute iyi, ndipo likazgora ku kunweka kuphya kwa Interlingua ku Mexico. == Pasi pa Chingwe cha Chitsulo == Interlingua chikayowoyeka na kukhozgeka mu ufumu wa Soviet, nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakatambuzgikanga ndipo ŵamazaza ŵakayeghayezganga kuletsera uthenga wakukhwaskana na chiyowoyero ichi. Mu East Germany, ŵamazaza ŵa boma ŵakatora makalata na magazini agho UMI likatumanga kwa Walter Raédler, uyo wakaŵa wakimirira Interlingua mu charu icho. Mu Czechoslovakia, Július Tomin wakapokera makalata ghakumofya pamanyuma pakuti nkhani yake yakwamba ya Interlingua yikafumiskika. Nangauli wakalutilira kusuzgika, wakalutilira ntchito yake ndipo wakazgoka: * wakimirira Interlingua mu Czech Republic; * wakasambizga Interlingua mu masukulu; * wakalemba nkhani zinandi na mabuku agho ghakafumiskika. == Interlingua mazuŵa ghano == Mazuŵa ghano, kunweka na Interlingua kwafalikira kufuma ku gulu la ŵasayansi kuya ku ŵanthu wose. Ŵanthu payekha, maboma, na makampani ghapadera ŵakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua pa: * kusambira na kusambizga; * ulendo; * kufumiska vinthu pa intaneti; * kuyowoyeskana pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambana. Interlingua yikukhozgeka pa charu chose na Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Magazini na mabuku gha Interlingua ghakupangika na magulu gha mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana, nga ni: * Societate American pro Interlingua * Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua * Interlingua Italia * União Brasileira pro Interlíngua Pasono, Panorama in Interlingua ndiyo magazini yakumanyikwa chomene pakati pa magazini ghanandi gha Interlingua. Ni magazini ya mapeji 28, iyo yikufumiskika kawiri pa myezi yiliyose, ndipo yikuyowoya vya: * vinthu ivyo vikuchitika sono; * sayansi; * maghanoghano gha ŵalembi; * nkhani zakukhwaskana na Interlingua. Chifukwa cha intaneti, Interlingua yawona kuwukaso kukuru mu vyaka vyapafupi ivyo vyajumpha. Kuyana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusanda, unandi wa ŵakuyowoya Interlingua wawonjezeka kanandi khumi. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro pa malo gha mauthenga gha pa intaneti (social media), Interlingua yasangaso kuwukaso kunyake kwasono. == Mazgu ghakulongosora == <references/> == Viŵaro vya kuwaro == * [http://www.interlingua.com/ webusayiti ya UMI] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPfFJhFQwmQ Mbiri ya Interlingua] {{Interlingua}} [[Chigaŵa:Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]] [[Chigaŵa:Mbiri ya viyowoyero]] 5a4xcd713ri67fn3dw3meodlhu967j5 117939 117938 2026-07-24T07:38:22Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Viŵaro vya kuwaro */ 117939 wikitext text/x-wiki Mbiri ya [[Interlingua]] yikusazgapo umo chiyowoyelo ichi chikapangikira kweniso chikaya cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyelo ichi. Ulemu ukuru pa kupangika kwa Interlingua ukuyenera kupelekeka kwa mupapi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), uyo wakamba kunweka na sayansi ya viyowoyelo na kayezgo ka viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA), bungwe ilo likaŵa la vyawanangwa, mu [[New York]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kusanda viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose kuchitikenge mwakuyana na nthowa za sayansi. Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyelo vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵakumanya vinthu. Morris wakapanga IALA kuti yilutilizge ntchito yake iyi. Wakanozga ndondomeko ya kafukufuku pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]]. == International Auxiliary Language Association == IALA yikaŵa yimoza mwa mabungwe ghakuzirwa chomene agho ghakawovwira pa masambiro gha viyowoyelo gha ku America, ndipo likapeleka ndalama ku kafukufuku wa Sapir pa nkhani za viyowoyelo vyakuyana (interlinguistic semantics), nga ni kafukufuku wa umaliro wa vinthu (1930) na milimo ya kusintha kwa madigiri (1944). Morris yekha wakawovwira kulemba kafukufuku wa Sapir na [[Morris Swadesh]] pa nkhani za umaliro wa vinthu (1932), kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson pa kulongosora (1937). Nangauli Morris na banja lake ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ndalama zinandi ku IALA, bungwe ili likapokerangaso wovwiri kufuma ku magulu ghakutchuka nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Mu vyaka vyake vyakwamba, IALA likalimbikira pa milimo yitatu: # Kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana. # Kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyelo na sayansi ya viyowoyelo vya pa charu chose. # Kuyaniska viyowoyelo vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, nga ni [[Esperanto]], Esperanto II, [[Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione]], [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue|Occidental]]. Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chake chakumalizira, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyaniska viyowoyelo ivi pamoza na viyowoyelo vya mitundu yakupambanapambana, pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵasambizgi ŵakufuma ku mayunivesite gha ku America na Europe. Likanozgaso maungano na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga viyowoyelo ivi vya pa charu chose, ndipo ŵakadumbiskananga umo viyowoyelo vyawo vikupangikira na vilato vyake. Na dango la kupangana (concession rule) ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakudumbiskananga ŵapelekenge vifukwa vyakujipata pa fundo zinyake, madumbirano gha mu IALA nyengo zinyake ghakazgoka ghakukalipa chomene. Pa Mungano Wachiŵiri wa Viyowoyelo vya Pakatikati pa Mitundu (Second International Interlanguage Congress) uwo ukachitikira ku [[Geneva]] mu 1931, IALA likamba kuchita vinthu viphya. Mungano uwu ukiza na ŵanthu ŵakumanya viyowoyelo, ndipo 27 mwa iwo ŵakalemba chikalata chakukhozgera ndondomeko ya kafukufuku wa IALA. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 8 nawo ŵakaŵikapo mazina ghawo paungano wachiŵatatu uwo ukachitikira ku [[Rome]] mu 1933. Mu 1933, Pulofesa [[Herbert N. Shenton]] wa ku [[Syracuse University]] wakanozga kafukufuku wakuzika pa masuzgo agho ghakukumana na viyowoyelo vya pakati pa mitundu para vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa maungano gha pa charu chose. Mu chaka chenechicho, Dr. [[Edward L. Thorndike]] wakalemba nkhani ya sayansi yakukhwaskana na luŵiro lwa kusambira viyowoyelo vyakupangika vya "chilengedwe" na vya "ma module". Shenton na Thorndike ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa chomene awo ŵakakhwaska ntchito ya IALA kufuma pa nyengo iyo. Mu 1937, masitepe ghakwamba ghakuti Interlingua limalizgike ghakamba, apo komiti ya ŵakumanya viyowoyelo 24 kufuma ku mayunivesite 19 yikafumiska buku lakuti "Some Criteria for an International Language and Commentary". Kweni kuyambika kwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu mu 1939 kukatondeska maungano gha komiti agha agho ghakachitikanga kamoza mu vyaka viŵiri. == Kupangika kwa chiyowoyero chiphya == === Kusintha kwa nthowa === Pakwamba, gulu ili (IALA) likaŵa kuti likukhumba yayi kupanga chiyowoyero chake. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti lisange chiyowoyero chakovwira icho chikaŵapo kale icho chikaŵa chakwenelera chomene pakuyowoyeskana pa charu chose, kweniso umo chingakhozgeka mwakugwira mtima. Nangauli ŵakachita kafukufuku kwa vyaka khumi, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu IALA ŵakamba kumanya kuti palije chimoza mwa "viyowoyero vya pakati pa mitundu" (interlinguas) ivyo vikaŵapo kale icho chikaŵa chakwenelera ntchito iyi. Mu 1937, ŵanthu ŵa mu IALA ŵakasankha kupanga chiyowoyero chiphya, ndipo ichi chikazizwiska chomene ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵakupanga na kusanda viyowoyero vya charu chose. === Mamodelo ghanayi === Mu 1943, Stillman wakachoka kuti wakawovwire pa nkhondo, ndipo Gode wakazgoka Mulongozgi wa Kanyengo wa Kafukufuku. Mu 1945, IALA likafumiska Lipoti Likuru (General Report) — ilo likapangika chomene na ntchito ya Morris — ndipo likalongosora mamodelo ghatatu gha chiyowoyero cha IALA: Modello P chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha mwakawiro (naturalistic) icho chikayezgayezga yayi kulinganizga panji kupanga ndondomeko ya mazgu gha prototypic. Modello E chikaŵa chakupangika mwakanyake, mu nthowa yakuyanako na Occidental. Modello K chikaŵa chakupangika mwakuyana, mu nthowa yakuyanako na Ido (kuti chikaŵa chakupangika pachoko kuluska Esperanto). Kufuma mu 1946 mpaka 1948, munthu wakumanyikwa chomene wa vya viyowoyero wa ku France, André Martinet, wakaŵa Mulongozgi wa Kafukufuku. Pa nyengo iyi, IALA likalutilira kupanga mamodelo ghakupambanapambana ndipo likachita mavoti kuti lisange umo chiyowoyero chakumalizga chikwenera kuŵira. Kafukufuku wakwamba wakapima umo ŵanthu ŵakachitira na mamodelo ghatatu gha mu 1945. Mu 1946, IALA likatumizga kafukufuku mukuru ku ŵasambizgi ŵa viyowoyero na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵakukhwaskana na viyowoyero, ŵakujumpha 3,000, mu makontinenti ghatatu. Mamodelo ghanayi ghakasankhika: {| border=0 |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;P || &nbsp; || multo naturalistic || Jo habe nascite, o dea cum le oculos azure, de parentes barbare, inter le bone et virtuose Cimmerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;M || &nbsp; || moderatemente naturalistic || Io have nascit, o dea con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuos Cimmerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;C || &nbsp; || legiermente schematic || Yo ha nascet, o deessa con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuose Cimerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;K || &nbsp; || moderatemente schematic || Yo naskeba, o dea kon le okuli azure, de parenti barbare, inter le bone e virtuose Kimerii |- | &nbsp; || colspan="3" | (interlingua moderne) || Io ha nascite, o dea con le oculos azur, de parentes barbare, inter le bon e virtuose Cimmerios |} Modello P ukasintha yayi kufuma mu 1945. Modello M ukaŵa wakuwoneka kuti ngwasono pakuyaniska na Modello P wakale. Modello K ukasintha pachoko kulazga ku nthowa ya Ido. Ivyo vikafumira mu kafukufuku vikazizwiska. Mamodelo ghaŵiri ghakupangika chomene, C na K, ghakanidwa — ndipo K ndicho chikakanika chomene. Pa mamodelo ghaŵiri gha mwakawiro, M chikapokera wovwiri uchoko wakuluska P. Kweni chifukwa cha mphambano za vyaru (mwachiyelezgero, ŵa ku France ŵakakhumbanga chomene Modello M kuluska ŵanyake), IALA likasankha nthowa ya pakati pa Modello M na Modello P, na kusazgapo vinthu vinyake vya Modello C. === Kumalizgika kwa chiyowoyero === Mu 1948, Martinet wakati wasanga ntchito ku University of Columbia, Gode wakatora udindo wa kumalizga kupangika kwa Interlingua. Ntchito yake yikaŵa: * kusanganiska vinthu vya Modello M na Modello P; * kugega ivyo ŵanthu ŵakawona kuti vikaŵa vyakupereŵera mu mamodelo agha; * kunozga vinthu ivi na vinthu vya Modello C apo pakakhumbikwanga; * kweniso kupanga mazgu gha chiyowoyero. Mazgu na kusintha kwa vithuzithuzi vya vitenzi (verb conjugations) vya Interlingua vikawonetsedwa pakwamba mu 1951, apo IALA likafumiska: Interlingua Grammar, Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) iyo yikaŵa na mazgu 27,000. Mu 1954, IALA likafumiska buku lakwamba lakusambizgira, ilo likachemekanga: “Interlingua a Prime Vista” (Interlingua pa Kulaŵiska Kakwamba). == Kupambana, kuchepa, na kuwukaso kwa Interlingua == Ntchito yakwamba yakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mu umoyo weneko yikaŵa magazini ya sayansi Spectroscopia Molecular, iyo yikafumiskikanga kufuma mu 1952 mpaka 1980. Mu 1954, Interlingua yikagwiliskirika ntchito pa Msonkhano Wachiwiri wa Charu Chose wa Matenda gha Mtima (Second World Cardiac Congress) ku Washington, DC, pa kulemba mwakudumura vinthu vyakuyowoyeka kweniso pakung'anamulira mazgu gha ŵakuyowoya. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vichoko, Interlingua yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pa maungano ghanyake ghakukwana 9 gha vya munkhwala. Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1950 mpaka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1970, magazini gha sayansi na chomene gha vya munkhwala ghakukwana 30 ghakafumiskanga chidule cha nkhani zawo mu Interlingua. Science Service, iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa yakufumiska magazini ya Science News-Letter, yikafumiskanga chigaŵa cha mwezi uliwose mu Interlingua kufuma ku vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1950 mpaka nyifwa ya Gode mu 1970. Mu 1967, gulu likuru la International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ilo likukhazikiska ndondomeko za mazgu gha sayansi, likavota pafupifupi mwakukolerana kuti lizomerezge Interlingua kuŵa maziko gha madikishonale ghake. == Kutseka kwa IALA na kukura kwa magulu ghaphya == IALA likajalika milyango yake mu 1953, kweni likamara mwalamulo yayi mpaka mu 1956 panji pamanyuma pake. Mulimo wake wa kukhozga Interlingua ukatorapo chomene na Science Service, iyo yikasora Gode kuŵa mulongozgi wa dipatimenti yiphya ya Interlingua Division. Hugh E. Blair, mubwezi wapamtima na munyake wa ntchito wa Gode, wakazgoka mnyake wakumovwira. Gulu lakulondezgapo, ilo likachemekanga Interlingua Institute, likakhazikiskika mu 1970 kuti likhozge Interlingua mu United States na Canada. Institute yiphya iyi: * yikawovwira ntchito za magulu ghanyake gha vya viyowoyero; * yikapeleka vyakupeleka vyakuzirwa ku kafukufuku wa masambiro; * yikapanganga vidule vya mabuku gha sayansi na vya munkhwala. Chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo likachita chikaŵa kupangika kwa mabuku ghakuru ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na phytopathology (matenda gha vyakumera), agho ghakapangika na American Phytopathological Society mu 1976 na 1977. === Nyengo ya suzgo na kuwukaso === Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Blair mu 1967 na Gode mu 1970, Interlingua Institute yikaŵa kwambura ulongozgi wakupulikikwa kwa nyengo yichoko. Kweni, mwakuyana na Esterhill, kufumiska mabuku kukachepa kwa nyengo yichoko waka muumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1960, ndipo kukawukaso mwaluŵiro pafupi na nyengo iyo kope lachiŵiri la Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) likafumiskikira mu 1971. Kunweka kukuru ku Europe kukawovwira kuchepeska masuzgo agho ghakaŵa ku America. Interlingua yikakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo kale ŵakakhozgeranga mapurojekiti ghanyake gha viyowoyero vya charu chose, chomenechomene: * Occidental (Interlingue) * Ido Munthu wakale wakakhozgera Occidental, Ric Berger, wakakhazikiska Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) mu 1955. Kufika kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1950, kunweka na Interlingua mu Europe kukamba kujumpha uko kukaŵa ku North America. Pa nyengo iyi, nkhani za Interlingua mu manyuzipepara zikawoneka chomene ku Northern Europe na Eastern Europe. Nkhani za Interlingua mu vyakuwoneska na manyuzipepara zikulutilira mpaka mazuŵa ghano, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 zikamba kuwoneka chomene ku South America. Kwambira mu ma 1980, UMI yikamba kuchita maungano gha charu chose chilichose chakaŵiri. Pa maungano ghakwambilira, ŵanthu awo ŵakizanga ŵakaŵanga pafupifupi 50 mpaka 100. UMI yikambaso pulogalamu yakufumiska mabuku, ndipo pamanyuma yikafumiska mabuku ghakujumpha 100. Mabuku ghanyake gha Interlingua ghakafumiskika na maunivesite gha ku: * Sweden * Italy * Brazil * Switzerland mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990. Masukulu ghanyake gha ku Scandinavia ghakamba mapurojekiti ghakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua pakusambizga mazgu gha sayansi na vinjeru vya charu chose. Mu 2000, Interlingua Institute likamara chifukwa cha mphindano pa nkhani za ndalama na UMI. Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, American Interlingua Society likakhazikiskika kuti lisere mu malo gha institute iyi, ndipo likazgora ku kunweka kuphya kwa Interlingua ku Mexico. == Pasi pa Chingwe cha Chitsulo == Interlingua chikayowoyeka na kukhozgeka mu ufumu wa Soviet, nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakatambuzgikanga ndipo ŵamazaza ŵakayeghayezganga kuletsera uthenga wakukhwaskana na chiyowoyero ichi. Mu East Germany, ŵamazaza ŵa boma ŵakatora makalata na magazini agho UMI likatumanga kwa Walter Raédler, uyo wakaŵa wakimirira Interlingua mu charu icho. Mu Czechoslovakia, Július Tomin wakapokera makalata ghakumofya pamanyuma pakuti nkhani yake yakwamba ya Interlingua yikafumiskika. Nangauli wakalutilira kusuzgika, wakalutilira ntchito yake ndipo wakazgoka: * wakimirira Interlingua mu Czech Republic; * wakasambizga Interlingua mu masukulu; * wakalemba nkhani zinandi na mabuku agho ghakafumiskika. == Interlingua mazuŵa ghano == Mazuŵa ghano, kunweka na Interlingua kwafalikira kufuma ku gulu la ŵasayansi kuya ku ŵanthu wose. Ŵanthu payekha, maboma, na makampani ghapadera ŵakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua pa: * kusambira na kusambizga; * ulendo; * kufumiska vinthu pa intaneti; * kuyowoyeskana pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambana. Interlingua yikukhozgeka pa charu chose na Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Magazini na mabuku gha Interlingua ghakupangika na magulu gha mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana, nga ni: * Societate American pro Interlingua * Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua * Interlingua Italia * União Brasileira pro Interlíngua Pasono, Panorama in Interlingua ndiyo magazini yakumanyikwa chomene pakati pa magazini ghanandi gha Interlingua. Ni magazini ya mapeji 28, iyo yikufumiskika kawiri pa myezi yiliyose, ndipo yikuyowoya vya: * vinthu ivyo vikuchitika sono; * sayansi; * maghanoghano gha ŵalembi; * nkhani zakukhwaskana na Interlingua. Chifukwa cha intaneti, Interlingua yawona kuwukaso kukuru mu vyaka vyapafupi ivyo vyajumpha. Kuyana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusanda, unandi wa ŵakuyowoya Interlingua wawonjezeka kanandi khumi. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro pa malo gha mauthenga gha pa intaneti (social media), Interlingua yasangaso kuwukaso kunyake kwasono. == Mazgu ghakulongosora == <references/> == Viŵaro vya kuwaro == * [http://www.interlingua.com/ webusayiti ya UMI] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPfFJhFQwmQ Mbiri ya Interlingua] {{Interlingua}} [[Category:Viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana]] [[Category:Mbiri ya viyowoyero]] 9xxgxfe3t95b5wesv753tykeohcfgjs 117940 117939 2026-07-24T07:38:56Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Viŵaro vya kuwaro */ 117940 wikitext text/x-wiki Mbiri ya [[Interlingua]] yikusazgapo umo chiyowoyelo ichi chikapangikira kweniso chikaya cha ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyelo ichi. Ulemu ukuru pa kupangika kwa Interlingua ukuyenera kupelekeka kwa mupapi wa ku America, [[Alice Vanderbilt Morris]] (1874–1950), uyo wakamba kunweka na sayansi ya viyowoyelo na kayezgo ka viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920. Mu 1924, Morris na mfumu wake, [[Dave Hennen Morris]], ŵakakhazikiska [[International Auxiliary Language Association]] (IALA), bungwe ilo likaŵa la vyawanangwa, mu [[New York]]. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti kusanda viyowoyelo vyakovwira chapasi chose kuchitikenge mwakuyana na nthowa za sayansi. Kafukufuku pa suzgo la viyowoyelo vyakovwira wakachitikanga kale ku International Research Council, American Council on Education, American Council of Learned Societies, mabungwe gha sayansi gha ku Britain, France, Italy, na America, kweniso magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵakumanya vinthu. Morris wakapanga IALA kuti yilutilizge ntchito yake iyi. Wakanozga ndondomeko ya kafukufuku pamoza na [[Edward Sapir]], [[William Edward Collinson]], na [[Otto Jespersen]]. == International Auxiliary Language Association == IALA yikaŵa yimoza mwa mabungwe ghakuzirwa chomene agho ghakawovwira pa masambiro gha viyowoyelo gha ku America, ndipo likapeleka ndalama ku kafukufuku wa Sapir pa nkhani za viyowoyelo vyakuyana (interlinguistic semantics), nga ni kafukufuku wa umaliro wa vinthu (1930) na milimo ya kusintha kwa madigiri (1944). Morris yekha wakawovwira kulemba kafukufuku wa Sapir na [[Morris Swadesh]] pa nkhani za umaliro wa vinthu (1932), kweniso kafukufuku wa Collinson pa kulongosora (1937). Nangauli Morris na banja lake ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ndalama zinandi ku IALA, bungwe ili likapokerangaso wovwiri kufuma ku magulu ghakutchuka nga ni [[Carnegie Corporation]], [[Ford Foundation]], na [[Rockefeller Foundation]]. Mu vyaka vyake vyakwamba, IALA likalimbikira pa milimo yitatu: # Kusanga mabungwe ghanyake pa charu chose agho ghakaŵa na vilato vyakuyana. # Kuzenga laibulare ya mabuku ghakukhwaskana na viyowoyelo na sayansi ya viyowoyelo vya pa charu chose. # Kuyaniska viyowoyelo vyakovwira ivyo vikaŵapo kale, nga ni [[Esperanto]], Esperanto II, [[Ido]], [[Latino sine flexione]], [[Novial]], na [[Interlingue|Occidental]]. Pakukhumba kufiska chilato chake chakumalizira, IALA likachita kafukufuku wakuyaniska viyowoyelo ivi pamoza na viyowoyelo vya mitundu yakupambanapambana, pasi pa ulongozgi wa ŵasambizgi ŵakufuma ku mayunivesite gha ku America na Europe. Likanozgaso maungano na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga viyowoyelo ivi vya pa charu chose, ndipo ŵakadumbiskananga umo viyowoyelo vyawo vikupangikira na vilato vyake. Na dango la kupangana (concession rule) ilo likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakudumbiskananga ŵapelekenge vifukwa vyakujipata pa fundo zinyake, madumbirano gha mu IALA nyengo zinyake ghakazgoka ghakukalipa chomene. Pa Mungano Wachiŵiri wa Viyowoyelo vya Pakatikati pa Mitundu (Second International Interlanguage Congress) uwo ukachitikira ku [[Geneva]] mu 1931, IALA likamba kuchita vinthu viphya. Mungano uwu ukiza na ŵanthu ŵakumanya viyowoyelo, ndipo 27 mwa iwo ŵakalemba chikalata chakukhozgera ndondomeko ya kafukufuku wa IALA. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 8 nawo ŵakaŵikapo mazina ghawo paungano wachiŵatatu uwo ukachitikira ku [[Rome]] mu 1933. Mu 1933, Pulofesa [[Herbert N. Shenton]] wa ku [[Syracuse University]] wakanozga kafukufuku wakuzika pa masuzgo agho ghakukumana na viyowoyelo vya pakati pa mitundu para vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa maungano gha pa charu chose. Mu chaka chenechicho, Dr. [[Edward L. Thorndike]] wakalemba nkhani ya sayansi yakukhwaskana na luŵiro lwa kusambira viyowoyelo vyakupangika vya "chilengedwe" na vya "ma module". Shenton na Thorndike ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa chomene awo ŵakakhwaska ntchito ya IALA kufuma pa nyengo iyo. Mu 1937, masitepe ghakwamba ghakuti Interlingua limalizgike ghakamba, apo komiti ya ŵakumanya viyowoyelo 24 kufuma ku mayunivesite 19 yikafumiska buku lakuti "Some Criteria for an International Language and Commentary". Kweni kuyambika kwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu mu 1939 kukatondeska maungano gha komiti agha agho ghakachitikanga kamoza mu vyaka viŵiri. == Kupangika kwa chiyowoyero chiphya == === Kusintha kwa nthowa === Pakwamba, gulu ili (IALA) likaŵa kuti likukhumba yayi kupanga chiyowoyero chake. Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti lisange chiyowoyero chakovwira icho chikaŵapo kale icho chikaŵa chakwenelera chomene pakuyowoyeskana pa charu chose, kweniso umo chingakhozgeka mwakugwira mtima. Nangauli ŵakachita kafukufuku kwa vyaka khumi, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu IALA ŵakamba kumanya kuti palije chimoza mwa "viyowoyero vya pakati pa mitundu" (interlinguas) ivyo vikaŵapo kale icho chikaŵa chakwenelera ntchito iyi. Mu 1937, ŵanthu ŵa mu IALA ŵakasankha kupanga chiyowoyero chiphya, ndipo ichi chikazizwiska chomene ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵakupanga na kusanda viyowoyero vya charu chose. === Mamodelo ghanayi === Mu 1943, Stillman wakachoka kuti wakawovwire pa nkhondo, ndipo Gode wakazgoka Mulongozgi wa Kanyengo wa Kafukufuku. Mu 1945, IALA likafumiska Lipoti Likuru (General Report) — ilo likapangika chomene na ntchito ya Morris — ndipo likalongosora mamodelo ghatatu gha chiyowoyero cha IALA: Modello P chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha mwakawiro (naturalistic) icho chikayezgayezga yayi kulinganizga panji kupanga ndondomeko ya mazgu gha prototypic. Modello E chikaŵa chakupangika mwakanyake, mu nthowa yakuyanako na Occidental. Modello K chikaŵa chakupangika mwakuyana, mu nthowa yakuyanako na Ido (kuti chikaŵa chakupangika pachoko kuluska Esperanto). Kufuma mu 1946 mpaka 1948, munthu wakumanyikwa chomene wa vya viyowoyero wa ku France, André Martinet, wakaŵa Mulongozgi wa Kafukufuku. Pa nyengo iyi, IALA likalutilira kupanga mamodelo ghakupambanapambana ndipo likachita mavoti kuti lisange umo chiyowoyero chakumalizga chikwenera kuŵira. Kafukufuku wakwamba wakapima umo ŵanthu ŵakachitira na mamodelo ghatatu gha mu 1945. Mu 1946, IALA likatumizga kafukufuku mukuru ku ŵasambizgi ŵa viyowoyero na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵakukhwaskana na viyowoyero, ŵakujumpha 3,000, mu makontinenti ghatatu. Mamodelo ghanayi ghakasankhika: {| border=0 |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;P || &nbsp; || multo naturalistic || Jo habe nascite, o dea cum le oculos azure, de parentes barbare, inter le bone et virtuose Cimmerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;M || &nbsp; || moderatemente naturalistic || Io have nascit, o dea con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuos Cimmerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;C || &nbsp; || legiermente schematic || Yo ha nascet, o deessa con le ocules azur, de parentes barbar, inter le bon e virtuose Cimerios |- | &nbsp; || Modello&nbsp;K || &nbsp; || moderatemente schematic || Yo naskeba, o dea kon le okuli azure, de parenti barbare, inter le bone e virtuose Kimerii |- | &nbsp; || colspan="3" | (interlingua moderne) || Io ha nascite, o dea con le oculos azur, de parentes barbare, inter le bon e virtuose Cimmerios |} Modello P ukasintha yayi kufuma mu 1945. Modello M ukaŵa wakuwoneka kuti ngwasono pakuyaniska na Modello P wakale. Modello K ukasintha pachoko kulazga ku nthowa ya Ido. Ivyo vikafumira mu kafukufuku vikazizwiska. Mamodelo ghaŵiri ghakupangika chomene, C na K, ghakanidwa — ndipo K ndicho chikakanika chomene. Pa mamodelo ghaŵiri gha mwakawiro, M chikapokera wovwiri uchoko wakuluska P. Kweni chifukwa cha mphambano za vyaru (mwachiyelezgero, ŵa ku France ŵakakhumbanga chomene Modello M kuluska ŵanyake), IALA likasankha nthowa ya pakati pa Modello M na Modello P, na kusazgapo vinthu vinyake vya Modello C. === Kumalizgika kwa chiyowoyero === Mu 1948, Martinet wakati wasanga ntchito ku University of Columbia, Gode wakatora udindo wa kumalizga kupangika kwa Interlingua. Ntchito yake yikaŵa: * kusanganiska vinthu vya Modello M na Modello P; * kugega ivyo ŵanthu ŵakawona kuti vikaŵa vyakupereŵera mu mamodelo agha; * kunozga vinthu ivi na vinthu vya Modello C apo pakakhumbikwanga; * kweniso kupanga mazgu gha chiyowoyero. Mazgu na kusintha kwa vithuzithuzi vya vitenzi (verb conjugations) vya Interlingua vikawonetsedwa pakwamba mu 1951, apo IALA likafumiska: Interlingua Grammar, Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) iyo yikaŵa na mazgu 27,000. Mu 1954, IALA likafumiska buku lakwamba lakusambizgira, ilo likachemekanga: “Interlingua a Prime Vista” (Interlingua pa Kulaŵiska Kakwamba). == Kupambana, kuchepa, na kuwukaso kwa Interlingua == Ntchito yakwamba yakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua mu umoyo weneko yikaŵa magazini ya sayansi Spectroscopia Molecular, iyo yikafumiskikanga kufuma mu 1952 mpaka 1980. Mu 1954, Interlingua yikagwiliskirika ntchito pa Msonkhano Wachiwiri wa Charu Chose wa Matenda gha Mtima (Second World Cardiac Congress) ku Washington, DC, pa kulemba mwakudumura vinthu vyakuyowoyeka kweniso pakung'anamulira mazgu gha ŵakuyowoya. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vichoko, Interlingua yikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pa maungano ghanyake ghakukwana 9 gha vya munkhwala. Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1950 mpaka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1970, magazini gha sayansi na chomene gha vya munkhwala ghakukwana 30 ghakafumiskanga chidule cha nkhani zawo mu Interlingua. Science Service, iyo pa nyengo iyo yikaŵa yakufumiska magazini ya Science News-Letter, yikafumiskanga chigaŵa cha mwezi uliwose mu Interlingua kufuma ku vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1950 mpaka nyifwa ya Gode mu 1970. Mu 1967, gulu likuru la International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ilo likukhazikiska ndondomeko za mazgu gha sayansi, likavota pafupifupi mwakukolerana kuti lizomerezge Interlingua kuŵa maziko gha madikishonale ghake. == Kutseka kwa IALA na kukura kwa magulu ghaphya == IALA likajalika milyango yake mu 1953, kweni likamara mwalamulo yayi mpaka mu 1956 panji pamanyuma pake. Mulimo wake wa kukhozga Interlingua ukatorapo chomene na Science Service, iyo yikasora Gode kuŵa mulongozgi wa dipatimenti yiphya ya Interlingua Division. Hugh E. Blair, mubwezi wapamtima na munyake wa ntchito wa Gode, wakazgoka mnyake wakumovwira. Gulu lakulondezgapo, ilo likachemekanga Interlingua Institute, likakhazikiskika mu 1970 kuti likhozge Interlingua mu United States na Canada. Institute yiphya iyi: * yikawovwira ntchito za magulu ghanyake gha vya viyowoyero; * yikapeleka vyakupeleka vyakuzirwa ku kafukufuku wa masambiro; * yikapanganga vidule vya mabuku gha sayansi na vya munkhwala. Chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo likachita chikaŵa kupangika kwa mabuku ghakuru ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na phytopathology (matenda gha vyakumera), agho ghakapangika na American Phytopathological Society mu 1976 na 1977. === Nyengo ya suzgo na kuwukaso === Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Blair mu 1967 na Gode mu 1970, Interlingua Institute yikaŵa kwambura ulongozgi wakupulikikwa kwa nyengo yichoko. Kweni, mwakuyana na Esterhill, kufumiska mabuku kukachepa kwa nyengo yichoko waka muumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1960, ndipo kukawukaso mwaluŵiro pafupi na nyengo iyo kope lachiŵiri la Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) likafumiskikira mu 1971. Kunweka kukuru ku Europe kukawovwira kuchepeska masuzgo agho ghakaŵa ku America. Interlingua yikakopa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo kale ŵakakhozgeranga mapurojekiti ghanyake gha viyowoyero vya charu chose, chomenechomene: * Occidental (Interlingue) * Ido Munthu wakale wakakhozgera Occidental, Ric Berger, wakakhazikiska Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) mu 1955. Kufika kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1950, kunweka na Interlingua mu Europe kukamba kujumpha uko kukaŵa ku North America. Pa nyengo iyi, nkhani za Interlingua mu manyuzipepara zikawoneka chomene ku Northern Europe na Eastern Europe. Nkhani za Interlingua mu vyakuwoneska na manyuzipepara zikulutilira mpaka mazuŵa ghano, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 zikamba kuwoneka chomene ku South America. Kwambira mu ma 1980, UMI yikamba kuchita maungano gha charu chose chilichose chakaŵiri. Pa maungano ghakwambilira, ŵanthu awo ŵakizanga ŵakaŵanga pafupifupi 50 mpaka 100. UMI yikambaso pulogalamu yakufumiska mabuku, ndipo pamanyuma yikafumiska mabuku ghakujumpha 100. Mabuku ghanyake gha Interlingua ghakafumiskika na maunivesite gha ku: * Sweden * Italy * Brazil * Switzerland mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990. Masukulu ghanyake gha ku Scandinavia ghakamba mapurojekiti ghakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua pakusambizga mazgu gha sayansi na vinjeru vya charu chose. Mu 2000, Interlingua Institute likamara chifukwa cha mphindano pa nkhani za ndalama na UMI. Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, American Interlingua Society likakhazikiskika kuti lisere mu malo gha institute iyi, ndipo likazgora ku kunweka kuphya kwa Interlingua ku Mexico. == Pasi pa Chingwe cha Chitsulo == Interlingua chikayowoyeka na kukhozgeka mu ufumu wa Soviet, nangauli ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakatambuzgikanga ndipo ŵamazaza ŵakayeghayezganga kuletsera uthenga wakukhwaskana na chiyowoyero ichi. Mu East Germany, ŵamazaza ŵa boma ŵakatora makalata na magazini agho UMI likatumanga kwa Walter Raédler, uyo wakaŵa wakimirira Interlingua mu charu icho. Mu Czechoslovakia, Július Tomin wakapokera makalata ghakumofya pamanyuma pakuti nkhani yake yakwamba ya Interlingua yikafumiskika. Nangauli wakalutilira kusuzgika, wakalutilira ntchito yake ndipo wakazgoka: * wakimirira Interlingua mu Czech Republic; * wakasambizga Interlingua mu masukulu; * wakalemba nkhani zinandi na mabuku agho ghakafumiskika. == Interlingua mazuŵa ghano == Mazuŵa ghano, kunweka na Interlingua kwafalikira kufuma ku gulu la ŵasayansi kuya ku ŵanthu wose. Ŵanthu payekha, maboma, na makampani ghapadera ŵakugwiliskira ntchito Interlingua pa: * kusambira na kusambizga; * ulendo; * kufumiska vinthu pa intaneti; * kuyowoyeskana pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambana. Interlingua yikukhozgeka pa charu chose na Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI). Magazini na mabuku gha Interlingua ghakupangika na magulu gha mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana, nga ni: * Societate American pro Interlingua * Svenska Sällskapet för Interlingua * Interlingua Italia * União Brasileira pro Interlíngua Pasono, Panorama in Interlingua ndiyo magazini yakumanyikwa chomene pakati pa magazini ghanandi gha Interlingua. Ni magazini ya mapeji 28, iyo yikufumiskika kawiri pa myezi yiliyose, ndipo yikuyowoya vya: * vinthu ivyo vikuchitika sono; * sayansi; * maghanoghano gha ŵalembi; * nkhani zakukhwaskana na Interlingua. Chifukwa cha intaneti, Interlingua yawona kuwukaso kukuru mu vyaka vyapafupi ivyo vyajumpha. Kuyana na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusanda, unandi wa ŵakuyowoya Interlingua wawonjezeka kanandi khumi. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro pa malo gha mauthenga gha pa intaneti (social media), Interlingua yasangaso kuwukaso kunyake kwasono. == Mazgu ghakulongosora == <references/> == Viŵaro vya kuwaro == * [http://www.interlingua.com/ Webusayiti ya UMI] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPfFJhFQwmQ Mbiri ya Interlingua] {{Interlingua}} [[Category:Interlingua]] 3wd2ksogcv1org3ccvmq7iji3fok4py 0 48148 117942 2026-07-24T08:56:08Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 page 117942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chiyowoyero chakovwira cha pa charu chose mu Japan}} Kugwiliskirika ntchito kwa '''[[Esperanto]]''' (panji '''Chiesperanto''') mu '''[[Japan]]''' (mu Chijapani: 日本のエスペラント) kukwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 19. ==Mbiri== Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chiesperanto ŵakasazgikira kwa nyengo yichoko waka mu Japan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880, pamoza na kukwera kwa chidwi pa [[chiyowoyero chakupangika]] cha [[Volapük]]. Mu 1906, pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo ya Russia na Japan]], Japanese Esperanto Association yikakhazikiskika na mwanarukirano wa chisopa cha anarchism [[Ōsugi Sakae]].<ref name="ProphetMotive"/> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kusambira Chiesperanto ŵakasazgapo mulembi wa mabuku wa ku Japan [[Futabatei Shimei]], wakung'anamura malemba [[Ujaku Akita]] kweniso mwanarukirano wa chisopa cha anarchism [[Ōsugi Sakae]]. Gulu la ŵasambiri lakumanyikwa chomene lakucemeka [[:ja:新人会|Shinjinkai]] (新人会) likachitiskanga mphindano pamoza na ŵasambiri ŵanyawo ŵa ku Korea na China mu Chiesperanto, ndipo ntchito ya [[Chisopa cha Baháʼí]] yakulongozgekanga na [[Vasili Eroshenko]] na [[Agnes Baldwin Alexander]] yikaŵa yakuzirwa chomene pakuthandazga Chiesperanto pamoza na mautumiki gha Chikhristu. Sumu za Chiesperanto zikachemerezgekanga pa ulendo wa wakupokera mphotho ya Nobel wa ku India [[Rabindranath Tagore]] ku Japan. [[:ja:日本エスペラント協会|Japanese Esperanto Association]] yikakhazikiskika mu 1919. Japan yikaŵa na nyengo yachiŵiri ya kukwera kwa Chiesperanto kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920 mpaka m'ma 1940, apo ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya Chiesperanto mu Japan ŵakamba kupharazga mabuku ghawo mu Chiesperanto. Chiesperanto chikagwiliskirikanga ntchito na magulu gha kumazere kweniso gha kumanjiliro gha ndyali, kweni gulu la kumazere likakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/92435/1/Esperanto%20greyed%20out.pdf|title=Talking](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/92435/1/Esperanto%20greyed%20out.pdf|title=Talking) to the World: Esperanto and Popular Internationalism in Pre-war Japan}}</ref> ==Oomoto== [[File:Oomoto Kameoka - Esperanta Monumento sign.jpg|thumb|right|Chimanyikwiro cha viyowoyero viŵiri cha Chiesperanto na Chijapani chakulongosora Esperanta Monumento ("Chikumbusko cha Esperanto") pa likuru la [[Oomoto]] ku [[Kameoka, Kyoto]]]] [[File:Oomoto cafeteria Esperanto prayer.jpg|thumb|right|Lurombo lwa viyowoyero viŵiri lwa Chiesperanto na Chijapani lwa [[lurombo lwa kuwonga chakurya]] pa cafetaria ya likuru la Oomoto ku [[Kameoka, Kyoto]]]] Kwambira mu 1922, chisopa cha [[Oomoto]], pasi pa ulongozgi wa wakwambiska wake [[Onisaburo Deguchi]], chikamba kugwiliskira ntchito Chiesperanto kuti chiŵikeko chisopa chake nga ni [[chisopa cha pa charu chose]] kweniso kukhozgera kudumbiskana pakati pa visopa vyakupambanapambana.<ref name="ProphetMotive">{{cite book|last1=Stalker|first1=Nancy K.|title=Prophet motive : Deguchi Onisaburō, Oomoto, and the rise of new religions in Imperial Japan|url=[https://archive.org/details/prophetmotivedeg00stal|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=University](https://archive.org/details/prophetmotivedeg00stal|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=University) of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824831721|page=156}}</ref> Malo ghanandi gha Oomoto mu [[Kameoka, Kyoto]] ghali na vimanyikwiro vya viyowoyero vinandi mu Chijapani na Chiesperanto. Muhanya uno, Oomoto yikulutilira kufumiska mabuku, magazini, timapepala, na mawebusayiti mu Chiesperanto.<ref>{{cite web | title=ĉef paĝo | website=Oomoto (Esperanto) | url=[https://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html](https://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html) | language=eo | access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> Mujapani wakuyowoya Chiesperanto [[Shigeki Maeda]] wakung'anamura mwakhama vinthu vya Oomoto kufuma ku Chijapani kuya ku Chiesperanto, ivyo pamanyuma vikung'anamulikaso kufuma ku Chiesperanto kuya ku Chipwitikizi na Chingelezi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Deguchi |first=Onisaburo |date=1997 |translator-last1=Maeda |translator-first1=Shigeki |title=Diaj Vojsignoj: internacia eldono |location=Ten'on-kyo, Kameoka |publisher=Tensei-sha |isbn=4-924501-01-8 |language=eo}}</ref> ==Mabuku== *Oomoto Overseas Department 海外宣伝課 (ed.) (1933). [[commons:File:NDL1137286 大本トハ何ゾヤ.pdf|''Kio estas Oomoto?'']]. Kameoka: Tenseisha. {{doi|10.11501/1137286}}. {{in lang|eo}} ==Ukaboni== {{Commons category|Esperanto in Japan}} {{Reflist}} [[Category:Esperanto mu Japan]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vya mu Japan]] 09nd3my1njrv3q94993ibn8ehui4y41 117943 117942 2026-07-24T08:56:50Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chiyowoyero chakovwira cha pa charu chose mu Japan}} Kugwiliskirika ntchito kwa '''[[Esperanto]]''' (panji '''ChiEsperanto''') mu '''[[Japan]]''' (mu Chijapani: 日本のエスペラント) kukwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 19. ==Mbiri== Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chiesperanto ŵakasazgikira kwa nyengo yichoko waka mu Japan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880, pamoza na kukwera kwa chidwi pa [[chiyowoyero chakupangika]] cha [[Volapük]]. Mu 1906, pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo ya Russia na Japan]], Japanese Esperanto Association yikakhazikiskika na mwanarukirano wa chisopa cha anarchism [[Ōsugi Sakae]].<ref name="ProphetMotive"/> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kusambira Chiesperanto ŵakasazgapo mulembi wa mabuku wa ku Japan [[Futabatei Shimei]], wakung'anamura malemba [[Ujaku Akita]] kweniso mwanarukirano wa chisopa cha anarchism [[Ōsugi Sakae]]. Gulu la ŵasambiri lakumanyikwa chomene lakucemeka [[:ja:新人会|Shinjinkai]] (新人会) likachitiskanga mphindano pamoza na ŵasambiri ŵanyawo ŵa ku Korea na China mu Chiesperanto, ndipo ntchito ya [[Chisopa cha Baháʼí]] yakulongozgekanga na [[Vasili Eroshenko]] na [[Agnes Baldwin Alexander]] yikaŵa yakuzirwa chomene pakuthandazga Chiesperanto pamoza na mautumiki gha Chikhristu. Sumu za Chiesperanto zikachemerezgekanga pa ulendo wa wakupokera mphotho ya Nobel wa ku India [[Rabindranath Tagore]] ku Japan. [[:ja:日本エスペラント協会|Japanese Esperanto Association]] yikakhazikiskika mu 1919. Japan yikaŵa na nyengo yachiŵiri ya kukwera kwa Chiesperanto kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920 mpaka m'ma 1940, apo ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya Chiesperanto mu Japan ŵakamba kupharazga mabuku ghawo mu Chiesperanto. Chiesperanto chikagwiliskirikanga ntchito na magulu gha kumazere kweniso gha kumanjiliro gha ndyali, kweni gulu la kumazere likakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/92435/1/Esperanto%20greyed%20out.pdf|title=Talking](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/92435/1/Esperanto%20greyed%20out.pdf|title=Talking) to the World: Esperanto and Popular Internationalism in Pre-war Japan}}</ref> ==Oomoto== [[File:Oomoto Kameoka - Esperanta Monumento sign.jpg|thumb|right|Chimanyikwiro cha viyowoyero viŵiri cha Chiesperanto na Chijapani chakulongosora Esperanta Monumento ("Chikumbusko cha Esperanto") pa likuru la [[Oomoto]] ku [[Kameoka, Kyoto]]]] [[File:Oomoto cafeteria Esperanto prayer.jpg|thumb|right|Lurombo lwa viyowoyero viŵiri lwa Chiesperanto na Chijapani lwa [[lurombo lwa kuwonga chakurya]] pa cafetaria ya likuru la Oomoto ku [[Kameoka, Kyoto]]]] Kwambira mu 1922, chisopa cha [[Oomoto]], pasi pa ulongozgi wa wakwambiska wake [[Onisaburo Deguchi]], chikamba kugwiliskira ntchito Chiesperanto kuti chiŵikeko chisopa chake nga ni [[chisopa cha pa charu chose]] kweniso kukhozgera kudumbiskana pakati pa visopa vyakupambanapambana.<ref name="ProphetMotive">{{cite book|last1=Stalker|first1=Nancy K.|title=Prophet motive : Deguchi Onisaburō, Oomoto, and the rise of new religions in Imperial Japan|url=[https://archive.org/details/prophetmotivedeg00stal|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=University](https://archive.org/details/prophetmotivedeg00stal|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=University) of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824831721|page=156}}</ref> Malo ghanandi gha Oomoto mu [[Kameoka, Kyoto]] ghali na vimanyikwiro vya viyowoyero vinandi mu Chijapani na Chiesperanto. Muhanya uno, Oomoto yikulutilira kufumiska mabuku, magazini, timapepala, na mawebusayiti mu Chiesperanto.<ref>{{cite web | title=ĉef paĝo | website=Oomoto (Esperanto) | url=[https://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html](https://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html) | language=eo | access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> Mujapani wakuyowoya Chiesperanto [[Shigeki Maeda]] wakung'anamura mwakhama vinthu vya Oomoto kufuma ku Chijapani kuya ku Chiesperanto, ivyo pamanyuma vikung'anamulikaso kufuma ku Chiesperanto kuya ku Chipwitikizi na Chingelezi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Deguchi |first=Onisaburo |date=1997 |translator-last1=Maeda |translator-first1=Shigeki |title=Diaj Vojsignoj: internacia eldono |location=Ten'on-kyo, Kameoka |publisher=Tensei-sha |isbn=4-924501-01-8 |language=eo}}</ref> ==Mabuku== *Oomoto Overseas Department 海外宣伝課 (ed.) (1933). [[commons:File:NDL1137286 大本トハ何ゾヤ.pdf|''Kio estas Oomoto?'']]. Kameoka: Tenseisha. {{doi|10.11501/1137286}}. {{in lang|eo}} ==Ukaboni== {{Commons category|Esperanto in Japan}} {{Reflist}} [[Category:Esperanto mu Japan]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vya mu Japan]] 9x90i3g39y2ej3l7v19bfnxroxzggku 117945 117943 2026-07-24T09:06:59Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Oomoto */ 117945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chiyowoyero chakovwira cha pa charu chose mu Japan}} Kugwiliskirika ntchito kwa '''[[Esperanto]]''' (panji '''ChiEsperanto''') mu '''[[Japan]]''' (mu Chijapani: 日本のエスペラント) kukwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 19. ==Mbiri== Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chiesperanto ŵakasazgikira kwa nyengo yichoko waka mu Japan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880, pamoza na kukwera kwa chidwi pa [[chiyowoyero chakupangika]] cha [[Volapük]]. Mu 1906, pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo ya Russia na Japan]], Japanese Esperanto Association yikakhazikiskika na mwanarukirano wa chisopa cha anarchism [[Ōsugi Sakae]].<ref name="ProphetMotive"/> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kusambira Chiesperanto ŵakasazgapo mulembi wa mabuku wa ku Japan [[Futabatei Shimei]], wakung'anamura malemba [[Ujaku Akita]] kweniso mwanarukirano wa chisopa cha anarchism [[Ōsugi Sakae]]. Gulu la ŵasambiri lakumanyikwa chomene lakucemeka [[:ja:新人会|Shinjinkai]] (新人会) likachitiskanga mphindano pamoza na ŵasambiri ŵanyawo ŵa ku Korea na China mu Chiesperanto, ndipo ntchito ya [[Chisopa cha Baháʼí]] yakulongozgekanga na [[Vasili Eroshenko]] na [[Agnes Baldwin Alexander]] yikaŵa yakuzirwa chomene pakuthandazga Chiesperanto pamoza na mautumiki gha Chikhristu. Sumu za Chiesperanto zikachemerezgekanga pa ulendo wa wakupokera mphotho ya Nobel wa ku India [[Rabindranath Tagore]] ku Japan. [[:ja:日本エスペラント協会|Japanese Esperanto Association]] yikakhazikiskika mu 1919. Japan yikaŵa na nyengo yachiŵiri ya kukwera kwa Chiesperanto kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920 mpaka m'ma 1940, apo ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya Chiesperanto mu Japan ŵakamba kupharazga mabuku ghawo mu Chiesperanto. Chiesperanto chikagwiliskirikanga ntchito na magulu gha kumazere kweniso gha kumanjiliro gha ndyali, kweni gulu la kumazere likakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/92435/1/Esperanto%20greyed%20out.pdf|title=Talking](https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/92435/1/Esperanto%20greyed%20out.pdf|title=Talking) to the World: Esperanto and Popular Internationalism in Pre-war Japan}}</ref> ==Oomoto== [[File:Oomoto Kameoka - Esperanta Monumento sign.jpg|thumb|right|Chimanyikwiro cha viyowoyero viŵiri cha Chiesperanto na Chijapani chakulongosora Esperanta Monumento ("Chikumbusko cha Esperanto") pa likuru la [[Oomoto]] ku [[Kameoka, Kyoto]]]] [[File:Oomoto cafeteria Esperanto prayer.jpg|thumb|right|Lurombo lwa viyowoyero viŵiri lwa Chiesperanto na Chijapani lwa [[lurombo lwa kuwonga chakurya]] pa cafetaria ya likuru la Oomoto ku [[Kameoka, Kyoto]]]] Kwambira mu 1922, chisopa cha [[Oomoto]], pasi pa ulongozgi wa wakwambiska wake [[Onisaburo Deguchi]], chikamba kugwiliskira ntchito Chiesperanto kuti chiŵikeko chisopa chake nga ni [[chisopa cha pa charu chose]] kweniso kukhozgera kudumbiskana pakati pa visopa vyakupambanapambana.<ref name="ProphetMotive">{{cite book|last1=Stalker|first1=Nancy K.|title=Prophet motive : Deguchi Onisaburō, Oomoto, and the rise of new religions in Imperial Japan|url=[https://archive.org/details/prophetmotivedeg00stal|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=University](https://archive.org/details/prophetmotivedeg00stal|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=University) of Hawai'i Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=9780824831721|page=156}}</ref> Malo ghanandi gha Oomoto mu [[Kameoka, Kyoto]] ghali na vimanyikwiro vya viyowoyero vinandi mu Chijapani na Chiesperanto. Muhanya uno, Oomoto yikulutilira kufumiska mabuku, magazini, timapepala, na mawebusayiti mu Chiesperanto.<ref>{{cite web | title=ĉef paĝo | website=Oomoto (Esperanto) | url=[https://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html](https://www.oomoto.or.jp/Esperanto/index-es.html) | language=eo | access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref> Mujapani wakuyowoya Chiesperanto [[Shigeki Maeda]] wakung'anamura mwakhama vinthu vya Oomoto kufuma ku Chijapani kuya ku Chiesperanto, ivyo pamanyuma vikung'anamulikaso kufuma ku Esperanto kuya ku Chipwitikizi na ChiNgelezi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Deguchi |first=Onisaburo |date=1997 |translator-last1=Maeda |translator-first1=Shigeki |title=Diaj Vojsignoj: internacia eldono |location=Ten'on-kyo, Kameoka |publisher=Tensei-sha |isbn=4-924501-01-8 |language=eo}}</ref> ==Mabuku== *Oomoto Overseas Department 海外宣伝課 (ed.) (1933). [[commons:File:NDL1137286 大本トハ何ゾヤ.pdf|''Kio estas Oomoto?'']]. Kameoka: Tenseisha. {{doi|10.11501/1137286}}. {{in lang|eo}} ==Ukaboni== {{Commons category|Esperanto in Japan}} {{Reflist}} [[Category:Esperanto mu Japan]] [[Category:Viyowoyero vya mu Japan]] r2i0qgmuhcxqf26irgg9fj7iuf2spl9 0 48149 117949 2026-07-24T09:29:15Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 117949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 48150 117950 2026-07-24T09:31:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 117950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 48151 117951 2026-07-24T09:33:30Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]]" 117951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] eiat2wcxonrud80pcd45f8mavhrds78 0 48152 117952 2026-07-24T09:49:43Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda mu [[chigaŵa cha Kanifing]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 19,944 (2013).<ref>https://www.gbosdata.org/downloads/8-census-2013</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Gambia]]" 117952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni mzinda mu [[chigaŵa cha Kanifing]] mu charu cha {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P17}}.<ref>https://geonames.org</ref> Muli ŵanthu 19,944 (2013).<ref>https://www.gbosdata.org/downloads/8-census-2013</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Gambia]] pr7owjkoyinrrwwh7of2xr8dm69pdsx 0 48153 117953 2026-07-24T11:31:56Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Lipoti la ku North America la 1910 pa masambiro gha vyaudokotala}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} [[File:Carnegie Flexner Report.djvu|thumb|Tsamba lakwamba la ''Flexner Report'']] '''''Flexner Report'''''<ref name=":5">{{Citation | author=Flexner, Abraham | year=1910 | title=Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | series=Bulletin No. 4. | publisher=Carnegie Foundation..." 117953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Lipoti la ku North America la 1910 pa masambiro gha vyaudokotala}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} [[File:Carnegie Flexner Report.djvu|thumb|Tsamba lakwamba la ''Flexner Report'']] '''''Flexner Report'''''<ref name=":5">{{Citation | author=Flexner, Abraham | year=1910 | title=Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | series=Bulletin No. 4. | publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | location=New York City | pages=346 | oclc=9795002 | url=http://archive.carnegiefoundation.org/publications/pdfs/elibrary/Carnegie_Flexner_Report.pdf | access-date=August 22, 2021 }}</ref> ni lipoti likuru la buku lakukhwaskana na masambiro gha vyaudokotala mu United States na Canada, ilo likalembeka na [[Abraham Flexner]] ndipo likafumiskika mu chaka cha 1910 pasi pa [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]]. Flexner wakalongosora umo masambiro gha vyaudokotala ghakaŵira ku North America pa nyengo iyo, ndipo wakapelekaso malongosolero ghakukwana gha masukulu ghaudokotala agho ghakaŵapo pa nyengo iyo. Wakalongora ivyo vikasoŵekanga, ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wa umo masambiro ghaudokotala ghangawovwilirika na kunozgekaso mu United States. Nangauli lipoti ili likabweriska vinthu vinandi viwemi ku masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti likambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[Institutional racism|kusankhana mitundu na ŵanthu mwa ndondomeko]] kweniso kusankhana chifukwa cha jenda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Laws |first=Terri |date=March 1, 2021 |title=How Should We Respond to Racist Legacies in Health Professions Education Originating in the Flexner Report? |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/how-should-we-respond-racist-legacies-health-professions-education-originating-flexner-report/2021-03 |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=271–275 |doi=10.1001/amajethics.2021.271 |pmid=33818380 |s2cid=233028996 |issn=2376-6980|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wright-Mendoza |first=Jessie |date=May 3, 2019 |title=The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-1910-report-that-unintentionally-disadvantaged-minority-doctors/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=JSTOR Daily }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Gabrielle |date=November 17, 2020 |title=AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/aamc-renames-prestigious-abraham-flexner-award-light-racist-and-sexist-writings |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=AAMC }}</ref> Lipoti ili, ilo likamanyikwaso kuti ''Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four'', likachemerezga kuti [[Medical school in the United States|masukulu ghaudokotala gha ku America]] ghaŵike milingo yakukwera pa kunjira na kumalizga masambiro, kweniso kulondezga mwakukhora fundo za sayansi pa kusambizga na kafukufuku. Lipoti ili likalongosoraso kuti pakakhumbikwanga kusintha na kuwunganya masukulu ghaudokotala kuti ghaŵe ghakovwira chomene. Masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala gha ku America ghakafikanga yayi pa mulingo uwo ''Flexner Report'' likakhumbanga, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti lipoti ili lafuma, pafupifupi hafu ya masukulu agha ghakabungana panji kujalika. Masukulu agho ghasambizganga nthowa zinyake za munkhwala, nga ni [[electrotherapy]], ghakajalika. [[Homeopathy]], [[osteopathy]] yakale, [[eclectic medicine]], na [[Herbalism|physiomedicalism]] (mankhwala gha vyakumera agho ghakaŵavye ukaboni wa sayansi) vikayowoyeka kuti vikaŵa vyambura maziko gha sayansi.<ref name="FlexnerChXexerpt">{{cite web |last1=Flexner |first1=Abraham |title=Abraham Flexner's View of Homeopathic Schools: An Excerpt from the Flexner Report (1910) |url=https://www.homeowatch.org/history/flexner.html |website=HomeoWatch |date=January 22, 2005 |publisher=[[Quackwatch]] |access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Lipoti ili likamalizgaso kuti ku United States kukaŵa masukulu ghanandi chomene ghaudokotala, ndipo ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene ŵakasambizgikanga. Chimoza mwa ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report'' chikaŵa kujalika panji kubunganya masukulu gha yunivesite. Ichi chikapangiska kuti pa masukulu ghaudokotala gha ŵafipa paŵe ghaŵiri pera agho ghakakhalapo, ndipo mayunivesite ghanandi ghakaweleraso ku ndondomeko yakupokera ŵanalume pera kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵasambiri. Mu Mutu 11, Flexner wakalongosora kuti kunozga masambiro ghaudokotala na kupanga ntchito yaudokotala kuŵa yakwenerera kukadalira chomene mabodi gha boma agho ghakupereka malaisensi ghaudokotala kuti ghachite ntchito yawo mwadango na mwaunenesko. Kweni wakawona kuti mabodi agha ghakatondekanga kufiska ntchito yawo, ghakachedweskanga kusintha, ndipo ghakalekeleranga munkhwala wambura milingo kulutilira, ivyo vikayikanga umoyo wa ŵanthu pa ngozi. Suzgo ili lichali kulutilira mpaka lero mu ntchito yaudokotala ku United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The doctors prescribing misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/post-reports/the-doctors-prescribing-misinformation/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=[www.washingtonpost.com](http://www.washingtonpost.com) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2023 |title=Report: Ranking of the Rate of State Medical Boards' Serious Disciplinary Actions, 2019-2021 |url=https://www.citizen.org/article/report-ranking-of-the-rate-of-state-medical-boards-serious-disciplinary-actions-2019-2021/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Public Citizen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2021 |title=FSMB {{!}} FSMB: Spreading COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation May Put Medical License at Risk |url=https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729181246/https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |archive-date=July 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2021 |title=AMA adopts policy to combat disinformation by health care professionals |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-adopts-policy-combat-disinformation-health-care-professionals |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Money, politics and patient safety: Abbott donors on Texas Medical Board {{!}} KXAN Austin |url=https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527175731/https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 14, 2022 |title=California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-10/full-coverage-california-medical-board-and-troubled-doctors |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> kctto9mlfy488lkw5b5lx7kvf8um9md 117954 117953 2026-07-24T11:39:13Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Lipoti la ku North America la 1910 pa masambiro gha vyaudokotala}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} [[File:Carnegie Flexner Report.djvu|thumb|Tsamba lakwamba la ''Flexner Report'']] '''''Flexner Report'''''<ref name=":5">{{Citation | author=Flexner, Abraham | year=1910 | title=Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | series=Bulletin No. 4. | publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | location=New York City | pages=346 | oclc=9795002 | url=http://archive.carnegiefoundation.org/publications/pdfs/elibrary/Carnegie_Flexner_Report.pdf | access-date=August 22, 2021 }}</ref> ni lipoti likuru la buku lakukhwaskana na masambiro gha vyaudokotala mu United States na Canada, ilo likalembeka na [[Abraham Flexner]] ndipo likafumiskika mu chaka cha 1910 pasi pa [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]]. Flexner wakalongosora umo masambiro gha vyaudokotala ghakaŵira ku North America pa nyengo iyo, ndipo wakapelekaso malongosolero ghakukwana gha masukulu ghaudokotala agho ghakaŵapo pa nyengo iyo. Wakalongora ivyo vikasoŵekanga, ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wa umo masambiro ghaudokotala ghangawovwilirika na kunozgekaso mu United States. Nangauli lipoti ili likabweriska vinthu vinandi viwemi ku masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti likambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[Institutional racism|kusankhana mitundu na ŵanthu mwa ndondomeko]] kweniso kusankhana chifukwa cha jenda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Laws |first=Terri |date=March 1, 2021 |title=How Should We Respond to Racist Legacies in Health Professions Education Originating in the Flexner Report? |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/how-should-we-respond-racist-legacies-health-professions-education-originating-flexner-report/2021-03 |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=271–275 |doi=10.1001/amajethics.2021.271 |pmid=33818380 |s2cid=233028996 |issn=2376-6980|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wright-Mendoza |first=Jessie |date=May 3, 2019 |title=The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-1910-report-that-unintentionally-disadvantaged-minority-doctors/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=JSTOR Daily }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Gabrielle |date=November 17, 2020 |title=AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/aamc-renames-prestigious-abraham-flexner-award-light-racist-and-sexist-writings |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=AAMC }}</ref> Lipoti ili, ilo likamanyikwaso kuti ''Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four'', likachemerezga kuti [[Medical school in the United States|masukulu ghaudokotala gha ku America]] ghaŵike milingo yakukwera pa kunjira na kumalizga masambiro, kweniso kulondezga mwakukhora fundo za sayansi pa kusambizga na kafukufuku. Lipoti ili likalongosoraso kuti pakakhumbikwanga kusintha na kuwunganya masukulu ghaudokotala kuti ghaŵe ghakovwira chomene. Masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala gha ku America ghakafikanga yayi pa mulingo uwo ''Flexner Report'' likakhumbanga, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti lipoti ili lafuma, pafupifupi hafu ya masukulu agha ghakabungana panji kujalika. Masukulu agho ghasambizganga nthowa zinyake za munkhwala, nga ni [[electrotherapy]], ghakajalika. [[Homeopathy]], [[osteopathy]] yakale, [[eclectic medicine]], na [[Herbalism|physiomedicalism]] (mankhwala gha vyakumera agho ghakaŵavye ukaboni wa sayansi) vikayowoyeka kuti vikaŵa vyambura maziko gha sayansi.<ref name="FlexnerChXexerpt">{{cite web |last1=Flexner |first1=Abraham |title=Abraham Flexner's View of Homeopathic Schools: An Excerpt from the Flexner Report (1910) |url=https://www.homeowatch.org/history/flexner.html |website=HomeoWatch |date=January 22, 2005 |publisher=[[Quackwatch]] |access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Lipoti ili likamalizgaso kuti ku United States kukaŵa masukulu ghanandi chomene ghaudokotala, ndipo ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene ŵakasambizgikanga. Chimoza mwa ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report'' chikaŵa kujalika panji kubunganya masukulu gha yunivesite. Ichi chikapangiska kuti pa masukulu ghaudokotala gha ŵafipa paŵe ghaŵiri pera agho ghakakhalapo, ndipo mayunivesite ghanandi ghakaweleraso ku ndondomeko yakupokera ŵanalume pera kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵasambiri. Mu Mutu 11, Flexner wakalongosora kuti kunozga masambiro ghaudokotala na kupanga ntchito yaudokotala kuŵa yakwenerera kukadalira chomene mabodi gha boma agho ghakupereka malaisensi ghaudokotala kuti ghachite ntchito yawo mwadango na mwaunenesko. Kweni wakawona kuti mabodi agha ghakatondekanga kufiska ntchito yawo, ghakachedweskanga kusintha, ndipo ghakalekeleranga munkhwala wambura milingo kulutilira, ivyo vikayikanga umoyo wa ŵanthu pa ngozi. Suzgo ili lichali kulutilira mpaka lero mu ntchito yaudokotala ku United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The doctors prescribing misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/post-reports/the-doctors-prescribing-misinformation/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=[www.washingtonpost.com](http://www.washingtonpost.com) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2023 |title=Report: Ranking of the Rate of State Medical Boards' Serious Disciplinary Actions, 2019-2021 |url=https://www.citizen.org/article/report-ranking-of-the-rate-of-state-medical-boards-serious-disciplinary-actions-2019-2021/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Public Citizen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2021 |title=FSMB {{!}} FSMB: Spreading COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation May Put Medical License at Risk |url=https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729181246/https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |archive-date=July 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2021 |title=AMA adopts policy to combat disinformation by health care professionals |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-adopts-policy-combat-disinformation-health-care-professionals |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Money, politics and patient safety: Abbott donors on Texas Medical Board {{!}} KXAN Austin |url=https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527175731/https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 14, 2022 |title=California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-10/full-coverage-california-medical-board-and-troubled-doctors |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mbiri yakwamba== [[File:Picture of Abraham Flexner.jpg|thumb|Abraham Flexner]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vyaudokotala ku America vikaŵavya wovwiri wa ndalama panji kulamulirika na boma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Starr |first=Paul |date=1977 |title=Medicine, Economy and Society in Nineteenth-Century America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786770 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=588–607 |doi=10.1353/jsh/10.4.588 |jstor=3786770 |issn=0022-4529|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Malango gha vyilolezgo vya ntchito yaudokotala gha maboma ghakaŵapo ghachoko waka,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Truex |first=Eleanor Shanklin |date=April 2014 |title=Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.102.2.019 |issn=1536-5050 |pmc=3988768}}</ref> ndipo nangauli ghakaŵapo, ghakagwiriskikanga ntchito mwankhongono yayi. Pakaŵa masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala, ndipo lililose likaŵa na mtundu wake wa masambiro kweniso umampha wake. Mu 1904, [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) yikakhazikiska Council on Medical Education (CME),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/about-council-medical-education | title=About the Council on Medical Education | website=American Medical Association |access-date=February 20, 2017 | quote=Founded in 1904, the Council on Medical Education recommends educational policies to the AMA House of Delegates.}}</ref> iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakusintha masambiro ghaudokotala ku America. Pa ungano wake wakwamba wa chaka, CME yikazomerezga milingo yiŵiri: wakwamba ukaŵika masambiro ghakwambilira agho ghakakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke mu sukulu yaudokotala; wachiŵiri ukalongosora kuti masambiro ghaudokotala ghakaŵa gha vyaka viŵiri vya kusambira [[anatomy]] na [[physiology]] ya thupi la munthu, kulondezgana na vyaka viŵiri vya ntchito ya kuchipatala mu [[teaching hospital]]. Mu fundo yake yose, khonsolo iyi yikakhumbanga kunozga umampha wa ŵasambiri ŵaudokotala mwa kukopa ŵasambiri ŵakusambira chomene kweniso ŵakufuma mu mbumba zakusambira.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America|last=Brown|first=E. Richard|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|year=1979|isbn=978-0-520-04269-8|location=United States of America|pages=150}}</ref> Mu 1908, pakukhumba kulutiska panthazi ndondomeko yake ya kusintha na kuchimbizga kujalika kwa masukulu agho ghakatondekanga kufiska milingo yake, CME yikapangana na [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] kuti yisande masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America. [[Henry Pritchett]], pulezidenti wa Carnegie Foundation kweniso wakukhozga chomene kusintha kwa masukulu ghaudokotala, wakasankha [[Abraham Flexner]] kuti wachite kafukufuku uwu. Flexner wakaŵa dokotala yayi, musayansi yayi, ndipo wakaŵaso msambizgi waudokotala yayi. Wakaŵa na digiri ya [[Bachelor of Arts]] ndipo wakalongozganga [[for-profit school|sukulu ya malonda]] ku [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref name=Goodman_143>{{cite book|last1=Goodman|first1=John C.|last2=Musgrave|first2=Gerald L.|title=Patient power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis|year=1992|publisher=Cato Inst.|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-932790-92-7|url=http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|pages=142–148|archive-date=May 24, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524132721/http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakaluta ku masukulu ghose ghaudokotala 155 agho ghakaŵa kugwira ntchito pa nyengo iyo ku North America. Masukulu agha ghakasiyananga chomene pa mapulogiramu gha masambiro, nthowa za kuyezgera ŵasambiri, kweniso ivyo vikakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke panji wamalizge masambiro. Pakufiska kafukufuku wake, wakalemba kuti:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Molly |last2=Irby |first2=David M. |last3=Sullivan |first3=William |last4=Ludmerer |first4=Kenneth M. |author-link4=Kenneth Ludmerer |title=American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=September 28, 2006 |volume=355 |issue=13 |pages=1339–1344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra055445 |pmid=17005951}}</ref> {{cquote | quote = "Each day students were subjected to interminable lectures and recitations. After a long morning of dissection or a series of quiz sections, they might sit wearily in the afternoon through three or four or even five lectures delivered in methodical fashion by part-time teachers. Evenings were given over to reading and preparation for recitations." }} Lipoti ili likamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mazgu ghake ghankhongono ghakususka masukulu ghanyake. Mwachiyelezgero, Flexner wakalongosora masukulu ghaudokotala 14 gha ku Chicago kuti "ngakukhozga soni ku Boma ilo malango ghake ghakuzomerezga kuti ghalutilire kuŵapo ... ngakufipiskira chomene ... ni suzgo likuru la charu." <ref name=":5" /> Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, masukulu ghanyake ghakatumbikika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yiwemi, kusazgapo [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine|Western Reserve]] (sono ''Case'' Western Reserve), [[Michigan Medicine|Michigan]], [[Wake Forest School of Medicine|Wake Forest]], [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|McGill]], [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Toronto]], ndipo chomene [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins]], ilo likalongosoreka kuti ni "chiyelezgero cha masambiro ghaudokotala."<ref>Raffel MN, Raffel NK. ''The US Health System: Origins and Functions''. 4th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers; 1994:11.</ref> Pamanyuma pake, lipoti ili likabweriska vyakuchitika vinandi ivyo vikaghanaghanirikanga yayi, ndipo vinyake mwa ivyo vikabwera chifukwa cha lipoti ili vichali kuwoneka mu vyaudokotala vya ku America mpaka lero. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵanakazi ghakasangana na mwaŵi uchoko chifukwa cha kufumiskika kwa ''Flexner Report''.<ref name=":2" /> Kweniso, masukulu ghanandi gha [[alternative medicine]] na [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|osteopathic medicine]] ghakajalika chifukwa cha lipoti ili.<ref name=":3" /> == Vyakusintha ivyo vikakhumbikwanga == Kuti kovwire pa kusintha ndiposo kusintha maghanoghano gha madokotala na ŵasayansi ŵanyake, [[John D. Rockefeller]] wakapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku makoleji na vipatala, ndipo wakambiska bungwe la vyawanangwa lakucemeka [[General Education Board]] (GEB).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-general-education-board-1903-1964/|title=“Without Distinction of Race, Sex, or Creed”: The General Education Board, 1903-1964, Rockefeller Archive Center|website=resource.rockarch.org|access-date=May 27, 2026}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vikaŵa vyakusuzga yayi kusambira vya munkhwala pera yayi, kweniso kukhazikiska sukulu ya munkhwala. Apo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala ku United States ghakaŵa masukulu ghachoko gha ŵanthu ŵekha agho ghakasambizganga ntchito, ndipo ghakaŵa gha dokotala yumoza panji ŵanandi. Masukulu agha ghakaŵavya kukolerana na koleji panji yunivesite ndipo ghakendeskekanga kuti ghapange phindu. Digiri yikapelekekanga para munthu wasambira vyaka viŵiri pera, ndipo ntchito za mu [[Labotale]] na [[Kusekenura thupi]] zikaŵa zakusankha waka. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa madokotala gha mu malo agho ŵakasambizganga nyengo yichoko waka. Pakaŵavya maprofesa ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito nyengo yose awo ŵakajipelekanga ku masambiro gha munkhwala. Masukulu gha munkhwala ghakapokeranga yayi ndalama za boma, ndipo ndalama zawo zikafumanga waka ku malipiro gha ŵasambiri. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakaŵa na malango ghachoko chomene panji ghakaŵavya pakuwoneseska ntchito ya udokotala. Madokotala gha ku America ghakasiyananga chomene pa kumanya kwawo vya [[Kayendeskero ka thupi la munthu]], ndipo lizgu lakuti [[Wudokotala wautesi|quack]] likagwiriskikanga ntchito kanandi. Flexner wakasanda mwakupwelelera umo vinthu vikaŵiranga. Pakugwiliskira ntchito [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]] nga ni chiyelezgero cha sukulu yiwemi chomene ya munkhwala,<ref>[http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm UNMC's ''Flexner's Impact on American Medicine''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514010030/http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm |date=May 14, 2007 }}</ref> wakapeleka ulongozgi uwu:<ref name=Barzansky1992 /> # Kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha munkhwala (kufuma pa 155 kufika pa 31), kweniso kuchepeska unandi wa madokotala awo ŵakasambizgika makora yayi; # Kusazgirako ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo pambere wandanjire mu [[Masambiro ghakwambilira gha munkhwala]]; # Kusambizga madokotala kugwiliskira ntchito [[Nthowa ya sayansi]] ndiposo kuchiska ŵasambizgi ŵa munkhwala kuchita kafukufuku; # Kupeleka masukulu gha munkhwala mazaza ghakwendeska masambiro gha kuchipatala mu vipatala; # Kulemba ntchito ŵasambizgi ŵakusambizgika makora awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose pa masambiro gha munkhwala; # Kusazgirako ndalama zakovwilira masukulu gha munkhwala; # Kukhozga malango gha maboma gha vigaŵa pa kupereka layisensi ya udokotala. Flexner wakalemba kuti wakawonanga Johns Hopkins nga ni "sukulu yichoko kweni yakufikapo ya munkhwala, iyo yikaphatikizga mu nthowa yiphya yakukolerana na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga ku America, makhaliro ghawemi chomene gha masambiro gha munkhwala ku England, France na Germany." Kwa Flexner, Johns Hopkins wakaphatikizga miyezgo yapachanya ya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany, apo wakasunganga mwambo wa ku America wakuchindika chomene ŵalwari na madokotala.<ref name=":4" /> Pakukhumba kuti Johns Hopkins yiŵe chiyelezgero icho masukulu ghanyake ghose gha munkhwala ku United States ghawoneskerenge, Flexner wakafika pakuyowoya kuti masukulu ghanyake ghose ghakaŵa pasi pa "malo ghakuwala ghekha."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soilandhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/0303critic/030312brown/brown4.htm|title=Brown: Chapter 4 - Reforming Medical Education: Who Will Rule Medicine?|last=Bonner|first=Thomas|date=February 1998|website=soilandhealth.org|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> Padera pa [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]], Flexner wakawonaso kuti [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Harvard]], [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Yunivesite ya Michigan]], na [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Perelman pa Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]] ghakaŵa masukulu ghawemi. Wakati masukulu agho ghakafikanga yayi pa miyezgo iyi ghakeneranga kusintha nthowa yawo yakusambizgira munkhwala panji kujara. Flexner wakagomezgaso kuti kuti munthu wapokereke mu sukulu ya munkhwala wakeneranga kuŵa na satifiketi ya [[Sukulu ya Sekondale]] ndiposo vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku koleji panji yunivesite, chomenechomene mu [[Sayansi yakwamba]]. Apo wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu 16 pera pa 155 gha munkhwala ku United States na Canada ndigho ghakakhumbanga kuti awo ŵakulemba ŵaŵe kuti ŵamalizga vyaka viŵiri panji vyakuluska pa yunivesite.<ref name="Flexner_28">{{Harvnb|Flexner|Pritchett|1910|pp=28}}</ref> Kufika mu 1920, masukulu 92 pa 100 gha munkhwala ku United States ghakakhumbanga kale fundo iyi. Flexner wakayowoyaso kuti masambiro gha munkhwala ghakwenera kuŵa gha vyaka vinayi, ndipo ivyo vikusambizgika viŵe ivyo CME yikazomerezga mu 1905. Wakapangiska kuti masukulu gha munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghatsekeke panji ghasazgikemo mu mayunivesite agho ghakalipo. Wakayowoyaso kuti sukulu ya munkhwala yikwenera kuŵa yimoza mwa masukulu gha yunivesite yikuru chifukwa sukulu yakuyimira payekha yikeneranga kulipiska ndalama zinandi chomene kuti yikhalilire. Chinthu chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimanya yayi ni ulongozgi wa Flexner wakuti masukulu gha munkhwala ghakwenera kulemba ntchito maprofesa ŵa vya kuchipatala awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose. Pakachitikanga kafukufuku wake, wakawona kuti pakaŵa kusoŵa kwa maprofesa ŵakujipeleka ku ntchito nyengo yose. Wakati masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakakhumbikwiranga maprofesa ŵakujipeleka kuti ŵasambizge mibadwo yakulondezgapo ya madokotala. Ŵeneawo ŵapikenge maudindo agha ŵaŵenge "ŵasambizgi ŵanadi ŵa yunivesite, ŵakugegeka ku ntchito zinyake zose kupatulako ntchito ya chawanangwa, chifukwa cha kusambizga."<ref name=":5" /> Flexner wakalutilira kulimbikira fundo iyi kwa vyaka vinandi, nangauli ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa munkhwala ŵakasuskanga. Flexner wakaŵa mwana wa ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Germany ndipo wakasambira na kwenda chomene ku Europe. Wakamanyanga makora kuti munthu wangachita yayi ntchito ya udokotala mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe kwambura kusambira pa yunivesite mu nthambi yapadera kwa nyengo yitali. Vinthu vinandi vya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany vikamukondweskanga Flexner, pamoza na ŵasambizgi na madokotala ŵanyake awo ŵakalutanga ku Germany, nga ni miyezgo ya charu yose ya ŵasambiri na mayunivesite, wanangwa wa masambiro, ndiposo kukhumbikwira kusambira mwapadera para munthu wamara digiri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=German influences on U.S. surgery and the founding of the ACS |url=https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2020/07/german-influences-on-u-s-surgery-and-the-founding-of-the-acs/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=ACS }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duffy |first=Thomas P. |date=September 2011 |title=The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=269–276 |issn=0044-0086 |pmc=3178858 |pmid=21966046}}</ref> Kweniso, madokotala ŵanandi awo ŵakalutanga ku Europe kukasambira para ŵamaliska digiri ŵakakondwanga na umo Germany yikajipelekera ku [[Kafukufuku]], kupanga vinthu viphya, ndiposo kusambizga.<ref name=":4" /> Mwantheura, Flexner wakakhumbanga kuti masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakolerane na umo vinthu vikachitikira mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Pa nyengo yikuru, masukulu gha munkhwala ku Canada na United States ghakalondezga ulongozgi unandi wa Flexner. Ndipouli, ghakusazgirapo chomene sono kusambizga nkhani za [[Umoyo wa ŵanthu]]. kwtm5shi0jaxgo5vy8xg23ukm71bt9x 117955 117954 2026-07-24T11:44:12Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Lipoti la ku North America la 1910 pa masambiro gha vyaudokotala}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} [[File:Carnegie Flexner Report.djvu|thumb|Tsamba lakwamba la ''Flexner Report'']] '''''Flexner Report'''''<ref name=":5">{{Citation | author=Flexner, Abraham | year=1910 | title=Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | series=Bulletin No. 4. | publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | location=New York City | pages=346 | oclc=9795002 | url=http://archive.carnegiefoundation.org/publications/pdfs/elibrary/Carnegie_Flexner_Report.pdf | access-date=August 22, 2021 }}</ref> ni lipoti likuru la buku lakukhwaskana na masambiro gha vyaudokotala mu United States na Canada, ilo likalembeka na [[Abraham Flexner]] ndipo likafumiskika mu chaka cha 1910 pasi pa [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]]. Flexner wakalongosora umo masambiro gha vyaudokotala ghakaŵira ku North America pa nyengo iyo, ndipo wakapelekaso malongosolero ghakukwana gha masukulu ghaudokotala agho ghakaŵapo pa nyengo iyo. Wakalongora ivyo vikasoŵekanga, ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wa umo masambiro ghaudokotala ghangawovwilirika na kunozgekaso mu United States. Nangauli lipoti ili likabweriska vinthu vinandi viwemi ku masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti likambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[Institutional racism|kusankhana mitundu na ŵanthu mwa ndondomeko]] kweniso kusankhana chifukwa cha jenda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Laws |first=Terri |date=March 1, 2021 |title=How Should We Respond to Racist Legacies in Health Professions Education Originating in the Flexner Report? |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/how-should-we-respond-racist-legacies-health-professions-education-originating-flexner-report/2021-03 |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=271–275 |doi=10.1001/amajethics.2021.271 |pmid=33818380 |s2cid=233028996 |issn=2376-6980|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wright-Mendoza |first=Jessie |date=May 3, 2019 |title=The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-1910-report-that-unintentionally-disadvantaged-minority-doctors/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=JSTOR Daily }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Gabrielle |date=November 17, 2020 |title=AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/aamc-renames-prestigious-abraham-flexner-award-light-racist-and-sexist-writings |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=AAMC }}</ref> Lipoti ili, ilo likamanyikwaso kuti ''Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four'', likachemerezga kuti [[Medical school in the United States|masukulu ghaudokotala gha ku America]] ghaŵike milingo yakukwera pa kunjira na kumalizga masambiro, kweniso kulondezga mwakukhora fundo za sayansi pa kusambizga na kafukufuku. Lipoti ili likalongosoraso kuti pakakhumbikwanga kusintha na kuwunganya masukulu ghaudokotala kuti ghaŵe ghakovwira chomene. Masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala gha ku America ghakafikanga yayi pa mulingo uwo ''Flexner Report'' likakhumbanga, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti lipoti ili lafuma, pafupifupi hafu ya masukulu agha ghakabungana panji kujalika. Masukulu agho ghasambizganga nthowa zinyake za munkhwala, nga ni [[electrotherapy]], ghakajalika. [[Homeopathy]], [[osteopathy]] yakale, [[eclectic medicine]], na [[Herbalism|physiomedicalism]] (mankhwala gha vyakumera agho ghakaŵavye ukaboni wa sayansi) vikayowoyeka kuti vikaŵa vyambura maziko gha sayansi.<ref name="FlexnerChXexerpt">{{cite web |last1=Flexner |first1=Abraham |title=Abraham Flexner's View of Homeopathic Schools: An Excerpt from the Flexner Report (1910) |url=https://www.homeowatch.org/history/flexner.html |website=HomeoWatch |date=January 22, 2005 |publisher=[[Quackwatch]] |access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Lipoti ili likamalizgaso kuti ku United States kukaŵa masukulu ghanandi chomene ghaudokotala, ndipo ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene ŵakasambizgikanga. Chimoza mwa ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report'' chikaŵa kujalika panji kubunganya masukulu gha yunivesite. Ichi chikapangiska kuti pa masukulu ghaudokotala gha ŵafipa paŵe ghaŵiri pera agho ghakakhalapo, ndipo mayunivesite ghanandi ghakaweleraso ku ndondomeko yakupokera ŵanalume pera kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵasambiri. Mu Mutu 11, Flexner wakalongosora kuti kunozga masambiro ghaudokotala na kupanga ntchito yaudokotala kuŵa yakwenerera kukadalira chomene mabodi gha boma agho ghakupereka malaisensi ghaudokotala kuti ghachite ntchito yawo mwadango na mwaunenesko. Kweni wakawona kuti mabodi agha ghakatondekanga kufiska ntchito yawo, ghakachedweskanga kusintha, ndipo ghakalekeleranga munkhwala wambura milingo kulutilira, ivyo vikayikanga umoyo wa ŵanthu pa ngozi. Suzgo ili lichali kulutilira mpaka lero mu ntchito yaudokotala ku United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The doctors prescribing misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/post-reports/the-doctors-prescribing-misinformation/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=[www.washingtonpost.com](http://www.washingtonpost.com) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2023 |title=Report: Ranking of the Rate of State Medical Boards' Serious Disciplinary Actions, 2019-2021 |url=https://www.citizen.org/article/report-ranking-of-the-rate-of-state-medical-boards-serious-disciplinary-actions-2019-2021/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Public Citizen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2021 |title=FSMB {{!}} FSMB: Spreading COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation May Put Medical License at Risk |url=https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729181246/https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |archive-date=July 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2021 |title=AMA adopts policy to combat disinformation by health care professionals |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-adopts-policy-combat-disinformation-health-care-professionals |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Money, politics and patient safety: Abbott donors on Texas Medical Board {{!}} KXAN Austin |url=https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527175731/https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 14, 2022 |title=California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-10/full-coverage-california-medical-board-and-troubled-doctors |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mbiri yakwamba== [[File:Picture of Abraham Flexner.jpg|thumb|Abraham Flexner]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vyaudokotala ku America vikaŵavya wovwiri wa ndalama panji kulamulirika na boma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Starr |first=Paul |date=1977 |title=Medicine, Economy and Society in Nineteenth-Century America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786770 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=588–607 |doi=10.1353/jsh/10.4.588 |jstor=3786770 |issn=0022-4529|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Malango gha vyilolezgo vya ntchito yaudokotala gha maboma ghakaŵapo ghachoko waka,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Truex |first=Eleanor Shanklin |date=April 2014 |title=Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.102.2.019 |issn=1536-5050 |pmc=3988768}}</ref> ndipo nangauli ghakaŵapo, ghakagwiriskikanga ntchito mwankhongono yayi. Pakaŵa masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala, ndipo lililose likaŵa na mtundu wake wa masambiro kweniso umampha wake. Mu 1904, [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) yikakhazikiska Council on Medical Education (CME),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/about-council-medical-education | title=About the Council on Medical Education | website=American Medical Association |access-date=February 20, 2017 | quote=Founded in 1904, the Council on Medical Education recommends educational policies to the AMA House of Delegates.}}</ref> iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakusintha masambiro ghaudokotala ku America. Pa ungano wake wakwamba wa chaka, CME yikazomerezga milingo yiŵiri: wakwamba ukaŵika masambiro ghakwambilira agho ghakakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke mu sukulu yaudokotala; wachiŵiri ukalongosora kuti masambiro ghaudokotala ghakaŵa gha vyaka viŵiri vya kusambira [[anatomy]] na [[physiology]] ya thupi la munthu, kulondezgana na vyaka viŵiri vya ntchito ya kuchipatala mu [[teaching hospital]]. Mu fundo yake yose, khonsolo iyi yikakhumbanga kunozga umampha wa ŵasambiri ŵaudokotala mwa kukopa ŵasambiri ŵakusambira chomene kweniso ŵakufuma mu mbumba zakusambira.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America|last=Brown|first=E. Richard|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|year=1979|isbn=978-0-520-04269-8|location=United States of America|pages=150}}</ref> Mu 1908, pakukhumba kulutiska panthazi ndondomeko yake ya kusintha na kuchimbizga kujalika kwa masukulu agho ghakatondekanga kufiska milingo yake, CME yikapangana na [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] kuti yisande masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America. [[Henry Pritchett]], pulezidenti wa Carnegie Foundation kweniso wakukhozga chomene kusintha kwa masukulu ghaudokotala, wakasankha [[Abraham Flexner]] kuti wachite kafukufuku uwu. Flexner wakaŵa dokotala yayi, musayansi yayi, ndipo wakaŵaso msambizgi waudokotala yayi. Wakaŵa na digiri ya [[Bachelor of Arts]] ndipo wakalongozganga [[for-profit school|sukulu ya malonda]] ku [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref name=Goodman_143>{{cite book|last1=Goodman|first1=John C.|last2=Musgrave|first2=Gerald L.|title=Patient power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis|year=1992|publisher=Cato Inst.|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-932790-92-7|url=http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|pages=142–148|archive-date=May 24, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524132721/http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakaluta ku masukulu ghose ghaudokotala 155 agho ghakaŵa kugwira ntchito pa nyengo iyo ku North America. Masukulu agha ghakasiyananga chomene pa mapulogiramu gha masambiro, nthowa za kuyezgera ŵasambiri, kweniso ivyo vikakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke panji wamalizge masambiro. Pakufiska kafukufuku wake, wakalemba kuti:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Molly |last2=Irby |first2=David M. |last3=Sullivan |first3=William |last4=Ludmerer |first4=Kenneth M. |author-link4=Kenneth Ludmerer |title=American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=September 28, 2006 |volume=355 |issue=13 |pages=1339–1344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra055445 |pmid=17005951}}</ref> {{cquote | quote = "Each day students were subjected to interminable lectures and recitations. After a long morning of dissection or a series of quiz sections, they might sit wearily in the afternoon through three or four or even five lectures delivered in methodical fashion by part-time teachers. Evenings were given over to reading and preparation for recitations." }} Lipoti ili likamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mazgu ghake ghankhongono ghakususka masukulu ghanyake. Mwachiyelezgero, Flexner wakalongosora masukulu ghaudokotala 14 gha ku Chicago kuti "ngakukhozga soni ku Boma ilo malango ghake ghakuzomerezga kuti ghalutilire kuŵapo ... ngakufipiskira chomene ... ni suzgo likuru la charu." <ref name=":5" /> Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, masukulu ghanyake ghakatumbikika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yiwemi, kusazgapo [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine|Western Reserve]] (sono ''Case'' Western Reserve), [[Michigan Medicine|Michigan]], [[Wake Forest School of Medicine|Wake Forest]], [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|McGill]], [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Toronto]], ndipo chomene [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins]], ilo likalongosoreka kuti ni "chiyelezgero cha masambiro ghaudokotala."<ref>Raffel MN, Raffel NK. ''The US Health System: Origins and Functions''. 4th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers; 1994:11.</ref> Pamanyuma pake, lipoti ili likabweriska vyakuchitika vinandi ivyo vikaghanaghanirikanga yayi, ndipo vinyake mwa ivyo vikabwera chifukwa cha lipoti ili vichali kuwoneka mu vyaudokotala vya ku America mpaka lero. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵanakazi ghakasangana na mwaŵi uchoko chifukwa cha kufumiskika kwa ''Flexner Report''.<ref name=":2" /> Kweniso, masukulu ghanandi gha [[alternative medicine]] na [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|osteopathic medicine]] ghakajalika chifukwa cha lipoti ili.<ref name=":3" /> == Vyakusintha ivyo vikakhumbikwanga == Kuti kovwire pa kusintha ndiposo kusintha maghanoghano gha madokotala na ŵasayansi ŵanyake, [[John D. Rockefeller]] wakapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku makoleji na vipatala, ndipo wakambiska bungwe la vyawanangwa lakucemeka [[General Education Board]] (GEB).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-general-education-board-1903-1964/|title=“Without Distinction of Race, Sex, or Creed”: The General Education Board, 1903-1964, Rockefeller Archive Center|website=resource.rockarch.org|access-date=May 27, 2026}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vikaŵa vyakusuzga yayi kusambira vya munkhwala pera yayi, kweniso kukhazikiska sukulu ya munkhwala. Apo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala ku United States ghakaŵa masukulu ghachoko gha ŵanthu ŵekha agho ghakasambizganga ntchito, ndipo ghakaŵa gha dokotala yumoza panji ŵanandi. Masukulu agha ghakaŵavya kukolerana na koleji panji yunivesite ndipo ghakendeskekanga kuti ghapange phindu. Digiri yikapelekekanga para munthu wasambira vyaka viŵiri pera, ndipo ntchito za mu [[Labotale]] na [[Kusekenura thupi]] zikaŵa zakusankha waka. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa madokotala gha mu malo agho ŵakasambizganga nyengo yichoko waka. Pakaŵavya maprofesa ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito nyengo yose awo ŵakajipelekanga ku masambiro gha munkhwala. Masukulu gha munkhwala ghakapokeranga yayi ndalama za boma, ndipo ndalama zawo zikafumanga waka ku malipiro gha ŵasambiri. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakaŵa na malango ghachoko chomene panji ghakaŵavya pakuwoneseska ntchito ya udokotala. Madokotala gha ku America ghakasiyananga chomene pa kumanya kwawo vya [[Kayendeskero ka thupi la munthu]], ndipo lizgu lakuti [[Wudokotala wautesi|quack]] likagwiriskikanga ntchito kanandi. Flexner wakasanda mwakupwelelera umo vinthu vikaŵiranga. Pakugwiliskira ntchito [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]] nga ni chiyelezgero cha sukulu yiwemi chomene ya munkhwala,<ref>[http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm UNMC's ''Flexner's Impact on American Medicine''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514010030/http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm |date=May 14, 2007 }}</ref> wakapeleka ulongozgi uwu:<ref name=Barzansky1992 /> # Kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha munkhwala (kufuma pa 155 kufika pa 31), kweniso kuchepeska unandi wa madokotala awo ŵakasambizgika makora yayi; # Kusazgirako ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo pambere wandanjire mu [[Masambiro ghakwambilira gha munkhwala]]; # Kusambizga madokotala kugwiliskira ntchito [[Nthowa ya sayansi]] ndiposo kuchiska ŵasambizgi ŵa munkhwala kuchita kafukufuku; # Kupeleka masukulu gha munkhwala mazaza ghakwendeska masambiro gha kuchipatala mu vipatala; # Kulemba ntchito ŵasambizgi ŵakusambizgika makora awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose pa masambiro gha munkhwala; # Kusazgirako ndalama zakovwilira masukulu gha munkhwala; # Kukhozga malango gha maboma gha vigaŵa pa kupereka layisensi ya udokotala. Flexner wakalemba kuti wakawonanga Johns Hopkins nga ni "sukulu yichoko kweni yakufikapo ya munkhwala, iyo yikaphatikizga mu nthowa yiphya yakukolerana na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga ku America, makhaliro ghawemi chomene gha masambiro gha munkhwala ku England, France na Germany." Kwa Flexner, Johns Hopkins wakaphatikizga miyezgo yapachanya ya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany, apo wakasunganga mwambo wa ku America wakuchindika chomene ŵalwari na madokotala.<ref name=":4" /> Pakukhumba kuti Johns Hopkins yiŵe chiyelezgero icho masukulu ghanyake ghose gha munkhwala ku United States ghawoneskerenge, Flexner wakafika pakuyowoya kuti masukulu ghanyake ghose ghakaŵa pasi pa "malo ghakuwala ghekha."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soilandhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/0303critic/030312brown/brown4.htm|title=Brown: Chapter 4 - Reforming Medical Education: Who Will Rule Medicine?|last=Bonner|first=Thomas|date=February 1998|website=soilandhealth.org|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> Padera pa [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]], Flexner wakawonaso kuti [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Harvard]], [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Yunivesite ya Michigan]], na [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Perelman pa Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]] ghakaŵa masukulu ghawemi. Wakati masukulu agho ghakafikanga yayi pa miyezgo iyi ghakeneranga kusintha nthowa yawo yakusambizgira munkhwala panji kujara. Flexner wakagomezgaso kuti kuti munthu wapokereke mu sukulu ya munkhwala wakeneranga kuŵa na satifiketi ya [[Sukulu ya Sekondale]] ndiposo vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku koleji panji yunivesite, chomenechomene mu [[Sayansi yakwamba]]. Apo wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu 16 pera pa 155 gha munkhwala ku United States na Canada ndigho ghakakhumbanga kuti awo ŵakulemba ŵaŵe kuti ŵamalizga vyaka viŵiri panji vyakuluska pa yunivesite.<ref name="Flexner_28">{{Harvnb|Flexner|Pritchett|1910|pp=28}}</ref> Kufika mu 1920, masukulu 92 pa 100 gha munkhwala ku United States ghakakhumbanga kale fundo iyi. Flexner wakayowoyaso kuti masambiro gha munkhwala ghakwenera kuŵa gha vyaka vinayi, ndipo ivyo vikusambizgika viŵe ivyo CME yikazomerezga mu 1905. Wakapangiska kuti masukulu gha munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghatsekeke panji ghasazgikemo mu mayunivesite agho ghakalipo. Wakayowoyaso kuti sukulu ya munkhwala yikwenera kuŵa yimoza mwa masukulu gha yunivesite yikuru chifukwa sukulu yakuyimira payekha yikeneranga kulipiska ndalama zinandi chomene kuti yikhalilire. Chinthu chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimanya yayi ni ulongozgi wa Flexner wakuti masukulu gha munkhwala ghakwenera kulemba ntchito maprofesa ŵa vya kuchipatala awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose. Pakachitikanga kafukufuku wake, wakawona kuti pakaŵa kusoŵa kwa maprofesa ŵakujipeleka ku ntchito nyengo yose. Wakati masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakakhumbikwiranga maprofesa ŵakujipeleka kuti ŵasambizge mibadwo yakulondezgapo ya madokotala. Ŵeneawo ŵapikenge maudindo agha ŵaŵenge "ŵasambizgi ŵanadi ŵa yunivesite, ŵakugegeka ku ntchito zinyake zose kupatulako ntchito ya chawanangwa, chifukwa cha kusambizga."<ref name=":5" /> Flexner wakalutilira kulimbikira fundo iyi kwa vyaka vinandi, nangauli ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa munkhwala ŵakasuskanga. Flexner wakaŵa mwana wa ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Germany ndipo wakasambira na kwenda chomene ku Europe. Wakamanyanga makora kuti munthu wangachita yayi ntchito ya udokotala mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe kwambura kusambira pa yunivesite mu nthambi yapadera kwa nyengo yitali. Vinthu vinandi vya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany vikamukondweskanga Flexner, pamoza na ŵasambizgi na madokotala ŵanyake awo ŵakalutanga ku Germany, nga ni miyezgo ya charu yose ya ŵasambiri na mayunivesite, wanangwa wa masambiro, ndiposo kukhumbikwira kusambira mwapadera para munthu wamara digiri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=German influences on U.S. surgery and the founding of the ACS |url=https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2020/07/german-influences-on-u-s-surgery-and-the-founding-of-the-acs/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=ACS }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duffy |first=Thomas P. |date=September 2011 |title=The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=269–276 |issn=0044-0086 |pmc=3178858 |pmid=21966046}}</ref> Kweniso, madokotala ŵanandi awo ŵakalutanga ku Europe kukasambira para ŵamaliska digiri ŵakakondwanga na umo Germany yikajipelekera ku [[Kafukufuku]], kupanga vinthu viphya, ndiposo kusambizga.<ref name=":4" /> Mwantheura, Flexner wakakhumbanga kuti masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakolerane na umo vinthu vikachitikira mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Pa nyengo yikuru, masukulu gha munkhwala ku Canada na United States ghakalondezga ulongozgi unandi wa Flexner. Ndipouli, ghakusazgirapo chomene sono kusambizga nkhani za [[Umoyo wa ŵanthu]]. === Kukhozga malango gha boma pa nkhani ya malayisensi gha ŵakuchita vya munkhwala === Mutu 11 wa ''Flexner Report'', wakuti "The State Boards," ukulongosora mwaukali chomene umo vinthu vikaŵira pa nkhani ya malango gha vya munkhwala mu nyengo iyo, chomenechomene pa kuleka kugwira ntchito makora na kusiyana kwa makhaliro gha mabodi gha vya munkhwala gha maboma gha vigaŵa. Flexner wakalongosora ntchito yakuzirwa iyo mabodi agha ghakeneranga kuchita pakusunga miyezo ya masambiro gha vya munkhwala, kweniso pa nkhani za malango na makhaliro, kweni wakayowoya kuti mabodi agha ghakafipiska ntchito iyi chomene. <blockquote>"Mu 1906, sukulu yiheni chomene mu Chicago—sukulu iyo yikaŵavya chakwamba chakukhumbikwa kuti munthu wasambirepo, yikaŵavya masambiro gha mu ma laboratory, ndipo yikaŵavya ubwezi na vipatala—yikapanga mbiri yiwemi chomene pa mabodi gha boma kuluska sukulu yiliyose ya Chicago mu chaka icho. Sukulu iyi, iyo yili pafupifupi yakuyana waka na iyo yikaŵa kale, sono pera ndiyo yalengeka kuti "yili mu malo ghawemi yayi" na boma la Illinois. Kulikose mu Canada na United States, mabungwe ghambura ntchito ghakukana chizunguziro chifukwa ghakulongora kuti ghakachita makora pa mayeso gha mabodi gha boma."<ref name=":5" /></blockquote> Ndondomeko yakukonzaso ya Flexner, iyo yikalata kuti yikwezge masambiro gha vya munkhwala mu United States, yikathemba chomene pa mabodi gha vya munkhwala gha boma kuti ghaŵe ŵalinda ŵakugomezgeka ŵa ntchito iyi. Wakakosera kuti mabodi gha boma ghakeneranga kuwona mwakukhwima kuti ŵekha awo ŵamalizga masambiro ghakwenelera na ghakuyana mu miyezo ndiwo ŵanjire mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala. Kwaku nkhani ya malango, mabodi gha boma ghakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza gha kupereka malayisensi kwa ŵakuchita vya munkhwala, ndipo ku nkhani ya makhaliro, ghakeneranga kusunga uchindami wa ntchito iyi mwa kukhazikiska na kulondezga miyezo iyi. <blockquote>"Nkhongono iyo yikuzomerezga diploma pamoza na layisensi yake yikwenera kuŵa na nkhongono yakuvikilira ivyo yikupereka ku chinthu chilichose icho chingachizgora kuŵa chakuchepa mtengo panji kuphwanya."<ref name=":5" /> </blockquote> Kweni, lipoti la Flexner likususka uheni wa vimbundi na kusoŵa kwa umo mabodi gha boma ghakuyana, ivyo vikazomerezga masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakaŵa pasi pa miyezo kulutilira kugwira ntchito. Kanandi mabodi agha ghakaŵa pasi pa nkhongono za ndyali m’malo mwa fundo za masambiro panji za ntchito, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti malango gha malayisensi ghalondezgeke mwakusiyana. Madera ghanyake ghakasunga miyezo yapachanya, kweni ghanyake ghakazomerezga pafupifupi munthu waliyose uyo wakaŵa na masambiro ghachoko waka kuti wachite vya munkhwala. <blockquote>"Mu maboma ghanandi, kusankhika kwa ŵanthu mu maudindo kukuwoneka nga ni mphotho za ndyali; kanandi ŵasambizgi ŵakuŵavya mwaŵi wakusankhika. Ntheura, vikuchitika kuti mabodi agha nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa ghambura nkhongono, ndipo panji ghakukhumba yayi kususkana na masukulu panji ghakuŵavya mazaza gha malango kuti ghachite nthena; nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa na mtima uwemi kweni ghakuŵavya luso; ndipo mu vinyake ghakuŵa ghambura kulopwa yayi nanga ni ghambura mtima uwemi, kweni ghakuŵa ghakuchenjera, ghankhongono, ndiposo ghakukolerana chomene na vyakukhumba vyawo na vyakupweteka vya ndyali."<ref name=":5" /> </blockquote> Flexner wakadandawura kuti ndondomeko yakupambana-pambana iyi ya malango yikapweteka mboniwoni yake ya ntchito ya vya munkhwala iyo yikaŵa yakukolerana, yasayansi, ndiposo yakulondezga makhaliro ghawemi mu United States yose. Ndondomeko yake yikathemba pa mabodi agha kuti ghachite nga ni ŵalinda ŵa makhaliro ghawemi kuti ŵavikilire umoyo na chivikiliro cha ŵanthu, kweni kuleka kwa mabodi agha kufiska ntchito yawo kukalongoreka kuti nkhani yikuru iyo yikatondeska kukwaniska kukonzaso kwakukwana. ==Ivyo lipoti ili likapangiska== Vinthu vinandi mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala mu North America vikasinthika pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report''. Masambiro gha vya munkhwala ghakamba kulondezga chomene nthowa ya sayansi ndipo ghakakhazikika pa umo thupi la munthu likugwirira ntchito na [[biochemistry|sayansi ya makemikhali gha mu thupi]]. Kafukufuku wa vya munkhwala wakayamba kukolerana chomene na malango gha kafukufuku wa sayansi.<ref name="Beck2004">{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Andrew H.|title=The Flexner report and the standardization of American medical education.|journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association|date=May 5, 2004|volume=291|issue=17|pages=2139–40|doi=10.1001/jama.291.17.2139|pmid=15126445|url=https://www.cosbyig.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Flexner-report.pdf|access-date=November 24, 2012}}</ref> Luso la ŵakuchita vya munkhwala pa avareji likakwera chomene.<ref name="Barzansky1992">{{cite book|last=Barzansky|first=Barbara|title=Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century|year=1992|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0313259845|edition=1. publ.|author2=Gevitz, Norman |author-link2=Norman Gevitz }}</ref> ===Kujalika kwa masukulu gha vya munkhwala=== Flexner wakakhumba kusintha vyakukhumbikwa pakupokera ŵasambiri mu masukulu gha vya munkhwala kweniso kukweza ubali wa masambiro gha vya munkhwala. Wakawona kuti masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala ghakaŵa na vyakukhumbikwa vyakukwana yayi pakupokera ŵasambiri ndiposo ghakaŵavya masambiro ghakukwana. Ntheura, Flexner wakakhumba kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha vya munkhwala mu United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Kant |last2=Rushefsky |first2=Mark E. |title=The Politics of Public Health in the United States |date=2004 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765636454 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=symnYJlBtewC&pg=PA90 }}</ref> Sukulu zinandi za ku America izo zikaperekanga madigiri gha [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] panji [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|DO]] pa nyengo ya ''Report'' (1910) zikajara mu vyaka pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri panji makumi ghatatu. (Mu Canada, sukulu ya vya munkhwala pera ku [[University of Western Ontario|Western University]] ndiyo yikawoneka kuti yikaŵa yakukwana yayi, kweni yikajara yayi panji kusazgikana na sukulu yinyake pamanyuma pa ''Report''.) Mu 1904, pambere ''Report'' yindafike, mukaŵa mabungwe 160 agho ghakaperekanga MD ndipo ghakaŵa na ŵasambiri ŵakujumpha 28,000. Mu 1920, pamanyuma pa ''Report'', pakaŵa mabungwe 85 pera agho ghakaperekanga MD, ndipo ghakasambizganga ŵasambiri 13,800 pera. Mu 1935, pakaŵa masukulu gha vya munkhwala 66 pera agho ghakaŵa ghakugwira ntchito mu United States. Pakati pa 1910 na 1935, kupitirira hafu ya masukulu ghose gha vya munkhwala gha ku America ghakasazgikana panji ghakajara. Kutsika kukuru uku kukaŵa chifukwa mu chigaŵa chinyake cha kukhazikiska ivyo ''Report'' yikayowoya kuti masukulu ghose gha [[For-profit education|"proprietary" schools|masukulu gha vyamalonda]] ghakeneranga kujara ndipo masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghakeneranga kulumikizgika na mayunivesite. Pa masukulu 66 agho ghakakhalapo mu 1935 ndipo ghakaperekanga madigiri gha MD, 57 ghakaŵa gha mayunivesite. Chinthu chakuzirwa icho chikapangiska kuti masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghakasazgike panji ghajare chikaŵa malango gha chalo chose na kulondezga miyezo ya masukulu gha vya munkhwala: mabodi ghose gha vya munkhwala gha boma ghakamba pachoko-pachoko kulondezga na kukhazikiska ivyo ''Report'' yikapempha. Chifukwa cha ''Flexner'' ''Report'', masukulu ghanyake ghakachimbizga ŵasambizgi ŵakukalamba chomene nga ni chigaŵa cha ndondomeko ya kusintha na kuphya.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McAlister|first=Vivian|author2=Claydon, Emily|title=The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report|journal=World Journal of Surgery|year=2012|pages=684–8|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/32172|doi=10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x|pmid=22270978|pmc=3279636|volume=36|issue=3}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa udindo wa dokotala=== Mboniwoni ya masambiro gha vya munkhwala iyo yikulongosoreka mu ''Flexner Report'' yikapangiska masukulu gha vya munkhwala kuŵika mtima chomene pa matenda, kuleka kuŵa na chidwi chikuru pa ndondomeko ya vya chipharo panji umoyo wa ŵanthu wose padera pa matenda. [[Preventive healthcare|Kuvikilira matenda pambere ghandambe]] na [[population health|umoyo wa ŵanthu wose]] vikaŵa yayi nga ni mulimo wa madokotala, ndipo ichi chikagaŵa mazgu ghakuti "umoyo" mu vigaŵa viŵiri vyakupambana: [[Medicine|mankhwala gha sayansi]] na [[umoyo wa ŵanthu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ludmerer, Kenneth M. |url=https://archive.org/details/timetohealameric0000ludm |title=Time to heal: American medical education from the turn of the century |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-518136-0 |oclc=57282902 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa madokotala na ŵalwari ŵa ku Africa-America=== ''Flexner Report'' yikususkika chifukwa cha kwambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[systemic racism|sankho lakukhazikika mu ndondomeko za wupu]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Listen: How one 1910 report curtailed Black medical education for over a century |url=https://www.statnews.com/2022/04/04/color-code-flexner-report-curtailed-black-medical-education/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=STAT }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cryts |first=Aine |date=June 15, 2021 |title=AMA Acknowledges Past Med Education Racism, Vows Better Future |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/953120 |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=Medscape }}</ref> Flexner wakakhozgera kuti masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghose gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake gha [[historically Black colleges and universities|ŵanthu ŵafipa mu mdauko]] ghajare padera pa ghaŵiri pera. Chifukwa cha ichi, pakaŵa pera [[Howard University College of Medicine]] na [[Meharry Medical College]] agho ghakalutilira kuŵa ghakujura, apo masukulu ghanyake ghankhondi ghakajara. Flexner wakalongora maghanoghano ghake ghakuti madokotala ŵa fipa ŵakeneranga kulapa ŵalwari ŵa fipa pera ndipo ŵakeneranga kuŵa na maudindo ghapasi kuluska madokotala ŵazungu. Flexner wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵasambiri ŵa vya munkhwala ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakeneranga kusambizgika pa "ukhondo kuluska opaleshoni" ndipo ŵagwire ntchito nga ni "ŵakuvikilira ukhondo," na mulimo ukuru wa kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵazungu ku matenda.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=January 22, 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} How tens of thousands of Black U.S. doctors simply vanished |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/22/uche-blackstock-legacy-black-doctors/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post }}</ref> Flexner wakalemba mu ''Report'':<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = "Munthu wa fipa uyo wasambizgika makora vya ukhondo wazamuŵa wakovwira chomene; kweni munthu wa fipa uyo wandasambire makora kweni wavwara digiri ya M.D. ni wakofya."}} Kweniso, pamoza na kulondezga kwake [[germ theory of disease|chiphunzitso cha tizirombo uto tukupangiska matenda]], Flexner wakayowoya kuti, usange ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa-America ŵandapokere masambiro ghakwenelera na wovwiri wakwenelera, ŵangaŵa chakofya ku umoyo wa ŵazungu ŵa pakati na ŵa pachanya.<ref name="medicine.missouri.edu">{{cite book|title=Black Physicians and Black Hospitals|url=http://medicine.missouri.edu/ophthalmology/uploads/ch06.pdf|page=24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104238/http://medicine.missouri.edu/ophthalmology/uploads/ch06.pdf|archive-date=October 2, 2016}}</ref> Flexner wakayowoya kuti madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakeneranga kusambizgika kuti ŵakanizge kufalikira kwa matenda pakati pa ŵa ku Africa-America kweniso kuvikilira ŵazungu kuti ŵaleke kutapukira na matenda agha.<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = "Mulimo wa dokotala wa fipa uzamukhala wakukanizgika ku mtundu wake pera, uwo nawo uzamupokera chivikiliro chiwemi chomene kufuma ku madokotala ŵa fipa ŵawemi kuluska kufuma ku madokotala ŵazungu ŵambura luso. Kweni umoyo wa thupi wa munthu wa fipa ngwakuzirwa yayi kwa munthu wa fipa pera. Mamiliyoni khumi gha iwo ghakukhala pafupi na mamiliyoni makumi ghankhondi na limoza gha ŵazungu. Sikuti munthu wa fipa yekha ndiyo wakutambuzgika na mphutsi za hookworm na TB; iyo wakuphalira matenda agha kwa ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵazungu, nga umo munthu mzungu wambura mahara na wakukhumudwa nayo wangamutapurira. Kujivikilira kweniso uwemi wa mtima vikupereka ulongozgi wakuzirwa pa nkhani iyi; ''kujikhumbira kwawemi kukukolerana na lusungu''. Munthu wa fipa wakwenera kusambizgika chifukwa cha iyo pera yayi, kweni chifukwa cha ise. Iyo, mwakuyana na umo jiso la munthu lingawona, ni chigaŵa chakukhalilira mu mtundu uwu wa charu." <ref name="medicine.missouri.edu"/>}} Ivyo Flexner wakasanga vikachepeskaso mwaŵi wa madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala. Nanga ni masukulu gha Howard na Meharry ghakasuzgika kuti ghalutilire kuŵa ghakujura pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', chifukwa ghakeneranga kukwaniska vyakukhumbikwa vya mabungwe nga ni masukulu gha vya munkhwala gha ŵazungu, ivyo vikulongora kupambana pa mwaŵi wakusanga wovwiri wa vya munkhwala pakati pa ŵazungu na ŵa ku Africa-America. Pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', ŵasambiri ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakasuzga mayunivesite mu makhoti, kupikisana na fundo iyo yikaŵa yakukhazikika mu [[Plessy v. Ferguson]]. Kweni ŵasambiri aŵa ŵakasangana na kukanizgika kufuma ku masukulu agho ghakalutilira kukhozgera [[racial segregation|kugaŵikana kwa mitundu]] mu masambiro gha vya munkhwala. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 15 kufuma pa [[Brown v. Board of Education]] mu 1954, ndipo apo [[Association of American Medical Colleges|AAMC]] yikamba kusimikizga mwaŵi wa masambiro gha vya munkhwala kwa ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵa mitundu yinyake mwa kukhozgera kusazgikana kwa masukulu gha vya munkhwala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steinecke |first1=Ann |last2=Terrell |first2=Charles |date=February 2010 |title=Progress for Whose Future? The Impact of the Flexner Report on Medical Education for Racial and Ethnic Minority Physicians in the United States |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=236–245 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c885be |issn=1040-2446 |pmid=20107348 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kujalika kwa masukulu ghankhondi, kweniso unenesko wakuti ŵasambiri ŵa fipa ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi mu masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala gha ku U.S. kwa vyaka 50 pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', vyawovwira pa unandi uchoko wa madokotala ŵa mitundu yakupambana awo ŵababika mu America, chifukwa masuzgo agha ghachali kuwoneka nanga ni pamanyuma pa vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sullivan |first1=Louis W. |last2=Suez Mittman |first2=Ilana |date=February 2010 |title=The State of Diversity in the Health Professions a Century After Flexner |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=246–253 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c88145 |pmid=20107349 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Makumi gha masauzandi gha madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America ghakazimiririka chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report''.<ref name=":6" /> Kuyana na [[Census|kalembera wa ŵanthu wa chalo]], madokotala ŵakufuma mu magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachoko, kusazgapo ŵa ku Africa-America, ŵachalutilira kuŵa ŵakuyimiririka pachoko mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Devin B. |last2=Gruppuso |first2=Philip A. |last3=McGee |first3=Heather A. |last4=Murillo |first4=Anarina L. |last5=Grover |first5=Atul |last6=Adashi |first6=Eli Y. |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Diversity of the National Medical Student Body — Four Decades of Inequities |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=384 |issue=17 |pages=1661–1668 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 |pmid=33913645 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> Chifukwa cha malemba gha sankho gha mu ''Flexner Report'', AAMC yikasankha kusintha zina la chawanangwa chakuzirwa cha Abraham Flexner mu 2020.<ref name=":2" /> David Acosta, M.D., mulara wa vya kusazgikana na kulondezga mwaŵi wa AAMC, wakayowoya kuti, "Tikwenera yayi kusulako mdauko wa sankho mu vya munkhwala ndipo tikwenera kuchita chilichose icho tingakwaniska kuti tiwovwire pakunozga vinthu para mdauko uwu wasangika."<ref name=":2" /> Kweni maghanoghano ghakuti Flexner na ''Report'' yake vikapweteka masukulu gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵa fipa ghakususkika na [[Thomas N. Bonner]], uyo wakayowoya kuti Flexner wakagwira ntchito yakuvikilira masukulu ghaŵiri gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵa fipa agho ghakasambizganga madokotala ghanandi gha fipa pa nyengo iyo.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Searching for Abraham|journal=Academic Medicine |date=February 1998 |volume=73 |issue=2 |url=https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/1998/02000/Searching_for_Abraham_Flexner.14.aspx|access-date=August 13, 2022 |last1=Bonner |first1=T. N. |pages=160–166 |doi=10.1097/00001888-199802000-00014 |pmid=9484189 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa ŵanakazi=== ''Flexner Report'' yikususkikaso chifukwa cha kwambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga sankho la kugonana,<ref name=":2" /> ivyo vikapangiska kuti "ŵanakazi pafupi kumara mu gulu la madokotala pakati pa 1910 na 1970."<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Barkin |first1=Shari L. |last2=Fuentes-Afflick |first2=Elena |last3=Brosco |first3=Jeffrey P. |last4=Tuchman |first4=Arleen M. |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Unintended Consequences of the Flexner Report: Women in Pediatrics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2050 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=1055–1057 |doi=10.1542/peds.2010-2050 |pmid=21059716 |issn=0031-4005|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pambere ''Flexner Report'' yindalembeke, mu chigaŵa cha pakati na kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mayunivesite ghakaŵa kwamba waka kujura na kusazgirako kupokera ŵanakazi nga ni chigaŵa cha masukulu gha ŵanakazi na masukulu gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pamoza, pamoza na kukhazikiska kwa [[co-education|masambiro gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pamoza]] pa [[Oberlin College]] mu 1833 kweniso masukulu ghapadera gha ŵanakazi pera nga ni [[Vassar College]] na [[Pembroke College (Brown University)|Pembroke College]]. Kweniso, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakajura masukulu ghawo gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanakazi chifukwa masukulu ghanyake gha vya munkhwala ghakakananga kuŵapokera. Mu ''Report'', Flexner wakazunura kuti mukaŵa ŵanakazi ŵachoko mu masambiro gha vya munkhwala.<ref name=":5" /> Flexner wakagomezganga kuti unandi uchoko wa ŵasambiri ŵanakazi ŵa vya munkhwala na madokotala ŵanakazi ukaŵa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mwaŵi yayi, chifukwa iyo wakawonanga kuti mukaŵa mwaŵi wakukwana kuti ŵanakazi ŵasambire vya munkhwala. Ntheura, wakagomezganga kuti unandi uchoko uwu ukaŵa chifukwa cha khumbo lakusazgikira yayi na chizolowezi chakuŵa na khumbo lakuŵa mu sukulu ya vya munkhwala.<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = “Sono pakuti ŵanakazi ŵakuzomerezgeka mwawanangwa mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala, vikuwoneka kuti ŵakulondezga mwakuchepa khumbo lakunjira mu ntchito iyi. Masukulu ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyose ghali kujulika kwa iwo; ŵachoko waka ŵakuluta ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵakumalizga.”}} {{Blockquote|quote = “Sono pakuti ŵanakazi ŵakuzomerezgeka mwawanangwa mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala, vikuwoneka kuti ŵakulondezga mwakuchepa khumbo lakunjira mu ntchito iyi. Masukulu ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyose ghali kujulika kwa iwo; ŵachoko waka ŵakuluta ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵakumalizga.”}} Flexner wakakhozgeraso chomene udindo wapadera wa ŵanakazi mu vya munkhwala mu ''Report'', pakuyowoya kuti "[w]anakazi ŵali na mulimo wakuwonekera chomene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya vya munkhwala".<ref name=":5"/> Apo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana na ŵanalume pa vinjeru ndipo ŵangaŵa na luso mu ntchito yiliyose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanakazi mwakawiro ŵali na mtima wa kupwelelera na chitemwa, ndipo usange ŵangasankha ntchito ya vya munkhwala, ŵakeneranga kuchita mu vya umoyo wa ŵana, umoyo wa pa ntchito, panji umoyo wa amama.<ref name=":7" /> Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ''Report'' yingaŵa chinthu chinyake icho chikakhozgera madokotala ŵanakazi kusankha mwapadera vya [[pediatrics|umoyo wa ŵana]], [[obstetrics|ubali wa kubaba ŵana]], na [[gynecology|matenda gha ŵanakazi]] m’malo mwa vigaŵa vinyake vya vya munkhwala.<ref name=":7" /> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa munkhwala wakupambana=== Pa nyengo iyo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wa lipoti lake, "mankhwala gha mazuŵa ghano" ghakasangana na kupikisana kukuru kufuma ku vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo [[Osteopathic medicine in the United States|mankhwala gha osteopathic mu United States]], [[Chiropractic|chiropractic]], [[electrotherapy|mankhwala gha magetsi]], [[eclectic medicine|mankhwala gha kusazga nthowa zakupambana]], [[naturopathy|naturopathy]], na [[homeopathy|homeopathy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stahnisch |first=Frank W. |author-link=Frank W. Stahnisch |author2=Verhoef, Marja |title=The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2012/647896 |pmid=23346209 |pmc=3543812 |year=2012 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Flexner wakakayikira chomene kuti nthowa zose za vya munkhwala izo zikaŵavya ukaboni wa kafukufuku wa sayansi zikaŵa zakugomezgeka yayi. Wakawonanga kuti nthowa yiliyose ya vya munkhwala iyo yikaleka kukhozgera kugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala nga ni majekiseni pakukanizga na kuchizga matenda yikaŵa yakuyana na upusikizgi na ulendo wa ŵapusu. Masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakasambizganga nthowa zakupambana, kusazgapo [[Electromagnetic therapy|mankhwala gha minda ya magineti]], [[Light therapy|mankhwala gha ungweru]], [[eclectic medicine|mankhwala gha kusazga nthowa zakupambana]], physiomedicalism, [[naturopathy|naturopathy]], na [[homeopathy|homeopathy]], ghakapempheka kuti ghachotse masambiro agha mu ndondomeko yawo ya masambiro panji ghakataye chizomerezgo chawo na wovwiri wa ndalama. Masukulu ghanyake ghakasuskanga kwa nyengo yichoko, kweni paumaliro masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala wakupambana ghakakolerana na ''Report'' panji ghakajara visisi vyawo.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |title=The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century |year=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/647896 |doi-access=free |last1=Stahnisch |first1=Frank W. |author-link1=Frank W. Stahnisch |last2=Verhoef |first2=Marja |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–10 |pmid=23346209 |pmc=3543812}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa munkhwala wa osteopathic=== Nangauli pafupifupi masukulu ghose gha munkhwala wakupambana agho ghakazunulika mu ''Flexner Report'' ghakajara, [[American Osteopathic Association]] (AOA) yikawovwira masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala gha osteopathic kulondezga ivyo Flexner wakayowoya kuti ghapange nthowa ya munkhwala iyo yikukolerana na ukaboni wa sayansi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gevitz |first=Norman |date=June 2009 |title=The transformation of osteopathic medical education |journal=Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=701–706 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a4049e |issn=1938-808X |pmid=19474540}}</ref> Mazuŵa ghano, ndondomeko za masambiro mu masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakupereka madigiri gha DO na MD zili pafupifupi zakuyana chomene, ndipo kupambana kukuru nkhusazgikira kwa masambiro gha [[osteopathic manipulative medicine|nthowa za osteopathic zakukhwaskira na kulongora thupi]] mu masukulu gha osteopathic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DO vs. MD: How much does the medical school degree type matter? |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/do-vs-md-how-much-does-medical-school-degree-lit9c |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=linkedin.com }}</ref> == Mabuku == <references/> [[Category:Masambiro gha vyaumoyo ku United States]] [[Category:Masambiro gha vyaumoyo ku Canada]] [[Category:Munkhwala wa Osteopathic]] [[Category: Mbiri ya munkhwala ku United States]] [[Category:1910 mabuku ghambura kulembeka]] [[Category:Mabuku gha vyaumoyo]] [[Category:Mabuku ghakuyowoya za masambiro ghapachanya]] 7fqdqgx13kex8scbkcio3vu6u4358dp 117956 117955 2026-07-24T11:45:08Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Mabuku */ 117956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Lipoti la ku North America la 1910 pa masambiro gha vyaudokotala}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}} [[File:Carnegie Flexner Report.djvu|thumb|Tsamba lakwamba la ''Flexner Report'']] '''''Flexner Report'''''<ref name=":5">{{Citation | author=Flexner, Abraham | year=1910 | title=Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | series=Bulletin No. 4. | publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | location=New York City | pages=346 | oclc=9795002 | url=http://archive.carnegiefoundation.org/publications/pdfs/elibrary/Carnegie_Flexner_Report.pdf | access-date=August 22, 2021 }}</ref> ni lipoti likuru la buku lakukhwaskana na masambiro gha vyaudokotala mu United States na Canada, ilo likalembeka na [[Abraham Flexner]] ndipo likafumiskika mu chaka cha 1910 pasi pa [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]]. Flexner wakalongosora umo masambiro gha vyaudokotala ghakaŵira ku North America pa nyengo iyo, ndipo wakapelekaso malongosolero ghakukwana gha masukulu ghaudokotala agho ghakaŵapo pa nyengo iyo. Wakalongora ivyo vikasoŵekanga, ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wa umo masambiro ghaudokotala ghangawovwilirika na kunozgekaso mu United States. Nangauli lipoti ili likabweriska vinthu vinandi viwemi ku masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti likambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[Institutional racism|kusankhana mitundu na ŵanthu mwa ndondomeko]] kweniso kusankhana chifukwa cha jenda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Laws |first=Terri |date=March 1, 2021 |title=How Should We Respond to Racist Legacies in Health Professions Education Originating in the Flexner Report? |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/how-should-we-respond-racist-legacies-health-professions-education-originating-flexner-report/2021-03 |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=271–275 |doi=10.1001/amajethics.2021.271 |pmid=33818380 |s2cid=233028996 |issn=2376-6980|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wright-Mendoza |first=Jessie |date=May 3, 2019 |title=The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-1910-report-that-unintentionally-disadvantaged-minority-doctors/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=JSTOR Daily }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Gabrielle |date=November 17, 2020 |title=AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/aamc-renames-prestigious-abraham-flexner-award-light-racist-and-sexist-writings |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=AAMC }}</ref> Lipoti ili, ilo likamanyikwaso kuti ''Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four'', likachemerezga kuti [[Medical school in the United States|masukulu ghaudokotala gha ku America]] ghaŵike milingo yakukwera pa kunjira na kumalizga masambiro, kweniso kulondezga mwakukhora fundo za sayansi pa kusambizga na kafukufuku. Lipoti ili likalongosoraso kuti pakakhumbikwanga kusintha na kuwunganya masukulu ghaudokotala kuti ghaŵe ghakovwira chomene. Masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala gha ku America ghakafikanga yayi pa mulingo uwo ''Flexner Report'' likakhumbanga, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti lipoti ili lafuma, pafupifupi hafu ya masukulu agha ghakabungana panji kujalika. Masukulu agho ghasambizganga nthowa zinyake za munkhwala, nga ni [[electrotherapy]], ghakajalika. [[Homeopathy]], [[osteopathy]] yakale, [[eclectic medicine]], na [[Herbalism|physiomedicalism]] (mankhwala gha vyakumera agho ghakaŵavye ukaboni wa sayansi) vikayowoyeka kuti vikaŵa vyambura maziko gha sayansi.<ref name="FlexnerChXexerpt">{{cite web |last1=Flexner |first1=Abraham |title=Abraham Flexner's View of Homeopathic Schools: An Excerpt from the Flexner Report (1910) |url=https://www.homeowatch.org/history/flexner.html |website=HomeoWatch |date=January 22, 2005 |publisher=[[Quackwatch]] |access-date=June 11, 2019}}</ref> Lipoti ili likamalizgaso kuti ku United States kukaŵa masukulu ghanandi chomene ghaudokotala, ndipo ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene ŵakasambizgikanga. Chimoza mwa ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report'' chikaŵa kujalika panji kubunganya masukulu gha yunivesite. Ichi chikapangiska kuti pa masukulu ghaudokotala gha ŵafipa paŵe ghaŵiri pera agho ghakakhalapo, ndipo mayunivesite ghanandi ghakaweleraso ku ndondomeko yakupokera ŵanalume pera kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵasambiri. Mu Mutu 11, Flexner wakalongosora kuti kunozga masambiro ghaudokotala na kupanga ntchito yaudokotala kuŵa yakwenerera kukadalira chomene mabodi gha boma agho ghakupereka malaisensi ghaudokotala kuti ghachite ntchito yawo mwadango na mwaunenesko. Kweni wakawona kuti mabodi agha ghakatondekanga kufiska ntchito yawo, ghakachedweskanga kusintha, ndipo ghakalekeleranga munkhwala wambura milingo kulutilira, ivyo vikayikanga umoyo wa ŵanthu pa ngozi. Suzgo ili lichali kulutilira mpaka lero mu ntchito yaudokotala ku United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The doctors prescribing misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/post-reports/the-doctors-prescribing-misinformation/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=[www.washingtonpost.com](http://www.washingtonpost.com) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2023 |title=Report: Ranking of the Rate of State Medical Boards' Serious Disciplinary Actions, 2019-2021 |url=https://www.citizen.org/article/report-ranking-of-the-rate-of-state-medical-boards-serious-disciplinary-actions-2019-2021/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Public Citizen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2021 |title=FSMB {{!}} FSMB: Spreading COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation May Put Medical License at Risk |url=https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729181246/https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |archive-date=July 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2021 |title=AMA adopts policy to combat disinformation by health care professionals |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-adopts-policy-combat-disinformation-health-care-professionals |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Money, politics and patient safety: Abbott donors on Texas Medical Board {{!}} KXAN Austin |url=https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527175731/https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 14, 2022 |title=California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-10/full-coverage-california-medical-board-and-troubled-doctors |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mbiri yakwamba== [[File:Picture of Abraham Flexner.jpg|thumb|Abraham Flexner]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vyaudokotala ku America vikaŵavya wovwiri wa ndalama panji kulamulirika na boma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Starr |first=Paul |date=1977 |title=Medicine, Economy and Society in Nineteenth-Century America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786770 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=588–607 |doi=10.1353/jsh/10.4.588 |jstor=3786770 |issn=0022-4529|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Malango gha vyilolezgo vya ntchito yaudokotala gha maboma ghakaŵapo ghachoko waka,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Truex |first=Eleanor Shanklin |date=April 2014 |title=Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.102.2.019 |issn=1536-5050 |pmc=3988768}}</ref> ndipo nangauli ghakaŵapo, ghakagwiriskikanga ntchito mwankhongono yayi. Pakaŵa masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala, ndipo lililose likaŵa na mtundu wake wa masambiro kweniso umampha wake. Mu 1904, [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) yikakhazikiska Council on Medical Education (CME),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/about-council-medical-education | title=About the Council on Medical Education | website=American Medical Association |access-date=February 20, 2017 | quote=Founded in 1904, the Council on Medical Education recommends educational policies to the AMA House of Delegates.}}</ref> iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakusintha masambiro ghaudokotala ku America. Pa ungano wake wakwamba wa chaka, CME yikazomerezga milingo yiŵiri: wakwamba ukaŵika masambiro ghakwambilira agho ghakakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke mu sukulu yaudokotala; wachiŵiri ukalongosora kuti masambiro ghaudokotala ghakaŵa gha vyaka viŵiri vya kusambira [[anatomy]] na [[physiology]] ya thupi la munthu, kulondezgana na vyaka viŵiri vya ntchito ya kuchipatala mu [[teaching hospital]]. Mu fundo yake yose, khonsolo iyi yikakhumbanga kunozga umampha wa ŵasambiri ŵaudokotala mwa kukopa ŵasambiri ŵakusambira chomene kweniso ŵakufuma mu mbumba zakusambira.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America|last=Brown|first=E. Richard|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|year=1979|isbn=978-0-520-04269-8|location=United States of America|pages=150}}</ref> Mu 1908, pakukhumba kulutiska panthazi ndondomeko yake ya kusintha na kuchimbizga kujalika kwa masukulu agho ghakatondekanga kufiska milingo yake, CME yikapangana na [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] kuti yisande masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America. [[Henry Pritchett]], pulezidenti wa Carnegie Foundation kweniso wakukhozga chomene kusintha kwa masukulu ghaudokotala, wakasankha [[Abraham Flexner]] kuti wachite kafukufuku uwu. Flexner wakaŵa dokotala yayi, musayansi yayi, ndipo wakaŵaso msambizgi waudokotala yayi. Wakaŵa na digiri ya [[Bachelor of Arts]] ndipo wakalongozganga [[for-profit school|sukulu ya malonda]] ku [[Louisville, Kentucky]].<ref name=Goodman_143>{{cite book|last1=Goodman|first1=John C.|last2=Musgrave|first2=Gerald L.|title=Patient power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis|year=1992|publisher=Cato Inst.|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-932790-92-7|url=http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|pages=142–148|archive-date=May 24, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524132721/http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wakaluta ku masukulu ghose ghaudokotala 155 agho ghakaŵa kugwira ntchito pa nyengo iyo ku North America. Masukulu agha ghakasiyananga chomene pa mapulogiramu gha masambiro, nthowa za kuyezgera ŵasambiri, kweniso ivyo vikakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke panji wamalizge masambiro. Pakufiska kafukufuku wake, wakalemba kuti:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Molly |last2=Irby |first2=David M. |last3=Sullivan |first3=William |last4=Ludmerer |first4=Kenneth M. |author-link4=Kenneth Ludmerer |title=American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=September 28, 2006 |volume=355 |issue=13 |pages=1339–1344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra055445 |pmid=17005951}}</ref> {{cquote | quote = "Each day students were subjected to interminable lectures and recitations. After a long morning of dissection or a series of quiz sections, they might sit wearily in the afternoon through three or four or even five lectures delivered in methodical fashion by part-time teachers. Evenings were given over to reading and preparation for recitations." }} Lipoti ili likamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mazgu ghake ghankhongono ghakususka masukulu ghanyake. Mwachiyelezgero, Flexner wakalongosora masukulu ghaudokotala 14 gha ku Chicago kuti "ngakukhozga soni ku Boma ilo malango ghake ghakuzomerezga kuti ghalutilire kuŵapo ... ngakufipiskira chomene ... ni suzgo likuru la charu." <ref name=":5" /> Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, masukulu ghanyake ghakatumbikika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yiwemi, kusazgapo [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine|Western Reserve]] (sono ''Case'' Western Reserve), [[Michigan Medicine|Michigan]], [[Wake Forest School of Medicine|Wake Forest]], [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|McGill]], [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Toronto]], ndipo chomene [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins]], ilo likalongosoreka kuti ni "chiyelezgero cha masambiro ghaudokotala."<ref>Raffel MN, Raffel NK. ''The US Health System: Origins and Functions''. 4th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers; 1994:11.</ref> Pamanyuma pake, lipoti ili likabweriska vyakuchitika vinandi ivyo vikaghanaghanirikanga yayi, ndipo vinyake mwa ivyo vikabwera chifukwa cha lipoti ili vichali kuwoneka mu vyaudokotala vya ku America mpaka lero. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵanakazi ghakasangana na mwaŵi uchoko chifukwa cha kufumiskika kwa ''Flexner Report''.<ref name=":2" /> Kweniso, masukulu ghanandi gha [[alternative medicine]] na [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|osteopathic medicine]] ghakajalika chifukwa cha lipoti ili.<ref name=":3" /> == Vyakusintha ivyo vikakhumbikwanga == Kuti kovwire pa kusintha ndiposo kusintha maghanoghano gha madokotala na ŵasayansi ŵanyake, [[John D. Rockefeller]] wakapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku makoleji na vipatala, ndipo wakambiska bungwe la vyawanangwa lakucemeka [[General Education Board]] (GEB).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-general-education-board-1903-1964/|title=“Without Distinction of Race, Sex, or Creed”: The General Education Board, 1903-1964, Rockefeller Archive Center|website=resource.rockarch.org|access-date=May 27, 2026}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vikaŵa vyakusuzga yayi kusambira vya munkhwala pera yayi, kweniso kukhazikiska sukulu ya munkhwala. Apo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala ku United States ghakaŵa masukulu ghachoko gha ŵanthu ŵekha agho ghakasambizganga ntchito, ndipo ghakaŵa gha dokotala yumoza panji ŵanandi. Masukulu agha ghakaŵavya kukolerana na koleji panji yunivesite ndipo ghakendeskekanga kuti ghapange phindu. Digiri yikapelekekanga para munthu wasambira vyaka viŵiri pera, ndipo ntchito za mu [[Labotale]] na [[Kusekenura thupi]] zikaŵa zakusankha waka. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa madokotala gha mu malo agho ŵakasambizganga nyengo yichoko waka. Pakaŵavya maprofesa ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito nyengo yose awo ŵakajipelekanga ku masambiro gha munkhwala. Masukulu gha munkhwala ghakapokeranga yayi ndalama za boma, ndipo ndalama zawo zikafumanga waka ku malipiro gha ŵasambiri. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakaŵa na malango ghachoko chomene panji ghakaŵavya pakuwoneseska ntchito ya udokotala. Madokotala gha ku America ghakasiyananga chomene pa kumanya kwawo vya [[Kayendeskero ka thupi la munthu]], ndipo lizgu lakuti [[Wudokotala wautesi|quack]] likagwiriskikanga ntchito kanandi. Flexner wakasanda mwakupwelelera umo vinthu vikaŵiranga. Pakugwiliskira ntchito [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]] nga ni chiyelezgero cha sukulu yiwemi chomene ya munkhwala,<ref>[http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm UNMC's ''Flexner's Impact on American Medicine''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514010030/http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm |date=May 14, 2007 }}</ref> wakapeleka ulongozgi uwu:<ref name=Barzansky1992 /> # Kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha munkhwala (kufuma pa 155 kufika pa 31), kweniso kuchepeska unandi wa madokotala awo ŵakasambizgika makora yayi; # Kusazgirako ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo pambere wandanjire mu [[Masambiro ghakwambilira gha munkhwala]]; # Kusambizga madokotala kugwiliskira ntchito [[Nthowa ya sayansi]] ndiposo kuchiska ŵasambizgi ŵa munkhwala kuchita kafukufuku; # Kupeleka masukulu gha munkhwala mazaza ghakwendeska masambiro gha kuchipatala mu vipatala; # Kulemba ntchito ŵasambizgi ŵakusambizgika makora awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose pa masambiro gha munkhwala; # Kusazgirako ndalama zakovwilira masukulu gha munkhwala; # Kukhozga malango gha maboma gha vigaŵa pa kupereka layisensi ya udokotala. Flexner wakalemba kuti wakawonanga Johns Hopkins nga ni "sukulu yichoko kweni yakufikapo ya munkhwala, iyo yikaphatikizga mu nthowa yiphya yakukolerana na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga ku America, makhaliro ghawemi chomene gha masambiro gha munkhwala ku England, France na Germany." Kwa Flexner, Johns Hopkins wakaphatikizga miyezgo yapachanya ya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany, apo wakasunganga mwambo wa ku America wakuchindika chomene ŵalwari na madokotala.<ref name=":4" /> Pakukhumba kuti Johns Hopkins yiŵe chiyelezgero icho masukulu ghanyake ghose gha munkhwala ku United States ghawoneskerenge, Flexner wakafika pakuyowoya kuti masukulu ghanyake ghose ghakaŵa pasi pa "malo ghakuwala ghekha."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soilandhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/0303critic/030312brown/brown4.htm|title=Brown: Chapter 4 - Reforming Medical Education: Who Will Rule Medicine?|last=Bonner|first=Thomas|date=February 1998|website=soilandhealth.org|access-date=March 1, 2017}}</ref> Padera pa [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]], Flexner wakawonaso kuti [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Harvard]], [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Yunivesite ya Michigan]], na [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Perelman pa Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]] ghakaŵa masukulu ghawemi. Wakati masukulu agho ghakafikanga yayi pa miyezgo iyi ghakeneranga kusintha nthowa yawo yakusambizgira munkhwala panji kujara. Flexner wakagomezgaso kuti kuti munthu wapokereke mu sukulu ya munkhwala wakeneranga kuŵa na satifiketi ya [[Sukulu ya Sekondale]] ndiposo vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku koleji panji yunivesite, chomenechomene mu [[Sayansi yakwamba]]. Apo wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu 16 pera pa 155 gha munkhwala ku United States na Canada ndigho ghakakhumbanga kuti awo ŵakulemba ŵaŵe kuti ŵamalizga vyaka viŵiri panji vyakuluska pa yunivesite.<ref name="Flexner_28">{{Harvnb|Flexner|Pritchett|1910|pp=28}}</ref> Kufika mu 1920, masukulu 92 pa 100 gha munkhwala ku United States ghakakhumbanga kale fundo iyi. Flexner wakayowoyaso kuti masambiro gha munkhwala ghakwenera kuŵa gha vyaka vinayi, ndipo ivyo vikusambizgika viŵe ivyo CME yikazomerezga mu 1905. Wakapangiska kuti masukulu gha munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghatsekeke panji ghasazgikemo mu mayunivesite agho ghakalipo. Wakayowoyaso kuti sukulu ya munkhwala yikwenera kuŵa yimoza mwa masukulu gha yunivesite yikuru chifukwa sukulu yakuyimira payekha yikeneranga kulipiska ndalama zinandi chomene kuti yikhalilire. Chinthu chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimanya yayi ni ulongozgi wa Flexner wakuti masukulu gha munkhwala ghakwenera kulemba ntchito maprofesa ŵa vya kuchipatala awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose. Pakachitikanga kafukufuku wake, wakawona kuti pakaŵa kusoŵa kwa maprofesa ŵakujipeleka ku ntchito nyengo yose. Wakati masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakakhumbikwiranga maprofesa ŵakujipeleka kuti ŵasambizge mibadwo yakulondezgapo ya madokotala. Ŵeneawo ŵapikenge maudindo agha ŵaŵenge "ŵasambizgi ŵanadi ŵa yunivesite, ŵakugegeka ku ntchito zinyake zose kupatulako ntchito ya chawanangwa, chifukwa cha kusambizga."<ref name=":5" /> Flexner wakalutilira kulimbikira fundo iyi kwa vyaka vinandi, nangauli ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa munkhwala ŵakasuskanga. Flexner wakaŵa mwana wa ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Germany ndipo wakasambira na kwenda chomene ku Europe. Wakamanyanga makora kuti munthu wangachita yayi ntchito ya udokotala mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe kwambura kusambira pa yunivesite mu nthambi yapadera kwa nyengo yitali. Vinthu vinandi vya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany vikamukondweskanga Flexner, pamoza na ŵasambizgi na madokotala ŵanyake awo ŵakalutanga ku Germany, nga ni miyezgo ya charu yose ya ŵasambiri na mayunivesite, wanangwa wa masambiro, ndiposo kukhumbikwira kusambira mwapadera para munthu wamara digiri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=German influences on U.S. surgery and the founding of the ACS |url=https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2020/07/german-influences-on-u-s-surgery-and-the-founding-of-the-acs/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=ACS }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duffy |first=Thomas P. |date=September 2011 |title=The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=269–276 |issn=0044-0086 |pmc=3178858 |pmid=21966046}}</ref> Kweniso, madokotala ŵanandi awo ŵakalutanga ku Europe kukasambira para ŵamaliska digiri ŵakakondwanga na umo Germany yikajipelekera ku [[Kafukufuku]], kupanga vinthu viphya, ndiposo kusambizga.<ref name=":4" /> Mwantheura, Flexner wakakhumbanga kuti masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakolerane na umo vinthu vikachitikira mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Pa nyengo yikuru, masukulu gha munkhwala ku Canada na United States ghakalondezga ulongozgi unandi wa Flexner. Ndipouli, ghakusazgirapo chomene sono kusambizga nkhani za [[Umoyo wa ŵanthu]]. === Kukhozga malango gha boma pa nkhani ya malayisensi gha ŵakuchita vya munkhwala === Mutu 11 wa ''Flexner Report'', wakuti "The State Boards," ukulongosora mwaukali chomene umo vinthu vikaŵira pa nkhani ya malango gha vya munkhwala mu nyengo iyo, chomenechomene pa kuleka kugwira ntchito makora na kusiyana kwa makhaliro gha mabodi gha vya munkhwala gha maboma gha vigaŵa. Flexner wakalongosora ntchito yakuzirwa iyo mabodi agha ghakeneranga kuchita pakusunga miyezo ya masambiro gha vya munkhwala, kweniso pa nkhani za malango na makhaliro, kweni wakayowoya kuti mabodi agha ghakafipiska ntchito iyi chomene. <blockquote>"Mu 1906, sukulu yiheni chomene mu Chicago—sukulu iyo yikaŵavya chakwamba chakukhumbikwa kuti munthu wasambirepo, yikaŵavya masambiro gha mu ma laboratory, ndipo yikaŵavya ubwezi na vipatala—yikapanga mbiri yiwemi chomene pa mabodi gha boma kuluska sukulu yiliyose ya Chicago mu chaka icho. Sukulu iyi, iyo yili pafupifupi yakuyana waka na iyo yikaŵa kale, sono pera ndiyo yalengeka kuti "yili mu malo ghawemi yayi" na boma la Illinois. Kulikose mu Canada na United States, mabungwe ghambura ntchito ghakukana chizunguziro chifukwa ghakulongora kuti ghakachita makora pa mayeso gha mabodi gha boma."<ref name=":5" /></blockquote> Ndondomeko yakukonzaso ya Flexner, iyo yikalata kuti yikwezge masambiro gha vya munkhwala mu United States, yikathemba chomene pa mabodi gha vya munkhwala gha boma kuti ghaŵe ŵalinda ŵakugomezgeka ŵa ntchito iyi. Wakakosera kuti mabodi gha boma ghakeneranga kuwona mwakukhwima kuti ŵekha awo ŵamalizga masambiro ghakwenelera na ghakuyana mu miyezo ndiwo ŵanjire mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala. Kwaku nkhani ya malango, mabodi gha boma ghakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza gha kupereka malayisensi kwa ŵakuchita vya munkhwala, ndipo ku nkhani ya makhaliro, ghakeneranga kusunga uchindami wa ntchito iyi mwa kukhazikiska na kulondezga miyezo iyi. <blockquote>"Nkhongono iyo yikuzomerezga diploma pamoza na layisensi yake yikwenera kuŵa na nkhongono yakuvikilira ivyo yikupereka ku chinthu chilichose icho chingachizgora kuŵa chakuchepa mtengo panji kuphwanya."<ref name=":5" /> </blockquote> Kweni, lipoti la Flexner likususka uheni wa vimbundi na kusoŵa kwa umo mabodi gha boma ghakuyana, ivyo vikazomerezga masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakaŵa pasi pa miyezo kulutilira kugwira ntchito. Kanandi mabodi agha ghakaŵa pasi pa nkhongono za ndyali m’malo mwa fundo za masambiro panji za ntchito, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti malango gha malayisensi ghalondezgeke mwakusiyana. Madera ghanyake ghakasunga miyezo yapachanya, kweni ghanyake ghakazomerezga pafupifupi munthu waliyose uyo wakaŵa na masambiro ghachoko waka kuti wachite vya munkhwala. <blockquote>"Mu maboma ghanandi, kusankhika kwa ŵanthu mu maudindo kukuwoneka nga ni mphotho za ndyali; kanandi ŵasambizgi ŵakuŵavya mwaŵi wakusankhika. Ntheura, vikuchitika kuti mabodi agha nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa ghambura nkhongono, ndipo panji ghakukhumba yayi kususkana na masukulu panji ghakuŵavya mazaza gha malango kuti ghachite nthena; nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa na mtima uwemi kweni ghakuŵavya luso; ndipo mu vinyake ghakuŵa ghambura kulopwa yayi nanga ni ghambura mtima uwemi, kweni ghakuŵa ghakuchenjera, ghankhongono, ndiposo ghakukolerana chomene na vyakukhumba vyawo na vyakupweteka vya ndyali."<ref name=":5" /> </blockquote> Flexner wakadandawura kuti ndondomeko yakupambana-pambana iyi ya malango yikapweteka mboniwoni yake ya ntchito ya vya munkhwala iyo yikaŵa yakukolerana, yasayansi, ndiposo yakulondezga makhaliro ghawemi mu United States yose. Ndondomeko yake yikathemba pa mabodi agha kuti ghachite nga ni ŵalinda ŵa makhaliro ghawemi kuti ŵavikilire umoyo na chivikiliro cha ŵanthu, kweni kuleka kwa mabodi agha kufiska ntchito yawo kukalongoreka kuti nkhani yikuru iyo yikatondeska kukwaniska kukonzaso kwakukwana. ==Ivyo lipoti ili likapangiska== Vinthu vinandi mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala mu North America vikasinthika pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report''. Masambiro gha vya munkhwala ghakamba kulondezga chomene nthowa ya sayansi ndipo ghakakhazikika pa umo thupi la munthu likugwirira ntchito na [[biochemistry|sayansi ya makemikhali gha mu thupi]]. Kafukufuku wa vya munkhwala wakayamba kukolerana chomene na malango gha kafukufuku wa sayansi.<ref name="Beck2004">{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Andrew H.|title=The Flexner report and the standardization of American medical education.|journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association|date=May 5, 2004|volume=291|issue=17|pages=2139–40|doi=10.1001/jama.291.17.2139|pmid=15126445|url=https://www.cosbyig.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Flexner-report.pdf|access-date=November 24, 2012}}</ref> Luso la ŵakuchita vya munkhwala pa avareji likakwera chomene.<ref name="Barzansky1992">{{cite book|last=Barzansky|first=Barbara|title=Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century|year=1992|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0313259845|edition=1. publ.|author2=Gevitz, Norman |author-link2=Norman Gevitz }}</ref> ===Kujalika kwa masukulu gha vya munkhwala=== Flexner wakakhumba kusintha vyakukhumbikwa pakupokera ŵasambiri mu masukulu gha vya munkhwala kweniso kukweza ubali wa masambiro gha vya munkhwala. Wakawona kuti masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala ghakaŵa na vyakukhumbikwa vyakukwana yayi pakupokera ŵasambiri ndiposo ghakaŵavya masambiro ghakukwana. Ntheura, Flexner wakakhumba kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha vya munkhwala mu United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Kant |last2=Rushefsky |first2=Mark E. |title=The Politics of Public Health in the United States |date=2004 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765636454 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=symnYJlBtewC&pg=PA90 }}</ref> Sukulu zinandi za ku America izo zikaperekanga madigiri gha [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] panji [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|DO]] pa nyengo ya ''Report'' (1910) zikajara mu vyaka pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri panji makumi ghatatu. (Mu Canada, sukulu ya vya munkhwala pera ku [[University of Western Ontario|Western University]] ndiyo yikawoneka kuti yikaŵa yakukwana yayi, kweni yikajara yayi panji kusazgikana na sukulu yinyake pamanyuma pa ''Report''.) Mu 1904, pambere ''Report'' yindafike, mukaŵa mabungwe 160 agho ghakaperekanga MD ndipo ghakaŵa na ŵasambiri ŵakujumpha 28,000. Mu 1920, pamanyuma pa ''Report'', pakaŵa mabungwe 85 pera agho ghakaperekanga MD, ndipo ghakasambizganga ŵasambiri 13,800 pera. Mu 1935, pakaŵa masukulu gha vya munkhwala 66 pera agho ghakaŵa ghakugwira ntchito mu United States. Pakati pa 1910 na 1935, kupitirira hafu ya masukulu ghose gha vya munkhwala gha ku America ghakasazgikana panji ghakajara. Kutsika kukuru uku kukaŵa chifukwa mu chigaŵa chinyake cha kukhazikiska ivyo ''Report'' yikayowoya kuti masukulu ghose gha [[For-profit education|"proprietary" schools|masukulu gha vyamalonda]] ghakeneranga kujara ndipo masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghakeneranga kulumikizgika na mayunivesite. Pa masukulu 66 agho ghakakhalapo mu 1935 ndipo ghakaperekanga madigiri gha MD, 57 ghakaŵa gha mayunivesite. Chinthu chakuzirwa icho chikapangiska kuti masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghakasazgike panji ghajare chikaŵa malango gha chalo chose na kulondezga miyezo ya masukulu gha vya munkhwala: mabodi ghose gha vya munkhwala gha boma ghakamba pachoko-pachoko kulondezga na kukhazikiska ivyo ''Report'' yikapempha. Chifukwa cha ''Flexner'' ''Report'', masukulu ghanyake ghakachimbizga ŵasambizgi ŵakukalamba chomene nga ni chigaŵa cha ndondomeko ya kusintha na kuphya.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McAlister|first=Vivian|author2=Claydon, Emily|title=The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report|journal=World Journal of Surgery|year=2012|pages=684–8|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/32172|doi=10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x|pmid=22270978|pmc=3279636|volume=36|issue=3}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa udindo wa dokotala=== Mboniwoni ya masambiro gha vya munkhwala iyo yikulongosoreka mu ''Flexner Report'' yikapangiska masukulu gha vya munkhwala kuŵika mtima chomene pa matenda, kuleka kuŵa na chidwi chikuru pa ndondomeko ya vya chipharo panji umoyo wa ŵanthu wose padera pa matenda. [[Preventive healthcare|Kuvikilira matenda pambere ghandambe]] na [[population health|umoyo wa ŵanthu wose]] vikaŵa yayi nga ni mulimo wa madokotala, ndipo ichi chikagaŵa mazgu ghakuti "umoyo" mu vigaŵa viŵiri vyakupambana: [[Medicine|mankhwala gha sayansi]] na [[umoyo wa ŵanthu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ludmerer, Kenneth M. |url=https://archive.org/details/timetohealameric0000ludm |title=Time to heal: American medical education from the turn of the century |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-518136-0 |oclc=57282902 |url-access=registration}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa madokotala na ŵalwari ŵa ku Africa-America=== ''Flexner Report'' yikususkika chifukwa cha kwambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[systemic racism|sankho lakukhazikika mu ndondomeko za wupu]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Listen: How one 1910 report curtailed Black medical education for over a century |url=https://www.statnews.com/2022/04/04/color-code-flexner-report-curtailed-black-medical-education/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=STAT }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cryts |first=Aine |date=June 15, 2021 |title=AMA Acknowledges Past Med Education Racism, Vows Better Future |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/953120 |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=Medscape }}</ref> Flexner wakakhozgera kuti masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghose gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake gha [[historically Black colleges and universities|ŵanthu ŵafipa mu mdauko]] ghajare padera pa ghaŵiri pera. Chifukwa cha ichi, pakaŵa pera [[Howard University College of Medicine]] na [[Meharry Medical College]] agho ghakalutilira kuŵa ghakujura, apo masukulu ghanyake ghankhondi ghakajara. Flexner wakalongora maghanoghano ghake ghakuti madokotala ŵa fipa ŵakeneranga kulapa ŵalwari ŵa fipa pera ndipo ŵakeneranga kuŵa na maudindo ghapasi kuluska madokotala ŵazungu. Flexner wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵasambiri ŵa vya munkhwala ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakeneranga kusambizgika pa "ukhondo kuluska opaleshoni" ndipo ŵagwire ntchito nga ni "ŵakuvikilira ukhondo," na mulimo ukuru wa kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵazungu ku matenda.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=January 22, 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} How tens of thousands of Black U.S. doctors simply vanished |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/22/uche-blackstock-legacy-black-doctors/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post }}</ref> Flexner wakalemba mu ''Report'':<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = "Munthu wa fipa uyo wasambizgika makora vya ukhondo wazamuŵa wakovwira chomene; kweni munthu wa fipa uyo wandasambire makora kweni wavwara digiri ya M.D. ni wakofya."}} Kweniso, pamoza na kulondezga kwake [[germ theory of disease|chiphunzitso cha tizirombo uto tukupangiska matenda]], Flexner wakayowoya kuti, usange ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa-America ŵandapokere masambiro ghakwenelera na wovwiri wakwenelera, ŵangaŵa chakofya ku umoyo wa ŵazungu ŵa pakati na ŵa pachanya.<ref name="medicine.missouri.edu">{{cite book|title=Black Physicians and Black Hospitals|url=http://medicine.missouri.edu/ophthalmology/uploads/ch06.pdf|page=24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104238/http://medicine.missouri.edu/ophthalmology/uploads/ch06.pdf|archive-date=October 2, 2016}}</ref> Flexner wakayowoya kuti madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakeneranga kusambizgika kuti ŵakanizge kufalikira kwa matenda pakati pa ŵa ku Africa-America kweniso kuvikilira ŵazungu kuti ŵaleke kutapukira na matenda agha.<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = "Mulimo wa dokotala wa fipa uzamukhala wakukanizgika ku mtundu wake pera, uwo nawo uzamupokera chivikiliro chiwemi chomene kufuma ku madokotala ŵa fipa ŵawemi kuluska kufuma ku madokotala ŵazungu ŵambura luso. Kweni umoyo wa thupi wa munthu wa fipa ngwakuzirwa yayi kwa munthu wa fipa pera. Mamiliyoni khumi gha iwo ghakukhala pafupi na mamiliyoni makumi ghankhondi na limoza gha ŵazungu. Sikuti munthu wa fipa yekha ndiyo wakutambuzgika na mphutsi za hookworm na TB; iyo wakuphalira matenda agha kwa ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵazungu, nga umo munthu mzungu wambura mahara na wakukhumudwa nayo wangamutapurira. Kujivikilira kweniso uwemi wa mtima vikupereka ulongozgi wakuzirwa pa nkhani iyi; ''kujikhumbira kwawemi kukukolerana na lusungu''. Munthu wa fipa wakwenera kusambizgika chifukwa cha iyo pera yayi, kweni chifukwa cha ise. Iyo, mwakuyana na umo jiso la munthu lingawona, ni chigaŵa chakukhalilira mu mtundu uwu wa charu." <ref name="medicine.missouri.edu"/>}} Ivyo Flexner wakasanga vikachepeskaso mwaŵi wa madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala. Nanga ni masukulu gha Howard na Meharry ghakasuzgika kuti ghalutilire kuŵa ghakujura pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', chifukwa ghakeneranga kukwaniska vyakukhumbikwa vya mabungwe nga ni masukulu gha vya munkhwala gha ŵazungu, ivyo vikulongora kupambana pa mwaŵi wakusanga wovwiri wa vya munkhwala pakati pa ŵazungu na ŵa ku Africa-America. Pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', ŵasambiri ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakasuzga mayunivesite mu makhoti, kupikisana na fundo iyo yikaŵa yakukhazikika mu [[Plessy v. Ferguson]]. Kweni ŵasambiri aŵa ŵakasangana na kukanizgika kufuma ku masukulu agho ghakalutilira kukhozgera [[racial segregation|kugaŵikana kwa mitundu]] mu masambiro gha vya munkhwala. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 15 kufuma pa [[Brown v. Board of Education]] mu 1954, ndipo apo [[Association of American Medical Colleges|AAMC]] yikamba kusimikizga mwaŵi wa masambiro gha vya munkhwala kwa ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵa mitundu yinyake mwa kukhozgera kusazgikana kwa masukulu gha vya munkhwala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Steinecke |first1=Ann |last2=Terrell |first2=Charles |date=February 2010 |title=Progress for Whose Future? The Impact of the Flexner Report on Medical Education for Racial and Ethnic Minority Physicians in the United States |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=236–245 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c885be |issn=1040-2446 |pmid=20107348 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kujalika kwa masukulu ghankhondi, kweniso unenesko wakuti ŵasambiri ŵa fipa ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi mu masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala gha ku U.S. kwa vyaka 50 pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', vyawovwira pa unandi uchoko wa madokotala ŵa mitundu yakupambana awo ŵababika mu America, chifukwa masuzgo agha ghachali kuwoneka nanga ni pamanyuma pa vyaka vyakujumpha 100.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sullivan |first1=Louis W. |last2=Suez Mittman |first2=Ilana |date=February 2010 |title=The State of Diversity in the Health Professions a Century After Flexner |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=246–253 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c88145 |pmid=20107349 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Makumi gha masauzandi gha madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America ghakazimiririka chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report''.<ref name=":6" /> Kuyana na [[Census|kalembera wa ŵanthu wa chalo]], madokotala ŵakufuma mu magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachoko, kusazgapo ŵa ku Africa-America, ŵachalutilira kuŵa ŵakuyimiririka pachoko mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Devin B. |last2=Gruppuso |first2=Philip A. |last3=McGee |first3=Heather A. |last4=Murillo |first4=Anarina L. |last5=Grover |first5=Atul |last6=Adashi |first6=Eli Y. |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Diversity of the National Medical Student Body — Four Decades of Inequities |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=384 |issue=17 |pages=1661–1668 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 |pmid=33913645 |issn=0028-4793}}</ref> Chifukwa cha malemba gha sankho gha mu ''Flexner Report'', AAMC yikasankha kusintha zina la chawanangwa chakuzirwa cha Abraham Flexner mu 2020.<ref name=":2" /> David Acosta, M.D., mulara wa vya kusazgikana na kulondezga mwaŵi wa AAMC, wakayowoya kuti, "Tikwenera yayi kusulako mdauko wa sankho mu vya munkhwala ndipo tikwenera kuchita chilichose icho tingakwaniska kuti tiwovwire pakunozga vinthu para mdauko uwu wasangika."<ref name=":2" /> Kweni maghanoghano ghakuti Flexner na ''Report'' yake vikapweteka masukulu gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵa fipa ghakususkika na [[Thomas N. Bonner]], uyo wakayowoya kuti Flexner wakagwira ntchito yakuvikilira masukulu ghaŵiri gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵa fipa agho ghakasambizganga madokotala ghanandi gha fipa pa nyengo iyo.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Searching for Abraham|journal=Academic Medicine |date=February 1998 |volume=73 |issue=2 |url=https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/1998/02000/Searching_for_Abraham_Flexner.14.aspx|access-date=August 13, 2022 |last1=Bonner |first1=T. N. |pages=160–166 |doi=10.1097/00001888-199802000-00014 |pmid=9484189 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa ŵanakazi=== ''Flexner Report'' yikususkikaso chifukwa cha kwambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga sankho la kugonana,<ref name=":2" /> ivyo vikapangiska kuti "ŵanakazi pafupi kumara mu gulu la madokotala pakati pa 1910 na 1970."<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Barkin |first1=Shari L. |last2=Fuentes-Afflick |first2=Elena |last3=Brosco |first3=Jeffrey P. |last4=Tuchman |first4=Arleen M. |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Unintended Consequences of the Flexner Report: Women in Pediatrics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2050 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=1055–1057 |doi=10.1542/peds.2010-2050 |pmid=21059716 |issn=0031-4005|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pambere ''Flexner Report'' yindalembeke, mu chigaŵa cha pakati na kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mayunivesite ghakaŵa kwamba waka kujura na kusazgirako kupokera ŵanakazi nga ni chigaŵa cha masukulu gha ŵanakazi na masukulu gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pamoza, pamoza na kukhazikiska kwa [[co-education|masambiro gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pamoza]] pa [[Oberlin College]] mu 1833 kweniso masukulu ghapadera gha ŵanakazi pera nga ni [[Vassar College]] na [[Pembroke College (Brown University)|Pembroke College]]. Kweniso, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakajura masukulu ghawo gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanakazi chifukwa masukulu ghanyake gha vya munkhwala ghakakananga kuŵapokera. Mu ''Report'', Flexner wakazunura kuti mukaŵa ŵanakazi ŵachoko mu masambiro gha vya munkhwala.<ref name=":5" /> Flexner wakagomezganga kuti unandi uchoko wa ŵasambiri ŵanakazi ŵa vya munkhwala na madokotala ŵanakazi ukaŵa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mwaŵi yayi, chifukwa iyo wakawonanga kuti mukaŵa mwaŵi wakukwana kuti ŵanakazi ŵasambire vya munkhwala. Ntheura, wakagomezganga kuti unandi uchoko uwu ukaŵa chifukwa cha khumbo lakusazgikira yayi na chizolowezi chakuŵa na khumbo lakuŵa mu sukulu ya vya munkhwala.<ref name=":5" /> {{Blockquote|quote = “Sono pakuti ŵanakazi ŵakuzomerezgeka mwawanangwa mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala, vikuwoneka kuti ŵakulondezga mwakuchepa khumbo lakunjira mu ntchito iyi. Masukulu ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyose ghali kujulika kwa iwo; ŵachoko waka ŵakuluta ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵakumalizga.”}} {{Blockquote|quote = “Sono pakuti ŵanakazi ŵakuzomerezgeka mwawanangwa mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala, vikuwoneka kuti ŵakulondezga mwakuchepa khumbo lakunjira mu ntchito iyi. Masukulu ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyose ghali kujulika kwa iwo; ŵachoko waka ŵakuluta ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵakumalizga.”}} Flexner wakakhozgeraso chomene udindo wapadera wa ŵanakazi mu vya munkhwala mu ''Report'', pakuyowoya kuti "[w]anakazi ŵali na mulimo wakuwonekera chomene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya vya munkhwala".<ref name=":5"/> Apo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana na ŵanalume pa vinjeru ndipo ŵangaŵa na luso mu ntchito yiliyose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanakazi mwakawiro ŵali na mtima wa kupwelelera na chitemwa, ndipo usange ŵangasankha ntchito ya vya munkhwala, ŵakeneranga kuchita mu vya umoyo wa ŵana, umoyo wa pa ntchito, panji umoyo wa amama.<ref name=":7" /> Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ''Report'' yingaŵa chinthu chinyake icho chikakhozgera madokotala ŵanakazi kusankha mwapadera vya [[pediatrics|umoyo wa ŵana]], [[obstetrics|ubali wa kubaba ŵana]], na [[gynecology|matenda gha ŵanakazi]] m’malo mwa vigaŵa vinyake vya vya munkhwala.<ref name=":7" /> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa munkhwala wakupambana=== Pa nyengo iyo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wa lipoti lake, "mankhwala gha mazuŵa ghano" ghakasangana na kupikisana kukuru kufuma ku vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo [[Osteopathic medicine in the United States|mankhwala gha osteopathic mu United States]], [[Chiropractic|chiropractic]], [[electrotherapy|mankhwala gha magetsi]], [[eclectic medicine|mankhwala gha kusazga nthowa zakupambana]], [[naturopathy|naturopathy]], na [[homeopathy|homeopathy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stahnisch |first=Frank W. |author-link=Frank W. Stahnisch |author2=Verhoef, Marja |title=The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2012/647896 |pmid=23346209 |pmc=3543812 |year=2012 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Flexner wakakayikira chomene kuti nthowa zose za vya munkhwala izo zikaŵavya ukaboni wa kafukufuku wa sayansi zikaŵa zakugomezgeka yayi. Wakawonanga kuti nthowa yiliyose ya vya munkhwala iyo yikaleka kukhozgera kugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala nga ni majekiseni pakukanizga na kuchizga matenda yikaŵa yakuyana na upusikizgi na ulendo wa ŵapusu. Masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakasambizganga nthowa zakupambana, kusazgapo [[Electromagnetic therapy|mankhwala gha minda ya magineti]], [[Light therapy|mankhwala gha ungweru]], [[eclectic medicine|mankhwala gha kusazga nthowa zakupambana]], physiomedicalism, [[naturopathy|naturopathy]], na [[homeopathy|homeopathy]], ghakapempheka kuti ghachotse masambiro agha mu ndondomeko yawo ya masambiro panji ghakataye chizomerezgo chawo na wovwiri wa ndalama. Masukulu ghanyake ghakasuskanga kwa nyengo yichoko, kweni paumaliro masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala wakupambana ghakakolerana na ''Report'' panji ghakajara visisi vyawo.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |title=The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century |year=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/647896 |doi-access=free |last1=Stahnisch |first1=Frank W. |author-link1=Frank W. Stahnisch |last2=Verhoef |first2=Marja |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–10 |pmid=23346209 |pmc=3543812}}</ref> ===Ivyo vikapangiska pa munkhwala wa osteopathic=== Nangauli pafupifupi masukulu ghose gha munkhwala wakupambana agho ghakazunulika mu ''Flexner Report'' ghakajara, [[American Osteopathic Association]] (AOA) yikawovwira masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala gha osteopathic kulondezga ivyo Flexner wakayowoya kuti ghapange nthowa ya munkhwala iyo yikukolerana na ukaboni wa sayansi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gevitz |first=Norman |date=June 2009 |title=The transformation of osteopathic medical education |journal=Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=701–706 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a4049e |issn=1938-808X |pmid=19474540}}</ref> Mazuŵa ghano, ndondomeko za masambiro mu masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakupereka madigiri gha DO na MD zili pafupifupi zakuyana chomene, ndipo kupambana kukuru nkhusazgikira kwa masambiro gha [[osteopathic manipulative medicine|nthowa za osteopathic zakukhwaskira na kulongora thupi]] mu masukulu gha osteopathic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DO vs. MD: How much does the medical school degree type matter? |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/do-vs-md-how-much-does-medical-school-degree-lit9c |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=linkedin.com }}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references/> [[Category:Masambiro gha vyaumoyo ku United States]] [[Category:Masambiro gha vyaumoyo ku Canada]] [[Category:Munkhwala wa Osteopathic]] [[Category: Mbiri ya munkhwala ku United States]] [[Category:1910 mabuku ghambura kulembeka]] [[Category:Mabuku gha vyaumoyo]] [[Category:Mabuku ghakuyowoya za masambiro ghapachanya]] 68rghhd9go69wwhuyoimxnwzjo1ns7b 0 48154 117957 2026-07-24T11:49:40Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Redirected page to [[ŴaTumbuka#Mbili]] 117957 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ŴaTumbuka#Mbili]] 3y9tj7cegxeskajs5b1jxqgkyvu57pe 0 48155 117958 2026-07-24T11:54:04Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Wakakhazikiska ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Mulonga Mbulalubilo | native_name = | image = A Soapstone carving by Tumbuka people depicting younger Mulonga Mbulalubilo.jpg | caption = Chisulo chakulongora Mulonga Mbulalubilo apo wakaŵa mwana | birth_date = pafupifupi vyaka vya m'ma 14-15 | death_date = 1430 | birth_place = chiga..." 117958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wakakhazikiska ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Mulonga Mbulalubilo | native_name = | image = A Soapstone carving by Tumbuka people depicting younger Mulonga Mbulalubilo.jpg | caption = Chisulo chakulongora Mulonga Mbulalubilo apo wakaŵa mwana | birth_date = pafupifupi vyaka vya m'ma 14-15 | death_date = 1430 | birth_place = chigaŵa cha Luba (sono ni [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) | death_place = sono ni [[northern Malawi]] / kumafumiro gha dazi gha Zambia (mwakuyana na mudauko) | known_for = Mulongozgi wa kale wa ulendo wa kusama kwa Tumbuka; munthu wakuzirwa mu mdauko wa Tumbuka | title = Mutemi (mulongozgi / mukuru wa chigaŵa) | years_active = 1400-1600 }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''Mulonga Mbulalubilo''' (wakafwa c. 1430) wakaŵa wakwamba kukhazikiska na themba lakwamba la [[Tumbuka people|ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]], wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kulongozga gulu ili kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Luba Empire|Luba-Congo]] kulazga ku malo agho sono ghakuchemeka [[Central Region, Malawi|pakati]] na [[Northern Region, Malawi|kumpoto kwa Malawi]], [[Eastern Province, Zambia|kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chondoka |first1=Yizenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aR9NCwAAQBAJ&dq=Mulonga+Mbulalubilo&pg=PT30 |title=A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900 |last2=Bota |first2=Frackson F. |date=2015-12-16 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4990-9628-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chondoka |first1=Yizenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aR9NCwAAQBAJ&dq=Mudala&pg=PT29 |title=A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900 |last2=Bota |first2=Frackson F. |date=2015-12-16 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4990-9628-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Tumbuka people |url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/tumbuka.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> Wakuwoneka nga ni wakwamba wa mphapu ya ulongozgi iyo pamanyuma yikapangiska kukhazikika kwa [[Nkhamanga Kingdom]] na [[Chikulamayembe dynasty]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} == Umoyo wa pakwamba na kusama == Mbulalubilo wakababikira ku [[Luba Empire|Luba]]. Pambere chaka cha 1400 AD chindafike, gulu lakusazgikana la ŵanthu likafuma mu [[Luba Kingdom]] pasi pa mulongozgi mukuru zina lake [[Mudala]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} Chigaŵa cha Tumbuka chikalongozgekanga na Mulonga Mbulalubilo. Pafupifupi mu 1410, Mudala wakafwa mu chigaŵa chakumwera kwa Tanzania ya sono icho chili kufupi na [[Zambia]], ndipo gulu likagaŵikana nyengo yichoko pamanyuma. Kuzakafika pafupifupi mu 1415, gulu la Tumbuka la Mulonga likafika ku [[Karonga District|Kalonga]], uko likakhala kanyengo. Ulendo wa kusama pasi pa Mulonga ukuyowoyeka kuti ukaŵa wa kukhazikika mu malo gha mapiri uko pamanyuma [[Nkhamanga Kingdom]] yikamba. Malo agha ghakaŵa malo ghakwendako pakupangiska mbumba na kugaŵikana kwa mafuko pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=26}} === Nyifwa === {{See also|Karonga District}} Mulonga Mbulalubilo wakafwa ku Kalonga pafupifupi mu 1430.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=19}} Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, ŵa Tumbuka awo ŵakaŵa ku Kalonga ŵakambininika, ndipo kufika mu 1450, ŵakakhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Kalonga, pakukhazikiska maufumu ghakwamba gha ŵalongozgi. Mu 1460, Longwe wakaŵa [[M'nyanjagha Kingdom|M’nyanjagha]] (themba) wakwamba kumanyikwa chomene wa boma la Tumbuka ilo likambanga kukura, ndipo pamanyuma wakafwa chifukwa cha ukalamba mu 1490. Kuzakafika mu 1500, Ŵachewa ŵakapita mu Kalonga, ndipo mu 1520, [[Tumbuka Kingdom]] yikaŵa pa msinkhu wake ukuru pasi pa [[M’nyanjagha Kazanduka]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=19–26}} ==== Mulonga Mbulalubilo nga ni Mutemi wachoko na kuvuka Mlonga wa Lualaba ==== Mulonga Mbulalubilo, uyo zina lake la [[praise name|zina la ntchindi]] ''Mbulalubilo'' likung'anamura kuti “kwambura luŵiro” panji “kwenda pachokopachoko,” wakaŵa mutemi wachoko mu chigaŵa cha Tumbuka icho chikasamanga. Nga ni mutemi wachoko, wakalongozga gulu la Tumbuka apo mutemi mukuru, Mudala, wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru wa ulendo ukuru wa kusama. Mulonga wakapokera zina ili chifukwa cha wunthu wake wakuchenjera na wakupima vinthu; wakachitanga vinthu mwakukhwima na kughanaghanira makora m’malo mwa kuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=26}} Mulonga wakaŵa wakwamba kuvuka [[Lualaba River|Mlonga wa Lualaba]] ndipo pamanyuma pake mutemi mukuru Mudala na ŵatemi ŵanyake ŵakavuka mlonga uwu, pakulondezga chiyelezgero chake. Kuyana pakati pa Mulonga na Mlonga wa Lualaba uwo ukwenda pachokopachoko kukulongora nthowa yake ya ulongozgi wakupima vinthu. Ndondomeko iyi ya ulongozgi yikalutilira mpaka ku kumwera kwa [[Tanzania|Tanzania]], uko Mudala wakafwira pafupifupi mu 1410.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=17}} == Ufumu wa Tumbuka == {{Main|Tumbuka Kingdom}} [[Tumbuka Kingdom|Ufumu wa Tumbuka]] ukakumana na masuzgo ghakulutilira kufuma ku magulu ghapafupi. [[Balowoka|Ŵa Balowoka]] ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha Nkhamanga–[[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] mu 1770, ndipo pamanyuma pake [[Bisa people|Ŵa Bisa]] mu 1780.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=98}} Kufika mu 1850, Ŵa Bemba pasi pa [[Chitimukulu|Chitimukulu Chepele]] ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa chakumpoto cha Ufumu wa Tumbuka, ndipo mu 1855, Ŵa Ngoni M’mbelwa kufuma ku Mapupo ([[Isoka District|Chigaŵa cha Isoka]]) ŵakakhala mu chigaŵa chakumpoto.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=226}} Boma la Britain likakhazikiska mwalamulo ukoloni pa Ufumu wa Tumbuka uwo ukaŵa kuti wagawanika kufuma cha m'ma 1890. === Ulongozgi na chiharo === Mulonga wakulongosoreka nga ni ''mutemi'' (zina lakuyowoya za mukuru wa chigaŵa panji mulongozgi) uyo wakaŵa msilikari kweniso wakupanga vinthu, wakapanganga umo mafuko ghakolerananga, wakalongozganga magulu pa maulendo gha kusama, wakakolerananga na magulu ghapafupi, kweniso wakasankhanga malo ghakukhazikika agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa nga ni maji, malo ghakulimapo, na nthowa za malonda.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=22}} {{See also|Chikulamayembe dynasty|Nkhamanga Kingdom}} Buku ''A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900'' likuyowoya Mulonga Mbulalubilo nga ni mulongozgi wa kale wa mphapu iyo yikusazgapo ŵalongozgi awo pamanyuma ŵakamanyikwa pasi pa [[Chikulamayembe dynasty|mphapu ya Chikulamayembe]]. Pasi pa ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵa nyengo yakulondezgapo, [[Nkhamanga Kingdom|Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] ukakhazikika chomene nga ni boma la ndyali mu chigaŵa icho sono ni kumpoto kwa Malawi, ndipo likulu lake likaŵa mu chigaŵa cha [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]]–[[Mzimba District|Mzimba]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} == Wonaniso == * [[Tumbuka people|Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] * [[Nkhamanga Kingdom|Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] * [[Chikulamayembe dynasty|Mphapu ya Chikulamayembe]] == Maukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mulonga Mbulalubilo}} [[Category:Tumbuka people]] [[Category:1430 deaths]] [[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]] be7heid9g9x5q3uzdh0mwmkdhxvoqom 117959 117958 2026-07-24T11:55:59Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wakakhazikiska ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Mulonga Mbulalubilo | native_name = | image = A Soapstone carving by Tumbuka people depicting younger Mulonga Mbulalubilo.jpg | caption = Chisulo chakulongora Mulonga Mbulalubilo wachinyamata | birth_date = pafupifupi mu vyaka vya m'ma 14-15 | death_date = 1430 | birth_place = Chigaŵa cha Luba (sono [[Jamhuri ya Demokilasi ya Congo]]) | death_place = sono ni [[kumpoto kwa Malawi]] / kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia (mwakuyana na mudauko) | known_for = Mulongozgi wa kale wa ulendo wa kusama kwa Tumbuka; wakwambiska mu mdauko wa Tumbuka | title = Mutemi (mulongozgi / mukuru wa chigaŵa) | years_active = 1400-1600 }} {{Mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka sidebar}} '''Mulonga Mbulalubilo''' (wakafwa c. 1430) wakaŵa wakwambiska na themba lakwamba la [[ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]], wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kulongozga gulu ili kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Luba|Luba-Congo]] kulazga ku malo agho sono ghakuchemeka [[chigaŵa cha pakati pa Malawi]] na [[chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Malawi]], [[Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha Dazi, Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chondoka |first1=Yizenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aR9NCwAAQBAJ&dq=Mulonga+Mbulalubilo&pg=PT30 |title=A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900 |last2=Bota |first2=Frackson F. |date=2015-12-16 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4990-9628-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chondoka |first1=Yizenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aR9NCwAAQBAJ&dq=Mudala&pg=PT29 |title=A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900 |last2=Bota |first2=Frackson F. |date=2015-12-16 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4990-9628-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Tumbuka people |url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/tumbuka.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> Wakuwoneka nga ni wakwambiska mphapu ya ulongozgi iyo pamanyuma yikapangiska kukhazikika kwa [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] na [[mphapu ya Chikulamayembe]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} == Umoyo wa pakwamba na kusama == Mbulalubilo wakababikira mu [[Ufumu wa Luba]]. Pambere 1400 AD yindafike, gulu lakusazgikana la ŵanthu likafuma mu [[Ufumu wa Luba]] pasi pa mulongozgi mukuru zina lake [[Mudala]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} Chigaŵa cha Tumbuka chikalongozgekanga na Mulonga Mbulalubilo. Pafupifupi mu 1410, Mudala wakafwa mu chigaŵa chakumwera kwa [[Tanzania]] ya sono icho chili kufupi na [[Zambia]], ndipo gulu likagaŵikana nyengo yichoko pamanyuma. Kufika pafupifupi mu 1415, gulu la Tumbuka la Mulonga likafika ku [[Chigaŵa cha Karonga]], uko likakhala kanyengo. Ulendo wa kusama pasi pa Mulonga ukuyowoyeka kuti ukaŵa wa kukhazikika mu malo gha mapiri uko pamanyuma [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] ukazakaŵapo. Malo agha ghakaŵa malo ghakwendako pakupangiska mbumba na kugaŵikana kwa mafuko pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=26}} === Nyifwa === {{See also|Chigaŵa cha Karonga}} Mulonga Mbulalubilo wakafwa ku Kalonga pafupifupi mu 1430.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=19}} Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, ŵa Tumbuka awo ŵakaŵa ku Kalonga ŵakambininika, ndipo kufika mu 1450, ŵakakhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Kalonga, pakukhazikiska maufumu ghakwamba gha ŵalongozgi. Mu 1460, Longwe wakaŵa [[Ufumu wa M’nyanjagha|M’nyanjagha]] (themba) wakwamba kumanyikwa wa boma la Tumbuka ilo likambanga kukura, ndipo pamanyuma wakafwa chifukwa cha ukalamba mu 1490. Mu 1500, Ŵachewa ŵakapita mu Kalonga, ndipo mu 1520, [[Ufumu wa Tumbuka]] ukaŵa pa msinkhu wake ukuru pasi pa [[M’nyanjagha Kazanduka]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=19–26}} ==== Mulonga Mbulalubilo nga ni Mutemi wachoko na kuvuka Mlonga wa Lualaba ==== Mulonga Mbulalubilo, uyo zina lake la [[zina la ntchindi]] ''Mbulalubilo'' likung'anamura kuti “kwambura luŵiro” panji “kwenda pachokopachoko,” wakaŵa mutemi wachoko mu chigaŵa cha Tumbuka icho chikasamanga. Nga ni mutemi wachoko, wakalongozga gulu la Tumbuka apo mutemi mukuru, Mudala, wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru wa ulendo ukuru wa kusama. Mulonga wakapokera zina ili chifukwa cha wunthu wake wakuchenjera na wakupima vinthu; wakachitanga vinthu mwakukhwima na kughanaghanira makora m’malo mwa kuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=26}} Mulonga wakaŵa wakwamba kuvuka [[Mlonga wa Lualaba]] ndipo pamanyuma pake mutemi mukuru Mudala na ŵatemi ŵanyake ŵakavuka mlonga uwu, pakulondezga chiyelezgero chake. Kuyana pakati pa Mulonga na Mlonga wa Lualaba uwo ukwenda pachokopachoko kukulongora nthowa yake ya ulongozgi wakupima vinthu. Ndondomeko iyi ya ulongozgi yikalutilira mpaka ku kumwera kwa [[Tanzania]], uko Mudala wakafwira pafupifupi mu 1410.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=17}} == Ufumu wa Tumbuka == {{Main|Ufumu wa Tumbuka}} [[Ufumu wa Tumbuka]] ukakumana na masuzgo ghakulutilira kufuma ku magulu ghapafupi. [[Ŵa Balowoka]] ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha Nkhamanga–[[Chigaŵa cha Rumphi]] mu 1770, ndipo pamanyuma pake [[Ŵa Bisa]] mu 1780.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=98}} Kufika mu 1850, Ŵa Bemba pasi pa [[Chitimukulu|Chitimukulu Chepele]] ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa chakumpoto cha Ufumu wa Tumbuka, ndipo mu 1855, Ŵa Ngoni M’mbelwa kufuma ku Mapupo ([[Chigaŵa cha Isoka]]) ŵakakhala mu chigaŵa chakumpoto.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=226}} Boma la Britain likakhazikiska mwalamulo ukoloni pa Ufumu wa Tumbuka uwo ukaŵa kuti wagawanika cha m'ma 1890. === Ulongozgi na chiharo === Mulonga wakulongosoreka nga ni ''mutemi'' (zina lakuyowoya za mukuru wa chigaŵa panji mulongozgi) uyo wakaŵa msilikari kweniso wakupanga vinthu, wakapanganga umo mafuko ghakolerananga, wakalongozganga magulu pa maulendo gha kusama, wakakolerananga na magulu ghapafupi, kweniso wakasankhanga malo ghakukhazikika agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa nga ni maji, malo ghakulimapo, na nthowa za malonda.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=22}} {{See also|mphapu ya Chikulamayembe|Ufumu wa Nkhamanga}} Buku ''A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900'' likuyowoya Mulonga Mbulalubilo nga ni mulongozgi wa kale wa mphapu iyo yikusazgapo ŵalongozgi awo pamanyuma ŵakamanyikwa pasi pa [[mphapu ya Chikulamayembe]]. Pasi pa ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵa nyengo yakulondezgapo, [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] ukakhazikika chomene nga ni boma la ndyali mu chigaŵa icho sono ni kumpoto kwa Malawi, ndipo likulu lake likaŵa mu chigaŵa cha [[Chigaŵa cha Rumphi]]–[[Chigaŵa cha Mzimba]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} == Wonaniso == * [[ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] * [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] * [[mphapu ya Chikulamayembe]] == Maukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mulonga Mbulalubilo}} [[Category:ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] [[Category:1430 deaths]] [[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]] lrwyk6cn7pcktikjxfxc5bl82qvefag 117960 117959 2026-07-24T11:56:31Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Wakakhazikiska ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Mulonga Mbulalubilo | native_name = | image = A Soapstone carving by Tumbuka people depicting younger Mulonga Mbulalubilo.jpg | caption = Chisulo chakulongora Mulonga Mbulalubilo wachinyamata | birth_date = pafupifupi mu vyaka vya m'ma 14-15 | death_date = 1430 | birth_place = Chigaŵa cha Luba (sono [[Jamhuri ya Demokilasi ya Congo]]) | death_place = sono ni [[kumpoto kwa Malawi]] / kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia (mwakuyana na mudauko) | known_for = Mulongozgi wa kale wa ulendo wa kusama kwa Tumbuka; wakwambiska mu mdauko wa Tumbuka | title = Mutemi (mulongozgi / mukuru wa chigaŵa) | years_active = 1400-1600 }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''Mulonga Mbulalubilo''' (wakafwa c. 1430) wakaŵa wakwambiska na themba lakwamba la [[ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]], wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kulongozga gulu ili kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Luba|Luba-Congo]] kulazga ku malo agho sono ghakuchemeka [[chigaŵa cha pakati pa Malawi]] na [[chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Malawi]], [[Chigaŵa cha Kumafumiro gha Dazi, Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chondoka |first1=Yizenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aR9NCwAAQBAJ&dq=Mulonga+Mbulalubilo&pg=PT30 |title=A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900 |last2=Bota |first2=Frackson F. |date=2015-12-16 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4990-9628-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chondoka |first1=Yizenge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aR9NCwAAQBAJ&dq=Mudala&pg=PT29 |title=A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900 |last2=Bota |first2=Frackson F. |date=2015-12-16 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-4990-9628-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Tumbuka people |url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/tumbuka.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> Wakuwoneka nga ni wakwambiska mphapu ya ulongozgi iyo pamanyuma yikapangiska kukhazikika kwa [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] na [[mphapu ya Chikulamayembe]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} == Umoyo wa pakwamba na kusama == Mbulalubilo wakababikira mu [[Ufumu wa Luba]]. Pambere 1400 AD yindafike, gulu lakusazgikana la ŵanthu likafuma mu [[Ufumu wa Luba]] pasi pa mulongozgi mukuru zina lake [[Mudala]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} Chigaŵa cha Tumbuka chikalongozgekanga na Mulonga Mbulalubilo. Pafupifupi mu 1410, Mudala wakafwa mu chigaŵa chakumwera kwa [[Tanzania]] ya sono icho chili kufupi na [[Zambia]], ndipo gulu likagaŵikana nyengo yichoko pamanyuma. Kufika pafupifupi mu 1415, gulu la Tumbuka la Mulonga likafika ku [[Chigaŵa cha Karonga]], uko likakhala kanyengo. Ulendo wa kusama pasi pa Mulonga ukuyowoyeka kuti ukaŵa wa kukhazikika mu malo gha mapiri uko pamanyuma [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] ukazakaŵapo. Malo agha ghakaŵa malo ghakwendako pakupangiska mbumba na kugaŵikana kwa mafuko pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=26}} === Nyifwa === {{See also|Chigaŵa cha Karonga}} Mulonga Mbulalubilo wakafwa ku Kalonga pafupifupi mu 1430.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=19}} Pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake, ŵa Tumbuka awo ŵakaŵa ku Kalonga ŵakambininika, ndipo kufika mu 1450, ŵakakhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Kalonga, pakukhazikiska maufumu ghakwamba gha ŵalongozgi. Mu 1460, Longwe wakaŵa [[Ufumu wa M’nyanjagha|M’nyanjagha]] (themba) wakwamba kumanyikwa wa boma la Tumbuka ilo likambanga kukura, ndipo pamanyuma wakafwa chifukwa cha ukalamba mu 1490. Mu 1500, Ŵachewa ŵakapita mu Kalonga, ndipo mu 1520, [[Ufumu wa Tumbuka]] ukaŵa pa msinkhu wake ukuru pasi pa [[M’nyanjagha Kazanduka]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=19–26}} ==== Mulonga Mbulalubilo nga ni Mutemi wachoko na kuvuka Mlonga wa Lualaba ==== Mulonga Mbulalubilo, uyo zina lake la [[zina la ntchindi]] ''Mbulalubilo'' likung'anamura kuti “kwambura luŵiro” panji “kwenda pachokopachoko,” wakaŵa mutemi wachoko mu chigaŵa cha Tumbuka icho chikasamanga. Nga ni mutemi wachoko, wakalongozga gulu la Tumbuka apo mutemi mukuru, Mudala, wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi mukuru wa ulendo ukuru wa kusama. Mulonga wakapokera zina ili chifukwa cha wunthu wake wakuchenjera na wakupima vinthu; wakachitanga vinthu mwakukhwima na kughanaghanira makora m’malo mwa kuchitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=26}} Mulonga wakaŵa wakwamba kuvuka [[Mlonga wa Lualaba]] ndipo pamanyuma pake mutemi mukuru Mudala na ŵatemi ŵanyake ŵakavuka mlonga uwu, pakulondezga chiyelezgero chake. Kuyana pakati pa Mulonga na Mlonga wa Lualaba uwo ukwenda pachokopachoko kukulongora nthowa yake ya ulongozgi wakupima vinthu. Ndondomeko iyi ya ulongozgi yikalutilira mpaka ku kumwera kwa [[Tanzania]], uko Mudala wakafwira pafupifupi mu 1410.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=17}} == Ufumu wa Tumbuka == {{Main|Ufumu wa Tumbuka}} [[Ufumu wa Tumbuka]] ukakumana na masuzgo ghakulutilira kufuma ku magulu ghapafupi. [[Ŵa Balowoka]] ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa cha Nkhamanga–[[Chigaŵa cha Rumphi]] mu 1770, ndipo pamanyuma pake [[Ŵa Bisa]] mu 1780.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=98}} Kufika mu 1850, Ŵa Bemba pasi pa [[Chitimukulu|Chitimukulu Chepele]] ŵakanjira mu chigaŵa chakumpoto cha Ufumu wa Tumbuka, ndipo mu 1855, Ŵa Ngoni M’mbelwa kufuma ku Mapupo ([[Chigaŵa cha Isoka]]) ŵakakhala mu chigaŵa chakumpoto.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=226}} Boma la Britain likakhazikiska mwalamulo ukoloni pa Ufumu wa Tumbuka uwo ukaŵa kuti wagawanika cha m'ma 1890. === Ulongozgi na chiharo === Mulonga wakulongosoreka nga ni ''mutemi'' (zina lakuyowoya za mukuru wa chigaŵa panji mulongozgi) uyo wakaŵa msilikari kweniso wakupanga vinthu, wakapanganga umo mafuko ghakolerananga, wakalongozganga magulu pa maulendo gha kusama, wakakolerananga na magulu ghapafupi, kweniso wakasankhanga malo ghakukhazikika agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa nga ni maji, malo ghakulimapo, na nthowa za malonda.{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=22}} {{See also|mphapu ya Chikulamayembe|Ufumu wa Nkhamanga}} Buku ''A History of the Tumbuka from 1400 to 1900'' likuyowoya Mulonga Mbulalubilo nga ni mulongozgi wa kale wa mphapu iyo yikusazgapo ŵalongozgi awo pamanyuma ŵakamanyikwa pasi pa [[mphapu ya Chikulamayembe]]. Pasi pa ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵa nyengo yakulondezgapo, [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] ukakhazikika chomene nga ni boma la ndyali mu chigaŵa icho sono ni kumpoto kwa Malawi, ndipo likulu lake likaŵa mu chigaŵa cha [[Chigaŵa cha Rumphi]]–[[Chigaŵa cha Mzimba]].{{sfn|Chondoka|2015|pp=21–26}} == Wonaniso == * [[ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] * [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] * [[mphapu ya Chikulamayembe]] == Maukaboni == {{Reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mulonga Mbulalubilo}} [[Category:ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] [[Category:1430 deaths]] [[Category:15th-century monarchs in Africa]] fh75pkfb4susjlw6m2y63o7m2ce1cn4