Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 14 977 118024 23035 2026-07-26T11:43:01Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Malawi|Malaŵi}} [[Image:Flag of Malawi.svg|right|100px|Malaŵi]] '''[[Malawi]]''' [[Category:Afilika]] oj9ai9f2yu8lwa37aute64g0khxcml2 14 6844 118029 23034 2026-07-26T11:44:09Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Tanzania]]''' [[Category:Afilika]] skdlaa9tmlfbz1kofprbqcedte9d5ad 3 6887 118007 117972 2026-07-26T11:04:35Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* How do you import revisions? */ 118007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Update request == Hello, Tumbuka Arch. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) == AI-generated articles on tumwiki == Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you. :About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them. :The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong "www.wikipedia.org", instead of "en.wikipedia.org". The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community. :However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way. :Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC) ::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> :Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == How do you import revisions? == I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] No sorry, I meant how can I import revisions myself. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:15, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] you don't have importer rights. Just another case I advised you to become an admin, to which you said you needed experience first. Again, they won't make you an admin without having a valid email address attached to your account. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 19:36, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::::importer rights are bundled with admin right, but can also be requested separately. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 19:38, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Interwikis == Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC) pdm6plvwzx2kh2lst7g5s6avxur0cyk 118012 118007 2026-07-26T11:32:33Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Interwikis */ 118012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Update request == Hello, Tumbuka Arch. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) == AI-generated articles on tumwiki == Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you. :About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them. :The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong "www.wikipedia.org", instead of "en.wikipedia.org". The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community. :However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way. :Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC) ::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> :Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == How do you import revisions? == I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] No sorry, I meant how can I import revisions myself. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:15, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] you don't have importer rights. Just another case I advised you to become an admin, to which you said you needed experience first. Again, they won't make you an admin without having a valid email address attached to your account. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 19:36, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::::importer rights are bundled with admin right, but can also be requested separately. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 19:38, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Several things == * Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC) * How do you say "Chinese people in Malawi"? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 3ocnmjjipz79du3tlutkb1pkizutgo2 0 7022 118026 23386 2026-07-26T11:43:12Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Palais du peuple de la RDC.jpg|thumb|Palais du peuple de la RDC]] '''Kinshasa''' ni msumba ukulu wa boma mu chalo cha Congo. [[Category:Afilika]] [[Category:Congo]] bpcqgunshguo325gl2g7ztn6qizob2c 14 9186 118023 26101 2026-07-26T11:42:57Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118023 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Afilika]] tr6o4mnqj8x3ebdhpr7i9ent40csvsv 10 9197 117998 90884 2026-07-26T10:54:53Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Malaŵi | state = expanded | title =[[Malaŵi]] | image = [[File:Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|60px]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Mdauko wa chalo cha Malaŵi|Mbili]] | list1 = [[Maravi]] • [[Chigaŵa chapakati cha Afirika chakuoneleleka na Britain]] • [[Nyasaland]] • [[Kuuka kwa Chilembwe]] • [[Ulamulilo umoza wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland]] • [[Hastings Banda]] • [[1993 Ulamulilo wa demokilase|Kuvota kwa 1993]] | group2 = [[Uko chili chalo cha Malaŵi|Vya chalo]] | list2 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Misumba ya mu Malaŵi|Misumba]] • [[Geography of Malawi#Climate|Climate]] • [[Maboma ghamu Malaŵi|Maboma]] • [[Malo gha vyachilengiwa mu Malaŵi|Malo gha vyachilengiwa]] • [[Mndandanda wa nkhoska za Malawi|Mndandanda wa nkhoska]] • [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] • [[Malo ghakutetezeka mu Malaŵi|Malo ghakutetezeka]] • [[Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi|Vigaŵa]] • [[Madambo gha Malaŵi|Madambo]] • [[Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa vya Malaŵi|Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa]] • [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|World Heritage Sites]] | group3 = [[Ndale mu Malaŵi|Vyandale]] | list3 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Nduna za boma la Malaŵi|Nduna za boma]] • [[Vyakuvota mu Malaŵi|Vyakuvota]] • [[Maubale pakati pa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyake]] • [[Vyakhoti la Malaŵi|Vyakhoti]] • [[Maufulu ghamunthu mu Malaŵi|Maufulu ghamunthu]] • [[Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo cha Malaŵi|Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo]] • [[Mphala ya Malango (Malaŵi)|Mphala ya Malango]] • [[Mndandanda wa vipani vandale mu Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa vipani vandale]] • [[Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi chalo cha Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi]] • [[Makhoti gha Malaŵi|Makhoti]] | group4 = [[Chuma cha Malaŵi|Vyandalama]] | list4 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Ulimi mu Malaŵi|Ulimi]] • [[Rizevu Banki ya Malawi|Rizevu Banki]] • [[Kwacha ya Malawi|Kwacha]] • [[Kasinthaniskilo ka ndalama mu Malaŵi|Kasinthaniskilo ka ndalama]] • [[Nthowa za kayowoyeskelano za Malaŵi|Nthowa za kayowoyeskelano]] • [[Vyakusanguluska ŵalendo mu Malaŵi|Vyakusanguluska ŵalendo]] • [[Mayendelo mu Malaŵi|Mayendelo]] | group5 = [[:Category:Chikhazi cha Malaŵi|Chikaya]] | list5 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi|Anthem]] • [[Chidindo chachimanyikwilo cha Malaŵi|Chidindo chachimanyikwilo]] • [[:Category:Mwambo wa Malaŵi|Mwambo]] • [[Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu]] • [[:Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Mitundu ya ŵanthu]] • [[Masambilo mu Malaŵi|Masambilo]] • [[Mbendela ya Malaŵi|Mbendela]] • [[Vipatala vyamu Malaŵi|Vipatala]] • [[Vyakusanguluska mu Malaŵi|Vyakusanguluska]] • [[Vyakukwimba mu Malaŵi|Vyakukwimba]] • [[Malawi#Chipembezo|Chipembezo]] • [[Vyamaseŵela mu Malaŵi|Vyamaseŵela]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Viskeghe]] </noinclude> 8p7zyq0l1fbvbfwvcjsdk6o1vkiglm0 117999 117998 2026-07-26T10:55:34Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Malaŵi | state = expanded | title =[[Malaŵi]] | image = [[File:Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|60px]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Mdauko wa chalo cha Malaŵi|Mbili]] | list1 = [[Maravi]] • [[Chigaŵa chapakati cha Afirika chakuoneleleka na Britain]] • [[Nyasaland]] • [[Kuuka kwa Chilembwe]] • [[Ulamulilo umoza wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland]] • [[Hastings Banda]] • [[1993 Ulamulilo wa demokilase|Kuvota kwa 1993]] | group2 = [[Uko chili chalo cha Malaŵi|Vya chalo]] | list2 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Misumba ya mu Malaŵi|Misumba]] • [[Geography of Malawi#Climate|Climate]] • [[Maboma ghamu Malaŵi|Maboma]] • [[Malo gha vyachilengiwa mu Malaŵi|Malo gha vyachilengiwa]] • [[Mndandanda wa nkhoska za Malawi|Mndandanda wa nkhoska]] • [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] • [[Malo ghakutetezeka mu Malaŵi|Malo ghakutetezeka]] • [[Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi|Vigaŵa]] • [[Madambo gha Malaŵi|Madambo]] • [[Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa vya Malaŵi|Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa]] • [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|World Heritage Sites]] | group3 = [[Ndale mu Malaŵi|Vyandale]] | list3 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Nduna za boma la Malaŵi|Nduna za boma]] • [[Vyakuvota mu Malaŵi|Vyakuvota]] • [[Maubale pakati pa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyake]] • [[Vyakhoti la Malaŵi|Vyakhoti]] • [[Maufulu ghamunthu mu Malaŵi|Maufulu ghamunthu]] • [[Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo cha Malaŵi|Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo]] • [[Mphala ya Malango (Malaŵi)|Mphala ya Malango]] • [[Mndandanda wa vipani vandale mu Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa vipani vandale]] • [[Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi chalo cha Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi]] • [[Makhoti gha Malaŵi|Makhoti]] | group4 = [[Chuma cha Malaŵi|Vyandalama]] | list4 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Ulimi mu Malaŵi|Ulimi]] • [[Rizevu Banki ya Malawi|Rizevu Banki]] • [[Kwacha ya Malawi|Kwacha]] • [[Msika wa ndalama wa Malaŵi|Kasinthaniskilo ka ndalama]] • [[Nthowa za kayowoyeskelano za Malaŵi|Nthowa za kayowoyeskelano]] • [[Vyakusanguluska ŵalendo mu Malaŵi|Vyakusanguluska ŵalendo]] • [[Mayendelo mu Malaŵi|Mayendelo]] | group5 = [[:Category:Chikhazi cha Malaŵi|Chikaya]] | list5 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi|Anthem]] • [[Chidindo chachimanyikwilo cha Malaŵi|Chidindo chachimanyikwilo]] • [[:Category:Mwambo wa Malaŵi|Mwambo]] • [[Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu]] • [[:Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Mitundu ya ŵanthu]] • [[Masambilo mu Malaŵi|Masambilo]] • [[Mbendela ya Malaŵi|Mbendela]] • [[Vipatala vyamu Malaŵi|Vipatala]] • [[Vyakusanguluska mu Malaŵi|Vyakusanguluska]] • [[Vyakukwimba mu Malaŵi|Vyakukwimba]] • [[Malawi#Chipembezo|Chipembezo]] • [[Vyamaseŵela mu Malaŵi|Vyamaseŵela]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Viskeghe]] </noinclude> 0wrapwiqo1d31x7xjzmjo2rym1spp5g 118000 117999 2026-07-26T10:56:02Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Malaŵi | state = expanded | title =[[Malaŵi]] | image = [[File:Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|60px]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Mdauko wa chalo cha Malaŵi|Mbili]] | list1 = [[Maravi]] • [[Chigaŵa chapakati cha Afirika chakuoneleleka na Britain]] • [[Nyasaland]] • [[Kuuka kwa Chilembwe]] • [[Ulamulilo umoza wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland]] • [[Hastings Banda]] • [[1993 Ulamulilo wa demokilase|Kuvota kwa 1993]] | group2 = [[Uko chili chalo cha Malaŵi|Vya chalo]] | list2 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Misumba ya mu Malaŵi|Misumba]] • [[Geography of Malawi#Climate|Climate]] • [[Maboma ghamu Malaŵi|Maboma]] • [[Malo gha vyachilengiwa mu Malaŵi|Malo gha vyachilengiwa]] • [[Mndandanda wa nkhoska za Malawi|Mndandanda wa nkhoska]] • [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] • [[Malo ghakutetezeka mu Malaŵi|Malo ghakutetezeka]] • [[Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi|Vigaŵa]] • [[Madambo gha Malaŵi|Madambo]] • [[Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa vya Malaŵi|Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa]] • [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|World Heritage Sites]] | group3 = [[Ndale mu Malaŵi|Vyandale]] | list3 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Nduna za boma la Malaŵi|Nduna za boma]] • [[Vyakuvota mu Malaŵi|Vyakuvota]] • [[Maubale pakati pa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyake]] • [[Vyakhoti la Malaŵi|Vyakhoti]] • [[Maufulu ghamunthu mu Malaŵi|Maufulu ghamunthu]] • [[Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo cha Malaŵi|Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo]] • [[Mphala ya Malango (Malaŵi)|Mphala ya Malango]] • [[Mndandanda wa vipani vandale mu Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa vipani vandale]] • [[Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi chalo cha Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi]] • [[Makhoti gha Malaŵi|Makhoti]] | group4 = [[Chuma cha Malaŵi|Vyandalama]] | list4 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Ulimi mu Malaŵi|Ulimi]] • [[Rizevu Banki ya Malawi|Rizevu Banki]] • [[Kwacha ya Malawi|Kwacha]] • [[Msika wa ndalama wa Malaŵi|Kasinthaniskilo ka ndalama]] • [[Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana mu Malaŵi|Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana]] • [[Vyakusanguluska ŵalendo mu Malaŵi|Vyakusanguluska ŵalendo]] • [[Mayendelo mu Malaŵi|Mayendelo]] | group5 = [[:Category:Chikhazi cha Malaŵi|Chikaya]] | list5 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi|Anthem]] • [[Chidindo chachimanyikwilo cha Malaŵi|Chidindo chachimanyikwilo]] • [[:Category:Mwambo wa Malaŵi|Mwambo]] • [[Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu]] • [[:Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Mitundu ya ŵanthu]] • [[Masambilo mu Malaŵi|Masambilo]] • [[Mbendela ya Malaŵi|Mbendela]] • [[Vipatala vyamu Malaŵi|Vipatala]] • [[Vyakusanguluska mu Malaŵi|Vyakusanguluska]] • [[Vyakukwimba mu Malaŵi|Vyakukwimba]] • [[Malawi#Chipembezo|Chipembezo]] • [[Vyamaseŵela mu Malaŵi|Vyamaseŵela]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Viskeghe]] </noinclude> sfvv2fgvnirs7sfko5kuwtlgxlabhl9 118001 118000 2026-07-26T10:56:43Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Malaŵi | state = expanded | title =[[Malaŵi]] | image = [[File:Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|60px]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Mdauko wa chalo cha Malaŵi|Mbili]] | list1 = [[Maravi]] • [[Chigaŵa chapakati cha Afirika chakuoneleleka na Britain]] • [[Nyasaland]] • [[Kuuka kwa Chilembwe]] • [[Ulamulilo umoza wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland]] • [[Hastings Banda]] • [[1993 Ulamulilo wa demokilase|Kuvota kwa 1993]] | group2 = [[Uko chili chalo cha Malaŵi|Vya chalo]] | list2 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Misumba ya mu Malaŵi|Misumba]] • [[Geography of Malawi#Climate|Climate]] • [[Maboma ghamu Malaŵi|Maboma]] • [[Malo gha vyachilengiwa mu Malaŵi|Malo gha vyachilengiwa]] • [[Mndandanda wa nkhoska za Malawi|Mndandanda wa nkhoska]] • [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] • [[Malo ghakutetezeka mu Malaŵi|Malo ghakutetezeka]] • [[Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi|Vigaŵa]] • [[Madambo gha Malaŵi|Madambo]] • [[Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa vya Malaŵi|Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa]] • [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|World Heritage Sites]] | group3 = [[Ndale mu Malaŵi|Vyandale]] | list3 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Nduna za boma la Malaŵi|Nduna za boma]] • [[Vyakuvota mu Malaŵi|Vyakuvota]] • [[Maubale pakati pa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyake]] • [[Vyakhoti la Malaŵi|Vyakhoti]] • [[Maufulu ghamunthu mu Malaŵi|Maufulu ghamunthu]] • [[Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo cha Malaŵi|Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo]] • [[Mphala ya Malango (Malaŵi)|Mphala ya Malango]] • [[Mndandanda wa vipani vandale mu Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa vipani vandale]] • [[Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi chalo cha Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi]] • [[Makhoti gha Malaŵi|Makhoti]] | group4 = [[Chuma cha Malaŵi|Vyandalama]] | list4 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Ulimi mu Malaŵi|Ulimi]] • [[Rizevu Banki ya Malawi|Rizevu Banki]] • [[Kwacha ya Malawi|Kwacha]] • [[Msika wa ndalama wa Malaŵi|Kasinthaniskilo ka ndalama]] • [[Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana mu Malaŵi|Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana]] • [[Ulendo mu Malaŵi|Ulendo]] • [[Mayendelo mu Malaŵi|Mayendelo]] | group5 = [[:Category:Chikhazi cha Malaŵi|Chikaya]] | list5 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi|Anthem]] • [[Chidindo chachimanyikwilo cha Malaŵi|Chidindo chachimanyikwilo]] • [[:Category:Mwambo wa Malaŵi|Mwambo]] • [[Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu]] • [[:Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Mitundu ya ŵanthu]] • [[Masambilo mu Malaŵi|Masambilo]] • [[Mbendela ya Malaŵi|Mbendela]] • [[Vipatala vyamu Malaŵi|Vipatala]] • [[Vyakusanguluska mu Malaŵi|Vyakusanguluska]] • [[Vyakukwimba mu Malaŵi|Vyakukwimba]] • [[Malawi#Chipembezo|Chipembezo]] • [[Vyamaseŵela mu Malaŵi|Vyamaseŵela]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Viskeghe]] </noinclude> ilbojmuf7qe27f3pn12fptixk6s5r8c 118003 118001 2026-07-26T10:57:46Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Malaŵi | state = expanded | title =[[Malaŵi]] | image = [[File:Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|60px]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Mdauko wa chalo cha Malaŵi|Mbili]] | list1 = [[Maravi]] • [[Chigaŵa chapakati cha Afirika chakuoneleleka na Britain]] • [[Nyasaland]] • [[Kuuka kwa Chilembwe]] • [[Ulamulilo umoza wa Rhodesia na Nyasaland]] • [[Hastings Banda]] • [[1993 Ulamulilo wa demokilase|Kuvota kwa 1993]] | group2 = [[Uko chili chalo cha Malaŵi|Vya chalo]] | list2 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Misumba ya mu Malaŵi|Misumba]] • [[Geography of Malawi#Climate|Climate]] • [[Maboma ghamu Malaŵi|Maboma]] • [[Malo gha vyachilengiwa mu Malaŵi|Malo gha vyachilengiwa]] • [[Mndandanda wa nkhoska za Malawi|Mndandanda wa nkhoska]] • [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] • [[Malo ghakutetezeka mu Malaŵi|Malo ghakutetezeka]] • [[Vigaŵa vya Malaŵi|Vigaŵa]] • [[Madambo gha Malaŵi|Madambo]] • [[Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa vya Malaŵi|Vyamoyo vyachilengiwa]] • [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|World Heritage Sites]] | group3 = [[Ndale mu Malaŵi|Vyandale]] | list3 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Nduna za boma la Malaŵi|Nduna za boma]] • [[Vyakuvota mu Malaŵi|Vyakuvota]] • [[Maubale pakati pa Malaŵi na vyalo vinyake]] • [[Vyakhoti la Malaŵi|Vyakhoti]] • [[Maufulu ghamunthu mu Malaŵi|Maufulu ghamunthu]] • [[Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo cha Malaŵi|Ŵaponoski ŵa chalo]] • [[Mphala ya Malango (Malaŵi)|Mphala ya Malango]] • [[Mndandanda wa vipani vandale mu Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa vipani vandale]] • [[Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi chalo cha Malaŵi|Mndandanda wa ŵalongozgi]] • [[Makhoti gha Malaŵi|Makhoti]] | group4 = [[Chuma cha Malaŵi|Vyandalama]] | list4 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Ulimi mu Malaŵi|Ulimi]] • [[Rizevu Banki ya Malawi|Rizevu Banki]] • [[Kwacha ya Malawi|Kwacha]] • [[Msika wa ndalama wa Malaŵi|Kasinthaniskilo ka ndalama]] • [[Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana mu Malaŵi|Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana]] • [[Vyaŵalendo mu Malaŵi|Vyaŵalendo]] • [[Mayendelo mu Malaŵi|Mayendelo]] | group5 = [[:Category:Chikhazi cha Malaŵi|Chikaya]] | list5 = <!--Alphabetical:--> [[Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi|Anthem]] • [[Chidindo chachimanyikwilo cha Malaŵi|Chidindo chachimanyikwilo]] • [[:Category:Mwambo wa Malaŵi|Mwambo]] • [[Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu]] • [[:Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malaŵi|Mitundu ya ŵanthu]] • [[Masambilo mu Malaŵi|Masambilo]] • [[Mbendela ya Malaŵi|Mbendela]] • [[Vipatala vyamu Malaŵi|Vipatala]] • [[Vyakusanguluska mu Malaŵi|Vyakusanguluska]] • [[Vyakukwimba mu Malaŵi|Vyakukwimba]] • [[Malawi#Chipembezo|Chipembezo]] • [[Vyamaseŵela mu Malaŵi|Vyamaseŵela]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Viskeghe]] </noinclude> p35i6uext4iahvvz89m8h6t69rwgwf0 14 9315 118027 26654 2026-07-26T11:44:00Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Afilika]] tr6o4mnqj8x3ebdhpr7i9ent40csvsv 0 9937 118015 32058 2026-07-26T11:37:45Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} Iyi ni **'''mndandanda wa milonga mu Malawi'''**. Mndandanda uwu wapangika kuyana na malo agho maji ghakuluta (drainage basin), ndipo milonga yichoko yili pasi pa zina la mlonga ukuru. ==[[Nyanja ya Indian Ocean]]== *''Mlonga wa Ruvuma (Mozambique)'' **''Mlonga wa Lugenda (Mozambique)'' ***[[Mlonga wa Luchimua]] ***[[Mlonga wa Mandimbe]] ****[[Mlonga wa Ngalamu]] *''Mlonga wa Zambezi (Mozambique)'' **[[Mlonga wa Shire]] ***[[Mlonga wa Ruo]] ****[[Mlonga wa Thuchila|Mlonga wa Tuchila]] *****[[Mlonga wa Luchenza]] ***[[Mlonga wa Likabula]] ***[[Mlonga wa Namkurumadzi]] ***[[Mlonga wa Lisungwe]] ***[[Mlonga wa Rivi Rivi]] ****[[Mlonga wa Liwawadzi]] ***[[Mlonga wa Masanje]] ***[[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] ****[[Mlonga wa Bwanje]] ****[[Mlonga wa Lilongwe]] *****[[Mlonga wa Diampwe]] *****[[Mlonga wa Likuni]] ****[[Mlonga wa Bua]] ****[[Mlonga wa Dwangwa]] ****[[Mlonga wa Luweya]] ****[[Mlonga wa South Rukuru]] *****[[Mlonga wa Kasitu]] ****[[Mlonga wa Rumpi]] ****[[Mlonga wa North Rukuru]] ****[[Mlonga wa Lufilya]] *****[[Mlonga wa Mbalizi]] ****[[Mlonga wa Songwe]] ==[[Nyanja ya Chilwa]]== *[[Mlonga wa Sombani]] *[[Mlonga wa Phalombe]] {{Malaŵi}} [[Category:Madambo gha Malaŵi]] [[Category:Malo ghavizumulu mu Malaŵi]] pa8yaq9w4yx4q4adg4alxfqidpgpmug 14 10997 118031 30049 2026-07-26T11:44:20Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Afilika]] tr6o4mnqj8x3ebdhpr7i9ent40csvsv 0 14143 118016 35681 2026-07-26T11:38:06Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_Johannesburg_highlighted_(2011).svg|thumb|283x283px|Boma la Johannesburg mu charu cha [[South Africa]]]] '''Boma la Johannesburg''' ni boma ilo ndimoza mwa [[Maboma 5 gha Free State, South Africa|maboma 5]] ago ghali mu chigaŵa cha [[Gauteng, South Africa|Gauteng]] mu charu cha [[South Africa]]. Mpando wa boma ili ni [[Johannesburg,South Africa|Johannesburg]]. Unandi wa ŵanthu wa boma ili ukuyowoya chiyowoyelo cha [[chiZulu]]. {{Maboma gha South Africa}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu South Africa]] [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:Malo ghamu South Africa]] hevossqbdebtwdy6zbjy3wfsrdt5op0 0 16155 118014 39219 2026-07-26T11:35:21Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Airdlin | pushpin_map = South Africa Gauteng#South Africa | coordinates = {{coord|26.0329|S|28.0638|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[South Africa]] | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = [[Gauteng]] | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_type3 = Municipality | subdivision_name3 = [[City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|City of Johannesburg]] | subdivision_type4 = Main Place | established_title = Established | leader_title = Councillor | area_footnotes = {{refn|{{cite web |url=http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/77424001 |title = Sub Place Airdlin |work=Census 2001}} |name=census2001}} | area_total_km2 = 1.18 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2001" /> | population_total = 278 | population_as_of = 2001 | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]] | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | demographics1_info2 = | demographics1_title3 = [[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]] | demographics1_info3 = | demographics1_title4 = [[White South African|White]] | demographics1_info4 = | demographics1_title5 = Other | demographics1_info5 = <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | demographics2_title2 = | demographics2_info2 = | demographics2_title3 = | demographics2_info3 = | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = | demographics2_title5 = | demographics2_info5 = <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street) | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]] | postal2_code = 2157 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]] }} '''Airdlin''' ni ni msumba udoko mu msumba ukulu wa [[Johannesburg]] (Chigaŵa A), mu chigaŵa chikulu cha [[Gauteng]], charu cha [[South Africa]], ku mmwela kwa [[chilwa]] chikulu cha [[Afilika]]. {{Template:City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality}} [[Category:City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality]] [[Category:Gauteng]] [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:Johannesburg]] rhu0s03tgxp5c7cqbr0hjs0jvxkd358 0 19202 118004 49692 2026-07-26T10:57:57Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo */ 118004 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Malaŵi]], uyo ukuchemeka kuti ''Republic of Malaw''i, ni charu icho chili kumwera kwa Africa. Charu ichi chikuchemekaso kuti "Mtima Wakutentha wa ku Africa", chifukwa cha ŵanthu awo mbalusungu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horner |first1=Marie-Josèphe |title=Malawi -The Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://sph.unc.edu/epid/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=UNC |publisher=UNC}}</ref> Malawi wali na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakukopa ŵalendo, kusazgapo Nyanja ya Malawi (29,600 km2), malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyalo, malo ghakusungirako nyama, na Phiri la Mulanje. Makampani ghakwendakwenda mu Malaŵi ghakura comene kwambira m'ma 1970, ndipo boma la Malaŵi likuyezgayezga kusazgirako. Ndipouli, mu ma 1980 nchito ya kwendakwenda yikakhwaskika comene na suzgo la vya cuma mu caru ca South Africa, uko ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakufuma. Vyaru ivi navyo vikakhwaskika comene na suzgo la ku Zimbabwe, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa vikukura comene. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda mu vyaru ivi chikakwana 4.5% pa GDP ya charu chose ndipo ŵakasanganga nchito zakukwana 3.8%.<ref name="World Travel & Tourism Council">{{cite book|title=Travel&Tourism economic Impact 2014 Malawi|year=2014|pages=1}}</ref> == Malo ghakukopa ŵalendo == Malaŵi yili na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta, kusazgapo Nyanja ya Malaŵi, Mulanje Mountain na Zomba Plateau. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta kukawona ni malo ghakuchemeka National Parks. Vinyake mwa malo agha ni Nyika National Park, Kasungu National Park, na Liwonde National Park. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta ni Lake Malawi National Park, chifukwa ghali kulembeka pa malo gha UNESCO chifukwa cha vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha. Padera pa malo agha, malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta kukawona ni malo ghakuzengeka pa malibwe ku Chongoni. Malo agha ghakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ŵakachitiranga vinthu mu miyala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chongoni Rock-Art Area |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/476/ |access-date=2020-10-31 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> == Nyanja ya Malawi == Nyanja ya Malawi njimoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa chomene mu charu ichi. Nyanja ya Malawi yikwenda kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto m'paka ku chigaŵa cha kumwera. Ni nyanja ya maji ghawemi ya nambara 8 pa vyaru vyose ndipo ni nyanja yacitatu pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Nyanja ya Malawi, iyo nyengo zinyake yikuchemeka Nyanja ya Nyenyezi, ndiyo yikovwira chomene pa mulimo wa kwendakwenda. Nyanja ya Malawi yili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. Nyanja iyi yili na maji ghakutowa chomene, ntheura tingawona somba za cichlid. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa nyanja iyi ni kujumpha mu maji, kujumpha mu maji, kwenda pa kayaka, na kukwera pa mahachi. == Mphepete mwa nyanja == Ku Malawi kuli malo ghakupambanapambana agho ŵalendo ŵangakwera. Malo ghanyake agho ghali pafupi na Nyanja ya Malawi ni Kande Beach na Chintheche Inn mu Nkhata Bay. Pa nyanja iyi pali nyumba zinandi izo ŵalendo ŵangakhalamo. Vinyake mwa malo agha ni Makokola Retreat ku Mangochi, Sunbird Livingstonia ku Salima, na ghanyake ghanandi. Apo ŵakwenda mu nyanja ya Malawi, awo ŵakuluta ku malo agha ŵakutemwa kuchita maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha mu maji, nga nkhunyamuka mu kayaka, paralaying, kukwera boti, kusambira mu maji, panji kukwera somba. == Lake of Stars Music Festival == Chikondwelero cha Lake of Star Music ndi chiwonetsero cha nyimbo chaka chilichonse chomwe chimachitika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi. Lake of Stars ni umoza mwa viphikiro vikuruvikuru vya sumu mu Africa ivyo vikukopa ŵanthu pafupifupi 4000 ŵa ku malo agha na vyaru vinyake pamoza na ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vya mu Africa na vyaru vinyake. Chiphikiro ichi chikambiska Will Jameson mu chaka cha 2004 ndipo kufuma nyengo yira, chiphikiro ichi chazomerezgeka na CNN, The Mail & Guardian na The Independent. Ungano uwu ukuŵako mu nyengo ya chihanya, ndipo ukuwovwira kuti ŵalendo ŵa mu charu ichi na ŵamitundu yinyake ŵize ku ungano uwu. == Malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo == Ku Malawi kuli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinyama, nga ni nkharamu za ku Nyika National Park na zovu za ku Liwonde National Park. Dambo la Malawi ilo lili kumwera kwa charu ichi lili pa malo gha UNESCO ndipo lili na mitundu yakujumpha 1,000 ya somba na viyuni ivyo vikusangika mu Africa. Malo agha ghali ku Cape Maclear, ndipo ndigho ghekha ghakazengeka kuti vitivikilire visomba na vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha. == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{wikivoyage|Malawi}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == 1. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-view-best-african-festivals/index.html<nowiki/>{{Economy of Malawi}} f0om3jxh4wqnpmogfgnfp8lcestj8rg 118005 118004 2026-07-26T10:58:12Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Malaŵi]], uyo ukuchemeka kuti ''Republic of Malaw''i, ni charu icho chili kumwera kwa Africa. Charu ichi chikuchemekaso kuti "Mtima Wakutentha wa ku Africa", chifukwa cha ŵanthu awo mbalusungu.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horner |first1=Marie-Josèphe |title=Malawi -The Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://sph.unc.edu/epid/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=UNC |publisher=UNC}}</ref> Malawi wali na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakukopa ŵalendo, kusazgapo Nyanja ya Malawi (29,600 km2), malo ghakupambanapambana gha vyalo, malo ghakusungirako nyama, na Phiri la Mulanje. Makampani ghakwendakwenda mu Malaŵi ghakura comene kwambira m'ma 1970, ndipo boma la Malaŵi likuyezgayezga kusazgirako. Ndipouli, mu ma 1980 nchito ya kwendakwenda yikakhwaskika comene na suzgo la vya cuma mu caru ca South Africa, uko ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakufuma. Vyaru ivi navyo vikakhwaskika comene na suzgo la ku Zimbabwe, kweni mu vyaka vyasonosono apa vikukura comene. Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda mu vyaru ivi chikakwana 4.5% pa GDP ya charu chose ndipo ŵakasanganga nchito zakukwana 3.8%.<ref name="World Travel & Tourism Council">{{cite book|title=Travel&Tourism economic Impact 2014 Malawi|year=2014|pages=1}}</ref> == Malo ghakukopa ŵalendo == Malaŵi yili na malo ghakupambanapambana agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta, kusazgapo Nyanja ya Malaŵi, Mulanje Mountain na Zomba Plateau. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta kukawona ni malo ghakuchemeka National Parks. Vinyake mwa malo agha ni Nyika National Park, Kasungu National Park, na Liwonde National Park. Malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta ni Lake Malawi National Park, chifukwa ghali kulembeka pa malo gha UNESCO chifukwa cha vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha. Padera pa malo agha, malo ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta kukawona ni malo ghakuzengeka pa malibwe ku Chongoni. Malo agha ghakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi ŵakachitiranga vinthu mu miyala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Chongoni Rock-Art Area |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/476/ |access-date=2020-10-31 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> == Nyanja ya Malawi == Nyanja ya Malawi njimoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa chomene mu charu ichi. Nyanja ya Malawi yikwenda kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto m'paka ku chigaŵa cha kumwera. Ni nyanja ya maji ghawemi ya nambara 8 pa vyaru vyose ndipo ni nyanja yacitatu pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Nyanja ya Malawi, iyo nyengo zinyake yikuchemeka Nyanja ya Nyenyezi, ndiyo yikovwira chomene pa mulimo wa kwendakwenda. Nyanja ya Malawi yili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. Nyanja iyi yili na maji ghakutowa chomene, ntheura tingawona somba za cichlid. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa nyanja iyi ni kujumpha mu maji, kujumpha mu maji, kwenda pa kayaka, na kukwera pa mahachi. == Mphepete mwa nyanja == Ku Malawi kuli malo ghakupambanapambana agho ŵalendo ŵangakwera. Malo ghanyake agho ghali pafupi na Nyanja ya Malawi ni Kande Beach na Chintheche Inn mu Nkhata Bay. Pa nyanja iyi pali nyumba zinandi izo ŵalendo ŵangakhalamo. Vinyake mwa malo agha ni Makokola Retreat ku Mangochi, Sunbird Livingstonia ku Salima, na ghanyake ghanandi. Apo ŵakwenda mu nyanja ya Malawi, awo ŵakuluta ku malo agha ŵakutemwa kuchita maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha mu maji, nga nkhunyamuka mu kayaka, paralaying, kukwera boti, kusambira mu maji, panji kukwera somba. == Lake of Stars Music Festival == Chikondwelero cha Lake of Star Music ndi chiwonetsero cha nyimbo chaka chilichonse chomwe chimachitika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi. Lake of Stars ni umoza mwa viphikiro vikuruvikuru vya sumu mu Africa ivyo vikukopa ŵanthu pafupifupi 4000 ŵa ku malo agha na vyaru vinyake pamoza na ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vya mu Africa na vyaru vinyake. Chiphikiro ichi chikambiska Will Jameson mu chaka cha 2004 ndipo kufuma nyengo yira, chiphikiro ichi chazomerezgeka na CNN, The Mail & Guardian na The Independent. Ungano uwu ukuŵako mu nyengo ya chihanya, ndipo ukuwovwira kuti ŵalendo ŵa mu charu ichi na ŵamitundu yinyake ŵize ku ungano uwu. == Malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo == Ku Malawi kuli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinyama, nga ni nkharamu za ku Nyika National Park na zovu za ku Liwonde National Park. Dambo la Malawi ilo lili kumwera kwa charu ichi lili pa malo gha UNESCO ndipo lili na mitundu yakujumpha 1,000 ya somba na viyuni ivyo vikusangika mu Africa. Malo agha ghali ku Cape Maclear, ndipo ndigho ghekha ghakazengeka kuti vitivikilire visomba na vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikukhala mu malo agha. == Maukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{wikivoyage|Malawi}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == 1. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-view-best-african-festivals/index.html<nowiki/>{{Economy of Malawi}} {{Tourism in Africa}}{{Malawi topics}} 4hr0crndqip2lkaeok8yv9t3sm15pyu 10 19377 118006 51621 2026-07-26T10:58:41Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Economy of Malawi |title = [[Image:Flag of Malawi.svg|20px]] [[Chuma cha Malaŵi]] |listclass = hlist |image = |above=Currency: [[Kwacha ya Malaŵi]] |group1=Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana |list1= [[Banking in Malawi|Banking]] · [[Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana mu Malaŵi|Nthowa zakuyowoyeskelana]] · [[Trade history of Malawi|History of Trade]] · [[Transport in Malawi|Transportation]] |group2 =Industries: |list2 = [[Ulimi mu Malaŵi|Ulimi]] · [[Vyaŵalendo mu Malaŵi|Vyaŵalendo]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:African economy templates]] </noinclude> 8pwx7zyea5v3taulk0o5vicxb0hcjvj 14 22647 118022 64591 2026-07-26T11:42:35Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Chikhalidwe pa kontinenti]] [[Category:Afilika]] ouy5fqyj8rfowwyns0109nknjj3s5b8 0 29617 118020 100084 2026-07-26T11:41:58Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal maintenance status |date=April 2019 |subpages=triaged}} {{short description|Wikimedia portal}} {{smalldiv|1={{Portals browsebar}}}} <div style="padding:8px; 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left to right: Aerial view of Dar es Salaam, City from MV ''Kigamboni'', [[National Stadium (Tanzania)|Tanzania National Stadium]], Aerial view of [[Dar es Salaam Port]] | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_label = Dar es Salaam | pushpin_map = Tanzania# | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dar es Salaam | pushpin_relief = yes | coordinates = {{Coord|06|48|58|S|39|16|49|E|region:TZ-02_type:city(6,400,000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Tanzania}} | subdivision_type1 = Zone | subdivision_name1 = Coastal [[Indian Ocean]] | established_title = | established_date = | leader_title = Regional Commissioner | leader_name = [[Amos Makalla]] | leader_title1 = Regional Administrative Secretary | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = Regional Executive Director | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = Lord Mayor | leader_name3 = [[Isaya Mwita Charles]] | leader_title4 = Hon Deputy Mayor | leader_name4 = | parts_type = Districts | p1 = [[Ilala District|Ilala]] | p2 = [[Kigamboni]] | p3 = [[Kinondoni]] | p4 = [[Ubungo]] | p5 = [[Temeke]] | image = | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/Abstract2011.zip |title=Statistical Abstract 2011, Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105105231/http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/Abstract2011.zip |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 1493 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = 0 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = | population_total = 5,383,728 | population_as_of = 2022 census | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = 11xxx | area_code = 022 | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Tropical savanna (Aw)]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.631<br />{{color|#fc0|medium}} · [[List of regions of Tanzania by Human Development Index|2nd]] | website = {{URL|http://www.dcc.go.tz/|dcc.go.tz}} }} '''Dar es Salaam''' (kufumila ku [[Chiarabu]]: دَار السَّلَام, romanized: Dâr es-Selâm, lit. 'Malo gha Mtende') panji agho ghakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Dar, ni msumba ukuru chomene wa [[Tanzania]]. Ni msumba ukuru wa Dar es Salaam. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 6 miliyoni. Msumba wa Dar es Salaam uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, ndipo ni msumba wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya vyachuma.<ref name="The Guardian - Where is the fastest growing city in the world?">{{cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=Where is the fastest growing city in the world? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/18/where-is-the-worlds-fastest-growing-city-batam-niamey-xiamen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515225754/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/18/where-is-the-worlds-fastest-growing-city-batam-niamey-xiamen |archive-date=15 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=theguardian.com |ref=dar es salaam population}}</ref> Msumba uwu ukazengeka na Majid bin Said, themba lakwamba la Zanzibar, mu 1865 panji 1866. Msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa vyamalonda wa German East Africa, Tanganyika, na Tanzania. Mu 1974, boma likadumura kuti likusamuskire msumba ukuru ku Dodoma.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=This Tanzanian city may soon be one of the world's most populous. Is it ready? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/04/tanzanian-city-may-soon-be-one-of-the-worlds-most-populous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329083750/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/04/tanzanian-city-may-soon-be-one-of-the-worlds-most-populous/ |archive-date=2020-03-29 |access-date=2020-02-11 |website=Environment |language=en}}</ref> Dar es Salaam ni msumba wakuzirwa comene wa ku Tanzania pa nkhani za luso, mafashoni, vyakupharazga, mafilimu, ma TV, na vya ndalama. Ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Dar es Salaam, umoza wa vigaŵa 31 vya Tanzania, ndipo uli na vigaŵa vinkhondi: Kinondoni kumpoto; Ilala pakati; Ubungo na Temeke kumwera; na Kigamboni kumafumiro gha dazi kusirya kwa mlonga wa Kurasini. == Mbiri == {{Further|Mbiri ya Zanzibar}} [[File:Dar-es-Salam.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Image of the Port of Dar es Salaam from the book ''Von Unseren Kolonien'' by Ottomar Beta in the year 1908]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Mzizima (ilo mu Ciswahili likung'anamura "msumba uwemi") likaŵa muzi wa ŵalovi uwo ukaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Mu 1865 panji 1866, Sultan Majid bin Said wa ku Zanzibar wakamba kuzenga msumba uphya kufupi na Mzizima ndipo wakawuthya Dar es Salaam. Zina ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabic lakuti "malo gha mtende", kufuma ku dar ("nyumba"), na es salaam ("mtende"). Dar es Salaam yikamba kunangika mu 1870, Majid wakati wafwa, kweni yikambaso kugwira ntchito mu 1887 apo kampani ya German East Africa Company yikakhazikiska siteshoni mu msumba uwu. Kukula kwa tawuni iyi kukapangika cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa malo ghakulongozgera na kuguliska vinthu mu German East Africa, kweniso yikakura comene cifukwa ca kuzenga Central Railway Line mu ma 1900. Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Ufumu ŵakakora caru ca German East Africa. Pa Julayi 21, 1916, ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Navy ŵakamba kuwukira msumba uwu na sitima ya Mersey. Pa Seputembala 3, boma la Germany likapeleka msumba uwu. Chigaŵa cha German East Africa chikazgoka British Tanganyika Territory. Dar es Salaam ndiyo yikaŵa msumba ukuru wa boma kweniso wa malonda. Ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe nga ni Oyster Bay na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (nga ni Kariakoo na Ilala) ŵakakhalanga kutali na msumba uwu. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Britain ku India, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakizanga kuzakachita malonda. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, Dar es Salaam yikakura comene. Dar es Salaam mu ma 1930, pamoza na Boma wakale na St. Tchalitchi la Joseph likuwoneka makora Vinthu vya ndyali ivyo vikacitika, kusazgapo umo gulu la Tanganyika African National Union likapangikira na kukura, vikapangiska kuti Tanganyika wapoke wanangwa wake mu Disembala 1961. Dar es Salaam wakalutilira kuŵa msumba ukuru wa charu ichi nanga ni apo Tanganyika na Zanzibar vikasazgikana mu 1964. Mu 1973, ŵakapanga ndondomeko yakuti likuru la caru ici lisamire ku Dodoma, msumba uwo uli pakati pa caru. Ntchito ya kusamukira ku Dodoma yikamara, nangauli maofesi ghanandi gha boma ghakaŵa ku Dar es Salaam. Mu 1967, boma la Tanzania likapharazga fundo ya ujamaa, iyo yikapangiska kuti charu cha Tanzania chiŵe na maghanoghano gha kusopa ndyali. Ivi vikapangiska kuti msumba uwu uleke kukura makora chifukwa boma likachiskanga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kusamukira mu misumba. Kuzakafika m'ma 1980, ndondomeko iyi yikatondeka kulimbana na ukavu na njara ivyo vikaŵa mu Tanzania. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 mu Tanzania muŵe ndondomeko ya kulekeska vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti chisopa chautesi chimare. M'paka kuumaliro wa m'ma 1990, Dar es Salaam wakawonekanga kuti wakuyana yayi na misumba yikuru ya mu Africa nga ni Cairo, Nairobi, Johannesburg, Lagos, panji Addis Ababa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, mabizinesi ghakajura na kukura; mulimo wa kuzenga ukakura, ndipo kukaŵa nyumba ziphya za matayala ghanandi, misewu na misewu; mabanki gha ku Tanzania agho ghakaŵa mu tawuni iyi ghakaŵa na malango ghawemi; ndipo Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange yikakura. Doko ili likumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha malonda agho ghakuchitika pakati pa vyaru nga ni Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, na chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu tawuni iyi muli nyumba zikuruzikuru, nga ni PSPF Tower (iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 2015) na Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA), iyo njitali chomene mu charu ichi (iyo yikamara kuzengeka mu 2016).<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania Ports Authority Headquarters |url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tanzania-ports-authority-headquarters/18275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729025429/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tanzania-ports-authority-headquarters/18275 |archive-date=2020-07-29 |access-date=2020-06-02 |publisher=The Skyscraper Center}}</ref> == Makhalilo == Dar es Salaam yili pa 6°48' S, 39°17' E (−6.8000, 39.2833),<ref>[http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html NGA: Country Files] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html|date=May 4, 2012}}, NGA.mil</ref> ku malo ghanyake ku East Africa, malo agha ghali na mchenga. === Madera gha Dar es Salaam === {{Further|Regions of Tanzania|Districts of Tanzania}} Chigaŵa cha Dar es Salaam chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi, ndipo vigaŵa vinayi vikulongozgeka na maboma agho ghakukolerana na mizi yinyake. Mulara wa chigaŵa ni Aboubakar Kunenge. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Madera gha Dar es Salaam Region !Boma !Population<br />(2016){{r|2016_census|p=7}} !Area<br />(km²) |- |[[Ilala District]] | style="text-align:right;" |1,528,489 | style="text-align:right;" |210 |- |[[Kigamboni|Kigamboni District]] | style="text-align:right;" |1,510,129 | style="text-align:right;" |N/A |- |[[Kinondoni District]] | style="text-align:right;" |1,164,177 | style="text-align:right;" |527 |- |[[Temeke District]] | style="text-align:right;" |204,029 | style="text-align:right;" |656 |- |[[Ubungo|Ubungo District]] | style="text-align:right;" |1,058,597 | style="text-align:right;" |N/A |- !Dar es Salaam Region ! style="text-align:right;" |5,465,420 ! style="text-align:right;" |1,393 |} ==== Kinondoni ==== Chigaŵa cha Kinondoni ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Mu tawuni iyi ndimo muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. [[File:Coco_Beach.jpg|thumb|Coco, mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean]] * Masaki, Oyster Bay, na Ada Estate ni malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku malo agha. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakoloni, malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa chomene ku Europe. Ŵadipulomatesi na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Oyster Bay (iyo yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Coco Beach) ndiyo njumoza pera uwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Kinondoni. * Mikocheni na Regent Estate nawo ni mizi yapafupi na tawuni iyi. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2012, chigaŵa cha Mikocheni chikaŵa na ŵanthu 32,947.<ref name="2012 Census">[http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf Population Distribution by Administrative Units, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf|date=May 2, 2013}}</ref>{{rp|page 75}} [[File:Msakai,_Dar_es_salaam.jpg|thumb|Kuwona Msasani Bay kufuma ku Masaki]] * Msasani ni cigaŵa ico cili kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu ndipo kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku United Kingdom na vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu nyumba iyi muli mashopu ghakupambanapambana na malo ghakusungirako vinthu gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. * Mbezi Beach ni malo agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu tawuni iyi muli mahotelo ghanandi, nyumba zakukhalamo, na malo ghakucitira maseŵero gha kugwedera mu mphepo. * Mbezi Beach ni malo agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mu tawuni iyi muli mahotelo ghanandi, nyumba zakukhalamo, na malo ghakucitira maseŵero gha kugwedera mu mphepo. ==== Ilala ==== Mu chigaŵa cha Ilala muli maofesi ghose gha boma, maofesi gha munthavi, na chigaŵa cha Central Business District. Ni malo ghakulongozgako ŵanthu mu msumba uwu, pakuti Julius Nyerere International Airport, Central Railway Station na Tazara Railway Station vyose vili mukati mwa chigaŵa ichi. Vigaŵa ivi ni vya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala na ndalama zinandi. [[File:The_Askari_Monument_in_Dar_es_Salaam.jpg|thumb|Chipilala cha Askari icho chili mu Samora Avenue chikulongora msumba wa Dar es Salaam, mu chigaŵa cha Ilala.]] * Upanga na Kisutu ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia ŵakukhala chomene mu Dar es Salaam. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli nyumba za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya makoloni, na nyumba zikuruzikuru zakuzengeka mu nthowa za ku India, Arabia, na Europe. Upanga wali kugaŵika mu Upanga East na Upanga West. * Kariakoo ni malo ghakuguliskirako vinthu mu msumba uwu. Msika wa Kariakoo ndiwo wekha uli pasi pa charu. Ni malo agho ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Dar es Salaam ŵakurya vyakurya. * Matawuni gha Tabata, Segerea, na Ukonga ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu. * Mu tawuni ya Ilala, iyo yili kufupi na msumba, muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala na vigeŵenga. ==== Temeke ==== Temeke ni cigaŵa ca nambara vinkhondi mu msumba uwu, umo muli vyakupangira (vyakuzenga vizito na vyakupangiska vinthu vyambura kunono). Kumafumiro gha dazi kuli dowoko la Dar es Salaam, ilo ndikulu comene mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti msumba wa Temeke ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi. Mu msumba uwu muli ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, na ŵantchito ŵa pa dowoko. * Kurasini, located on the harbour, contains Dar es Salaam Port, the Police College, the Mgulani Police Barracks and the [[Dar es Salaam International Trade Fair]] grounds. The main residents are police officers and port officials. [[File:BridgeOfLight.jpg|thumb|Mlatho wa Kigamboni usiku]] * Chang'ombe njimoza mwa malo ghachoko waka gha Temeke agho ghali na ndalama zinandi. Charu ichi chikalutilira kuŵa na mazaza chifukwa cha ŵalaraŵalara ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakateŵeteranga mu vyaru vinyake kweniso ŵantchito ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo iyo. Ku Chang'ombe kuli sukulu ya Dar es Salaam University College of Education, National Stadium na Uhuru Stadium. * Temeke, Mtoni, Tandika, Kijichi, na Mbagala ni mizi iyo ŵanthu ŵakukhalamo mbachoko chomene. ==== Ubungo ==== Malo gha Ubungo ghakukolerana na misumba yinandi ya ku Dar es Salaam. Ku malo agha ndiko kukafuma njanji ya m'mphepete mwa tawuni iyo yikwenda m'paka pakati pa msumba. Chigaŵa ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakutemwa vinthu vyachuma nga ni mafakitale nga ni Urafiki textile industry, bus station, na maofesi na mayunivesite ghanyake nga ni National Institute of Transportation (NIT). === Kigamboni === Mu msumba wa Kigamboni (uno ukuchemekaso South Beach), uwo uli mumphepete mwa nyanja, muli ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda pa boti para ŵakuluta ku chigaŵa ichi. === Nyengo === Mu Dar es Salaam muli nyengo yakuzizima, ndipo nyengo yake yikuthukira comene cifukwa cakuti yili kufupi na equator na nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Malo agha ghali na mphepo yakuzizima na yakuzizima. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka ni pafupifupi 1,100 mm, ndipo mu chaka chilichose pali nyengo ziŵiri za vula: "mvula yitali" mu Epulero na Meyi, na "mvula yifupi" mu Novembala na Disembala. {{Weather box|width=auto|metric first=Yes|single line=Yes|location=Dar es Salaam|Jan record high C=35.0|Feb record high C=35.2|Mar record high C=35.0|Apr record high C=35.0|May record high C=32.9|Jun record high C=33.0|Jul record high C=31.8|Aug record high C=31.9|Sep record high C=33.8|Oct record high C=33.7|Nov record high C=34.0|Dec record high C=34.5|year record high C=35.2|Jan high C=31.8|Feb high C=32.4|Mar high C=32.1|Apr high C=30.7|May high C=29.8|Jun high C=29.3|Jul high C=28.9|Aug high C=29.4|Sep high C=30.3|Oct high C=30.9|Nov high C=31.4|Dec high C=31.6|year high C=30.7|Jan low C=23.5|Feb low C=23.3|Mar low C=22.8|Apr low C=22.4|May low C=21.3|Jun low C=19.2|Jul low C=18.2|Aug low C=18.1|Sep low C=18.4|Oct low C=19.7|Nov low C=21.3|Dec low C=22.8|year low C=20.9|Jan record low C=18.1|Feb record low C=18.4|Mar record low C=19.6|Apr record low C=19.6|May record low C=16.2|Jun record low C=14.4|Jul record low C=13.7|Aug record low C=12.8|Sep record low C=14.3|Oct record low C=15.8|Nov record low C=17.6|Dec record low C=18.8|year record low C=12.8|rain colour=green|Jan rain mm=76.3|Feb rain mm=54.9|Mar rain mm=138.1|Apr rain mm=254.2|May rain mm=197.8|Jun rain mm=42.9|Jul rain mm=25.6|Aug rain mm=24.1|Sep rain mm=22.8|Oct rain mm=69.3|Nov rain mm=125.9|Dec rain mm=117.8|year rain mm=1149.7|unit rain days=1.0 mm|Jan rain days=7|Feb rain days=4|Mar rain days=11|Apr rain days=18|May rain days=13|Jun rain days=5|Jul rain days=4|Aug rain days=4|Sep rain days=3|Oct rain days=5|Nov rain days=8|Dec rain days=9|year rain days=|Jan humidity=77|Feb humidity=76|Mar humidity=80|Apr humidity=84|May humidity=81|Jun humidity=78|Jul humidity=77|Aug humidity=76|Sep humidity=75|Oct humidity=76|Nov humidity=78|Dec humidity=78|year humidity=79|Jan sun=235.6|Feb sun=223.2|Mar sun=213.9|Apr sun=156.0|May sun=213.9|Jun sun=222.0|Jul sun=223.2|Aug sun=266.6|Sep sun=252.0|Oct sun=275.9|Nov sun=252.0|Dec sun=241.8|year sun=|Jand sun=7.6|Febd sun=7.9|Mard sun=6.9|Aprd sun=5.2|Mayd sun=6.9|Jund sun=7.4|Juld sun=7.2|Augd sun=8.6|Sepd sun=8.4|Octd sun=8.9|Novd sun=8.4|Decd sun=7.8|yeard sun=7.6|source 1=[[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=252 |title=World Weather Information Service – Dar es Salaam |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610013535/http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=252 |url-status=live }}</ref>|source 2=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (extremes, humidity, and sun)<ref name=DWD>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_638940_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Daressalam (Flugh.) / Tansania |work=Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303165309/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_638940_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>|date=May 2011}} {{Wide image|Dar es Salaam Panorama edit2.jpg|4000px|Kuwona malo gha Dar es Salaam, agho ghakulongora msumba (Posta) na malo ghanyake}} ==== Kusintha kwa nyengo ==== Buku linyake la mu 2019 ilo likalembeka mu magazini ya PLOS One likati para vinthu vyasintha pa nyengo ya 2100, Dar es Salaam mu 2050 yizamuŵa nga ni Barquisimeto ku Venezuela. Ndipo mu myezi yakotcha chomene, ungweru ungakhira na 0.18°F. Kuyana na Climate Action Tracker, nyengo iyo vinthu vikusintha yikukolerana na 2.7 °C (4.9 °F). Mwakusazgirapo, kuyana na lipoti laciŵiri la IPCC la mu 2022, Dar es Salaam ndi umoza wa misumba yikuruyikuru 12 ya mu Africa (Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda na Maputo) iyo yikhwaskikenge comene na kukwera kwa nyanja. Likuti para vyafika mu chaka cha 2050, maboma agha ghazamusuzgika ndalama zakukwana madola 65 biliyoni gha ku United States mu ndondomeko ya RCP 4.5 na madola 86.5 biliyoni gha ku United States mu ndondomeko ya RCP 8.5 ya kuphulika kwa vinthu vinandi. Kweniso, RCP 8.5 yikukolerana na masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo chifukwa cha kusunkhunyika kwa maji gha mu nyanja pa nyengo ya kutenthema kukuru, ndipo yingapangiska kuti paŵe vimbundi vyakukwana madola 137.5 biliyoni, apo kughanaghanira "vinthu ivyo vingachitika mwamabuchi na kunanga vinthu vinandi" kungasazgirako ngozi zose kufika pa madola 187 biliyoni pa nyengo ya RCP4.5 "yapakati". Pakuti nyanja zikukwera kwa vyaka pafupifupi 10,000 para vinthu vyasintha pa nyengo iyi, ndipo kunthazi vinthu vikwenda makora yayi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf|title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=August 2021|publisher=IPCC|page=TS14|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> == Boma == [[File:The_front_view_of_Julius_Nyerere_International_Convention_Centre_in_Dar_es_Salaam.jpg|thumb|Malo gha Ungano gha Julius Nyerere ku Kivukoni]] {{See also|Mndandanda wa ma meya gha Dar es Salaam}} Mu 1979 mu magazini yake ya A Modern History of Tanganyika, John Iliffe wakalemba kuti: "Mu 1949 tawuni iyi yikazgoka tawuni...[ndipo] pakaŵa ŵabali ŵanayi awo ŵakasankhanga meya". Buku linyake (Associational Life in African Cities: Popular Responses to the Urban Crisis) ilo likalembeka mu 2001, likuti: "Kufika mu Juni 1996, Dar es Salaam likaŵa pasi pa boma la Dar es Salaam City Council. Kuyambira mu 2017, Paul Makonda akugwira ntchito ngati Commissioner wa Dar es Salaam Region. == Ŵanthu == [[File:Dar_es_salaam_City.jpg|thumb|Urban area]] Msumba wa Dar es Salaam ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Tanzania. Mu 2020, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 6.4 miliyoni. Pa kalembera uyo wakachitika mu 2012, mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa ŵanthu 4,364,541. Pa ciŵelengero ca mbumba, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵekha ŵakaŵa 3.9, ndipo pa ciŵelengero ca caru cose ŵakaŵa 4.7. Ŵakukwana hafu yayi ya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakutora panji kutengwa. Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu 96 pa 100 ŵalipo awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Pakati pa 2002 na 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu tawuni iyi chikakura chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi vya msumba uwu ŵakukhala mu malo ghambura kuzengeka. Mu 2018, Dar es Salaam yikasanga 0.631 pa Human Development Index (HDI). Kufuma waka mu 1992, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi chikukwera chaka chilichose. Dar es Salaam ni msumba waciŵiri uwo ukukura mwaluŵiro comene pa caru, ndipo unandi wa ŵanthu uzamuŵa pa 13.4 miliyoni mu 2035. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaŵa 20,000 mu 1900, 93,000 mu 1957 na 273,000 mu 1967.<ref>{{Citation|title=Introduction|date=2021|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/revolutionary-statemaking-in-dar-es-salaam/introduction/56D719DCEA28CB17AA185173C075461A|work=Revolutionary State-Making in Dar es Salaam: African Liberation and the Global Cold War, 1961–1974|series=African Studies|pages=10|editor-last=Roberts|editor-first=George|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/9781108990721.001|isbn=978-1-108-84573-1}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Census year !Population<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Regions and Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/cities/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> |- |1978 |843,090 |- |1988 |1,360,850 |- |2002 |2,487,288 |- |2012 |4,364,541 |- |2022 |5,383,728 |} == Chuma na vinthu vinyake == [[File:Bank_of_Tanzania_golden_hour.jpg|thumb|The [[Bank of Tanzania]]]] Dar es Salaam ni msumba wakuzirwa comene wa ku Tanzania. Mu tawuni iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuguliskana vinthu, ŵakupanga vinthu vinyake, kweniso ŵakupanga vinthu vinyake. Mu tawuni iyi muli mabungwe ghachoko waka, ndipo ghanandi mwa mabungwe agha ni gha ŵamalonda awo ŵali kufuma ku Middle East na ku India. Chigaŵa cha Dar es Salaam Central Business District ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Tanzania ndipo chili na vigaŵa vya Kisutu, Kivukoni, Upanga na Kariakoo. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha Ilala. Ku Kivukoni kuli Banki yikuru ya Tanzania, Banki ya Tanzania, Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange na msika wakuzirwa wa somba wa Magogoni. Mu Kisutu muli maofesi na maofesi, ndipo muli siteshoni ya sitima ya Dar es Salaam, PSPF Towers, na TPA Tower. Dar es Salaam yili na nyumba zakukwana 35 za PSPF Twin Towers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dar skyscraper boom: Here's the untold story - National |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Dar-s-skyscraper-boom--Watchers-see-signs-of-prosperity-/-/1840392/2412228/-/15fryogz/-/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022121720/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Dar-s-skyscraper-boom--Watchers-see-signs-of-prosperity-/-/1840392/2412228/-/15fryogz/-/index.html |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Msumba uwu uli na masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya vyakuzenga, kusazgapo nthowa zakwendeskera magalimoto izo zindafike pa nyengo yake, kweniso nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makora magesi. === Ntchito za ndalama === Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) ndiyo ni msika wakwamba mu caru ici. === Kuguliska === Mu Dar es Salaam muli malo gha Mlimani City, City Mall mu Kisutu, Quality Center Mall, GSM Pugu Shopping Mall, GSM Msasani Mall, na Dar Free Market Mall. == Mayendelo == [[File:New_Magufuli_Bus_Terminal_Mbezi_Luis_Dar_es_Salaam.jpg|thumb|The new Magufuli Bus Terminal at Mbezi Luis.]] [[File:DarBTR.jpg|thumb|The Dar Rapid Transit (DART) is a bus-based mass-transit system connecting the suburbs of Dar es Salaam to the central business district.]] {{multiple image|align=right|direction=horizontal|image1=Ship dar.JPG|caption1=A ship entering the [[Port of Dar es Salaam]]|width1=180|image2=MV Kigamboni.JPG|caption2=The MV ''Kigamboni'' ferries run between southeast [[Kivukoni]] to northwest [[Kigamboni]] in southeast Dar es Salaam.|width2=200|header_align=centre}} {{multiple image|align=right|direction=horizontal|image1=TAZARA Dar es Salaam Station.jpg|caption1=TAZARA Dar es Salaam Station|width1=200|image2=Dar new station.jpg|caption2=SGR station (blue), as well as the old station, and the new SGR channel|width2=180|header_align=centre}} [[File:Dar_es_Salaam_Airport.jpg|thumb|Chiŵanja cha Julius Nyerere International Airport, Dar es Salaam]] Ku Dar es Salaam, uko kuli dowoko lakunjilira ku nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndiko kuli nthowa zikuruzikuru izo zikwendeskera vinthu mu charu cha Tanzania. === Local public transport === Mabasi ghakurughakuru gha mabasi (dala dala) ndigho ghakwendeskeka comene mu Dar es Salaam ndipo kanandi ghakusangika pa malo ghakuru gha mabasi gha Makumbusho, Ubungo na malo ghanyake mu msumba uwu. Ndipouli, kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kwenda pa muthuthuthu wakuchemeka "bodaboda", ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kwenda pa muthuthuthu uwu. Mitundu yinyake ya mitundu iyi ni njinga zamoto na bajaj (ma rickshaw). ==== Bus ==== Boma la Dar es Salaam likwendeska mabasi gha pasi pa mtunda (mendo kasi mu Chiswahili). Mabasi gha metro ghakulongozgeka na UDA-RT, gulu ilo likukolerana na boma. UDA-RT yikamalizga mulimo wa kunozga basi izo zikwenda mwaluŵiro. Cigaŵa cakwamba cikufuma ku Kimara kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi mpaka ku Kivukoni kumpoto kwa dowoko. Ndondomeko yakwamba yikapelekeka na Banki ya Caru Cose, Banki ya vya Vyakusazgirako ya ku Africa na boma la Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web |title=Additional Financing for Tanzania's Bus Rapid Transit System to benefit 300,000 Commuters and Create 80,000 Jobs |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/01/15/additional-financing-tanzania-bus-rapid-transit-system-benefit-300000-commuters-create-80000-jobs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522015007/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/01/15/additional-financing-tanzania-bus-rapid-transit-system-benefit-300000-commuters-create-80000-jobs |archive-date=22 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> ==== Metro ==== Dar es Salaam yizamuŵa na sitima ya pasi pa mtunda, iyo pasono yikulembeka na Mota-Engil na Dar Rapid Transit Agency. === Maritime transport === ==== Port ==== Doko la Dar es Salaam ndilo ndakutangwanika comene mu Tanzania, ndipo likupeleka katundu wakukwana 90 peresenti. Ili mu chigaŵa cha Kurasini mu chigaŵa cha Temeke kumwera cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa cha bizinesi cha msumba. Chifukwa cha katundu uyo wakusangika mwaluŵiro, ŵakazenga dowoko liphya ku Bagamoyo, ilo lili pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Dar es Salaam..<ref>{{cite web |title=Railpage |url=http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p1946759.htm#1946759 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107114701/http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p1946759.htm#1946759 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> ==== Ferry ==== Ngalaŵa za MV Kigamboni zikwenda pakati pa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Kivukoni na kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kigamboni mu Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications |url=http://www.mwtc.go.tz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713095648/http://www.mwtc.go.tz/ |archive-date=2019-07-13 |access-date=2018-06-24 |website=www.mwtc.go.tz}}</ref> === Railway === ==== Dar es Salaam commuter rail ==== Mu tawuni iyi muli njanji za Dar es Salaam. ==== Intra-city railway ==== Tanzania Railways ikugwira ntchito pa Central Line kuchokera ku Dar es Salaam kumadzulo mpaka Kigoma. ==== International railway ==== Mu tawuni iyi muli ofesi yikuru ya Tanzania-Zambia Railways Authority (TAZARA) iyo yikazengeka m'ma 1960 m'paka m'ma 1970. Chipatala chikuru chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa cha Dar es Salaam kumpoto kwa Yombo Vituka mumphepete mwa Nelson Mandela Road. Sitima ya TAZARA yikusazga Dar es Salaam na Zambia. ==== SGR ==== Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway ni siteshoni yiphya iyo yikuzengeka. Yizamujintha caru ici ku Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi na Congo.9 === Airport === Ndege ya Julius Nyerere International Airport ndiyo ni ndege yikuru chomene mu charu ichi. Malo ghakukwelera ndege ghatatu ghali ku Kipawa mu Ilala Municipality. Malo agha ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Dar es Salaam. == Culture == {{See also|Culture of Tanzania}} === Art === [[File:Nyumba_ya_sanaa_dar_es_salaam.jpg|thumb|The main gate of Nyumba ya Sanaa, with decorations by Tanzanian sculptor George Lilanga]] Kavwaliro ka Tingatinga kakafuma ku Dar es Salaam. Nyumba ya sanaa ("House of Art") ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vya ku Tanzania, ndipo yikulongosora na kukhozga luso la ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania. George Lilanga, munthu wakumanyikwa comene wa ku Tanzania, wakapeleka milimo yake ku malo agha. === Music === [[File:The_African_tranditional_dance_in_Dar_es_Salaam..jpg|left|thumb|A traditional African dance in Dar es Salaam]] Sumu za ku Dar es Salaam zili na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Sumu izo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene ni izo ŵanthu ŵakulizga pa nyengo iyo ŵakukhala. Taarab, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa comene mu Zanzibar nayo wali kusanga malo. Ndipouli, likukhalilira lichoko pakuyaniska na sumu za kuvina na "Bongo Flava", gulu likuru ilo likwimira sumu za ku Tanzania za hip hop na rhythm and blues izo zazgoka sumu zakutchuka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa sumu za rap. Sumu za cikaya izo zikuzunulika mu ciyowoyero ici, zikulutilira kwimbika, kweni kanandi pa viphikiro vya mbumba nga ni maukwati. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970, Unduna wa Vyakurya na Umoyo wa Ŵawukirano ukakhumbanga kuti pa charu chose paŵe sumu. Dar es Salaam yikazgoka msumba wakuzirwa comene wa sumu mu Tanzania. Chifukwa cha maghanoghano gha ujamaa (mbumba) agho ghakalongozganga maluso gha ŵanthu na sumu, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti kulondezgana na maluso gha hip hop kuŵepo. Kwa vyaka vinandi, wayilesi ya ku Dar es Salaam yikawovwira comene pakupharazga sumu, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵalije TV. === Tourism === [[File:National_Museum,_Kivukoni_Ward,_Ilala.jpg|left|thumb|National Museum of Tanzania]] [[File:DarEsSalaam-KigamboniBeach.jpg|thumb|Beach on the peninsula of Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam]] DAr es Salaam yili na malo ghaŵiri pa malo ghankhondi agho ghakukolerana na National Museum of Tanzania, agho ni National Museum na Makumbusho Cultural Centre & Village Museum. Nyumba ya National Museum njakupeleka ku mbiri ya Tanzania; chomenechomene, yikulongora viwangwa vya Paranthropus boisei ivyo vikaŵa pakati pa ivyo Louis Leakey wakasanga ku Olduvai. Mu 2016, ku Northern Tanzania, wasayansi munyake wa pa Yunivesite ya Dar es Salaam wakasanga vikhuŵazgo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale chomene pambere ŵanthu ŵandababike. Makumbusho Cultural Centre & Village Museum, iyo yili ku mphepete mwa tawuni iyi pa msewu wakuya ku Bagamoyo, yikulongora nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana 16. Paliso viyelezgero vya ŵanthu awo ŵakulima, kweniso ŵakwimba sumu na kuvina. Kufupi na Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu Vyachilendo kuli minda ya vyakumera iyo yili na makuni na vyakumera vya mu vyaru vyamuthondo. Ku mpoto kwa Dar es Salaam, ku Msasani Peninsula, na kumwera kwa Kigamboni kuli maboma gha nyanja. Ungakafika pa cirwa ca Bongoyo na boti kufuma pa Msasani Slipway. == Ma jotchelo == [[File:Metropolitan_Cathedral_Dar_es_Salaam.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya Katolika ya St. Joseph. Cikristu ndico cisopa cikuru comene mu Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions in Tanzania {{!}} PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref>]] Mu tawuni iyi muli matchalitchi ghanandi na masisiteri. Mipingo ya mu msumba uwu yili mu visopa vyakupambanapambana; nga ni Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dar es Salaam (Chisopa cha Katolika), Anglican Church of Tanzania (Anglican Communion), Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania (Lutheran World Federation), Baptist Convention of Tanzania (Baptist World Alliance), na Assemblies of God. Chisopa cha Chisilamu ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wijsen|first=Frans|url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004334083/B9789004334083-s018.xml|title="When two elephants fight the grass gets hurt" Muslim-Christian Relationships in Upcountry Tanzania.|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-33408-3|language=en}}</ref> == Maseŵera == === Stadium === Dar es Salaam ni msumba wakuzirwa comene wa vyamaseŵero mu Tanzania. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli sitediyamu yaciŵiri yikuru comene mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na ca pakati pa Africa. [[File:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the Tanzania National Main Stadium, with the Kurasini estuary in the background]] === Association football === Sitediyamu ya Tanzania National Stadium yikupokelera magulu gha mpira gha ku Dar es Salaam: Young Africans na Simba. Kweniso yikunozga maseŵero gha vyalo vinyake vya ku Tanzania. Boma la Morocco likukhumba kuti ku Dodoma kuŵe sitediyamu yiphya ya ŵanthu ŵanandi. Padera pa National Stadium, mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanyake ghaŵiri: Uhuru Stadium, Karume Memorial Stadium na Chamazi Stadium. Sitediyamu ya Uhuru yikugwiliskirika nchito comene pa viphikiro na maungano gha ndyali, apo Sitediyamu ya Karume Memorial yili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Kurasini ndipo ndiko kuli wupu wa Tanzania Football Federation. Malo gha Azam Complex Chamazi nga Azam Football Club. === Golf === Malo gha gofu gha Gymkhana agho ghali kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa cha Kivukoni (pakati pa msumba uwo ukulaŵiska kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean na Barack Obama Drive), ghali na malo gha tenesi, squash, na malo gha maseŵero. Kunja kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli malo ghakuchemeka Lugalo Military Golf Course agho ghali ku Lugalo Military Barracks. === Acrobatics === Sukulu ya Mama Africa, iyo yikambika mu 2003, yikumanyikwa kuti yikusambizga ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuchita maseŵero gha maseŵero gha ku Africa.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-12-31 |title=In pictures: Tanzanian acrobat school |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30384481 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208024202/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30384481 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |access-date=2015-02-08 |work=BBC News}}</ref> === Boxing === Ku Tanzania, maseŵero gha nkhonya ghakumanyikwa chomene, ndipo ku Dar es Salaam, ŵakuchitiska viphikiro vinandi vya nkhonya. Muviŵala waku Tanzania Francis Checka ndiyo ni nkhwantha ya World Boxing Federation (WBF). == Media == === Newspapers === [[File:TTCL_Downtown_Posta_Dar_Es_Salaam.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The head office of Tanzania Telecommunications Company Ltd at Extelecom Building in Samora Avenue, east of [[Kisutu]]]] Ku Dar es Salaam, ŵanthu ŵakuguliska manyuzipepara kanandi ŵakwenda mu misewu. Manyuzipepara gha Cingelezi agho ghali pa Intaneti ni The Citizen na The Guardian. Kweniso pali manyuzipepara gha Chiswahili gha Tanzania Daima na Mwananchi. Business Times ni nyuzipepara yimoza pera ya vya ndalama na vyachuma mu msumba uwu. Business Times ndiyo yili na Majira, nyuzipepara yinyake ya Ciswahili. === Television stations === Dar es Salaam ndi kwawo kwa ITV, Sibuka, Channel Ten Television Station (kale Dar es Salaam Television [DTV]) ndi Azam TV, ntchito yolembetsa kuchokera ku gulu la makampani a Azam. Siteshoni ya TV Ayo TV yili ku Ubungo, Dar es Salaam, nga ni Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation. === Internet access === Mu 2009, pakapangika chingwe chakuchemeka Trans-Indian Ocean Backbone Cable (SEACOM) ndipo ichi chapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Dar es Salaam na ku East Africa wose ŵasange Intaneti. Ndipouli, pasono ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito luŵiro yayi. Mafoni agho ghakupelekeka na kampani ya Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ghali na ndalama zinandi yayi, ndipo pakukhumbikwa ndalama zinandi kuti ŵantchito ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa pa Intaneti ŵagure bandwidth. Cakulinga ca uthenga wa SEACOM nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku East Africa ŵasange ndalama zinandi cifukwa ca malonda gha pa Intaneti. Mu tawuni iyi muli malo gha Internet cafes, ndipo pa maofesi gha boma na maboma ghanyake, kweniso pa nthowa za msewu, pali Intaneti yaulere. Kugwiliskira ntchito foni pa Intaneti pa 3G na 3.75G nchakudura comene, kweni 4G yikufika mu misumba yikuruyikuru mu 2015. === Radio === Siteshoni yakwamba ya wayilesi ya Dar es Salaam yikamba kugwira ntchito mu ma 1950, ndipo yikaŵa na "viŵiya vichoko waka kuluska maikolofoni na bulangete ilo likaŵa pa chiliŵa"... Edward Twining ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo uwu.<ref name="Gunther">{{cite book|last=Gunther|first=John|title=Inside Africa|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1955|page=407|isbn=0836981979}}</ref> == Environment == Kwamba m'ma 1990, Dar es Salaam yili na maji ghanandi chifukwa cha vula zinandi. Msumba uwu uli pafupi chomene na maji chifukwa uli mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo mlonga wa Msimbazi ukujumpha mu msumba uwu. Vinthu vyafika paheni comene cifukwa ca kusintha kwa mphepo na kuthandazgika kwa misewu ya mu misumba. Mu 2019, ŵanthu 1,215 ŵakachimbira kwawo chifukwa cha kututuka kwa maji. Mu chaka cha 2017 m'paka 2018, mu msumba uwu mukaŵa maji ghanandi. Wupu wa World Bank ukuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni panji kuti 39 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Dar es Salaam ŵakakhwaskika na maji. Maji ghakututuka ghakunanga milatho na misewu, ghakutimbanizga mendero, kusazgirako ulwari nga ni kolera na matenda gha pa thupi, kweniso ghakutondeska kuti ukavu uchepe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Draining Dar's Economy – The Impact of Floods on Tanzania's Commercial Capital |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2019/10/01/draining-dars-economy---the-impact-of-floods-on-tanzanias-commercial-capital |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806151916/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2019/10/01/draining-dars-economy---the-impact-of-floods-on-tanzanias-commercial-capital |archive-date=2021-08-06 |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> == Education == Mu tawuni ya Dar es Salaam ndimo muli masukulu ghanandi gha ku Tanzania. <!--Adding a new wikipedia section header for future use 10th August 2018 BST 12:42:53 ===Kindergarten schools=== ===Primary schools=== ===Secondary schools=== --> === Universities === [[File:Nkrumah.JPG|thumb|Nkrumah Hall at the [[University of Dar es Salaam]]]] * Yunivesite ya Dar es Salaam ndi yunivesite yakale kwambiri komanso yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri ku Tanzania pambuyo pa University of Dodoma. Ili ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Ubungo, ndipo lili na malo ghakukwana maekala 1,625 (6.58 km2) pa Observation Hill, 13 km (8 mi) kufuma ku msumba. Pa yunivesite iyi pali ŵana ŵa sukulu 16,400 na ŵana ŵa sukulu 2,700 awo ŵakusambira masambiro ghapachanya.<ref>{{cite web |title=The University of Dar es salaam |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/about_us/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004959/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/about_us/index.php |archive-date=2009-02-15 |website=www.udsm.ac.tz}}</ref> * Yunivesite ya Ardhi (ARU) yikakhazikiskika pa Julayi 1, 1996 pamanyuma pakusintha University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS), iyo yikaŵa University of Dar es Salaam. Pa mbiri yake, Yunivesite ya Ardhi yikamba mu 1956 apo yikamba nga ni sukulu ya kusambizga kusanda malo iyo yikapelekanga masambiro gha masatifiketi pa malo agho pakaŵa msasa wa Mgulani Salvation Army ku Dar es Salaam. Mu 1958, sukulu iyi yikasamukira ku malo agho yili sono pa Observation Hill. Pasono, pa caru cose pali ŵasambizgi ŵakujumpha 80 awo ŵali kumalizga masambiro ghawo pa maunivesite ghakujumpha 25. Yunivesite iyi yili na masukulu ghanayi, yunivesite yimoza na malo ghanandi, ndipo yikupeleka masambiro gha ku yunivesite na gha ku yunivesite.<ref>[http://www.aru.ac.tz Ardhi University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601210737/http://www.aru.ac.tz/|date=2014-06-01}} www.aru.ac.tz</ref> * Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences yikupanga Muhimbili Campus na Mloganzila Campus. Muhimbili Campus ili ku Upanga, Ilala Municipality, mumphepete mwa United Nations Road. Kampasi ya Mloganzila yili na malo ghakukwana maekala 3,800 (15 km2) ndipo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 3 (2 mi) kufuma pa msewu wa Dar es Salaam-Morogoro, makilomita 25 (16 mi) kufuma ku Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences |url=http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007165125/http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=30 |archive-date=2011-10-07 |access-date=2011-03-13 |website=www.muhas.ac.tz}}</ref> * TYunivesite ya Open University of Tanzania ni yunivesite ya masambiro ghapachanya iyo yili na masambiro ghapachanya, ndipo yili na masambiro agho ghakupanga masatifiketi, madipuloma, masambiro ghapachanya na ghapachanya. Kufuma apo yikambira, yunivesite iyi yili na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakufuma ku Malawi, Uganda, Kenya, Namibia, Hungary, Burundi, Libya, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Lesotho, Botswana na Tanzania. Kuzakafika mu 2008, ŵanthu wose awo ŵakalembeska ŵakaŵa 44,099, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Open University of Tanzania |url=http://www.out.ac.tz/index.php/about-out.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526002813/http://www.out.ac.tz/index.php/about-out.html |archive-date=26 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> * Yunivesite ya Hubert Kairuki Memorial ni yunivesite yapadera iyo yili pa malo gha nambara. 322 Regent Estate mu chigaŵa cha Mikocheni, pafupifupi 7 km (4 mi) kufuma ku msumba wa Dar es Salaam, kufupi na Ali Hassan Mwinyi na Old Bagamoyo Roads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubert Kairuki Memorial University - Who We Are - Introduction to Hubert Kairuki Memorial University |url=http://www.hkmu.ac.tz/index.php/hkmu/about/category/about_HKMU/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525234142/http://www.hkmu.ac.tz/index.php/hkmu/about/category/about_HKMU/ |archive-date=25 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> * Yunivesite ya International Medical and Technological ni yunivesite ya vya masambiro ghapachanya iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵekha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to International Medical and Technological University, Tanzania |url=http://www.imtu.edu/imtu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424114625/http://www.imtu.edu/imtu.htm |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> * Kampala International University yikamba kugwira ntchito mu 2009. Yunivesite iyi yili pa malo gha ma acres 60 (240,000 m2) mu chigaŵa cha Gongo la Mboto, chigaŵa cha Ilala, 7 km (4 mi) kufuma ku Mwalimu Julius Nyerere International Airport.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kampala International University, Dar es Salaam Centre |url=http://www.kiu.ac.tz/mission.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215002857/http://www.kiu.ac.tz/mission.html |archive-date=2011-02-15 |access-date=2011-03-13}}</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == * [[David Adjaye|Sir David Frank Adjaye]] (born 1966), London-based architect born in Dar es Salaam * [[Peter Bransgrove|C.A. "Peter" Bransgrove]] (1914&#x2013;1966), architect in Dar es Salaam from 1947 to 1966 * [[Joaquim Chissano]] (born 1939), the second President of Mozambique, from 1986 to 2005; headed the [[FRELIMO]] headquarters in Dar es Salaam * [[Kanyama Chiume]] (1929–2007), a leading nationalist in the struggle for Malawi's independence in the 1950s and 1960s and Minister * [[Roald Dahl]] (1916–1990) a British novelist, short-story writer and poet; he lived in Dar es Salaam from 1934 to 1939 * [[Jane Goodall]] (born 1934), scientist and [[primatologist]] * [[Gertrud von Hassel]] (1908-1999) a German teacher and painter * [[Marin Hinkle]] (born 1966), actress, ''[[Two and a Half Men]]'' TV show * [[Rayah Kitule]] (born 1984), author and magazine editor * [[Rachel Luttrell]] (born 1971), actress, [[Stargate Atlantis]], born in Dar es Salaam * [[Nairn McEwan]] (1941–2018), {{Nrut|Scotland}} [[rugby union]] player and second national coach, born in Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nairn MacEwan - Rugby Union - Players and Officials - ESPN Scrum |url=http://www.scrum.com/scotland/rugby/player/7713.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312123846/http://www.scrum.com/scotland/rugby/player/7713.html |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=25 May 2015 |work=ESPN scrum}}</ref> * [[Bibi Titi Mohammed]] (1926–2000), politician and chair of the women's branch of [[Tanganyika African National Union|TANU]] * [[Yoweri Museveni]] (born 1944), president of Uganda since 1986 * [[Godfrey Mwakikagile]] (born 1949), prominent Tanzanian author, [[African studies|Africanist]] scholar and journalist * [[Juma Mwapachu]] (born 1942), Tanzanian diplomat, lawyer and author of books on African politics and economics; served as secretary-general of the [[East African Community]] (EAC) * [[Herieth Paul]] (born 1995), fashion model * [[Walter Rodney]] (1942–1980) [[Guyana|Guyanese]] historian, political activist; author of ''[[How Europe Underdeveloped Africa]]'' * [[Justinian Rweyemamu]] (1942–1982), Tanzanian economist, author and professor of economics at the University of Dar es Salaam; worked at the United Nations; economic adviser to Tanzania's first president, [[Julius Nyerere]] * [[Mbwana Samatta]] (born 1992), footballer, 2015 CAF African Player of the Year; 68 caps for [[Tanzania national football team|Tanzania]] * [[Issa G. Shivji]] (born 1946), Tanzanian scholar, and expert on constitutional law and development issues * [[Ally Sykes]] (1926–2013), politician and leading figure in Tanzania's independence movement * [[Hasheem Thabeet]] (born 1987), basketball player in the US * [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] (1870–1964), commander of the German East Africa Army == Vinthu vya pa caru cose == Dar es Salaam is [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister cities]] with:<ref>{{cite web |last1=TVTA |first1=True Vision Tanzania |title=NGO |url=http://www.truevisiontz.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804112553/http://www.truevisiontz.org/ |archive-date=4 August 2014 |access-date=8 March 2012 |website=truevisiontz.org |publisher=TVTA}}</ref> * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Hamburg]], Germany<ref name="Werkstatt">{{cite web |last=Holtermann |first=Hannes |date=2011-03-30 |title=Looking at the sister city agreement between Hamburg and Dar es Salaam from a Tanzanian perspective |url=http://werkstatt.imch.eu/?p=731 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927070047/http://werkstatt.imch.eu/?p=731 |archive-date=2013-09-27 |access-date=2013-07-29 |work=Werkstatt.imch.eu}}</ref> * {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai]], India * {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Samsun]], Turkey * {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Changzhou]], [[Jiangsu]], China * {{flagicon|IRI}} [[Sari, Iran|Sari]], Iran == Vyakulemba == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == Ukaboni == {{Reflist|2|refs=<ref name=Lemelle>{{Cite book |last=Lemelle |first=Sidney J. |editor1-first=Dipannita |editor1-last=Basu |editor2-first=Sidney J. |editor2-last=Lemelle |chapter=Ni wapi Tunakwenda': Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha |title=The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/vinylaintfinalhi00basu |url-access=limited |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |year=2006 |location=London; Ann Arbor, MI |pages=[https://archive.org/details/vinylaintfinalhi00basu/page/n243 230]–254 |isbn=0-7453-1940-8}}</ref> <ref name="2016_census">{{Cite report |url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/majimbo/MAJIMBOApril_Kisw.pdf |title=2016 Makadirio ya Idadi ya Watu katika Majimbo ya Uchaguzi kwa Mwaka 2016, Tanzania Bara. |trans-title=Population Estimates in Administrative Areas for the Year 2016, Mainland Tanzania |date=2016-04-01 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics (Tanzania)|National Bureau of Statistics]] |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |page= |language=sw |access-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227102333/https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/majimbo/MAJIMBOApril_Kisw.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} == Mabuku == {{See also|Timeline of Dar es Salaam#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Dar es Salaam}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{wikivoyage|Dar es Salaam}} * {{commons category-inline|Dar es Salaam}} {{Dar es Salaam}} {{Cities in Tanzania}} {{Regions of Tanzania}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dar Es Salaam}} [[Category:Dar es Salaam| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Cities in Tanzania]] [[Category:Regional capitals in Tanzania]] [[Category:Dar es Salaam Region| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:Regions of Tanzania]] [[Category:Former national capitals]] [[Category:Port cities in Tanzania]] [[Category:Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Economy of German East Africa]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Tanzania]] [[Category:1860s establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 1860s]] bk1a7n3mjv249gejnk9gcnxonk1gpal 0 39879 118032 98900 2026-07-26T11:45:02Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''South Sudan''' ntcharu chakusangika mu [[chilwa]] chikulu cha [[Afilika]]. [[Category:Afilika]] azu1fwuqoop6jko0d3emv3qz261c5j9 0 40319 118017 115467 2026-07-26T11:38:38Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Southern Africa}} {{About|charu|the geographical area|Kummwera kwa Afilika|ntchito zinyake}} {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use South African English|date=April 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha South Africa | common_name = South Africa | native_name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%; | title = 10 other official names<ref name="constitution">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]]: | data1 = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: | data2 = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Afrikaans]]: | data3 = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]]: | data4 = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Sotho language|Southern&nbsp;Sotho]]: | data5 = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Tswana language|Tswana]]: | data6 = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]: | data7 = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Swazi language|Swati]]: | data8 = {{lang|sw|iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label9 = [[Venda language|Venda]]: | data9 = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow | label10 = [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]: | data10 = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa.svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[ǀXam language|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Unity in diversity]]" | national_anthem = "[[National anthem of South Africa]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:ZAF orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe| [[File:South Africa adm location map.svg|frameless]]|Show map of South Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = {{unbulleted list|[[Pretoria]] (executive)<ref name="South Africa at a glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=www.gov.za|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Cape Town]] (legislative)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />|[[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />}} | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=Citypopulation.de|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_estimate = 60,604,992 (2022 est.)<ref name="statssa_2022">{{cite web |title=Mid-year population estimates 2022 |url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022022.pdf |website=stats sa |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | population_census = 51,770,560<ref name=cib11/>{{rp|18}} | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 24th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 42.4 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169th | ethnic_groups_year = 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|title=Mid-year population estimates|date=29 July 2019|publisher=Statistics South Africa|access-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729223342/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022019.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> | official_languages = '''[[Languages of South Africa|11 languages]]'''<ref name="constitution" /> {{plainlist| * [[Zulu language|Zulu]] * [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] * [[Afrikaans]] * [[South African English|English]] * [[Northern Sotho language|Sepedi]] * [[Swazi language|Swazi]] * [[Sotho language|Sesotho]] * [[Tswana language|Setswana]] * [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]] * [[Venda language|Tshivenda]] * [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Languages with special status<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Khoe languages]]| [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]]|[[Khoisan languages]]|[[South African Sign Language]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|80.7% [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]}} | 8.8% [[Coloureds|Coloured]] | 7.9% [[White South Africans|White]] | 2.6% [[Asian (South Africa)|Asian]] }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 78.0% [[Christianity in South Africa|Christianity]] ** 58.3% [[Protestantism in South Africa|Protestantism]] ** 19.7% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |10.9% [[Irreligion in South Africa|No religion]] |4.4% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |1.6% [[Islam in South Africa|Islam]] |1.0% [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hinduism]] |2.7% Others |1.4% Undetermined}} | religion_year = 2016 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|title=South Africa – Community Survey 2016|website=www.datafirst.uct.ac.za|access-date=25 November 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125204526/https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of South Africa|South African]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency|parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]] | leader_title1 = [[President of South Africa|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Deputy President of South Africa|Deputy President]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[National Council of Provinces|Chairperson of the National Council]] | leader_name3 = [[Amos Masondo]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of South Africa|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Ray Zondo|Raymond Zondo]] | legislature = [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council of Provinces|National Council]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}} | established_event1 = [[Union of South Africa|Union]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[1960 South African republic referendum|Republic]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[1994 South African general election|Democratisation]] | established_date4 = 27 April 1994 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24th | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $990 billion<ref name="IMFSA">{{cite web|url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=199,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023|date=7 April 2023|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= April 23, 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,090<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 97th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $400 billion<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $6,485<ref name="IMFSA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 96th | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=25 September 2018|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529083011/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.713 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 109th | currency = [[South African rand]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Short formats: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} '''South Africa''', icho ni '''Charu cha South Africa''', ntcharu icho chili kumwera kwa [[Africa]]. Charu ichi chili na mtunda wa makilomita 2,798 (1,739 mi) ndipo chili mumphepete mwa [[nyanja ya South Atlantic]] na [[Indian Ocean]];<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.samsa.org.za/|title=South African Maritime Safety Authority|publisher=South African Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|website=The World Factbook|title=Coastline|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=safacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|title=South Africa Fast Facts|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=April 2007|access-date=14 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> kumpoto kuli vyaru vya [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], na [[Zimbabwe]], ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli [[Mozambique]] na [[Eswatini]]. Kweniso charu cha [[Lesotho]] chili mukati mwake.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Guy Arnold]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO|title=Lesotho: Year In Review 1996&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996|url-status=live }}</ref> Ni caru ca kumwera comene pa caru ca Cikale, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kumwera kwa equator. Charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 miliyoni. Msumba wa [[Pretoria]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa [[boma]], ndipo msumba wa [[Cape Town]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma. Malo gha [[Bloemfontein]] ghakumanyikwa kuti ni msumba ukuru wa vyeruzgo.<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62">{{cite journal | last1=Marais | first1=Lochner | last2=Twala | first2=Chitja | title=Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital | journal=African Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=40 | issue=1 | date=2020-05-07 | issn=1937-6812 | doi=10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901 | pages=49–62| s2cid=218929562 }}</ref> Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli na khoti likuru comene ni [[Johannesburg]]. Pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa mbanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref name="safacts" />Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi mba ku [[Europe]] (Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa), ku [[Asia]] ([[Ŵahindi]] ŵa ku South Africa na Ŵachinayi ŵa ku South Africa), kweniso ŵa mitundu yinandi (Ŵanthu ŵa mu South Africa). Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ndipo ŵali na mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa vyakupambanapambana. Ndimo viliriso na viyowoyero vinyake vinandi ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu charu ichi. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero viŵiri ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni [[Chizulu]] (22.7%) na [[ChiXhosa]] (16.0%). Viyowoyero viŵiri vyakulondezgapo ni vya ku [[Europe]]: [[Cifurikansi]] (13.5%) cikafuma ku [[Ciholandi]] ndipo nchakwamba ku ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu South Africa; Cingelezi (9.6%) cikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira caru. Charu ichi nchimoza mwa vyaru vichoko waka mu Africa ivyo vindachitepo viwawa, ndipo kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, ŵanthu ŵakuluta ku mavoti. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake mu South Africa ŵakapika wanangwa uwu mu 1994. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa ukuru kuluska ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mu 1948, [[chipani cha National Party]] chikamba kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali na nkhaza kwa [[African National Congress]] na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalimbananga na apartheid mu caru na kuwaro kwa caru, malango ghakupambaniska ŵanthu ghakamba kufiskika pakati pa ma 1980. Kwambira mu 1994, mafuko ghose na viyowoyero vyose vili na ŵimiliri mu vyaru ivyo vili na demokilase. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuchema charu cha South Africa kuti "charu cha chiŵingavula" chifukwa cha mitheto yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, chomenechomene mu nyengo ya [[apartheid]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|title=Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?|access-date=10 August 2013|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2008|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> Charu cha South Africa chili na mazaza pa nkhani za caru cose. Ni caru ico cikucita makora yayi, ndipo cili pa nambara 109 pa ndandanda ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukura. [[Banki ya Caru Cos]]<nowiki/>e yikati ni caru ciphya ico cikucita vyamalonda, ndipo nchigaŵa caciŵiri pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa ico cili na cuma cikuru comene ndiposo cacitatu pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghanandi agho ghali kulembeka na [[UNESCO]] kuti ni malo ghakukondweska ŵanthu pa charu chose. Kufuma waka apo nkhaza zacigaŵa zikamalira, boma laŵikapo mtima comene pa vinthu vyawo kweniso umoyo wa ŵanthu waŵa uwemi comene. Ndipouli, uphuvya, ukavu na kuleka kuyana vinthu vikulutilira, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵalije nchito mu 2021, apo ŵanthu pafupifupi 60% ŵakukhala pasi pa ukavu ndipo cigaŵa cacinayi ca ŵanthu ŵakukhala pasi pa $2.15 pa zuŵa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title="World Bank" : South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> == Zina == {{See also|Mazina gha charu cha South Africa}} Zina lakuti "South Africa" lili kufuma ku malo agho charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa. Pakwamba, charu ichi chikachemekanga kuti Union of South Africa mu Chingelezi na Unie van Zuid-Afrika mu [[Chidachi]]. Kwamba mu 1961, zina lakwamba mu [[Chingelezi]] ni "Republic of South Africa" na Republiek van Suid-Afrika mu chiAfrikaans. Kwambira mu 1994, charu ichi chili na zina mu viyowoyero 11. Mzansi, kufuma ku lizgu la [[Xhosa]] [[uMzantsi]] ilo likung'anamura "[[kumwera]]", ni zina la South Africa, apo maboma ghanyake gha [[Pan-Africanist]] ghakutemwa lizgu lakuti "[[Azania]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|Mbili ya South Africa}} === Kufukura vinthu vyakale === [[File:Maropeng_visitor_centre,_Cradle_of_Humankind,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|left|Malo gha ku Maropeng uko ŵanthu ŵakambira]] Ku South Africa kuli malo ghanyake ghakale comene pa caru capasi agho ŵanthu ŵakusangako visomba.<ref>{{cite book|last= Wymer|first= John|author2= Singer, R|year= 1982|title= The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa|location= Chicago|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-76103-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Guide to Klasies River|page= 11|year= 2001|url= http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF|author= Deacon, HJ|publisher= Stellenbosch University|access-date= 5 September 2009|archive-date= 21 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195519/http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915/|title=Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204231517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga viswaswa vinandi mu mphanji zinandi mu chigaŵa cha Gauteng. Malo agha ghali kulembeka pa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuti ni "malo agho ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga". Vinthu ivi ni Sterkfontein, malo agho ghali na visomba vinandi chomene vya ŵanthu, kweniso Swartkrans, [[Gondolin Cave]], [[Kromdraai, Limpopo|Kromdraai]], [[Cooper's Cave]], na [[Malapa]]. Mu 1924, Raymond Dart wakamanya kuti munthu wakwamba uyo ŵakamusanga ku Africa ni mwana wa Taung (uyo ŵakamusanga kufupi na [[Taung, Limpopo|Taung]]). Viwangwa vinyake vya ŵanthu vikusangika ku [[Makapansgat]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Limpopo]]; Cornelia na Florisbad mu chigaŵa cha Free State; [[Border Cave]] mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal; [[Klasies River Caves]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Eastern Cape]]; na [[Pinnacle Point]], [[Elandsfontein]] na Die Kelders Cave mu chigaŵa cha Western Cape. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakaŵako mu South Africa vyaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kwambira na Australopithecus africanus, na Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, [[Homo erectus]], [[Homo rhodesiensis]], Homo helmei, Homo naledi na ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano (Homo sapiens). Ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa kwa vyaka 170,000. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵali kusanga vinthu vyakuzengera mu dambo la Mlonga wa Vaal.<ref name=Langer>{{cite book| title = An Encyclopedia of World History| editor-last = Langer| editor-first = William L.| edition = 5th| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| location = Boston| year = 1972| isbn = 978-0-395-13592-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 9]| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/9 }}</ref><ref> {{cite book | last1 = Leakey | first1 = Louis Seymour Bazett | author-link1 = Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey | chapter = Stone Age cultures of South Africa | title = Stone age Africa: an outline of prehistory in Africa | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FsEiAAAAMAAJ | edition = reprint | publisher = Negro Universities Press | publication-date = 1936 | page = 79 | access-date = 21 February 2018 | quote = In 1929, during a brief visit to the Transvaal, I myself found a number of pebble tools in some of the terrace gravels of the Vaal River, and similar finds have been recorded by Wayland, who visited South Africa, and by van Riet Lowe and other South African prehistorians. | year = 1936 | isbn = 9780837120225 }} </ref> === Kukula kwa mtundu wa Bantu === {{Main|Bantu expansion}} [[File:MapungubweHill.jpg|thumb|Phiri la Mapungubwe, ilo likaŵa likuru la ufumu wa Mapungubwe]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa mlonga wa Limpopo (uno ni mphaka ya kumpoto na Botswana na Zimbabwe) m'ma 400 panji 500 C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakachimbizga, kuwukira, na kupoka ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan, Khoikhoi, na San. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakasamira kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti visimi vyakwambilira vya visulo mu chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal vikaŵako mu 1050. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakumwera chomene ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa ŵakafika ku Great Fish River, mu chigaŵa icho sono chikuchemeka [[Eastern Cape Province]]. Apo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakamba kusama. Mu chigaŵa cha Mpumalanga, ŵanthu ŵali kusanga mizere yinandi ya malibwe pamoza na malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakaghapanga na zina lakuti Kalendala ya Adamu..<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfred|first=Luke|title=The Bakoni: From prosperity to extinction in a generation|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703|access-date=13 September 2020|website=Citypress|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020040304/https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/the-bakoni-from-prosperity-to-extinction-in-a-generation-20180703|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adam's Calendar in Waterval Boven, Mpumalanga|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/|access-date=13 September 2020|website=www.sa-venues.com|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217065507/https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/mpumalanga/adams-calendar/|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kufufuza kwa ku Portugal === {{see also|Portuguese discoveries}} [[File:F. Benda-The planting of cross by Bartholomew Dias in 1488-0681 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Munthu wa ku Portugal, Bartolomeu Dias, wakukwera mphinjika ku Cape Point wati waŵa wakwamba kuzingilira Cape of Good Hope.]] Mu 1487, munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake [[Bartolomeu Dias]], ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kufika ku Africa.<ref name="domville-25">{{cite book|last=Domville-Fife|first=C.W.|title=The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world ed|year=1900|publisher=Rankin|location=London|page=25|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/24/mode/2up}}</ref>Pa Disembala 4, wakakhira pa nyanja ya Walfisch Bay (iyo sono ni Walvis Bay mu Namibia). Malo agha ghakaŵa kumwera kwa malo ghakutali comene agho wakadangirapo, Diogo Cão wa ku Portugal, wakafikako mu 1485. Dias wakalutilira kwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pamanyuma pa Janyuwale 8, 1488, wakaleka kwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja chifukwa cha chimphepo, ndipo wakafuma mu nyanja na kujumpha ku Africa. Mu Meyi 1488, wakafika pa mtunda utali comene uwo ukaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, m'paka ku Rio do Infante. Wakati wawerako wakawona congo ico wakacicema kuti Cabo das Tormentas. Themba John II likathya malo agha kuti Cabo da Boa Esperança, panji Cape of Good Hope, cifukwa ghakaŵa na vinthu vinandi vya ku East Indies.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mackenzie|first1=W. Douglas|last2=Stead|first2=Alfred|title=South Africa: Its History, Heroes, and Wars|publisher=The Co-Operative Publishing Company|location=Chicago|year=1899}}</ref> Ivyo Dias wakacita vikulongosoreka mu buku la Luís de Camões lakuti Os Lusíadas. === Kuwusa kwa ŵa Dutch === {{Main|Dutch Cape Colony|Boer Republics}} [[File:Charles Bell - Jan van Riebeeck se aankoms aan die Kaap.jpg|thumb|Charles Davidson Bell wakajambura Jan van Riebeeck, uyo wakambiska malo ghakwamba agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu South Africa, mu 1652]] Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1600, charu cha Portugal chikamba kuchepa pa nkhani ya malonda gha vyakununkhira. Mu 1601, ŵimiliri ŵa British East India Company ŵakizanga ku Cape Cape kupenja vyakurya, kweni pamanyuma ŵakamba kuwona kuti Ascension Island na Saint Helena ni malo ghanyake ghakubisamamo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakamba kukopeka na nkhani iyi mu 1647, apo ŵantchito ŵaŵiri ŵa Dutch East India Company ŵakabira ngalaŵa ku Cape kwa myezi yinandi. Awo ŵakendeskanga ngalaŵa ŵakasanganga maji ghawemi na nyama ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kweniso ŵakaseŵa vyakurya mu dongo liwemi. Ŵakati ŵafika ku Holland, ŵakaphalirako ŵanyawo kuti chirwa ichi chingaŵa "malo ghakusungiramo vinthu" kuti ŵagulire vyakurya vya ngalaŵa izo zikujumpha.<ref name="Stapleton2">{{cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Timothy |title=A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid |date=2010 |publisher=Praeger Security International |isbn=978-0-313-36589-8 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=4–6}}</ref> Mu 1652, pakati pajumpha vilimika 150 kufuma apo ŵakasangira nthowa ya ku Cape, Jan van Riebeeck wakambiska malo ghakusungirako vyakurya ku Cape of Good Hope, uko kukazgoka Cape Town. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici awo ŵakacemekanga kuti vrijlieden. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakizaso na ŵazga ŵanandi kufuma ku Indonesia, Madagascar, na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe mtundu uphya wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, awo ŵanandi ŵakamba kuyowoya Ciholandi na Ŵakhristu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakati ŵafika kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Xhosa awo ŵakendanga kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Vrijburg awo ŵakaŵa ŵalimi ŵakujiyimira paŵekha pa mphaka ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mba Boer, ndipo ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga umoyo wa kusama ŵakachemekanga kuti trekboers. Ŵa Boer ŵakambiska magulu gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan kuti ŵathereske Ŵachixhosa. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vikamba kurwa nkhondo, kweni vikatondeka kumazga nkhondo.<ref name=Stapleton2 /> === Kuwusa na Ulendo Ukuru wa Britain === {{Main|Invasion of the Cape Colony|Cape Colony|Great Trek|British Bechuanaland|Colony of Natal}} Britain yikakora msumba wa Cape Town pakati pa 1795 na 1803 kuti uleke kuwusika na boma la France ilo likagalukira vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu 1803, msumba uwu ukaweleraso ku mazaza gha Ŵachidachi. Nkhondo za Napoleon zikati zamara, charu ichi chikapelekeka ku Britain ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakaluta ku South Africa mu 1818 ndipo ŵakamba kukhala ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵaphya awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵambe kugwira ntchito mu charu ichi.<ref name="Lloyd1">{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Trevor Owen |title=The British Empire, 1558–1995 |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873133-7 |location=Oxford |pages=201–203}}</ref> [[File:Charles Bell - Zoeloe-aanval op 'n Boerelaer - 1838.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha umo Ŵazulu ŵakasuzgikira msasa wa Ŵaburu mu Febuluwale 1838]] Mu vyaka 20 vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1800, Ŵazulu ŵakamba kuŵa ŵankhongono comene ndipo ŵakasazgirako vigaŵa vyawo. Nkhondo ya Shaka yikalongozgera ku Mfecane ('kuswa'), uko ŵanthu 1 panji 2 miliyoni ŵakakomeka ndipo chigaŵa cha mukati mwa charu chikabwanganduka na kumara ŵanthu mu ma 1820.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|title=Shaka (Zulu chief)|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111043550/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537814/Shaka/537814rellinks/Related-Links|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=W. D. Rubinstein|title=Genocide: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|access-date=26 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-50601-5|page=22|archive-date=8 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808075142/http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Matabele, awo ŵakaŵa mphapu ya Ŵazulu, ŵakapanga ufumu ukuru uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya mu chigaŵa cha mapiri. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakafumako ku Cape Colony uko ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain. Ŵakasamukira ku vigaŵa vya Natal, Free State, na Transvaal. Ŵa Boer ŵakambiska vyaru vya Boer: South African Republic, Natalia Republic, na Orange Free State. Ŵakati ŵasanga dayamondi mu 1867 na golide mu 1884 mu charu ichi, vinthu vikasintha chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵalutilire kuŵawusa. Nkhondo ya kulamulira vinthu vyakuzirwa ivi yikaŵa cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakoleranenge na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici.<ref>{{cite book|author=Williams, Garner F|title=The Diamond Mines of South Africa, Vol II|year=1905|publisher=B. F Buck & Co.|location=New York|pages=Chapter XX|url=http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|access-date=27 November 2008|archive-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120731083954/http://www.farlang.com/diamonds/williams_diamond_mines_2/page_285|url-status=dead}}</ref>[[File:Cape Colony map 1876 - Eve of Confederation Wars.jpg|thumb|right|Mapu gha South Africa gha 1876]] Pa Meyi 16, 1876, pulezidenti Thomas François Burgers wa ku South Africa wakapharazga nkhondo ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pedi. Themba Sekhukhune likathereska ŵasilikari pa Ogasiti 1, 1876. Ŵasilikari ŵa Lydenburg Volunteer Corps nawo ŵakathereskeka. Pa Febuluwale 16, 1877, vyaru viŵiri ivi vikalemba phangano la mtende ku Botshabelo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society – Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|access-date=15 August 2020|website=samilitaryhistory.org|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723053419/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol025hk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵaburu ŵakati ŵatondeka kukanizga Ŵapedi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Burger ŵakafumako na kwamba kulamulira na Paul Kruger. Mu 1878 na 1879, ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa Britain ŵakathereskeka m'paka apo Garnet Wolseley wakathereskera Sekhukhune mu Novembala 1879 na ŵasilikari 2,000 ŵa Britain, Boers na 10,000 ŵa Swaziland. Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu yikacitika mu 1879 pakati pa Britain na Ufumu wa Zulu. Fumu Carnarvon yikati yafika makora pa Canada, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ndyali izo zikachitanga nthena, pamoza na ŵasilikari, zingawovwira maufumu gha mu Africa, vigaŵa vya mafuko, na vyaru vya Ŵaburu mu South Africa. Mu 1874, Henry Bartle Frere wakatumika ku South Africa kuŵa mwimiliri wa boma la Britain. Pa masuzgo agha pakaŵa maboma gha Boer na ŵasilikari ŵa Zululand. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Zulu ŵakathereska Ŵabritishi pa Nkhondo ya Isandlwana. Paumaliro, charu cha Zululand chikathera pa nkhondo iyi, ndipo mtundu wa Zulu ukaleka kujiwusa wekha. === Nkhondo za ma Boer === {{main|Boer Wars|First Boer War|Second Boer War}} [[File:Battle of Majuba Hill.jpg|thumb|Nkhondo ya ku Majuba Hill yikaŵa nkhondo yaumaliro ya nkhondo ya ku Boer.]] [[File:Boercamp1.jpg|thumb|Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵa chiBoer mu msasa wakusuzgirako ŵanthu wa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer.]] Maboma gha ma Boer ghakalimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ma Boer (1880-1881) pakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za nkhondo za ŵasilikari. Ŵabali ŵa ku Britain ŵakawelera na unandi wa ŵasilikari, maluso ghanandi, na nthowa yiphya mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer (1899-1902) ndipo, nangauli ŵakakomeka comene cifukwa ca kuyuzgika, kweni paumaliro ŵakawina. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakujumpha 27,000 ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakafwa mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya Britain.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 of the worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|work=The Independent|date=19 January 2016|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142647/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku South Africa. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo izo zikacitika, ŵalimi ŵa mafuko gha Boer ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakachimbilira ku misumba kufuma ku vigaŵa vya Transvaal na Orange Free State kuti ŵakasange vyakukhumbikwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ogura|first=Mitsuo|date=1996|title=Urbanization and Apartheid in South Africa: Influx Controls and Their Abolition|journal=The Developing Economies|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=402–423|doi=10.1111/j.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x|pmid=12292280|issn=1746-1049|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kujilamulila === {{See also|Union of South Africa|Military history of South Africa during World War I|Military history of South Africa during World War II}} Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakasuskanga boma la Britain ndipo ŵakakhumbanga chomene kuti charu chawo chiŵe na wanangwa. Mu nyengo iyo charu cha Netherlands na Britain vikalamuliranga charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhananga yayi chifukwa cha mitundu yawo, kweni ŵakaŵikapo malango ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora mu charu ichi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bond|first=Patrick|title=Cities of gold, townships of coal: essays on South Africa's new urban crisis|publisher=Africa World Press|year=1999|page=140|isbn=978-0-86543-611-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|year=1906|title=Report of the Select Committee on Location Act|publisher=Cape Times Limited|url=https://archive.org/details/reportoftheselec00capeiala|access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last1=Godley |first1=Godfrey |first2=Welsh|last2=Archibald|last3=Thomson |first3=William |last4=Hemsworth |first4=H. D.|year=1920|title=Report of the Inter-departmental committee on the native pass laws|url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofinterdep00sout#page/2/mode/1up|publisher=Cape Times Limited|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|institution=Great Britain Colonial Office; Transvaal (Colony). Governor (1901–1905: Milner)|date=January 1902|title=Papers relating to legislation affecting natives in the Transvaal|url=https://archive.org/details/transvaalpapersr00grea}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=De Villiers|first=John Abraham Jacob|title=The Transvaal |publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|year=1896|pages=[https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi/page/30 30] (n46)|url=https://archive.org/details/transvaal00devi|access-date=30 July 2009}}</ref> Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kufuma apo Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya ku Boer yikamalira, ndipo pamanyuma pa vilimika vinayi vya kudumbiskana, Dango la South Africa Act 1909 likapeleka wanangwa wa kujilongozga apo likapangiska kuti South Africa yikhalenge yekha pa 31 May 1910. Boma ili likaŵa na vigaŵa vya Cape, Transvaal na Natal, kweniso Orange Free State. Mu 1913, dango la Natives' Land Act likakanizga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake kuŵa na malo ghawo. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakaŵa na malo ghakukwana 7% pera. Pamanyuma, malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ghakakwera pachoko waka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=Native Land Act|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=19 June 1913|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|archive-date=14 October 2010 }}</ref> Mu 1931, wupu uwu ukaŵa wakujiyimira wekha pakuyana na ufumu wa United Kingdom. Mu vyaru vinyake vitatu vya mu Africa, Liberia, Ethiopia, na Egypt, vikaŵa vyambura mazaza. Mu 1934, chipani cha South African Party na National Party vikasazgikana na kupanga chipani cha United Party. Mu 1939, chipani ichi chikagaŵikana chifukwa cha umo wupu uwu ukanjilira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose. === Nyengo ya Apartheid === {{Main|Apartheid}} Mu 1948, chipani cha National Party chikamba kuwusa. Likakhozga comene kusankhana mitundu uko kukamba mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵa Dutch na British. Pakugwiliskira nchito dango la ku Canada lakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku India, boma la ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada likagaŵa ŵanthu wose mu mitundu yitatu (Ŵachizungu, Ŵachikuda, Ŵaindiya, na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana) ndipo waliyose wakaŵa na wanangwa wake. Ŵazungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵachoko (pasi pa 20%) ndiwo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake. Ndondomeko iyi yikamanyikwa kuti apartheid. Nangauli ŵazungu ŵakaŵa na umoyo uwemi comene mu vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, nga umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vya ku Western, kweni ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakaŵa na umoyo uheni comene pa vigaŵa vyose, kusazgapo ndalama, masambiro, nyumba, na umoyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=apartheid {{!}} South Africa, Definition, Facts, Beginning, & End {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid|access-date=2022-05-15|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Chikalata cha wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikalembeka mu 1955 na wupu wa Congress Alliance, chikati ŵanthu ŵaleke kusankhana mitundu. Pa Meyi 31, 1961, caru ici cikazgoka caru cakucemeka republic pamanyuma pa referendum (iyo yikaŵa yakuzomerezgeka ku ŵanalume ŵatuŵa pera) iyo yikapokelereka mwakukwana. Elizabeth II wakataya zina lakuti Fumukazi ya ku South Africa, ndipo Kazembe Mukuru waumaliro, Charles Robberts Swart, wakaŵa pulezidenti wa boma. Pakuti boma la Britain likazomerezga kuti pulezidenti wasankhike na nyumba ya malango, pakaŵavya uyo wakimikanga. W. Dango la Botha la mu 1983, likawuskapo udindo wa nduna yikuru ndipo likakhazikiska "pulezidenti wankhongono" uyo wakaŵa na udindo ku nyumba ya malango. Chifukwa cha kukakamizgika na vyaru vinyake vya Commonwealth of Nations, South Africa yikafumamo mu wupu uwu mu 1961 ndipo yikaweleramo mu 1994. Nangauli boma likasuskanga muwuso wa katangale mu charu ichi na ku vyaru vinyake, kweni likapeleka malango kuti muwuso uwu ulutilire. Ŵasilikari ŵakasuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma, ndipo nkhaza zikazara chomene, ndipo mawupu agho ghakatinkhanga apartheid nga ni African National Congress (ANC), Azanian People's Organization, na Pan-Africanist Congress ghakachitanga nkhondo ya ŵasilikari na kunanga vinthu mu misumba. Magulu ghatatu agha ghakakumananga nyengo zinyake apo ghakakumananga kuti ghaŵe na mazaza. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la South Africa pa nkhani ya kusankhana mitundu. Pamanyuma, ŵakawovwira kuti paŵe vyeruzgo vya pa caru cose ndiposo kuti ŵaguliske katundu wawo.<ref name="Bridgland">{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Bridgland|title=The War for Africa: Twelve months that transformed a continent|year=1990|publisher=Ashanti Publishing|location=Gibraltar|page=32|isbn=978-1-874800-12-5}}</ref><ref name="Landgren">{{cite book| first = Signe| last = Landgren| title = Embargo Disimplemented: South Africa's Military Industry| edition = 1989| pages = [https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6 6–10]| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-829127-5| year = 1989| url = https://archive.org/details/embargodisimplem0000land/page/6}}</ref> === Nyengo ya apartheid === {{Further|History of South Africa (1994–present)}} [[File:Frederik de Klerk with Nelson Mandela - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 1992.jpg|thumb|[[F. W. de Klerk|F.W. de Klerk]] na [[Nelson Mandela]] mu Janyuwale 1992]] Mu 1974, Mangosuthu Buthelezi na Harry Schwarz ŵakalemba chikalata chakuchemeka Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith. Paumaliro, F.W. de Klerk wakamba kudumbiskana na Nelson Mandela mu 1993 kuti ŵasinthe ndondomeko na boma. Mu 1990, boma la National Party likamba kumazga sankho apo likawuskapo dango lakukanizga ANC na mawupu ghanyake. Likamufumiska Nelson Mandela mu jere pamanyuma pa vilimika 27 ivyo wakakhala mu jele cifukwa ca kunanga vinthu. Pamanyuma pake, ŵakadumbiskana. Mu 1992, boma likapokera wovwiri wa ŵanthu ŵazungu pa referendum, ndipo likalutilira kudumbiskana kuti ŵamazge nkhaza za katangale. Mu 1994, ku South Africa kukaŵa mavoti ghakwamba, ndipo ANC ndiyo yikawina. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma ili ndakukhora. Charu ichi chikaŵaso mu wupu wa Commonwealth ndipo chikaŵa mu wupu wa Southern African Development Community. Ku South Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nchito. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kukwera m'paka kufika mu magulu ghapakati panji ghapachanya, kweni unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵalije nchito ukakwera comene pakati pa 1994 na 2003. Ukavu pakati pa ŵazungu, uwo ukaŵa ucoko, ukakura. Boma likayezgayezga kuti liŵe na ndyali na ndarama kuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti vinthu vyende makora. Ndondomeko ya United Nations Human Development Index yikakwera m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1990 ndipo yikakhira kufuma mu 1995 m'paka 2005 pambere yindafike pa m'paka mu 2013. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengerochi kwachitika chifukwa cha mliri wa HIV/AIDS wa ku South Africa, uwo ukapangiska kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu ku South Africa ukhale wa vyaka 62, mu 1992 kufika pa vyaka 53 mu 2005, kweniso chifukwa chakuti boma likutondeka kuchitapo kanthu pa suzgo ili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sairr.org.za/wsc/pstory.htx?storyID=428|title=Ridicule succeeds where leadership failed on AIDS|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|date=10 November 2006}}{{dead link|date=May 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>[[File:Watching South Africa & France match at World Cup 2010-06-22 in Soweto 13.jpg|thumb|Supporters watching the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] with [[vuvuzela]]s in the [[Township (South Africa)|township]] of [[Soweto]], a [[Suburbs of Johannesburg|suburb of Johannesburg]]]] [[File:People's March Anti Xenophobia.jpg|thumb|March in [[Johannesburg]] against [[xenophobia in South Africa]], 23 April 2015]] Mu Meyi 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 60 ŵakafwa pa viwawa. Wupu unyake ukati ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000 ŵakachimbizgika mu nyumba zawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakomeka ŵakaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake mwakuzomerezgeka na dango yayi, kweniso ŵakachimbira kwawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2006, wupu wa South African Migration Project ukati ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakususka chomene ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza mu charu chawo. Wupu wa UN High Commissioner for Refugees ukati mu 2008, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000 ŵakapempha malo ghakubisamamo ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Zimbabwe, kweni ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, na Somalia. Kuphalizgana cifukwa ca nchito, mwaŵi wa bizinesi, mauteŵeti gha boma, na nyumba kwapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo na awo ŵakuŵapokelera. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kutinkhana ŵalendo, kweni wupu wa United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ukati mu 2011, nkhaza zafika paheni chomene. Ndipouli, pakuti South Africa yikulutilira kusuzgika na nkhani za kusankhana mitundu, nthowa yimoza iyo yikovwira njakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵikengepo malango, nga ni malango ghakukhwaskana na kusankhana mitundu. Kufika mu 2020, macenjezgo ghanandi ghafumiskika kuti South Africa yili pafupi kunjira ku boma lakupeleŵera na ndarama za boma zambura kukhazikika, unandi wa ŵambura nchito, unandi wa milandu, vimbundi, mabungwe gha boma agho ghakutondeka na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikutondeka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/state-south-africa-2020-johan-marais|title=South Africa, Failed State?|website=www.linkedin.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/642791/south-africa-is-slowly-collapsing/ |title=South Africa is slowly collapsing |work=BusinessTech |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/23/crime-worrying-in-south-africa-7000-murdered-in-three-months|title=Crime 'worrying' in South Africa: 7,000 murdered in three months|website=Aljazeera |date=23 November 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-10/south-africa-heading-toward-becoming-a-failed-state-group-says|title=South Africa Heading Toward Becoming a Failed State, Group Says|newspaper=Bloomberg |last=Sguazzin |first=Anthony |date=10 September 2020 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/9/10/south-africa-heading-towards-becoming-a-failed-state-report|title=South Africa heading towards becoming a failed state: Report|website=Aljazeera |last=Sguazzin |first=Anthony|date=10 September 2020}}</ref>Mu 2022, wupu wa World Economic Forum ukati charu cha South Africa chili pangozi yakuparanyika ndipo ukati pali vinthu vikuruvikuru vinkhondi ivyo vingatimbanizga charu ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/breaking-is-south-africa-military-coup-state-collapse-threats/|title=South Africa 'at risk of STATE COLLAPSE' - according to top experts|first=Tom|last=Head|date=12 January 2022|website=The South African}}</ref> Mulara wa vya ndalama wa ku South Africa, Dondo Mogajane, wakati, "SA yikulongora vimanyikwiro vya boma ilo likutondeka". Jay Naidoo, uyo wakaŵa nduna, wakayowoya kuti caru ca South Africa cili mu suzgo yikuru ndipo cikulongora kuti nchakutondeka, cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵazamusanga nchito yayi. Dawie Roodt, mulembi mukuru wa vyachuma wa Efficient Group wakati caru cili mu suzgo yikuru, "Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵaŵa ŵakavu comene kwa vyaka 10. Iyo wakati wakwenjerwa comene cifukwa cakuti "ŵanthu 32 miliyoni ŵakusanga ndalama ku boma. Boma lingakwaniska yayi kuchita nthena".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/investing/461398-south-africa-is-in-deep-trouble-warns-economist.html |title=South Africa is in deep trouble, warns economist |work=My Broadband |date=21 September 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> Neal Froneman, mulara wa kampani ya Sibanye-Stillwater, wakati upusikizgi uli kuthera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti para ŵagura vinthu, ŵakuchita 'vyakupusikizgira nga ni vigeŵenga.' "Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ndiwo ŵapangiska suzgo ili ndipo ŵakucita kalikose yayi. Boma lingatondeka kulimbana nalo cifukwa likususkana na maghanoghano ghawo". Pulofesa Eddy Maloka, wa pa Institute of Risk Management, wakati: "Chipani cha ANC chatipa suzgo likuru. Ŵazgora suzgo lawo kuŵa lithu. Maboma gha mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu charu ichi ghawa. Tikulaŵiska umo mizi yikubwangasukira". Pulofesa David Himbara wakati: "Charu cha South Africa chili na boma la chipani chimoza. Mu Meyi 2023, Chairman wa Sygnia, Magda Wierzycka, adati "machenjezo oti South Africa ikhale boma lolephera akuchedwa kwenikweni ′′ tili kale kumeneko".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/business-opinion/684085/south-africa-is-already-a-failed-state/|title=South Africa is already a failed state – BusinessTech}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of South Africa}} [[File:South_Africa_sat.jpg|thumb|left|[[Satellite image]] of South Africa]] Charu cha South Africa chili kumwera chomene kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya South Atlantic na Indian Ocean. Charu cha South Africa chili na malo ghakukwana 1,219,912 km2 (471,011 sq mi). Kwambura kupenda virwa vya Prince Edward, caru ici cili pakati pa latitude 22° na 35° S, na longitude 16° na 33° E. Charu cha South Africa chili na chigaŵa chikuru icho chili pa mtunda wa pakati pa mamita 1,000 na 2,100. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo chili na mapiri ghanandi chomene. Malo agha ghali kuzingilizgika na mapiri ghakuru agho ghakumwera na ghapacanya nkhanira ghakucemeka Drakensberg. Mafadi mu Drakensberg pa mamita 3,450 (11,320 ft) ndiyo yili pachanya chomene. Mphepete mwa chigaŵa cha KwaZulu-Natal na Lesotho pali chigaŵa cha Great Escarpment icho chili pachanya pa mamita 3,000. Chigaŵa chakumwera na kumwera kwa mapiri (pa mtunda wa mamita 1,100 na 1,800) na chigaŵa cha pasi (pa mtunda wa mamita 700 na 800) chikuchemeka Great Karoo. Kumpoto kwa charu ichi, chipalamba cha Great Karoo chikunjira mu chipalamba icho chikuchemeka Bushmanland. Chigaŵa chapakati cha kumafumiro gha dazi na cha pachanya nkhanira cha chigaŵa ichi chikuchemeka Highveld. Malo agha ghali na maji ghanandi, ndipo ni malo ghakurughakuru chomene mu charu ichi. Kumpoto kwa Highveld, kufuma pa 25° 30' S latitude, chigaŵa ichi chikukhilira ku Bushveld, ndipo paumaliro chikuchemeka Limpopo River lowlands panji Lowveld.<ref name="Altas">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 13. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja icho chili kusi kwa Great Escarpment, icho chikwenda mu nthowa ya mawoko kufuma kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, chili na chigaŵa cha Limpopo Lowveld, icho chikunjira mu Mpumalanga Lowveld, kusi kwa Mpumalanga Drakensberg (chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Great Escarpment). Malo agha ngakotcha comene, ngakomira, ndipo ghakulimika comene yayi kuluska malo gha Highveld agho ghali pacanya pa mapiri. Kruger National Park, iyo yili mu vigaŵa vya Limpopo na Mpumalanga kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa, yili na malo ghakukwana 19,633 square kilometres (7,580 sq mi).<ref name="Kruger National Park">{{Cite web|title=Kruger National Park|url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/|archive-date=18 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|publisher=Africa.com}}</ref> [[File:South Africa - Drakensberg (16261357780).jpg|thumb|alt=Image depicting the Drakensberg|[[Drakensberg]], the eastern and highest portion of the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]] which surrounds the east, south and western borders of the central plateau.]] [[File:Namaqualand, Goegap 0035.jpg|thumb|Spring flowers in [[Namaqualand]]]] Mphepete mwa nyanja, kumwera na kumwera kwa mphepete kwa Great Escarpment, kuli mapiri ghanandi gha Cape Fold Mountains agho ghakwenda lumoza na mumphepete mwa nyanja.<ref>McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). ''The story of earth and life''. p. 194. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.</ref><ref name="geological map">Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.</ref> (Mapiri agha ghali pa mapu, kumalyero. Wonani umo mapiri agha ghakambira kumpoto kwa Great Escarpment.) Charu icho chili pakati pa mapiri gha Outeniqua na Langeberg kumwera na Swartberg kumpoto chikuchemeka Little Karoo, ndipo chili na makuni ghakupambanapambana ghakuyana waka na gha Great Karoo. Malo gha Little Karoo ngakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kulima viyuni vyakuchemeka ostrich. Chigaŵa chakumpoto kwa Swartberg m'paka ku Great Escarpment ndicho chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Karoo, icho nyengo yake na vyakumera vyake vikupambana yayi na vya ku Karoo. Mphepete mwa nyanja pakati pa mapiri gha Outeniqua na Langeberg muli vula zinandi izo zikulokwa chaka chose. Cikaŵa cakumanyikwa cifukwa ca nkhorongo zinandi izo zili mu caru ca South Africa. Mu vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici, cirwa ca Cape Peninsula ndico cili kumwera comene kwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilumba cha Cape chili na mphepo ya Mediterranean, ndipo ichi chikupangiska kuti chigaŵa ichi na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili pafupi nacho ndivyo viŵe vyekha mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara uko kukulokwa vula yinandi mu nyengo ya chiwuvi.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. VI, p. 750. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref><ref name="Altas1">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Reader's Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Cape Peninsula kuli Nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mapiri gha Cape Fold ghakumalira pa latitude 32° S, ndipo pamanyuma pake Great Escarpment yikumalira pa nyanja. Chigaŵa chakumwera chomene cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ichi chikuchemeka Swartland and Malmesbury Plain, ndipo ni malo ghakulimira tirigu. Chigaŵa icho chili kumpoto chomene chikuchemeka Namaqualand. Para vula yikuwa pachoko, kanandi yikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. South Africa nayo wali na malo gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja, chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Prince Edward Islands, icho chili na chirwa cha Marion (290 km2) na Prince Edward Island (45 km2) (kusazgikana yayi na chigaŵa cha Canada icho chili na zina lenelili). === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa Köppen.svg|thumb|left|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of South Africa]] Charu cha South Africa chili na mphepo yakuzizima chifukwa chili kuzingilizgika na nyanja za Atlantic na Indian Ocean ku vigaŵa vitatu, ndipo chili ku Southern Hemisphere. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivi vikupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yakupambanapambana. Vyaru ivi vili mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Nyengo ya chiwuvi mu South Africa yikuŵa pakati pa Juni na Ogasiti. Ku chigaŵa chakutali chomene cha kumwera kwa charu ichi kuli nyengo yakuyana na ya ku Mediterranean. Malo agha ndigho ghakupangira vinyo linandi ku South Africa ndipo ghakumanyikwa na mphepo izo zikuputa pafupifupi cilimika cose. Pakuti mphepo iyi yikaŵa yankhongono comene, ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa ŵakasuzgikanga comene kuzingilira Cape of Good Hope. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja, vula yikuwira mwakuyana waka chaka chose, ndipo malo agha ngakutowa. Mvula iyo yikulokwa pa chaka yikukwera chomene kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Lowveld, chomenechomene kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chigaŵa cha Free State ntchakudikanya comene cifukwa chili pakati pa mapiri. Kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Vaal, malo gha Highveld ghakuthirira makora ndipo ghakuŵa na chithukivu yayi. Johannesburg, mu mphepete mwa Highveld, yili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,740 (5,709 ft) pachanya pa nyanja ndipo yikulokwa mvula ya mamita 760 pa chaka. Mu chigaŵa ichi nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima, nangauli chiwuvi chikuŵa chichoko. Malo ghakuzizima chomene mu charu cha South Africa ni Buffelsfontein ku Eastern Cape, uko kukazizima chomene mu 2013. Virwa vya Prince Edward vili na mphepo zakuzizima comene, kweni ku Buffelsfontein kuzizima comene. Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu cha South Africa ndimo muli kutentha chomene: mu 1948 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape cha Kalahari kufupi na Upington mukaŵa kutentha kwa 51.7 °C (125.06 °F). Kusintha kwa nyengo ku South Africa kukupangiska kuti kuthukira kwa maji kuchepeko. Vinthu vyakofya ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha vula vikuwoneka chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakwenjerwa comene na nkhani iyi cifukwa cakuti kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, nga ni umo maji ghakukhalira. Vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro comene pa caru, ndipo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu na vinthu vinyake vyambenge kusuzgika. Kuyana na ivyo likusanda boma la South Africa National Biodiversity Institute, mu vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa, mu 2050 mu chigaŵa cha Northern Cape kuzamuŵa chithukivu chikuru chomene. Vikuwoneka kuti malo gha Cape Floral ghazamusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo. Vyakumera vinandi vizamumara chifukwa cha chilangalanga, moto uwo ukubuka kanandi waka, kweniso chifukwa cha kuthukira kwa nyengo. Ku South Africa kukaŵa malipoti ghaŵiri ghakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa nyengo mu 2011 na 2016. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska mphepo zinandi chomene za carbon dioxide, ndipo chili pa nambara 14. Nga umo charu cha South Africa chikapelekera ndalama zinandi ku vyaru vinyake, charu ichi chajipeleka kuti chileke kunjizga poyizoni pakati pa 2020 na 2025.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509123731/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=3 August 2020 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> === Vinthu vyakupambanapambana === {{main|Biodiversity of South Africa}} {{See also|Wildlife of South Africa|Protected areas of South Africa|Marine biodiversity of South Africa}} [[File:South African Giraffes, fighting.jpg|thumb|[[South African giraffe]]s, Kruger National Park]] [[File:African Leopard Sabi Sands Fir0002 Oct18.jpg|thumb|The female [[African Leopard]] "Thandi" in the Djuma concession of the [[Sabi Sand Game Reserve]]]] Pa Juni 4, 1994, charu cha South Africa chikalembapo chikalata pa Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, ndipo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha chikalata ichi pa Novembala 2, 1995. Kufuma apo, wupu uwu ukalemba pulani ya vyakucita na ndondomeko ya vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana iyo yikapokera pa ungano uwu pa Juni 7, 2006. Pa vyaru 17 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana, charu ichi chili pa nambara 6. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyalo vinandi vya ku South Africa vyamba kulondezga vyalo vinyake kuti viwovwire ŵanthu kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Mu chipalamba ichi muli vinyama vinandi chomene nga ni nkhalamu, nyalubwe wa ku Africa, cheetah wa ku South Africa, southern white rhinos, blue wildebeest, kudus, impalas, hyena, hippopotamus na giraffe wa ku South Africa. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Bushveld chili kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, kusazgapo Kruger National Park na Sabi Sand Game Reserve. Ku South Africa kuli vyamoyo vinandi ivyo vikukhala ku malo agha. Kuzakafika mu 1945, ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga mitundu yakujumpha 4,900 ya tusomba (kusazgapo tusomba uto tukupangiska nthura). Mu 2006, ku South Africa kukaŵa vyakumera vyakukwana mitundu 200,000, kweni vikayananga yayi na vyakumera vinyake. Usange ndimo viliri nadi, mbwenu hona wa ku South Africa ni mucoko comene kuluska vyakumera. Mu vyaru vinyake vikuruvikuru vya ku South Africa, viyuni vinandi vikupambana chomene na vyakumera. Ndondomeko ya vyamoyo na ivyo vikuchitika mu charu ichi vikulongosorapo yayi za bowa (kusazgapo bowa uyo wakupangiska nthura). Ku South Africa kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana vinandi, ndipo kuli vyakumera vyakujumpha 22,000. Malo agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ni malo ghakuliskako vyakumera, comenecomene ku Highveld, uko kuli vyakumera vyakupambanapambana, makuni ghapasi, na makuni gha acacia. Vyakumera vikusangika viŵi yayi kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi cifukwa ca vula yichoko. Mu Namaqualand muli vyakumera vinandi ivyo vikusunga maji nga ni aloyi na euphorbia. Ndipo kuyana na wupu wa World Wildlife Fund, ku South Africa kuli vyakumera vinandi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, vyakumera na minga vikukura chomene. Mu chigaŵa ichi, kufupi na kumpoto kwa Kruger National Park, muli makuni ghanandi gha baobab.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants and Vegetation in South Africa|url=http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm|access-date=30 October 2011|publisher=Southafrica-travel.net|archive-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028175454/http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm|url-status=live }}</ref> Vinyama vinandi ivyo vikukhala mu nkhorongo iyi vili mu chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Western Cape, ndipo vili na vyakumera vyakujumpha 9,000. Vinyama ivi ni vinandi chomene kuluska nkhorongo ya Amazon. Vipasi vinandi ni vyakumera vyakukhora ivyo vikuŵa na mahamba ghakutowa nga gha singano. Mtundu unyake wa vyakumera vya mu South Africa ni Protea. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chili na vyakumera vinandi, kweni malo ghakukwana 1% gha charu ichi ni nkhorongo. Nanga ni makuni ghapusu comene ghakumara moto. Vipambi vinandi vya makuni gha ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene makuni gha eucalyptus na pine, ivyo ni vyakurya vya ku vyaru vinyake. [[File:Flora at Cape Peninsula.JPG|thumb|left|[[Cape Floral Region Protected Areas]]]] Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca South Africa caleka malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, kukura kwa vinthu, na kudumulika kwa makuni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Charu ichi chili na chiŵerengero cha 4.94/10 pa charu chose pa vyaru 172. Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikusuzgika comene na vinyama vya mitundu yinyake, ndipo vyamoyo vinandi (nga ni viyuni vya black wattle, Port Jackson willow, Hakea, Lantana na Jacaranda) vikupweteka comene vyamoyo vya mu caru ici kweniso maji agho ghalipo. Nkhorongo yakwamba iyo yikasangika na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Europe, ŵakayigwiliskira nchito m'paka pakakhala tuvigaŵa tuchoko waka. Pa nyengo yasono, makuni ghanyake gha ku South Africa nga ni yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius), stinkwood (Ocotea bullata), na black ironwood (Olea capensis) ghakuvikilirika na boma. Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵakakoma viyuni 1,215 mu charu ichi. Pakuti mu South Africa muli vyakumera vinandi (vinandi mwa vyakumera ivi vikusangika ku Karoo), ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kupenja vyakumera.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Trenchard|first=Tommy|date=2021-07-31|title=In South Africa, Poachers Now Traffic in Tiny Succulent Plants|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/world/africa/south-africa-poachers-tiny-succulent-plants.html|access-date=2022-06-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa 2011 population density map (hex cells).svg|thumb|Map of population density in South Africa{{Clear}} {{legend-col |{{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km²}} |{{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km²}} |{{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km²}} |{{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km²}} |{{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km²}} |{{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km²}} |{{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km²}} |{{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km²}} |{{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km²}}}} ]] Charu cha South Africa chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 60 miliyoni (kwambira mu 2021) ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana, viyowoyero, na visopa. Kafukufuku waumaliro uyu wakacitika mu 2011, ndipo pa caka cilicose ŵanthu ŵakweruzgika. <ref name=":3" />Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5 miliyoni awo ŵiza kwambura kuzomerezgeka, kusazgapo ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵa ku Zimbabwe.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php|title=Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town&nbsp;– The New York Times|website=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=23 May 2008|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221002431/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php|archive-date=21 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|title=Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus|archive-date=24 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214052122/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097|archive-date=14 February 2009|title=More illegals set to flood SA|publisher=Fin24|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu Meyi 2008, pakachitika viwawa vinandi vyakwimikana na ŵalendo. Wupu wa Statistics South Africa ukupempha ŵanthu kuti ŵajilongore ŵekha mu vigaŵa vinkhondi. Pa kalembera wa 2011, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakaŵa: Ŵachikuda ŵa ku Africa 79.2%, Ŵachizungu 8.9%, Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake 8.9%, Ŵachindi panji Ŵaciindiya 2.5%, na Ŵanyake/Ŵambura Kuzunulika 0.5%. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuchimbilira ku caru cinyake. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa U.S. Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira kwawo na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake yikati mu 2007, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa 144,700. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Zimbabwe (ŵanthu 48,400), DRC (ŵanthu 24,800), na Somalia (ŵanthu 12,900) ŵakaŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 10,000 awo ŵakacimbira na kupenja ciphokwero. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town, na Port Elizabeth.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019224639/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html|archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref> === Viyowoyelo === {{Main|Languages of South Africa}} [[File:South Africa 2011 dominant language map (hex cells).svg|right|thumb|{{Collapsible list |title=Map showing the dominant [[Languages of South Africa|South African languages]] by area |{{legend|#80b1d3|[[Zulu language|Zulu]] (22.7%)}} |{{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (16.0%)}} |{{legend|#8dd3c7|⁠[[Afrikaans]] (13.5%)}} |{{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]] (9.6%)}} |{{legend|#fdb462|[[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]] (9.1%)}} |{{legend|#fccde5|[[Tswana language|Tswana]] (8.0%)}} |{{legend|#b3de69|[[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]] (7.6%)}} |{{legend|#ffed6f|[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] (4.5%)}} |{{legend|#bc80bd|[[Swazi language|Swazi]] (2.5%)}} |{{legend|#ccebc5|[[Venda language|Venda]] (2.4%)}} |{{legend|#bebada|[[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] (2.1%)}} |{{legend|#d0d0d0|None dominant}} |{{legend|#ffffff|Areas of little or no population}} }}]] Ku South Africa kuli viyowoyero 11 vyakuzomerezgeka: Chizulu, Chixhosa, Chifurikansi, Chingelezi, Chipedi, Chitswana, Chisotho cha Kumwera, Chitsonga, Chiswazi, Chivenda, na ChiNdebele cha Kumwera (mwakuyana na awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chakwamba). Pa nkhani iyi, charu ichi chili pa nambara 4 pamanyuma pa Bolivia, India, na Zimbabwe. Nangauli viyowoyero vyose ni vyakuyana, kweni viyowoyero vinyake vikuyowoyeka chomene kuluska vinyake. Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011, viyowoyero vitatu ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ni Chizulu (22.7%), Chixhosa (16.0%), na Chifurikansi (13.5%). Nangauli ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi nchakumanyikwa kuti nchiyowoyero ca malonda na sayansi, kweni ni ciyowoyero cacinayi ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu caru ici, ndipo pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafumbika mu 2011, ŵanthu 9.6% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 1991, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri pa viyowoyero vyose ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuwaro kwa nyumba zawo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, na Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm|title=The languages of South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=4 February 1997|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304001836/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Viyowoyero ivi vingagwiliskirika ntchito mu vigaŵa vichoko waka uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi. Viyowoyero vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San na Khoekhoe ivyo vikuyowoyeka ku malo agha, vikusangika kumpoto kwa Namibia na Botswana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakukhala ku South Africa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kuleka kuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo viyowoyero vyawo vinyake vili pafupi kumara. Ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵangayowoyaso viyowoyero vya ku Europe, nga Chiitaliya, Chiphwitikizi (ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Angola na Mozambique ŵakuyowoya), Chidachi, Chijeremani, na Chigiriki. Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi. === Chisopo === {{Main|Religion in South Africa}} {{bar box |title=Religion in South Africa (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in South Africa – PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102511/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |titlebar= #Fcd116 |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Protestantism]]|#B57EDC|73.2}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|black|14.9}} {{bar percent|[[Catholicism]]|darkblue|7.4}} {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|1.1}} {{bar percent|Other faith|silver|1.7}} }} Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2001, Ŵakhristu ŵakaŵa 79.8% ya ŵanthu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana vya Chipulotesitanti (ivyo vikusazgapo matchalitchi gha ku Africa) kweniso Ŵaroma na Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵachoko waka. Mu gulu la Ŵakhristu muli Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Ziyoni (11.1%), Ŵapentekosite (Charismatic) (8.2%), Ŵaroma Katolika (7.1%), Ŵamethodisti (6.8%), Ŵachidachi Ŵakunozgekera (6.7%), na Ŵanglican (3.8%). Ŵanthu ŵanyake 36 pa 100 ŵali mu visopa vinyake vya Cikhristu. Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.5% ca ŵanthu, Ŵahindu ŵakaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 1.2%, visopa vya ku Africa vikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.3% ndipo Ciyuda cikaŵa na ciŵelengero ca 0.2%. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 15.1% ŵakaŵa ŵambura chisopa, 0.6% ŵakaŵa "ŵanyake", ndipo 1.4% ŵakaŵa "ŵambura kumanya chisopa chawo".<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=South Africa |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=23 January 2021 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref><ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|title=South Africa&nbsp;– Section I. Religious Demography|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=15 July 2006|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614133513/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Wessel|last1=Bentley|author2=Dion Angus Forster|title=Methodism in Southern Africa: A Celebration of Wesleyan Mission|year=2008|publisher=AcadSA|isbn=978-1-920212-29-2|pages=97–98|chapter=God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses}}</ref> Matchalitchi agho ghakafuma ku Africa ndigho ghakaŵa ghakuru comene pa visopa vyose vya Cikhristu. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵali mu cisopa cilicose yayi ŵakalondezganga cisopa ca ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 200,000 awo ŵakuchizga ŵalwari, ndipo ŵanthu 60 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuluta ku ŵanthu aŵa. Ŵakuchizga aŵa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vigomezgo vya ŵasekuru na kugomezga kuti vyamoyo vya mu malo agha ni vyamzimu kweniso ni vyakuti vingovwira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali na visambizgo vya cisopa ivyo vikusazgapo visambizgo vya Cikhristu na vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku South Africa ŵali na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na ŵa ku India. Ŵasambiri ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵali kung'anamukira ku cisopa ca Ciarabu na Cizungu, kweniso awo ŵali kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵali kutorana nawo. Ŵasilamu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakuyowoya kuti cisopa cawo ndico cikukura mwaluŵiro comene mu caru ici.<ref name=csmonitor>{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|title=In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam / The Christian Science Monitor|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=10 January 2002 |access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173053/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa|title=Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa|date=15 November 2004 |publisher=Religionnewsblog.com|access-date=7 November 2010|archive-date=1 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001060330/http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa|url-status=live }}</ref> Mu tawuni iyi muli Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 120,000 mu ma 1970, kweni lero ŵalipo 67,000 pera, ndipo ŵanyake wose ŵali kusamira ku Israel. Nangauli vili nthena, kweni ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca Ŵayuda mu South Africa ciŵe ca nambara 12 pa caru cose.<ref>{{Citation| editor-last = Rebecca Weiner| editor-first = Rebecca Weiner| year = 2010| publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]| title = South African Jewish History and Information| format = PDF| url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html| access-date = 13 August 2010| archive-date = 11 January 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170111051609/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html| url-status = live }}</ref> === Masambilo === {{Main|Education in South Africa}} [[File:UCT Upper Campus landscape view.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[University of Cape Town]]]] Mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 88.7%. Ku South Africa kuli masukulu gha vigaŵa vitatu. Ŵasambiri ŵakusambira kwa vyaka 12, kwambira mu kilasi 1 m'paka 12. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa gredi R ŵakwamba kusambira pambere ŵandafike ku pulayimale. Sukulu za pulayimale zikuchitika kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri. Masambiro gha ku sekondare ghakutora vilimika vinkhondi. Para munthu wakwaniska kilasi la nambara 12, wakuŵa na chiyezgelero cha National Senior Certificate. Masukulu ghapacanya pa boma ghakupambana mu mitundu yitatu: masukulu ghapacanya ghacilengiwa, agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha ku yunivesite; masukulu gha sayansi (agho kale ghakacemekanga technikon), agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha ku nchito; na masukulu ghapachanya, agho ghakupeleka masambiro gha mitundu yose yiŵiri. Ku South Africa kuli maunivesite 23 gha boma: 11 ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu wose, 6 gha sayansi, na 6 ghakupambanapambana. Mu nyengo ya apartheid, masukulu gha ŵanthu ŵafipa ghakaŵanga na sankho chifukwa cha ndalama zakukwana yayi kweniso pakaŵa ndondomeko yinyake yakuchemeka Bantu Education. Mu 2004, charu cha South Africa chikamba kunozga masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya. Kuzakafika mu 2015, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni ŵa masukulu ghapachanya ŵawovwirika na ndondomeko ya wovwiri wa ndalama iyo yikamba mu 1999.<ref name=Cele>{{cite news|last1=Cele|first1=S'thembile; Masondo, Sipho|title=Shocking cost of SA's universities|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118|access-date=19 January 2015|agency=City Press|publisher=fin24.com|date=18 January 2015|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119205443/http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Shocking-cost-of-SAs-universities-20150118|url-status=live }}</ref> === Umoyo === {{Main|Health in South Africa|Healthcare in South Africa}} [[File:Tygerberg from air.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Tygerberg Hospital]] in [[Parow, South Africa|Parow, Cape Town]]]] Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa (South African Institute of Race Relations) ukati mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakhazganga kukhala vyaka 71, ndipo ŵafipa vyaka 48. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pa vya cipatala ni pafupifupi 9% ya GDP. Pafupifupi 84% ya ŵanthu ŵakuthemba wovwiri wa boma wa vyaumoyo. Pafupifupi ŵanthu 20 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwiliskira nchito wovwiri wa boma. Ŵanthu 16 pera ndiwo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa munkhwala; ŵanyake wose ŵakujilipira ŵekha panji ŵakupokera wovwiri wa mu chipatala. Mabungwe ghatatu gha vipatala, [[Mediclinic]], [[Life Healthcare]] na [[Netcare]], pamoza ghakwendeska 75% ya msika wa vipatala vyapadera.<ref name="fmhealth">{{cite web |title=Motsoaledi to reform private health care |url=http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707152200/http://www.fm.co.za/fm/CoverStory/2013/07/04/motsoaledi-to-reform-private-health-care |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Financial Mail}}</ref> ==== Edesi (HIV/AIDS) ==== {{Main|HIV/AIDS in South Africa}} [[File:Life expectancy in select African countries, 1950–2019.jpg|thumb|Life expectancy in select Southern African countries, 1950–2019. [[HIV/AIDS]] has caused a fall in life expectancy.]] Lipoti la UNAIDS la mu 2015, likati ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 7 miliyoni awo ŵali na HIV. Mu 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV (ŵakujumpha vyaka 15 m'paka 49) chikaŵa 20.4%, ndipo mu chaka chenechicho ŵanthu 71,000 ŵakafwa na matenda gha AIDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|title=South Africa|website=www.unaids.org|language=en|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828020358/https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/southafrica|url-status=live}}</ref> Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2008, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵali na HIV. Pa ŵanthu wose ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, 13.6% ŵali na HIV, apo pa ŵanthu ŵatuŵa, 0.3% pera ndiwo ŵali na HIV. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufwa cifukwa ca matenda gha AIDS ŵakuŵa na ndalama zinandi. Ku South Africa kuli ŵana ŵalanda 1,200,000. Kwa nyengo yitali, pulezidenti Thabo Mbeki na nduna yake ya vyaumoyo, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, ŵakakana kuti HIV, nthenda iyo yikuthandazgika na kugonana, na AIDS vikukolerana. Mu 2007, boma la Britain likamba kulimbana na matenda gha AIDS cifukwa ca kucenjezgeka na vyaru vinyake. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2009, Purezidenti Jacob Zuma adasankha Aaron Motsoaledi kukhala nduna ya zaumoyo ndipo adadzipereka ku boma lake kuti liwonjezere ndalama zoyendetsera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa chithandizo cha HIV, ndipo pofika chaka cha 2015, South Africa idapita patsogolo kwambiri, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mankhwala a antiretroviral zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo chiwonjezeke kuchokera zaka 52.1 mpaka zaka 62.5.<ref name="conversationHIVExcelled">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501|title=South Africa has excelled in treating HIV – prevention remains a disaster|first=Saiqa|last=Mullick|access-date=12 July 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712052403/https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-excelled-in-treating-hiv-prevention-remains-a-disaster-51501|url-status=live}}</ref> === Chitauni === Pa webusayiti yinyake pali madera ghakujumpha 12,600 mu South Africa. Maofesi gha munthavi gha ku South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African Cities And Provinces – A Complete List|url=https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/|website=dirkstrauss.com|date=27 December 2018 |access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507050602/https://dirkstrauss.com/south-african-cities/|url-status=live}}</ref> . {{Largest cities of South Africa}} == Boma == {{Main|Government of South Africa|Politics of South Africa|Law of South Africa|Human rights in South Africa}} [[File:Uniegebou.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Union Buildings|[[Union Buildings]] in Pretoria, seat of the executive]] [[File:Cape_Town,_Houses_of_Parliament.JPG|thumb|Houses of [[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]] in Cape Town, seat of the legislature]] [[File:Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Constitutional Court|[[Constitutional Court of South Africa|Constitutional Court]] in Johannesburg]] Charu cha South Africa chili na boma laparamende, kweni mwakupambana na maparamende ghanyake, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma kweniso mutu wa boma. Wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakwimika malango na wupu wakweruzga, vyose vikukolerana na Dango la South Africa, ndipo makhoti ghapachanya ghali na mazaza gha kulekeska malango gha wupu wakulongozga na malango gha Nyumba ya Malango usange ghakususkana na dango. Nyumba ya Malango, iyo ni nyumba yaciŵiri ya boma, yili na ŵanthu 400 ndipo yikuŵa na ŵimiliri. Wupu wa vigaŵa, uwo ni nyumba yikuru, uli na mamembara 90, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa 9 chikusankha mamembara 10.<ref name=":4" /> Para maungano ghaparamende ghajumpha, wupu wa National Assembly ukusankha yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵali mu wupu uwu kuŵa pulezidenti. Palije pulezidenti uyo wangaŵa pa udindo nyengo zinandi kuluska ziŵiri. Pulezidenti wakusora wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na nduna izo zikuyimira dipatimenti yinyake. Nyumba ya Malango yingawuskapo purezidenti na nduna za boma mwa kuleka kugomezga. Pa chisankho chaposachedwapa, chomwe chinachitika pa 8 May 2019, ANC inapeza 58% ya mavoti ndi mipando 230, pamene chipani chachikulu chotsutsa, Democratic Alliance, chinalandira 21% ya mavoti ndi mipando 84. Gulu la Economic Freedom Fighters, ilo likakhazikiskika na Julius Malema, uyo wakaŵa purezidenti wa ANC Youth League ndipo pamasinda wakafumiskika mu ANC, likapokera mavoti 11% na vithuzithuzi 44. Kufuma apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ANC ndiyo yikulongozga mu South Africa.<ref name=":4" /> Charu cha South Africa chilije msumba ukuru. Cipaturo cacinayi ca dango ili cikuti: "Malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ni Cape Town, kweni Dango la Nyumba ya Malango ilo lalembeka mwakuyana na vigaŵa vya 76 (1) na (5) lingapangiska kuti malo gha Nyumba ya Malango ghaŵe kunyake". Maboma ghatatu gha mu caru ici ghali kugaŵika mu misumba yakupambanapambana. Msumba wa Cape Town, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; Pretoria, ndiwo msumba ukuru wa boma; ndipo Bloemfontein ndiwo msumba ukuru wa khoti likuru la apilu. Maboma ghanandi gha vyaru vinyake ghali ku Pretoria.<ref name=":5" /> Kwambira mu 2004, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka boma la South Africa, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵankhaza. Pali milandu yinandi ya nkhaza za ndyali kweniso kuthaskika kwa nkhaza izo zikususkana na dango la chalo, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona vya ndyali na mawupu gha wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakuti pali panji pangaŵa suzgo la nkhaza za ndyali.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|author=J. Duncan|url=http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1|title=The Return of State Repression|publisher=South African Civil Society Information Services|date=31 May 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630181604/http://www.sacsis.org.za/site/article/489.1|archive-date=30 June 2013|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/|title=Increasing police repression highlighted by recent case|publisher=Freedom of Expression Institute|year=2006|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181236/http://www.fxi.org.za/content/view/47/51/|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> Mu 2008, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa pa malo ghachinkhondi pa vyaru 48 vya mu Africa. Boma la South Africa likaŵa na masambiro ghapachanya pa nkhani ya malango, kujikora na vimbundi, kweniso vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kweni likaŵa na masambiro ghachoko pa nkhani ya chivikiliro. Mu 2006, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha. Ndondomeko ya malango ya ku South Africa ndiyo njakwenelera. Malamulo gha ku South Africa ghakafuma ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Roma na ŵa ku Netherlands, kweniso ku malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|title=Researching South African Law|access-date=23 June 2008|first1=Pamela|last1=Snyman|first2=Amanda|last2=Barratt|name-list-style=amp|date=2 October 2002|publisher=w/ Library Resource Xchange|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617154356/http://www.llrx.com/features/southafrica.htm|archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref> Dango lakwamba la ku Europe ilo likakhazikiskika ku South Africa likafuma ku Dutch East India Company ndipo likucemeka dango la Ŵaroma na ŵa ku Netherlands. Dango ili likatoleka pambere dango la ku Europe lindanozgeke na kunjizgika mu Dango la Napoleon. Mu ma 1800, boma la England likamba kulondezga malango gha boma. Pamanyuma pa kuwungana mu 1910, charu cha South Africa chikaŵa na nyumba yake ya malango iyo yikapeleka malango ghakukhwaskana na charu ichi. Makhoti agha ni: Khoti Likuru Chomene (Supreme Court of Appeal) na Khoti Likuru Chomene (Constitutional Court). === Ubale na vyaru vinyake === {{Main|Foreign relations of South Africa}} [[File:Leaders BRICS summit 2019.jpg|thumb|left|President of South Africa, [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] (far left), poses with the [[BRICS]] heads of state and government during the [[11th BRICS summit]], 2019]] Pakuŵa mu wupu wa South Africa, charu ichi chikaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa United Nations (UN), ndipo nduna yikuru Jan Smuts ndiyo wakalemba mazgu ghakwamba gha United Nations Charter.<ref name="gildersleeve">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html|title=Virginia Gildersleeve: Opening the Gates (Living Legacies)|first=Rosalind|last=Rosenberg|date=Summer 2001|magazine=Columbia Magazine|access-date=14 December 2009|archive-date=2 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102153832/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alumni/Magazine/Summer2001/Gildersleeve.html|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Schlesinger">{{cite book|author=Schlesinger, Stephen E.|title=Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World|publisher=Westview, Perseus Books Group|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2004|pages=236–7|isbn=978-0-8133-3275-8 }}</ref> Charu cha South Africa nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu wupu wa African Union (AU). Ndilo liŵapo pa gulu la AU la New Partnership for Africa's Development. Boma la apartheid likati lamara, charu cha South Africa chikaweleraso ku Commonwealth. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa G77 ndipo chikaŵa na mazaza pa wupu uwu mu 2006. Charu cha South Africa chili mu chalo cha Southern African Development Community, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union, Antarctic Treaty System, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20, G8+5, na Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa. Mu vyaka 10 ivyo vyajumpha, charu cha South Africa chachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano mu vyaru vya ku Africa nga ni Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Comoros, na Zimbabwe. Pulezidenti Jacob Zuma na Pulezidenti wa China Hu Jintao ŵakakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi mu 2010 apo ŵakasaina phangano la Beijing ilo likakwezga "ubwezi wakudumura" wa South Africa na China ku "ubwezi wakudumura" mu vyaru vyose vya vyaru ivi. Mu 2011, chalo cha South Africa chikapokelerana na maboma gha Brazil-Russia-India-China (BRICS), agho Zuma wakamanya kuti ni maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha charu ichi kweniso maboma agho ghakwendeska malonda gha Africa. Mr. Zuma wakati vyaru vya BRICS vicitirenge lumoza nchito kwizira mu UN, G20, na India, Brazil South Africa (IBSA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm|title=SA brings 'unique attributes' to BRICS|publisher=Southafrica.info|date=14 April 2011|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709031314/http://www.southafrica.info/global/brics/brics-140411.htm|archive-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Administrative divisions of South Africa|Provinces of South Africa}} [[File:Map of South Africa with English labels.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|[[Provinces of South Africa]]]] Chigaŵa chilichose cha vigaŵa ivi chili na wupu wa malango uwo ukuŵa na nyumba yimoza, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakusankhika mu vigaŵa vyose vyaka 5. Wupu wakulongozga ndiwo ukusankha nduna yikuru kuŵa mulongozgi wa boma, ndipo nduna yikuru yikwimika wupu wa Executive Council kuŵa nduna yikuru ya boma. Maufumu gha vigaŵa ghakukhala waka pa nkhani izo zili kulembeka mu dango; nkhani izi ni za umoyo, masambiro, nyumba za ŵanthu wose, na mendero. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 52, ndipo vili na matawuni 8. Ŵana ŵa vigaŵa ivi ŵali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 205. Ŵalara ŵa boma, awo ŵakulongozga misumba yikuruyikuru, ŵakucita milimo ya boma la cigaŵa na la cigaŵa. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right" |- ! Province ! Provincial capital ! Largest city ! Area (km²)<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf |title=Stats in Brief, 2010 |publisher=Statistics South Africa |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-621-39563-1 |location=Pretoria |page=3 |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820132652/http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/StatsInBrief/StatsInBrief2010.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> ! Population (2016)<ref name="2016CS">{{cite web |title=Community Survey 2016 In Brief |url=http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CS-in-brief-14-07-2017-with-cover_1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516231635/http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CS-in-brief-14-07-2017-with-cover_1.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |publisher=Statistics South Africa}}</ref> ! Population (2020)<ref>''Stats in Brief, 2020'': Mid 2020 official estimates from Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.</ref> |- | align="left" | [[Eastern Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Bhisho]]|| align="left" |[[Gqeberha]]|| 168,966|| 6,996,976|| 6,734,000 |- | align="left" |[[Free State (South African province)|Free State]]|| align="left" |[[Bloemfontein]]|| align="left" |Bloemfontein|| 129,825|| 2,834,714|| 2,929,000 |- | align="left" |[[Gauteng]]|| align="left" |[[Johannesburg]]|| align="left" |Johannesburg|| 18,178|| 13,399,724|| 15,488,000 |- | align="left" |[[KwaZulu-Natal]]|| align="left" |[[Pietermaritzburg]]|| align="left" |[[Durban]]|| 94,361|| 11,065,240|| 11,532,000 |- | align="left" |[[Limpopo]]|| align="left" |[[Polokwane]]|| align="left" |Polokwane|| 125,754|| 5,799,090|| 5,853,000 |- | align="left" |[[Mpumalanga]]|| align="left" |[[Mbombela]]|| align="left" |Mbombela|| 76,495|| 4,335,964|| 4,680,000 |- | align="left" |[[North West (South African province)|North West]]|| align="left" |[[Mahikeng]]|| align="left" |[[Klerksdorp]]|| 104,882|| 3,748,435|| 4,109,000 |- | align="left" |[[Northern Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]]|| align="left" |Kimberley|| 372,889|| 1,193,780|| 1,293,000 |- | align="left" |[[Western Cape]]|| align="left" |[[Cape Town]]|| align="left" |Cape Town|| 129,462|| 6,279,730|| 7,006,000 |} === Ŵasilikari na ŵamazaza === {{Main|South African National Defence Force}} {{See also|List of equipment of the South African National Defence Force|Defence industry of South Africa|South Africa and weapons of mass destruction}} {{Multiple image | image1 = SAAF-Gripen-001 (cropped).jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[South African Air Force]] [[JAS-39|Saab Gripen]] | image2 = Rooivalk in flight (cropped).jpg | caption2 = South African-made [[Denel Rooivalk|Rooivalk]] attack helicopter | image3 = SAS Spioenkop during Exercise IBSAMAR V (cropped).JPG | caption3 = [[SAS Spioenkop|SAS ''Spioenkop'' (F147)]], one of the four [[Valour-class frigate|Valour-class]] stealth guided-missile frigates of the [[South African Navy]] | total_width = | perrow = 2 | caption4 = The [[Denel Rooivalk]] attack helicopter | direction = vertical | width = 220 }} Gulu la South African National Defence Force (SANDF) likapangika mu 1994 nga ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakujipeleka ilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵa kale ŵa South African Defence Force, ŵasilikari ŵa magulu gha African nationalist (uMkhonto we Sizwe na Azanian People's Liberation Army), na ŵasilikari ŵa bantustan. Wupu wa SANDF uli kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinayi, South African Army, South African Air Force, South African Navy, na South African Military Health Service.<ref name="act-42-2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf|title=Defence Act 42 of 2002|access-date=23 June 2008|date=12 February 2003|publisher=South African Government|page=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211758/http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2002/a42-02.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref>Gulu la SANDF lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 75,000 m'paka mu 2019. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, SANDF yazgoka gulu likuru lakuvikilira mtende mu Africa, ndipo yikugwira nchito ku Lesotho, DRC, na Burundi, na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso likateŵeterapo mu mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha UN, nga ni UN Force Intervention Brigade. Mu 2022, chalo chikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana US$3.069 billion pa vya nkhondo izo ni 0.86% ya GDP yose ya chalo. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuvikilira caru zachepa comene cifukwa pasono caru ici cikukumana yayi na suzgo la nkhondo. Gulu la SANDF kanandi likugwira ntchito pakukoma vigeŵenga ndipo para ŵapolisi ŵa South African Police Service (SAPS) ŵaleka kuwoneseska kuti vinthu vili makora. Mu nyengo ya vivulupi vya ku South Africa mu chaka cha 2021, chiwawa chankhongono chomene ku South Africa kufuma apo apartheid yikamalira, ŵasilikari 25,000, ma helikopita gha ŵasilikari ghakujumpha 12 na magalimoto ghakuŵa na vilwero vikapelekeka ku vigaŵa vya KwaZulu-Natal na Gauteng kuti ŵawovwire ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa kumazga vivulupi na kupoka vinthu. Ichi chikaŵa chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru chomene ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ŵakachitanga kufuma mu 1994, ndipo chikaŵa chikuru chomene kufuma apo apartheid yikamalira. Charu cha South Africa chili na maofesi gha ŵasilikari ghanandi agho ghali palipose mu charu ichi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Husseini |first=Talal |date=2019-06-13 |title=Air force bases in South Africa: past and present operations |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/features/air-force-bases-in-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref> Makampani gha kuvikilira caru ca South Africa ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo ndigho ghali na vinthu vinandi comene pa caru cose. Kufika mu 2020 chalo cha South Africa chili pa chigaŵa cha 24 pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska vilwero pa charu chose chapasi. Charu ichi chikupanga mitundu yinandi ya vilwero kufuma ku vyakuphakaphaka vya nkhondo mpaka ku mabomba gha balistic, vilwero vyakuzirwa vya ku South Africa vikusazgapo Ratel IFV, galimoto yakwamba ya nkhondo ya ŵasilikari pa charu chose. Charu ichi chikapangaso ndege yake yakuchemeka "Denel Rooivalk" iyo njimoza mwa vilwero vyakukhora chomene pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, boma la Japan likapangana ndalama zakukwana R16 biliyoni (USD 1 biliyoni) na makampani ghakuvikilira charu ichi kuti ghapangire magalimoto gha Badger gha muwiro uphya 244 gha nkhondo. Charu cha South Africa ndicho pera mu Africa icho chili kupanga makora vilwero vya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikaŵa chakwamba kuleka na kumazga mapulogiramu ghake gha nyukiliya (panyuma pa Ukraine) ndipo chikalemba phangano la kuleka kusazgirako vilwero vya nyukiliya mu 1991. Mu ma 1970, caru ca South Africa cikamba kupanga vilwero vya nyukiliya. Ku South Africa ŵakayowoya kuti kukachitika kuyezga nyukiliya mu 1979, kweni boma likakana. De Klerk wakati charu cha South Africa "chindachitepo kuyezga nyukiliya mwakubisilizga". Pakati pa 1980 na 1990, ŵakazenga mabomba ghankhondi na limoza, kweni ghose ghakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 1991. Mu 2017, charu cha South Africa chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection|date=7 July 2017|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813020027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en|url-status=live }}</ref> === Kuŵika malango na kuswa malango === {{Main|Law enforcement in South Africa|Crime in South Africa}} [[File:South african police may 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Officers of the [[South African Police Service]] with [[R4 assault rifle|Vektor R5]] rifles on parade in Johannesburg, 2010]] Boma la South Africa ndilo likulongozga ŵapolisi. Wupu wa SAPS ndiwo ukupenjerezga milandu na kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu caru cose. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku South Africa ŵali na maofesi gha ŵapolisi ghakujumpha 1,154 mu charu chose. Mu chaka cha 2023, gulu la Special Task Force (SAPS) likaŵa na malo gha nambara 9 pa mpikisano wa SWAT wa pa caru cose kufuma pa magulu 55 gha ŵapolisi kufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Charu cha South Africa chili na makampani ghakuvikilira ŵanthu ghakujumpha 10,380 na ŵanthu ŵakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.5 miliyoni. Gulu la ŵapolisi la South African Police Service (SAPS) ndilo likovwira chomene pa nkhani ya vigeŵenga mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, nchito ya kuvikilira ŵanthu yafika paheni comene. Kufumira mu February 2023, charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vigeŵenga vinandi chomene pa charu chose. Kwambira mu Epulero 2017 m'paka mu Malichi 2018, ŵanthu 57 ŵakakomeka zuŵa lililose mu South Africa. Mu chaka icho chikajumpha mu Malichi 2017, ŵanthu 20,336 ŵakakomeka ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakakomeka chikaŵa 35.9 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 526,000 ŵa ku South Africa ŵakakomeka kufuma mu 1994 mpaka mu 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Douglas|title=SA's murder rate is worse than the coronavirus mortality rate|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823|agency=IOL|publisher=iol.co.za|date=3 March 2020|access-date=4 August 2021|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804174704/https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/sas-murder-rate-is-worse-than-the-coronavirus-mortality-rate-43987823|url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Smash and Grab Hot Spot, Retreat (South Africa).jpg|thumb|Smash and Grab Hot Spot sign in [[Retreat, Cape Town]]]] Ku South Africa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukoleka mwankhaza, ndipo mu 2014/15 pakachitika ŵanthu 43,195. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2009 pakati pa ŵanalume 1,738 ku KwaZulu-Natal na Eastern Cape na Medical Research Council, wakalongora kuti mwanalume yumoza pa ŵanalume ŵanayi waliyose wakazomera kuti wakachita uleŵi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakugona ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekha, kweni ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakuti ŵakugona ŵanakazi ŵekha yayi. Ŵana (ŵanyake ŵa vyaka 10 pera) ndiwo ŵakugona ŵanakazi. Ŵana na ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza comene pa caru, comene cifukwa ca cisambizgo cakuti ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa ŵakutozgeka. Pakati pa 1994 na 2018, ku South Africa kukacitika vinthu vyakukhuŵazga ŵalendo vyakujumpha 500. Chiwawa cha 2019 ku Johannesburg chikaŵa chakuyana na chiwawa cha 2008 icho chikachitikaso ku Johannesburg.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905|title=Gauteng xenophobia attacks akin to 2008 crisis – Institute of Race Relations|date=5 September 2019|website=News24|language=en|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915032441/https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/gauteng-xenophobia-attacks-akin-to-2008-crisis-institute-of-race-relations-20190905|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of South Africa}} [[File:Johannesburg Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) ni msika ukuru comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo ni msika wa nambara 17 pa caru cose. Msika wake uli na ndalama zakukwana $1.36 trillion<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSE Trading Hours & Market Holidays [2023] |url=https://www.tradinghours.com/markets/jse |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.tradinghours.com}}</ref>]] Charu cha South Africa chili na chuma chakupambanapambana. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chili na vyalo vinandi chomene mu Africa. <ref name=":6" />Charu ichi chili na GDP yikuru chomene pa munthu yumoza pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya ku sub-Saharan Africa US$16,080 pa kugura vinthu nga umo vikaŵira mu 2023. Nangauli vili nthena, charu cha South Africa chili na ukavu na kusoŵa nchito ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru 10 vyapacanya pa caru cose pa nkhani ya ndalama.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html|title=Inequality in income or expenditure / Gini index, Human Development Report 2007/08|publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org|date=4 November 2010|access-date=26 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234423/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html|archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|publisher=Cia.gov|access-date=26 June 2013|archive-date=13 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558|title=South Africa has highest gap between rich and poor|publisher=Business Report|date=28 September 2009|access-date=7 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023162404/http://www.iol.co.za/business/business-news/south-africa-has-widest-gap-between-rich-and-poor-1.707558|archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref> South Africa yili pa malo gha 40 pa chuma chose, ndipo ni chalo chachiŵiri chakukhwima chomene mu Africa, pakuyowoya za usambazi wa ŵanthu. South Africa yili na usambazi wa ŵanthu 651 biliyoni. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 55.5% (30.3 miliyoni) ŵakukhala mu ukavu uwo uli pachanya pa ukavu wa pa caru cose uku ŵanthu 13.8 miliyoni (25% ya ŵanthu) ŵakusuzgika na ukavu wa vyakurya. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 10% ndiwo ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 71%, apo ŵanthu 60% ŵakaŵa na usambazi unandi wa 7% pera. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi vikavu, caru ca South Africa nchambura ndalama. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vya ku South Africa, 15 pera ndiwo ŵali mu vyaru vyambura kulembeka. Wupu wakuwona vya ndalama (OECD) ukuti chifukwa cha mphambano iyi ni umo vinthu viliri mu charu cha South Africa. Kafukufuku wa Banki ya Caru Cose wakulongora kuti caru ca South Africa cili na mphambano yikuru comene pakati pa GDP ya munthu yumoza na Index ya Kukura kwa Munthu.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEPWeb: Beyond Economic Growth|url=http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html|publisher=The World Bank Group|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=6 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106020301/http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/beyond/global/chapter15.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Johannesburg Skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Johannesburg]], the financial capital of South Africa and the African continent<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwole |first=Victor |date=2022-04-14 |title=Top 10 wealthiest cities in Africa |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/top-10-wealthiest-cities-in-africa/2l5l5t4 |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref>]] Kufuma mu 1994, boma likakhwimiska ndalama, likakhozga ndalama za boma, ndipo likakopa ndalama zinyake za ku vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 2004, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu vyaru ivi. Pa nyengo iyo Jacob Zuma wakaŵa pulezidenti, boma likakhozga comene makampani gha boma. Mabungwe ghanyake ghakurughakuru agho ghali na boma ni Eskom, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya magesi, South African Airways (SAA), na Transnet, kampani iyo yikugwira nchito ya kujima sitima na madoko. Mabungwe ena a boma sanali opindulitsa, monga SAA, yomwe idafunikira ndalama zokwana R30 biliyoni ($ 2.03 biliyoni) pazaka 20 zisanafike 2015.<ref>"Commanding Plights." ''The Economist'' 29 August 2015: 37–38. Print.</ref> [[File:South Africa Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|A proportional representation of South African exports, 2019]] Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa ni Germany, United States, China, Japan, United Kingdom na Spain. Lipoti la 2020 Financial Secretion Index likati South Africa ndi malo 58 ghakukhora chomene pa charu chose. Makampani gha vyakurya gha ku South Africa ghakupanga pafupifupi 10% ya ntchito za boma, ndipo ni vichoko chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Cifukwa cakuti malo agha ngakomira comene, 13.5% pera ndigho ghakugwilira nchito pakupanda vyakurya, ndipo 3% pera ndigho ghakugwirapo nchito. Mu Ogasiti 2013, chalo cha South Africa chikapika malo ghapachanya pa vyalo vya ku Africa ku fDi Intelligence pakususkana na chuma cha chalo ichi, malo gha ntchito, ndalama zakugwilira ntchito, vinthu vyakwendeskeka, bizinesi, na ndondomeko ya ndalama zakwendeskeka na vyalo vinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14|title=African Countries of the Future 2013/14|publisher=fDiIntelligence.com|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211072835/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Middle-East-Africa/African-Countries-of-the-Future-2013-14|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mining=== {{main|Mining in South Africa}} [[File:Platinum Mining.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of the [[Two Rivers mine]] in [[Steelpoort]], [[Limpopo]], owned by both African Rainbow Minerals and Impala Platinum holdings limited.]] Nyengo zose South Africa yikaŵa na migodi yinandi. Kufika mu 2006, South Africa ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa charu chose pakupanga golide kwa vyaka pafupifupi 100, kweni kuumaliro wa 2009, migodi ya golide mu South Africa yikamba kuchepa chomene chifukwa mu 2008 yikapanga golide wakukwana matani 205.<ref name="mwsa" /> Nangauli vili nthena, caru ici nchali na golide wakukwana matani 6,000 ndipo nchali pa nambara 5 pa vyakusangirapo golide. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga vinthu vinandi chomene nga ni chrome, manganese, platinamu, vanadium, na vermiculite. Ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga ilmenite, palladium, rutile, na zirconium. Ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikuguliska malasha pa caru cose. Charu ichi chikupanga chomene visulo; mu 2012, chikajumpha India kuŵa charu chachitatu pa charu chose icho chikuguliska visulo ku China.<ref name=mwsa>{{Citation | url = http://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21 | title = SA replaces India as China's No 3 iron-ore supplier | year = 2013 | publisher = [[Mining Weekly]] | publication-place = International | access-date = 31 May 2021 | archive-date = 13 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201213113139/https://www.miningweekly.com/article/sa-replaces-india-as-chinas-no-3-iron-ore-supplier-2013-01-21 | url-status = live }}</ref> === Tourism === {{Excerpt|Tourism in South Africa}} == Infrastructure == === Roads === [[File:Mandela Bridge, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[Nelson Mandela Bridge]] in [[Johannesburg]]]] Ku South Africa kuli misewu yitali ya makilomita 750,000, iyo njikuru comene kuluska misewu yose ya mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Kuyana na SANRAL, msewu uwu uli na mtengo wa R2.1 trillion. SANRAL ndiyo wakwendeska misewu ya mu vyaru vyose ndipo wali na misewu ya makilomita 22 197. Vigaŵa ivi vili na mtunda wa makilomita 222,951, ndipo kuyana na Dipatimenti ya vya Malango, msumba uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita 275,661. Misewu yinyake njakukhoma yayi (iyo yikovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi) ntheura palije boma la misewu ilo likuyiwona. Mu caru ici muli magalimoto ghakujumpha 12 miliyoni, ndipo pa mtunda wa makilomita limoza pali magalimoto 16. Msewu wa chigaŵa ichi uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 222,951, ndipo uli na makilomita 170,837 gha misewu yambura kujintha na makilomita 52,114 gha misewu yakukhoma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov.za/default.aspx|title=National Treasury|website=www.treasury.gov.za|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> === Njanji === {{Main|Rail transport in South Africa}} [[File:Gautrain..., O R Tambo Intl Airport South Africa.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Gautrain]] [[Higher-speed rail|higher-speed]] commuter rail]] Mtundu wa njanji mu caru ca South Africa ngwakuzirwa comene pa vinthu vya mu caru ici. Matawuni ghose ghakurughakuru ghakukolerana na njanji. Transnet Freight Rail yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu, apo PRASA yikugwira nchito ya kwendeska katundu. Gulu la boma la Transnet Freight Rail ndilo likwendeska masitima ghakurughakuru pa Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Transnet Freight Rail |url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/south-africa-transnet-freight-rail |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=www.trade.gov |language=en}}</ref> Njanji za ku South Africa ni zinandi comene mu Africa ndipo ni zinandi comene pa vyaru vyose. Kweni katundu, ŵanthu na malo ghakunjilira mu ngalaŵa vikusuzga comene. Mafuta na njere vikwendeskeka chomene pa mizere iyi, njanji ya chalo ichi yikendeskanga katundu pafupifupi matani 230 miliyoni mu chaka cha 2017 kweni ichi chakhira kufika matani 179 miliyoni mu chaka cha 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Compiled by Luke |title=SA's railways have lost a quarter of its freight in five years – making already bad roads worse |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/more-trucks-on-south-african-roads-because-of-rail-collapse-2022-7 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Airports === {{Main articles|List of airports in South Africa}} [[File:South African Airways Airbus A340-313 ZS-SXE MUC 2015 01.jpg|thumb|[[South African Airways]] [[Airbus A340]] at [[Munich Airport]]]] Ku South Africa kuli ma eyapoti gha vyaru vinandi mu misumba yinkhondi na umoza: Johannesburg, Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Kimberley na Nelspruit. Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chalo cha South Africa chikaŵa na ma airport 407, icho chikupangiska kuti chiŵe chalo chakudanga mu Africa pakuyowoya za katundu wa ma airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> Malo ghanayi ghakurughakuru gha ndege mu South Africa ni: O.R. Tambo International Airport mu Johannesburg, Cape Town International Airport, King Shaka International Airport mu Durban na Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport mu Port Elizabeth. Ku cipatala. Ndege ya Tambo International Airport ku Johannesburg ndiyo ni ndege yikuru comene na yakufuluka comene mu Africa ndipo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 21 miliyoni pa caka. Pa 2022 Skytrax World Airport Awards, Cape Town International Airport ndiyo yikaŵa ndege yiweme chomene pa Africa kwa chaka cha 7. Ndege ya Tambo International yikakhala yachitatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Luke |title=Cape Town voted best airport in Africa – for 7th year in a row – but its global rank slides |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/bi-archive/cape-town-airport-still-best-in-africa-but-drops-globally-2022-6 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Magesi === {{main|Energy in South Africa}} {{See also|Eskom|List of power stations in South Africa}} [[File:Koebergnps.jpg|thumb|The [[Koeberg Nuclear Power Station|Koeberg Power Station]], the only [[nuclear power plant]] on the entire African continent]] Charu cha South Africa chili na nkhongono zinandi comene ndipo pa nyengo yasono ndico nchigaŵa cimoza pera pa caru ca Africa ico cili na sitima ya nyukiliya. Charu ichi ndicho chikupanga magesi ghanandi comene pa caru ca Africa ndipo pa caru cose cili pa nambara 21. Charu cha South Africa chili pa nambara 7 pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga malasha ghanandi pa caru cose, ndipo chikupanga matani ghakujumpha 248 miliyoni gha malasha ndipo pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vinayi vya mafuta agha vikugwiliskirika nchito mu vyaru vinyake. Pafupifupi 77% ya nkhongono izo charu cha South Africa chikukhumbikwira zikufuma ku malasha ndipo 92% ya malasha agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu Africa ghakugwiliskirika nchito mu South Africa. Charu cha South Africa ndicho chikufumiska magasi ghanandi chomene pa charu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prater |first=Tom |date=2018-10-15 |title=The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-south-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Kampani iyi ndiyo yikupanga magesi ghanandi chomene mu Africa, ndipo yili pakati pa makampani 7 ghakwamba pa charu chose. Ndico cikuru comene pa vyamalonda vya boma mu South Africa. Eskom wakupangiska magesi pafupifupi 95% mu South Africa ndipo wakwendeskanga magesi ghanandi, kusazgapo Koeberg Nuclear Power Station mu Cape Town, ghekha ghakukhazikiska magesi gha nyukiliya mu Africa, Kendal Power Station, ghakukhazikiska magesi ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose, kweniso Duvha Power Station agho ghakaŵa magesi ghakwamba pa charu chose kugwiliskirika ntchito na pulse jet fabric filter plants. Mu 2001, Eskom wakacemeka kampani yiweme ya magesi pa caru cose.<ref name="as">{{Cite web |last1=Sguazzin |first1=Antony |last2=Naidoo |first2=Prinesha |last3=Burkhardt |first3=Paul |title=Eskom turns 100 next year - here's how it went from world best to SA's biggest economic risk |url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/eskom-turns-100-next-year-heres-how-it-went-from-world-best-to-sas-biggest-economic-risk-20220927 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Business |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Energy crisis ==== {{Main articles|South African energy crisis}} [[File:Kusilekragsentrale, Mpumalanga, 2019, a.jpg|thumb|The [[Kusile Power Station]] was built as a response to the energy crisis, when fully operational it will be the 4th largest [[Coal-fired power station]] in the world<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engineering News - Kusile power plant project, South Africa – update |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/print-version/kusilepower-plant-project-south-africa-update-2023-02-24#:~:text=The%20Kusile%20power%20station%20project,power%20station%20in%20the%20world. |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Engineering News |language=en}}</ref>]]Chifukwa cha upusikizgi na upusikizgi wa Eskom, kampani iyi yili na ngongoli ya R392 billion ($22 billion) ndipo yikutondeka kukwaniska ivyo boma la South Africa likukhumba. Chifukwa cha ivi, Eskom wakambiska ndondomeko ya kulekeska magesi ku magesi ghanyake mu nyengo zakupambanapambana. Ku South Africa, para magetsi ghamara, ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa iyi kuti ŵaleke kunanga makina ghose. Para ŵanthu ŵafumamo mu mawoko gha mawoko, pa charu chose ŵakuleka kwendeska mawoko. Kafukufuku wa Eskom wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kugwiliskira ntchito makora magesi. Mu chaka cha 2023, ŵasilikari ŵa South Africa ŵakatumika kuti ŵavikilire magesi gha Eskom ku vigeŵenga.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Army guards four Eskom power stations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-17/south-africa-deploys-army-at-four-eskom-power-stations |access-date=2023-04-02 |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=17 December 2022 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mu 2007, Eskom yikamba kuzenga magesi gha "Kusile" na "Medupi", magesi ghaŵiri ghakuru agha ndigho ghazamuŵa ghakurughakuru pa charu chose. Kweni ma power station agha ghakafika yayi pa nyengo yawo, ndipo hafu pera ya ma unit 6 agho ghamalizgika kugwiriska ntchito chifukwa cha kucedwa kwa nyengo yitali kweniso ndalama zinandi izo zikugwirapo nchito izo zikukwana R300 billion ($16 billion) pa ma power station ghaŵiri agha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-29 |title=Energy crisis: Another R33-billion needed to complete Medupi and Kusile |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2022-09-29-energy-crisis-another-r33-billion-needed-to-complete-medupi-and-kusile/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Sayansi na tekinoloji === {{Main|Science and technology in South Africa}} [[File:Mark Shuttleworth NASA.jpg|thumb|[[Mark Shuttleworth]] in space]] Vinthu vinandi vya sayansi na vyakupangapanga vyafuma ku South Africa. Charu cha South Africa chili pa malo 61 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa 63 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2 September 2021|website=ec.europa.eu|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Disembala 1967, dokotala wa vya mtima, Christiaan Barnard, wakachita opareshoni yakwamba ya mtima kufuma kwa munthu kuya kwa munthu ku Groote Schuur Hospital. Max Theiler wakapangiska katemera wakukoma nthenda ya yellow fever, Allan MacLeod Cormack wakambiska opareshoni ya X-ray computed tomography (CT scan); ndipo Aaron Klug wakapangiska nthowa za crystallographic electron microscopy. Cormack na Klug ŵakapokera njombe ya Nobel cifukwa ca mulimo wawo. Sonosono apa, mu 2002, Sydney Brenner ndiyo wakapokera njombe iyi chifukwa cha ntchito yake yakupharazga za umoyo. Mark Shuttleworth ndiyo wakambiska kampani yinyake yakuvikilira Intaneti yakuchemeka Thawte, iyo pamanyuma yikagulika na Verisign. Boma likukhumba kuti vinthu visinthenge mu vyaru ivyo vikuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya tekinoloje. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakumanya vya nyenyezi. Mu tawuni iyi muli Southern African Large Telescope, telescope yikuru comene ya ku Southern Hemisphere. Pa nyengo yasono, caru ca South Africa cikuzenga Karoo Array Telescope, iyo njakovwira pakuzenga pulogiramu yakuchemeka Square Kilometre Array.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/|title=SKA announces Founding Board and selects Jodrell Bank Observatory to host Project Office|publisher=SKA 2011|date=2 April 2011|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041532/http://www.skatelescope.org/news/2nd-april-news/|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in South Africa}} Vinthu ivi ni misewu, njanji, viŵanja vya ndege, maji, na mapaipi gha mafuta. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku South Africa ŵakwenda pa basi. Mu misumba yinyake, mabasi ghakwenda mwaluŵiro ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵendenge makora kweniso mwamahara. Makina agha ghakatambuzgika comene cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito. Charu cha South Africa chili na maboti ghanandi ghakuru, kusazgapo Cape Town, Durban, na Port Elizabeth, agho ghakupokelera ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa sitima. === Kupeleka maji na maji ghakumwa === {{Main|Water supply and sanitation in South Africa}} Vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikupambana na maji mu charu cha South Africa ni ndondomeko ya kupeleka maji kwawanangwa na maboma gha maji, agho ghakupeleka maji ghanandi na kuguliska maji ku maboma. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe masuzgo ghakuru pa nkhani ya ndalama za awo ŵakupeleka mauteŵeti. Kufuma waka apo muwuso wa apartheid ukamalira, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakumwa ŵakasazgikira chomene. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu awo ŵakasanganga maji ghakwenda makora ŵakakwera kufuma pa 71% kufika pa 79%.<ref name="JMP">[[WHO]]/[[UNICEF]]:[[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]]:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ Data table South Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/|date=9 February 2014}}, 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2012</ref> Ndipouli, mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, maji na vyakusungiramo vinthu vyaukazuzi vyafika paheni chomene nangauli boma la Russia lajipeleka kuti liŵawovwire makora na kuŵapa ndalama zakwendeskera vyakusungiramo maji. Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa South Africa vikusuzgika na chilangalanga chifukwa cha El Niño. Kuuyambiro wa chaka cha 2018, msumba wa Cape Town, uwo uli na nyengo zakupambana na za mu charu chose, ukaŵa na suzgo la maji. Ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti zuŵa lililose munthu waliyose waleke kumwa maji ghakujumpha malita 50. Msumba wa Cape Town ukakana wovwiri uwo Israyeli wakapeleka kuti uŵawovwire kuzenga malo ghakusololera maji.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226 In drought-hit South Africa, the politics of water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122202625/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saundersonmeyer-drought-commentary/commentary-in-drought-hit-south-africa-the-politics-of-water-idUSKBN1FP226|date=22 November 2018 }}, Reuters, 25 January 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816 Cape Town May Dry Up Because of an Aversion to Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053920/https://www.wsj.com/articles/cape-town-may-dry-up-because-of-an-aversion-to-israel-1519254816|date=14 December 2021 }}, Wall St. Journal, 21 February 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html The Cape Town Water Crisis and Hating Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053921/https://www.aish.com/jw/me/The-Cape-Town-Water-Crisis-and-Hating-Israel.html|date=14 December 2021 }}, aish, 11 February 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/South-African-stupidity-540605 South African stupidity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053918/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/south-african-stupidity-540605|date=14 December 2021 }}, Jerusalem Post, 3 February 2018</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of South Africa}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵa ku South Africa ŵachali kukhala ku mizi. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵali na mitheto ya mitheto iyo yikukhalilira; cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghanandi ndipo ŵakukhala ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu awo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghapakati, awo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mbatuŵa, kweni ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mitundu yinyake, ŵa mitundu yinyake, na ŵa ku India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822120841/http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122|archive-date=22 August 2007|title=Black middle class explodes|date=22 May 2007|publisher=FIN24|url-status=dead }}</ref> === Maluso === [[File:San Rock Art - Cederberg.jpg|thumb|[[Rock art|Rock painting]] by the [[San people]], [[Cederberg]]]] Vinthu vyakale chomene vya ku South Africa vili kusangika mu mphanji yinyake ya ku South Africa, ndipo vyaka 75,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts|title=World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave|publisher=Buzzle.com|access-date=16 April 2011|location=London|first=Tim|last=Radford|date=16 April 2004|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212095737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts|url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan awo ŵakasamukira ku South Africa kufuma mu 10,000 B.C.E., ŵakaŵa na luso lwawo. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu/Nguni ndiwo ŵakaŵawuskapo ndipo ŵakaŵa na mazgu ghawo. Vinthu vinyake vyakusanguluska vikamba kuwoneka mu migodi na mu matawuni. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Afrika awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka trekboers na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito ya ku malo agha, awo ŵakalondezganga chomene mitheto ya ku Europe kwambira mu ma 1850, nawo ŵakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe makora. === Popular culture === {{Further information|Nyimbo za ku South Africa}} Boma la South Africa lili na vyakupharazga vinandi, ndipo ndimoza mwa vyaru vikuru comene vya mu Africa. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi. Ndipouli, viyowoyero vinyake vyose 10 vilipo. [[File:2014-11-26 traditional Zulu performance 02 anagoria.JPG|left|thumb|[[Zulus]] performing a traditional dance]] Mu sumu za ku South Africa muli vyakupambanapambana. Ŵakwimba ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵali kupanga sumu za mtundu wa Kwaito na Amapiano, izo zikuyowoyeka kuti zili kunjilirapo pa wayilesi, TV, na magazini.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|title=South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic," and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613074154/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5|archive-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> Brenda Fassie, uyo wakamba kumanyikwa na sumu yake ya "Weekend Special", wakayimba mu Cingelezi. Ŵakwimba awo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Ladysmith Black Mambazo, apo Soweto String Quartet ŵakwimba sumu za ku Africa. Ku South Africa kuli ŵakwimba ŵa jazz awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose, comenecomene Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, na Sathima Bea Benjamin. Sumu za mu ciyowoyero ca ciAfrikaans zili na mitundu yinandi, nga ni Steve Hofmeyr, gulu la punk rock la Fokofpolisiekar, na wakwimba Jeremy Loops. Ŵakwimba ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵasanga vitumbiko pa charu chose ni Manfred Mann, Johnny Clegg, rap-rave duo Die Antwoord, rock band Seether na rappers nga AKA, Nasty C na Cassper Nyovest. Nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵanthu ŵakumanyapo vinandi yayi vya mafilimu gha ku South Africa. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, filimu yakumanyikwa comene iyo yikulongosora vya caru ca South Africa ni District 9. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupambana ni filimu ya Tsotsi, iyo yikapokera Academy Award for Foreign Language Film pa nyengo ya 78th Academy Awards mu 2006, kweniso U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha, iyo yikapokera Golden Bear pa 2005 Berlin International Film Festival. Mu 2015, filimu ya Oliver Hermanus The Endless River yikaŵa filimu yakwamba ya ku South Africa iyo yikasankhika pa Venice Film Festival. === Mabuku === {{Main|South African literature}} [[File:Alan Paton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alan Paton]], [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist and writer]] Mabuku gha ku South Africa ghakafuma mu mbiri ya ŵanthu na ndyali. Buku lakwamba lakucemeka Mhudi, ilo wakalemba mu 1930, likalembeka na Solomon Thekiso Plaatje. Mu ma 1950, magazini ya Drum yikazgoka malo ghakusungiramo nkhani za ndyali, vyakusekeska, na nkhani, ndipo yikapeleka mazgu ku ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa mu misumba. Mu 1948 Alan Paton wakalemba buku lakuti Cry, the Beloved Country. Mu 1991, Nadine Gordimer wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku South Africa kupokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mabuku. J.M. Mu 2003, Coetzee wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu nkhani zakulemba. Pakupereka chawanangwa ichi, wupu wa Swedish Academy ukati Coetzee "wakulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakujipulikira".<ref name="Swedish Academy">{{cite news|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee|date=2 October 2003|publisher=Swedish Academy|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-date=7 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307025506/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Maseŵero gha Athol Fugard ghakaŵa na vigaŵa vinandi mu South Africa, London (Royal Court Theatre) na New York. Buku la Olive Schreiner lakuti The Story of an African Farm (1883) likaŵa lakukondweska chomene mu nyengo ya Victorian. Breyten Breytenbach ŵakamujalira mu jele cifukwa ca kunjilirapo pa gulu lakususkana na apartheid. André Brink wakaŵa munthu wakwamba uyo boma likamukanizga kulemba buku lake lakuti A Dry White Season. === Kuphika === {{Main article|South African cuisine}} {{See also|South African wine}}{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 280 | image1 = Bobotie, South African dish.jpg | caption1 = [[Bobotie]] | image2 = Melktert.jpg | caption2 = [[Melktert]] | image3 = The Potjie is ready.JPG | caption3 = [[Potjiekos]] | image4 = Koesisters Cape Malay South Africa.jpg | caption4 = [[Koe'sister]] | perrow = 2 | caption_align = center }} Vyakurya vya ku South Africa ni vyakupambanapambana, ndipo vyakurya vyakufuma ku vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vikukondweska ŵanthu wose, ndipo chomenechomene ŵakuguliska ku ŵalendo awo ŵakukhumba kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana. Vyakurya ivi vikupangika na nyama ndipo ndivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku South Africa ŵachezgenge pa chiphikiro chakuchemeka braai. Charu cha South Africa nacho chili na minda yinandi ya mpheska iyo yili mu madambo ghakuzingilizga Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paarl na Barrydale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml|title=South African Wine Guide: Stellenbosch, Constantia, Walker Bay and more|publisher=Thewinedoctor.com|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118223726/http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml|url-status=live }}</ref> === Maseŵera === {{Main|Sport in South Africa}} <!--- Note to editors: per [[WP:ENGVAR]], do not change "soccer" to "football", at least not without prior discussion on the talk page. ---> South Africa's most popular sports are association football, [[rugby union]] and [[cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|title=Sport in South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629152527/http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|archive-date=29 June 2010}}</ref> Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ni kusambira, maseŵero ghakukhozga thupi, gofu, nkhonya, tenisi, rugby, ringball, hockey, kuskamba, na netball. Nangauli maseŵero gha bola (soccer) ndigho ghakwendeskeka comene na ŵawukirano, kweni maseŵero ghanyake nga ni basketball, judo, softball na skateboard ghakwamba kutchuka comene. Mpira wa mawoko ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/|title=Blacks like soccer, whites like rugby in SA|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525104157/https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/103113/blacks-like-soccer-whites-like-rugby-in-sa/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey|title=SA sport not the unifier it once was: survey|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101120/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/sa-sport-not-unifier-it-once-was-survey|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/|title=Analysis: Bafana Bafana Struggling To Make Needed Improvements|date=11 June 2016|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525101142/https://punditarena.com/football/thepateam/cant-south-africa-produce-better-football-team/|url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵaseŵera ŵa mpira awo ŵakaseŵera mu magulu ghakurughakuru gha ku vyaru vinyake ni Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radebe, Philemon Masinga, Benni McCarthy, Aaron Mokoena, na Delron Buckley. Ku South Africa ndiko kukachitikira maseŵero gha pa caru cose gha FIFA mu 2010, ndipo Sepp Blatter, pulezidenti wa FIFA, wakapeleka mapointi 9 pa 10 ku South Africa cifukwa ca kucita makora maseŵero agha. Msewera Benni McCarthy ndi mphunzitsi wa timu yoyamba ya mpira wa England Manchester United.<ref>{{cite news |title=Benni McCarthy appointed as first-team coach|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/benni-mccarthy-joins-manchester-united-as-coach|website=ManUtd.com |publisher=Manchester United |first=Adam |last=Marshall|date=30 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa pa maseŵero gha nkhondo nga ni Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela, Corrie Sanders, Gerrie Coetzee, Brian Mitchell na Dricus du Plessis. Jordy Smith wakathereska mu 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open ndipo ndiyo wakathereska chomene pa charu chose. Mu 1979, Jody Scheckter, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa caru cose pa maseŵero gha galimoto, wakafuma ku South Africa. Ŵaseŵera ŵa cricket ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Kagiso Rabada, David Miller, Keshav Maharaj, Anrich Nortje, Reeza Hendricks na Faf du Plessis. [[File:Bokke Webb Ellis-beker toer JHB 20191107 145608.jpg|thumb|The [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] on their tour of the country after winning the [[2019 Rugby World Cup]]]] Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuseŵera rugby, kusazgapo Francois Pienaar, Joost van der Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Frik du Preez, Naas Botha, Bryan Habana, Eben Etzebeth, Cheslin Kolbe na Siya Kolisi. Charu cha South Africa chili kuwina nkhonya ya Rugby World Cup katatu, ndipo chili pamoza na charu cha New Zealand pa kuwina nkhonya zinandi chomene. Mu 1995, charu cha South Africa ndicho chikapokera chiphalizgano chakwamba cha Rugby World Cup. Ŵakawina chiphalizgano ichi mu 2007 na mu 2019. Chalo ichi chikapokeleraso nkhonya ya chalo cha Africa mu chaka cha 1996. Mu chaka cha 2022, timu ya ŵanakazi nayo yikathereska chiphalizgano cha Africa Cup of Nations cha ŵanakazi, pakuthereska Morocco 2-1 pa chiphalizgano chaumaliro. Charu ichi chikapokeleraso maseŵera gha Cricket World Cup mu 2003, World Twenty20 Championship mu 2007. Timu ya ku South Africa yakuchemeka Proteas nayo yikaluska West Indies pa chiphalizgano cha 1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy. Mpikisano wa ICC Women's T20 World Cup wa 2023 ukachitikira ku South Africa ndipo gulu la ŵanakazi likaŵa laciŵiri. Gulu la South Africa la ŵanthu ŵachibulumutira likathereskaso chiphalizgano chakwamba cha Cricket World Cup mu 1998. Mu 2004, gulu la ŵakuseŵera la Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend na Ryk Neethling ŵakatora mendulo ya golide pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu Athens, ndipo nyengo yimoza ŵakathereska mbiri ya caru mu maseŵero gha 4×100 Freestyle Relay. Penny Heyns wakathereska golide pa maseŵero gha ku Atlanta mu 1996, ndipo sonosono apa, Tatjana Schoenmaker na Lara van Niekerk ŵakathereska malekodi gha caru cose na kuthereska golide pa maseŵero gha ku Atlanta. Mu 2012, Oscar Pistorius wakaŵa wakwamba kuchimbira pa maseŵero gha ku London. Mu gofu, Gary Player wakuwoneka kuti njumoza wa ŵakuseŵera gofu ŵakuluska wose, pakuti ndiyo wakatora mphaka ya Career Grand Slam. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku South Africa awo ŵathereska maseŵero ghakurughakuru ni Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen na Charl Schwartzel. == Wonaniso == {{portal|South Africa|Africa}} * [[Outline of South Africa]] * [[Timeline of South Africa]]{{Clear}} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * ''A History of South Africa, Third Edition''. Leonard Thompson. [[Yale University Press]]. 2001. 384 pages. {{ISBN|0-300-08776-4}}. * ''Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa: Mission Report, Aug. 1991''. International Development Research Centre. IDRC Canada, 1991. vi, 46 p. Without ISBN. * ''Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City''. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 2003. 336 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-93559-8}}. * ''Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid''. Nigel Worden. 2000. 194 pages. {{ISBN|0-631-21661-8}}. * ''South Africa: A Narrative History''. [[Frank Welsh (writer)|Frank Welsh]]. Kodansha America. 1999. 606 pages. {{ISBN|1-56836-258-7}}. * ''South Africa in Contemporary Times''. [[Godfrey Mwakikagile]]. New Africa Press. 2008. 260 pages. {{ISBN|978-0-9802587-3-8}}. * ''The Atlas of Changing South Africa''. A. J. Christopher. 2000. 216 pages. {{ISBN|0-415-21178-6}}. * ''The Politics of the New South Africa''. Heather Deegan. 2000. 256 pages. {{ISBN|0-582-38227-0}}. * ''Twentieth-Century South Africa''. William Beinart [[Oxford University Press]] 2001, 414 pages, {{ISBN|0-19-289318-1}}. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|South Africa|voy=South Africa|species=South Africa|d=Q258}} {{Scholia|country}} * [http://www.gov.za/ Government of South Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa South Africa]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035604/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/southafrica.htm South Africa] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094760 South Africa] from the [[BBC News]] * [https://www.scottdunn.com/south-africa/guides South Africa luxury travel] from Scott Dunn * {{wikiatlas|South Africa}} * {{osmrelation-inline|87565}} {{South Africa topics}} {{Navboxes |list= {{Countries of Africa}} {{G8 nations}} {{G20}} {{BRICS}} {{World Trade Organization}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories}} {{The Commonwealth}} {{English official language clickable map}} }} {{Coord|-30|25|display=title|type:country}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:South Africa]] [[Category:BRICS nations]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:G20 nations]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Newly industrializing countries]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Southern African countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1910]] b5to0aaje39amd67bhb10qrfio7iwyf 0 40525 118018 117917 2026-07-26T11:40:58Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Continent}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox Continent |title = Afilika |image = {{Switcher|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show national borders|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection) blank.svg|frameless]]|Hide national borders|default=1}} |area = {{convert|30370000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} &nbsp;([[List of continents by area|2nd]]) |population = {{UN_Population|Africa}}{{UN_Population|ref}} ({{UN_Population|Year}}; [[List of continents by population|2nd]]) |density = {{pop density|{{Decomma|{{UN_Population|Africa}}}}|30221532|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} ({{UN Population|Year}}) |religions = {{unbulleted list | [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]] (49%) | [[Islam in Africa|Islam]] (42%) | [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] (8%) | [[Religion in Africa|Others]] (1%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |title=Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020 |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132003/https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$8.05&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; 4th)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=GDP PPP, current prices|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>}} |GDP_nominal = $2.96&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)|5th]])<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP Nominal, current prices|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = $2,180 (Nominal; 2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)#GDP per capita (nominal) by continents|6th]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=Nominal GDP per capita|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |demonym = [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] |countries = 54+2*+5** (*disputed) (**territories) |list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa |dependencies = {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#External territories|External]] (5) | 1 = {{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Bouvet Island]] | 2 = {{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | 3 = {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|name=French Southern Territories}} | 4 = {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} | 5 = {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} }} {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#Internal territories|Internal]] (6+1 disputed) | 1 = {{flag|France}} ''([[Mayotte]] and [[Réunion]])'' | 2 = {{flag|Italy}} ''([[Pantelleria]] and [[Pelagie Islands]])'' | 3 = {{flag|Morocco}} ''([[Southern Provinces]])'' | 4 = {{flag|Portugal}} ''([[Madeira]])'' | 5 = {{flag|Spain}} ''([[Alboran Island]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], and [[Plazas de soberanía]])'' | 6 = {{flag|Tanzania}} ''([[Zanzibar]])'' | 7 = {{flag|Yemen}} ''([[Socotra]])'' }} |languages = [[Languages of Africa|1250–3000 native languages]] |time = [[UTC-1]] to [[UTC+4]] |cities = [[List of urban agglomerations in Africa|Largest urban areas]]:<!-- -->{{hlist |item_style=white-space:break; |[[Cairo]] |[[Lagos]] <br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Johannesburg]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Luanda]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Khartoum]] |[[Dar es Salaam]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Abidjan]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Alexandria]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Kigali]] |[[Nairobi]]<br> |[[Algiers]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Cape Town]] |[[Kano (city)|Kano]]<br> |[[Dakar]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Casablanca]]<br> |[[Addis Ababa]] |[[Kampala]]}} }} [[File:MapAfricaSize.gif|thumb|Ukuru wa Africa pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake]] [[Chilwa]] cha '''Afilika''' ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita pafupifupi 30.300,000, kusazgapo virwa vinyake.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley (1999), ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. {{ISBN|0-7613-1367-2}}.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.4 biliyoni{{UN_Population|ref}} Kufika chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa pafupifupi {{percent|{{UN Population|Africa}}|{{UN Population|World}}}} pa ŵanthu wose pa caru capasi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Afilika ndiwo mbaciwukirano comene pa vyaru vyose;<ref>{{cite news|title=5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=17 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926194109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=[[Njideka Harry|Harry]]|first=Njideka U.|date=11 September 2013|title=African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society|work=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920184934/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|url-status=live}}</ref> mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 19.7 na 30.4 pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|title=item, 4 of the provisional agenda&nbsp;– General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|author=Janneh, Abdoulie|date=April 2012|work=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111359/http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na usambazi unandi chomene, kweni chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kusuzgika maghanoghano,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Collier|first1=Paul|last2=Gunning|first2=Jan Willem|title=Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|date=1 August 1999|volume=13|issue=3|pages=3–22|doi=10.1257/jep.13.3.3}}</ref>[[chikoloni]], Nkhondo Yakuzizima,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alemazung |first1=Joy Asongazoh |title=Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |date=1 September 2010 |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=62–85 |id={{Gale|A306596751}} |s2cid=140806396 |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127024827/http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bayeh |first1=Endalcachew |title=The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states |journal=International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences |date=February 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/78 |s2cid=198939744 |doi=10.4000/poldev.78 |access-date=24 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nkhondo ya ku caru ciphya, kusowa kwa demokilase, na vimbundi.Nangauli usambazi uli kupangika makora yayi, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu vyaru ivi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo mbawukirano, charu cha Africa ni msika wakuzirwa pa caru cose. Charu ichi chili kuzingilizgika na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]] kumpoto, Suez Isthmus na [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Indian Ocean]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Atlantic Ocean]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vinandi nga ni Madagascar. Mu vyaru ivi muli vyaru 54 ivyo vili na mazaza, vigaŵa 8, na vyaru viŵiri vyambura mazaza. Charu cha [[Algeria]] ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Afilika. Vyaru vya mu Afilika vikukolerana pakuzenga wupu wa African Union, uwo uli na ofesi yake yikuru mu [[Addis Ababa]]. Charu cha Afilika chili pafupi na equator na prime meridian. Ni caru cimoza pera ico cili kufuma kumpoto kukafika kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa. General info|url=http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|publisher=Visual Geography|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424072430/http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|archive-date=24 April 2011|access-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu, ndipo chigaŵa chikuru chili kumwera kwa charu. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili mu vigaŵa vyakututuka, kupaturako chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Western Sahara]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], na [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Mauritania]], na vigaŵa vyose vya [[Morocco]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], na [[Tunisia]] ivyo vili pachanya pa chigaŵa cha Cancer, kumpoto kwa chigaŵa chakututuka. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha charu ichi, kumwera kwa [[Namibia]], kumwera kwa [[Botswana]], vigaŵa vinandi vya [[South Africa]], vigaŵa vyose vya [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini]], kweniso kumwera kwa Mozambique na [[Madagascar]], vili kusi kwa malo ghakuchemeka Tropic of Capricorn. Ku Afilika kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene, ndipo kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene. Ndipouli, mu vyaru vya ku Afilika muli masuzgo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kuzgoka mapopa, kukomeka kwa makuni, kusoŵa maji, na kunangika kwa vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kulutilira kutikhuŵazga chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Wupu wa United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UNIPCC) ukati Afilika ni caru ico cikusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schneider, S.H.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|title=Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor=Parry, M.L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities|display-authors=etal|access-date=15 September 2011|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312104158/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":10Africa">Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, "2014: Africa". In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619170833/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf |date=19 June 2020 }}</ref> Mbiri ya Afilika njitali, njakusuzga kuyipulikiska, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuyizirwiska. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Afilika, chomenechomene ku East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikukhalira vya ŵanthu ŵa Homo sapiens (ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano) ivyo vikusangika ku [[Ethiopia]], [[Kum'mwera kwaAfrika (South Africa)|South Africa]], na [[Morocco]], vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 233,000, 259,000, na 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa ndiko ŵanthu ŵakukhala nyengo yitali chomene.<ref>{{cite web |title=The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin. |url=https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023511/https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows |date=9 June 2009 |url=https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, nga ni Ŵaeguputo na Carthage, ŵakafuma ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu vyaru vinyake na kusama. Mu vyaka 400 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵamba kukhwaska chomene caru ici. Kwambira mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu vyaru vya ku America chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha ŵazga. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800 m'paka kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikamba kulamulira pafupifupi charu chose cha Africa. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vilipo sono mu Africa vikafuma mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.<ref>The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914: {{cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=Samuel Fury Childs|title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|date=4 May 2019|volume=47|issue=3|pages=474–489|doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|s2cid=159124664|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|issn=0308-6534|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407145030/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Zina== [[File:AS17-148-22733 (21516723298).jpg|thumb|Charu chose cha Africa icho ŵanthu ŵa mu Apollo 17 ŵakawona]] Afri likaŵa zina Lachilatini ilo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Northern Africa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Georges|first1=Karl Ernst|editor1-last=Georges|editor1-first=Heinrich|encyclopedia=Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch|date=1913–1918|location=Hannover|edition=8th|url=http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|access-date=20 September 2015|language=de|title=Afri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|date=1879|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|access-date=20 September 2015|title=Afer|archive-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|url-status=live}}</ref> Zina ili likwenera kuti likayowoyanga za fuko la ku Libya, ilo likaŵa sekuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber mazuŵa ghano. Kanandi zina ili likakolerananga na lizgu la Chifenike lakuti ʿafar ilo likung'anamura "fumbi", kweni mu 1981, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiberberber lakuti ifri. Lizgu lenelili likusangikaso mu zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Ifran ŵakufuma ku Algeria na Tripolitania. Mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, msumba wa Carthage ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa icho ŵakachichemanga kuti Africa Proconsularis, pamanyuma pakuti ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage mu Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Punic mu 146 B.C.E., ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa ku Libya. Nyengo zinyake lizgu Lachilatini lakuti -ica likuyowoyeka kuti likung'anamura charu (kuyelezgera kuti, mu Chiceltic kufuma ku Celtae, nga umo Julius Caesar wakayowoyera). Chigaŵa cha Ifriqiya icho chikaŵa cha Ŵasilamu, chikati chawukira Ufumu wa Byzantine (Eastern Roman), chikaŵa na zina lakuti Exarchatus Africae. Kuyana na Ŵaroma, caru ca Africa cikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Egupto, apo "Asia" cikaŵa Anatolia na vyaru vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba vya malo zina lake Ptolemy (85-165 C.E.) wakajambura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi, ndipo wakalongosora kuti msumba wa Alekizandiriya ndiwo uli pa mphaka pakati pa Asia na Africa. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanya ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵakamba kumanya vinandi vya "Africa". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti zina lakale lakuti "Afirika" likung'anamura kuti: * Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) wakati zina ili likukolerana na zina la Eferi, muzukuru wa Abrahamu, uyo wakuzunulika pa Gen. 25:4, ndipo wakati ŵazukuru ŵake ŵakanjira mu Libya. * Isidore wa ku Seville mu buku lake la Etymologiae XIV.5.2 la m'ma 700 C.E., wakati "Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti aprica, kung'anamura "dazi". * Mu 1881, Massey wakayowoya kuti lizgu lakuti Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chieguputo lakuti af-rui-ka, kung'anamura "kuzgokera ku chiziŵa cha Ka". Ka ni nkhongono ya munthu waliyose ndipo "kujura kwa Ka" kukung'anamura chiŵaro panji malo ghakubabikira. Ŵaeguputo ŵakatenge Africa ni "malo agho ŵakababikira".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|title=Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey|publisher=Gerald-massey.org.uk|date=29 October 1907|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130200159/http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|archive-date=30 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mu 1976, Michèle Fruyt wakayowoya kuti lizgu Lachilatini lakuti africus likung'anamura "mphepo ya kumwera".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fruyt, M. |title= D'Africus ventus a Africa terrain |journal=Revue de Philologie|volume= 50|year= 1976|pages= 221–238}}</ref> * Robert R. Mu 1984, Stieglitz wa pa Yunivesite ya Rutgers wakati: "Zina lakuti Africa, ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti *Aphir-ic-a, likuyana waka na lizgu la Cihebere lakuti Ophir ['lusambazi']".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3209914|jstor=3209914|title=Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East|journal=The Biblical Archaeologist|volume=47|issue=3|pages=134–142|year=1984|last1=Stieglitz|first1=Robert R.|s2cid=130072563}}</ref> * Ibn Khallikan na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti zina la Africa likafuma kwa fumu ya ku Himyarite yakuchemeka Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi uyo wakawuskapo Ifriqiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane|last=Hallikan|first='Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn|date=1842|publisher=Benjamin Duprat|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231636/https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|title=Science in the Medieval World|last=al-Andalusi|first=Sa'id|year=2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0292792319|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231632/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|title=Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree|last=Upton|first=Roger D.|date=1881|publisher=C.K. Paul & Company|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231639/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref> * Chiarabu afrīqā (zina lachikazi) na ifrīqiyā, sono kanandi likuzunulika afrīqiyā (zina lachikazi) <nowiki>'Africa', kufuma ku 'afara' (kufumira ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'afir' (kufuma ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'kufuma ku zuŵa, kufota') na 'afara' (kufuma ku 'kufota mu zuŵa pa mchenga wakotcha') panji 'kuphaka fuvu''</nowiki>.<ref>Modified from Wilhelm Sturmfels and Heinz Bischof: ''Unsere Ortsnamen im ABC erklärt nach Herkunft und Bedeutung'', Bonn, 1961, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag.</ref> * Panyake Faraqa wa ku Fonike wakang'anamuranga 'kupatukana'.<ref>Serge Losique: ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de pays et de peuples'', Paris, 1971, Éditions Klincksieck.</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Africa}} {{Further|History of North Africa|History of West Africa|History of Central Africa|History of East Africa|History of Southern Africa}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== {{Main|Recent African origin of modern humans}} [[File:Lucy blackbg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Lucy, chiwangwa cha Australopithecus afarensis icho chikasangika pa Novembala 24, 1974 mu Dambo la Awash ku Ethiopia ]] Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Africa ndicho chakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵasayansi ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi na ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Vipasi vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵaŵe ŵanthu, nga ni Australopithecus afarensis uyo wali na vyaka vyakujumpha 3.9 million. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵako kale chomene (ŵakaŵako kale chomene) ni Homo ergaster (c. Vinthu ivi vikawoneka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 B.C.E.<ref name=Sayre/> Pakati pajumpha vyaka 350,000 m'paka 260,000 kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵako mu Africa,<ref name="Schlebusch2017"/><ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="NYT-20190910"/><ref name="NAT-20190910"/> Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuvuna vipasi.<ref>Mokhtar, G. (1990) ''UNESCO [[General History of Africa]], Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa'', University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-85255-092-8}}</ref><ref>Eyma, A.K. and C.J. Bennett. (2003) ''Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1'', Universal Publishers. p. 210. {{ISBN|1-58112-564-X}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakafumako ku Africa na kwamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu mu nyengo ya Out of Africa II migration iyo yikachitika vyaka pafupifupi 50,000 pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo yira, ŵakasanga ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, kumwera kwa Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, na Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Goucher, Candice|author2=Walton, Linda|title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72354-6|pages=2–20|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044204/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kuwuka kwa maboma ghakubanuka === {{see|Cradle of civilization#Ancient Egypt}} Kwamba kale, chigaŵa cha Sahara chikusintha chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake chikusintha mwakuyana na umo nyengo yiliri pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keenan, Jeremy|title=The Sahara: Past, Present and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97001-9|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228175639/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Paumaliro wa nyengo ya Ice Age, iyo yikwenera kuti yikaŵa mu 10,500 B.C.E., Sahara yikazgokaso chipalamba, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakawerako ku vigaŵa vya mukati na mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Africa, ndipo ŵakalembapo vinthu vya mu jalawe ivyo vikulongora kuti Sahara yikaŵa na vyakumera vinandi. Ndipouli, chifukwa chakuti nyengo yikakwera kweniso kukawomira, mu 5000 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Sahara chikaŵa chakomira chomene. Pafupifupi mu 3500 B.C.E., chifukwa cha kupindika kwa charu, Sahara yikazgoka mapopa mwaluŵiro. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Sahara na kuluta ku Dambo la Nayelo kusi ku Second Cataract uko ŵakakhalanga. Nyengo yikafika paheni comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ku Central na East Africa kuleke kuwa vula zinandi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga, ndipo mu vyaka 200 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa chilangalanga. [[File:Mathendous giraffes.jpg|thumb|left|Vinthu vyakujambulika pa malibwe mu chigaŵa cha Fezzan, ku Libya]] Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref name="Pottery">{{cite journal |last1=Jesse |first1=Friederike |title=Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=8 |jstor=43135518 |year=2010 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10171 }}</ref><ref name="swissinfo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 Simon Bradley, ''A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 |date=6 March 2012 }}, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | doi=10.1086/693898 | title=Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group | year=2017 | last1=Winchell | first1=Frank | last2=Stevens | first2=Chris J. | last3=Murphy | first3=Charlene | last4=Champion | first4=Louis | last5=Fuller | first5=Dorianq. | journal=Current Anthropology | volume=58 | issue=5 | pages=673–683 | s2cid=149402650 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170745/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Abu Simbel Main Temple (2346939149).jpg|thumb|Vithuzithuzi vikuruvikuru vya Ramesses II ku Abu Simbel, Egypt, vikaŵako mu 1250 B.C.E.]] Nkhumba izi zikaŵako kakwamba mu charu cha Sudan. Kweniso ŵakamba kupanga viŵiya vya dongo na kuzenga malo gha malibwe (nga ni Tichitt, Oualata). Mu milonga na nyanja zinandi izo zikaŵako cifukwa ca vula, ŵanthu ŵakaloŵanga comene pa somba. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, nkhorongo yikakura chomene kufuma ku Senegal m'paka ku Cameroon. Pakati pa 9,000 na 5,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha maolive na rafia. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵiya vinyake vyakuchemeka black-eyed peas na voandzeia. Pakuti vyakumera vinandi vikakuliranga mu nkhorongo, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhwantha zakusona malibwe. Pafupifupi mu 4000 B.C.E., mlengalenga wa Sahara ukamba kukavuka chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nyanja na milonga vichepe chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhalamo mu vyaru ivi, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵalute ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulima mpunga pafupi na Mlonga wa Niger. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga visulo ku North Africa. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa, kwali ŵakavipanganga mwakujiyimira paŵekha panji ŵakavipharazga kufuma kumpoto. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, mulimo wa kupanga visulo ukambira cha m'ma 500 B.C.E., nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kupanga visulo yayi m'paka m'ma 100 C.E. Vinthu vya mkuwa vyakufuma ku Eguputo, kumpoto kwa Africa, Nubia, na Ethiopia ivyo vikalembeka m'ma 500 B.C.E. vikavumbukwa ku West Africa, ndipo vikulongora kuti pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Sahara.<ref name="O'Brien">O'Brien, Patrick K. ed. (2005) ''Oxford Atlas of World History''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23. {{ISBN|978-0199746538}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === {{Main|Ancient African history}} [[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Mapu agho ghakulongora maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵako pakati pa 500 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E.]] Pafupifupi mu 3300 B.C.E., mbiri yakale yikamba ku Northern Africa apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira kulemba na kulemba mu nyengo ya Farawo. Boma la Eguputo likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghakale chomene pa charu chose ndipo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 343 B.C.E.<ref>Hassan, Fekri A. (2002) ''Droughts, Food and Culture'', Springer. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-306-46755-0}}</ref><ref>McGrail, Sean. (2004) ''Boats of the World'', Oxford University Press. p. 48. {{ISBN|0-19-927186-0}}</ref> Ŵaeguputo ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Libya na Nubia. Ŵafenikiya ŵa ku Ture ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage, ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, uwo ukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu ku Fonike.<ref>Fage, J.D. (1979), ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-21592-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.004 |chapter=North Africa in the period of Phoenician and Greek colonization, c.800 to 323 BC |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |year=1979 |last1=Law |first1=R. C. C. |pages=87–147 |isbn=978-1-139-05456-0 }}</ref><ref>Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore (1994), ''Africa Since 1800'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-42970-6}}</ref> Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakamba kusanda vyaru vya mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Berlin Conference {{!}} Western Civilization II (HIS 104) – Biel|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192536/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Greeks, Romans and Barbarians|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504023034/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 332 B.C.E., Alekizanda Mukuru wakapokelereka nga ni muwomboli mu Eguputo. Wakazenga msumba wa Alexandria ku Eguputo, uwo ukakhalako kwa nyengo yitali ndipo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Ptolemy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |title=Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC – 395 AD |publisher=Wsu.edu |date=6 June 1999 |access-date=18 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152425/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:20141108- DSC1502 (15893475532).jpg|thumb|Malo agho Ŵaroma ŵakasunga ku Timgad, Algeria]] [[File:Aksum, iscrizione di re ezana, in greco, sabeo e ge'ez, 330-350 dc ca. 10.jpg|upright|thumb|Libwe la Ezana likulongosora umo Themba Ezana likang'anamukira ku Cikhristu na kuwuskira ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Meroë.]] Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukati wapoka chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, chigaŵa ichi chikamba kulamulirika na Ŵaroma. Ŵaroma ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru ivyo sono ni Tunisia na vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Themba lakwamba la Ŵaroma ilo likafuma ku North Africa likaŵa Septimius Severus, uyo wakababikira ku Leptis Magna mu Libya. Chikhristu chikafika mu vigaŵa ivi kufuma ku Yudeya na ku Eguputo, kweniso kufuma ku charu cha Romu kuya ku Nubia. Mu 340 C.E., chikaŵa kuti chazgoka chisopa cha boma la Ufumu wa Aksumite. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Siriya na Girisi awo ŵakafika pa Nyanja Yiswesi ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhani iyi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tesfagiorgis, Mussie|title=Eritrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-232-6|page=153|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044525/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ufumu wa Caliphate wa ku Arabia uwo ukaŵa kuti wapangika waka, ukafika ku Eguputo, ndipo pamanyuma ukafika ku North Africa. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasazgikana na mafuko gha Ciarabu. Apo msumba wa Umayyad ku Damaseko ukaparanyika mu ma 700 C.E., msumba wa chisopa cha Cisilamu uwo ukaŵa ku Meditereniyani ukafumako ku Siriya kuluta ku Qayrawan, kumpoto kwa Africa. Ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciisilamu, ndipo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵasambizgi, ŵa malango, na ŵavinjeru. Mu nyengo iyi, Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Ku West Africa, Dhar Tichitt na Oualata ku Mauritania mazuŵa ghano, ni malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Sahara muli malo gha malibwe pafupifupi 500. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaloŵanga somba na kulima mphoza. Augustin Holl wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke ndiwo ŵakazenga malo agha. Pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikakhoma chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ukaboni wa vyakuzengeka na kuyaniska vyakuzengeka vikulongora kuti Dhar Tichitt wakaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Djenné-Djenno (uko sono ni Mali) wakakhalanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Vinthu vyamoyo vikazengeka na mathipa agho ghakawomira pa dazi. Kufika mu 250 B.C.E., Djenné-Djenno wakaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba ukuru wa msika.<ref>Iliffe, John (2007). pp. 49–50{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref>Collins and Burns (2007), p. 78.{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref> Kumwera kwenikweni, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala pa Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., panji kumasinda wuwo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunura visulo. Kufika mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara. Ndipo ŵakamara mu nyengo ya 500 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhala vyaka pafupifupi 2,000. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe kake na ka terracotta ka Nok, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vithuzithuzi vya mkuŵa vya ufumu wa Yoruba ku Ife na vya ufumu wa Bini ku Benin, ni vyakulondezgana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Nok.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=39}}<ref name="FB 1969">Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.</ref> === Vyaka vya m'ma 800 mpaka m'ma 1800 === [[File:Bronze ornamental staff head, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Viŵiya vya mkuŵa ivyo vikapangika mu Igbo-Ukwu, ku Nigeria, mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., vikaŵa vyapadera chomene kuluska ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapanga mu nyengo yira.<ref name=Honour-2005>{{cite book |last1=Honour |first1=Hugh|last2=Fleming|first2=John|title=A world history of art|date=2005|publisher=Laurence King |location=London |isbn=978-1856694513 |edition=7th}}</ref>]] Mu nyengo iyo vyaru vikaŵa pambere vyaru ivi vindambe kulamulira, mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru na maboma pafupifupi 10,000. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ku South Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ku Central, Southern, na Eastern Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ku Horn of Africa; maufumu ghakurughakuru gha ku Sahelian; misumba na maufumu gha ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha nga mba Akan; ŵanthu ŵa ku Edo, Yoruba, na Igbo ku West Africa; na matawuni gha Swahili agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Southeast Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|title=The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence|access-date=23 July 2007|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Martin|last=Meredith|date=20 January 2006|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070029/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., maufumu ghanandi, kusazgapo maufumu ghakwambilira gha Hausa, ghakathandazgikira mu chipalamba cha Sahara kufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Central Sudan. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa Ghana, Gao, na Kanem-Bornu. Ghana wakamara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100, kweni Ufumu wa Mali ndiwo ukamulongozga. Kanem wakazomera Chisilamu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, maufumu ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha ndipo kumpoto kwa Muslim kukaŵavya nkhongono. Ufumu wa Nri ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Kweniso ni ufumu wakale comene uwo uli mu Nigeria mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Nri ngwakumanyikwa cifukwa ca malata gha mkuŵa agho ghakasangika mu tawuni ya Igbo-Ukwu. Malibwe agha ghakalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|title=Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) &#124; Thematic Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=Metmuseum.org|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-date=4 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204053356/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ufumu wa Ife, ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu maufumu gha Ŵayoruba, ndipo ukaŵa na boma la ŵasembe awo ŵakachemekanga Ooni of Ife. Ife yikaŵa malo ghakuru gha cisopa na maluso mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo yikaŵa na mitheto yakuyelezgera yakuŵikapo vinthu vya mkuŵa. Boma la Ife likaŵa la Ufumu wa Oyo, uko ma obas panji mafumu ghake, agho ghakachemekanga Alaafins of Oyo, ghakaŵa na mazaza pa misumba na maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵayoruba. [[File:Great Zimbabwe Closeup.jpg|thumb|left|Mabwinja gha Zimbabwe Mukuru (wakakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100 m'paka 1500 C.E.)]] Ŵa Almoravid ŵakaŵa fuko la Ŵaberi ilo likafuma ku Sahara, ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Iberia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Hilal na Banu Ma'qil ŵakaŵa Ŵabedouin ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakasamukira ku Eguputo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1300. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakamba kusangana na Ŵaarabu na Ŵaberi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mali chaparanyika, mulongozgi munyake zina lake Sonni Ali (1464-1492) wakambiska ufumu wa Songhai mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Niger na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Sonni Ali wakathereska msumba wa Timbuktu mu 1468 na Jenne mu 1473. Askia Mohammad I (1493-1528) uyo wakamulondezga, wakazgora chisopa cha Chisilamu kuŵa chisopa cha boma, wakazenga misasa, na kwiza na ŵasambizgi ŵa Chisilamu ku Gao, kusazgapo al-Maghili (uyo wakafwa mu 1504), uyo wakambiska chisambizgo cha Chisilamu cha ku Sudan. Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, vyaru vinyake vya Hausa nga ni Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, na Gobir, vikazgoka misumba yakuzingilizgika na viliŵa. M'paka m'ma 1400, vyaru ivi vikaŵa ku mphepete mwa maufumu ghakuru gha ku Sudan.<ref name="multiple">Lapidus, Ira M. (1988) ''A History of Islamic Societies'', Cambridge.</ref> === Kuguliska ŵazga kukaŵa palipose === {{See also|Trans-Saharan slave trade|Atlantic slave trade|Indian Ocean slave trade}} [[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, vyaka vya m'ma 1500-1900.]] Ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kwa nyengo yitali.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Historical survey: Slave societies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230184609/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=30 December 2007 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033344/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=6 December 2007 }}, National Geographic</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1800, ŵanthu pafupifupi 712 miliyoni ŵakakoleka na malonda gha ŵazga ku Atlantic.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156|date=23 February 2007}}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|title=Focus on the slave trade|publisher=BBC News – Africa|work=bbc.co.uk|date=3 September 2001|access-date=28 February 2008|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lovejoy, Paul E. |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love|url-access=registration |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78430-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kweniso pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1800, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Europe ŵakakoleka na ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary na kuguliskika ku North Africa. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic ghakamara mu 1820 ndipo vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Europe na America, kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhalanga kufupi na nyanja za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pa 1808 na 1860, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ilo likalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa ku West Africa, likakora sitima za ŵazga pafupifupi 1,600 na kufwatura Ŵafrika 150,000 awo ŵakaŵa mu ngalaŵa izi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakana kuzomerezga vyaru vya ku Britain kuti vileke kuguliska vinyama ŵakachitapo kanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 50 ŵa mu Africa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge wuzga. Maboma ghakuru chomene gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa (Asante Confederacy, Kingdom of Dahomey, na Oyo Empire) ghakachita vinthu vyakupambanapambana kuti ghende makora. Asante na Dahomey ŵakaghanaghaniranga chomene vya "malonda ghakwenelera" agho ghakaŵa nga ni mafuta, koko, makuni, na golide. Ufumu wa Oyo ukati watondeka kusintha, ukawira mu nkhondo.<ref>Simon, Julian L. (1995) ''State of Humanity'', Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. {{ISBN|1-55786-585-X}}</ref> ===Chikoloni=== [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|350px|Kuyaniska Afrika mu 1880 na 1913]] {{Excerpt|Scramble for Africa| only=paragraphs}} === Nkhondo za kujithemba === [[File:Map of Africa in 1939.svg|thumb|Muwuso wa Eu'''r'''ope mu 1939 {{aligned table |cols=2 |fullwidth=true | {{legend|#502D16|[[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]]}} | {{legend|#00E500|[[Italian Empire|Italian]]}} | {{legend|#C83737|[[British Empire|British]]}} | {{legend|#009000|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]}} | {{legend|#214478|[[French colonial empire|French]]}} | {{legend|#FFDA00|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]]}} | {{legend|#f6f6f6|Independent}} }} ]] Ufumu wa Ŵazungu ukalutilira kuwusa m'paka Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Africa ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Mu 1951, charu cha Libya, icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Italy, chikamba kujiwusa chekha. Mu 1956, charu cha Tunisia na Morocco vikafwatuka ku boma la France.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bély, Lucien|title=The History of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|year=2001|publisher=Editions Jean-paul Gisserot|isbn=978-2-87747-563-1|page=118|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611045035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author1=Aryeetey, Ernest|author2=Harrigan, Jane|first3=Nissanke|last3=Machiko|title=Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|year=2000|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-844-6|page=5|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044656/https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref>Ghana nayo wakajiyimira yekha mu 1957. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vinandi vya pa caru ici vikamba kujiyimira pavyekha. Charu cha Portugal chikaŵa ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara (kwamba ku Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, na Sao Tome na Principe) kwambira m'ma 1500 m'paka mu 1975, apo boma la Estado Novo likadumulika mu Lisbon. Rhodesia yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku Britain mu 1965, pasi pa boma la Ian Smith, kweni charu cha Zimbabwe chikazomerezgeka yayi kuŵa na wanangwa uwu m'paka mu 1980, apo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakamba kuwusa. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira mu Africa kuti chiŵe na wanangwa, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵazungu. === Africa ya ku maiko gha ku mpoto === {{see|Decolonisation of Africa}} {{see also|Non-Aligned Movement}} Mazuŵa ghano, mu Africa muli vyaru 54, ndipo vinandi mwa vyaru ivi vili na mphaka izo zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalamuliranga. Kwambira apo vyaru vya mu Africa vikapokera wanangwa, kanandi vikusuzgika cifukwa ca kutimbanizgika kwa vinthu, vimbundi, nkhaza, na nkhaza. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa ni vyaru ivyo vili na muwuso wa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, ni vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vikatondeka kuŵa na maboma gha demokilase nyengo zose. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vili na maboma ghanandi agho ghakwambiska viwawa. Kweni pakati pa 1990 na 2018, caru cose ca Africa cikamba kuŵa na muwuso waurunji.<ref>tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2019.1613980</ref> Ŵakati ŵafumako ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakavu comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ndipo chikaŵa chambura kukhazikika pa nkhani za ndyali. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Kenya vikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo vikaŵa na mwaŵi wakujura misika ya caru cose. Vyaru vicoko waka vya mu Africa ndivyo vikakura luŵiro comene pambere caka ca 1990 cindafike. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Libya na Equatorial Guinea, ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga makora yayi mu charu ichi chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pakukhumba kusanga chandulo cha ndyali, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko, ndipo zinyake zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo charu cha Rwandani chikalamuliranga. Pakuwona kuti nkhaza zikuruzikuru zikucitika, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵasilikari. Mu vyaru vya mu Africa mukaŵaso mphindano za malo na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujiwusa ŵekha. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Nigeria na boma la ku Igbo ilo likakhumbanga kujipatura. Nkhondo ziŵiri za cikaya izo zikacitika mu Sudan, yakwamba yikacitika mu 1955 m'paka mu 1972 ndipo yachiŵiri mu 1983 m'paka mu 2005, zikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Pa nkhondo zose izi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga mitundu na visopa. Nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa United States na Soviet Union nayo yikawovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Boma la Soviet Union na la United States likakhozga comene ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na ŵasilikari ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru ivi. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakuzizima, wovwiri wa Soviet na America ukamara mwamabuchi ndipo Soviet Union yikawa. Mu Ethiopia mukaŵa njara yikuru pakati pa 1983 na 1985, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.2 miliyoni ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti njara iyi yikamba cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda na kukora vyakurya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|title=BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia|date=6 April 2000|access-date=1 January 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Robert G. Patman, ''The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-521-36022-6}}, pp. 295–296</ref><ref>Steven Varnis, ''Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-88738-348-3}}, p. 38</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | jstor=722691 | title=The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia | last1=Woldemeskel | first1=Getachew | journal=African Affairs | year=1989 | volume=88 | issue=352 | pages=359–374 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 1994, ŵanthu 800,000 ŵakafwa pa mulandu wa kutinkhana ku Rwanda. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo yambe, nkhondo izo zikaŵa zakuparanya comene mu Africa, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.5 miliyoni ŵakafwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 January 2008|title=Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|access-date=20 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414093820/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|url-status=live}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="250px"> File:African nations order of independence 1950-1993.gif|An animated map shows the order of [[Decolonisation of Africa|independence of African nations]], 1950–2011 File:Africa’s wars and conflicts, 1980–96.svg|Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96<br>{{legend|#cc4c02|Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)}}{{legend|#fe9929|Minor Wars/Conflict}}{{legend|#fed98e|Other Conflicts}} File:Political Map of Africa.svg|Political map of Africa in 2021 </gallery> Nkhondo pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana na maboma zikulutilira. Kwambira mu 2003, nkhondo yikulutilira mu Darfur (Sudan) iyo yikakura comene mu 2003 m'paka 2005 ndipo nkhaza zikakwera comene mu 2007 na 2013. Gulu la Boko Haram ilo likulimbana chomene mu Nigeria (pamoza na nkhondo zinandi ku Niger, Chad, na Cameroon) likakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 kwambira mu 2009. Nkhondo zinandi za mu Africa zachepako kufika mu 2022. Kweni nkhondo ya Tigray iyo yikamba mu 2020 yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, chomenechomene chifukwa cha njara. Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, nkhaza zachepa chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikamara mu Angola, Sierra Leone, na Algeria mu 2002, Liberia mu 2003, kweniso Sudan na Burundi mu 2005. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo, iyo yikaŵa na vyaru 9 na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakugaluka, yikamara mu 2003. Kuchepa kwa nkhaza uku, kukakolerana na kuti vyaru vinandi vikaleka kulongozgeka na boma la chikomyunizimu ndipo vikamba kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya malonda. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, vyaru ivi vikamba kwenda mwamtende pakati pa vyaru vyapafupi. Kuŵa na mtende ndiposo kusintha kwa vinthu mu vyaru vya mu Africa kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku China, ŵanjire mu vyaru ivi. Pakati pa chaka cha 2000 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha GDP ku sub-Saharan Africa chikaŵa pa 5.02%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha GDP chikakwera kufuma pa $811 Billion kufika pa $1.63 Trillion (Constant 2015 USD). Kumpoto kwa Africa nako kukakura mwakuyana waka. Cigaŵa cikuru ca ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi comene vyakukhwaskana na sayansi ya vinthu, comenecomene foni. Nangauli vyaru vinandi vikalutilira kukura, kweni kufuma mu 2014 kukura kwa vyaru ivi kukakhira comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, kuleka kwambiska vyamalonda, kweniso nthenda ya Ebola na COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | title=Validate User | journal=African Affairs | date=October 2018 | volume=117 | issue=469 | pages=543–568 | doi=10.1093/afraf/ady022 | last1=Frankema | first1=Ewout | last2=Van Waijenburg | first2=Marlous | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | url-status=live | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | title=Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn | newspaper=Africa Renewal | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | url-status=live }}</ref> == Makhalilo gha chilwa, malo na charu == {{Main|Malo gha Africa}} [[File:Topography of africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Topography of Africa]] Charu cha Africa ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vitatu ivi. Charu ichi chikupatukana na Europe na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 163. (Kuyana na umo charu cha Egypt chiliri, chigaŵa cha Sinai icho chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Suez Canal nacho chikuwoneka kuti chili ku Africa).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|title=Atlas – Xpeditions|publisher=National Geographic Society|date=2003|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303230811/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|archive-date=3 March 2009| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985) ''The Middle East and North Africa'', Oxford University Press US. {{ISBN|0-19-503538-0}}</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja ili na utali wa makilomita 26,000 (mailosi 16,000), ndipo palije malo ghakunjilirapo agho ghakusangika mu nyanja.<ref name="MW">(1998) ''Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index)'', Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11. {{ISBN|0-87779-546-0}}</ref> Kuchokera kumpoto kwambiri, Ras ben Sakka ku Tunisia (37°21' N), mpaka kumwera kwambiri, Cape Agulhas ku South Africa (34°51'15" S), ndi mtunda wa pafupifupi 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, malo gha kumanjiliro gha dazi chomene, ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 7,400 (4,600 mi) kufuma ku Ras Hafun, 51°27'52" E, chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi chomene icho chili kufupi na Cape Guardafui, kuumaliro wa Horn of Africa. Charu chikuru chomene mu Africa ni Algeria, ndipo chigaŵa chichoko chomene ni Seychelles. Charu chichoko chomene pa charu ichi ni Gambia. ===Chilwa cha Afilika=== [[Image:Motion of Nubia Plate.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Mazuŵa ghano, chigaŵa cha pasi cha Africa chikwenda pa charu chapasi mwaluŵiro lwa 0.292° ± 0.007° pa chaka chimoza, pakuyaniska na charu chapakati (NNR-MORVEL56)]] {{Excerpt|African Plate}} === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Africa}} Nyengo ya mu Africa yikupambana chomene na ya mu vyaru vyakututuka. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi chili na mapopa ghanandi, ndipo chigaŵa chapakati na kumwera chili na vyakumera vinandi. Pakati pa malo agha pakaŵa vyakumera nga ni sahel na steppe. Charu cha Africa ndicho chili na chithukivu chikuru chomene pa charu chapasi. Ivyo vikachitika mu 1922 ku Libya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakusuzga chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye apo kukazizima chomene.<ref name="newRecord">{{cite journal|last=El Fadli|first=KI|title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=September 2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2|page=199|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E|doi-access=free}} (The 136&nbsp;°F (57.8&nbsp;°C), claimed by [['Aziziya]], [[Libya]], on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archive-date= 4 January 2013}}</ref> ===Ecology and biodiversity=== [[File:Vegetation Africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The main biomes in Africa.]] Mu vyaru vya mu Africa muli malo ghakuvikilirika ghakujumpha 3,000. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika mu Africa vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vileke kuŵa vinandi kweniso kuti malo gha kulima ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu vyaru vinyake, kusuzgika na ŵanthu, na mitundu yinyake ya vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi, vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vyambeso kuŵa na umoyo uwemi mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha nduna, ŵantchito ŵambura kwenelera, na ndalama. Wupu wa United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ukuti, ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakumazga makuni ghanandi kuluska umo vikuŵira pa caru cose.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 |date=6 December 2008 }}. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008</ref>Kuyana na lipoti la Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ku Africa, vyakumera 31 pa 100 vya mu Africa na nkhorongo 19 pa 100 zili kunangika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti makuni pafupifupi 90 pa 100 gha ku West Africa ghali kumara. Makuni ghakujumpha 90% gha ku Madagascar ghakaparanyika kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakizira mu charu ichi vyaka 2000 ivyo vyajumpha. Pafupifupi 65% ya malo gha vyakurya gha mu Africa ghakunangika na dongo.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html "Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221918/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html |date=17 October 2017 }}, ''The Independent'', 11 June 2008.</ref>{{see also|Afrotropical realm|Palearctic realm}} === Environmental issues === {{Excerpt|Environmental issues in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Water === [[File:Africa Precipitation Map.svg|thumb|Africa Water Precipitation]] {{Excerpt|Water in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Climate change === [[File:Climate smart agriculture in Machakos county (15640332182).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Climate-smart agriculture]] and [[rainwater harvesting]] in [[Machakos County]], [[Kenya]].]] {{Excerpt|Climate change in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ===Fauna=== {{Main|Fauna of Africa}} [[File:Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Savanna at [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[Tanzania]]]] Mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli nyama zinandi zakututuŵa na zakupambanapambana, ndipo nyama zikuruzikuru izo zikurya nyama (nga ni nkhalamu, njati, na mphumphi) na vyakumera (nga ni mbaŵala, zovu, ngamila, na zirafu) vikukhala mwakufwatuka mu vigaŵa vya malo ghambura ŵanthu. Kweniso kuli nyama zinandi za mu nkhorongo, nga ni njoka na vinyama vinyake vya mu maji nga ni ng'ona na vyamoyo vinyake vya mu nyanja. Kweniso mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vinandi chomene ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. ==Ndale== {{See also|List of political parties in Africa by country}} === African Union === {{Main|African Union}} [[File:Regions of the African Union.png|thumb|[[Regions of the African Union]]:<br /> {{Color box|#DAA520|'''Northern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#87CEEB|'''Southern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#90EE90|'''Eastern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#FA8072|'''Western Regions A and B'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#B88FFF|'''Central Region'''|border=darkgray}}]] Wupu wa African Union (AU) uli na vyaru 55. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Juni 26, 2001, ndipo likuru lake likaŵa ku Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Julayi 9, 2002, ndipo ndiwo ukalondezganga wupu wa African Unity (OAU). Mu Julayi 2004, wupu wa African Union's Pan-African Parliament (PAP) ukasamukira ku Midrand, South Africa, kweni wupu wa African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ukakhala mu Addis Ababa. Wupu wa African Union (AU), uwo ukwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na wupu wa AU Commission, ukapangika na Dango la African Union (AU), ilo likukhumba kuti wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC), uwo ukaŵa wupu wakukolerana na vyaru vinyake, uŵe wupu wa boma. Wupu wa African Union uli na boma laparamende, lakucemeka African Union Government, ilo lili na wupu wakulongozga, wa vyeruzgo, na wa malango. Likulongozgeka na Mulara wa wupu wa African Union ndiposo mulongozgi wa boma, uyo nayo ni mulongozgi wa wupu wa Pan-African Parliament. Munthu wakuŵa purezidenti wa AU para wasankhika ku PAP, ndipo pamasinda wakusanga wovwiri wa ŵanandi mu PAP. Maluso na mazaza gha purezidenti wa African Parliament ghafuma ku Constitutive Act na Protocol ya Pan-African Parliament, kweniso chiharo cha mazaza gha purezidenti agho ghali kulembeka mu vyaru vya Africa na vyaru vya maiko. Boma la AU lili na maboma gha vigaŵa vyose, gha boma, na gha boma, kweniso maboma ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵachali kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi boma likuŵawona. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu ivi ni vya ndyali, ndipo kanandi vikuchitika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuswa comene wanangwa wawo, muli vyaru nga ni Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, na Ivory Coast. ===Boundary conflicts=== {{see|The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885|List of conflicts in Africa}} {{Excerpt|Military history of Africa#Post-colonial|paragraph=1|file=no}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Africa|List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|List of African countries by GDP (PPP)}} {{See also|Economy of the African Union}} [[File:RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the [[African Economic Community]]. {{legend|#691717|[[Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]]}} {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#4DB34D|[[Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} {{legend|#7E8000|[[Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]]}} ]] Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni ntchaukavu chomene pa charu chose chapasi kweniso ntchakusuzgika chomene (pambere Antarctica yindaŵeko). Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na masuzgo nga ni vimbundi, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kunozgekera makora vinthu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kusambira, kujithemba, kuleka kusanga ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, vinthu ivyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha ufumu, malonda gha ŵazga, na Nkhondo Yakuzizima. GDP yake yose yikulondezga ya United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, India na France. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2003, vyaru 24 ivyo vikaŵa pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake vyose (151 na 175) vikaŵa vya mu Africa. Ukavu, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, kusoŵa chakurya, maji na malo ghakutowa yayi, kweniso umoyo uheni vikukhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Banki ya Charu chose yikapharazga vya ukavu wa pa charu chose, kuyana na fundo ya $1.25 pa zuŵa (kuyaniska na $1.00 pa zuŵa). Charu cha Sub-Saharan Africa ndicho ntchigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuchepeska ukavu (ndalama zakukwana madola 1.25 pa zuŵa); mu 1981 ŵanthu pafupifupi 50% (200 miliyoni) ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu. Munthu mukavu mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara wakukhala na ndalama zakukwana masenti 70 pa zuŵa, ndipo wakaŵa mukavu comene mu 2003 kuluska mu 1973, ico cikulongora kuti ukavu ukukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca ndyali na maboma gha caru cinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |title=Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa |publisher=Globalpolitician.com |date=19 December 2005 |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131200200/http://globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |archive-date=31 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924092909/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2008 |title=The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All |publisher=Turkish Weekly |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=7 November 2011 }}</ref> Sono caru ca Africa cili pangozi yakuŵaso na ngongoli, comenecomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Nkhaza ya ngongoli iyo yikaŵako mu 2005 yikamara na wovwiri wa wupu wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Scheme). Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika pafupifupi 10 kufuma apo suzgo la ngongoli mu caru ca Africa ca kumwera kwa Sahara mu 2005 likamalira, Zambia yikanjiraso mu ngongoli. Chifukwa chaching'ono chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukhira kwa mitengo ya mkuwa mu 2011, kweni chifukwa chikuru chikaŵa chakuti ndalama zinandi izo Zambia yikabwereka zikapambikika panji kupokeka na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|title=Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918163443/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2005, chuma cha mu Africa chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2005 chikaŵa pa 5%. Vyaru vinyake vikakura comene, comenecomene Angola, Sudan, na Equatorial Guinea, vyose ivi vikaŵa kuti vyambapo sonosono kunozga mafuta panji vyasazgirako nkhongono zawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka sonosono apa, uyo wakwendera vya ndyali wa ku Austria, Arno Tausch, wakati vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Ghana, vikukolerana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera demokilase na malonda.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3214715|ssrn=3214715|title=Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data|date=2018|last1=Tausch|first1=Arno|s2cid=158596579|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|journal=|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211141227/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{-}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:left; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px auto 10px auto" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of IMF ranked countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)|GDP]] <small>(nominal, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||568,499||2014 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}}||475,231||2022 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||458,708||2011 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}} ||213,810||2014 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||156,083||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||145,712||2014 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||142,867||2021 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||118,130||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Libya}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=522,672,&s=NGDPD,&sy=1980&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>||92,542||2012 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||85,421||2023 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)|GDP]] <small>(PPP, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}} ||1,803,584||2023 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||1,372,624||2023 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||990,030||2023 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}}||620,971||2023 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||393,847||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||387,233||2023 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||341,999||2023 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||265,631||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Ghana}} ||229,471||2023 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||228,031||2023 |} {{-}} Pakuyaniska mtengo wa vinthu pa caru cose ico Tausch wakacita mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa caru cose, wakawona kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora: 1. Wupu Wakulondezga Malango 2. Kuwukira boma 3. Kuŵa na mtima wa kuleka nkhaza 4. Kugomezga mabungwe 5. Chimwemwe, umoyo uwemi 6. Kuleka kusopa mwakujikuzga 7. Kuzomera malonda 8. Kuŵa na Nkhongono 9. Kuchitako ndyali 10. Kuŵa na cigomezgo ndiposo kujipeleka 11. Kulije maghanoghano gha wovwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakuzomera kalvinistic work ethic. Tausch wakamalizga na kuyowoya kuti, umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwendera na maukaboni ghose "nchakuzizika comene". Nangauli munthu wakwenera kuŵa na cigomezgo cikuru pa nkhani ya umo Ghana wazamuŵira na demokilase na cuma ca msika, kweni nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi ku Eguputo na Algeria, comenecomene ku South Africa, caru ico cili na cuma cikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana yayi kwa ŵanthu, nga umo lipoti la UNDP likuyowoyera, kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende. Tausch wakayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukondwa chomene na vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa nkhani ya vyachuma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. [[File:African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020.png|upright=1.2|thumb|African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020]] Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mu caru ici ndimo muli cobalti wakukwana 90 peresenti, platinamu wakukwana 90 peresenti, golide wakukwana 50 peresenti, chromium wakukwana 98 peresenti, tantalite wakukwana 70 peresenti, manganese wakukwana 64 peresenti, na uranium wakukwana limoza pa vigaŵa vitatu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece Africa, China's new frontier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece |date=29 June 2011 }}. ''Times Online''. 10 February 2008</ref> Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na visulo vya coltan 70 pa 100 pa caru cose. Kweniso charu cha DRC chili na madimondi ghakujumpha 30% pa charu chose. Charu cha Guinea ndicho chikuguliska bauxite yinandi pa charu chose. Pakuti ku Africa, vinthu vikukura comene cifukwa ca mauteŵeti, m'malo mwa kupanga vinthu panji vyakurya, ntheura kulije nchito panji ukavu. Nakuti suzgo la vyakurya ilo likaŵako mu 2008 likati lachitika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose, likapangiska kuti ŵanthu 100 miliyoni ŵaleke kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera.<ref>[http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm The African Decade?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613173905/http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm |date=13 June 2010 }}. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta]. The Times. 13 October 2009 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071020/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece |date=29 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>"[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html Africa: Developed Countries' Leverage On the Continent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072131/http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html |date=20 October 2012 }}". AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca China caŵa paubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo nchigaŵa cikuru comene ca vyamalonda mu Africa. Mu 2007, makampani gha ku China ghakagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $1 biliyoni mu Africa. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa Yunivesite ya Harvard, wakalongosora kuti caru ca Africa cingajipwelelera yekha para cingaleka kuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake na kwamba kujiguliska. "Charu cha Africa chili pa mphambano; tili pafupi kumalizga vyaka 100 ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vyakurya vikusangikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Africa yikwamba kuŵika mtima pa kupanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti viwovwire kuti mu vigaŵa vyose muŵe malonda ghawemi".<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm "Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221141/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm|date=17 October 2017}}, ''[[Science Daily]]'', 3 December 2010</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Africa|Genetic history of Africa|Child marriage#Africa{{!}}Child marriage in Africa}} {{Pie chart | caption= [[List of African countries by population|Proportion of total African population by country]] | other = yes | label1 = Nigeria | value1 = 15.38 | color1=#36A | label2 = Ethiopia | value2 = 8.37 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Egypt | value3 = 7.65 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Democratic Republic of the Congo | value4 = 6.57 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Tanzania | value5 = 4.55 | color5=#928 | label6 = South Africa | value6 = 4.47 | color6=#E33 | label7 = Kenya | value7 = 3.88 | color7=#E72 | label8 = Uganda | value8 = 3.38 | color8=#FE3 | label9 = Algeria | value9 = 3.36 | color9=#A45 }} Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ku Africa cakura comene, ntheura nchicoko comene. Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵali na vyaka 25 kukhilira pasi. Unandi wa ŵanthu mu Africa ukakwera kufuma pa 229 miliyoni mu 1950 kufika pa 630 miliyoni mu 1990.<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx Past and future population of Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044751/http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx |date=24 September 2015 }}. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|title=Africa Population Dynamics|publisher=overpopulation.org|access-date=26 July 2007|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217040305/http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu Africa chikukwana 1.4 billion. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru vinyake; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu America ŵakajumpha mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kuyana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵazamubabika mu Africa cizamufika pa 37% mu 2050. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa (ŵana pa mwanakazi yumoza) chikaŵa 4.7 mu 2018. Vyaru vyose vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na TFR (chiŵelengero cha ŵana) kuluska awo ŵakababika mu 2019 ndipo vikaŵa na 27.1% ya awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo pa charu chose. Mu 2021, vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na 29% vya ŵanthu awo ŵakababika pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development .desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf|title=World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results|location=New York|author=[[United Nations]]. Department of Economic and Social Affairs|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30977-6/fulltext|title=Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|publisher=[[The Lancet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |website=The World Bank |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513095844/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu (viyowoyero vya mu banja la Niger na Congo) ndiwo ŵanandi chomene kumwera, pakati na kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sahel awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa.<ref>Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171325/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC |date=24 September 2015 }}''. PUQ. p. 204. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}</ref> Kweni mu South Sudan na East Africa muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nilotic, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Swahili awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ("San" panji "Bushmen"). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakusangika chomene ku Gabon na Equatorial Guinea. Mu chipalamba cha Kalahari, kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Bushmen (panji kuti "San", awo ŵakukolerana chomene na "Hottentots" kweni ŵakupambana na iwo) ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Africaa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece |date=25 May 2010 }}. ''Times Online''. 16 December 2004</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Niger na Congo, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mtundu wa Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan, na Wolof ndiwo ni ukuru chomene pa mitundu yose. Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Sahara, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka panji Mande ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chadic, kusazgapo Ŵahasa, ŵakukhala kumpoto chomene kwa Sahara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nilo-Sahara, nga ni Ŵasonghai, Kanuri, na Zarma, ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. [[Image:African_countries_by_HDI_(2019).png|thumb|upright=1.2|left| {| width="100%" style="background:transparent;" | Map of Africa indicating [[Human Development Index]] (2018). |-Africa | {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#00C400|0.800–0.849}} {{Legend|#00F900|0.750–0.799}} {{Legend|#D3FF00|0.700–0.749}} {{Legend|#FFFF00|0.650–0.699}} {{Legend|#FFD215|0.600–0.649}} {{Legend|#FFA83C|0.550–0.599}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#FF852F|0.500–0.549}} {{Legend|#FF5B00|0.450–0.499}} {{Legend|#FF0000|0.400–0.449}} {{Legend|#A70000|≤ 0.399}} {{Legend|#D9D9D9|No data}} {{Col-end}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵali mu magulu ghatatu: Ŵa Berber kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ŵaeguputo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nile na Sahara kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵaarabu awo ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. ŵakamba kuyowoya Chiarabu na Chisilamu ku North Africa. ŴaFenikiya (awo ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage) na Ŵahyksos, Ŵaalani ŵa ku Indo-Iran, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Indo-Europe, Ŵaroma, na Ŵavandali nawo ŵakakhala ku North Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Morocco na Algeria, ndipo mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Tunisia na Libya, ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chi Berber ŵalipo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A: The Berbers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 March 2004|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112181804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakuyowoya Chiberberberia na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Sahara ku North Africa. Ku Mauritania, kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵali kufwa, ndipo kumwera kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Niger na Congo. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu na Chiarabu, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi mbanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa mtundu wa Beja awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Africa na Asia ŵakusangikaso ku Egypt na Sudan. Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia na Eritrea (nga mba Amhara na Tigray, awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Habesha) ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Semite, apo Ŵa Oromo na Ŵasomali ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Cushitic. Pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yindambe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Algeria na Morocco (1,6 miliyoni ku North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique na Angola. Pakati pa 1975 na 1977, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakawelera ku Portugal. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo ŵachoko chomene mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene mu Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, na South Africa. Charu icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵazungu mu Africa ni South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na Britain ndiwo ŵali na mbumba zikuru comene za ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.<ref name=World>{{cite encyclopedia|date=1989|title=Africa|encyclopedia=[[World Book Encyclopedia]]|publisher=World Book, Inc.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-7166-1289-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/1989worldbookencyclo22worl}}</ref> Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia, chomenechomene awo ŵakafuma ku India, ŵakiza ku Britain. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India, ndipo ku Kenya, Tanzania, na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera na kumwera kwa Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 1972, Fumu Idi Amin yikachimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India mu Uganda, kweni ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kuwelera. Kweniso mu virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar mba ku Austronesia, kweni awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakusazgikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, Arabia, India, na Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi na ku India ndiwo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ku South Africa ŵakuchemeka Cape Coloured (ŵanthu awo ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa). Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na ŵa ku China ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html Naomi Schwarz, "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html |date=24 December 2011 }}, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007</ref> === Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinandi chomene. (lternative Estimates of African Population, 0–2018 AD (in thousands) === ) Ukaboni: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|date=27 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Year<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2018 ! scope="col" |2100<br>(projected) |- |'''Africa''' |16 500 |33 000 |46 000 |55 000 |61 000 |74 208 |90 466 |124 697 |228 342 |387 645 |759 954 |1 321 000<ref name="worldometers"/> |3 924 421<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects |url=https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-update-2022 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> |- |'''World''' |230 820 |268 273 |437 818 |555 828 |603 410 |1 041 092 |1 270 014 |1 791 020 |2 524 531 |3 913 482 |5 907 680 |7 500 000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|title=World Population Day: July 11, 2018|website=United States Census Bureau|date=11 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718064224/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |10 349 323<ref name=":6" /> |} === Shares of Africa and World Population, 0–2020 AD (% of world total) === Ukaboni: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net"/> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Chaka<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2020 ! scope="col" |2100<br/>(projected) |- |'''Afilika''' |7.1 |12.3 |10.5 |9.9 |10.1 |7.1 |7.1 |7.0 |9.0 |9.9 |12.9 |18.2<ref name="worldometers">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|title=Africa Population (LIVE)|website=worldometers.info|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902033531/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> |39.4<ref name="www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank">{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/worlds-population-is-projected-to-nearly-stop-growing-by-the-end-of-the-century/|title=World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century|author1=ANTHONY CILLUFFO|author2= NEIL G. RUIZ|date=17 June 2019}}</ref> |} ===Chisopo=== [[File:Religion distribution Africa crop.png|A map showing religious distribution in Africa|thumb|upright=1.1]] {{Main|Religion in Africa}} {{See also||African divination}} Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵali na visopa vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuchindika visopa vya ku Africa. Ndipouli, para ŵanthu ŵafumbika panji kupendeka, ŵanandi ŵakujiyaniska na visopa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Pali vifukwa vinandi, ndipo cimoza mwa vifukwa vikuru nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakagomezganga kuti visambizgo na maluso gha cisopa ca ku Africa ni viheni. Ntchakusuzga kusanga maukaboni gha visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga chifukwa kanandi maboma agho ŵanthu ŵakusopa mu visopa vyakupambanapambana ghakughanaghanapo chomene pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=stanford>{{cite web|url=http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html|title=African Religion on the Internet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182749/http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html |archive-date=2 September 2006 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/01/world/rising-muslim-power-in-africa-causes-unrest-in-nigeria-and-elsewhere-963950.html|date=1 November 2001|title=Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere|first=Normitsu|last=Onishi|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 March 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>Buku linyake likuti visopa vikuru comene mu Africa ni Cisilamu na Cikhristu. Buku linyake likuti, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu caru ici Mbakhristu, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbasilamu, ndipo 10 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali mu visopa vyawo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Chihindu, Chibuda, Chiconfucian, Chibahai, panji Chiyuda. Kweniso mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakusopa yayi. ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Africa}} {{See also|Writing systems of Africa#Indigenous writing systems}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 1,000 mu Africa (UNESCO yikuti viyowoyero ivi ni 2,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Africa |date=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602050234/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D8048%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date= 2 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku Africa, kweni ŵanyake ŵali kufuma ku Europe panji Asia. Charu cha Africa chili na viyowoyero vinandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Africa: [[File:Map of African language families.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa]] * Viyowoyero vya Afroasiatic ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 285 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero pafupifupi 240 mu Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, Sahel, na kumwera kwa Asia. * Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo na Sahara ni viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100 ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 30 miliyoni. Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, na kumpoto kwa Tanzania. * Viyowoyero vya Niger-Congo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka, chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo panji ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose. * Viyowoyero vya Khoisan vilipo pafupifupi 50 ndipo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 400,000 ku Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khoisan Languages|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|website=The Language Gulper|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125082754/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>Viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Khoisan vili pafupi kumara. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni viyowoyero ivi vikamanyikwanga na boma. Mu vyaru vinandi, Cingelezi na Cifurenci (wonani Cifurenci ca ku Africa) vikugwiliskirika nchito pakudumbiskana na ŵanthu nga ni boma, malonda, masambiro na vyakupharazga. Chiarabic, Ciphwitikizi, Cifrikaans na Cisipanishi ni viyelezgero vya viyowoyero ivyo vikamba ku Africa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa ŵakuviyowoya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Italy ŵakayowoyanga Citaliyan. Ku Namibia ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cijeremani cifukwa kukaŵa caru ico kale cikalongozgekanga na ŵa German. ===Umoyo=== [[File:HIV in Africa 2011.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 ([[World Bank]]) {| style="width:100%;" |- | valign=top | {{legend|#2b0000|over 15%}} {{legend|#800000|5–15%}} {{legend|#d40000|2–5%}} {{legend|#ff2a2a|1–2%}} {{legend|#ff9955|0.5-1%}} {{legend|#ffb380|0.1–0.5%}} {{legend|#b9b9b9|not available}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mu Africa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose m'malo mwa munkhwala wakuchemeka allopathic, uwo ukuŵa wakudura chomene. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na maboma ŵati vyaka vya m'ma 2000 ni vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vya vyakurya vya ku Africa mu chilato cha kukhozga fundo ya WHO ya ku Africa ya kuzenga vyakurya vya ku Africa mu vyakurya vya ku Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kofi-Tsekpo |first1=Mawuli |title=Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa |journal=African Journal of Health Sciences |date=11 February 2005 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=i-ii |doi=10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772 |pmid=17298111 }}</ref> Awo ŵakupanga malango gha boma mu cigaŵa ici ŵakususkika cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa ndondomeko za umoyo za ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero cawo ndiposo usange kuŵapo kwawo pamoza na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano kungakhozga urunji na kuŵapo kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala, umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndiposo umo vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikukulira. Nthenda ya AIDS njakuzara comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nangauli mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15.2 pa ŵanthu 100 pa caru cose, kweni pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali na nthenda iyi pa caru cose, ŵanthu 35 miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mu 2011, mu vyaru vya ku Africa pera, ŵanthu 69 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na HIV ndipo 70 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakafwa na AIDS. Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, umo nthenda ya AIDS yikusuzga comene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Kweniso, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukukhala pacoko comene cifukwa ca nthenda ya HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of The Modern World|last=Stearns|first=Peter N. | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=556}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Mwambo wa Afilika}} [[File:Wassu Stone Circle.jpg|thumb|Vinthu ivi vili mu charu cha Gambia na Senegal.]] Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kulondezga mitheto yinyake ya mu Africa chifukwa cha kuyuyulika na kusuzgika na maboma gha ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, mitheto ya ku Africa yikakanizgika, ndipo viyowoyero vya ku Africa vikakanizgika mu masukulu gha ŵamishonale. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakayezga "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mwa kukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi na uloyi.<ref name="pearsonhighered.com">{{Cite web |title=Pearsonhighered.com |url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501070358/http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Obidoh Freeborn wakughanaghana kuti ukoloni ni cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti luso la ku Africa liŵe la mazuŵa ghano. Kuyana na umo Douglas Fraser na Herbert M. Cole wakati: "Vinthu vikasintha mwamabuchi mu boma chifukwa cha muwuso wa ŵasilikari. Fraser na Cole ŵakayowoya kuti mu Igboland, vinthu vinyake vya luso "vikusoŵa nkhongono na luso nga umo vikaŵira na vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikachitikanga mu nyengo yakale. Chika Okeke-Agulu, uyo ni mulembi wa mabuku, wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na mazaza paŵekha kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria|first=Chika|last=Okeke-Agulu|year=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7630-9|page=63|access-date=18 December 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611035844/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|url-status=live}}</ref> Awo ŵakung'anamura F. Abiola Irele na Simon Gikandi ŵakayowoya kuti mabuku gha mu Africa ghakaŵako cifukwa ca "kukumana pakati pa Africa na Europe". Kweni Mhoze Chikowero wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito sumu, kuvina, vyauzimu, na mitheto yinyake kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha na ŵavinjeru. Pasono ŵanthu ŵakuyezgayezga chomene kuti ŵamanye makora mitheto ya ku Africa, nga umo vikaŵira na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka African Renaissance, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Thabo Mbeki. Kuzakafika mu Malichi 2023, malo 98 gha mu Africa ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo gha Charu Chose. Pa malo agha, 54 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, 39 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, ndipo 5 ni malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo 15 gha mu Africa ghali pa Mndandanda wa Vinthu Vya Caru Cose Ivyo Vili pa Suzgo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/africa/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention}}</ref> ===Visual art=== [[File:Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998-11-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1| Chizindikiro cha Nok (zaka za m'ma 500 BCE-5 CE)]] {{Excerpt|African art|paragraph=1,2,3,4,5||only=paragraphs}} ===Architecture=== {{Excerpt|Architecture of Africa|paragraph=1,2,3|file=1}} ===Cinema=== {{Excerpt|Cinema of Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=1}} ===Music=== [[File:Ke-Nako Music-Performance Vienna2008c.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A musician from South Africa]] {{Excerpt|Music of Africa|paragraph=1,2}} ===Dance=== {{Excerpt|African dance|paragraph=1,2|file=no}} ===Sports=== [[File:World cup african countries best results and hosts.png|thumb|Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za timu za mpira za amuna zaku Africa pa FIFA World Cup]] Vyaru 54 vya mu Africa vili na magulu gha mpira mu wupu wa African Football Confederation. Eguputo wali kuthereska nkhonya ya Africa kankhondi na kaŵiri, ndipo wakukwaniska katatu. Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, na Algeria ŵafika ku vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya FIFA World Cup. Morocco yikalemba mbiri pa World Cup ya 2022 ku Qatar pakuŵa chalo chakwamba ku Africa kufika ku semi-final ya FIFA Men's World Cup. Charu cha South Africa chikapokelera maseŵera gha World Cup mu 2010, ndipo chikaŵa charu chakwamba cha ku Africa kuchita nthena. Magulu ghapachanya mu kilabu yiliyose ya mpira wa ku Africa ghakuseŵera mu CAF Champions League, apo magulu ghapasi ghakuseŵera mu CAF Confederation Cup. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Africa caŵa na malo ghaphya gha maseŵero gha basketball agho ghazengeka mu misumba yakupambanapambana nga ni Cairo, Dakar, Johannesburg, Kigali, Luanda na Rades. Chiŵerengero cha osewera a basketball a ku Africa omwe adalemba ku NBA chakhala chikukula kwambiri m'ma 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[FIBA]] |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha cricket. Charu cha South Africa na Zimbabwe vili na chigaŵa cha Test, apo charu cha Kenya ndicho chili na chigaŵa chakwamba cha One Day International cricket (ODI). Vyaru vitatu ivi vikachitiska ungano wa Cricket World Cup mu 2003. Charu cha Namibia ndico nchigaŵa cinyake ca mu Africa ico cacitapo maseŵera gha pa caru cose. Charu cha Morocco, icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndicho chikachitiskaso maseŵero gha Morocco Cup mu 2002, kweni charu ichi chindachiteko maseŵero ghakuru. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha rugby. Namibia na Zimbabwe wose ŵaŵapo kanandi waka pa Rugby World Cup, apo South Africa ndiyo yikwenda makora chomene (pamoza na New Zealand) pa Rugby World Cup, pakuti yikawina katatu, mu 1995, 2007, na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|title=RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa ｜ Rugby World Cup 2023|website=www.rugbyworldcup.com|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213126/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> == Vigaŵa na malo == {{Main|List of regions of Africa|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa}} {{center|{{Africa Labelled Map}}}} Vyaru ivyo vili pa tabuleti iyi vyalembeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya vigaŵa ivyo vikuzunulika na wupu wa United Nations. Para pali mphambano, fundo zikulongosoreka makora. <!--{{editnote | NOTE: If you have arguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page and await until the consensus supports making proposed edits. Thank you!--> <!--begin country info tables--> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | Chidindo cha boma ! Zina la chigaŵa panji charu, na ndembera{{efn|Continental regions as per [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa|UN categorizations/map]].}} ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]]<br>(km²) ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population|Population]]<ref name="uscen">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov\/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|title=IDB: Countries Ranked by Population|date=28 November 1999|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128111024/http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|archive-date=28 November 1999}}</ref> ! Chaka ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Density]]<br>(per km²) ! Msumba waboma ! [[Language|Name(s) in official language(s)]] ! [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO 3166-1]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''North Africa''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Algeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Algeria}} | [[Algeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,381,740 |style="text-align:right;"|46,731,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2022 |style="text-align:right;"|17.7 |[[Algiers]] | الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie | DZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Canary Islands}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Canary Islands}} |[[Canary Islands]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[Canary Islands]], of which [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]]; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|7,492 |style="text-align:right;"|2,154,905 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|226 |[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<br>[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] | Canarias | IC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Italy}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Italy}} | style="text-align:left" | [[Pelagie Islands]] (Italy) |style="text-align:right;"| 25.5 |style="text-align:right;"| 6,556 |style="text-align:right;"| 2019 |style="text-align:right;"| 247 | style="text-align:left" | [[Lampedusa]] | Pelagie/Isole Pelagie/Ìsuli Pilaggî | ITA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ceuta}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ceuta}} |[[Ceuta]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Ceuta]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|20 |style="text-align:right;"|85,107 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|3,575 |— | Ceuta/Sebta/سَبْتَة (Sabtah) | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Egypt}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Egypt}} |[[Egypt]]{{efn|[[Egypt]] is generally considered a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the [[Suez Canal]].}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,450 |style="text-align:right;"|82,868,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|83 |[[Cairo]] | مِصر (Miṣr) | EGY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Libya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Libya}} |[[Libya]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,759,540 |style="text-align:right;"|6,310,434 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|4 |[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] | ليبيا (Lībiyā) | LBY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madeira}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madeira}} |[[Madeira]] (Portugal){{efn|The Portuguese [[Madeira Islands]] are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|797 |style="text-align:right;"|245,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|307 |[[Funchal]] | Madeira | PRT-30 |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Melilla}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Melilla}} |[[Melilla]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Melilla]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|12 |style="text-align:right;"|85,116 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|5,534 |— | Melilla/Mlilt/مليلية | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Morocco}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Morocco}} |[[Morocco]] |style="text-align:right;"|446,550 |style="text-align:right;"|35,740,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Rabat]] | المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc | MAR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tunisia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tunisia}} |[[Tunisia]] |style="text-align:right;"|163,610 |style="text-align:right;"|10,486,339 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Tunis]] | تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie | TUN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Western Sahara}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Western Sahara}} | [[Western Sahara]]{{efn|name="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"|The territory of [[Western Sahara]] is claimed by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and [[Morocco]]. The [[SADR]] is recognized as a sovereign state by the [[African Union]]. [[Morocco]] claims the entirety of the country as its [[Southern Provinces]]. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.}} |style="text-align:right;"|266,000 |style="text-align:right;"|405,210 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|2 |[[El Aaiún]] | الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental | ESH |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burundi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burundi}} | [[Burundi]] |style="text-align:right;"|27,830 |style="text-align:right;"|8,988,091 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|323 |[[Gitega]] | Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi | BDI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Comoros}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Comoros}} | [[Comoros]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,170 |style="text-align:right;"|752,438 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|347 |[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] | Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur) | COM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Djibouti}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Djibouti}} | [[Djibouti]] |style="text-align:right;"|23,000 |style="text-align:right;"|828,324 |style="text-align:right;"|2015 |style="text-align:right;"|22 |[[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti | DJI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eritrea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eritrea}} | [[Eritrea]] |style="text-align:right;"|121,320 |style="text-align:right;"|5,647,168 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|47 |[[Asmara]] | Eritrea | ERI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ethiopia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} | [[Ethiopia]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,127,127 |style="text-align:right;"|84,320,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|75 |[[Addis Ababa]] | ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ | ETH |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:BlasonTAAF.svg|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} | [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|French Southern Territories]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|439,781 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |style="text-align:right;"|2019 |style="text-align:right;"|— |[[Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint Pierre]] | Terres australes et antarctiques françaises | FRA-TF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Kenya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Kenya}} | [[Kenya]] |style="text-align:right;"|582,650 |style="text-align:right;"|39,002,772 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|66 |[[Nairobi]] | Kenya | KEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madagascar}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madagascar}} | [[Madagascar]] |style="text-align:right;"|587,040 |style="text-align:right;"|20,653,556 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|35 |[[Antananarivo]] | Madagasikara/Madagascar | MDG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Malawi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Malawi}} |[[Malawi]] |style="text-align:right;"|118,480 |style="text-align:right;"|14,268,711 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|120 |[[Lilongwe]] | Malaŵi/Malaŵi | MWI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritius}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritius}} |[[Mauritius]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,040 |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,264 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|630 |[[Port Louis]] | Maurice/Moris | MUS |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mayotte}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mayotte|local}} |[[Mayotte]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|374 |style="text-align:right;"|223,765 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|490 |[[Mamoudzou]] | Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty | MYT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mozambique}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mozambique}} |[[Mozambique]] |style="text-align:right;"|801,590 |style="text-align:right;"|21,669,278 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|27 |[[Maputo]] | Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki | MOZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Réunion}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Réunion}} | [[Réunion]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|2,512 |style="text-align:right;"|743,981 |style="text-align:right;"|2002 |style="text-align:right;"|296 |[[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] | La Réunion | FRA-RE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Rwanda}} | [[Rwanda]] |style="text-align:right;"|26,338 |style="text-align:right;"|10,473,282 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|398 |[[Kigali]] | Rwanda | RWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Seychelles}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Seychelles}} |[[Seychelles]] |style="text-align:right;"|455 |style="text-align:right;"|87,476 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|192 |[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] | Seychelles/Sesel | SYC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somalia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somalia}} |[[Somalia]] |style="text-align:right;"|637,657 |style="text-align:right;"|9,832,017 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|15 |[[Mogadishu]] | 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl) | SOM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somaliland}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somaliland}} |[[Somaliland]] |style="text-align:right;"|176,120 |style="text-align:right;"|5,708,180 |style="text-align:right;"|2021 |style="text-align:right;"|25 |[[Hargeisa]] | Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd) | |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Sudan}} |[[South Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|619,745 |style="text-align:right;"|8,260,490 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Juba]] | South Sudan | SSD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sudan}} |[[Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,861,484 |style="text-align:right;"|30,894,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|17 |[[Khartoum]] | Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān) | SDN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tanzania}} |[[Tanzania]] |style="text-align:right;"|945,087 |style="text-align:right;"|44,929,002 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Dodoma]] | Tanzania/Tanzania | TZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Uganda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Uganda}} |[[Uganda]] |style="text-align:right;"|236,040 |style="text-align:right;"|32,369,558 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|137 |[[Kampala]] | Uganda/Yuganda | UGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zambia}} |[[Zambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|752,614 |style="text-align:right;"|11,862,740 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|16 |[[Lusaka]] | Zambia | ZMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zimbabwe}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} |[[Zimbabwe]] |style="text-align:right;"|390,580 |style="text-align:right;"|11,392,629 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|29 |[[Harare]] | Zimbabwe | ZWE |- |colspan="10" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"|'''Pakati pa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Angola}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Angola}} |[[Angola]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,246,700 |style="text-align:right;"|12,799,293 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Luanda]] | Angola | AGO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cameroon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cameroon}} |[[Cameroon]] |style="text-align:right;"|475,440 |style="text-align:right;"|18,879,301 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|40 |[[Yaoundé]] | Cameroun/Kamerun | CMR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Central African Republic}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} |[[Central African Republic]] |style="text-align:right;"|622,984 |style="text-align:right;"|4,511,488 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|7 |[[Bangui]] | Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine | CAF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Chad}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Chad}} |[[Chad]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,000 |style="text-align:right;"|10,329,208 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|8 |[[N'Djamena]] | تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad | TCD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} |[[Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|342,000 |style="text-align:right;"|4,012,809 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Brazzaville]] | Congo/Kôngo/Kongó | COG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,345,410 |style="text-align:right;"|69,575,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|30 |[[Kinshasa]] | République démocratique du Congo | COD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Equatorial Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|28,051 |style="text-align:right;"|633,441 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|23 |[[Malabo]] | Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial | GNQ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Gabon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Gabon}} |[[Gabon]] |style="text-align:right;"|267,667 |style="text-align:right;"|1,514,993 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|6 |[[Libreville]] | gabonaise | GAB |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:Insigne Insularum Sancti Thomae et Principis.png|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,001 |style="text-align:right;"|212,679 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|212 |[[São Tomé]] | Sao Tome na Principe | STP |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kummwela kwa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Botswana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Botswana}} |[[Botswana]] |style="text-align:right;"|600,370 |style="text-align:right;"|1,990,876 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Gaborone]] | Botswana/Botswana | BWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eswatini}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eswatini}} |[[Eswatini]] |style="text-align:right;"|17,363 |style="text-align:right;"|1,123,913 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|65 |[[Mbabane]] | eSwatini/Eswatini | SWZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Lesotho}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Lesotho}} |[[Lesotho]] |style="text-align:right;"|30,355 |style="text-align:right;"|2,130,819 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Maseru]] | Lesotho/Lesotho | LSO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Namibia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Namibia}} | [[Namibia]] |style="text-align:right;"|825,418 |style="text-align:right;"|2,108,665 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Windhoek]] | Namibia | NAM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Africa}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Africa}} |[[South Africa]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,219,912 |style="text-align:right;"|51,770,560 |style="text-align:right;"|2011 |style="text-align:right;"|42 |[[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]]{{efn|[[Bloemfontein]] is the judicial capital of South Africa, while [[Cape Town]] is its legislative seat, and [[Pretoria]] is the country's administrative seat.}} | yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika | ZAF |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Benin}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Benin}} | [[Benin]] |style="text-align:right;"|112,620 |style="text-align:right;"|8,791,832 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Porto-Novo]] | Bénin | BEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burkina Faso}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} | [[Burkina Faso]] |style="text-align:right;"|274,200 |style="text-align:right;"|15,746,232 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|57 |[[Ouagadougou]] | Burkina Faso | BFA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cape Verde}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} | [[Cape Verde]] |style="text-align:right;"|4,033 |style="text-align:right;"|429,474 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|107 |[[Praia]] | Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi | CPV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|The Gambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|The Gambia}} | [[The Gambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|11,300 |style="text-align:right;"|1,782,893 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|158 |[[Banjul]] | The Gambia | GMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ghana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ghana}} | [[Ghana]] |style="text-align:right;"|239,460 |style="text-align:right;"|23,832,495 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |[[Accra]] | Ghana | GHA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea}} | [[Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|245,857 |style="text-align:right;"|10,057,975 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|41 |[[Conakry]] | Guinée | GIN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea-Bissau}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} | [[Guinea-Bissau]] |style="text-align:right;"|36,120 |style="text-align:right;"|1,533,964 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Bissau]] | Guiné-Bissau | GNB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ivory Coast}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} |[[Ivory Coast]] |style="text-align:right;"|322,460 |style="text-align:right;"|20,617,068 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Abidjan]],{{efn|[[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital of [[Ivory Coast]], while [[Abidjan]] is the ''de facto'' seat.}} [[Yamoussoukro]] | Côte d'Ivoire | CIV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Liberia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Liberia}} |[[Liberia]] |style="text-align:right;"|111,370 |style="text-align:right;"|3,441,790 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|31 |[[Monrovia]] | Liberia | LBR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mali}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mali}} |[[Mali]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,240,000 |style="text-align:right;"|12,666,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Bamako]] | Mali | MLI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritania}} |[[Mauritania]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,030,700 |style="text-align:right;"|3,129,486 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Nouakchott]] | موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā) | MRT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Niger}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Niger}} |[[Niger]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,267,000 |style="text-align:right;"|15,306,252 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Niamey]] | Niger | NER |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Nigeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Nigeria}} |[[Nigeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|923,768 |style="text-align:right;"|166,629,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|180 |[[Abuja]] | Nigeria | NGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|United Kingdom}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} |[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] (United Kingdom) |style="text-align:right;"|420 |style="text-align:right;"|7,728 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | SHN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Senegal}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Senegal}} |[[Senegal]] |style="text-align:right;"|196,190 |style="text-align:right;"|13,711,597 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Dakar]] | Sénégal | SEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sierra Leone}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} |[[Sierra Leone]] |style="text-align:right;"|71,740 |style="text-align:right;"|6,440,053 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|90 |[[Freetown]] | Sierra Leone | SLE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Togo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Togo}} |[[Togo]] |style="text-align:right;"|56,785 |style="text-align:right;"|6,019,877 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|106 |[[Lomé]] | togolaise | TGO |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#eee;" | colspan="3" | Afilika pamoza |style="text-align:right;"|30,368,609 |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,320,281 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|33 ! colspan="3"| |} <!--end country info table + refs--> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} <!-- *[[Bibliography of Africa]] --> * [[Index of Africa-related articles]] * [[African historiography]] * [[Outline of Africa]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Vyalemba vinandi== * {{Cite book|last=Malone|first=Jacqui|url= |title=Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance|date=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|oclc=891842452}} * {{Cite book|last=Welsh-Asante|first=Kariamu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbrTfSO3fwC|title=African Dance|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2427-8|language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Shillington |first1=Kevin |title=History of Africa |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-59957-0 }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{see also|Africa Bibliography}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Asante|first=Molefi|author-link=Molefi Asante|title=The History of Africa|publisher=Routledge|location=US|date=2007|isbn=978-0-415-77139-9}} * {{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. Desmond|author-link=J. Desmond Clark|title=The Prehistory of Africa|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|date=1970|isbn=978-0-500-02069-2}} * {{cite book|last=Crowder|first=Michael|title=The Story of Nigeria|publisher=Faber|location=London|date=1978|isbn=978-0-571-04947-9}} * {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Basil|author-link=Basil Davidson|title=The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times|publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth|date=1966|oclc=2016817}} * {{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=April A.|first2=Donald L.|last2=Gordon|title=Understanding Contemporary Africa|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|location=Boulder|date=1996|isbn=978-1-55587-547-3}} * {{cite book|last=Khapoya|first=Vincent B.|title=The African experience: an introduction|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|date=1998|isbn=978-0-13-745852-3|url=https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap}} * Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968). ''Africa Yesterday and Today'', in series, ''The George School Readings on Developing Lands''. New York: Praeger Publishers. * [[V. S. Naipaul|Naipaul, V.S.]] ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief''. Picador, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-330-47205-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wade|first1=Lizzie|title=Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aaa7864|year=2015|doi-access=free}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|n=Category:Africa|voy=Africa}} '''General information''' * {{GovPubs|Africa}} * {{Britannica|7924}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa}} * [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/africa-human-geography Africa: Human Geography] at the [[National Geographic Society]] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/ African & Middle Eastern Reading Room] from the United States [[Library of Congress]] * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ Africa South of the Sahara] from [[Stanford University]] * [http://www.aluka.org/ Aluka], digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf Africa Interactive Map] from the [[United States Army Africa]] '''History''' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section10.shtml The Story of Africa] from [[BBC World Service]] * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Africa | volume= 1 | pages = 320–358 |short= 1}} * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/menu_APIC.html Africa Policy Information Center (APIC)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive Hungarian military forces in Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive |date=3 November 2013 }} '''News media''' * [http://allafrica.com/ allAfrica.com] current news, events and statistics * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/index.shtml ''Focus on Africa''] magazine from [[BBC World Service]] {{Africa topics}} {{Africa}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Africa |list = {{African Trade Agreements}} {{Continents of the world}} {{Regions of the world}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Africa| ]] [[Category:Continents]] t241oepswspikigko8pjm8xfk12wllz 118019 118018 2026-07-26T11:41:30Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Continent}} {{Other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Infobox Continent |title = Afilika |image = {{Switcher|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show national borders|[[File:Africa (orthographic projection) blank.svg|frameless]]|Hide national borders|default=1}} |area = {{convert|30370000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} &nbsp;([[List of continents by area|2nd]]) |population = {{UN_Population|Africa}}{{UN_Population|ref}} ({{UN_Population|Year}}; [[List of continents by population|2nd]]) |density = {{pop density|{{Decomma|{{UN_Population|Africa}}}}|30221532|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} ({{UN Population|Year}}) |religions = {{unbulleted list | [[Christianity in Africa|Christianity]] (49%) | [[Islam in Africa|Islam]] (42%) | [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] (8%) | [[Religion in Africa|Others]] (1%)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |title=Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary, African Christianity, 2020 |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503132003/https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/african-christianity-101/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=a1d4c1d931e6c38110d5c3f059ae64bb66bafafa-1590463375-0-AezHrWRbV9jUadPbMq1KCYOzXRnMTcuigdG5X7oahVbSoI1-HbOZFVzICpNQM3DD6h-V4OowV97KMQvA_Z5xrEIueURh3cAjh_JOwgzb_0xJ8ApebiYm1YKfWINm1tpYbvki0LdD6UCp1tdLlxQ9SRwtdKFDMRidCaiTEuKpAgqahxqDYDT9efnF_jaiIEUQu0uIx-pJ0jUDCQtArMqdHTN8eI_S59hxJlvlxrSqBFOFsKFbiRy66EYOzblYbhaniwzQPIxiovSOAM7Yj6fu-5jMYVAPJtBJplpKoRDBlTtl44pnDC6wJInEyJbLw46dPuXcViyFEB57ebEfmUnpcYoJDlysExw35Ay28x7nvUDx3aIEa6ZhJsxwn62dv-R57g |url-status=live }}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$8.05&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; 4th)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=GDP PPP, current prices|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref>}} |GDP_nominal = $2.96&nbsp;trillion (2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)|5th]])<ref>{{cite web|title=GDP Nominal, current prices|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = $2,180 (Nominal; 2022 est; [[List of continents by GDP (nominal)#GDP per capita (nominal) by continents|6th]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|title=Nominal GDP per capita|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111084550/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|url-status=live}}</ref> |demonym = [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] |countries = 54+2*+5** (*disputed) (**territories) |list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa |dependencies = {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#External territories|External]] (5) | 1 = {{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Bouvet Island]] | 2 = {{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | 3 = {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands|name=French Southern Territories}} | 4 = {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} | 5 = {{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} }} {{Collapsible list |list_style = text-align:left; |title = [[List of African dependencies#Internal territories|Internal]] (6+1 disputed) | 1 = {{flag|France}} ''([[Mayotte]] and [[Réunion]])'' | 2 = {{flag|Italy}} ''([[Pantelleria]] and [[Pelagie Islands]])'' | 3 = {{flag|Morocco}} ''([[Southern Provinces]])'' | 4 = {{flag|Portugal}} ''([[Madeira]])'' | 5 = {{flag|Spain}} ''([[Alboran Island]], [[Canary Islands]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], and [[Plazas de soberanía]])'' | 6 = {{flag|Tanzania}} ''([[Zanzibar]])'' | 7 = {{flag|Yemen}} ''([[Socotra]])'' }} |languages = [[Languages of Africa|1250–3000 native languages]] |time = [[UTC-1]] to [[UTC+4]] |cities = [[List of urban agglomerations in Africa|Largest urban areas]]:<!-- -->{{hlist |item_style=white-space:break; |[[Cairo]] |[[Lagos]] <br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Johannesburg]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Luanda]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Khartoum]] |[[Dar es Salaam]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Abidjan]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Alexandria]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Kigali]] |[[Nairobi]]<br> |[[Algiers]] |[[Kinshasa]]<br> |[[Cape Town]] |[[Kano (city)|Kano]]<br> |[[Dakar]]<br> |[[Kinshasa]] |[[Casablanca]]<br> |[[Addis Ababa]] |[[Kampala]]}} }} [[File:MapAfricaSize.gif|thumb|Ukuru wa Africa pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake]] [[Chilwa]] cha '''Afilika''' ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita pafupifupi 30.300,000, kusazgapo virwa vinyake.<ref name=Sayre>Sayre, April Pulley (1999), ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. {{ISBN|0-7613-1367-2}}.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.4 biliyoni{{UN_Population|ref}} Kufika chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero ichi chikaŵa pafupifupi {{percent|{{UN Population|Africa}}|{{UN Population|World}}}} pa ŵanthu wose pa caru capasi. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Afilika ndiwo mbaciwukirano comene pa vyaru vyose;<ref>{{cite news|title=5 ways the world will look dramatically different in 2100|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=17 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926194109/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/17/5-ways-the-world-will-look-dramatically-different-in-2100/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=[[Njideka Harry|Harry]]|first=Njideka U.|date=11 September 2013|title=African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society|work=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920184934/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html|url-status=live}}</ref> mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 19.7 na 30.4 pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|title=item, 4 of the provisional agenda&nbsp;– General debate on national experience in population matters: adolescents and youth|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|author=Janneh, Abdoulie|date=April 2012|work=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111359/http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/cpd2012/Agenda%20item%204/UN%20system%20statements/ECA_Item4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na usambazi unandi chomene, kweni chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose chapasi. Ŵasayansi ŵakuti vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kusuzgika maghanoghano,<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Collier|first1=Paul|last2=Gunning|first2=Jan Willem|title=Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|date=1 August 1999|volume=13|issue=3|pages=3–22|doi=10.1257/jep.13.3.3}}</ref>[[chikoloni]], Nkhondo Yakuzizima,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alemazung |first1=Joy Asongazoh |title=Post-colonial colonialism: an analysis of international factors and actors marring African socio-economic and political development |journal=Journal of Pan African Studies |date=1 September 2010 |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=62–85 |id={{Gale|A306596751}} |s2cid=140806396 |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127024827/http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol3no10/3.10Post-Colonial.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bayeh |first1=Endalcachew |title=The political and economic legacy of colonialism in the post-independence African states |journal=International Journal in Commerce, IT & Social Sciences |date=February 2015 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/78 |s2cid=198939744 |doi=10.4000/poldev.78 |access-date=24 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nkhondo ya ku caru ciphya, kusowa kwa demokilase, na vimbundi.Nangauli usambazi uli kupangika makora yayi, kweni chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa vinthu mu vyaru ivi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi awo mbawukirano, charu cha Africa ni msika wakuzirwa pa caru cose. Charu ichi chili kuzingilizgika na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]] kumpoto, Suez Isthmus na [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi, [[Indian Ocean]] kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Atlantic Ocean]] kumanjiliro gha dazi. Charu ichi chili na vyaru vinandi nga ni Madagascar. Mu vyaru ivi muli vyaru 54 ivyo vili na mazaza, vigaŵa 8, na vyaru viŵiri vyambura mazaza. Charu cha [[Algeria]] ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vyose vya mu Afilika. Vyaru vya mu Afilika vikukolerana pakuzenga wupu wa African Union, uwo uli na ofesi yake yikuru mu [[Addis Ababa]]. Charu cha Afilika chili pafupi na equator na prime meridian. Ni caru cimoza pera ico cili kufuma kumpoto kukafika kumwera.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa. General info|url=http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|publisher=Visual Geography|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424072430/http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html|archive-date=24 April 2011|access-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu, ndipo chigaŵa chikuru chili kumwera kwa charu. Chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi chili mu vigaŵa vyakututuka, kupaturako chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Western Sahara]], [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], na [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Mauritania]], na vigaŵa vyose vya [[Morocco]], [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], na [[Tunisia]] ivyo vili pachanya pa chigaŵa cha Cancer, kumpoto kwa chigaŵa chakututuka. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha charu ichi, kumwera kwa [[Namibia]], kumwera kwa [[Botswana]], vigaŵa vinandi vya [[South Africa]], vigaŵa vyose vya [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini]], kweniso kumwera kwa Mozambique na [[Madagascar]], vili kusi kwa malo ghakuchemeka Tropic of Capricorn. Ku Afilika kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene, ndipo kuli vyamoyo vinandi chomene. Ndipouli, mu vyaru vya ku Afilika muli masuzgo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kuzgoka mapopa, kukomeka kwa makuni, kusoŵa maji, na kunangika kwa vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikwenera kulutilira kutikhuŵazga chomene chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Wupu wa United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (UNIPCC) ukati Afilika ni caru ico cikusuzgika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{cite book|author=Schneider, S.H.|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|title=Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|publisher=Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-88010-7|editor=Parry, M.L.|series=Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)|location=Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK|contribution=19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities|display-authors=etal|access-date=15 September 2011|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312104158/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch19s19-3-3.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":10Africa">Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, "2014: Africa". In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619170833/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf |date=19 June 2020 }}</ref> Mbiri ya Afilika njitali, njakusuzga kuyipulikiska, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuyizirwiska. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Afilika, chomenechomene ku East Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis na H. ergaster. Vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikukhalira vya ŵanthu ŵa Homo sapiens (ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano) ivyo vikusangika ku [[Ethiopia]], [[Kum'mwera kwaAfrika (South Africa)|South Africa]], na [[Morocco]], vikaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 233,000, 259,000, na 300,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasayansi ŵakuwona kuti mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana chifukwa ndiko ŵanthu ŵakukhala nyengo yitali chomene.<ref>{{cite web |title=The genetic diversity in Africa is greater than in any other region in the world |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://blogs.bcm.edu/2018/07/19/genetic-diversity-in-africa-is-greater-than-in-any-other-region-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New study confirms that Africans are the most genetically diverse people on Earth. And it claims to pinpoint our center of origin. |url=https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023511/https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker-archive/new-study-confirms-africans-are-most-gen/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Africa is most genetically diverse continent, DNA study shows |date=9 June 2009 |url=https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024023512/https://www.bionews.org.uk/page_91054 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira, nga ni Ŵaeguputo na Carthage, ŵakafuma ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira mu vyaru vinyake na kusama. Mu vyaka 400 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵamba kukhwaska chomene caru ici. Kwambira mu ma 1500 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakendanga chomene mu vyaru vya ku America chifukwa cha malonda, kusazgapo malonda gha ŵazga. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800 m'paka kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900, vyaru vya ku Europe vikamba kulamulira pafupifupi charu chose cha Africa. Vyaru vinandi ivyo vilipo sono mu Africa vikafuma mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.<ref>The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914: {{cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=Samuel Fury Childs|title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|date=4 May 2019|volume=47|issue=3|pages=474–489|doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|s2cid=159124664|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|issn=0308-6534|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407145030/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Zina== [[File:AS17-148-22733 (21516723298).jpg|thumb|Charu chose cha Africa icho ŵanthu ŵa mu Apollo 17 ŵakawona]] Afri likaŵa zina Lachilatini ilo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Northern Africa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Georges|first1=Karl Ernst|editor1-last=Georges|editor1-first=Heinrich|encyclopedia=Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch|date=1913–1918|location=Hannover|edition=8th|url=http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|access-date=20 September 2015|language=de|title=Afri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|date=1879|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|access-date=20 September 2015|title=Afer|archive-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|url-status=live}}</ref> Zina ili likwenera kuti likayowoyanga za fuko la ku Libya, ilo likaŵa sekuru wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber mazuŵa ghano. Kanandi zina ili likakolerananga na lizgu la Chifenike lakuti ʿafar ilo likung'anamura "fumbi", kweni mu 1981, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiberberber lakuti ifri. Lizgu lenelili likusangikaso mu zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Ifran ŵakufuma ku Algeria na Tripolitania. Mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, msumba wa Carthage ndiwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa icho ŵakachichemanga kuti Africa Proconsularis, pamanyuma pakuti ŵathereska ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage mu Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Punic mu 146 B.C.E., ndipo chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa ku Libya. Nyengo zinyake lizgu Lachilatini lakuti -ica likuyowoyeka kuti likung'anamura charu (kuyelezgera kuti, mu Chiceltic kufuma ku Celtae, nga umo Julius Caesar wakayowoyera). Chigaŵa cha Ifriqiya icho chikaŵa cha Ŵasilamu, chikati chawukira Ufumu wa Byzantine (Eastern Roman), chikaŵa na zina lakuti Exarchatus Africae. Kuyana na Ŵaroma, caru ca Africa cikaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Egupto, apo "Asia" cikaŵa Anatolia na vyaru vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba vya malo zina lake Ptolemy (85-165 C.E.) wakajambura mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi, ndipo wakalongosora kuti msumba wa Alekizandiriya ndiwo uli pa mphaka pakati pa Asia na Africa. Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanya ukuru wa charu ichi, ŵakamba kumanya vinandi vya "Africa". Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti zina lakale lakuti "Afirika" likung'anamura kuti: * Flavius Josephus (Ant. 1.15) wakati zina ili likukolerana na zina la Eferi, muzukuru wa Abrahamu, uyo wakuzunulika pa Gen. 25:4, ndipo wakati ŵazukuru ŵake ŵakanjira mu Libya. * Isidore wa ku Seville mu buku lake la Etymologiae XIV.5.2 la m'ma 700 C.E., wakati "Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chilatini lakuti aprica, kung'anamura "dazi". * Mu 1881, Massey wakayowoya kuti lizgu lakuti Africa lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chieguputo lakuti af-rui-ka, kung'anamura "kuzgokera ku chiziŵa cha Ka". Ka ni nkhongono ya munthu waliyose ndipo "kujura kwa Ka" kukung'anamura chiŵaro panji malo ghakubabikira. Ŵaeguputo ŵakatenge Africa ni "malo agho ŵakababikira".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|title=Nile Genesis: the opus of Gerald Massey|publisher=Gerald-massey.org.uk|date=29 October 1907|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130200159/http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cmc_nile_genesis.htm|archive-date=30 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mu 1976, Michèle Fruyt wakayowoya kuti lizgu Lachilatini lakuti africus likung'anamura "mphepo ya kumwera".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fruyt, M. |title= D'Africus ventus a Africa terrain |journal=Revue de Philologie|volume= 50|year= 1976|pages= 221–238}}</ref> * Robert R. Mu 1984, Stieglitz wa pa Yunivesite ya Rutgers wakati: "Zina lakuti Africa, ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini lakuti *Aphir-ic-a, likuyana waka na lizgu la Cihebere lakuti Ophir ['lusambazi']".<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3209914|jstor=3209914|title=Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East|journal=The Biblical Archaeologist|volume=47|issue=3|pages=134–142|year=1984|last1=Stieglitz|first1=Robert R.|s2cid=130072563}}</ref> * Ibn Khallikan na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuti zina la Africa likafuma kwa fumu ya ku Himyarite yakuchemeka Afrikin ibn Kais ibn Saifi uyo wakawuskapo Ifriqiya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane|last=Hallikan|first='Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn|date=1842|publisher=Benjamin Duprat|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231636/https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|title=Science in the Medieval World|last=al-Andalusi|first=Sa'id|year=2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0292792319|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231632/https://books.google.com/books?id=mcN7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|title=Travels in the Arabian Desert: With Special Reference to the Arabian Horse and Its Pedigree|last=Upton|first=Roger D.|date=1881|publisher=C.K. Paul & Company|language=en|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924231639/https://books.google.com/books?id=pbo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref> * Chiarabu afrīqā (zina lachikazi) na ifrīqiyā, sono kanandi likuzunulika afrīqiyā (zina lachikazi) <nowiki>'Africa', kufuma ku 'afara' (kufumira ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'afir' (kufuma ku 'fuvu, fuvu' na 'kufuma ku zuŵa, kufota') na 'afara' (kufuma ku 'kufota mu zuŵa pa mchenga wakotcha') panji 'kuphaka fuvu''</nowiki>.<ref>Modified from Wilhelm Sturmfels and Heinz Bischof: ''Unsere Ortsnamen im ABC erklärt nach Herkunft und Bedeutung'', Bonn, 1961, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag.</ref> * Panyake Faraqa wa ku Fonike wakang'anamuranga 'kupatukana'.<ref>Serge Losique: ''Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de pays et de peuples'', Paris, 1971, Éditions Klincksieck.</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Africa}} {{Further|History of North Africa|History of West Africa|History of Central Africa|History of East Africa|History of Southern Africa}} ===Mbili yakwamba=== {{Main|Recent African origin of modern humans}} [[File:Lucy blackbg.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Lucy, chiwangwa cha Australopithecus afarensis icho chikasangika pa Novembala 24, 1974 mu Dambo la Awash ku Ethiopia ]] Ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti charu cha Africa ndicho chakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chapasi. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵasayansi ŵakasanga viswaswa vinandi na ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka 7 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Vipasi vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaghanaghanika kuti ndiwo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵaŵe ŵanthu, nga ni Australopithecus afarensis uyo wali na vyaka vyakujumpha 3.9 million. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵako kale chomene (ŵakaŵako kale chomene) ni Homo ergaster (c. Vinthu ivi vikawoneka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 B.C.E.<ref name=Sayre/> Pakati pajumpha vyaka 350,000 m'paka 260,000 kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵako mu Africa,<ref name="Schlebusch2017"/><ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="NYT-20190910"/><ref name="NAT-20190910"/> Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaŵa ŵalovi na ŵakuvuna vipasi.<ref>Mokhtar, G. (1990) ''UNESCO [[General History of Africa]], Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa'', University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-85255-092-8}}</ref><ref>Eyma, A.K. and C.J. Bennett. (2003) ''Delts-Man in Yebu: Occasional Volume of the Egyptologists' Electronic Forum No. 1'', Universal Publishers. p. 210. {{ISBN|1-58112-564-X}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira aŵa ŵakafumako ku Africa na kwamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu mu nyengo ya Out of Africa II migration iyo yikachitika vyaka pafupifupi 50,000 pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo yira, ŵakasanga ukaboni wakuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa, kumwera kwa Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, na Sahara.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Goucher, Candice|author2=Walton, Linda|title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-72354-6|pages=2–20|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044204/https://books.google.com/books?id=gY7cAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> === Kuwuka kwa maboma ghakubanuka === {{see|Cradle of civilization#Ancient Egypt}} Kwamba kale, chigaŵa cha Sahara chikusintha chomene, ndipo nyengo zinyake chikusintha mwakuyana na umo nyengo yiliri pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keenan, Jeremy|title=The Sahara: Past, Present and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97001-9|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228175639/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKPAQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Paumaliro wa nyengo ya Ice Age, iyo yikwenera kuti yikaŵa mu 10,500 B.C.E., Sahara yikazgokaso chipalamba, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakawerako ku vigaŵa vya mukati na mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Africa, ndipo ŵakalembapo vinthu vya mu jalawe ivyo vikulongora kuti Sahara yikaŵa na vyakumera vinandi. Ndipouli, chifukwa chakuti nyengo yikakwera kweniso kukawomira, mu 5000 B.C.E., chigaŵa cha Sahara chikaŵa chakomira chomene. Pafupifupi mu 3500 B.C.E., chifukwa cha kupindika kwa charu, Sahara yikazgoka mapopa mwaluŵiro. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Sahara na kuluta ku Dambo la Nayelo kusi ku Second Cataract uko ŵakakhalanga. Nyengo yikafika paheni comene, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ku Central na East Africa kuleke kuwa vula zinandi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mu vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa mukaŵa chilangalanga, ndipo mu vyaka 200 ivyo vyajumpha, ku Ethiopia kukaŵa chilangalanga. [[File:Mathendous giraffes.jpg|thumb|left|Vinthu vyakujambulika pa malibwe mu chigaŵa cha Fezzan, ku Libya]] Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref name="Pottery">{{cite journal |last1=Jesse |first1=Friederike |title=Early Pottery in Northern Africa – An Overview |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]]|volume=8 |jstor=43135518 |year=2010 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10171 }}</ref><ref name="swissinfo">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 Simon Bradley, ''A Swiss-led team of archaeologists has discovered pieces of the oldest African pottery in central Mali, dating back to at least 9,400BC''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002155/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Home/Archive/Swiss_archaeologist_digs_up_West_Africas_past.html?cid=5675736 |date=6 March 2012 }}, SWI swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), 18 January 2007</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri na vyakumera vya mu Sahara na Sahel ku North West Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya Nilo-Saharan na Mandé ŵakamba kuwunjika mphoza za mu thondo, kuzingilizga 8000 m'paka 6000 B.C.E. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwunjika viŵiya nga ni nkhaka, mphoza, makungwa, na katoni. Nkhumba zinayamba kulima kum'mawa kwa Sudan cha m'ma 4000 B.C.E., ndipo iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwambilira chomene ya ulimi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, vyakumera ivi vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku Africa, ndipo pamanyuma vikamba kulima mu vyaru vya ku India.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | doi=10.1086/693898 | title=Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group | year=2017 | last1=Winchell | first1=Frank | last2=Stevens | first2=Chris J. | last3=Murphy | first3=Charlene | last4=Champion | first4=Louis | last5=Fuller | first5=Dorianq. | journal=Current Anthropology | volume=58 | issue=5 | pages=673–683 | s2cid=149402650 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520170745/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693898?journalCode=ca | url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Abu Simbel Main Temple (2346939149).jpg|thumb|Vithuzithuzi vikuruvikuru vya Ramesses II ku Abu Simbel, Egypt, vikaŵako mu 1250 B.C.E.]] Nkhumba izi zikaŵako kakwamba mu charu cha Sudan. Kweniso ŵakamba kupanga viŵiya vya dongo na kuzenga malo gha malibwe (nga ni Tichitt, Oualata). Mu milonga na nyanja zinandi izo zikaŵako cifukwa ca vula, ŵanthu ŵakaloŵanga comene pa somba. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, nkhorongo yikakura chomene kufuma ku Senegal m'paka ku Cameroon. Pakati pa 9,000 na 5,000 B.C.E., ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakamba kulima makuni gha maolive na rafia. Ŵakaŵaso na viŵiya vinyake vyakuchemeka black-eyed peas na voandzeia. Pakuti vyakumera vinandi vikakuliranga mu nkhorongo, ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Niger na Congo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhwantha zakusona malibwe. Pafupifupi mu 4000 B.C.E., mlengalenga wa Sahara ukamba kukavuka chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nyanja na milonga vichepe chomene. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhalamo mu vyaru ivi, kweniso kuti ŵalimi ŵalute ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulima mpunga pafupi na Mlonga wa Niger. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kupanga visulo ku North Africa. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa, kwali ŵakavipanganga mwakujiyimira paŵekha panji ŵakavipharazga kufuma kumpoto. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, mulimo wa kupanga visulo ukambira cha m'ma 500 B.C.E., nangauli mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kupanga visulo yayi m'paka m'ma 100 C.E. Vinthu vya mkuwa vyakufuma ku Eguputo, kumpoto kwa Africa, Nubia, na Ethiopia ivyo vikalembeka m'ma 500 B.C.E. vikavumbukwa ku West Africa, ndipo vikulongora kuti pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Sahara.<ref name="O'Brien">O'Brien, Patrick K. ed. (2005) ''Oxford Atlas of World History''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23. {{ISBN|978-0199746538}}</ref> === Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === {{Main|Ancient African history}} [[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Mapu agho ghakulongora maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵako pakati pa 500 B.C.E. na 1500 C.E.]] Pafupifupi mu 3300 B.C.E., mbiri yakale yikamba ku Northern Africa apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira kulemba na kulemba mu nyengo ya Farawo. Boma la Eguputo likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghakale chomene pa charu chose ndipo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 343 B.C.E.<ref>Hassan, Fekri A. (2002) ''Droughts, Food and Culture'', Springer. p. 17. {{ISBN|0-306-46755-0}}</ref><ref>McGrail, Sean. (2004) ''Boats of the World'', Oxford University Press. p. 48. {{ISBN|0-19-927186-0}}</ref> Ŵaeguputo ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu charu icho sono chikuchemeka Libya na Nubia. Ŵafenikiya ŵa ku Ture ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage, ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, uwo ukaŵa malo ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskiranga vinthu ku Fonike.<ref>Fage, J.D. (1979), ''The Cambridge History of Africa'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-21592-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521215923.004 |chapter=North Africa in the period of Phoenician and Greek colonization, c.800 to 323 BC |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |year=1979 |last1=Law |first1=R. C. C. |pages=87–147 |isbn=978-1-139-05456-0 }}</ref><ref>Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore (1994), ''Africa Since 1800'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-42970-6}}</ref> Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma ndiwo ŵakamba kusanda vyaru vya mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Berlin Conference {{!}} Western Civilization II (HIS 104) – Biel|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192536/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-fmcc-worldcivilization2-1/chapter/the-berlin-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Greeks, Romans and Barbarians|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504023034/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 332 B.C.E., Alekizanda Mukuru wakapokelereka nga ni muwomboli mu Eguputo. Wakazenga msumba wa Alexandria ku Eguputo, uwo ukakhalako kwa nyengo yitali ndipo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wa Ptolemy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |title=Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC – 395 AD |publisher=Wsu.edu |date=6 June 1999 |access-date=18 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152425/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:20141108- DSC1502 (15893475532).jpg|thumb|Malo agho Ŵaroma ŵakasunga ku Timgad, Algeria]] [[File:Aksum, iscrizione di re ezana, in greco, sabeo e ge'ez, 330-350 dc ca. 10.jpg|upright|thumb|Libwe la Ezana likulongosora umo Themba Ezana likang'anamukira ku Cikhristu na kuwuskira ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, kusazgapo Meroë.]] Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukati wapoka chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa icho chili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Meditereniyani, chigaŵa ichi chikamba kulamulirika na Ŵaroma. Ŵaroma ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru ivyo sono ni Tunisia na vinyake ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja. Themba lakwamba la Ŵaroma ilo likafuma ku North Africa likaŵa Septimius Severus, uyo wakababikira ku Leptis Magna mu Libya. Chikhristu chikafika mu vigaŵa ivi kufuma ku Yudeya na ku Eguputo, kweniso kufuma ku charu cha Romu kuya ku Nubia. Mu 340 C.E., chikaŵa kuti chazgoka chisopa cha boma la Ufumu wa Aksumite. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Siriya na Girisi awo ŵakafika pa Nyanja Yiswesi ndiwo ŵakambiska nkhani iyi.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tesfagiorgis, Mussie|title=Eritrea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-232-6|page=153|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044525/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., ufumu wa Caliphate wa ku Arabia uwo ukaŵa kuti wapangika waka, ukafika ku Eguputo, ndipo pamanyuma ukafika ku North Africa. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber ŵakasazgikana na mafuko gha Ciarabu. Apo msumba wa Umayyad ku Damaseko ukaparanyika mu ma 700 C.E., msumba wa chisopa cha Cisilamu uwo ukaŵa ku Meditereniyani ukafumako ku Siriya kuluta ku Qayrawan, kumpoto kwa Africa. Ku North Africa kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Ciisilamu, ndipo kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵavinjeru, ŵasambizgi, ŵa malango, na ŵavinjeru. Mu nyengo iyi, Chisilamu chikamba kuthandazgika chomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Ku West Africa, Dhar Tichitt na Oualata ku Mauritania mazuŵa ghano, ni malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Mu chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Sahara muli malo gha malibwe pafupifupi 500. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakaloŵanga somba na kulima mphoza. Augustin Holl wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Soninke ndiwo ŵakazenga malo agha. Pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., chigaŵa ichi chikakhoma chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchepa. Ukaboni wa vyakuzengeka na kuyaniska vyakuzengeka vikulongora kuti Dhar Tichitt wakaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Djenné-Djenno (uko sono ni Mali) wakakhalanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 300 B.C.E., ndipo msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Vinthu vyamoyo vikazengeka na mathipa agho ghakawomira pa dazi. Kufika mu 250 B.C.E., Djenné-Djenno wakaŵa kuti wazgoka msumba ukuru wa msika.<ref>Iliffe, John (2007). pp. 49–50{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref><ref>Collins and Burns (2007), p. 78.{{Incomplete short citation|date=October 2021}}</ref> Kumwera kwenikweni, pakati pa Nigeria, cha m'ma 1500 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakamba kukhala pa Jos Plateau. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pamoza. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakapanganga vithuzithuzi vya ŵanthu, njovu, na vinyama vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 500 B.C.E., panji kumasinda wuwo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusungunura visulo. Kufika mu 200 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nok ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamara. Ndipo ŵakamara mu nyengo ya 500 C.E., ndipo ŵakakhala vyaka pafupifupi 2,000. Chifukwa cha kuyana kwa kalembedwe kake na ka terracotta ka Nok, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti vithuzithuzi vya mkuŵa vya ufumu wa Yoruba ku Ife na vya ufumu wa Bini ku Benin, ni vyakulondezgana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mtundu wa Nok.{{sfn|Shillington|2005|p=39}}<ref name="FB 1969">Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.</ref> === Vyaka vya m'ma 800 mpaka m'ma 1800 === [[File:Bronze ornamental staff head, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Viŵiya vya mkuŵa ivyo vikapangika mu Igbo-Ukwu, ku Nigeria, mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., vikaŵa vyapadera chomene kuluska ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapanga mu nyengo yira.<ref name=Honour-2005>{{cite book |last1=Honour |first1=Hugh|last2=Fleming|first2=John|title=A world history of art|date=2005|publisher=Laurence King |location=London |isbn=978-1856694513 |edition=7th}}</ref>]] Mu nyengo iyo vyaru vikaŵa pambere vyaru ivi vindambe kulamulira, mu Africa mukaŵa vyaru na maboma pafupifupi 10,000. Mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vya ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ku South Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ku Central, Southern, na Eastern Africa; vikaya vikuruvikuru ku Horn of Africa; maufumu ghakurughakuru gha ku Sahelian; misumba na maufumu gha ŵanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha nga mba Akan; ŵanthu ŵa ku Edo, Yoruba, na Igbo ku West Africa; na matawuni gha Swahili agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Southeast Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|title=The Fate of Africa – A Survey of Fifty Years of Independence|access-date=23 July 2007|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Martin|last=Meredith|date=20 January 2006|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070029/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/01/11/DI2006011101372.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E., maufumu ghanandi, kusazgapo maufumu ghakwambilira gha Hausa, ghakathandazgikira mu chipalamba cha Sahara kufuma ku vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi m'paka ku Central Sudan. Vyaru ivi vikaŵa Ghana, Gao, na Kanem-Bornu. Ghana wakamara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100, kweni Ufumu wa Mali ndiwo ukamulongozga. Kanem wakazomera Chisilamu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo ivyo vili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, maufumu ghakaŵa ghakujiyimira payekha ndipo kumpoto kwa Muslim kukaŵavya nkhongono. Ufumu wa Nri ukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Kweniso ni ufumu wakale comene uwo uli mu Nigeria mazuŵa ghano. Ufumu wa Nri ngwakumanyikwa cifukwa ca malata gha mkuŵa agho ghakasangika mu tawuni ya Igbo-Ukwu. Malibwe agha ghakalembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|title=Igbo-Ukwu (c. 9th century) &#124; Thematic Essay &#124; Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History &#124; The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=Metmuseum.org|access-date=18 May 2010|archive-date=4 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204053356/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ufumu wa Ife, ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba mu maufumu gha Ŵayoruba, ndipo ukaŵa na boma la ŵasembe awo ŵakachemekanga Ooni of Ife. Ife yikaŵa malo ghakuru gha cisopa na maluso mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ndipo yikaŵa na mitheto yakuyelezgera yakuŵikapo vinthu vya mkuŵa. Boma la Ife likaŵa la Ufumu wa Oyo, uko ma obas panji mafumu ghake, agho ghakachemekanga Alaafins of Oyo, ghakaŵa na mazaza pa misumba na maufumu ghanandi gha Ŵayoruba. [[File:Great Zimbabwe Closeup.jpg|thumb|left|Mabwinja gha Zimbabwe Mukuru (wakakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100 m'paka 1500 C.E.)]] Ŵa Almoravid ŵakaŵa fuko la Ŵaberi ilo likafuma ku Sahara, ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa na Iberia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Banu Hilal na Banu Ma'qil ŵakaŵa Ŵabedouin ŵa ku Arabia awo ŵakasamukira ku Eguputo pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1300. Ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakamba kusangana na Ŵaarabu na Ŵaberi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu. Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Mali chaparanyika, mulongozgi munyake zina lake Sonni Ali (1464-1492) wakambiska ufumu wa Songhai mu chigaŵa cha pakati pa Niger na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Sonni Ali wakathereska msumba wa Timbuktu mu 1468 na Jenne mu 1473. Askia Mohammad I (1493-1528) uyo wakamulondezga, wakazgora chisopa cha Chisilamu kuŵa chisopa cha boma, wakazenga misasa, na kwiza na ŵasambizgi ŵa Chisilamu ku Gao, kusazgapo al-Maghili (uyo wakafwa mu 1504), uyo wakambiska chisambizgo cha Chisilamu cha ku Sudan. Kuzakafika m'ma 1100, vyaru vinyake vya Hausa nga ni Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, na Gobir, vikazgoka misumba yakuzingilizgika na viliŵa. M'paka m'ma 1400, vyaru ivi vikaŵa ku mphepete mwa maufumu ghakuru gha ku Sudan.<ref name="multiple">Lapidus, Ira M. (1988) ''A History of Islamic Societies'', Cambridge.</ref> === Kuguliska ŵazga kukaŵa palipose === {{See also|Trans-Saharan slave trade|Atlantic slave trade|Indian Ocean slave trade}} [[File:Africa slave Regions.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Vyaru vikuruvikuru vya mu Africa ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, vyaka vya m'ma 1500-1900.]] Ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kwa nyengo yitali.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Historical survey: Slave societies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230184609/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=30 December 2007 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051001033344/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html Swahili Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206102932/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/10/01/html/ft_20011001.6.html |date=6 December 2007 }}, National Geographic</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1800, ŵanthu pafupifupi 712 miliyoni ŵakakoleka na malonda gha ŵazga ku Atlantic.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156|date=23 February 2007}}, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|title=Focus on the slave trade|publisher=BBC News – Africa|work=bbc.co.uk|date=3 September 2001|access-date=28 February 2008|archive-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728134034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lovejoy, Paul E. |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love|url-access=registration |year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78430-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/25 25]}}</ref> Kweniso pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1800, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Europe ŵakakoleka na ŵankhungu ŵa ku Barbary na kuguliskika ku North Africa. Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, malonda gha ŵazga gha ku Atlantic ghakamara mu 1820 ndipo vinthu vikasintha chomene pa nkhani ya vyachuma. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Europe na America, kweniso chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhalanga kufupi na nyanja za kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakati pa 1808 na 1860, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ilo likalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa ku West Africa, likakora sitima za ŵazga pafupifupi 1,600 na kufwatura Ŵafrika 150,000 awo ŵakaŵa mu ngalaŵa izi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakana kuzomerezga vyaru vya ku Britain kuti vileke kuguliska vinyama ŵakachitapo kanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵakujumpha 50 ŵa mu Africa ŵakakolerana kuti ŵamazge wuzga. Maboma ghakuru chomene gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa (Asante Confederacy, Kingdom of Dahomey, na Oyo Empire) ghakachita vinthu vyakupambanapambana kuti ghende makora. Asante na Dahomey ŵakaghanaghaniranga chomene vya "malonda ghakwenelera" agho ghakaŵa nga ni mafuta, koko, makuni, na golide. Ufumu wa Oyo ukati watondeka kusintha, ukawira mu nkhondo.<ref>Simon, Julian L. (1995) ''State of Humanity'', Blackwell Publishing. p. 175. {{ISBN|1-55786-585-X}}</ref> ===Chikoloni=== [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|350px|Kuyaniska Afrika mu 1880 na 1913]] {{Excerpt|Scramble for Africa| only=paragraphs}} === Nkhondo za kujithemba === [[File:Map of Africa in 1939.svg|thumb|Muwuso wa Eu'''r'''ope mu 1939 {{aligned table |cols=2 |fullwidth=true | {{legend|#502D16|[[Belgian colonial empire|Belgian]]}} | {{legend|#00E500|[[Italian Empire|Italian]]}} | {{legend|#C83737|[[British Empire|British]]}} | {{legend|#009000|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]}} | {{legend|#214478|[[French colonial empire|French]]}} | {{legend|#FFDA00|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]]}} | {{legend|#f6f6f6|Independent}} }} ]] Ufumu wa Ŵazungu ukalutilira kuwusa m'paka Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Africa ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Mu 1951, charu cha Libya, icho kale chikaŵa pasi pa Italy, chikamba kujiwusa chekha. Mu 1956, charu cha Tunisia na Morocco vikafwatuka ku boma la France.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bély, Lucien|title=The History of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|year=2001|publisher=Editions Jean-paul Gisserot|isbn=978-2-87747-563-1|page=118|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611045035/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ltzav890zpIC&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|author1=Aryeetey, Ernest|author2=Harrigan, Jane|first3=Nissanke|last3=Machiko|title=Economic Reforms in Ghana: The Miracle and the Mirage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|year=2000|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=978-0-86543-844-6|page=5|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044656/https://books.google.com/books?id=87V55ZHppSYC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref>Ghana nayo wakajiyimira yekha mu 1957. Mu vyaka 10 vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vinandi vya pa caru ici vikamba kujiyimira pavyekha. Charu cha Portugal chikaŵa ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara (kwamba ku Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, na Sao Tome na Principe) kwambira m'ma 1500 m'paka mu 1975, apo boma la Estado Novo likadumulika mu Lisbon. Rhodesia yikapharazga kuti njakujiyimira pawekha kufuma ku Britain mu 1965, pasi pa boma la Ian Smith, kweni charu cha Zimbabwe chikazomerezgeka yayi kuŵa na wanangwa uwu m'paka mu 1980, apo ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakamba kuwusa. Nangauli charu cha South Africa chikaŵa chimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira mu Africa kuti chiŵe na wanangwa, kweni chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵazungu. === Africa ya ku maiko gha ku mpoto === {{see|Decolonisation of Africa}} {{see also|Non-Aligned Movement}} Mazuŵa ghano, mu Africa muli vyaru 54, ndipo vinandi mwa vyaru ivi vili na mphaka izo zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalamuliranga. Kwambira apo vyaru vya mu Africa vikapokera wanangwa, kanandi vikusuzgika cifukwa ca kutimbanizgika kwa vinthu, vimbundi, nkhaza, na nkhaza. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa ni vyaru ivyo vili na muwuso wa pulezidenti. Ndipouli, ni vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo vikatondeka kuŵa na maboma gha demokilase nyengo zose. Vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vili na maboma ghanandi agho ghakwambiska viwawa. Kweni pakati pa 1990 na 2018, caru cose ca Africa cikamba kuŵa na muwuso waurunji.<ref>tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2019.1613980</ref> Ŵakati ŵafumako ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakavu comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ndipo chikaŵa chambura kukhazikika pa nkhani za ndyali. Vyaru vinyake nga ni Kenya vikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo vikaŵa na mwaŵi wakujura misika ya caru cose. Vyaru vicoko waka vya mu Africa ndivyo vikakura luŵiro comene pambere caka ca 1990 cindafike. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni Libya na Equatorial Guinea, ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga makora yayi mu charu ichi chifukwa cha vimbundi. Pakukhumba kusanga chandulo cha ndyali, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakachitiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa mafuko, ndipo zinyake zikaŵako mu nyengo iyo charu cha Rwandani chikalamuliranga. Pakuwona kuti nkhaza zikuruzikuru zikucitika, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti ŵasilikari ndiwo ŵachitenge vinthu mwamahara, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵasilikari. Mu vyaru vya mu Africa mukaŵaso mphindano za malo na kugaluka kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujiwusa ŵekha. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Nigeria na boma la ku Igbo ilo likakhumbanga kujipatura. Nkhondo ziŵiri za cikaya izo zikacitika mu Sudan, yakwamba yikacitika mu 1955 m'paka mu 1972 ndipo yachiŵiri mu 1983 m'paka mu 2005, zikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Pa nkhondo zose izi, ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga mitundu na visopa. Nkhondo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa United States na Soviet Union nayo yikawovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Boma la Soviet Union na la United States likakhozga comene ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na ŵasilikari ŵa mu Africa awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵamazaza ŵa vyaru ivi. Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakuzizima, wovwiri wa Soviet na America ukamara mwamabuchi ndipo Soviet Union yikawa. Mu Ethiopia mukaŵa njara yikuru pakati pa 1983 na 1985, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.2 miliyoni ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuti njara iyi yikamba cifukwa ca ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda na kukora vyakurya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|title=BBC: 1984 famine in Ethiopia|date=6 April 2000|access-date=1 January 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/703958.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Robert G. Patman, ''The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-521-36022-6}}, pp. 295–296</ref><ref>Steven Varnis, ''Reluctant aid or aiding the reluctant?: U.S. food aid policy and the Ethiopian Famine Relief'' 1990, {{ISBN|0-88738-348-3}}, p. 38</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | jstor=722691 | title=The Consequences of Resettlement in Ethiopia | last1=Woldemeskel | first1=Getachew | journal=African Affairs | year=1989 | volume=88 | issue=352 | pages=359–374 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098187 | access-date=20 May 2022 | archive-date=20 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520194833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/722691 | url-status=live }}</ref> Mu 1994, ŵanthu 800,000 ŵakafwa pa mulandu wa kutinkhana ku Rwanda. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo yambe, nkhondo izo zikaŵa zakuparanya comene mu Africa, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 5.5 miliyoni ŵakafwa.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 January 2008|title=Congo war-driven crisis kills 45,000 a month-study|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|access-date=20 May 2022|archive-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414093820/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|url-status=live}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="250px"> File:African nations order of independence 1950-1993.gif|An animated map shows the order of [[Decolonisation of Africa|independence of African nations]], 1950–2011 File:Africa’s wars and conflicts, 1980–96.svg|Africa's wars and conflicts, 1980–96<br>{{legend|#cc4c02|Major Wars/Conflict (>100,000 casualties)}}{{legend|#fe9929|Minor Wars/Conflict}}{{legend|#fed98e|Other Conflicts}} File:Political Map of Africa.svg|Political map of Africa in 2021 </gallery> Nkhondo pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana na maboma zikulutilira. Kwambira mu 2003, nkhondo yikulutilira mu Darfur (Sudan) iyo yikakura comene mu 2003 m'paka 2005 ndipo nkhaza zikakwera comene mu 2007 na 2013. Gulu la Boko Haram ilo likulimbana chomene mu Nigeria (pamoza na nkhondo zinandi ku Niger, Chad, na Cameroon) likakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 350,000 kwambira mu 2009. Nkhondo zinandi za mu Africa zachepako kufika mu 2022. Kweni nkhondo ya Tigray iyo yikamba mu 2020 yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 300,000, chomenechomene chifukwa cha njara. Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, nkhaza zachepa chomene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nkhondo za pawenenawene zikamara mu Angola, Sierra Leone, na Algeria mu 2002, Liberia mu 2003, kweniso Sudan na Burundi mu 2005. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ku Congo, iyo yikaŵa na vyaru 9 na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵakugaluka, yikamara mu 2003. Kuchepa kwa nkhaza uku, kukakolerana na kuti vyaru vinandi vikaleka kulongozgeka na boma la chikomyunizimu ndipo vikamba kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya malonda. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990 na 2000, vyaru ivi vikamba kwenda mwamtende pakati pa vyaru vyapafupi. Kuŵa na mtende ndiposo kusintha kwa vinthu mu vyaru vya mu Africa kwapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ŵa ku China, ŵanjire mu vyaru ivi. Pakati pa chaka cha 2000 na 2014, chiŵelengero cha GDP ku sub-Saharan Africa chikaŵa pa 5.02%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha GDP chikakwera kufuma pa $811 Billion kufika pa $1.63 Trillion (Constant 2015 USD). Kumpoto kwa Africa nako kukakura mwakuyana waka. Cigaŵa cikuru ca ciŵelengero ici cikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinandi comene vyakukhwaskana na sayansi ya vinthu, comenecomene foni. Nangauli vyaru vinandi vikalutilira kukura, kweni kufuma mu 2014 kukura kwa vyaru ivi kukakhira comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca kukhira kwa mitengo ya vyakurya, kuleka kwambiska vyamalonda, kweniso nthenda ya Ebola na COVID-19.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | title=Validate User | journal=African Affairs | date=October 2018 | volume=117 | issue=469 | pages=543–568 | doi=10.1093/afraf/ady022 | last1=Frankema | first1=Ewout | last2=Van Waijenburg | first2=Marlous | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/117/469/543/5038419 | url-status=live | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | title=Development prospects in Africa undermined by a severe economic downturn | newspaper=Africa Renewal | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=21 May 2022 | archive-date=21 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521052321/https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/development-prospects-africa-undermined-severe-economic-downturn | url-status=live }}</ref> == Makhalilo gha chilwa, malo na charu == {{Main|Malo gha Africa}} [[File:Topography of africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Topography of Africa]] Charu cha Africa ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa vyaru vitatu ivi. Charu ichi chikupatukana na Europe na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 163. (Kuyana na umo charu cha Egypt chiliri, chigaŵa cha Sinai icho chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Suez Canal nacho chikuwoneka kuti chili ku Africa).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|title=Atlas – Xpeditions|publisher=National Geographic Society|date=2003|access-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303230811/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=africa&Rootmap=&Mode=d|archive-date=3 March 2009| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Drysdale, Alasdair and Gerald H. Blake. (1985) ''The Middle East and North Africa'', Oxford University Press US. {{ISBN|0-19-503538-0}}</ref> Mphepete mwa nyanja ili na utali wa makilomita 26,000 (mailosi 16,000), ndipo palije malo ghakunjilirapo agho ghakusangika mu nyanja.<ref name="MW">(1998) ''Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (Index)'', Merriam-Webster, pp. 10–11. {{ISBN|0-87779-546-0}}</ref> Kuchokera kumpoto kwambiri, Ras ben Sakka ku Tunisia (37°21' N), mpaka kumwera kwambiri, Cape Agulhas ku South Africa (34°51'15" S), ndi mtunda wa pafupifupi 8,000 km (5,000 mi). Cape Verde, 17°33'22" W, malo gha kumanjiliro gha dazi chomene, ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 7,400 (4,600 mi) kufuma ku Ras Hafun, 51°27'52" E, chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi chomene icho chili kufupi na Cape Guardafui, kuumaliro wa Horn of Africa. Charu chikuru chomene mu Africa ni Algeria, ndipo chigaŵa chichoko chomene ni Seychelles. Charu chichoko chomene pa charu ichi ni Gambia. ===Chilwa cha Afilika=== [[Image:Motion of Nubia Plate.gif|thumb|upright=1.2|Mazuŵa ghano, chigaŵa cha pasi cha Africa chikwenda pa charu chapasi mwaluŵiro lwa 0.292° ± 0.007° pa chaka chimoza, pakuyaniska na charu chapakati (NNR-MORVEL56)]] {{Excerpt|African Plate}} === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Africa}} Nyengo ya mu Africa yikupambana chomene na ya mu vyaru vyakututuka. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha charu ichi chili na mapopa ghanandi, ndipo chigaŵa chapakati na kumwera chili na vyakumera vinandi. Pakati pa malo agha pakaŵa vyakumera nga ni sahel na steppe. Charu cha Africa ndicho chili na chithukivu chikuru chomene pa charu chapasi. Ivyo vikachitika mu 1922 ku Libya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakusuzga chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye apo kukazizima chomene.<ref name="newRecord">{{cite journal|last=El Fadli|first=KI|title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=September 2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2|page=199|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E|doi-access=free}} (The 136&nbsp;°F (57.8&nbsp;°C), claimed by [['Aziziya]], [[Libya]], on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |access-date=10 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archive-date= 4 January 2013}}</ref> ===Ecology and biodiversity=== [[File:Vegetation Africa.png|thumb|upright=1.2|The main biomes in Africa.]] Mu vyaru vya mu Africa muli malo ghakuvikilirika ghakujumpha 3,000. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuchitika mu Africa vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vileke kuŵa vinandi kweniso kuti malo gha kulima ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu vyaru vinyake, kusuzgika na ŵanthu, na mitundu yinyake ya vyamoyo ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi, vikupangiska kuti vyamoyo vyambeso kuŵa na umoyo uwemi mu Africa. Vinthu ivi vikusazgikira cifukwa ca masuzgo gha nduna, ŵantchito ŵambura kwenelera, na ndalama. Wupu wa United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ukuti, ku Africa ŵanthu ŵakumazga makuni ghanandi kuluska umo vikuŵira pa caru cose.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 Deforestation reaches worrying level – UN] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051452/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18831 |date=6 December 2008 }}. AfricaNews. 11 June 2008</ref>Kuyana na lipoti la Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania ku Africa, vyakumera 31 pa 100 vya mu Africa na nkhorongo 19 pa 100 zili kunangika. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti makuni pafupifupi 90 pa 100 gha ku West Africa ghali kumara. Makuni ghakujumpha 90% gha ku Madagascar ghakaparanyika kufuma apo ŵanthu ŵakizira mu charu ichi vyaka 2000 ivyo vyajumpha. Pafupifupi 65% ya malo gha vyakurya gha mu Africa ghakunangika na dongo.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html "Nature laid waste: The destruction of Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221918/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/nature-laid-waste-the-destruction-of-africa-844370.html |date=17 October 2017 }}, ''The Independent'', 11 June 2008.</ref>{{see also|Afrotropical realm|Palearctic realm}} === Environmental issues === {{Excerpt|Environmental issues in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Water === [[File:Africa Precipitation Map.svg|thumb|Africa Water Precipitation]] {{Excerpt|Water in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} === Climate change === [[File:Climate smart agriculture in Machakos county (15640332182).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Climate-smart agriculture]] and [[rainwater harvesting]] in [[Machakos County]], [[Kenya]].]] {{Excerpt|Climate change in Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=no}} ===Fauna=== {{Main|Fauna of Africa}} [[File:Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Savanna at [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[Tanzania]]]] Mu vyaru vya ku Africa muli nyama zinandi zakututuŵa na zakupambanapambana, ndipo nyama zikuruzikuru izo zikurya nyama (nga ni nkhalamu, njati, na mphumphi) na vyakumera (nga ni mbaŵala, zovu, ngamila, na zirafu) vikukhala mwakufwatuka mu vigaŵa vya malo ghambura ŵanthu. Kweniso kuli nyama zinandi za mu nkhorongo, nga ni njoka na vinyama vinyake vya mu maji nga ni ng'ona na vyamoyo vinyake vya mu nyanja. Kweniso mu Africa ndimo muli vyamoyo vinandi chomene ivyo vikukhala mu charu ichi. ==Ndale== {{See also|List of political parties in Africa by country}} === African Union === {{Main|African Union}} [[File:Regions of the African Union.png|thumb|[[Regions of the African Union]]:<br /> {{Color box|#DAA520|'''Northern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#87CEEB|'''Southern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#90EE90|'''Eastern Region'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#FA8072|'''Western Regions A and B'''|border=darkgray}}, {{Color box|#B88FFF|'''Central Region'''|border=darkgray}}]] Wupu wa African Union (AU) uli na vyaru 55. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Juni 26, 2001, ndipo likuru lake likaŵa ku Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Wupu uwu ukaŵako pa Julayi 9, 2002, ndipo ndiwo ukalondezganga wupu wa African Unity (OAU). Mu Julayi 2004, wupu wa African Union's Pan-African Parliament (PAP) ukasamukira ku Midrand, South Africa, kweni wupu wa African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights ukakhala mu Addis Ababa. Wupu wa African Union (AU), uwo ukwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na wupu wa AU Commission, ukapangika na Dango la African Union (AU), ilo likukhumba kuti wupu wa African Economic Community (AEC), uwo ukaŵa wupu wakukolerana na vyaru vinyake, uŵe wupu wa boma. Wupu wa African Union uli na boma laparamende, lakucemeka African Union Government, ilo lili na wupu wakulongozga, wa vyeruzgo, na wa malango. Likulongozgeka na Mulara wa wupu wa African Union ndiposo mulongozgi wa boma, uyo nayo ni mulongozgi wa wupu wa Pan-African Parliament. Munthu wakuŵa purezidenti wa AU para wasankhika ku PAP, ndipo pamasinda wakusanga wovwiri wa ŵanandi mu PAP. Maluso na mazaza gha purezidenti wa African Parliament ghafuma ku Constitutive Act na Protocol ya Pan-African Parliament, kweniso chiharo cha mazaza gha purezidenti agho ghali kulembeka mu vyaru vya Africa na vyaru vya maiko. Boma la AU lili na maboma gha vigaŵa vyose, gha boma, na gha boma, kweniso maboma ghanandi. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵachali kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ndipo kanandi boma likuŵawona. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira vinthu ivi ni vya ndyali, ndipo kanandi vikuchitika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuswa comene wanangwa wawo, muli vyaru nga ni Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, na Ivory Coast. ===Boundary conflicts=== {{see|The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885|List of conflicts in Africa}} {{Excerpt|Military history of Africa#Post-colonial|paragraph=1|file=no}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Africa|List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|List of African countries by GDP (PPP)}} {{See also|Economy of the African Union}} [[File:RECs of the AEC.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the [[African Economic Community]]. {{legend|#691717|[[Community of Sahel-Saharan States|CEN-SAD]]}} {{legend|#4F4FB1|[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]}} {{legend|#E88356|[[East African Community|EAC]]}} {{legend|#272759|[[Economic Community of Central African States|ECCAS]]}} {{legend|#C43C7F|[[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]]}} {{legend|#4DB34D|[[Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]]}} {{legend|#D22E2E|[[Southern African Development Community|SADC]]}} {{legend|#7E8000|[[Arab Maghreb Union|UMA]]}} ]] Nangauli charu cha Africa chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni ntchaukavu chomene pa charu chose chapasi kweniso ntchakusuzgika chomene (pambere Antarctica yindaŵeko). Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti charu ichi chiŵe na masuzgo nga ni vimbundi, kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kuleka kunozgekera makora vinthu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kusambira, kujithemba, kuleka kusanga ndalama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake, vinthu ivyo vikaŵako chifukwa cha ufumu, malonda gha ŵazga, na Nkhondo Yakuzizima. GDP yake yose yikulondezga ya United States, China, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, India na France. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2003, vyaru 24 ivyo vikaŵa pasi chomene pa vyaru vinyake vyose (151 na 175) vikaŵa vya mu Africa. Ukavu, kuleka kuŵazga na kulemba, kusoŵa chakurya, maji na malo ghakutowa yayi, kweniso umoyo uheni vikukhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa. Mu Ogasiti 2008, Banki ya Charu chose yikapharazga vya ukavu wa pa charu chose, kuyana na fundo ya $1.25 pa zuŵa (kuyaniska na $1.00 pa zuŵa). Charu cha Sub-Saharan Africa ndicho ntchigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kuchepeska ukavu (ndalama zakukwana madola 1.25 pa zuŵa); mu 1981 ŵanthu pafupifupi 50% (200 miliyoni) ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu. Munthu mukavu mu vigaŵa vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara wakukhala na ndalama zakukwana masenti 70 pa zuŵa, ndipo wakaŵa mukavu comene mu 2003 kuluska mu 1973, ico cikulongora kuti ukavu ukukura comene mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi vikucitika cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakwiza cifukwa ca ndyali na maboma gha caru cinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |title=Neo-Liberalism and the Economic and Political Future of Africa |publisher=Globalpolitician.com |date=19 December 2005 |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131200200/http://globalpolitician.com/21498-africa-malawi-poverty |archive-date=31 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924092909/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=58925 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2008 |title=The Number of the Poor Increasing Worldwide while Sub-Saharan Africa is the Worst of All |publisher=Turkish Weekly |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=7 November 2011 }}</ref> Sono caru ca Africa cili pangozi yakuŵaso na ngongoli, comenecomene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Nkhaza ya ngongoli iyo yikaŵako mu 2005 yikamara na wovwiri wa wupu wa HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries Scheme). Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Africa. Pakati pajumpha vilimika pafupifupi 10 kufuma apo suzgo la ngongoli mu caru ca Africa ca kumwera kwa Sahara mu 2005 likamalira, Zambia yikanjiraso mu ngongoli. Chifukwa chaching'ono chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukhira kwa mitengo ya mkuwa mu 2011, kweni chifukwa chikuru chikaŵa chakuti ndalama zinandi izo Zambia yikabwereka zikapambikika panji kupokeka na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|title=Zambia's looming debt crisis is a warning for the rest of Africa|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=19 September 2018|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918163443/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/zambias-looming-debt-crisis-is-a-warning-for-the-rest-of-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1995 m'paka mu 2005, chuma cha mu Africa chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2005 chikaŵa pa 5%. Vyaru vinyake vikakura comene, comenecomene Angola, Sudan, na Equatorial Guinea, vyose ivi vikaŵa kuti vyambapo sonosono kunozga mafuta panji vyasazgirako nkhongono zawo. Mu kafukufuku uyo wakalembeka sonosono apa, uyo wakwendera vya ndyali wa ku Austria, Arno Tausch, wakati vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Ghana, vikukolerana comene na umo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwera demokilase na malonda.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3214715|ssrn=3214715|title=Africa on the Maps of Global Values: Comparative Analyses, Based on Recent World Values Survey Data|date=2018|last1=Tausch|first1=Arno|s2cid=158596579|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|journal=|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211141227/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/87966/1/MPRA_paper_87966.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{-}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:left; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px auto 10px auto" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of IMF ranked countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)|GDP]] <small>(nominal, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||568,499||2014 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}}||475,231||2022 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||458,708||2011 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}} ||213,810||2014 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||156,083||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||145,712||2014 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||142,867||2021 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||118,130||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Libya}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=522,672,&s=NGDPD,&sy=1980&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Peak GDP (Nominal) for Libya |access-date=2023-05-18}}</ref>||92,542||2012 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||85,421||2023 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px" |- style="background:#dbdbdb;" ! Nambala ! Charu ! [[List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)|GDP]] <small>(PPP, Peak Year)</small><br /><small>millions of [[International dollar|USD]]</small> ! Peak Year |- | 1 ||align=left|{{flag|Egypt}} ||1,803,584||2023 |- | 2 ||align=left|{{flag|Nigeria}} ||1,372,624||2023 |- | 3 ||align=left|{{nowrap|{{flag|South Africa}}}} ||990,030||2023 |- | 4 ||align=left|{{flag|Algeria}}||620,971||2023 |- | 5 ||align=left|{{flag|Ethiopia}} ||393,847||2023 |- | 6 ||align=left|{{flag|Morocco}} ||387,233||2023 |- | 7 ||align=left|{{flag|Kenya}} ||341,999||2023 |- | 8 ||align=left|{{flag|Angola}} ||265,631||2023 |- | 9 ||align=left|{{flag|Ghana}} ||229,471||2023 |- | 10 ||align=left|{{flag|Tanzania}} ||228,031||2023 |} {{-}} Pakuyaniska mtengo wa vinthu pa caru cose ico Tausch wakacita mwakuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa caru cose, wakawona kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora: 1. Wupu Wakulondezga Malango 2. Kuwukira boma 3. Kuŵa na mtima wa kuleka nkhaza 4. Kugomezga mabungwe 5. Chimwemwe, umoyo uwemi 6. Kuleka kusopa mwakujikuzga 7. Kuzomera malonda 8. Kuŵa na Nkhongono 9. Kuchitako ndyali 10. Kuŵa na cigomezgo ndiposo kujipeleka 11. Kulije maghanoghano gha wovwiri wa wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakuzomera kalvinistic work ethic. Tausch wakamalizga na kuyowoya kuti, umo vyaru vya mu Africa vikwendera na maukaboni ghose "nchakuzizika comene". Nangauli munthu wakwenera kuŵa na cigomezgo cikuru pa nkhani ya umo Ghana wazamuŵira na demokilase na cuma ca msika, kweni nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi ku Eguputo na Algeria, comenecomene ku South Africa, caru ico cili na cuma cikuru comene mu Africa. Kuyana yayi kwa ŵanthu, nga umo lipoti la UNDP likuyowoyera, kukupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuŵa na mtende. Tausch wakayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukondwa chomene na vinthu ivyo vikuchitika pa nkhani ya vyachuma na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. [[File:African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020.png|upright=1.2|thumb|African countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2020]] Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti mu caru ici ndimo muli cobalti wakukwana 90 peresenti, platinamu wakukwana 90 peresenti, golide wakukwana 50 peresenti, chromium wakukwana 98 peresenti, tantalite wakukwana 70 peresenti, manganese wakukwana 64 peresenti, na uranium wakukwana limoza pa vigaŵa vitatu.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece Africa, China's new frontier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629123044/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article3319909.ece |date=29 June 2011 }}. ''Times Online''. 10 February 2008</ref> Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na visulo vya coltan 70 pa 100 pa caru cose. Kweniso charu cha DRC chili na madimondi ghakujumpha 30% pa charu chose. Charu cha Guinea ndicho chikuguliska bauxite yinandi pa charu chose. Pakuti ku Africa, vinthu vikukura comene cifukwa ca mauteŵeti, m'malo mwa kupanga vinthu panji vyakurya, ntheura kulije nchito panji ukavu. Nakuti suzgo la vyakurya ilo likaŵako mu 2008 likati lachitika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vya ndalama pa caru cose, likapangiska kuti ŵanthu 100 miliyoni ŵaleke kusanga vyakurya vyakwenelera.<ref>[http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm The African Decade?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613173905/http://www.strategicforesight.com/african_decade.htm |date=13 June 2010 }}. Ilmas Futehally. Strategic Foresight Group.</ref><ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece China tightens grip on Africa with $4.4bn lifeline for Guinea junta]. The Times. 13 October 2009 {{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071020/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2594373.ece |date=29 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>"[http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html Africa: Developed Countries' Leverage On the Continent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020072131/http://allafrica.com/stories/200802070635.html |date=20 October 2012 }}". AllAfrica.com. 7 February 2008</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca China caŵa paubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya mu Africa ndipo nchigaŵa cikuru comene ca vyamalonda mu Africa. Mu 2007, makampani gha ku China ghakagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $1 biliyoni mu Africa. Kafukufuku uyo wakacitika pa Yunivesite ya Harvard, wakalongosora kuti caru ca Africa cingajipwelelera yekha para cingaleka kuguliska vinthu ku vyaru vinyake na kwamba kujiguliska. "Charu cha Africa chili pa mphambano; tili pafupi kumalizga vyaka 100 ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vyakurya vikusangikenge mu vyaru vinyake. Africa yikwamba kuŵika mtima pa kupanga vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuti viwovwire kuti mu vigaŵa vyose muŵe malonda ghawemi".<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm "Africa Can Feed Itself in a Generation, Experts Say"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017221141/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/12/101202124337.htm|date=17 October 2017}}, ''[[Science Daily]]'', 3 December 2010</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Africa|Genetic history of Africa|Child marriage#Africa{{!}}Child marriage in Africa}} {{Pie chart | caption= [[List of African countries by population|Proportion of total African population by country]] | other = yes | label1 = Nigeria | value1 = 15.38 | color1=#36A | label2 = Ethiopia | value2 = 8.37 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Egypt | value3 = 7.65 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Democratic Republic of the Congo | value4 = 6.57 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Tanzania | value5 = 4.55 | color5=#928 | label6 = South Africa | value6 = 4.47 | color6=#E33 | label7 = Kenya | value7 = 3.88 | color7=#E72 | label8 = Uganda | value8 = 3.38 | color8=#FE3 | label9 = Algeria | value9 = 3.36 | color9=#A45 }} Mu vyaka 40 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ku Africa cakura comene, ntheura nchicoko comene. Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha hafu ŵali na vyaka 25 kukhilira pasi. Unandi wa ŵanthu mu Africa ukakwera kufuma pa 229 miliyoni mu 1950 kufika pa 630 miliyoni mu 1990.<ref>[http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx Past and future population of Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044751/http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_proj_africa.aspx |date=24 September 2015 }}. Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|title=Africa Population Dynamics|publisher=overpopulation.org|access-date=26 July 2007|archive-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217040305/http://www.overpopulation.org/Africa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu chaka cha 2021, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu Africa chikukwana 1.4 billion. Ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru vinyake; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu America ŵakajumpha mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000; ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa kuluska mu vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kuyana na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake, ciŵelengero ca ŵana awo ŵazamubabika mu Africa cizamufika pa 37% mu 2050. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubabika mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa (ŵana pa mwanakazi yumoza) chikaŵa 4.7 mu 2018. Vyaru vyose vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na TFR (chiŵelengero cha ŵana) kuluska awo ŵakababika mu 2019 ndipo vikaŵa na 27.1% ya awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo pa charu chose. Mu 2021, vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikaŵa na 29% vya ŵanthu awo ŵakababika pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development .desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf|title=World Population Prospects 2022. Summary of Results|location=New York|author=[[United Nations]]. Department of Economic and Social Affairs|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30977-6/fulltext|title=Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019|publisher=[[The Lancet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |website=The World Bank |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513095844/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=ZG |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu (viyowoyero vya mu banja la Niger na Congo) ndiwo ŵanandi chomene kumwera, pakati na kumwera kwa Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sahel awo ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa.<ref>Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171325/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC |date=24 September 2015 }}''. PUQ. p. 204. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}</ref> Kweni mu South Sudan na East Africa muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Nilotic, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Swahili awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Swahili, kweniso ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Khoisan ("San" panji "Bushmen"). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Bantu ŵakusangika chomene ku Gabon na Equatorial Guinea. Mu chipalamba cha Kalahari, kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Bushmen (panji kuti "San", awo ŵakukolerana chomene na "Hottentots" kweni ŵakupambana na iwo) ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakupambana chomene na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu Africaa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece |date=25 May 2010 }}. ''Times Online''. 16 December 2004</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Niger na Congo, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Mtundu wa Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Akan, na Wolof ndiwo ni ukuru chomene pa mitundu yose. Mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Sahara, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka panji Mande ndiwo ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Chadic, kusazgapo Ŵahasa, ŵakukhala kumpoto chomene kwa Sahara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Nilo-Sahara, nga ni Ŵasonghai, Kanuri, na Zarma, ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. [[Image:African_countries_by_HDI_(2019).png|thumb|upright=1.2|left| {| width="100%" style="background:transparent;" | Map of Africa indicating [[Human Development Index]] (2018). |-Africa | {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#00C400|0.800–0.849}} {{Legend|#00F900|0.750–0.799}} {{Legend|#D3FF00|0.700–0.749}} {{Legend|#FFFF00|0.650–0.699}} {{Legend|#FFD215|0.600–0.649}} {{Legend|#FFA83C|0.550–0.599}} {{Col-break}} {{Legend|#FF852F|0.500–0.549}} {{Legend|#FF5B00|0.450–0.499}} {{Legend|#FF0000|0.400–0.449}} {{Legend|#A70000|≤ 0.399}} {{Legend|#D9D9D9|No data}} {{Col-end}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa ŵali mu magulu ghatatu: Ŵa Berber kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ŵaeguputo kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi, na ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Nile na Sahara kumafumiro gha dazi. Ŵaarabu awo ŵakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E. ŵakamba kuyowoya Chiarabu na Chisilamu ku North Africa. ŴaFenikiya (awo ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa Carthage) na Ŵahyksos, Ŵaalani ŵa ku Indo-Iran, Ŵagiriki ŵa ku Indo-Europe, Ŵaroma, na Ŵavandali nawo ŵakakhala ku North Africa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Berber ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya Morocco na Algeria, ndipo mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Tunisia na Libya, ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya chi Berber ŵalipo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A: The Berbers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|access-date=30 December 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 March 2004|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112181804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg awo ŵakuyowoya Chiberberberia na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinyake, ndiwo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha Sahara ku North Africa. Ku Mauritania, kumpoto kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Berber awo ŵali kufwa, ndipo kumwera kuli ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Niger na Congo. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu na Chiarabu, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi mbanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa mtundu wa Beja awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha ku Africa na Asia ŵakusangikaso ku Egypt na Sudan. Ku Africa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia na Eritrea (nga mba Amhara na Tigray, awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Habesha) ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Semite, apo Ŵa Oromo na Ŵasomali ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya ku Cushitic. Pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yindambe, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyose vya Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene ku Algeria na Morocco (1,6 miliyoni ku North Africa), Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Mozambique na Angola. Pakati pa 1975 na 1977, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakawelera ku Portugal. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵazungu ŵa mu Africa ndiwo ŵachoko chomene mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, chomenechomene mu Zimbabwe, Namibia, Réunion, na South Africa. Charu icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵazungu mu Africa ni South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands na Britain ndiwo ŵali na mbumba zikuru comene za ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe.<ref name=World>{{cite encyclopedia|date=1989|title=Africa|encyclopedia=[[World Book Encyclopedia]]|publisher=World Book, Inc.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-7166-1289-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/1989worldbookencyclo22worl}}</ref> Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia, chomenechomene awo ŵakafuma ku India, ŵakiza ku Britain. Ku South Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India, ndipo ku Kenya, Tanzania, na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera na kumwera kwa Africa kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Mu 1972, Fumu Idi Amin yikachimbizga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku India mu Uganda, kweni ŵanandi ŵa iwo ŵali kuwelera. Kweniso mu virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Madagascar mba ku Austronesia, kweni awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵakusazgikana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, Arabia, India, na Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi na ku India ndiwo ŵali mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ku South Africa ŵakuchemeka Cape Coloured (ŵanthu awo ŵali kufuma ku mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa). Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na ŵa ku China ŵakakhalanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html Naomi Schwarz, "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224135631/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2007-07-10-voa46.html |date=24 December 2011 }}, VOANews.com, 10 July 2007</ref> === Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinandi chomene. (lternative Estimates of African Population, 0–2018 AD (in thousands) === ) Ukaboni: Maddison and others. (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|date=27 July 2016 |access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Year<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2018 ! scope="col" |2100<br>(projected) |- |'''Africa''' |16 500 |33 000 |46 000 |55 000 |61 000 |74 208 |90 466 |124 697 |228 342 |387 645 |759 954 |1 321 000<ref name="worldometers"/> |3 924 421<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Five key findings from the 2022 UN Population Prospects |url=https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-update-2022 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref> |- |'''World''' |230 820 |268 273 |437 818 |555 828 |603 410 |1 041 092 |1 270 014 |1 791 020 |2 524 531 |3 913 482 |5 907 680 |7 500 000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|title=World Population Day: July 11, 2018|website=United States Census Bureau|date=11 July 2018|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718064224/https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/2018/world-population.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |10 349 323<ref name=":6" /> |} === Shares of Africa and World Population, 0–2020 AD (% of world total) === Ukaboni: Maddison and others (University of Groningen).<ref name="ggdc.net"/> {| class="wikitable " style="text-align:right" |- ! scope="col" |Chaka<ref name="ggdc.net"/> ! scope="col" |0 ! scope="col" |1000 ! scope="col" |1500 ! scope="col" |1600 ! scope="col" |1700 ! scope="col" |1820 ! scope="col" |1870 ! scope="col" |1913 ! scope="col" |1950 ! scope="col" |1973 ! scope="col" |1998 ! scope="col" |2020 ! scope="col" |2100<br/>(projected) |- |'''Afilika''' |7.1 |12.3 |10.5 |9.9 |10.1 |7.1 |7.1 |7.0 |9.0 |9.9 |12.9 |18.2<ref name="worldometers">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|title=Africa Population (LIVE)|website=worldometers.info|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902033531/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/africa-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> |39.4<ref name="www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank">{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/worlds-population-is-projected-to-nearly-stop-growing-by-the-end-of-the-century/|title=World's population is projected to nearly stop growing by the end of the century|author1=ANTHONY CILLUFFO|author2= NEIL G. RUIZ|date=17 June 2019}}</ref> |} ===Chisopo=== [[File:Religion distribution Africa crop.png|A map showing religious distribution in Africa|thumb|upright=1.1]] {{Main|Religion in Africa}} {{See also||African divination}} Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵali na visopa vyakupambanapambana, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuchindika visopa vya ku Africa. Ndipouli, para ŵanthu ŵafumbika panji kupendeka, ŵanandi ŵakujiyaniska na visopa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikafuma ku vyaru vinyake. Pali vifukwa vinandi, ndipo cimoza mwa vifukwa vikuru nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakagomezganga kuti visambizgo na maluso gha cisopa ca ku Africa ni viheni. Ntchakusuzga kusanga maukaboni gha visopa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga chifukwa kanandi maboma agho ŵanthu ŵakusopa mu visopa vyakupambanapambana ghakughanaghanapo chomene pa nkhani iyi.<ref name=stanford>{{cite web|url=http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html|title=African Religion on the Internet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182749/http://library.stanford.edu/africa/religion.html |archive-date=2 September 2006 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/01/world/rising-muslim-power-in-africa-causes-unrest-in-nigeria-and-elsewhere-963950.html|date=1 November 2001|title=Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere|first=Normitsu|last=Onishi|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 March 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>Buku linyake likuti visopa vikuru comene mu Africa ni Cisilamu na Cikhristu. Buku linyake likuti, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose mu caru ici Mbakhristu, 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose Mbasilamu, ndipo 10 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵali mu visopa vyawo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Chihindu, Chibuda, Chiconfucian, Chibahai, panji Chiyuda. Kweniso mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakusopa yayi. ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Africa}} {{See also|Writing systems of Africa#Indigenous writing systems}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakujumpha 1,000 mu Africa (UNESCO yikuti viyowoyero ivi ni 2,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=Africa |date=2005 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602050234/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D8048%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date= 2 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku Africa, kweni ŵanyake ŵali kufuma ku Europe panji Asia. Charu cha Africa chili na viyowoyero vinandi chomene pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Africa: [[File:Map of African language families.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A simplistic view of language families spoken in Africa]] * Viyowoyero vya Afroasiatic ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 285 miliyoni awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero pafupifupi 240 mu Africa, kumpoto kwa Africa, Sahel, na kumwera kwa Asia. * Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo na Sahara ni viyowoyero vyakujumpha 100 ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 30 miliyoni. Viyowoyero vya ku Nilo-Sahara vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, na kumpoto kwa Tanzania. * Viyowoyero vya Niger-Congo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Africa. Kuyana na chiŵelengero cha viyowoyero ivyo vikuyowoyeka, chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ntchikuru chomene mu Africa, ndipo panji ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose. * Viyowoyero vya Khoisan vilipo pafupifupi 50 ndipo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu pafupifupi 400,000 ku Southern Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Khoisan Languages|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|website=The Language Gulper|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125082754/http://languagesgulper.com/eng/Khoisan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>Viyowoyero vinandi vya ku Khoisan vili pafupi kumara. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Khoi na San ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, kweni viyowoyero ivi vikamanyikwanga na boma. Mu vyaru vinandi, Cingelezi na Cifurenci (wonani Cifurenci ca ku Africa) vikugwiliskirika nchito pakudumbiskana na ŵanthu nga ni boma, malonda, masambiro na vyakupharazga. Chiarabic, Ciphwitikizi, Cifrikaans na Cisipanishi ni viyelezgero vya viyowoyero ivyo vikamba ku Africa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Africa ŵakuviyowoya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Italy ŵakayowoyanga Citaliyan. Ku Namibia ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cijeremani cifukwa kukaŵa caru ico kale cikalongozgekanga na ŵa German. ===Umoyo=== [[File:HIV in Africa 2011.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2011 ([[World Bank]]) {| style="width:100%;" |- | valign=top | {{legend|#2b0000|over 15%}} {{legend|#800000|5–15%}} {{legend|#d40000|2–5%}} {{legend|#ff2a2a|1–2%}} {{legend|#ff9955|0.5-1%}} {{legend|#ffb380|0.1–0.5%}} {{legend|#b9b9b9|not available}} |}]] Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mu Africa ŵakugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala wa maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose m'malo mwa munkhwala wakuchemeka allopathic, uwo ukuŵa wakudura chomene. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) Ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru na maboma ŵati vyaka vya m'ma 2000 ni vyaka vya m'ma 2000 vya vyakurya vya ku Africa mu chilato cha kukhozga fundo ya WHO ya ku Africa ya kuzenga vyakurya vya ku Africa mu vyakurya vya ku Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kofi-Tsekpo |first1=Mawuli |title=Editorial: Institutionalization of African Traditional Medicine in Health Care Systems in Africa |journal=African Journal of Health Sciences |date=11 February 2005 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=i-ii |doi=10.4314/ajhs.v11i1.30772 |pmid=17298111 }}</ref> Awo ŵakupanga malango gha boma mu cigaŵa ici ŵakususkika cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa ndondomeko za umoyo za ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero cawo ndiposo usange kuŵapo kwawo pamoza na vyakurya vya mazuŵa ghano kungakhozga urunji na kuŵapo kwa wovwiri wa munkhwala, umoyo wa ŵanthu, ndiposo umo vyaru vya ku sub-Saharan Africa vikukulira. Nthenda ya AIDS njakuzara comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Nangauli mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15.2 pa ŵanthu 100 pa caru cose, kweni pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵali na nthenda iyi pa caru cose, ŵanthu 35 miliyoni ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa. Mu 2011, mu vyaru vya ku Africa pera, ŵanthu 69 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na HIV ndipo 70 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakafwa na AIDS. Mu vyaru vya ku Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, umo nthenda ya AIDS yikusuzga comene, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda iyi. Kweniso, mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa, umoyo wa ŵanthu ukukhala pacoko comene cifukwa ca nthenda ya HIV/AIDS.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of The Modern World|last=Stearns|first=Peter N. | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=556}}</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Mwambo wa Afilika}} [[File:Wassu Stone Circle.jpg|thumb|Vinthu ivi vili mu charu cha Gambia na Senegal.]] Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵakutondeka kulondezga mitheto yinyake ya mu Africa chifukwa cha kuyuyulika na kusuzgika na maboma gha ŵanthu. Mwaciyerezgero, mitheto ya ku Africa yikakanizgika, ndipo viyowoyero vya ku Africa vikakanizgika mu masukulu gha ŵamishonale. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakayezga "kusambizga" ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mwa kukanizga kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi na uloyi.<ref name="pearsonhighered.com">{{Cite web |title=Pearsonhighered.com |url=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501070358/http://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0205208606.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Obidoh Freeborn wakughanaghana kuti ukoloni ni cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti luso la ku Africa liŵe la mazuŵa ghano. Kuyana na umo Douglas Fraser na Herbert M. Cole wakati: "Vinthu vikasintha mwamabuchi mu boma chifukwa cha muwuso wa ŵasilikari. Fraser na Cole ŵakayowoya kuti mu Igboland, vinthu vinyake vya luso "vikusoŵa nkhongono na luso nga umo vikaŵira na vinthu vyakwambilira ivyo vikachitikanga mu nyengo yakale. Chika Okeke-Agulu, uyo ni mulembi wa mabuku, wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti caru ca Africa ciŵe na mazaza paŵekha kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kutemwana".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria|first=Chika|last=Okeke-Agulu|year=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7630-9|page=63|access-date=18 December 2015|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611035844/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojPJBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|url-status=live}}</ref> Awo ŵakung'anamura F. Abiola Irele na Simon Gikandi ŵakayowoya kuti mabuku gha mu Africa ghakaŵako cifukwa ca "kukumana pakati pa Africa na Europe". Kweni Mhoze Chikowero wakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito sumu, kuvina, vyauzimu, na mitheto yinyake kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbanthu ŵakujiyimira ŵekha na ŵavinjeru. Pasono ŵanthu ŵakuyezgayezga chomene kuti ŵamanye makora mitheto ya ku Africa, nga umo vikaŵira na gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka African Renaissance, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Thabo Mbeki. Kuzakafika mu Malichi 2023, malo 98 gha mu Africa ghali kulembeka na UNESCO kuti ni malo gha Charu Chose. Pa malo agha, 54 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, 39 ni malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakuthupi, ndipo 5 ni malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo 15 gha mu Africa ghali pa Mndandanda wa Vinthu Vya Caru Cose Ivyo Vili pa Suzgo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/africa/ |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention}}</ref> ===Visual art=== [[File:Nok sculpture Louvre 70-1998-11-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1| Chizindikiro cha Nok (zaka za m'ma 500 BCE-5 CE)]] {{Excerpt|African art|paragraph=1,2,3,4,5||only=paragraphs}} ===Architecture=== {{Excerpt|Architecture of Africa|paragraph=1,2,3|file=1}} ===Cinema=== {{Excerpt|Cinema of Africa|paragraphs=1-2|file=1}} ===Music=== [[File:Ke-Nako Music-Performance Vienna2008c.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A musician from South Africa]] {{Excerpt|Music of Africa|paragraph=1,2}} ===Dance=== {{Excerpt|African dance|paragraph=1,2|file=no}} ===Sports=== [[File:World cup african countries best results and hosts.png|thumb|Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za timu za mpira za amuna zaku Africa pa FIFA World Cup]] Vyaru 54 vya mu Africa vili na magulu gha mpira mu wupu wa African Football Confederation. Eguputo wali kuthereska nkhonya ya Africa kankhondi na kaŵiri, ndipo wakukwaniska katatu. Cameroon, Nigeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, na Algeria ŵafika ku vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya FIFA World Cup. Morocco yikalemba mbiri pa World Cup ya 2022 ku Qatar pakuŵa chalo chakwamba ku Africa kufika ku semi-final ya FIFA Men's World Cup. Charu cha South Africa chikapokelera maseŵera gha World Cup mu 2010, ndipo chikaŵa charu chakwamba cha ku Africa kuchita nthena. Magulu ghapachanya mu kilabu yiliyose ya mpira wa ku Africa ghakuseŵera mu CAF Champions League, apo magulu ghapasi ghakuseŵera mu CAF Confederation Cup. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, caru ca Africa caŵa na malo ghaphya gha maseŵero gha basketball agho ghazengeka mu misumba yakupambanapambana nga ni Cairo, Dakar, Johannesburg, Kigali, Luanda na Rades. Chiŵerengero cha osewera a basketball a ku Africa omwe adalemba ku NBA chakhala chikukula kwambiri m'ma 2010.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lee |last=Nxumalo |title=Basketball's next frontier is Africa |url=https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=New Frame |date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Getting to know Africa's flashy basketball arenas |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |access-date=10 December 2020 |work=[[FIBA]] |date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas |url-status=live }}</ref> Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha cricket. Charu cha South Africa na Zimbabwe vili na chigaŵa cha Test, apo charu cha Kenya ndicho chili na chigaŵa chakwamba cha One Day International cricket (ODI). Vyaru vitatu ivi vikachitiska ungano wa Cricket World Cup mu 2003. Charu cha Namibia ndico nchigaŵa cinyake ca mu Africa ico cacitapo maseŵera gha pa caru cose. Charu cha Morocco, icho chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndicho chikachitiskaso maseŵero gha Morocco Cup mu 2002, kweni charu ichi chindachiteko maseŵero ghakuru. Mu vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha rugby. Namibia na Zimbabwe wose ŵaŵapo kanandi waka pa Rugby World Cup, apo South Africa ndiyo yikwenda makora chomene (pamoza na New Zealand) pa Rugby World Cup, pakuti yikawina katatu, mu 1995, 2007, na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|title=RWC 2023 Spotlight: South Africa ｜ Rugby World Cup 2023|website=www.rugbyworldcup.com|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213126/https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2023/news/608463/rwc-2023-spotlight-south-africa|url-status=live}}</ref> == Vigaŵa na malo == {{Main|List of regions of Africa|List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa}} {{center|{{Africa Labelled Map}}}} Vyaru ivyo vili pa tabuleti iyi vyalembeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya vigaŵa ivyo vikuzunulika na wupu wa United Nations. Para pali mphambano, fundo zikulongosoreka makora. <!--{{editnote | NOTE: If you have arguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page and await until the consensus supports making proposed edits. Thank you!--> <!--begin country info tables--> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | ! class="unsortable" style="width:20px" | Chidindo cha boma ! Zina la chigaŵa panji charu, na ndembera{{efn|Continental regions as per [[United Nations geoscheme for Africa|UN categorizations/map]].}} ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by area|Area]]<br>(km²) ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population|Population]]<ref name="uscen">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov\/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|title=IDB: Countries Ranked by Population|date=28 November 1999|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128111024/http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbrank.pl|archive-date=28 November 1999}}</ref> ! Chaka ! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Density]]<br>(per km²) ! Msumba waboma ! [[Language|Name(s) in official language(s)]] ! [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO 3166-1]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''North Africa''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Algeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Algeria}} | [[Algeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,381,740 |style="text-align:right;"|46,731,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2022 |style="text-align:right;"|17.7 |[[Algiers]] | الجزائر (al-Jazāʾir)/Algérie | DZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Canary Islands}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Canary Islands}} |[[Canary Islands]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[Canary Islands]], of which [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]]; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|7,492 |style="text-align:right;"|2,154,905 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|226 |[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<br>[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] | Canarias | IC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Italy}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Italy}} | style="text-align:left" | [[Pelagie Islands]] (Italy) |style="text-align:right;"| 25.5 |style="text-align:right;"| 6,556 |style="text-align:right;"| 2019 |style="text-align:right;"| 247 | style="text-align:left" | [[Lampedusa]] | Pelagie/Isole Pelagie/Ìsuli Pilaggî | ITA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ceuta}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ceuta}} |[[Ceuta]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Ceuta]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|20 |style="text-align:right;"|85,107 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|3,575 |— | Ceuta/Sebta/سَبْتَة (Sabtah) | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Egypt}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Egypt}} |[[Egypt]]{{efn|[[Egypt]] is generally considered a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the [[Suez Canal]].}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,450 |style="text-align:right;"|82,868,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|83 |[[Cairo]] | مِصر (Miṣr) | EGY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Libya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Libya}} |[[Libya]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,759,540 |style="text-align:right;"|6,310,434 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|4 |[[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] | ليبيا (Lībiyā) | LBY |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madeira}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madeira}} |[[Madeira]] (Portugal){{efn|The Portuguese [[Madeira Islands]] are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|797 |style="text-align:right;"|245,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|307 |[[Funchal]] | Madeira | PRT-30 |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Melilla}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Melilla}} |[[Melilla]] (Spain){{efn|The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Melilla]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.}} |style="text-align:right;"|12 |style="text-align:right;"|85,116 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|5,534 |— | Melilla/Mlilt/مليلية | EA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Morocco}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Morocco}} |[[Morocco]] |style="text-align:right;"|446,550 |style="text-align:right;"|35,740,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2017 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Rabat]] | المغرب (al-maḡrib)/ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (lmeɣrib)/Maroc | MAR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tunisia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tunisia}} |[[Tunisia]] |style="text-align:right;"|163,610 |style="text-align:right;"|10,486,339 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Tunis]] | تونس (Tūnis)/Tunest/Tunisie | TUN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Western Sahara}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Western Sahara}} | [[Western Sahara]]{{efn|name="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"|The territory of [[Western Sahara]] is claimed by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and [[Morocco]]. The [[SADR]] is recognized as a sovereign state by the [[African Union]]. [[Morocco]] claims the entirety of the country as its [[Southern Provinces]]. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.}} |style="text-align:right;"|266,000 |style="text-align:right;"|405,210 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|2 |[[El Aaiún]] | الصحراء الغربية (aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah)/Taneẓroft Tutrimt/Sáhara Occidental | ESH |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burundi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burundi}} | [[Burundi]] |style="text-align:right;"|27,830 |style="text-align:right;"|8,988,091 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|323 |[[Gitega]] | Uburundi/Burundi/Burundi | BDI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Comoros}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Comoros}} | [[Comoros]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,170 |style="text-align:right;"|752,438 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|347 |[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] | Komori/Comores/جزر القمر (Juzur al-Qumur) | COM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Djibouti}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Djibouti}} | [[Djibouti]] |style="text-align:right;"|23,000 |style="text-align:right;"|828,324 |style="text-align:right;"|2015 |style="text-align:right;"|22 |[[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | Yibuuti/جيبوتي (Jībūtī)/Djibouti/Jabuuti | DJI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eritrea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eritrea}} | [[Eritrea]] |style="text-align:right;"|121,320 |style="text-align:right;"|5,647,168 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|47 |[[Asmara]] | Eritrea | ERI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ethiopia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} | [[Ethiopia]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,127,127 |style="text-align:right;"|84,320,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|75 |[[Addis Ababa]] | ኢትዮጵያ (Ītyōṗṗyā)/Itiyoophiyaa/ኢትዮጵያ/Itoophiyaa/Itoobiya/ኢትዮጵያ | ETH |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:BlasonTAAF.svg|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} | [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|French Southern Territories]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|439,781 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |style="text-align:right;"|2019 |style="text-align:right;"|— |[[Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint Pierre]] | Terres australes et antarctiques françaises | FRA-TF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Kenya}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Kenya}} | [[Kenya]] |style="text-align:right;"|582,650 |style="text-align:right;"|39,002,772 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|66 |[[Nairobi]] | Kenya | KEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Madagascar}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Madagascar}} | [[Madagascar]] |style="text-align:right;"|587,040 |style="text-align:right;"|20,653,556 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|35 |[[Antananarivo]] | Madagasikara/Madagascar | MDG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Malawi}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Malawi}} |[[Malawi]] |style="text-align:right;"|118,480 |style="text-align:right;"|14,268,711 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|120 |[[Lilongwe]] | Malaŵi/Malaŵi | MWI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritius}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritius}} |[[Mauritius]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,040 |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,264 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|630 |[[Port Louis]] | Maurice/Moris | MUS |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mayotte}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mayotte|local}} |[[Mayotte]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|374 |style="text-align:right;"|223,765 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|490 |[[Mamoudzou]] | Mayotte/Maore/Maiôty | MYT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mozambique}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mozambique}} |[[Mozambique]] |style="text-align:right;"|801,590 |style="text-align:right;"|21,669,278 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|27 |[[Maputo]] | Moçambique/Mozambiki/Msumbiji/Muzambhiki | MOZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Réunion}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Réunion}} | [[Réunion]] (France) |style="text-align:right;"|2,512 |style="text-align:right;"|743,981 |style="text-align:right;"|2002 |style="text-align:right;"|296 |[[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint Denis]] | La Réunion | FRA-RE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Rwanda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Rwanda}} | [[Rwanda]] |style="text-align:right;"|26,338 |style="text-align:right;"|10,473,282 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|398 |[[Kigali]] | Rwanda | RWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Seychelles}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Seychelles}} |[[Seychelles]] |style="text-align:right;"|455 |style="text-align:right;"|87,476 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|192 |[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] | Seychelles/Sesel | SYC |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somalia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somalia}} |[[Somalia]] |style="text-align:right;"|637,657 |style="text-align:right;"|9,832,017 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|15 |[[Mogadishu]] | 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖 (Soomaaliya) /الصومال (aṣ-Ṣūmāl) | SOM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Somaliland}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Somaliland}} |[[Somaliland]] |style="text-align:right;"|176,120 |style="text-align:right;"|5,708,180 |style="text-align:right;"|2021 |style="text-align:right;"|25 |[[Hargeisa]] | Soomaaliland/صوماليلاند (Ṣūmālīlānd) | |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Sudan}} |[[South Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|619,745 |style="text-align:right;"|8,260,490 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Juba]] | South Sudan | SSD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sudan}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sudan}} |[[Sudan]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,861,484 |style="text-align:right;"|30,894,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|17 |[[Khartoum]] | Sudan/السودان (as-Sūdān) | SDN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Tanzania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Tanzania}} |[[Tanzania]] |style="text-align:right;"|945,087 |style="text-align:right;"|44,929,002 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Dodoma]] | Tanzania/Tanzania | TZA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Uganda}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Uganda}} |[[Uganda]] |style="text-align:right;"|236,040 |style="text-align:right;"|32,369,558 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|137 |[[Kampala]] | Uganda/Yuganda | UGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zambia}} |[[Zambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|752,614 |style="text-align:right;"|11,862,740 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|16 |[[Lusaka]] | Zambia | ZMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Zimbabwe}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} |[[Zimbabwe]] |style="text-align:right;"|390,580 |style="text-align:right;"|11,392,629 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|29 |[[Harare]] | Zimbabwe | ZWE |- |colspan="10" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"|'''Pakati pa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Angola}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Angola}} |[[Angola]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,246,700 |style="text-align:right;"|12,799,293 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Luanda]] | Angola | AGO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cameroon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cameroon}} |[[Cameroon]] |style="text-align:right;"|475,440 |style="text-align:right;"|18,879,301 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|40 |[[Yaoundé]] | Cameroun/Kamerun | CMR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Central African Republic}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} |[[Central African Republic]] |style="text-align:right;"|622,984 |style="text-align:right;"|4,511,488 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|7 |[[Bangui]] | Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka/République centrafricaine | CAF |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Chad}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Chad}} |[[Chad]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,000 |style="text-align:right;"|10,329,208 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|8 |[[N'Djamena]] | تشاد (Tšād)/Tchad | TCD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} |[[Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|342,000 |style="text-align:right;"|4,012,809 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Brazzaville]] | Congo/Kôngo/Kongó | COG |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |style="text-align:right;"|2,345,410 |style="text-align:right;"|69,575,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|30 |[[Kinshasa]] | République démocratique du Congo | COD |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Equatorial Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|28,051 |style="text-align:right;"|633,441 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|23 |[[Malabo]] | Guinea Ecuatorial/Guinée Équatoriale/Guiné Equatorial | GNQ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Gabon}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Gabon}} |[[Gabon]] |style="text-align:right;"|267,667 |style="text-align:right;"|1,514,993 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|6 |[[Libreville]] | gabonaise | GAB |- | style="text-align:center" | [[File:Insigne Insularum Sancti Thomae et Principis.png|25px]] | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,001 |style="text-align:right;"|212,679 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|212 |[[São Tomé]] | Sao Tome na Principe | STP |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kummwela kwa Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Botswana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Botswana}} |[[Botswana]] |style="text-align:right;"|600,370 |style="text-align:right;"|1,990,876 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Gaborone]] | Botswana/Botswana | BWA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Eswatini}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Eswatini}} |[[Eswatini]] |style="text-align:right;"|17,363 |style="text-align:right;"|1,123,913 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|65 |[[Mbabane]] | eSwatini/Eswatini | SWZ |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Lesotho}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Lesotho}} |[[Lesotho]] |style="text-align:right;"|30,355 |style="text-align:right;"|2,130,819 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Maseru]] | Lesotho/Lesotho | LSO |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Namibia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Namibia}} | [[Namibia]] |style="text-align:right;"|825,418 |style="text-align:right;"|2,108,665 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Windhoek]] | Namibia | NAM |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|South Africa}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|South Africa}} |[[South Africa]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,219,912 |style="text-align:right;"|51,770,560 |style="text-align:right;"|2011 |style="text-align:right;"|42 |[[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]]{{efn|[[Bloemfontein]] is the judicial capital of South Africa, while [[Cape Town]] is its legislative seat, and [[Pretoria]] is the country's administrative seat.}} | yaseNingizimu Afrika/yoMzantsi-Afrika/Suid-Afrika/Afrika-Borwa/Aforika Borwa/Afrika Borwa/Afrika Dzonga/yeNingizimu Afrika/Afurika Tshipembe/yeSewula Afrika | ZAF |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="10" style="text-align:center;"|'''Kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika''' |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Benin}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Benin}} | [[Benin]] |style="text-align:right;"|112,620 |style="text-align:right;"|8,791,832 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Porto-Novo]] | Bénin | BEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Burkina Faso}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} | [[Burkina Faso]] |style="text-align:right;"|274,200 |style="text-align:right;"|15,746,232 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|57 |[[Ouagadougou]] | Burkina Faso | BFA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Cape Verde}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} | [[Cape Verde]] |style="text-align:right;"|4,033 |style="text-align:right;"|429,474 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|107 |[[Praia]] | Cabo Verde/Kabu Verdi | CPV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|The Gambia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|The Gambia}} | [[The Gambia]] |style="text-align:right;"|11,300 |style="text-align:right;"|1,782,893 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|158 |[[Banjul]] | The Gambia | GMB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ghana}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ghana}} | [[Ghana]] |style="text-align:right;"|239,460 |style="text-align:right;"|23,832,495 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |[[Accra]] | Ghana | GHA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea}} | [[Guinea]] |style="text-align:right;"|245,857 |style="text-align:right;"|10,057,975 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|41 |[[Conakry]] | Guinée | GIN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guinea-Bissau}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} | [[Guinea-Bissau]] |style="text-align:right;"|36,120 |style="text-align:right;"|1,533,964 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Bissau]] | Guiné-Bissau | GNB |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Ivory Coast}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} |[[Ivory Coast]] |style="text-align:right;"|322,460 |style="text-align:right;"|20,617,068 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Abidjan]],{{efn|[[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital of [[Ivory Coast]], while [[Abidjan]] is the ''de facto'' seat.}} [[Yamoussoukro]] | Côte d'Ivoire | CIV |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Liberia}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Liberia}} |[[Liberia]] |style="text-align:right;"|111,370 |style="text-align:right;"|3,441,790 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|31 |[[Monrovia]] | Liberia | LBR |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mali}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mali}} |[[Mali]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,240,000 |style="text-align:right;"|12,666,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Bamako]] | Mali | MLI |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Mauritania}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Mauritania}} |[[Mauritania]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,030,700 |style="text-align:right;"|3,129,486 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Nouakchott]] | موريتانيا (Mūrītānyā) | MRT |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Niger}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Niger}} |[[Niger]] |style="text-align:right;"|1,267,000 |style="text-align:right;"|15,306,252 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Niamey]] | Niger | NER |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Nigeria}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Nigeria}} |[[Nigeria]] |style="text-align:right;"|923,768 |style="text-align:right;"|166,629,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|180 |[[Abuja]] | Nigeria | NGA |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|United Kingdom}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}} |[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] (United Kingdom) |style="text-align:right;"|420 |style="text-align:right;"|7,728 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | SHN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Senegal}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Senegal}} |[[Senegal]] |style="text-align:right;"|196,190 |style="text-align:right;"|13,711,597 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Dakar]] | Sénégal | SEN |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Sierra Leone}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} |[[Sierra Leone]] |style="text-align:right;"|71,740 |style="text-align:right;"|6,440,053 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|90 |[[Freetown]] | Sierra Leone | SLE |- | style="text-align:center" | {{Coat of arms|text=none|Togo}} | style="text-align:center" | {{flagicon|Togo}} |[[Togo]] |style="text-align:right;"|56,785 |style="text-align:right;"|6,019,877 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|106 |[[Lomé]] | togolaise | TGO |- style="font-weight:bold; background:#eee;" | colspan="3" | Afilika pamoza |style="text-align:right;"|30,368,609 |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,320,281 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|33 ! colspan="3"| |} <!--end country info table + refs--> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} <!-- *[[Bibliography of Africa]] --> * [[Index of Africa-related articles]] * [[African historiography]] * [[Outline of Africa]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Vyalemba vinandi== * {{Cite book|last=Malone|first=Jacqui|url= |title=Steppin' on the Blues: the Visible Rhythms of African American Dance|date=1996|publisher=University of Illinois Press|oclc=891842452}} * {{Cite book|last=Welsh-Asante|first=Kariamu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrbrTfSO3fwC|title=African Dance|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2427-8|language=en}} * {{cite book |last1=Shillington |first1=Kevin |title=History of Africa |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-59957-0 }} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{see also|Africa Bibliography}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Asante|first=Molefi|author-link=Molefi Asante|title=The History of Africa|publisher=Routledge|location=US|date=2007|isbn=978-0-415-77139-9}} * {{cite book|last=Clark|first=J. Desmond|author-link=J. Desmond Clark|title=The Prehistory of Africa|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|date=1970|isbn=978-0-500-02069-2}} * {{cite book|last=Crowder|first=Michael|title=The Story of Nigeria|publisher=Faber|location=London|date=1978|isbn=978-0-571-04947-9}} * {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Basil|author-link=Basil Davidson|title=The African Past: Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern Times|publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth|date=1966|oclc=2016817}} * {{cite book|last1=Gordon|first1=April A.|first2=Donald L.|last2=Gordon|title=Understanding Contemporary Africa|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|location=Boulder|date=1996|isbn=978-1-55587-547-3}} * {{cite book|last=Khapoya|first=Vincent B.|title=The African experience: an introduction|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|date=1998|isbn=978-0-13-745852-3|url=https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap}} * Moore, Clark D., and Ann Dunbar (1968). ''Africa Yesterday and Today'', in series, ''The George School Readings on Developing Lands''. New York: Praeger Publishers. * [[V. S. Naipaul|Naipaul, V.S.]] ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief''. Picador, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-330-47205-0}} * {{cite journal|last1=Wade|first1=Lizzie|title=Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aaa7864|year=2015|doi-access=free}} {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|n=Category:Africa|voy=Africa}} '''General information''' * {{GovPubs|Africa}} * {{Britannica|7924}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa}} * [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/africa-human-geography Africa: Human Geography] at the [[National Geographic Society]] * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/ African & Middle Eastern Reading Room] from the United States [[Library of Congress]] * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ Africa South of the Sahara] from [[Stanford University]] * [http://www.aluka.org/ Aluka], digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf Africa Interactive Map] from the [[United States Army Africa]] '''History''' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section10.shtml The Story of Africa] from [[BBC World Service]] * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Africa | volume= 1 | pages = 320–358 |short= 1}} * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/menu_APIC.html Africa Policy Information Center (APIC)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive Hungarian military forces in Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103230525/http://www.scribd.com/doc/161017303/Hungarian-military-forces-in-Africa-%E2%80%93-past-and-future-Recovering-lost-knowledge-exploiting-cultural-anthropology-resources-creating-a-comprehensive |date=3 November 2013 }} '''News media''' * [http://allafrica.com/ allAfrica.com] current news, events and statistics * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/index.shtml ''Focus on Africa''] magazine from [[BBC World Service]] {{Africa topics}} {{Africa}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Africa |list = {{African Trade Agreements}} {{Continents of the world}} {{Regions of the world}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Afilika| ]] [[Category:Continents]] hcmugkmuuk79k4fc8355nzqi37adxsp 14 47317 118025 116186 2026-07-26T11:43:07Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Afilika]] 0l1xagrctj5bdl8e7gd0ik3o2zngqo3 14 47508 118030 116185 2026-07-26T11:44:15Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Afilika]] 0l1xagrctj5bdl8e7gd0ik3o2zngqo3 14 47528 118028 116225 2026-07-26T11:44:04Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Somalia]] [[Category:Afilika]] panewv1xfrz44d14j1aoibwqsww8ksu 14 47529 118021 116228 2026-07-26T11:42:25Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Afilika]] 0l1xagrctj5bdl8e7gd0ik3o2zngqo3 10 47975 117974 117533 2026-07-26T10:05:50Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sidebar with collapsible lists |name = History of the Tumbuka people sidebar |templatestyles = Template:History of the Tumbuka people sidebar/styles.css |bodyclass = tumbuka-history-sidebar vcard hlist |pretitle= '''Nkhani iyi ni chigaŵa cha mndandanda wa''' |title = [[Ŵatumbuka|<small>Mbiri ya</small><br/>Ŵatumbuka]] | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|Flag of Malawi.svg}}} |size={{{imagesize|130px}}} }} | caption = {{{caption|Mbendera ya Malaŵi}}} |expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |list1title = [[Ndondomeko ya mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Ndondomeko ya nyengo na nyengo</span>]] |list1 = {{aligned table|fullwidth=y|leftright=y|cols=2|nowrap2=y |'''[[Nyengo]]''' |'''[[Mulonga Mbulalubilo]]''' |'''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Malo ghakwambilira ghakukhala na maboma gha vigaŵa]]'''| pambere c.1400 |'''[[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga|Nyengo ya Nkhamanga]]''' ([[Ufumu wa Chikulamayembe|Maboma gha Kamanga]])| c.1400–1700 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mbiri ya Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi|Kukhazikika mu Northern Malawi]] ([[Henga, Rumphi|Henga]]/[[Phoka, Rumphi|Phoka]])| c.1500–1700 |'''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka#Malonda, kusamuka na nkhongono za ŵanyake|Malonda, kusamuka na nkhongono za ŵanyake]]'''| 1700–1830 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Nthowa ya malonda ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi]]| ma 1700 |'''[[Nkhondo ya Ŵatumbuka na Ŵangoni|Kunangika na kupanga so]]''' ([[Nkhondo ya Ŵatumbuka na Ŵangoni|Nkhondo ya Ŵatumbuka na Ŵangoni]])| 1835–1900 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Kubisama, mapangano na kukhazikikaso mu Malaŵi/Zambia/Tanzania vya mazuŵa ghano]]| pakati pa ma 1800 |'''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Nyengo ya ukoloni]]''' ([[Nyasaland]] & [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]/[[Northern Rhodesia]])| 1891–1964 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mabuku gha Chitumbuka]], [[Livingstonia Mission|Masambiro gha mishoni]] & kumanya kulemba na kuŵazga Chitumbuka| ma 1890–1950 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Nyengo ya Central African Federation]]| 1953–1963 |'''[[Wanangwa na kuzenga charu]]'''| 1964–1994 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuvikilira chikhalidwe (mwachiyelezgero, [[Vimbuza]], [[Gonapamuhanya]], [[Fwemba]], [[Kulonga]], [[Mganda]])| ma 1960–1990 |'''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Nyengo ya vipani vinandi na kuwukaso kwa chikhalidwe]]'''| 1994–sono |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Umoyo wa Ŵatumbuka ŵa ku Malaŵi, Zambia, Tanzania na Zimbabwe]]| kufuma mu ma 1990 m'paka sono }} |list2title = <span style="color:#FFFFFF">Mitu</span> |list2 = * '''[[Magulu na mbumba za Ŵatumbuka|Mitundu ya ŵanthu na umunthu wawo]]''' ** [[Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Ŵatonga (Malaŵi)|Ŵatonga (Malaŵi)]] ** [[Ŵahenga|Henga]] ** [[Ŵaphoka|Phoka]] ** [[Ŵakamanga|Mbumba za Nkhamanga/Kamanga]] ** [[Ŵangonde|Ngonde/Nkhonde]] ** [[Ŵamanda|Manda]] * '''[[Chitumbuka|Chiyowoyelo]]''' ** [[Chitumbuka|Chitumbuka (Tumbuka)]] ** [[Malembedwe gha Chitumbuka]] ** [[Galamara ya Chitumbuka]] ** [[Mabuku gha Chitumbuka]] * '''Mitundu ya Chitumbuka''' ** Chitumbuka cha muyezo ([[Mzimba]]–[[Mzuzu]]) ** [[Chihenga|Henga]] ** [[Chiphoka|Phoka]] ** [[Chikamanga|Kamanga]] ** [[Chisukwa|Sukwa]] ** [[Chimanda|Manda]] ** [[Chinyika|Nyika]] ** [[Chihewe|Hewe]] ** [[Chitumbuka|Senga]] ** [[Chifililwa|Fililwa]] ** [[Chiwenya|Wenya]] ** [[Chingoni (Chitumbuka)|Ngoni (mtundu wa Chitumbuka)]] * '''[[Mndandanda wa mavinili na vikondwelero vya Ŵatumbuka|Mbiri ya chikhalidwe]]''' ** [[Vimbuza]] ** [[Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony]] ** [[Zengani Traditional Ceremony]] ** [[Fwemba Traditional Dance]] ** [[Mtungo|Mtungo/Magali]] ** [[Malipenga]] * '''Maboma gha pambere ukoloni na magulu ghanyake''' ** [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] ** [[Ŵangonde|Nkhonde]] * '''[[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Chisopa na umo charu chikambira]]''' ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Vimbuza|Wakupokera mizimu]] ** [[Vimbuza|Maluŵiro gha kuchizga]] ** [[Livingstonia Mission]] * '''[[Ŵatumbuka|Chuma na umoyo wa ŵanthu]]''' ** [[Ŵatumbuka|Ulimi na viŵeto]] ** [[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Nthowa za malonda]] ** [[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Kusamuka chifukwa cha ntchito]] * '''Masambiro na vya nkhani''' ** [[Mabuku gha Chitumbuka|Masukulu gha mishoni na kumanya kulemba]] ** [[Mbiri ya Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi|Wayilesi na mabuku mu Northern Malawi]] ** [[Mbiri ya Eastern Zambia|Eastern Zambia]] * '''Mbiri yakulembeka''' ** ''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka kufuma mu 1400]]'' ** Maluso gha pakamwa na mbiri za mbumba <!-- VIGAŴA VIPHYA VASAZGIKAPO PASI APA --> * '''Mikhaliro ya chikhalidwe na umoyo (viphya)''' ** [[Nthengwa za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Mazina gha Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Mawonekero gha kubabika kwa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Vyalo vya Ŵatumbuka|Vyalo]] ** [[Umwini wa malo wa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Nthowa za Ŵatumbuka zakumazgira mphindano]] * '''Chiyowoyelo, ntharika na maluso gha pakamwa''' ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Vithumbuzgo vya Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Nkhani za ŵanthu za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Maseŵero gha ŵana ŵa Ŵatumbuka]] * '''Ntharika na mwambo wa pakamwa''' ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Ntharika ya chilengiwa ya Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Nthano ya Gogo Mbizi]] ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Ntharika ya ŵanthu ŵakuru ŵa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Mafumu gha ntharika gha Ŵatumbuka]] * '''Chuma, umisiri na mawoko''' ** [[Kusungunuska chisulo kwa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Usmithi wa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Kukumba mchere mu vigawo vya Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Usodzi wa chikhalidwe wa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Nthowa za ulimi za ŵenekaya za Ŵatumbuka]] * '''Malo, chilengiwa na malo ghatuŵa''' ** [[Mapiri ghatuŵa gha Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Milonga yituŵa ya Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Mwambo wa Ŵatumbuka wakulomba vula|Mwambo wakulomba vula]] ** [[Vigomezgo vya Ŵatumbuka vya chilengiwa]] * '''Mbiri ya kukumana na kusamuka''' ** [[Ubwezi wa Ŵatumbuka na Ŵabisa]] ** [[Ubwezi wa Ŵatumbuka na Ŵatabwa]] ** [[Ubwezi wa Ŵatumbuka na Ŵalungu]] ** [[Nthowa zikuru za malonda za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Mbiri ya kusamuka kwa ntchito kwa Ŵatumbuka]] (1900–1960) ** [[Magulu gha Ŵatumbuka ku vyaru vinyake]] * '''Ukoloni na kusintha kwa mazuŵa ghano''' ** [[Ŵatumbuka mu nyengo ya ukoloni]] ** [[Ŵatumbuka mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]] ** [[Ŵatumbuka mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]] ** [[Kuwukaso kwa Ŵatumbuka pamanyuma pa 1994]] ** [[Kuchita kampeni pa intaneti mu Chitumbuka]] |list3title = <span style="color:#FFFFFF">Magulu na tumagulu</span> |list3 = * '''[[Magulu na mbumba za Ŵatumbuka|Tumagulu]]''' ** [[Ŵahenga|Henga]] ** [[Ŵaphoka|Phoka]] ** [[Ŵakamanga|Kamanga]] ** [[Ŵatonga (Malaŵi)|Tonga (Malaŵi)]] ** [[Ŵangonde|Ngonde/Nkhonde]] ** [[Ŵalambya|Lambya]] ** [[Ŵatumbuka|Senga]] |list4title = <span style="color:#FFFFFF">Malo</span> |list4 = {{sidebar |child=yes | heading1 = Kusintha kwa malo na kusamuka | content1 = * Malo ghakwambilira gha Nkhamanga/Henga/Phoka * Malonda na kusinthana kwizira mu nthowa ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi * Mphaka za ukoloni izo zikapangiska umunthu wa Ŵatumbuka wakujumpha mphaka | heading2 = Vigawo vikuru | content2 = * '''[[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi]]''' ** [[Boma la Mzimba|Mzimba]] ** [[Boma la Rumphi|Rumphi]] ** [[Boma la Nkhata Bay|Nkhata Bay]] * '''Zambia''' ** [[Eastern Province, Zambia]] *** [[Boma la Lundazi|Lundazi]] / [[Boma la Chasefu|Chasefu]] / [[Boma la Lumezi|Lumezi]] / [[Boma la Chama|Chama]] / [[Boma la Isoka|Isoka]] / [[Boma la Mafinga|Mafinga]] ** Ŵatumbuka ŵakukhala mu misumba mu [[Copperbelt Province]] na [[Lusaka Province]] * '''Tanzania''' ** [[Mbeya Region]] / [[Songwe Region]] * '''Zimbabwe''' ** Maboma gha kumpoto agho muli ŵanthu ŵakusamukira | heading3 = Malo ghakumanyikwa | content3 = * Zambia ** [[Lundazi]] * [[Ekwendeni]] * [[Bolero, Rumphi|Bolero]] * [[Boma la Chitipa|Chitipa]] * [[Boma la Karonga|Karonga]] | heading4 = [[Mndandanda wa mavinili na vikondwelero vya Ŵatumbuka|Vikondwelero na malo gha chikhalidwe]] | content4 = * [[Vimbuza]] * [[Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony]] * [[Zengani Traditional Ceremony]] * [[Fwemba Traditional Dance]] | heading5 = Kutambuzgika | content5 = * [[Kutambuzgika kwa Ŵatumbuka]] }} |below = * [[Ndondomeko ya Ŵatumbuka|Ndondomeko]] * [[Ndondomeko ya mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Mndandanda wa vyaka]] * [[Mbiri yakulembeka ya Ŵatumbuka|Mbiri yakulembeka]] * {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Ŵatumbuka|Category]] }} <noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6gugo2x88syq03b91bnwezaoleyx2w8 117988 117974 2026-07-26T10:16:01Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sidebar with collapsible lists |name = History of the Tumbuka people sidebar |templatestyles = Template:History of the Tumbuka people sidebar/styles.css |bodyclass = tumbuka-history-sidebar vcard hlist |pretitle= '''Nkhani iyi ni chigaŵa cha mndandanda wa''' |title = [[Ŵatumbuka|<small>Mbiri ya</small><br/>Ŵatumbuka]] | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|Flag of Malawi.svg}}} |size={{{imagesize|130px}}} }} | caption = {{{caption|Mbendera ya Malaŵi}}} |expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |list1title = [[Ndondomeko ya mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|<span style="color:#FFFFFF">Ndondomeko ya nyengo na nyengo</span>]] |list1 = {{aligned table|fullwidth=y|leftright=y|cols=2|nowrap2=y |'''[[Nyengo]]''' |'''[[Mulonga Mbulalubilo]]''' |'''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Malo ghakwambilira ghakukhala na maboma gha vigaŵa]]'''| pambere c.1400 |'''[[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga|Nyengo ya Nkhamanga]]''' ([[Ufumu wa Chikulamayembe|Maboma gha Kamanga]])| c.1400–1700 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mbiri ya Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi|Kukhazikika mu Northern Malawi]] ([[Henga, Rumphi|Henga]]/[[Phoka, Rumphi|Phoka]])| c.1500–1700 |'''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka#Malonda, kusamuka na nkhongono za ŵanyake|Malonda, kusamuka na nkhongono za ŵanyake]]'''| 1700–1830 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Nthowa ya malonda ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi]]| ma 1700 |'''[[Nkhondo ya Ŵatumbuka na Ŵangoni|Kunangika na kupanga so]]''' ([[Nkhondo ya Ŵatumbuka na Ŵangoni|Nkhondo ya Ŵatumbuka na Ŵangoni]])| 1835–1900 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Kubisama, mapangano na kukhazikikaso mu Malaŵi/Zambia/Tanzania vya mazuŵa ghano]]| pakati pa ma 1800 |'''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Nyengo ya ukoloni]]''' ([[Nyasaland]] & [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]]/[[Northern Rhodesia]])| 1891–1964 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mabuku gha Chitumbuka]], [[Livingstonia Mission|Masambiro gha mishoni]] & kumanya kulemba na kuŵazga Chitumbuka| ma 1890–1950 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Nyengo ya Central African Federation]]| 1953–1963 |'''[[Wanangwa na kuzenga charu]]'''| 1964–1994 |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuvikilira chikhalidwe (mwachiyelezgero, [[Vimbuza]], [[Gonapamuhanya]], [[Fwemba]], [[Kulonga]], [[Mganda]])| ma 1960–1990 |'''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Nyengo ya vipani vinandi na kuwukaso kwa chikhalidwe]]'''| 1994–sono |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Umoyo wa Ŵatumbuka ŵa ku Malaŵi, Zambia, Tanzania na Zimbabwe]]| kufuma mu ma 1990 m'paka sono }} |list2title = <span style="color:#FFFFFF">Mitu</span> |list2 = * '''[[Magulu na mbumba za Ŵatumbuka|Mitundu ya ŵanthu na umunthu wawo]]''' ** [[Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[ŴaTonga (Malaŵi)]] ** [[ŴaHenga]] ** [[Ŵaphoka]] ** [[Ŵakamanga|Mbumba za Nkhamanga/Kamanga]] ** [[Ŵangonde|Ngonde/Nkhonde]] ** [[Ŵamanda|Manda]] * '''[[Chitumbuka|Chiyowoyelo]]''' ** [[Chitumbuka|Chitumbuka (Tumbuka)]] ** [[Malembedwe gha Chitumbuka]] ** [[Galamara ya Chitumbuka]] ** [[Mabuku gha Chitumbuka]] * '''Mitundu ya Chitumbuka''' ** Chitumbuka cha muyezo ([[Mzimba]]–[[Mzuzu]]) ** [[Chihenga|Henga]] ** [[Chiphoka|Phoka]] ** [[Chikamanga|Kamanga]] ** [[Chisukwa|Sukwa]] ** [[Chimanda|Manda]] ** [[Chinyika|Nyika]] ** [[Chihewe|Hewe]] ** [[Chitumbuka|Senga]] ** [[Chifililwa|Fililwa]] ** [[Chiwenya|Wenya]] ** [[Chingoni (Chitumbuka)|Ngoni (mtundu wa Chitumbuka)]] * '''[[Mndandanda wa mavinili na vikondwelero vya Ŵatumbuka|Mbiri ya chikhalidwe]]''' ** [[Vimbuza]] ** [[Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony]] ** [[Zengani Traditional Ceremony]] ** [[Fwemba Traditional Dance]] ** [[Mtungo|Mtungo/Magali]] ** [[Malipenga]] * '''Maboma gha pambere ukoloni na magulu ghanyake''' ** [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]] ** [[Ŵangonde|Nkhonde]] * '''[[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Chisopa na umo charu chikambira]]''' ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Vimbuza|Wakupokera mizimu]] ** [[Vimbuza|Maluŵiro gha kuchizga]] ** [[Livingstonia Mission]] * '''[[Ŵatumbuka|Chuma na umoyo wa ŵanthu]]''' ** [[Ŵatumbuka|Ulimi na viŵeto]] ** [[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Nthowa za malonda]] ** [[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Kusamuka chifukwa cha ntchito]] * '''Masambiro na vya nkhani''' ** [[Mabuku gha Chitumbuka|Masukulu gha mishoni na kumanya kulemba]] ** [[Mbiri ya Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi|Wayilesi na mabuku mu Northern Malawi]] ** [[Mbiri ya Eastern Zambia|Eastern Zambia]] * '''Mbiri yakulembeka''' ** ''[[Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka kufuma mu 1400]]'' ** Maluso gha pakamwa na mbiri za mbumba <!-- VIGAŴA VIPHYA VASAZGIKAPO PASI APA --> * '''Mikhaliro ya chikhalidwe na umoyo (viphya)''' ** [[Nthengwa za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Mazina gha Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Mawonekero gha kubabika kwa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Vyalo vya Ŵatumbuka|Vyalo]] ** [[Umwini wa malo wa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Nthowa za Ŵatumbuka zakumazgira mphindano]] * '''Chiyowoyelo, ntharika na maluso gha pakamwa''' ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Vithumbuzgo vya Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Nkhani za ŵanthu za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Maseŵero gha ŵana ŵa Ŵatumbuka]] * '''Ntharika na mwambo wa pakamwa''' ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Ntharika ya chilengiwa ya Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Nthano ya Gogo Mbizi]] ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Ntharika ya ŵanthu ŵakuru ŵa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Ntharika za Ŵatumbuka|Mafumu gha ntharika gha Ŵatumbuka]] * '''Chuma, umisiri na mawoko''' ** [[Kusungunuska chisulo kwa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Usmithi wa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Kukumba mchere mu vigawo vya Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Usodzi wa chikhalidwe wa Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Nthowa za ulimi za ŵenekaya za Ŵatumbuka]] * '''Malo, chilengiwa na malo ghatuŵa''' ** [[Mapiri ghatuŵa gha Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Milonga yituŵa ya Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Mwambo wa Ŵatumbuka wakulomba vula|Mwambo wakulomba vula]] ** [[Vigomezgo vya Ŵatumbuka vya chilengiwa]] * '''Mbiri ya kukumana na kusamuka''' ** [[Ubwezi wa Ŵatumbuka na Ŵabisa]] ** [[Ubwezi wa Ŵatumbuka na Ŵatabwa]] ** [[Ubwezi wa Ŵatumbuka na Ŵalungu]] ** [[Nthowa zikuru za malonda za Ŵatumbuka]] ** [[Mbiri ya kusamuka kwa ntchito kwa Ŵatumbuka]] (1900–1960) ** [[Magulu gha Ŵatumbuka ku vyaru vinyake]] * '''Ukoloni na kusintha kwa mazuŵa ghano''' ** [[Ŵatumbuka mu nyengo ya ukoloni]] ** [[Ŵatumbuka mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]] ** [[Ŵatumbuka mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]] ** [[Kuwukaso kwa Ŵatumbuka pamanyuma pa 1994]] ** [[Kuchita kampeni pa intaneti mu Chitumbuka]] |list3title = <span style="color:#FFFFFF">Magulu na tumagulu</span> |list3 = * '''[[Magulu na mbumba za Ŵatumbuka|Tumagulu]]''' ** [[Ŵahenga|Henga]] ** [[Ŵaphoka|Phoka]] ** [[Ŵakamanga|Kamanga]] ** [[Ŵatonga (Malaŵi)|Tonga (Malaŵi)]] ** [[Ŵangonde|Ngonde/Nkhonde]] ** [[Ŵalambya|Lambya]] ** [[Ŵatumbuka|Senga]] |list4title = <span style="color:#FFFFFF">Malo</span> |list4 = {{sidebar |child=yes | heading1 = Kusintha kwa malo na kusamuka | content1 = * Malo ghakwambilira gha Nkhamanga/Henga/Phoka * Malonda na kusinthana kwizira mu nthowa ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi * Mphaka za ukoloni izo zikapangiska umunthu wa Ŵatumbuka wakujumpha mphaka | heading2 = Vigawo vikuru | content2 = * '''[[Chigaŵa cha Kumpoto, Malaŵi]]''' ** [[Boma la Mzimba|Mzimba]] ** [[Boma la Rumphi|Rumphi]] ** [[Boma la Nkhata Bay|Nkhata Bay]] * '''Zambia''' ** [[Eastern Province, Zambia]] *** [[Boma la Lundazi|Lundazi]] / [[Boma la Chasefu|Chasefu]] / [[Boma la Lumezi|Lumezi]] / [[Boma la Chama|Chama]] / [[Boma la Isoka|Isoka]] / [[Boma la Mafinga|Mafinga]] ** Ŵatumbuka ŵakukhala mu misumba mu [[Copperbelt Province]] na [[Lusaka Province]] * '''Tanzania''' ** [[Mbeya Region]] / [[Songwe Region]] * '''Zimbabwe''' ** Maboma gha kumpoto agho muli ŵanthu ŵakusamukira | heading3 = Malo ghakumanyikwa | content3 = * Zambia ** [[Lundazi]] * [[Ekwendeni]] * [[Bolero, Rumphi|Bolero]] * [[Boma la Chitipa|Chitipa]] * [[Boma la Karonga|Karonga]] | heading4 = [[Mndandanda wa mavinili na vikondwelero vya Ŵatumbuka|Vikondwelero na malo gha chikhalidwe]] | content4 = * [[Vimbuza]] * [[Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony]] * [[Zengani Traditional Ceremony]] * [[Fwemba Traditional Dance]] | heading5 = Kutambuzgika | content5 = * [[Kutambuzgika kwa Ŵatumbuka]] }} |below = * [[Ndondomeko ya Ŵatumbuka|Ndondomeko]] * [[Ndondomeko ya mbiri ya Ŵatumbuka|Mndandanda wa vyaka]] * [[Mbiri yakulembeka ya Ŵatumbuka|Mbiri yakulembeka]] * {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Ŵatumbuka|Category]] }} <noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> glxi7z73hfi7c0q0o37yfkvg9bvhisa 10 47978 117994 117530 2026-07-26T10:48:51Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Tumbuka people | title = [[ŴaTumbuka]] | state = autocollapse | listclass = hlist | group1 = Mbili | list1 = [[ŴaTumbuka#Mbili]] · [[Migration of Tumbuka]] · [[Colonial period in Northern Malawi]] · [[Tumbuka involvement in independence movements]] | group2 = [[ChiTumbuka]] | list2 = [[ChiTumbuka]] · [[Chitumbuka orthography]] · [[Tumbuka literature]] · [[Tumbuka proverbs]] | group3 = [[Traditional dances and festivals of the Tumbuka people|Traditional dances]] | list3 = [[Vimbuza]] · [[Fwemba]] · [[Mtungo|Mtungo/Magali]] · [[Mganda]] · [[Kwenje]]· [[Mapenenga]] | group4 = [[Traditional dances and festivals of the Tumbuka people|Festivals and ceremonies]] | list4 = [[Kulonga]] · [[Gonapamhanya festival]] · [[Vinkhakanimba]] · [[Zengani]] | group5 = [[Tumbuka people|Sub-ethnic groups]] | list5 = [[ŴaHenga]] · [[ŴaPhoka]] · [[Tumbuka people|Yombe]] · [[ŴaKamanga]] · [[ŴaHewe]] · [[Ngonde people|Nkhonde]] · [[Tumbuka peoplea]] · [[ŴaTonga people (Malawi)|Tonga]] · [[Wenya people|Wenya]] · [[Fililwa people|Fililwa]] · [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | group6 = [[Tumbuka language|Language dialects]] | list6 = [[Tumbuka language|Senga]] · [[Yombe dialect (Zambia)|Yombe]] · [[Tumbuka language|Tonga]] · [[Phoka language|Phoka]] · [[Henga language|Henga]] }}<noinclude> {{Navbox documentation}} [[Category:Africa ethnic group templates]] </noinclude> 9r11vvd72iicnt85olvgtmp7xg5txr4 0 48159 117975 2026-07-26T10:07:58Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Fuko la ŵanthu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} Ŵa'''Phoka''' mba [[Ŵatumbuka]] awo ŵakusangika chomene ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]]. Ku Malawi, ŵakusangika mu maboma gha [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Brian |date=2006 |title=The Ivory Trade and Chiefdoms in Pre-Colonial Malawi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779210 |journal=The..." 117975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la ŵanthu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} Ŵa'''Phoka''' mba [[Ŵatumbuka]] awo ŵakusangika chomene ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]]. Ku Malawi, ŵakusangika mu maboma gha [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Brian |date=2006 |title=The Ivory Trade and Chiefdoms in Pre-Colonial Malawi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779210 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=6–23 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Msiska |first=Augustine W. C. |date=1981 |title=A Note on Iron Working and Early Trade Among the Phoka of Rumphi, Mala?i |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778452 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2024, pakaŵa Ŵaphoka ŵakujumpha 200,000 mu vyaru vitatu ivi. == Mbiri na uko ŵakafuma == Ŵaphoka ŵakwambilira m'ma 1500 apo ŵakasankha kufumamo mu Nyasaland pasi pa ulongozgi wa Mnyanjaba. Ŵakasankha kuwambuka mlonga pakupenja charu chiwemi chakulimapo. Pakwamba, Ŵaphoka ŵakafuma ku malo ghakuzingilizga [[Nyika Plateau]] kumpoto kwa Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heckroodt |first=R. O. |date=1985 |title=Phoka Pottery from Northern Mala?i |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778540 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=20–28 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Vyakuyowoyapo == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Chibantu]] [[Category:Ŵatumbuka]] [[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu ku Malawi]] {{Africa-ethno-group-stub}} it2uik0uop0z9bygduwdz8kvw3z6fn2 117976 117975 2026-07-26T10:08:09Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Vyakuyowoyapo */ 117976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la ŵanthu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} Ŵa'''Phoka''' mba [[Ŵatumbuka]] awo ŵakusangika chomene ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]]. Ku Malawi, ŵakusangika mu maboma gha [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Brian |date=2006 |title=The Ivory Trade and Chiefdoms in Pre-Colonial Malawi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779210 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=6–23 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Msiska |first=Augustine W. C. |date=1981 |title=A Note on Iron Working and Early Trade Among the Phoka of Rumphi, Mala?i |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778452 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2024, pakaŵa Ŵaphoka ŵakujumpha 200,000 mu vyaru vitatu ivi. == Mbiri na uko ŵakafuma == Ŵaphoka ŵakwambilira m'ma 1500 apo ŵakasankha kufumamo mu Nyasaland pasi pa ulongozgi wa Mnyanjaba. Ŵakasankha kuwambuka mlonga pakupenja charu chiwemi chakulimapo. Pakwamba, Ŵaphoka ŵakafuma ku malo ghakuzingilizga [[Nyika Plateau]] kumpoto kwa Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heckroodt |first=R. O. |date=1985 |title=Phoka Pottery from Northern Mala?i |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778540 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=20–28 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Vyakuyowoyapo == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Chibantu]] [[Category:Ŵatumbuka]] [[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu ku Malawi]] hol5u9732lmxpzb6l90sautxfemo80r 117977 117976 2026-07-26T10:08:53Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Caro de Segeda moved page [[Phoka]] to [[Ŵaphoka]] 117976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la ŵanthu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} Ŵa'''Phoka''' mba [[Ŵatumbuka]] awo ŵakusangika chomene ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]]. Ku Malawi, ŵakusangika mu maboma gha [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Brian |date=2006 |title=The Ivory Trade and Chiefdoms in Pre-Colonial Malawi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779210 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=6–23 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Msiska |first=Augustine W. C. |date=1981 |title=A Note on Iron Working and Early Trade Among the Phoka of Rumphi, Mala?i |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778452 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2024, pakaŵa Ŵaphoka ŵakujumpha 200,000 mu vyaru vitatu ivi. == Mbiri na uko ŵakafuma == Ŵaphoka ŵakwambilira m'ma 1500 apo ŵakasankha kufumamo mu Nyasaland pasi pa ulongozgi wa Mnyanjaba. Ŵakasankha kuwambuka mlonga pakupenja charu chiwemi chakulimapo. Pakwamba, Ŵaphoka ŵakafuma ku malo ghakuzingilizga [[Nyika Plateau]] kumpoto kwa Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heckroodt |first=R. O. |date=1985 |title=Phoka Pottery from Northern Mala?i |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778540 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=20–28 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Vyakuyowoyapo == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Chibantu]] [[Category:Ŵatumbuka]] [[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu ku Malawi]] hol5u9732lmxpzb6l90sautxfemo80r 117989 117977 2026-07-26T10:45:28Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Caro de Segeda moved page [[Ŵaphoka]] to [[ŴaPhoka]] 117976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la ŵanthu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} Ŵa'''Phoka''' mba [[Ŵatumbuka]] awo ŵakusangika chomene ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]] na [[Tanzania]]. Ku Malawi, ŵakusangika mu maboma gha [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Brian |date=2006 |title=The Ivory Trade and Chiefdoms in Pre-Colonial Malawi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779210 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=6–23 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Msiska |first=Augustine W. C. |date=1981 |title=A Note on Iron Working and Early Trade Among the Phoka of Rumphi, Mala?i |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778452 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=36–44 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2024, pakaŵa Ŵaphoka ŵakujumpha 200,000 mu vyaru vitatu ivi. == Mbiri na uko ŵakafuma == Ŵaphoka ŵakwambilira m'ma 1500 apo ŵakasankha kufumamo mu Nyasaland pasi pa ulongozgi wa Mnyanjaba. Ŵakasankha kuwambuka mlonga pakupenja charu chiwemi chakulimapo. Pakwamba, Ŵaphoka ŵakafuma ku malo ghakuzingilizga [[Nyika Plateau]] kumpoto kwa Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heckroodt |first=R. O. |date=1985 |title=Phoka Pottery from Northern Mala?i |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778540 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=20–28 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> == Vyakuyowoyapo == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Chibantu]] [[Category:Ŵatumbuka]] [[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu ku Malawi]] hol5u9732lmxpzb6l90sautxfemo80r 0 48160 117978 2026-07-26T10:08:53Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Caro de Segeda moved page [[Phoka]] to [[Ŵaphoka]] 117978 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ŵaphoka]] ox3xg3kfdbxl4frycztifwvaktyvmmo 117991 117978 2026-07-26T10:45:31Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Changed redirect target from [[Ŵaphoka]] to [[ŴaPhoka]] 117991 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ŴaPhoka]] 8qspp2c2ot1pvqwmmt343bncuwv78ll 0 48161 117979 2026-07-26T10:10:29Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Fuko la Bantu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ŴaKamanga | native_name = ŴaKamanga | population = Ŵanthu 3.5 miliyoni (2024) | regions = [[Malawi]] (chomene [[Rumphi District|Chigaŵa cha Rumphi]] na [[Mzimba District|Chigaŵa cha Mzimba]]), [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]], Zambia | languages = [[Chitumbuka]] | religions = [[Chikhristu]], [[chisopa cha chikaya cha ku Africa]] | related = [[ŴaTumbuka]], ŴaHeng..." 117979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la Bantu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ŴaKamanga | native_name = ŴaKamanga | population = Ŵanthu 3.5 miliyoni (2024) | regions = [[Malawi]] (chomene [[Rumphi District|Chigaŵa cha Rumphi]] na [[Mzimba District|Chigaŵa cha Mzimba]]), [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]], Zambia | languages = [[Chitumbuka]] | religions = [[Chikhristu]], [[chisopa cha chikaya cha ku Africa]] | related = [[ŴaTumbuka]], [[ŴaHenga]], [[ŴaPhoka]], [[ŴaHewe]] }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaKamanga''' ni fuko la mtundu wa Bantu ilo lili mu gulu likuru la [[Tumbuka subgroups and clans|ŴaTumbuka]] la ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], [[Tanzania]] na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkonjera |first=Andrew |date=1911 |title=History of the Kamanga Tribe of Lake Nyasa: A Native Account |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/714645 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=10 |issue=39 |pages=331–341 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> Ŵali gulu likuru chomene mu [[ŴaTumbuka|ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] awo ŵakaŵa pamoza pasi pa muwusi yumoza wa [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1911-04-01 |title=HISTORY OF THE KAMANGA TRIBE OF LAKE NYASA: A NATIVE ACCOUNT |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101800 |journal=African Affairs |volume=X |issue=XXXIX |pages=331–341 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101800 |issn=0001-9909|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ŴaKamanga ŵakuyowoya [[Chitumbuka]] (Tumbuka) nga ni chiyowoyero chawo cha pakwamba,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Werner |first=A. |date=1933 |title=Review of Notes on the Speech of the Tumbuka-Kamanga Peoples in the Northern Province of Nyasaland; Notes on the History of the Tumbuka-Kamanga Peoples, T. Cullen Young |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716924 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=32 |issue=127 |pages=213–214 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> icho ntchiyowoyero cha Bantu cha kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera na pakati pa Africa. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa Kamanga sono (mwachiyelezgero cha chaka cha 2024) ntchakukwana ŵanthu pafupifupi 6,500,600 mu vyaru vyose vinayi. ŴaKamanga mu kumpoto na pakati pa Malawi ŵali kumwazikana mu vigaŵa vyose vya madera agha, kweni ŵakusangika chomene mu [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]], [[Mzimba District|Mzimba]], [[Kasungu District|Kasungu]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=S. |first=E. W. |date=1933 |editor-last=Young |editor-first=T. Cullen |title=16 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2789961 |journal=Man |volume=33 |pages=19–20 |issn=0025-1496}}</ref> == Mbiri na uko ŵakafuma == ŴaKamanga mu chaka cha 1400 ŵakati ŵafumako ku [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Repabuliki ya Demokilasi ya Kongo]] na kunjira mu Malawi, [[Nyasaland]], pasi pa ulongozgi wa [[Mwambulalubilo]]. Nga ni magulu ghanandi gha ŴaTumbuka, ŵakambuka milonga na nyanja pakupenja charu cha vunduchi chakuti ŵalimeko. == Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito == {{Reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ŴaKamanga}} [[Category:Bantu peoples]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Malawi]] 636hwx9qx8ypi7jmyvhc04vp3jww4l1 117980 117979 2026-07-26T10:10:50Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la Bantu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ŴaKamanga | native_name = ŴaKamanga | population = Ŵanthu 3.5 miliyoni (2024) | regions = [[Malawi]] (chomene [[Rumphi District|Chigaŵa cha Rumphi]] na [[Mzimba District|Chigaŵa cha Mzimba]]), [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]], Zambia | languages = [[Chitumbuka]] | religions = [[Chikhristu]], [[chisopa cha chikaya cha ku Africa]] | related = [[ŴaTumbuka]], [[ŴaHenga]], [[ŴaPhoka]], [[ŴaHewe]] }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaKamanga''' ni fuko la mtundu wa Bantu ilo lili mu gulu likuru la [[ŴaTumbuka]] la ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], [[Tanzania]] na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkonjera |first=Andrew |date=1911 |title=History of the Kamanga Tribe of Lake Nyasa: A Native Account |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/714645 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=10 |issue=39 |pages=331–341 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> Ŵali gulu likuru chomene mu [[ŴaTumbuka|ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] awo ŵakaŵa pamoza pasi pa muwusi yumoza wa [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1911-04-01 |title=HISTORY OF THE KAMANGA TRIBE OF LAKE NYASA: A NATIVE ACCOUNT |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101800 |journal=African Affairs |volume=X |issue=XXXIX |pages=331–341 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101800 |issn=0001-9909|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ŴaKamanga ŵakuyowoya [[Chitumbuka]] (Tumbuka) nga ni chiyowoyero chawo cha pakwamba,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Werner |first=A. |date=1933 |title=Review of Notes on the Speech of the Tumbuka-Kamanga Peoples in the Northern Province of Nyasaland; Notes on the History of the Tumbuka-Kamanga Peoples, T. Cullen Young |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716924 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=32 |issue=127 |pages=213–214 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> icho ntchiyowoyero cha Bantu cha kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera na pakati pa Africa. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa Kamanga sono (mwachiyelezgero cha chaka cha 2024) ntchakukwana ŵanthu pafupifupi 6,500,600 mu vyaru vyose vinayi. ŴaKamanga mu kumpoto na pakati pa Malawi ŵali kumwazikana mu vigaŵa vyose vya madera agha, kweni ŵakusangika chomene mu [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]], [[Mzimba District|Mzimba]], [[Kasungu District|Kasungu]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=S. |first=E. W. |date=1933 |editor-last=Young |editor-first=T. Cullen |title=16 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2789961 |journal=Man |volume=33 |pages=19–20 |issn=0025-1496}}</ref> == Mbiri na uko ŵakafuma == ŴaKamanga mu chaka cha 1400 ŵakati ŵafumako ku [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Repabuliki ya Demokilasi ya Kongo]] na kunjira mu Malawi, [[Nyasaland]], pasi pa ulongozgi wa [[Mwambulalubilo]]. Nga ni magulu ghanandi gha ŴaTumbuka, ŵakambuka milonga na nyanja pakupenja charu cha vunduchi chakuti ŵalimeko. == Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito == {{Reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ŴaKamanga}} [[Category:Bantu peoples]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Malawi]] s25qkhcji19l06tp2vpwil9vyjwo3ew 117981 117980 2026-07-26T10:11:05Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = ŴaKamanga | native_name = ŴaKamanga | population = Ŵanthu 3.5 miliyoni (2024) | regions = [[Malawi]] (chomene [[Rumphi District|Chigaŵa cha Rumphi]] na [[Mzimba District|Chigaŵa cha Mzimba]]), [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]], Zambia | languages = [[Chitumbuka]] | religions = [[Chikhristu]], [[chisopa cha chikaya cha ku Africa]] | related = [[ŴaTumbuka]], [[ŴaHenga]], [[ŴaPhoka]], [[ŴaHewe]] }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaKamanga''' ni fuko la mtundu wa Bantu ilo lili mu gulu likuru la [[ŴaTumbuka]] la ku [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], [[Tanzania]] na [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nkonjera |first=Andrew |date=1911 |title=History of the Kamanga Tribe of Lake Nyasa: A Native Account |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/714645 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=10 |issue=39 |pages=331–341 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> Ŵali gulu likuru chomene mu [[ŴaTumbuka|ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] awo ŵakaŵa pamoza pasi pa muwusi yumoza wa [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1911-04-01 |title=HISTORY OF THE KAMANGA TRIBE OF LAKE NYASA: A NATIVE ACCOUNT |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101800 |journal=African Affairs |volume=X |issue=XXXIX |pages=331–341 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a101800 |issn=0001-9909|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ŴaKamanga ŵakuyowoya [[Chitumbuka]] (Tumbuka) nga ni chiyowoyero chawo cha pakwamba,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Werner |first=A. |date=1933 |title=Review of Notes on the Speech of the Tumbuka-Kamanga Peoples in the Northern Province of Nyasaland; Notes on the History of the Tumbuka-Kamanga Peoples, T. Cullen Young |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/716924 |journal=Journal of the Royal African Society |volume=32 |issue=127 |pages=213–214 |issn=0368-4016}}</ref> icho ntchiyowoyero cha Bantu cha kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera na pakati pa Africa. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa Kamanga sono (mwachiyelezgero cha chaka cha 2024) ntchakukwana ŵanthu pafupifupi 6,500,600 mu vyaru vyose vinayi. ŴaKamanga mu kumpoto na pakati pa Malawi ŵali kumwazikana mu vigaŵa vyose vya madera agha, kweni ŵakusangika chomene mu [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]], [[Mzimba District|Mzimba]], [[Kasungu District|Kasungu]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=S. |first=E. W. |date=1933 |editor-last=Young |editor-first=T. Cullen |title=16 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2789961 |journal=Man |volume=33 |pages=19–20 |issn=0025-1496}}</ref> == Mbiri na uko ŵakafuma == ŴaKamanga mu chaka cha 1400 ŵakati ŵafumako ku [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Repabuliki ya Demokilasi ya Kongo]] na kunjira mu Malawi, [[Nyasaland]], pasi pa ulongozgi wa [[Mwambulalubilo]]. Nga ni magulu ghanandi gha ŴaTumbuka, ŵakambuka milonga na nyanja pakupenja charu cha vunduchi chakuti ŵalimeko. == Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito == {{Reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:ŴaKamanga}} [[Category:Bantu peoples]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Malawi]] q15tydp6dq51gjqpyi8qtcmal3lmp5t 0 48162 117982 2026-07-26T10:11:42Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Fuko la Bantu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaHenga''' ni fuko la mtundu wa Bantu ilo likuyowoya [[Chitumbuka]], ndipo likukolerana na kuŵa chigaŵa cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Cullen |date=1952 |title=The "Henga" People in Northern Nyasaland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29545659 |journal=The Nyasaland Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–37 |jstor=295..." 117982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la Bantu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaHenga''' ni fuko la mtundu wa Bantu ilo likuyowoya [[Chitumbuka]], ndipo likukolerana na kuŵa chigaŵa cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Cullen |date=1952 |title=The "Henga" People in Northern Nyasaland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29545659 |journal=The Nyasaland Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–37 |jstor=29545659 |issn=2221-4240}}</ref> ndipo ŵakusangika chomene mu [[Northern Region, Malawi|Kumpoto kwa Malawi]] mu vigaŵa vya [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]],<ref name=":0" /> kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, na kumwera kwa Tanzania.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Werner |first=A. |date=June 1924 |title=Notes on the Speech and History of the Tumbuka-Henga Peoples. By the Rev. T. Cullen Young, C.A. 7 × 5, pp. 223. Livingstonia: Mission Press, 1923. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/notes-on-the-speech-and-history-of-the-tumbukahenga-peoples-by-the-rev-t-cullen-young-ca-7-5-pp-223-livingstonia-mission-press-1923/616BA192304D866CB3F2E95AA404BD83 |journal=Bulletin of SOAS |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=568–569 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00148645 |issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mbiri == ŴaHenga ŵali na uko ŵakafuma limoza na ŴaTumbuka, ndipo ŵakufumira mu chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa [[Dwangwa River|Mlonga wa Dwangwa]] kumwera, [[North Rukuru River|Mlonga wa North Rukuru]] kumpoto, [[Lake Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Luangwa River|Mlonga wa Luangwa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=NYIRENDA |first1=SAULOS |last2=and YOUNG |first2=T. CULLEN |date=1931-01-01 |title=History of the Tumbuka-Henga People |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02561751.1931.9676251 |journal=Bantu Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–75 |doi=10.1080/02561751.1931.9676251 |issn=0256-1751|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nyirenda |first=Saulos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leAIYAAACAAJ |title=History of the Tumbuka-Henga People |date=1931 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |language=en}}</ref> == Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} [[Category:Bantu peoples]] [[Category:Tumbuka people]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Malawi]] l3lxhfjx733qwpnvo93pu3yq7jihibz 117983 117982 2026-07-26T10:12:14Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito */ 117983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la Bantu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaHenga''' ni fuko la mtundu wa Bantu ilo likuyowoya [[Chitumbuka]], ndipo likukolerana na kuŵa chigaŵa cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Cullen |date=1952 |title=The "Henga" People in Northern Nyasaland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29545659 |journal=The Nyasaland Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–37 |jstor=29545659 |issn=2221-4240}}</ref> ndipo ŵakusangika chomene mu [[Northern Region, Malawi|Kumpoto kwa Malawi]] mu vigaŵa vya [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]],<ref name=":0" /> kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, na kumwera kwa Tanzania.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Werner |first=A. |date=June 1924 |title=Notes on the Speech and History of the Tumbuka-Henga Peoples. By the Rev. T. Cullen Young, C.A. 7 × 5, pp. 223. Livingstonia: Mission Press, 1923. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/notes-on-the-speech-and-history-of-the-tumbukahenga-peoples-by-the-rev-t-cullen-young-ca-7-5-pp-223-livingstonia-mission-press-1923/616BA192304D866CB3F2E95AA404BD83 |journal=Bulletin of SOAS |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=568–569 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00148645 |issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mbiri == ŴaHenga ŵali na uko ŵakafuma limoza na ŴaTumbuka, ndipo ŵakufumira mu chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa [[Dwangwa River|Mlonga wa Dwangwa]] kumwera, [[North Rukuru River|Mlonga wa North Rukuru]] kumpoto, [[Lake Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Luangwa River|Mlonga wa Luangwa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=NYIRENDA |first1=SAULOS |last2=and YOUNG |first2=T. CULLEN |date=1931-01-01 |title=History of the Tumbuka-Henga People |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02561751.1931.9676251 |journal=Bantu Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–75 |doi=10.1080/02561751.1931.9676251 |issn=0256-1751|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nyirenda |first=Saulos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leAIYAAACAAJ |title=History of the Tumbuka-Henga People |date=1931 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |language=en}}</ref> == Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Chitumbuka]] [[Category:Mafuko gha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi]] oo9nbzxgx1hrvhb9v4jnlsaj6cgdo2i 117984 117983 2026-07-26T10:12:42Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la Bantu la ku Malawi na Zambia}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaHenga''' ni fuko la mtundu wa Bantu ilo likuyowoya [[Chitumbuka]], ndipo likukolerana na kuŵa chigaŵa cha [[ŴaTumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Cullen |date=1952 |title=The "Henga" People in Northern Nyasaland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29545659 |journal=The Nyasaland Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–37 |jstor=29545659 |issn=2221-4240}}</ref> ndipo ŵakusangika chomene mu [[Northern Region, Malawi|Kumpoto kwa Malawi]] mu vigaŵa vya [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]] na [[Karonga District|Karonga]],<ref name=":0" /> kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia, na kumwera kwa Tanzania.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Werner |first=A. |date=June 1924 |title=Notes on the Speech and History of the Tumbuka-Henga Peoples. By the Rev. T. Cullen Young, C.A. 7 × 5, pp. 223. Livingstonia: Mission Press, 1923. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/notes-on-the-speech-and-history-of-the-tumbukahenga-peoples-by-the-rev-t-cullen-young-ca-7-5-pp-223-livingstonia-mission-press-1923/616BA192304D866CB3F2E95AA404BD83 |journal=Bulletin of SOAS |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=568–569 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00148645 |issn=1474-0699|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Mbiri == ŴaHenga ŵali na uko ŵakafuma limoza na ŴaTumbuka, ndipo ŵakufumira mu chigaŵa icho chili pakati pa [[Dwangwa River|Mlonga wa Dwangwa]] kumwera, [[North Rukuru River|Mlonga wa North Rukuru]] kumpoto, [[Lake Malawi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] kumafumiro gha dazi, na [[Luangwa River|Mlonga wa Luangwa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=NYIRENDA |first1=SAULOS |last2=and YOUNG |first2=T. CULLEN |date=1931-01-01 |title=History of the Tumbuka-Henga People |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02561751.1931.9676251 |journal=Bantu Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–75 |doi=10.1080/02561751.1931.9676251 |issn=0256-1751|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nyirenda |first=Saulos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leAIYAAACAAJ |title=History of the Tumbuka-Henga People |date=1931 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |language=en}}</ref> == Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Ethnic groups in Malawi}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu]] [[Category:ŴaTumbuka]] [[Category:Mafuko gha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi]] tijyvstp4cyszw27yrhrqo25ar7hkxz 0 48163 117985 2026-07-26T10:14:53Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Fuko la mtundu wa ŵanthu ku kumpoto kwa Malawi}} {{Mbiri ya ŴaTumbuka sidebar}} '''ŴaTonga''' (ŵakuchemeka so '''ŴaNyasa Tonga''') ni [[fuko la mtundu wa ŵanthu]] ilo lili chigaŵa cha [[magulu na mphapu za ŴaTumbuka|gulu likuru la ŴaTumbuka]] ilo likukhala ku kumpoto kwa [[Malawi]] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay|Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay]]. ŴaNyasa Tonga ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake cha [[chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka|Chitumbuka]] icho chikucheme..." 117985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la mtundu wa ŵanthu ku kumpoto kwa Malawi}} {{Mbiri ya ŴaTumbuka sidebar}} '''ŴaTonga''' (ŵakuchemeka so '''ŴaNyasa Tonga''') ni [[fuko la mtundu wa ŵanthu]] ilo lili chigaŵa cha [[magulu na mphapu za ŴaTumbuka|gulu likuru la ŴaTumbuka]] ilo likukhala ku kumpoto kwa [[Malawi]] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay|Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay]]. ŴaNyasa Tonga ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake cha [[chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka|Chitumbuka]] icho chikuchemeka [[Chiyowoyero cha Tonga (Malawi)|Chitonga]]. Chiyowoyero chawo na [[ŴaTonga ŵa Zambia na Zimbabwe]] vili mu magulu ghakupambana gha viyowoyero vya Bantu ndipo vikukolerana yayi. ==Mbiri== ŴaTonga mbakukhalapo awo ŵali kufuma ku ŴaTumbuka. Apo ŴaNgoni ŵakafuma ku South Africa, awo ŵakachimbira ŵankhondo ŵa ŴaZulu, ŵakawukira chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]], ufumu ukagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri. Gulu limoza likuchemeka sono kuti ŴaTonga ndipo linyake likaŵa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]]. Kweni unenesko ngwakuti magulu ghaŵiri agha ngakufuma mu banja limoza, ndipo [[Glottolog]] yikuyika Chitonga na [[Chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka|Chitumbuka]] mu banja limoza la viyowoyero. == Chiyowoyero == Mwakuyana na kalembera wa mu 2018, pakaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 170,000 awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Malawi Tonga, icho ntchiyowoyero chinyake cha Chitumbuka.<ref>{{Ethnologue17|tog|Tonga|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, ŴaTonga ŵakasambira Chitumbuka ku masukulu chifukwa chikaŵa chimoza mwa viyowoyero vya boma la Malawi. ==Maukaboni== *Tew, Mary. "People of the Lake Nyasa Region". <references/> {{Magulu gha mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malawi}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] [[Category:Magulu gha mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malawi]] tactokmc1qjsmx8w1hit900bjb1rvuc 117986 117985 2026-07-26T10:15:05Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la mtundu wa ŵanthu ku kumpoto kwa Malawi}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaTonga''' (ŵakuchemeka so '''ŴaNyasa Tonga''') ni [[fuko la mtundu wa ŵanthu]] ilo lili chigaŵa cha [[magulu na mphapu za ŴaTumbuka|gulu likuru la ŴaTumbuka]] ilo likukhala ku kumpoto kwa [[Malawi]] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay|Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay]]. ŴaNyasa Tonga ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake cha [[chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka|Chitumbuka]] icho chikuchemeka [[Chiyowoyero cha Tonga (Malawi)|Chitonga]]. Chiyowoyero chawo na [[ŴaTonga ŵa Zambia na Zimbabwe]] vili mu magulu ghakupambana gha viyowoyero vya Bantu ndipo vikukolerana yayi. ==Mbiri== ŴaTonga mbakukhalapo awo ŵali kufuma ku ŴaTumbuka. Apo ŴaNgoni ŵakafuma ku South Africa, awo ŵakachimbira ŵankhondo ŵa ŴaZulu, ŵakawukira chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]], ufumu ukagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri. Gulu limoza likuchemeka sono kuti ŴaTonga ndipo linyake likaŵa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]]. Kweni unenesko ngwakuti magulu ghaŵiri agha ngakufuma mu banja limoza, ndipo [[Glottolog]] yikuyika Chitonga na [[Chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka|Chitumbuka]] mu banja limoza la viyowoyero. == Chiyowoyero == Mwakuyana na kalembera wa mu 2018, pakaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 170,000 awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Malawi Tonga, icho ntchiyowoyero chinyake cha Chitumbuka.<ref>{{Ethnologue17|tog|Tonga|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, ŴaTonga ŵakasambira Chitumbuka ku masukulu chifukwa chikaŵa chimoza mwa viyowoyero vya boma la Malawi. ==Maukaboni== *Tew, Mary. "People of the Lake Nyasa Region". <references/> {{Magulu gha mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malawi}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] [[Category:Magulu gha mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malawi]] poo5iw9jl5xt76k9ufy3pef7ne25q3a 117987 117986 2026-07-26T10:15:21Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Maukaboni */ 117987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Fuko la mtundu wa ŵanthu ku kumpoto kwa Malawi}} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''ŴaTonga''' (ŵakuchemeka so '''ŴaNyasa Tonga''') ni [[fuko la mtundu wa ŵanthu]] ilo lili chigaŵa cha [[magulu na mphapu za ŴaTumbuka|gulu likuru la ŴaTumbuka]] ilo likukhala ku kumpoto kwa [[Malawi]] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay|Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay]]. ŴaNyasa Tonga ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake cha [[chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka|Chitumbuka]] icho chikuchemeka [[Chiyowoyero cha Tonga (Malawi)|Chitonga]]. Chiyowoyero chawo na [[ŴaTonga ŵa Zambia na Zimbabwe]] vili mu magulu ghakupambana gha viyowoyero vya Bantu ndipo vikukolerana yayi. ==Mbiri== ŴaTonga mbakukhalapo awo ŵali kufuma ku ŴaTumbuka. Apo ŴaNgoni ŵakafuma ku South Africa, awo ŵakachimbira ŵankhondo ŵa ŴaZulu, ŵakawukira chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]], ufumu ukagaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri. Gulu limoza likuchemeka sono kuti ŴaTonga ndipo linyake likaŵa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]]. Kweni unenesko ngwakuti magulu ghaŵiri agha ngakufuma mu banja limoza, ndipo [[Glottolog]] yikuyika Chitonga na [[Chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka|Chitumbuka]] mu banja limoza la viyowoyero. == Chiyowoyero == Mwakuyana na kalembera wa mu 2018, pakaŵa ŵanthu pafupifupi 170,000 awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero cha Malawi Tonga, icho ntchiyowoyero chinyake cha Chitumbuka.<ref>{{Ethnologue17|tog|Tonga|accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya ukoloni, ŴaTonga ŵakasambira Chitumbuka ku masukulu chifukwa chikaŵa chimoza mwa viyowoyero vya boma la Malawi. ==Maukaboni== *Tew, Mary. "People of the Lake Nyasa Region". <references/> {{Tumbuka people}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu]] [[Category:ŴaTumbuka]] [[Category:Magulu gha mitundu ya ŵanthu mu Malawi]] tp4bilg716w6zz22nluo5xpf8k5k82m 0 48164 117990 2026-07-26T10:45:28Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Caro de Segeda moved page [[Ŵaphoka]] to [[ŴaPhoka]] 117990 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ŴaPhoka]] 8qspp2c2ot1pvqwmmt343bncuwv78ll 0 48165 117992 2026-07-26T10:46:51Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha ku Zambia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox festival | name = Vinkhakanimba | native_name = | image = | caption = | status = Chikulutilira | genre = Chiphikiro cha chikaya | frequency = Chaka chilichose | location = [[Muyombe, Mafinga]] District, [[Muchinga Province, Zambia]] | coordinates = | years_active =..." 117992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha ku Zambia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox festival | name = Vinkhakanimba | native_name = | image = | caption = | status = Chikulutilira | genre = Chiphikiro cha chikaya | frequency = Chaka chilichose | location = [[Muyombe, Mafinga]] District, [[Muchinga Province, Zambia]] | coordinates = | years_active = | patron = Fumu Yikuru Muyombe | participants = [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] ([[ŴaHenga|ŴaHenga]]/[[Ufumu wa Muyombe]]) | members = | sponsors = [[Boma la Zambia]] | website = }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''Vinkhakanimba''' (chikuchemeka so '''Vikamkanimba''', '''Vinkakanimba''' panji '''Vinkhamkanimba''') ni chiphikiro cha chikaya icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose cha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]], ndipo chikulongozgeka pasi pa mazaza gha Fumu Yikuru Muyombe mu malo gha Muyombe na vyakuzingilira mu [[Chigaŵa cha Mafinga]], [[Chigaŵa cha Muchinga, Zambia]], [[Zambia]].<ref name="Muchinga2024">{{cite web |title=Muchinga DPS Rev Chilekwa Graces Vinkhakanimba Ceremony |url=https://www.muc.gov.zm/?p=4093 |website=Muchinga Province Government (muc.gov.zm) |date=26 August 2024 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="MiA2016">{{cite web |title=Vikamkanimba Tribal Ceremony |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/vikamkanimba-tribal-ceremony |website=Music in Africa |date=14 June 2016 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> Chiphikiro ichi chikuŵa na kuvina kwa chikaya, nkhani za ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya na ŵantchito ŵa boma awo ŵachemekeka, kweniso viphikiro vya ŵanthu ivyo vikukolerana na umunthu wa ŴaTumbuka ku kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumbuka {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tumbuka |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == Mbiri == Vinkhakanimba chikamba mu vyaka vya kukwambilira vya m'ma 1600 pamanyuma pakuti ŴaTumbuka ŵamba kusazgikira kufuma mu [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]]. Kuvina uku kukuchitika na ŴaTumbuka ŵa ku Mafinga na vigaŵa vinyake vya [[Chigaŵa cha Isoka]]. === Mapelekero gha zina === Zina la chiphikiro ichi likuwoneka mu mapelekero ghakupambana nga ni ''Vinkhakanimba'', ''Vikamkanimba'', ''Vinkakanimba'' na ''Vinkhamkanimba'' mu manyuzipepara gha ku malo agha na mazina gha viphikiro. Malembero gha boma na gha chikaya ghakuzomera chiphikiro ichi pasi pa Fumu Yikuru Muyombe, ndipo mabuku gha vya sumu na chikaya ghakulongosora zina la ''Vikamkanimba'' nga ni zina linyake la chiphikiro chenechichi ku Muyombe.<ref name="Muchinga2024" /><ref name="MiA2016" /> == Malo, nyengo na awo ŵakuchitisa == Vinkhakanimba chikuchitika pasi pa ufumu wa Muyombe mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga. Mauthenga gha boma na malipoti gha chiphikiro ichi ghakulongora kuti malo ghakuru ghali mu Muyombe panji kufupi na Muyombe, ndipo kanandi chikuchitika kuumaliro kwa mwezi wa Ogasiti panji mu Seputembala, mwakuyana na ndondomeko za ku malo agha.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref name="MiA2016"/> Mawayilesi gha ku malo agha na vyombo vya nkhani vya chikaya vyakhala vikulongora chiphikiro ichi mwakudumura kufuma ku Chigaŵa cha Mafinga mu vyaka vyasono.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIVE: 2025 Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony of the Tumbuka people of Mafinga District |url=https://www.facebook.com/Isofmradio/videos/live-2025-vinkhakanimba-traditional-ceremony-of-the-tumbuka-people-of-mafinga-di/1475968600213460/ |website=ISO FM Radio (Facebook Live) |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VINKHAKANIMBA TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF THE TUMBUKA PEOPLE OF MUYOMBE, MAFINGA DISTRICT |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLEwu-C-UFM |website=YouTube (Cultural Heritage channel) |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> === Ndondomeko na kuvina === Ndondomeko ya chiphikiro ichi kanandi yikusazgapo ulendo wa ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya, kupokelera Fumu Yikuru Muyombe, na kuvina kwa magulu ghakufuma mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka. Mitundu ya kuvina iyo yikulongoreka kanandi ni [[Mganda dance|mganda]]/mapenenga na mitundu yinyake ya kuvina kwa mu chigaŵa, yakulongozgeka na kukoma ng'oma na kwimbana mazgu.<ref name="MiA2016"/> Mawayilesi na mauthenga gha pa malo gha intaneti ghakulongora kuvina mu malo ghakuru, magulu gha ŵanthu, na ŵalendo awo ŵakufuma ku ma ufumu ghakuzingilira.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lundazi Radio |date=2025 |title=Watch live: Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony |url=https://www.facebook.com/lundaziradio/videos/watch-live-vinkhakanimba-traditional-ceremony/1911187329449337/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Facebook Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Crown TV Zambia |date=2025 |title=Vinkakanimba Traditional Ceremony live coverage |url=https://www.facebook.com/crownTVzambia/posts/watch-live-vinkakanimba-traditional-ceremony-of-the-bayombe-people-of-mafinga-cr/1553657275444413/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Facebook}}</ref> == Kukhozga kwa chikaya == Kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Muyombe na chigaŵa chikuru icho chikuyowoya Chitumbuka, Vinkhakanimba chikuchita ntchito ya kusungilira na kusambizga chikaya, kuzomera mazaza gha ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya, na kukhozga umoza wa ŵanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la chigaŵa ŵalongosora kuti chiphikiro ichi ntchalo chakuti ŵanthu ŵasambizgikire vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, umoyo wa thupi, na kusungilira chikaya mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.muc.gov.zm/?p=3775 |title=Chief Pledges To Work With The UPND Government To |publisher=Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs, Zambia |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Muchinga2024"/> == Viphikiro vya vyaka vyasono == Mu vyaka vyasono, chiphikiro ichi chakhala chikulongoreka mwakudumura na mawailesi gha chigaŵa na masamba gha ŵanthu pa intaneti, ndipo chikulongora kwiza kwa Fumu Yikuru Muyombe na kuvina kwa magulu ghakuchemekeka. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti malo gha chiphikiro ghali mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa ufumu wakuzingilira na magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakukhalapo.<ref>{{cite web |title=(WATCH LIVE) Arrival of Chief Muyombe Temwanani at the main arena of this year's Vinkhakanimba |url=https://www.facebook.com/Chikfm.985/videos/watch-live-arrival-of-chief-muyombe-temwanani-at-the-main-arena-of-this-years-vi/1467842887890363/ |website=Chikaya FM (Facebook Live) |date=2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pictures from the Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony of His Royal Highness Chief Muyombe of Mafinga District |url=https://www.facebook.com/100079927432880/photos/755600190447555/ |website=Facebook Photos |date=2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Times of Zambia &#124; 30 cops pursue Mafinga hired assailants | url=https://www.times.co.zm/?p=119295 }}</ref> == Kukolerana na viphikiro vinyake vya ŴaTumbuka == Mu Zambia, Vinkhakanimba ntchimoza mwa viphikiro vinandi vya chaka chilichose ivyo vikukolerana na ŴaTumbuka, pamoza na [[Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha Kulonga]] (Chigaŵa cha Lundazi) na Zengani (chigaŵa cha Chasefu/Lundazi), ivyo navyo vikugwira ntchito nga ni malo gha kuvina, kulongora chikaya, na kusinthana kwa umanyi pakati pa magulu gha ŵanthu.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref name="MiA2016"/> == Wonaniso == * [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] == Maukaboni == {{reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha Vinkhakanimba}} [[Category:Vyakuchitika vya chaka chilichose mu Zambia]] [[Category:Viphikiro mu Zambia]] [[Category:Chikaya cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Muchinga]] [[Category:Kuvina kwa chikaya mu Zambia]] [[Category:Chikaya cha ŴaTumbuka]] 4mkxdt1e9gpxla0pgzpagdh9z8kh1wi 117993 117992 2026-07-26T10:47:03Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Wonaniso */ 117993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha ku Zambia}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox festival | name = Vinkhakanimba | native_name = | image = | caption = | status = Chikulutilira | genre = Chiphikiro cha chikaya | frequency = Chaka chilichose | location = [[Muyombe, Mafinga]] District, [[Muchinga Province, Zambia]] | coordinates = | years_active = | patron = Fumu Yikuru Muyombe | participants = [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka]] ([[ŴaHenga|ŴaHenga]]/[[Ufumu wa Muyombe]]) | members = | sponsors = [[Boma la Zambia]] | website = }} {{History of the Tumbuka people sidebar}} '''Vinkhakanimba''' (chikuchemeka so '''Vikamkanimba''', '''Vinkakanimba''' panji '''Vinkhamkanimba''') ni chiphikiro cha chikaya icho chikuchitika chaka chilichose cha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka|ŴaTumbuka]], ndipo chikulongozgeka pasi pa mazaza gha Fumu Yikuru Muyombe mu malo gha Muyombe na vyakuzingilira mu [[Chigaŵa cha Mafinga]], [[Chigaŵa cha Muchinga, Zambia]], [[Zambia]].<ref name="Muchinga2024">{{cite web |title=Muchinga DPS Rev Chilekwa Graces Vinkhakanimba Ceremony |url=https://www.muc.gov.zm/?p=4093 |website=Muchinga Province Government (muc.gov.zm) |date=26 August 2024 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="MiA2016">{{cite web |title=Vikamkanimba Tribal Ceremony |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/vikamkanimba-tribal-ceremony |website=Music in Africa |date=14 June 2016 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> Chiphikiro ichi chikuŵa na kuvina kwa chikaya, nkhani za ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya na ŵantchito ŵa boma awo ŵachemekeka, kweniso viphikiro vya ŵanthu ivyo vikukolerana na umunthu wa ŴaTumbuka ku kumpoto-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zambia.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tumbuka {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tumbuka |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == Mbiri == Vinkhakanimba chikamba mu vyaka vya kukwambilira vya m'ma 1600 pamanyuma pakuti ŴaTumbuka ŵamba kusazgikira kufuma mu [[Ufumu wa Nkhamanga]]. Kuvina uku kukuchitika na ŴaTumbuka ŵa ku Mafinga na vigaŵa vinyake vya [[Chigaŵa cha Isoka]]. === Mapelekero gha zina === Zina la chiphikiro ichi likuwoneka mu mapelekero ghakupambana nga ni ''Vinkhakanimba'', ''Vikamkanimba'', ''Vinkakanimba'' na ''Vinkhamkanimba'' mu manyuzipepara gha ku malo agha na mazina gha viphikiro. Malembero gha boma na gha chikaya ghakuzomera chiphikiro ichi pasi pa Fumu Yikuru Muyombe, ndipo mabuku gha vya sumu na chikaya ghakulongosora zina la ''Vikamkanimba'' nga ni zina linyake la chiphikiro chenechichi ku Muyombe.<ref name="Muchinga2024" /><ref name="MiA2016" /> == Malo, nyengo na awo ŵakuchitisa == Vinkhakanimba chikuchitika pasi pa ufumu wa Muyombe mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga. Mauthenga gha boma na malipoti gha chiphikiro ichi ghakulongora kuti malo ghakuru ghali mu Muyombe panji kufupi na Muyombe, ndipo kanandi chikuchitika kuumaliro kwa mwezi wa Ogasiti panji mu Seputembala, mwakuyana na ndondomeko za ku malo agha.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref name="MiA2016"/> Mawayilesi gha ku malo agha na vyombo vya nkhani vya chikaya vyakhala vikulongora chiphikiro ichi mwakudumura kufuma ku Chigaŵa cha Mafinga mu vyaka vyasono.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIVE: 2025 Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony of the Tumbuka people of Mafinga District |url=https://www.facebook.com/Isofmradio/videos/live-2025-vinkhakanimba-traditional-ceremony-of-the-tumbuka-people-of-mafinga-di/1475968600213460/ |website=ISO FM Radio (Facebook Live) |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=VINKHAKANIMBA TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF THE TUMBUKA PEOPLE OF MUYOMBE, MAFINGA DISTRICT |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLEwu-C-UFM |website=YouTube (Cultural Heritage channel) |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> === Ndondomeko na kuvina === Ndondomeko ya chiphikiro ichi kanandi yikusazgapo ulendo wa ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya, kupokelera Fumu Yikuru Muyombe, na kuvina kwa magulu ghakufuma mu chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka. Mitundu ya kuvina iyo yikulongoreka kanandi ni [[Mganda dance|mganda]]/mapenenga na mitundu yinyake ya kuvina kwa mu chigaŵa, yakulongozgeka na kukoma ng'oma na kwimbana mazgu.<ref name="MiA2016"/> Mawayilesi na mauthenga gha pa malo gha intaneti ghakulongora kuvina mu malo ghakuru, magulu gha ŵanthu, na ŵalendo awo ŵakufuma ku ma ufumu ghakuzingilira.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lundazi Radio |date=2025 |title=Watch live: Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony |url=https://www.facebook.com/lundaziradio/videos/watch-live-vinkhakanimba-traditional-ceremony/1911187329449337/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Facebook Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Crown TV Zambia |date=2025 |title=Vinkakanimba Traditional Ceremony live coverage |url=https://www.facebook.com/crownTVzambia/posts/watch-live-vinkakanimba-traditional-ceremony-of-the-bayombe-people-of-mafinga-cr/1553657275444413/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=Facebook}}</ref> == Kukhozga kwa chikaya == Kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu wa Muyombe na chigaŵa chikuru icho chikuyowoya Chitumbuka, Vinkhakanimba chikuchita ntchito ya kusungilira na kusambizga chikaya, kuzomera mazaza gha ŵalongozgi ŵa chikaya, na kukhozga umoza wa ŵanthu. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la chigaŵa ŵalongosora kuti chiphikiro ichi ntchalo chakuti ŵanthu ŵasambizgikire vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, umoyo wa thupi, na kusungilira chikaya mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.muc.gov.zm/?p=3775 |title=Chief Pledges To Work With The UPND Government To |publisher=Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs, Zambia |date=3 September 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Muchinga2024"/> == Viphikiro vya vyaka vyasono == Mu vyaka vyasono, chiphikiro ichi chakhala chikulongoreka mwakudumura na mawailesi gha chigaŵa na masamba gha ŵanthu pa intaneti, ndipo chikulongora kwiza kwa Fumu Yikuru Muyombe na kuvina kwa magulu ghakuchemekeka. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti malo gha chiphikiro ghali mu Chigaŵa cha Mafinga ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa ufumu wakuzingilira na magulu gha ŵanthu ŵakukhalapo.<ref>{{cite web |title=(WATCH LIVE) Arrival of Chief Muyombe Temwanani at the main arena of this year's Vinkhakanimba |url=https://www.facebook.com/Chikfm.985/videos/watch-live-arrival-of-chief-muyombe-temwanani-at-the-main-arena-of-this-years-vi/1467842887890363/ |website=Chikaya FM (Facebook Live) |date=2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pictures from the Vinkhakanimba Traditional Ceremony of His Royal Highness Chief Muyombe of Mafinga District |url=https://www.facebook.com/100079927432880/photos/755600190447555/ |website=Facebook Photos |date=2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Times of Zambia &#124; 30 cops pursue Mafinga hired assailants | url=https://www.times.co.zm/?p=119295 }}</ref> == Kukolerana na viphikiro vinyake vya ŴaTumbuka == Mu Zambia, Vinkhakanimba ntchimoza mwa viphikiro vinandi vya chaka chilichose ivyo vikukolerana na ŴaTumbuka, pamoza na [[Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha Kulonga]] (Chigaŵa cha Lundazi) na Zengani (chigaŵa cha Chasefu/Lundazi), ivyo navyo vikugwira ntchito nga ni malo gha kuvina, kulongora chikaya, na kusinthana kwa umanyi pakati pa magulu gha ŵanthu.<ref name="Muchinga2024"/><ref name="MiA2016"/> == Wonaniso == * [[ŴaTumbuka]] == Maukaboni == {{reflist}} {{Tumbuka people}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chiphikiro cha chikaya cha Vinkhakanimba}} [[Category:Vyakuchitika vya chaka chilichose mu Zambia]] [[Category:Viphikiro mu Zambia]] [[Category:Chikaya cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa]] [[Category:Chigaŵa cha Muchinga]] [[Category:Kuvina kwa chikaya mu Zambia]] [[Category:Chikaya cha ŴaTumbuka]] 1f5bkz4yddcsvw4ne7oho0dy1dypcwd 0 48166 117995 2026-07-26T10:53:34Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Short description|palije}} [[File:Nyika_National_Park,_Malawi_(2489516573).jpg | thumb | right]] <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> [[Malaŵi]], icho chikumanyikwa mwalamulo kuti Repabuliki ya Malaŵi, ni charu icho chili kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chikuchemeka so ''"Mtima Wakufunda wa Africa"'', chifukwa cha lusungu na ubwezi wa ŵanthu ŵake.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horner |first1=M..." 117995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} [[File:Nyika_National_Park,_Malawi_(2489516573).jpg | thumb | right]] <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> [[Malaŵi]], icho chikumanyikwa mwalamulo kuti Repabuliki ya Malaŵi, ni charu icho chili kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chikuchemeka so ''"Mtima Wakufunda wa Africa"'', chifukwa cha lusungu na ubwezi wa ŵanthu ŵake.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horner |first1=Marie-Josèphe |title=Malawi -The Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://sph.unc.edu/epid/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |website=UNC |publisher=UNC |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Malaŵi wali na malo ghanandi ghakukopa ŵalendo kusazgapo '''[[Nyanja ya Malawi]]''' (29,600&nbsp;km²)''',''' mapaki ghanandi gha chalo, malo ghakuvikililika gha vinyama, na '''[[Phiri la Mulanje|Phiri la Mulanje]]'''. Makampani gha vyalo vya ŵalendo mu Malaŵi ghakakura chomene kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1970, ndipo boma la [[Malaŵi]] likukhumba kulutiska panthazi chomene. Makampani agha ghakasuzgika chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma mu [[South Africa|Africa ya Kumwera]]—uko ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa Malaŵi ŵakufuma. Chigaŵa ichi chikasuzgikaso chomene chifukwa cha kusuzgika kwa [[Zimbabwe]], kweni mu vyaka vyasono chakura chomene na manambara ghaŵiri. Vyalo vya ŵalendo vikapeleka 4.5% ku [[Chuma cha Malaŵi|GDP ya charu]] mu 2014 ndipo vikapeleka ntchito 3.8% ya ntchito zose.<ref name="World Travel & Tourism Council">{{cite book|title=Travel&Tourism economic Impact 2014 Malawi|year=2014|pages=1}}</ref> ==Ulongozgi== Nduna ya vya vyalo vya ŵalendo [[Vera Kamtukule|Vera Kamtukele]] yikavumbura Dango liphya la vya vyalo vya ŵalendo la 2025 mu Epulero.<ref name=gnp>{{Cite web |last=Kasalika |first=John |date=2024-04-15 |title=Tourism sector has potential—minister |url=https://mwnation.com/tourism-sector-has-potential-minister/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Dango ili likapanga Malawi Tourism Authority na Malawi College of Tourism ndipo likayowoyeka kuti ndikusintha kukuru chomene kufuma mu 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ATTA |title=Malawi Ushers in New Era for Tourism with Landmark Legislation |url=https://atta.travel/resource/malawi-ushers-in-new-era-for-tourism-with-landmark-legislation.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=atta.travel |language=en}}</ref> Vyalo vya ŵalendo na mayendedwe vikupanga vyakujumpha 5% ya Gross National Product ya charu.<ref name=gnp/> == Malo ghakuru ghakukopa ŵalendo == [[Malaŵi]] wali na malo ghanandi ghakukopa ŵalendo, kusazgapo [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]], [[Phiri la Mulanje]] na [[Chigwa cha Zomba]]. Mapaki gha chalo nawo ni malo ghakuzirwa gha ŵalendo. Malo ghakumanyikwa chomene ghakusazgapo [[Malo ghakuvikililika gha Nyika]], [[Paki ya Chalo ya Kasungu]], na [[Paki ya Chalo ya Liwonde]]. [[Paki ya Chalo ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] nayo ni malo ghakuzirwa chifukwa yalembeka pa malo gha [[UNESCO|UNESCO gha chuma cha charu chose]] chifukwa cha mitundu yapadera ya vinyama na vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mwenemumo. Padera pa malo agha, vithuzithuzi vya pa malibwe ku [[Chongoni Rock Art Area|Chongoni]] ni malo ghanyake agho ŵalendo ŵakutemwa kuluta. Malo agha ghakulongora chikaya cha Malaŵi, chifukwa ghakulongora vithuzithuzi vya ŵalimi pa malibwe na vithuzithuzi vya BaTaw, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma mu nyengo ya Malibwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chongoni Rock-Art Area|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/476/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> == Mbeta == Malaŵi wali na mbeta zakupambanapambana uko ŵalendo ŵangawelako. Zinyake mwa mbeta zakumanyikwa chomene pa mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] ni Kande Beach na [https://www.malawitourism.com/regions/north-malawi/chintheche/ Chintheche Inn] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay|Nkhata Bay]]. Pali nyumba zinandi zakugonamo mumphepete mwa nyanja uko ŵalendo nawo ŵangasungamo nyengo yawo. Zinyake mwa malo ghakugonamo mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] ni Makokola Retreat mu [[Chigaŵa cha Mangochi|Mangochi]], Sunbird Livingstonia mu [[Chigaŵa cha Salima|Salima]], na ghanyake ghanandi. Apo ŵali ku mbeta za mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi]], ŵalendo ŵangachita maseŵero gha mu maji ghakupambanapambana nga ni kukwera boti la kayak, parasailing, kukwera boti la canoe, [[kusambira pasi pa maji|kusambira pasi pa maji]] na [[kuskiza pa maji|kuskiza pa maji]], panji ŵangawovweleraso kukora somba. == Chiphikiro cha Sumu cha Nyanja ya Nyenyezi == [[Chiphikiro cha Nyanja ya Nyenyezi|Chiphikiro cha Sumu cha Nyanja ya Nyenyezi]] ni konsati ya sumu iyo yikuchitika chaka chilichose mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]]. Chiphikiro cha Nyanja ya Nyenyezi ntchimoza mwa viphikiro vikuru vya sumu mu Africa, ndipo chikukopa ŵanthu pafupifupi 4000 ŵa ku malo agha na ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, kweniso ŵakwimba kufuma mu vyaru vya mu [[Africa]] na vyaru vinyake. Chiphikiro ichi chikambiska na Will Jameson mu 2004 ndipo kufuma apo chikumanyikwa na [[CNN]], ''The Mail & Guardian'' na ''The Independent.'' Chiphikiro cha sumu icho chikuchitika kanandi mu nyengo ya chihanya chikukoleraniska ŵalendo ŵa mu charu na ŵalendo ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ntchisimi cha ndalama mu makampani gha vya ulendo. == Mapaki gha Chalo == [[Malaŵi]] ni kwawo kwa mapaki ghanandi gha chalo agho ghali na vinyama vinandi, nga ni mphuzi za ku [[Paki ya Chalo ya Nyika]] na zovu za ku [[Paki ya Chalo ya Liwonde]]. [[Paki ya Chalo ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] kumwera ni malo gha [[UNESCO|chuma cha charu chose cha UNESCO]] ndipo muli mitundu yakujumpha chikwi ya somba na viyuni ivyo ni vyapadera mu mtima wakufunda wa Africa. Yili ku [[Cape Maclear]], Paki ya Chalo ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi ndiyo ni paki yimoza pera ya Malaŵi iyo yikajulika kuti ivikilire vyamoyo vyapadera vya mu maji na mitundu yinyake ya viyuni vya mu nyanja. == Maukaboni == {{wikivoyage|Malawi}} {{reflist}} == Mwakuyana na malo gha pa intaneti == 1. https://www.malawitourism.com 2. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-view-best-african-festivals/index.html <br /> {{Chuma cha Malawi}} {{Ulendo mu Africa}} {{Mitu ya Malawi}} [[Category:Ulendo mu Malawi| ]] [[Category:Ulendo mu Africa mwakuyana na charu|Malawi]] k5czd8c6ztkrbyp8vqo8bfhz7ezrnfl 117996 117995 2026-07-26T10:53:51Z Caro de Segeda 6393 117996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} [[File:Nyika_National_Park,_Malawi_(2489516573).jpg | thumb | right]] <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> [[Malaŵi]], icho chikumanyikwa mwalamulo kuti Repabuliki ya Malaŵi, ni charu icho chili kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chikuchemeka so ''"Mtima Wakufunda wa Africa"'', chifukwa cha lusungu na ubwezi wa ŵanthu ŵake.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horner |first1=Marie-Josèphe |title=Malawi -The Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://sph.unc.edu/epid/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |website=UNC |publisher=UNC |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Malaŵi wali na malo ghanandi ghakukopa ŵalendo kusazgapo '''[[Nyanja ya Malawi]]''' (29,600&nbsp;km²)''',''' mapaki ghanandi gha chalo, malo ghakuvikililika gha vinyama, na '''[[Phiri la Mulanje|Phiri la Mulanje]]'''. Makampani gha vyalo vya ŵalendo mu Malaŵi ghakakura chomene kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1970, ndipo boma la [[Malaŵi]] likukhumba kulutiska panthazi chomene. Makampani agha ghakasuzgika chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma mu [[South Africa|Africa ya Kumwera]]—uko ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵa Malaŵi ŵakufuma. Chigaŵa ichi chikasuzgikaso chomene chifukwa cha kusuzgika kwa [[Zimbabwe]], kweni mu vyaka vyasono chakura chomene na manambara ghaŵiri. Vyalo vya ŵalendo vikapeleka 4.5% ku [[Chuma cha Malaŵi|GDP ya charu]] mu 2014 ndipo vikapeleka ntchito 3.8% ya ntchito zose.<ref name="World Travel & Tourism Council">{{cite book|title=Travel&Tourism economic Impact 2014 Malawi|year=2014|pages=1}}</ref> ==Ulongozgi== Nduna ya vya vyalo vya ŵalendo [[Vera Kamtukule|Vera Kamtukele]] yikavumbura Dango liphya la vya vyalo vya ŵalendo la 2025 mu Epulero.<ref name=gnp>{{Cite web |last=Kasalika |first=John |date=2024-04-15 |title=Tourism sector has potential—minister |url=https://mwnation.com/tourism-sector-has-potential-minister/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Dango ili likapanga Malawi Tourism Authority na Malawi College of Tourism ndipo likayowoyeka kuti ndikusintha kukuru chomene kufuma mu 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ATTA |title=Malawi Ushers in New Era for Tourism with Landmark Legislation |url=https://atta.travel/resource/malawi-ushers-in-new-era-for-tourism-with-landmark-legislation.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=atta.travel |language=en}}</ref> Vyalo vya ŵalendo na mayendedwe vikupanga vyakujumpha 5% ya Gross National Product ya charu.<ref name=gnp/> == Malo ghakuru ghakukopa ŵalendo == [[Malaŵi]] wali na malo ghanandi ghakukopa ŵalendo, kusazgapo [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]], [[Phiri la Mulanje]] na [[Chigwa cha Zomba]]. Mapaki gha chalo nawo ni malo ghakuzirwa gha ŵalendo. Malo ghakumanyikwa chomene ghakusazgapo [[Malo ghakuvikililika gha Nyika]], [[Paki ya Chalo ya Kasungu]], na [[Paki ya Chalo ya Liwonde]]. [[Paki ya Chalo ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] nayo ni malo ghakuzirwa chifukwa yalembeka pa malo gha [[UNESCO|UNESCO gha chuma cha charu chose]] chifukwa cha mitundu yapadera ya vinyama na vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mwenemumo. Padera pa malo agha, vithuzithuzi vya pa malibwe ku [[Chongoni Rock Art Area|Chongoni]] ni malo ghanyake agho ŵalendo ŵakutemwa kuluta. Malo agha ghakulongora chikaya cha Malaŵi, chifukwa ghakulongora vithuzithuzi vya ŵalimi pa malibwe na vithuzithuzi vya BaTaw, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma mu nyengo ya Malibwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chongoni Rock-Art Area|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/476/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> == Mbeta == Malaŵi wali na mbeta zakupambanapambana uko ŵalendo ŵangawelako. Zinyake mwa mbeta zakumanyikwa chomene pa mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] ni Kande Beach na [https://www.malawitourism.com/regions/north-malawi/chintheche/ Chintheche Inn] mu [[Chigaŵa cha Nkhata Bay|Nkhata Bay]]. Pali nyumba zinandi zakugonamo mumphepete mwa nyanja uko ŵalendo nawo ŵangasungamo nyengo yawo. Zinyake mwa malo ghakugonamo mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] ni Makokola Retreat mu [[Chigaŵa cha Mangochi|Mangochi]], Sunbird Livingstonia mu [[Chigaŵa cha Salima|Salima]], na ghanyake ghanandi. Apo ŵali ku mbeta za mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malawi]], ŵalendo ŵangachita maseŵero gha mu maji ghakupambanapambana nga ni kukwera boti la kayak, parasailing, kukwera boti la canoe, [[kusambira pasi pa maji|kusambira pasi pa maji]] na [[kuskiza pa maji|kuskiza pa maji]], panji ŵangawovweleraso kukora somba. == Chiphikiro cha Sumu cha Nyanja ya Nyenyezi == [[Chiphikiro cha Nyanja ya Nyenyezi|Chiphikiro cha Sumu cha Nyanja ya Nyenyezi]] ni konsati ya sumu iyo yikuchitika chaka chilichose mumphepete mwa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi]]. Chiphikiro cha Nyanja ya Nyenyezi ntchimoza mwa viphikiro vikuru vya sumu mu Africa, ndipo chikukopa ŵanthu pafupifupi 4000 ŵa ku malo agha na ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, kweniso ŵakwimba kufuma mu vyaru vya mu [[Africa]] na vyaru vinyake. Chiphikiro ichi chikambiska na Will Jameson mu 2004 ndipo kufuma apo chikumanyikwa na [[CNN]], ''The Mail & Guardian'' na ''The Independent.'' Chiphikiro cha sumu icho chikuchitika kanandi mu nyengo ya chihanya chikukoleraniska ŵalendo ŵa mu charu na ŵalendo ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo ntchisimi cha ndalama mu makampani gha vya ulendo. == Mapaki gha Chalo == [[Malaŵi]] ni kwawo kwa mapaki ghanandi gha chalo agho ghali na vinyama vinandi, nga ni mphuzi za ku [[Paki ya Chalo ya Nyika]] na zovu za ku [[Paki ya Chalo ya Liwonde]]. [[Paki ya Chalo ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi]] kumwera ni malo gha [[UNESCO|chuma cha charu chose cha UNESCO]] ndipo muli mitundu yakujumpha chikwi ya somba na viyuni ivyo ni vyapadera mu mtima wakufunda wa Africa. Yili ku [[Cape Maclear]], Paki ya Chalo ya Nyanja ya Malaŵi ndiyo ni paki yimoza pera ya Malaŵi iyo yikajulika kuti ivikilire vyamoyo vyapadera vya mu maji na mitundu yinyake ya viyuni vya mu nyanja. == Maukaboni == {{wikivoyage|Malawi}} {{reflist}} == Mwakuyana na malo gha pa intaneti == 1. https://www.malawitourism.com 2. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/africa-view-best-african-festivals/index.html <br /> {{Economy of Malawi}} {{Tourism in Africa}} {{Malawi topics}} [[Category:Ulendo mu Malawi| ]] [[Category:Ulendo mu Africa mwakuyana na charu|Malawi]] cc10jymumm68ntl4s705fmvpznvv8zz 118002 117996 2026-07-26T10:57:27Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Redirected page to [[Vyaŵalendo mu Malaŵi]] 118002 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vyaŵalendo mu Malaŵi]] sq4kqllsi18idx35olkps405qf8cpmr 10 48167 117997 2026-07-26T10:54:12Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "{{Africa topic |name = Tourism in Africa |title = [[Tourism in Africa]] |prefix = Tourism in |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} }}<noinclude> {{Doc|content= ==See also== * [[:Category:Tourism in Africa]] [[Category:Africa navigational boxes]] [[Category:Travel and tourism navigational boxes|Africa]] }}</noinclude>" 117997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Africa topic |name = Tourism in Africa |title = [[Tourism in Africa]] |prefix = Tourism in |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} }}<noinclude> {{Doc|content= ==See also== * [[:Category:Tourism in Africa]] [[Category:Africa navigational boxes]] [[Category:Travel and tourism navigational boxes|Africa]] }}</noinclude> f4x4mnghw43bjs75vrln7ye2u9c338z 0 48168 118008 2026-07-26T11:26:30Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "'''Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Afilika''' yagawika mu nyengo za kale za ŵanthu, mbiri yake yakale, maufumu ghakuru agho ghakasambira na kukura, nyengo ya ukoloni, na nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni, iyo ndiyo yikapangiska vyaru ivyo vilipo sono. [[Kumwera kwa Afilika]] kuli na mphaka na [[Afilika ya Pakati]], [[Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya India]], na [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. Mipaka ya mu nyengo ya ukoloni yikuwoneka mu mipaka ya mazuŵa gh..." 118008 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Afilika''' yagawika mu nyengo za kale za ŵanthu, mbiri yake yakale, maufumu ghakuru agho ghakasambira na kukura, nyengo ya ukoloni, na nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni, iyo ndiyo yikapangiska vyaru ivyo vilipo sono. [[Kumwera kwa Afilika]] kuli na mphaka na [[Afilika ya Pakati]], [[Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya India]], na [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. Mipaka ya mu nyengo ya ukoloni yikuwoneka mu mipaka ya mazuŵa ghano pakati pa vyaru vya ku Kumwera kwa Afilika, ndipo kanandi yikajumpha pa mphaka za mitundu na chikaya, mwakugaŵa gulu limoza la mtundu wa ŵanthu pakati pa vyaru viŵiri panji vyakujumpha. ==Malo gha Charu== {{Zinandi|Malo gha Charu gha Africa}} [[File:2002 Satellite Image of Southern Africa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chithuzithuzi cha pa satellite]] cha [[Kumwera kwa Africa]].]] Chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa jangwa ichi ni [[steppe|chigaŵa cha udambo]], icho ntcha chikaŵa chichoko cha chiwawa, ndipo chikuchemeka [[Sahel]]. Ni chigaŵa cha nyengo na [[chigaŵa cha vyamoyo|vyamoyo]] cha [[ecotone|kusintha]] mu Africa pakati pa Jangwa la Sahara kumpoto na [[Savanna ya Sudan]] kumwera. Savanna ya Sudan ni lamba ukuru wa [[malo gha udambo gha mu nyengo yakotcha, masavanna na malo gha vithaka|savanna ya mu nyengo yakotcha]] iyo yikwenda mu [[Africa|charu cha Africa]], kufuma ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] kufika ku [[Mapiri gha Ethiopia]] mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]]. ==Nyengo== {{Zinandi|Nyengo ya Africa}} Mu vyaka 15,000 [[Pambere Pakaŵako sono|BP]], [[Mvula ya ku Africa ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] yikasintha malo gha [[Africa]] ndipo yikambiska nyengo ya [[Sahara Wakubiliwira]]; vula zinandi mu nyengo ya chihanya zikapangiska kuti malo gha maji (nga ni [[nyanja]], [[madambo]]) na masavanna (nga ni [[malo gha utheka]], [[malo gha vithaka]]) vikure mu [[Africa ya Kumpoto]].<ref name="Pausata">{{cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S.R. |display-authors=etal |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2016 |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 5500 BP na 4000 BP, nyengo ya Sahara Wakubiliwira yikamara.<ref name="Pausata" /> ==Mbiri ya Kale ya Ŵanthu== {{Kuru|Mbiri ya Kale ya Kumwera kwa Africa}} Kuŵa kwamba mu vyaka 170,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵanthu ŵa ku Kumwera kwa Africa ŵakaphikanga na kurya [[Hypoxis]] angustifolia [[mizu ya pasi]] ku [[Malo gha Malibwe gha Border]], [[Africa ya Kumwera]], ndipo vyakurya ivi vikwenera kuti vikapelekanga [[makarbohayidireti]] pa maulendo ghawo.<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |last3=D'Errico |first3=Francesco |last4=Sievers |first4=Christine |title=Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6473 |pages=87–91 |date=3 Jan 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5926 |pmid=31896717 |bibcode=2020Sci...367...87W |oclc=8527136604 |s2cid=209677578|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/142825 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mu vyaka 92,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵalimi ŵa vinyama na ŵakusaka ŵa ku Malawi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito [[Moto|mulilo]] kuti ŵasinthe malo agho ŵakakhalanga.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |display-authors=etal |title=Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=19 |date=5 May 2021 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf9776 |pmid=33952528 |pmc=8099189 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.9776T |oclc=9579895150 |s2cid=233871035}}</ref> Pakati pa 65,000 BP na 37,000 BP, mu nyengo yakusintha kufuma ku [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]] kuya ku [[Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro|Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro]], [[ŴaKhoisan|ŴaKhosani ŵa Kumwera kwa Africa]] ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito [[uta na mivi]].<ref name="Hitchcock">{{cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Robert K. |last2=Crowell |first2=Aron |last3=Brooks |first3=Alison |title=The ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting: A Case Study of ǂGi Pan, Western Ngamiland, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332529080 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=14 February 2019 |pages=119–144 |volume=36 |doi=10.1007/S10437-018-9319-X |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8031623872 |s2cid=166634393}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Butua=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Butua}} Pambere undaŵe chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Rozwi|Ufumu wa Rozwi]], fuko la Togwa likalamuliranga mu ufumu wa Butua m'paka mu chaka cha 1683 C.E.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Butua |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Butua |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Maravi=== {{Main|Maravi}} Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 16 C.E. na m'ma 19 C.E., maufumu gha Maravi (nga ni Undi, Lundu, na Kalonga) ghakasangwa na kukura chomene.<ref name="Newitt">{{cite book |last1=Newitt |first1=Malyn |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |year=2016 |pages=1–2 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ==Mbiri ya sono== ===Ufumu wa Merina=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Merina#Mbiri}} Kufika kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakakwaniska kutonda mafuko ghanyake gha pa chilwa ichi nga ni [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bezanozano|Bezanozano]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa Betsimisaraka|Betsimisaraka]], na ufumu wa Sakalava, ndipo ŵakaghazenga pasi pa ufumu wa Merina. Mu ndondomeko iyi mazina gha mtundu wakuti "Merina" ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, chifukwa ghakulongora kuŵa ŵakumanyikwa mu chiyowoyero cha [[Chiyowoyero cha Malagasy|Malagasy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Pier M.|date=1996|title=Desperately Seeking 'the Merina' (Central Madagascar): Reading Ethnonyms and Their Semantic Fields in African Identity Histories|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=22|issue=4|pages=541–560|doi=10.1080/03057079608708511|jstor=2637156|bibcode=1996JSAfS..22..541L |issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Nangauli vinyake vikulongosora kukura kwa Merina nga nkhuwunganiska Madagascar yose, mafuko agho ghakakhalanga pafupi nga ni Betsimisaraka ghakawonanga kukura uku nga ni nthowa ya kulamulira ŵanthu ŵanyake.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cole, Jennifer, 1966-|title=Forget colonialism?: sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92682-0 |oclc=49570321}}</ref> Mu 1824 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakatora doko la [[Mahajanga]] ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chilwa, ndipo ichi chikalongora kusazgikira kwa nkhongono zawo. Mu nyengo ya [[Radama I]], Ŵamerina ŵakalutilira kuchita nkhondo izo zikakuzga mazaza gha ufumu na kusazgira chuma cha ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari.<ref name="Campbell">{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|date=1981|title=Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=203–227|doi=10.1017/S0021853700019411|jstor=181583|s2cid=161991146 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa Merina ŵakakumana na kususkika kufuma ku ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbira ku ulamuliro wa ufumu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa masauzandi ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhalanga nga ni magulu ghakuwukira agho ghakasuskikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu awo ŵakakwendera ŵanthu aŵa mu 1835 C.E. Chomenechomene, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbiranga ukapangiska kuti pakhale khumbo likuru la ŵantchito ŵazga mu ufumu wa Merina, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nkhondo zakukuzga ufumu zilutilire.<ref name="Campbell" /> Mu pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., kukura kwa ufumu na kulamulira chomene malonda gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja vikapangiska kuti Merina ŵaŵe na mazaza ghakuru pa chilwa chose. Ufumu wa Merina ukakhala pafupi kuŵika Madagascar yose pasi pa ufumu umoza pambere [[Ukoloni wa France ku Madagascar|ukoloni wa France]] undambe mu 1895 C.E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Merina|title=Merina {{!}} people |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[File:Ranavalona III of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ranavalona III]] wakaŵa themba laumaliro la Madagascar.]] ===Ufumu wa Rozwi=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Rozwi#Mbiri}} Mabuku gha Ŵapwitikizi ghakulongora kuti Ŵarozwi ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakumanya chomene. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa ya [[kupanga msasa wa nkhondo wa nyanga za ng'ombe|nyanga za ng'ombe mu nkhondo]] vyaka vinandi pambere mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵazulu, [[Shaka]], wandayambe kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. Ŵarozwi, awo ŵakaŵa na mikondo, zishango, na mauta na mivi, ŵakatola chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe plateau.<ref name="brit1">{{cite news |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064305/Rozvi |title=Rozvi |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Ndwandwe=== {{Main|Ndwandwe}} Ufumu wa Ndwandwe ukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. chifukwa cha kusintha kwakupambanapambana kwa vya chuma, ndyali, na umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name="Ndlovu‐Gatsheni">{{cite book |last1=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first1=Sabelo J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Nguni empires |year=2016 |pages=1–8 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ===Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa=== {{Main|Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa}} Mwakuyana na Muzi Mthethwa (1995), Ŵamthethwa ŵakafuma ku mafuko gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]] gha kumpoto kwa Natal na [[Mapiri gha Lubombo|Mapiri gha Lubombo]], ndipo mtundu wawo wa sono ukamba kumanyikwa vyaka pafupifupi 700 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>Muzi Mthethwa (1995), "The History of abakwaMthethwa, Research Project", Department of History, University of Zululand.</ref> Ŵakaŵa pakati pa magulu ghakwambilira gha Nguni-Tsonga agho ghakafuma ku [[Maziŵa Ghakuru gha mu Africa|Maziŵa Ghakuru]] mu [[Central Africa|Africa ya pakati]] pakati pa 200 C.E. na 1200 C.E. Apo ŵakafika ku [[Southern Africa|Africa ya kumwera]], ŵakakhala pafupi na charu cha sono cha [[Eswatini]], chomenechomene pa [[Mapiri gha Lubombo]]. Pamanyuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 17 C.E. ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa cha sono cha [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mu chigaŵa cha [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]]. Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa na mafuko, mbumba, na maufumu ghachoko pafupifupi 30 gha Nguni. Mwakupambana na uyo wakiza pamanyuma, [[Ufumu wa Zulu]], Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa wupu wa maufumu ghakupambanapambana.<ref>Morris, page 42</ref> Pasi pa ulamuliro wa [[Dingiswayo]], ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukakhozgeka na kusazgikira. Themba ili likapanga ubwezi na [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tsonga|Ŵatsonga]] kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. ndipo likamba kuchita malonda gha [[minyanga ya njovu|minyanga ya njovu]] na vinthu vinyake na [[Portugal|Ŵapwitikizi]] mu [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mthethwa|title=Mthethwa - historical state, Africa |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Zulu=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Zulu#Mbiri}} [[Shaka]] wakaŵa mwana wa [[Senzangakhona]], themba la Ŵazulu, uyo wakababika cha mu nthengwa. Wakababika cha mu chaka cha 1787 C.E. Iyo na amama ŵake, [[Nandi (amama ŵa Shaka)|Nandi]], ŵakachimbizgika na Senzangakhona ndipo ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo mu [[Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa|Mthethwa]]. Shaka wakalwana nga ni msilikari pasi pa Jobe, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Dingiswayo, mulongozgi wa Mthethwa. Senzangakhona wati wafwa, Dingiswayo wakawovwira Shaka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Ufumu wa Zulu. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Dingiswayo chifukwa cha Zwide, themba la [[Ufumu wa Ndwandwe|Ndwandwe]], mu 1818 C.E., Shaka wakatora ulongozgi wa wupu wose wa Mthethwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?|url=https://www.historynet.com/shaka-zulu-africas-napoleon.htm|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|date=2017-03-14 |publisher=HistoryNet}}</ref> Shaka wakambiska masinthiro ghanandi gha vya nkhondo, vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, vya mitheto, na vya ndyali, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Zulu uwo ukaŵa wakulongozgeka mwakukhora. Kusintha kukuru chomene kukaŵa mu umo ŵasilikari ŵakenderanga, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ziphya za nkhondo na vilwero, kweniso kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵa vya mizimu, ŵamankhwala ŵa mizimu ([[sangoma]]), mwakuti ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha boma la Zulu. Wupu uwo ukaŵa pasi pa ulongozgi wake ukapona pa kuwukira kwakwamba kwa Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Phiri la Gqokli|Nkhondo ya Gqokli Hill]] mu 1818 C.E. Mu vyaka viŵiri, Shaka wakatonda Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Mhlatuze|Nkhondo ya Mhlatuze River]] mu 1820 C.E. ndipo wakaparanya wupu wa Ndwandwe. Ŵanyake mwa Ŵandwandwe ŵakamba ulendo wakukoma na kuwukira mafuko ghanyake gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]], ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Difaqane|Difaqane (Mfecane)]], uwo ukaŵa kusama kukuru kwa mafuko agho ghakachimbiranga ku maboma agho ghakasweka na nkhondo za Ŵazulu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu nyengo iyi chikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuti chikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni na 2 miliyoni, kweni manambara agha ghakususkika.<ref name="Walter1969">{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=978-0-19-501562-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=<nowiki>Charters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery)</nowiki>|year=1839|title=Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier|journal=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine |publisher=Henry Colburn|volume=1839, Part III|issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition</ref><ref name="Hanson2007">{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}</ref> Kufika mu 1822 C.E., Shaka wakaŵa walamulira ufumu uwo ukaŵa na malo pafupifupi {{convert|80000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}.<ref name="Gluckman">{{Cite journal|last=Gluckman|first=Max|author-link=Max Gluckman|date=1960|title=The Rise of a Zulu Empire|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-a-zulu-empire/|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=202|issue=4|page=162|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24940454|bibcode=1960SciAm.202d.157G |quote=By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chithuzithuzi cha Themba Shaka ({{circa}} 1824)]] ===Ufumu wa Mthwakazi=== {{Main|Mthwakazi#Kukhazikika kwa Mzilikazi mu Mthwakazi}} Mthwakazi ni zina lakale ilo likugwiliskirika ntchito pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa Ndebele na ufumu wa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵa Kumpoto|Ndebele]], uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha sono cha [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|title=Bulelani Lobengula crowned the Ndebele King|date=1 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51|title=Brief History of Mthwakazi (English)|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094724/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51}}</ref> Mthwakazi likugwiliskirikaso ntchito pakuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Matebeleland mu Zimbabwe.<ref>[http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 Mthwakazi Foundation Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 |date=2014-03-11 }} Retrieved 2012-08-09.</ref> ===Malonda gha ŵazga=== {{Further|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya India|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya Atlantic}} ===Nyengo ya ukoloni=== {{Main|Ukoloni wa Africa}} Mu 1652 C.E., [[Dutch East India Company]] yikakhazikiska malo gha ukoloni pafupi na [[Cape of Good Hope]] kuti yiwovwire nthowa ya malonda gha pa nyanja pakati pa Europe na Southeast Asia. Malo agha ghakakura kuŵa [[Cape Town]], ndipo ghakazgoka [[Dutch Cape Colony]]. Ukoloni wa Ŵadachi ukawukilika kaŵiri na Ŵabritishi; ulendo wakwamba ukaŵa mu 1795 C.E. mu [[kuwukira Cape Colony|kuwukira kwa Cape Colony]] uko kukaŵa chigaŵa cha nkhondo za French Revolutionary Wars, ndipo ulendo wachiŵiri ukaŵa mu 1806 C.E. pa [[Nkhondo ya Blaauwberg]] mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Napoleon. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwachiŵiri uku, Cape Colony yikazgoka koloni ya Britain mpaka apo [[Union ya South Africa]] yikapangika mu 1910 C.E. Kukhazikika kwa Cape Colony kukamba nyengo ya ukoloni mu Africa ya kumwera ndipo kukapereka nthowa ya [[Kugawana Africa|kugawika kwa Africa]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880 na kukhazikika kwa [[Maboma gha Boer|maboma gha Boer]] pamanyuma pa [[Ulendo Mukuru wa Boer|Great Trek]] mu 1836 C.E. Nyengo iyi yikawona kwiza kwa ŵanthu ŵaphya, matekinoloje, vyakumera, na vinyama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose, kweniso kusuzgika kwa maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵapo kale. ====Kugawana Africa==== {{Main|Kugawana Africa}} ===Nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni=== {{Further|Kuleka kwa ukoloni mu Africa|Africa ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni#Africa ya kumwera|Ukoloni uphya}} {{See also|Phangano la umoza wa ŵasilikari}} ==Mbiri ya Mapangidwe gha Nyumba mu Africa ya Kumwera== ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa]]:'' * [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Mapangidwe gha nyumba gha mu nyengo ya pakati mu Africa ya Kumwera]] ==Mbiri ya Sayansi na Tekinoloji mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Further||List of South African inventions and discoveries}} ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa]]:'' {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Sayansi ya nyenyezi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya pakati na ya kumwera|Masamu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 2|Mankhwala]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 3|Ulimi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 4|Kupanga salu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 5|Mapangidwe gha nyumba]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 6|Nkhondo]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 7|Mwakuyana na charu]] {{Div col end}} ==Mbiri ya vya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa#Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera}} ==Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera}} {{Further|Ŵanthu ŵa San#Majini|Ŵanthu ŵa Khoekhoe}} Kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]] kuya ku [[South Africa]], Ŵaafrica ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya [[viyowoyero vya Bantu]] ŵakulongora mphambano ya majini yakufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Kweniso, kufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] kulazga ku [[Africa ya kumwera]], ukaboni wa kufanana kwa majini ukulongora kuti pakaŵa kusama kwa ŵanthu na kusazgikana kwa mitundu pakati pa Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa apo kusama kwa Bantu kukafika ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Pfennig">{{cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |display-authors=etal |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 29, 2023 |volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=evad054 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |pmid=36987563 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/4/evad054/7092825 |pmc=10118306 |oclc=9817135458 |s2cid=257803764}}</ref> ===DNA ya ŵanthu ŵakale=== {{Further|Kusazgikana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakale na ŵanthu ŵasono#Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa mu Africa}} Nangauli mphapu za [[Denisovan]] na [[Neanderthal]] mu ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa Africa zikupulikikwa makora, ukaboni wa mphapu za ŵanthu ŵakale mu ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ngwachali kusimikizgika yayi ndipo ukukumana na mphindano.<ref name="Bergström">{{cite journal |last1=Bergström |first1=Anders |display-authors=etal |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |url=https://iranvarjavand.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/paperhub.ir10.1038@s41586-021-03244-5.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=229–237 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33568824 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |s2cid=231883210 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B}}</ref> ===DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale=== Ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa [[Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma|Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma]] awo ŵakaŵa ŵakukwima ŵakanyamura DNA yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa San awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha San.<ref name="Choudhury">{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ananyo |display-authors=etal |title=Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R56/6046806 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R56–R63 |date=April 2021 |pmid=33367711 |pmc=8117461 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa274}}</ref> Pambere kusama kwa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] kwinda mu chigaŵa ichi, nga umo DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale mu [[Botswana]] yikulongolera, ŵaliska ŵa vinyama ŵakufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] ŵakasamira ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Choudhury" /> Pa ŵalimi ŵa nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] ŵanayi ŵa Bantu awo ŵakafuma ku [[Africa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi]], ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵatsonga na Ŵavenda, ndipo ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵanyengo yamanyuma ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni. Ichi chikulongora kuti pakaŵa mayendedwe ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu pa nyengo ya kusama kwa Bantu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na Ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan ŵakumane na kusazgikana.<ref name="Choudhury" /> ====Botswana==== Ku Nqoma, mu [[Botswana]], munthu yumoza uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 900 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)#Haplogroup L2a1|haplogroup L2a1f]].<ref name="Wang">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |pmc=7292641 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref><ref name="Wang II">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2020/06/08/6.24.eaaz0183.DC1/aaz0183_SM.pdf |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |pmc=7292641 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref> Ku Taukome, mu [[Botswana]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1100 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1|E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3b1]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> Ku Xaro, mu [[Botswana]], mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1400 ivyo vyajumpha). Yumoza wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1a1c|E1b1a1a1c1a]] na [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)#Subclade distribution|L3e1a2]], ndipo munyake wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-Z827#E-V1515|E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k1a2]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> ====Malawi==== =====Fingira===== Ku malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha Fingira mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6179 BP na 2341 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M182|B2]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1]].<ref name="Lipson II">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |display-authors=etal |title=Extended Data Table 1 Ancient individuals analysed in this study: Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2022 |volume=603 |issue=7900 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04430-9 |pmid=35197631 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8907066 |oclc=9437356581 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..290L |s2cid=247083477}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6175 BP na 5913 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1b2b]].<ref name="Skoglund">{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu munyake uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6177 BP na 5923 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1c]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2676 BP na 2330 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0f]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Chencherere===== Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5400 BP na 4800 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5293 BP na 4979 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k1]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Hora===== Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,897 BP na 15,827 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b]] na [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,424 BP na 14,029 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b1a2~]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3/L0d3b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 10,000 BP na 5000 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 8173 BP na 7957 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0a2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Continuing with the Tumbuka Wikipedia style. I will keep all `[[ ]]` links completely in Tumbuka as requested. --- =====Ballito Bay===== {{Main|Ballito Bay}} Ku [[Ballito Bay|Malaŵi gha ku Ballito Bay]], ku [[South Africa|South Africa]], munthu munyake uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 1986 BP na 1831 BP wakaŵa na ma [[Haplogulu la Y-DNA|haplogulu]] gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2c1]].<ref name="Schlebusch">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28971970 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |s2cid=206663925 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S}}</ref><ref name="Schlebusch II">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf](https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf) |journal=Science |date=3 November 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |s2cid=206663925}}</ref> Munthu munyake wa ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2149 BP na 1932 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2a1]].<ref name="Schlebusch"/><ref name="Schlebusch II"/> Ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], mwana uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Ballito Boy, uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 1,980 ± 20 BP, wakasangika kuti wakaŵa na DNA ya [[Rickettsia felis]].<ref name="Rifkin">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref><ref name="Rifkin II">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Notes 1-7 for Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2,000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |url=[https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf) |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref> ===DNA ya kromozomu Y=== {{Further|Ma haplogulu gha Y-DNA mu ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Jangwa la Sahara}} Masambiro ghakupambanapambana gha [[Kromozomu Y|kromozomu Y]] ghakulongora kuti Ŵasan ŵali na ma haplogulu gha kromozomu Y agho ghakusangika kuŵa ghakale chomene pa charu chapasi. Ma haplogulu agha ni magulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A]] na [[Haplogulu B (Y-DNA)|B]], agho ni nthambi zakwambilira chomene mu mphyanga ya ubabika wa kromozomu Y wa ŵanthu.<ref name=j1>{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Alec |display-authors=etal |title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=464–473 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12646128 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1 |issn=0960-9822 |oclc=4931666146 |s2cid=52862939 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..464K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=MF |display-authors=etal |title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |date=July 2001 |pmid=11420360 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8092394585 |s2cid=28304418 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |display-authors=etal |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |journal=Investigative Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=6 |date=September 2010 |pmid=21092339 |pmc=2988483 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |oclc=5632083214 |s2cid=18243824 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===DNA ya mitochondria=== {{Further|DNA ya mitochondria ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa}} Mu vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 BP, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa (nga ni [[Ŵasan|Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa]]) awo ŵakaŵa na [[Haplogulu L0|haplogulu L0]] ŵakapambanika kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na haplogulu [[Haplogulu L1–6 (mtDNA)|L1′6]], awo ŵakukhala chomene kumpoto kwa [[Kumwera kwa Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]].<ref name="Sá">{{cite journal |last1=Sá |first1=Luísa |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=16 August 2022 |volume=23 |issue=16 |page=9219 |doi=10.3390/ijms23169219 |pmid=36012483 |issn=1661-6596 |pmc=9408831 |oclc=9627558751 |s2cid=251653686|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 130,000 BP na 75,000 BP, vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso gha mazuŵa ghano vikawoneka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Kumwera kwa Africa|Kumwera kwa Africa]], ndipo ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa chigaŵa cha Kumwera kwa Africa na [[Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa|Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa]] ukakhazikika.<ref name="Sá"/> Masambiro gha DNA ya mitochondria ghakulongoraso kuti Ŵasan ŵali na unandi ukuru wa nthambi zakale chomene za [[Haplogulu la DNA ya mitochondria|haplogulu ya DNA ya mitochondria]]. DNA iyi yikupokera kufuma kwa nyina pera. Haplogulu yakale chomene, [[Haplogulu L0|L0]], yikusangika chomene mu magulu gha Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa.<ref name=j1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Sheng |display-authors=etal |title=mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1362–1383 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10739760 |pmc=1288201 |doi=10.1086/302848 |oclc=679558953 |s2cid=31258611}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |display-authors=etal |title=History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2180–2195 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17656633 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8090974992 |s2cid=17282053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa |url=[https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197](https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197) |journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30 |issue=21 |pages=3657–3664 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19810027 |doi=10.1002/elps.200900197 |issn=0173-0835 |oclc=5151862048 |s2cid=19515426|url-access=subscription }}</ref> I’ll translate it into **Tumbuka** instead, while keeping all `[[ ]]` wiki links completely in Tumbuka as requested. I’ll continue in parts because the section is very long. === DNA ya thupi lose (Autosomal DNA) === Mu kafukufuku uyo ukafumiskika mu Malichi 2011, Brenna Henn na ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti Ŵa [[ǂKhomani San|ǂKhomani San]], kweniso Ŵa [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] na Ŵa [[Hadza people|Hadza]] ŵa ku [[Tanzania]], ŵakaŵa na kupambana kukuru kwa majini kuluska ŵanthu wose ŵanyake ŵamoyo awo ŵakasandikwa mu kafukufuku uyu. Kupambana kukuru uku kwa majini kukulongora kuti ndiko kukwenera kuŵa uko [[anatomically modern humans|ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵa thupi lakukwana]] ŵakambira.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |display-authors=etal |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–5162 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |jstor=41125668 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5154H |issn=0027-8424 |oclc=9529060694 |s2cid=12423756 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American|Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group|Nature Publishing Group]] |url=[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/) |issn=0036-8733 |oclc=1775222}}</ref> === DNA ya vya matenda (Medical DNA) === Pakati pa DNA yakale yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusanga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vya chilengedwe (hunter-gatherers) ndipo ŵakaŵa na kufanana kwa majini na [[San people|Ŵa San]], kweniso ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age, ma [[SNPs|SNP]] ghawo ghakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na [[sleeping sickness|matenda gha tsetse fly]] na [[Plasmodium vivax]].<ref name="Pfeiffer">{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Susan |title=Disease as a Factor in the African Archaeological Record |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=487–490 |year=2020 |pmid=32863518 |pmc=7445818 |doi=10.1007/s10437-020-09405-7 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8671686339 |s2cid=221320841}}</ref> Mwakudumura, ŵaŵiri pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na matenda gha tsetse fly, ndipo ŵatatu pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵakaŵa na [[Human genetic resistance to malaria#Duffy antigen receptor negativity|mitundu ya Duffy negative]] iyo yikovwira kulimbana na [[malaria]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Mwakupambana na ŵalimi ŵa Iron Age, pakati pa ŵasakaji ŵakale awo ŵakaŵa paubali na Ŵa San, mwana munyamata wa vyaka 6 wakwenera kuti wakafwa chifukwa cha [[schistosomiasis|matenda gha mphutsi za mu maji]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Ku [[Botswana]], mwanalume uyo wakukhala mu nyengo ya vyaka pafupifupi 1400 BP, wakwenera kuti wakaŵa na mtundu wa Duffy negative uwo ukovwira kulimbana na malaria.<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> ### Kusintha kwa majini mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (Genetic adaptation) Ma genome gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa agho kanandi ghakusangika kuti ghali na **kusintha kwakukhwaskana na chilengedwe (adaptation)** ghakukhwaska chomene **DNA yakulongozga umo majini ghakugwilira ntchito (regulatory DNA)**. Milandu yinandi ya kusintha uku mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yikukolerana na **vyakurya, umo thupi likugwilira ntchito (physiology),** kweniso **mphinjika za kusankha kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha matenda (evolutionary pressure from pathogens)**.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[Sub-Saharan Africa|vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa chipalamba cha Sahara]], kusintha kwa majini (mwachiyelezgero, kusintha kwa **rs334**, [[Duffy blood group|gulu la ndopa la Duffy]], kuchuluka kwa [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|kupereŵera kwa G6PD]], na [[sickle cell disease|matenda gha sickle cell]]) kwakukhwaskana na [[malaria]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Kusintha uku kukwenera kuti kukamba kuchitika pafupifupi vyaka 7300 BP ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Sub-Saharan Africa|kumwera kwa Sahara]] ŵali na kupitilira 90% ya mtundu wa majini wa [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy-null]].<ref name="Wonkam">{{cite journal |last1=Wonkam |first1=Ambroise |last2=Adeyemo |first2=Adebowale |title=Leveraging our common African origins to understand human evolution and health |journal=Cell Genomics |date=March 8, 2023 |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=100278 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100278 |pmid=36950382 |url=[https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X(23)00038-1.pdf](https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X%2823%2900038-1.pdf) |pmc=10025516 |s2cid=257458855}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Kalahari Desert|chipalamba cha Kalahari]] mu Africa, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kusintha kwa majini (nga ni [[adiponectin]], [[body mass index|chiyezo cha uzito wa thupi]], na [[metabolism|umo thupi likusinthira vyakurya kuŵa nkhongono]]) yasangika pakati pa Ŵa [[ǂKhomani people|ǂKhomani]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[South Africa|South Africa]], kusintha kwa majini (nga ni rs28647531 pa [[Chromosome 4|chromosome 4q22]]) kweniso kutambuzgika chomene na [[Tuberculosis#Risk factors|TB]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa [[Coloureds|Coloured]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> --- ## Ndondomeko ya nyengo ya malo gha vinthu vya kale na mitheto ya ŵanthu (Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites) * [[Lomekwi]] (vyaka 3,300,000 BP)<ref name="Berwick">{{cite book |last1=Berwick |first1=Robert C. |last2=Chomsky |first2=Noam |title=Why Only Us: Language and Evolution |date=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-262-03424-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}})</ref> * [[Taung]] (vyaka 3,030,000 BP)<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite web |last1=Kuhn |first1=Brian F. |display-authors=etal |title=Renewed investigations at Taung; 90 years after the discovery of Australopithecus africanus |url=[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y](http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) |publisher=Palaeontologia africana}}</ref> * [[Sterkfontein]] (vyaka 2,800,000 BP)<ref name="Pickering">{{cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Robyn |last2=Kramers |first2=Jan D. |title=Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein hominin site, South Africa |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=70–86 |url=[https://www.academia.edu/446925](https://www.academia.edu/446925) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.014 |pmid=20605190 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59...70P }}</ref> * [[Drimolen]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers">{{cite web |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=[http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf](http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf) |publisher=Quaternary International}}</ref> * [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai malo gha mafupa gha zakale]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers" /> * [[Cooper's Cave]] (vyaka 1,900,000 BP)<ref name="Steininger">{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=A partial skull of Paranthropus robustus from Cooper's Cave, South Africa |issue=3–4 |pages=143–146 |url=[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014](http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014) |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=April 2008 |volume=104 }}</ref> * [[Canteen Kopje]] (vyaka 1,890,000 BP)<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Patricia |display-authors=etal |title=Canteen Kopje: a new look at an old skull |issue=1–2 |pages=01–09 |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=January 2012 |volume=108 |doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i1/2.738 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Swartkrans]] (vyaka 1,800,000 BP)<ref name="D'Errico">{{cite web |last1=D'Errico |first1=Francesco |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |title=Possible Evidence of Bone Tool Shaping by Swartkrans Early Hominids |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936) |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Motsetsi]] (vyaka 1,640,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berger">{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=L.R. |last2=Lacruz |first2=R. |title=Preliminary report on the firstexcavations at the new fossil siteof Motsetse, Gauteng, South Africa |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC97627 |publisher=South African Journal of Science}}</ref> * [[Wonderwerk Cave]] (vyaka 1,000,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berna">{{cite web |last1=Berna |first1=Francesco |title=Microstratigraphic evidence of in situfire in theAcheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/20/E1215.full.pdf |publisher=Francesco Berna |ref=PNAS}}</ref> * [[Amanzi Springs archaeological site]] ([[Pleistocene chapakati]])<ref name="Petraglia">{{cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael |title=The large cutting tools from the South African Acheulean and the question of social traditions |issue=5 |page=653 |url=https://www.academia.edu/471301 |journal=Current Anthropology|year=2004 |volume=45 |doi=10.1086/423973 |s2cid=163124683 }}</ref> * [[Rising Star Cave]] (vyaka 414,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Dirks">{{cite journal |last1=Dirks |first1=Paul HGM |display-authors=etal |title=The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa |year=2017 |volume=6 |journal=eLife|doi=10.7554/eLife.24231 |pmid=28483040 |pmc=5423772 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Kalambo Falls]] (vyaka 300,000 BP – 200,000 BP)<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=J.D. |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site: Volume 3, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age |date=1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-0-521-20071-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYGwagdt9MQC&dq=%22Kalambo+Falls%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PP14}}</ref> * [[Duinefontein]] (vyaka 290,000 BP)<ref name="Cruz-Uribe">{{cite web |last1=Cruz-Uribe |first1=Kathryn |display-authors=etal |title=Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223255530 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Gladysvale Cave]] (vyaka 257,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |display-authors=etal |title=Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223705742 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site]] (vyaka 200,000 BP)<ref name="Kuman">{{cite web |last1=Kuman |first1=K. |last2=Clarke |first2=R. |title=Florisbad—New investigations at a middle stone age Hominid Site in South Africa |url=http://hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/sites/hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/files/kuman_1986_-_new_investigations_at_florisbad.pdf |publisher=Geoarchaeology}}</ref> * [[Mumbwa Caves]] (vyaka 194,000 BP – 124,000 BP)<ref name="Avery">{{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=D.M. |title=Early and Middle Pleistocene environments and hominid biogeography; micromammalian evidence from Kabwe, Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves in central Zambia |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101820200593X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=189 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00593-X |bibcode=2003PPP...189...55A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Pinnacle Point]] (vyaka 164,000 BP)<ref name="Marean">{{cite web |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=The stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age sediments at Pinnacle PointCave 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa) |url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Marean-et-al-2010-JHE.pdf |publisher=Journal of Human Evolution}}</ref> * [[Hoedjiespunt]] (vyaka 130,000 BP)<ref name="Kyriacou">{{cite journal |last1=Kyriacou |first1=K. |title=Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa |year=2015 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030544031500031X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=57 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.018 |bibcode=2015JArSc..57..197K |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngalue]] (vyaka 105,000 BP)<ref name="Mercader">{{cite journal |last1=Mercader |first1=Julio |display-authors=etal |title=Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248409000633 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.03.005 |pmid=19487015 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...63M |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Blombos Cave]] (vyaka 84,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Backwell II">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |last2=D'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Wadley |first3=Lyn |title=Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Stillbay]] (vyaka 80,000 BP)<ref name="Lovell">{{cite web |last1=Lovell |first1=Nancy C |last2=Palichuk |first2=Kimberley E. |title=Task activity and tooth wear in a woman of ancient Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331309201 |publisher=Bioarchaeology of Marginalized People}}</ref> * [[Howieson's Poort Shelter]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Zenobia |display-authors=etal |title=Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23441925 |journal=Science|year=2008 |volume=322 |issue=5902 |pages=733–735 |doi=10.1126/science.1162219 |pmid=18974351 |bibcode=2008Sci...322..733J |hdl=1885/32902 |s2cid=206514762 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> * [[Mousteroid]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 50,000 BP)<ref>O. Davies (1964)</ref><ref>J. D. Clark (1967)</ref> * Peers Cave (vyaka 75,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Howiesons Poort]] (vyaka 68,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Gibson">{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=N. E. |last2=Wadley |first2=L. |last3=Williamson |first3=B. S. |title=Microscopic residues as evidence of hafting on backed tools from the 60 000 to 68 000 year-old Howiesons Poort layers of Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.902.9496&rep=rep1&type=pdf |publisher=Southern African Humanities|citeseerx=10.1.1.902.9496 }}</ref> * [[Boomplaas Cave]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Pargeter">{{cite web |last1=Pargeter |first1=Justin |title=New ages from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, provideincreased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene humanbehavioural variability |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |publisher=Azania: Archaeological Research In Africa}}</ref> * [[Klasies River Caves]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]] (vyaka 65,000 BP)<ref name="Verna">{{cite journal |last1=Verna |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=The Middle Stone Age human remains from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa) |year=2013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440313001350 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3532–3541 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.011 |bibcode=2013JArSc..40.3532V |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Plovers Lake]] (vyaka 62,900 BP)<ref name="Brophy">{{cite journal |last1=Brophy |first1=Juliet |display-authors=etal |title=Faunal assemblage composition and paleoenvironment of Plovers Lake, a Middle Stone Age locality in Gauteng Province, South Africa |year=2008 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1102–1117 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9373821 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.011 |pmid=18954892 |bibcode=2008JHumE..55.1102D }}</ref> * [[Sibudu Cave]] (vyaka 61,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Fauresmith (industry)]] (vyaka 60,300 BP – 32,600 BP)<ref name="Herries">{{cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |title=A Chronological Perspective on the Acheulian and ItsTransition to the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa:The Question of the Fauresmith |date=2011 |url=https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/961401.pdf |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.4061/2011/961401 |doi-access=free |pmid=21785711 |pmc=3139141 }}</ref> * [[Border Cave]] (vyaka 58,200 BP)<ref name="Bird">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=M.I. |display-authors=etal |title=Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60 ka BP at Border Cave, South Africa |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379103000052 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=22 |issue=8–9 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00005-2 |bibcode=2003QSRv...22..943B |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngwenya Mine]] (vyaka 43,000 BP)<ref name="Watling">{{cite web |last1=Watling |first1=Sarah Elizabeth |title=What Does The Mine Have To Tell Us? Art As A Reclamation Streategy In The Post-Mined Landscape Of The Oldest Known Mine In The World, Ngwenya Mine Swaziland |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/14237/Watling_umd_0117N_14329.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> * [[Apollo 11 Cave]] (vyaka 30,000 BP)<ref name="Haaland">{{cite web |last1=Haaland |first1=Magnus |display-authors=etal |title=Pleistocene Figurative Art Mobilier From Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, Southern Namibia |url=https://www.academia.edu/14617050 |publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Elands Bay Cave]] (vyaka 19,398 BP)<ref name="Porraz">{{cite web |last1=Porraz |first1=Guillaume |display-authors=etal |title=A shape to the microlithic Robberg from Elands BayCave (South Africa) |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02517687/document |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Tsodilo]] (vyaka 14,500 BP)<ref name="Robbins">{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Lawrence H. |display-authors=etal |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The"Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bd0e66f8d97400eb0099556/t/5bddf66f40ec9a449daf1e88/1541273199732/Nyame+Akuma+Issue+067-Robbins.pdf |publisher=Nyame Akuma}}</ref> * [[Mwela Rock Paintings]] (vyaka 10,820 BP)<ref name="Muianga">{{cite web |last1=Muianga |first1=Décio |title=Rock Art and Ancient Material Culture of Cahora Bassa Dam, Tete Province, Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279443446 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Kalemba Rockshelter]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 8,000 BP)<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Joshua R. |last2=Rowan |first2=John |title=Holocene paleoenvironmental change in southeastern Africa (Makwe Rockshelter, Zambia): Implications for the spread of pastoralism |year=2017 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=156 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.030 |bibcode=2017QSRv..156...57R |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Matsieng Footprints]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 3000 BP)<ref name="Matsieng">{{cite web |title=Matsieng Footprints |url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |publisher=Botswana Tourism Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725080508/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |archive-date=2010-07-25 }}</ref> * [[Nelson Bay Cave]] (vyaka 9000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * Jubilee Shelter (vyaka 8500 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Twyfelfontein]] (vyaka 5850 BP)<ref name="Imalwa">{{cite web |last1=Imalwa |first1=Emma |title=Analysis of the Management of Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site, Namibia |url=https://repositorio.utad.pt/bitstream/10348/6089/1/phd_eimalwa.pdf |publisher=Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro}}</ref> * [[Rose Cottage Cave]] (vyaka 4000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[The White Lady (Namibia)|The White Lady]] (3000 B.C.E. – 1500 B.C.E.)<ref name="Dubow">{{cite web |last1=Dubow |first1=Saul |title=Henri Breuil And The Imagination Of Prehistory:'Mixing Up Rubble, Trouble And Stratification' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735840 |publisher=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series}}</ref> * [[Mussel Point]] (vyaka 3500 BP)<ref name="Jerardino">{{cite web |last1=Jerardino |first1=Antonieta |title=Mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations: the archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292257945 |publisher=Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap}}</ref> * [[Byneskranskop]] (vyaka 3200 BP – 1500 BP)<ref name="Bräuer">{{cite book |last1=Bräuer |first1=Günter |last2=Friedrich |first2=Wilhelm Rösing |title=Afrika II: Südafrika: Human biological history of southern Africa. Le peuplement de Madagascar |date=Dec 3, 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-486-82584-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7N6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bambandyanalo%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PA6}}</ref> * [[Driekops Eiland]] (vyaka 2500 BP)<ref name="Morris">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=David Roger Neacalbann McIntyre |title=Driekopseiland and "the rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving site |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58912508.pdf |publisher=University of Western Cape}}</ref> * [[Bambata Cave]] (mu chaka cha 215 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=The stylistic origin of Bambata and the spread of mixed farming in southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264852616 |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Ziwa]] (vyaka 1630 BP)<ref name="Huffman II">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The Origin and Spread of Social Complexity in Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248572439 |publisher=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology}}</ref> * [[Chibuene]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E.)<ref name="Robertshaw">{{cite web |last1=Robertshaw |first1=Peter |display-authors=etal |title=Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century AD port in southern Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265050510 |publisher=The South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Toutswemogala Hill]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E. – 19 C.E.)<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> * [[Leopard's Kopje]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 750 C.E. – 800 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman III">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron age of Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248579741 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Bambandyanalo]] (mu chaka cha 1000 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Great Zimbabwe]] (mu chaka cha 1300 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman IV">{{cite journal |last1=Huffman |first1=Tom |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7500155 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=28 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1016/J.JAA.2008.10.004 }}</ref> * [[Domboshaba]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1600 C.E.)<ref name="De Wit">{{cite journal |last1=De Wit |first1=Michiel C. J. |title=Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artefacts to Lesedi La Rona |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |bibcode=2018MinPe.112....7D |hdl=2263/64747 |s2cid=189943118 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Majojo]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1650 C.E.)<ref name="Ossola">{{cite book |last1=Ossola |first1=Paola |last2=Grechi |first2=Daniele |title=Botswana Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development A Handbook of Theory and Practice |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |page=253 |isbn=978-1-5275-4956-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkfhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Majojo+1300-1650+AD&pg=PA253}}</ref> * [[Mbande Hill]] (vyaka 600 BP)<ref name="Seitsonen">{{cite web |last1=Seitsonen |first1=Oula |title=Lithics After Stone Age In East Africa Wadh Lang'o Case Study |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19613/lithicsa.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |publisher=University Of Helsinki Institute For Cultural Studies}}</ref> * [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1370 C.E. – 1410 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Manyikeni]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 14 C.E.)<ref name="Jopela">{{cite web |last1=Jopela |first1=Albino Pereira de Jesus |title=Traditional Custodianship Of Rock Art Sites In Southern Africa: A Case Study From Central Mozambique |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8878/MA%20Thesis%20-%20Jopela.pdf?sequence=2 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Khami]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1450 C.E. – 1820 C.E.)<ref name="Chirikure">{{cite journal |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |display-authors=etal |title=New Pathways of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Africa |year=2013 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3?shared-article-renderer |journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=339–366 |doi=10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3 |s2cid=254192991 |hdl=2263/41780 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Dzata ruins]] (pambere pa chaka cha 1600 C.E.)<ref name="Swanepoel">{{cite book |last1=Swanepoel |first1=Natalie |last2=Esterhuysen |first2=Amanda |title=Five Hundred Years Rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects |date=Aug 1, 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-77614-228-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjZjDwAAQBAJ&q=dzata&pg=PT8}}</ref> * [[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="Bokoni">{{cite web |title=The Bokoni story unearthed |date=26 February 2015 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-26-the-bokoni-story-unearthed/ |publisher=Mail & Guardian Online}}</ref> * [[Ingombe Ilede]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="McIntosh">{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |last2=Fagan |first2=Brian M. |title=Re-dating the Ingombe Ilede burials |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/redating-the-ingombe-ilede-burials/E15825A560157DBC4389DD416013A859 |journal=Antiquity|volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1069–1077 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Danangombe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1650 C.E. – 1815 C.E.)<ref name="Pikirayi">{{cite book |last1=Pikirayi |first1=Innocent |title=The Zimbabwe Culture Origins and Decline of Social Complexity in Southern Zambezian States |date=2002 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-585-38649-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ2aAAAAQBAJ&q=Danangombe}}</ref> * [[Burchell's Shelter]] (pamanyuma pa 1660 C.E.)<ref name="Vogel">{{cite web |last1=Vogel |first1=J.C. |display-authors=etal |title=Pretoria Radiocarbon Dates III |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/469F44D9DB5C543B6285300463751FF4/S003382220002018Xa.pdf/pretoria_radiocarbon_dates_iii.pdf |publisher=Radiocarbon}}</ref> * [[Mamuno Monument]] (vyaka 200 BP)<ref name="Litherland">{{cite journal |last1=Litherland |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Rock Engravings from Mamuno |year=1975 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=7 |pages=19–28 |jstor=40979420 }}</ref> * [[Kaditshwene]] (mu chaka cha 1790 C.E.)<ref name="Boeyens">{{cite web |last1=Boeyens |first1=J.C.A. |last2=Plug |first2=I. |title='A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all therefuse': the faunal remains from the central court middenat Kaditshwene |url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4190/BOEYENS-high-res.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Annals Of The Ditsong National Museum Of Natural History}}</ref> * [[Bumbusi National Monument]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 18 C.E.)<ref name="Haynes">{{cite web |last1=Haynes |first1=Gary |title=Puzzling over the Bumbusi Spoor Engravings in Zimbabwe |work=Paper presented at SAA annual meeting |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2916049 |publisher=SAA}}</ref> * [[Tlokwe Ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Anderson">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Mark Steven |title=The historical archaeology of Marothodi: towards an understanding of space, identity and the organisation of production at an early 19th century Tlokwa capital in the Pilansberg region of South Africa |date=2009 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8924 |publisher=University of Cape Town}}</ref> * [[Old Palapye]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Reid">{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Lane |first2=Paul J. |title=African Historical Archaeologies |date=Nov 30, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&q=Old+Palapye&pg=PA1}}</ref> * [[Dundo]] (mu chaka cha 1912 C.E.)<ref name="Bednarski">{{cite web |last1=Bednarski |first1=Cezary M |title=Urbanisation in Africa –Taking Angola as an Example |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/2010-2019/2016/Session_559/C_Bednarski_.IABSE-Geneva_09.2015.pdf |publisher=IABSE Conference –Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenge}}</ref> ===Mndandanda wa mitundu ya vya m'mabwinja na malo gha m'mbiri=== * [[Mapanga gha Cango]] * [[Jiso la Kuruman]] * [[Maji ghakotcha gha Gwisho]] * [[Chuma cha Western Cape]] * [[Malo gha m'mabwinja gha Kathu]] * [[ǁKhauxaǃnas]] * [[Pango la Kogelbeen]] * [[Mission ya Kolobeng]] * [[Mabwinja gha Kweneng]] * [[Magosian]] * [[Makapansgat]] * [[Malapa Fossil Site, Mlonga wa Umo Ŵanthu Ŵakafumira]] * [[Pango la Melkhoutboom]] * [[Melville Koppies]] * [[Naletale]] * [[Malo gha myala yakuzizima gha Nooitgedacht]] * [[Ulamuliro wa vya chiharo cha Northern Cape]] * [[Mafunde gha Nyambwezi]] * [[Malo gha visulo vya Paternoster]] * [[Sangoan]] * [[Schoemansdal, Limpopo]] * [[Nyumba za myala za Sedan za nga njuchi]] * [[Malo gha vithuzithuzi vya pa myala gha Wildebeest Kuil]] * [[Pango la Witsie (Lekhalong la Witsie)]] ==Wonani so== *[[Mndandanda wa maufumu mu Africa mu nyengo yakale#Kummwera kwa Africa]] ==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira== {{reflist}} {{Africa topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Africa mwakuyana na chigaŵa]] [[Category:Africa iyo yili pasi pa Sahara]] [[Category:Mbiri ya chilengedwe ya Africa]] ejm6wfvosq31pmdd7ei91knwtnmvx30 118009 118008 2026-07-26T11:27:07Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* Hora */ 118009 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Afilika''' yagawika mu nyengo za kale za ŵanthu, mbiri yake yakale, maufumu ghakuru agho ghakasambira na kukura, nyengo ya ukoloni, na nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni, iyo ndiyo yikapangiska vyaru ivyo vilipo sono. [[Kumwera kwa Afilika]] kuli na mphaka na [[Afilika ya Pakati]], [[Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya India]], na [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. Mipaka ya mu nyengo ya ukoloni yikuwoneka mu mipaka ya mazuŵa ghano pakati pa vyaru vya ku Kumwera kwa Afilika, ndipo kanandi yikajumpha pa mphaka za mitundu na chikaya, mwakugaŵa gulu limoza la mtundu wa ŵanthu pakati pa vyaru viŵiri panji vyakujumpha. ==Malo gha Charu== {{Zinandi|Malo gha Charu gha Africa}} [[File:2002 Satellite Image of Southern Africa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chithuzithuzi cha pa satellite]] cha [[Kumwera kwa Africa]].]] Chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa jangwa ichi ni [[steppe|chigaŵa cha udambo]], icho ntcha chikaŵa chichoko cha chiwawa, ndipo chikuchemeka [[Sahel]]. Ni chigaŵa cha nyengo na [[chigaŵa cha vyamoyo|vyamoyo]] cha [[ecotone|kusintha]] mu Africa pakati pa Jangwa la Sahara kumpoto na [[Savanna ya Sudan]] kumwera. Savanna ya Sudan ni lamba ukuru wa [[malo gha udambo gha mu nyengo yakotcha, masavanna na malo gha vithaka|savanna ya mu nyengo yakotcha]] iyo yikwenda mu [[Africa|charu cha Africa]], kufuma ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] kufika ku [[Mapiri gha Ethiopia]] mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]]. ==Nyengo== {{Zinandi|Nyengo ya Africa}} Mu vyaka 15,000 [[Pambere Pakaŵako sono|BP]], [[Mvula ya ku Africa ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] yikasintha malo gha [[Africa]] ndipo yikambiska nyengo ya [[Sahara Wakubiliwira]]; vula zinandi mu nyengo ya chihanya zikapangiska kuti malo gha maji (nga ni [[nyanja]], [[madambo]]) na masavanna (nga ni [[malo gha utheka]], [[malo gha vithaka]]) vikure mu [[Africa ya Kumpoto]].<ref name="Pausata">{{cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S.R. |display-authors=etal |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2016 |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 5500 BP na 4000 BP, nyengo ya Sahara Wakubiliwira yikamara.<ref name="Pausata" /> ==Mbiri ya Kale ya Ŵanthu== {{Kuru|Mbiri ya Kale ya Kumwera kwa Africa}} Kuŵa kwamba mu vyaka 170,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵanthu ŵa ku Kumwera kwa Africa ŵakaphikanga na kurya [[Hypoxis]] angustifolia [[mizu ya pasi]] ku [[Malo gha Malibwe gha Border]], [[Africa ya Kumwera]], ndipo vyakurya ivi vikwenera kuti vikapelekanga [[makarbohayidireti]] pa maulendo ghawo.<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |last3=D'Errico |first3=Francesco |last4=Sievers |first4=Christine |title=Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6473 |pages=87–91 |date=3 Jan 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5926 |pmid=31896717 |bibcode=2020Sci...367...87W |oclc=8527136604 |s2cid=209677578|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/142825 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mu vyaka 92,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵalimi ŵa vinyama na ŵakusaka ŵa ku Malawi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito [[Moto|mulilo]] kuti ŵasinthe malo agho ŵakakhalanga.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |display-authors=etal |title=Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=19 |date=5 May 2021 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf9776 |pmid=33952528 |pmc=8099189 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.9776T |oclc=9579895150 |s2cid=233871035}}</ref> Pakati pa 65,000 BP na 37,000 BP, mu nyengo yakusintha kufuma ku [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]] kuya ku [[Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro|Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro]], [[ŴaKhoisan|ŴaKhosani ŵa Kumwera kwa Africa]] ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito [[uta na mivi]].<ref name="Hitchcock">{{cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Robert K. |last2=Crowell |first2=Aron |last3=Brooks |first3=Alison |title=The ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting: A Case Study of ǂGi Pan, Western Ngamiland, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332529080 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=14 February 2019 |pages=119–144 |volume=36 |doi=10.1007/S10437-018-9319-X |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8031623872 |s2cid=166634393}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Butua=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Butua}} Pambere undaŵe chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Rozwi|Ufumu wa Rozwi]], fuko la Togwa likalamuliranga mu ufumu wa Butua m'paka mu chaka cha 1683 C.E.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Butua |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Butua |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Maravi=== {{Main|Maravi}} Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 16 C.E. na m'ma 19 C.E., maufumu gha Maravi (nga ni Undi, Lundu, na Kalonga) ghakasangwa na kukura chomene.<ref name="Newitt">{{cite book |last1=Newitt |first1=Malyn |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |year=2016 |pages=1–2 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ==Mbiri ya sono== ===Ufumu wa Merina=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Merina#Mbiri}} Kufika kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakakwaniska kutonda mafuko ghanyake gha pa chilwa ichi nga ni [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bezanozano|Bezanozano]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa Betsimisaraka|Betsimisaraka]], na ufumu wa Sakalava, ndipo ŵakaghazenga pasi pa ufumu wa Merina. Mu ndondomeko iyi mazina gha mtundu wakuti "Merina" ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, chifukwa ghakulongora kuŵa ŵakumanyikwa mu chiyowoyero cha [[Chiyowoyero cha Malagasy|Malagasy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Pier M.|date=1996|title=Desperately Seeking 'the Merina' (Central Madagascar): Reading Ethnonyms and Their Semantic Fields in African Identity Histories|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=22|issue=4|pages=541–560|doi=10.1080/03057079608708511|jstor=2637156|bibcode=1996JSAfS..22..541L |issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Nangauli vinyake vikulongosora kukura kwa Merina nga nkhuwunganiska Madagascar yose, mafuko agho ghakakhalanga pafupi nga ni Betsimisaraka ghakawonanga kukura uku nga ni nthowa ya kulamulira ŵanthu ŵanyake.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cole, Jennifer, 1966-|title=Forget colonialism?: sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92682-0 |oclc=49570321}}</ref> Mu 1824 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakatora doko la [[Mahajanga]] ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chilwa, ndipo ichi chikalongora kusazgikira kwa nkhongono zawo. Mu nyengo ya [[Radama I]], Ŵamerina ŵakalutilira kuchita nkhondo izo zikakuzga mazaza gha ufumu na kusazgira chuma cha ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari.<ref name="Campbell">{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|date=1981|title=Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=203–227|doi=10.1017/S0021853700019411|jstor=181583|s2cid=161991146 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa Merina ŵakakumana na kususkika kufuma ku ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbira ku ulamuliro wa ufumu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa masauzandi ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhalanga nga ni magulu ghakuwukira agho ghakasuskikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu awo ŵakakwendera ŵanthu aŵa mu 1835 C.E. Chomenechomene, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbiranga ukapangiska kuti pakhale khumbo likuru la ŵantchito ŵazga mu ufumu wa Merina, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nkhondo zakukuzga ufumu zilutilire.<ref name="Campbell" /> Mu pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., kukura kwa ufumu na kulamulira chomene malonda gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja vikapangiska kuti Merina ŵaŵe na mazaza ghakuru pa chilwa chose. Ufumu wa Merina ukakhala pafupi kuŵika Madagascar yose pasi pa ufumu umoza pambere [[Ukoloni wa France ku Madagascar|ukoloni wa France]] undambe mu 1895 C.E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Merina|title=Merina {{!}} people |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[File:Ranavalona III of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ranavalona III]] wakaŵa themba laumaliro la Madagascar.]] ===Ufumu wa Rozwi=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Rozwi#Mbiri}} Mabuku gha Ŵapwitikizi ghakulongora kuti Ŵarozwi ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakumanya chomene. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa ya [[kupanga msasa wa nkhondo wa nyanga za ng'ombe|nyanga za ng'ombe mu nkhondo]] vyaka vinandi pambere mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵazulu, [[Shaka]], wandayambe kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. Ŵarozwi, awo ŵakaŵa na mikondo, zishango, na mauta na mivi, ŵakatola chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe plateau.<ref name="brit1">{{cite news |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064305/Rozvi |title=Rozvi |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Ndwandwe=== {{Main|Ndwandwe}} Ufumu wa Ndwandwe ukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. chifukwa cha kusintha kwakupambanapambana kwa vya chuma, ndyali, na umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name="Ndlovu‐Gatsheni">{{cite book |last1=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first1=Sabelo J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Nguni empires |year=2016 |pages=1–8 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ===Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa=== {{Main|Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa}} Mwakuyana na Muzi Mthethwa (1995), Ŵamthethwa ŵakafuma ku mafuko gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]] gha kumpoto kwa Natal na [[Mapiri gha Lubombo|Mapiri gha Lubombo]], ndipo mtundu wawo wa sono ukamba kumanyikwa vyaka pafupifupi 700 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>Muzi Mthethwa (1995), "The History of abakwaMthethwa, Research Project", Department of History, University of Zululand.</ref> Ŵakaŵa pakati pa magulu ghakwambilira gha Nguni-Tsonga agho ghakafuma ku [[Maziŵa Ghakuru gha mu Africa|Maziŵa Ghakuru]] mu [[Central Africa|Africa ya pakati]] pakati pa 200 C.E. na 1200 C.E. Apo ŵakafika ku [[Southern Africa|Africa ya kumwera]], ŵakakhala pafupi na charu cha sono cha [[Eswatini]], chomenechomene pa [[Mapiri gha Lubombo]]. Pamanyuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 17 C.E. ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa cha sono cha [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mu chigaŵa cha [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]]. Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa na mafuko, mbumba, na maufumu ghachoko pafupifupi 30 gha Nguni. Mwakupambana na uyo wakiza pamanyuma, [[Ufumu wa Zulu]], Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa wupu wa maufumu ghakupambanapambana.<ref>Morris, page 42</ref> Pasi pa ulamuliro wa [[Dingiswayo]], ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukakhozgeka na kusazgikira. Themba ili likapanga ubwezi na [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tsonga|Ŵatsonga]] kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. ndipo likamba kuchita malonda gha [[minyanga ya njovu|minyanga ya njovu]] na vinthu vinyake na [[Portugal|Ŵapwitikizi]] mu [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mthethwa|title=Mthethwa - historical state, Africa |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Zulu=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Zulu#Mbiri}} [[Shaka]] wakaŵa mwana wa [[Senzangakhona]], themba la Ŵazulu, uyo wakababika cha mu nthengwa. Wakababika cha mu chaka cha 1787 C.E. Iyo na amama ŵake, [[Nandi (amama ŵa Shaka)|Nandi]], ŵakachimbizgika na Senzangakhona ndipo ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo mu [[Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa|Mthethwa]]. Shaka wakalwana nga ni msilikari pasi pa Jobe, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Dingiswayo, mulongozgi wa Mthethwa. Senzangakhona wati wafwa, Dingiswayo wakawovwira Shaka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Ufumu wa Zulu. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Dingiswayo chifukwa cha Zwide, themba la [[Ufumu wa Ndwandwe|Ndwandwe]], mu 1818 C.E., Shaka wakatora ulongozgi wa wupu wose wa Mthethwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?|url=https://www.historynet.com/shaka-zulu-africas-napoleon.htm|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|date=2017-03-14 |publisher=HistoryNet}}</ref> Shaka wakambiska masinthiro ghanandi gha vya nkhondo, vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, vya mitheto, na vya ndyali, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Zulu uwo ukaŵa wakulongozgeka mwakukhora. Kusintha kukuru chomene kukaŵa mu umo ŵasilikari ŵakenderanga, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ziphya za nkhondo na vilwero, kweniso kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵa vya mizimu, ŵamankhwala ŵa mizimu ([[sangoma]]), mwakuti ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha boma la Zulu. Wupu uwo ukaŵa pasi pa ulongozgi wake ukapona pa kuwukira kwakwamba kwa Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Phiri la Gqokli|Nkhondo ya Gqokli Hill]] mu 1818 C.E. Mu vyaka viŵiri, Shaka wakatonda Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Mhlatuze|Nkhondo ya Mhlatuze River]] mu 1820 C.E. ndipo wakaparanya wupu wa Ndwandwe. Ŵanyake mwa Ŵandwandwe ŵakamba ulendo wakukoma na kuwukira mafuko ghanyake gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]], ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Difaqane|Difaqane (Mfecane)]], uwo ukaŵa kusama kukuru kwa mafuko agho ghakachimbiranga ku maboma agho ghakasweka na nkhondo za Ŵazulu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu nyengo iyi chikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuti chikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni na 2 miliyoni, kweni manambara agha ghakususkika.<ref name="Walter1969">{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=978-0-19-501562-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=<nowiki>Charters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery)</nowiki>|year=1839|title=Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier|journal=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine |publisher=Henry Colburn|volume=1839, Part III|issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition</ref><ref name="Hanson2007">{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}</ref> Kufika mu 1822 C.E., Shaka wakaŵa walamulira ufumu uwo ukaŵa na malo pafupifupi {{convert|80000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}.<ref name="Gluckman">{{Cite journal|last=Gluckman|first=Max|author-link=Max Gluckman|date=1960|title=The Rise of a Zulu Empire|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-a-zulu-empire/|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=202|issue=4|page=162|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24940454|bibcode=1960SciAm.202d.157G |quote=By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chithuzithuzi cha Themba Shaka ({{circa}} 1824)]] ===Ufumu wa Mthwakazi=== {{Main|Mthwakazi#Kukhazikika kwa Mzilikazi mu Mthwakazi}} Mthwakazi ni zina lakale ilo likugwiliskirika ntchito pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa Ndebele na ufumu wa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵa Kumpoto|Ndebele]], uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha sono cha [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|title=Bulelani Lobengula crowned the Ndebele King|date=1 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51|title=Brief History of Mthwakazi (English)|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094724/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51}}</ref> Mthwakazi likugwiliskirikaso ntchito pakuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Matebeleland mu Zimbabwe.<ref>[http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 Mthwakazi Foundation Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 |date=2014-03-11 }} Retrieved 2012-08-09.</ref> ===Malonda gha ŵazga=== {{Further|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya India|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya Atlantic}} ===Nyengo ya ukoloni=== {{Main|Ukoloni wa Africa}} Mu 1652 C.E., [[Dutch East India Company]] yikakhazikiska malo gha ukoloni pafupi na [[Cape of Good Hope]] kuti yiwovwire nthowa ya malonda gha pa nyanja pakati pa Europe na Southeast Asia. Malo agha ghakakura kuŵa [[Cape Town]], ndipo ghakazgoka [[Dutch Cape Colony]]. Ukoloni wa Ŵadachi ukawukilika kaŵiri na Ŵabritishi; ulendo wakwamba ukaŵa mu 1795 C.E. mu [[kuwukira Cape Colony|kuwukira kwa Cape Colony]] uko kukaŵa chigaŵa cha nkhondo za French Revolutionary Wars, ndipo ulendo wachiŵiri ukaŵa mu 1806 C.E. pa [[Nkhondo ya Blaauwberg]] mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Napoleon. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwachiŵiri uku, Cape Colony yikazgoka koloni ya Britain mpaka apo [[Union ya South Africa]] yikapangika mu 1910 C.E. Kukhazikika kwa Cape Colony kukamba nyengo ya ukoloni mu Africa ya kumwera ndipo kukapereka nthowa ya [[Kugawana Africa|kugawika kwa Africa]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880 na kukhazikika kwa [[Maboma gha Boer|maboma gha Boer]] pamanyuma pa [[Ulendo Mukuru wa Boer|Great Trek]] mu 1836 C.E. Nyengo iyi yikawona kwiza kwa ŵanthu ŵaphya, matekinoloje, vyakumera, na vinyama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose, kweniso kusuzgika kwa maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵapo kale. ====Kugawana Africa==== {{Main|Kugawana Africa}} ===Nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni=== {{Further|Kuleka kwa ukoloni mu Africa|Africa ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni#Africa ya kumwera|Ukoloni uphya}} {{See also|Phangano la umoza wa ŵasilikari}} ==Mbiri ya Mapangidwe gha Nyumba mu Africa ya Kumwera== ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa]]:'' * [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Mapangidwe gha nyumba gha mu nyengo ya pakati mu Africa ya Kumwera]] ==Mbiri ya Sayansi na Tekinoloji mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Further||List of South African inventions and discoveries}} ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa]]:'' {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Sayansi ya nyenyezi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya pakati na ya kumwera|Masamu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 2|Mankhwala]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 3|Ulimi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 4|Kupanga salu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 5|Mapangidwe gha nyumba]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 6|Nkhondo]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 7|Mwakuyana na charu]] {{Div col end}} ==Mbiri ya vya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa#Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera}} ==Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera}} {{Further|Ŵanthu ŵa San#Majini|Ŵanthu ŵa Khoekhoe}} Kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]] kuya ku [[South Africa]], Ŵaafrica ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya [[viyowoyero vya Bantu]] ŵakulongora mphambano ya majini yakufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Kweniso, kufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] kulazga ku [[Africa ya kumwera]], ukaboni wa kufanana kwa majini ukulongora kuti pakaŵa kusama kwa ŵanthu na kusazgikana kwa mitundu pakati pa Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa apo kusama kwa Bantu kukafika ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Pfennig">{{cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |display-authors=etal |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 29, 2023 |volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=evad054 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |pmid=36987563 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/4/evad054/7092825 |pmc=10118306 |oclc=9817135458 |s2cid=257803764}}</ref> ===DNA ya ŵanthu ŵakale=== {{Further|Kusazgikana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakale na ŵanthu ŵasono#Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa mu Africa}} Nangauli mphapu za [[Denisovan]] na [[Neanderthal]] mu ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa Africa zikupulikikwa makora, ukaboni wa mphapu za ŵanthu ŵakale mu ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ngwachali kusimikizgika yayi ndipo ukukumana na mphindano.<ref name="Bergström">{{cite journal |last1=Bergström |first1=Anders |display-authors=etal |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |url=https://iranvarjavand.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/paperhub.ir10.1038@s41586-021-03244-5.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=229–237 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33568824 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |s2cid=231883210 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B}}</ref> ===DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale=== Ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa [[Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma|Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma]] awo ŵakaŵa ŵakukwima ŵakanyamura DNA yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa San awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha San.<ref name="Choudhury">{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ananyo |display-authors=etal |title=Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R56/6046806 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R56–R63 |date=April 2021 |pmid=33367711 |pmc=8117461 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa274}}</ref> Pambere kusama kwa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] kwinda mu chigaŵa ichi, nga umo DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale mu [[Botswana]] yikulongolera, ŵaliska ŵa vinyama ŵakufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] ŵakasamira ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Choudhury" /> Pa ŵalimi ŵa nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] ŵanayi ŵa Bantu awo ŵakafuma ku [[Africa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi]], ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵatsonga na Ŵavenda, ndipo ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵanyengo yamanyuma ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni. Ichi chikulongora kuti pakaŵa mayendedwe ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu pa nyengo ya kusama kwa Bantu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na Ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan ŵakumane na kusazgikana.<ref name="Choudhury" /> ====Botswana==== Ku Nqoma, mu [[Botswana]], munthu yumoza uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 900 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)#Haplogroup L2a1|haplogroup L2a1f]].<ref name="Wang">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |pmc=7292641 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref><ref name="Wang II">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2020/06/08/6.24.eaaz0183.DC1/aaz0183_SM.pdf |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |pmc=7292641 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref> Ku Taukome, mu [[Botswana]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1100 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1|E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3b1]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> Ku Xaro, mu [[Botswana]], mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1400 ivyo vyajumpha). Yumoza wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1a1c|E1b1a1a1c1a]] na [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)#Subclade distribution|L3e1a2]], ndipo munyake wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-Z827#E-V1515|E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k1a2]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> ====Malawi==== =====Fingira===== Ku malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha Fingira mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6179 BP na 2341 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M182|B2]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1]].<ref name="Lipson II">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |display-authors=etal |title=Extended Data Table 1 Ancient individuals analysed in this study: Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2022 |volume=603 |issue=7900 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04430-9 |pmid=35197631 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8907066 |oclc=9437356581 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..290L |s2cid=247083477}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6175 BP na 5913 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1b2b]].<ref name="Skoglund">{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu munyake uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6177 BP na 5923 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1c]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2676 BP na 2330 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0f]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Chencherere===== Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5400 BP na 4800 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5293 BP na 4979 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k1]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Hora===== Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,897 BP na 15,827 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b]] na [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,424 BP na 14,029 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b1a2~]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3/L0d3b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 10,000 BP na 5000 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 8173 BP na 7957 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0a2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Ballito Bay===== {{Main|Ballito Bay}} Ku [[Ballito Bay|Malaŵi gha ku Ballito Bay]], ku [[South Africa|South Africa]], munthu munyake uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 1986 BP na 1831 BP wakaŵa na ma [[Haplogulu la Y-DNA|haplogulu]] gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2c1]].<ref name="Schlebusch">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28971970 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |s2cid=206663925 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S}}</ref><ref name="Schlebusch II">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf](https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf) |journal=Science |date=3 November 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |s2cid=206663925}}</ref> Munthu munyake wa ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2149 BP na 1932 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2a1]].<ref name="Schlebusch"/><ref name="Schlebusch II"/> Ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], mwana uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Ballito Boy, uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 1,980 ± 20 BP, wakasangika kuti wakaŵa na DNA ya [[Rickettsia felis]].<ref name="Rifkin">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref><ref name="Rifkin II">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Notes 1-7 for Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2,000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |url=[https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf) |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref> ===DNA ya kromozomu Y=== {{Further|Ma haplogulu gha Y-DNA mu ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Jangwa la Sahara}} Masambiro ghakupambanapambana gha [[Kromozomu Y|kromozomu Y]] ghakulongora kuti Ŵasan ŵali na ma haplogulu gha kromozomu Y agho ghakusangika kuŵa ghakale chomene pa charu chapasi. Ma haplogulu agha ni magulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A]] na [[Haplogulu B (Y-DNA)|B]], agho ni nthambi zakwambilira chomene mu mphyanga ya ubabika wa kromozomu Y wa ŵanthu.<ref name=j1>{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Alec |display-authors=etal |title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=464–473 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12646128 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1 |issn=0960-9822 |oclc=4931666146 |s2cid=52862939 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..464K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=MF |display-authors=etal |title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |date=July 2001 |pmid=11420360 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8092394585 |s2cid=28304418 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |display-authors=etal |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |journal=Investigative Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=6 |date=September 2010 |pmid=21092339 |pmc=2988483 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |oclc=5632083214 |s2cid=18243824 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===DNA ya mitochondria=== {{Further|DNA ya mitochondria ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa}} Mu vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 BP, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa (nga ni [[Ŵasan|Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa]]) awo ŵakaŵa na [[Haplogulu L0|haplogulu L0]] ŵakapambanika kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na haplogulu [[Haplogulu L1–6 (mtDNA)|L1′6]], awo ŵakukhala chomene kumpoto kwa [[Kumwera kwa Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]].<ref name="Sá">{{cite journal |last1=Sá |first1=Luísa |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=16 August 2022 |volume=23 |issue=16 |page=9219 |doi=10.3390/ijms23169219 |pmid=36012483 |issn=1661-6596 |pmc=9408831 |oclc=9627558751 |s2cid=251653686|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 130,000 BP na 75,000 BP, vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso gha mazuŵa ghano vikawoneka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Kumwera kwa Africa|Kumwera kwa Africa]], ndipo ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa chigaŵa cha Kumwera kwa Africa na [[Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa|Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa]] ukakhazikika.<ref name="Sá"/> Masambiro gha DNA ya mitochondria ghakulongoraso kuti Ŵasan ŵali na unandi ukuru wa nthambi zakale chomene za [[Haplogulu la DNA ya mitochondria|haplogulu ya DNA ya mitochondria]]. DNA iyi yikupokera kufuma kwa nyina pera. Haplogulu yakale chomene, [[Haplogulu L0|L0]], yikusangika chomene mu magulu gha Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa.<ref name=j1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Sheng |display-authors=etal |title=mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1362–1383 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10739760 |pmc=1288201 |doi=10.1086/302848 |oclc=679558953 |s2cid=31258611}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |display-authors=etal |title=History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2180–2195 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17656633 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8090974992 |s2cid=17282053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa |url=[https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197](https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197) |journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30 |issue=21 |pages=3657–3664 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19810027 |doi=10.1002/elps.200900197 |issn=0173-0835 |oclc=5151862048 |s2cid=19515426|url-access=subscription }}</ref> I’ll translate it into **Tumbuka** instead, while keeping all `[[ ]]` wiki links completely in Tumbuka as requested. I’ll continue in parts because the section is very long. === DNA ya thupi lose (Autosomal DNA) === Mu kafukufuku uyo ukafumiskika mu Malichi 2011, Brenna Henn na ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti Ŵa [[ǂKhomani San|ǂKhomani San]], kweniso Ŵa [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] na Ŵa [[Hadza people|Hadza]] ŵa ku [[Tanzania]], ŵakaŵa na kupambana kukuru kwa majini kuluska ŵanthu wose ŵanyake ŵamoyo awo ŵakasandikwa mu kafukufuku uyu. Kupambana kukuru uku kwa majini kukulongora kuti ndiko kukwenera kuŵa uko [[anatomically modern humans|ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵa thupi lakukwana]] ŵakambira.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |display-authors=etal |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–5162 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |jstor=41125668 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5154H |issn=0027-8424 |oclc=9529060694 |s2cid=12423756 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American|Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group|Nature Publishing Group]] |url=[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/) |issn=0036-8733 |oclc=1775222}}</ref> === DNA ya vya matenda (Medical DNA) === Pakati pa DNA yakale yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusanga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vya chilengedwe (hunter-gatherers) ndipo ŵakaŵa na kufanana kwa majini na [[San people|Ŵa San]], kweniso ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age, ma [[SNPs|SNP]] ghawo ghakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na [[sleeping sickness|matenda gha tsetse fly]] na [[Plasmodium vivax]].<ref name="Pfeiffer">{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Susan |title=Disease as a Factor in the African Archaeological Record |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=487–490 |year=2020 |pmid=32863518 |pmc=7445818 |doi=10.1007/s10437-020-09405-7 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8671686339 |s2cid=221320841}}</ref> Mwakudumura, ŵaŵiri pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na matenda gha tsetse fly, ndipo ŵatatu pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵakaŵa na [[Human genetic resistance to malaria#Duffy antigen receptor negativity|mitundu ya Duffy negative]] iyo yikovwira kulimbana na [[malaria]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Mwakupambana na ŵalimi ŵa Iron Age, pakati pa ŵasakaji ŵakale awo ŵakaŵa paubali na Ŵa San, mwana munyamata wa vyaka 6 wakwenera kuti wakafwa chifukwa cha [[schistosomiasis|matenda gha mphutsi za mu maji]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Ku [[Botswana]], mwanalume uyo wakukhala mu nyengo ya vyaka pafupifupi 1400 BP, wakwenera kuti wakaŵa na mtundu wa Duffy negative uwo ukovwira kulimbana na malaria.<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> ### Kusintha kwa majini mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (Genetic adaptation) Ma genome gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa agho kanandi ghakusangika kuti ghali na **kusintha kwakukhwaskana na chilengedwe (adaptation)** ghakukhwaska chomene **DNA yakulongozga umo majini ghakugwilira ntchito (regulatory DNA)**. Milandu yinandi ya kusintha uku mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yikukolerana na **vyakurya, umo thupi likugwilira ntchito (physiology),** kweniso **mphinjika za kusankha kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha matenda (evolutionary pressure from pathogens)**.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[Sub-Saharan Africa|vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa chipalamba cha Sahara]], kusintha kwa majini (mwachiyelezgero, kusintha kwa **rs334**, [[Duffy blood group|gulu la ndopa la Duffy]], kuchuluka kwa [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|kupereŵera kwa G6PD]], na [[sickle cell disease|matenda gha sickle cell]]) kwakukhwaskana na [[malaria]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Kusintha uku kukwenera kuti kukamba kuchitika pafupifupi vyaka 7300 BP ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Sub-Saharan Africa|kumwera kwa Sahara]] ŵali na kupitilira 90% ya mtundu wa majini wa [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy-null]].<ref name="Wonkam">{{cite journal |last1=Wonkam |first1=Ambroise |last2=Adeyemo |first2=Adebowale |title=Leveraging our common African origins to understand human evolution and health |journal=Cell Genomics |date=March 8, 2023 |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=100278 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100278 |pmid=36950382 |url=[https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X(23)00038-1.pdf](https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X%2823%2900038-1.pdf) |pmc=10025516 |s2cid=257458855}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Kalahari Desert|chipalamba cha Kalahari]] mu Africa, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kusintha kwa majini (nga ni [[adiponectin]], [[body mass index|chiyezo cha uzito wa thupi]], na [[metabolism|umo thupi likusinthira vyakurya kuŵa nkhongono]]) yasangika pakati pa Ŵa [[ǂKhomani people|ǂKhomani]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[South Africa|South Africa]], kusintha kwa majini (nga ni rs28647531 pa [[Chromosome 4|chromosome 4q22]]) kweniso kutambuzgika chomene na [[Tuberculosis#Risk factors|TB]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa [[Coloureds|Coloured]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> --- ## Ndondomeko ya nyengo ya malo gha vinthu vya kale na mitheto ya ŵanthu (Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites) * [[Lomekwi]] (vyaka 3,300,000 BP)<ref name="Berwick">{{cite book |last1=Berwick |first1=Robert C. |last2=Chomsky |first2=Noam |title=Why Only Us: Language and Evolution |date=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-262-03424-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}})</ref> * [[Taung]] (vyaka 3,030,000 BP)<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite web |last1=Kuhn |first1=Brian F. |display-authors=etal |title=Renewed investigations at Taung; 90 years after the discovery of Australopithecus africanus |url=[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y](http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) |publisher=Palaeontologia africana}}</ref> * [[Sterkfontein]] (vyaka 2,800,000 BP)<ref name="Pickering">{{cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Robyn |last2=Kramers |first2=Jan D. |title=Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein hominin site, South Africa |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=70–86 |url=[https://www.academia.edu/446925](https://www.academia.edu/446925) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.014 |pmid=20605190 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59...70P }}</ref> * [[Drimolen]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers">{{cite web |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=[http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf](http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf) |publisher=Quaternary International}}</ref> * [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai malo gha mafupa gha zakale]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers" /> * [[Cooper's Cave]] (vyaka 1,900,000 BP)<ref name="Steininger">{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=A partial skull of Paranthropus robustus from Cooper's Cave, South Africa |issue=3–4 |pages=143–146 |url=[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014](http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014) |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=April 2008 |volume=104 }}</ref> * [[Canteen Kopje]] (vyaka 1,890,000 BP)<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Patricia |display-authors=etal |title=Canteen Kopje: a new look at an old skull |issue=1–2 |pages=01–09 |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=January 2012 |volume=108 |doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i1/2.738 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Swartkrans]] (vyaka 1,800,000 BP)<ref name="D'Errico">{{cite web |last1=D'Errico |first1=Francesco |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |title=Possible Evidence of Bone Tool Shaping by Swartkrans Early Hominids |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936) |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Motsetsi]] (vyaka 1,640,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berger">{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=L.R. |last2=Lacruz |first2=R. |title=Preliminary report on the firstexcavations at the new fossil siteof Motsetse, Gauteng, South Africa |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC97627 |publisher=South African Journal of Science}}</ref> * [[Wonderwerk Cave]] (vyaka 1,000,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berna">{{cite web |last1=Berna |first1=Francesco |title=Microstratigraphic evidence of in situfire in theAcheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/20/E1215.full.pdf |publisher=Francesco Berna |ref=PNAS}}</ref> * [[Amanzi Springs archaeological site]] ([[Pleistocene chapakati]])<ref name="Petraglia">{{cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael |title=The large cutting tools from the South African Acheulean and the question of social traditions |issue=5 |page=653 |url=https://www.academia.edu/471301 |journal=Current Anthropology|year=2004 |volume=45 |doi=10.1086/423973 |s2cid=163124683 }}</ref> * [[Rising Star Cave]] (vyaka 414,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Dirks">{{cite journal |last1=Dirks |first1=Paul HGM |display-authors=etal |title=The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa |year=2017 |volume=6 |journal=eLife|doi=10.7554/eLife.24231 |pmid=28483040 |pmc=5423772 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Kalambo Falls]] (vyaka 300,000 BP – 200,000 BP)<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=J.D. |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site: Volume 3, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age |date=1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-0-521-20071-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYGwagdt9MQC&dq=%22Kalambo+Falls%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PP14}}</ref> * [[Duinefontein]] (vyaka 290,000 BP)<ref name="Cruz-Uribe">{{cite web |last1=Cruz-Uribe |first1=Kathryn |display-authors=etal |title=Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223255530 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Gladysvale Cave]] (vyaka 257,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |display-authors=etal |title=Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223705742 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site]] (vyaka 200,000 BP)<ref name="Kuman">{{cite web |last1=Kuman |first1=K. |last2=Clarke |first2=R. |title=Florisbad—New investigations at a middle stone age Hominid Site in South Africa |url=http://hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/sites/hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/files/kuman_1986_-_new_investigations_at_florisbad.pdf |publisher=Geoarchaeology}}</ref> * [[Mumbwa Caves]] (vyaka 194,000 BP – 124,000 BP)<ref name="Avery">{{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=D.M. |title=Early and Middle Pleistocene environments and hominid biogeography; micromammalian evidence from Kabwe, Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves in central Zambia |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101820200593X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=189 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00593-X |bibcode=2003PPP...189...55A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Pinnacle Point]] (vyaka 164,000 BP)<ref name="Marean">{{cite web |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=The stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age sediments at Pinnacle PointCave 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa) |url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Marean-et-al-2010-JHE.pdf |publisher=Journal of Human Evolution}}</ref> * [[Hoedjiespunt]] (vyaka 130,000 BP)<ref name="Kyriacou">{{cite journal |last1=Kyriacou |first1=K. |title=Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa |year=2015 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030544031500031X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=57 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.018 |bibcode=2015JArSc..57..197K |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngalue]] (vyaka 105,000 BP)<ref name="Mercader">{{cite journal |last1=Mercader |first1=Julio |display-authors=etal |title=Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248409000633 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.03.005 |pmid=19487015 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...63M |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Blombos Cave]] (vyaka 84,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Backwell II">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |last2=D'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Wadley |first3=Lyn |title=Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Stillbay]] (vyaka 80,000 BP)<ref name="Lovell">{{cite web |last1=Lovell |first1=Nancy C |last2=Palichuk |first2=Kimberley E. |title=Task activity and tooth wear in a woman of ancient Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331309201 |publisher=Bioarchaeology of Marginalized People}}</ref> * [[Howieson's Poort Shelter]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Zenobia |display-authors=etal |title=Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23441925 |journal=Science|year=2008 |volume=322 |issue=5902 |pages=733–735 |doi=10.1126/science.1162219 |pmid=18974351 |bibcode=2008Sci...322..733J |hdl=1885/32902 |s2cid=206514762 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> * [[Mousteroid]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 50,000 BP)<ref>O. Davies (1964)</ref><ref>J. D. Clark (1967)</ref> * Peers Cave (vyaka 75,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Howiesons Poort]] (vyaka 68,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Gibson">{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=N. E. |last2=Wadley |first2=L. |last3=Williamson |first3=B. S. |title=Microscopic residues as evidence of hafting on backed tools from the 60 000 to 68 000 year-old Howiesons Poort layers of Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.902.9496&rep=rep1&type=pdf |publisher=Southern African Humanities|citeseerx=10.1.1.902.9496 }}</ref> * [[Boomplaas Cave]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Pargeter">{{cite web |last1=Pargeter |first1=Justin |title=New ages from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, provideincreased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene humanbehavioural variability |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |publisher=Azania: Archaeological Research In Africa}}</ref> * [[Klasies River Caves]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]] (vyaka 65,000 BP)<ref name="Verna">{{cite journal |last1=Verna |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=The Middle Stone Age human remains from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa) |year=2013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440313001350 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3532–3541 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.011 |bibcode=2013JArSc..40.3532V |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Plovers Lake]] (vyaka 62,900 BP)<ref name="Brophy">{{cite journal |last1=Brophy |first1=Juliet |display-authors=etal |title=Faunal assemblage composition and paleoenvironment of Plovers Lake, a Middle Stone Age locality in Gauteng Province, South Africa |year=2008 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1102–1117 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9373821 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.011 |pmid=18954892 |bibcode=2008JHumE..55.1102D }}</ref> * [[Sibudu Cave]] (vyaka 61,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Fauresmith (industry)]] (vyaka 60,300 BP – 32,600 BP)<ref name="Herries">{{cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |title=A Chronological Perspective on the Acheulian and ItsTransition to the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa:The Question of the Fauresmith |date=2011 |url=https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/961401.pdf |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.4061/2011/961401 |doi-access=free |pmid=21785711 |pmc=3139141 }}</ref> * [[Border Cave]] (vyaka 58,200 BP)<ref name="Bird">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=M.I. |display-authors=etal |title=Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60 ka BP at Border Cave, South Africa |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379103000052 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=22 |issue=8–9 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00005-2 |bibcode=2003QSRv...22..943B |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngwenya Mine]] (vyaka 43,000 BP)<ref name="Watling">{{cite web |last1=Watling |first1=Sarah Elizabeth |title=What Does The Mine Have To Tell Us? Art As A Reclamation Streategy In The Post-Mined Landscape Of The Oldest Known Mine In The World, Ngwenya Mine Swaziland |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/14237/Watling_umd_0117N_14329.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> * [[Apollo 11 Cave]] (vyaka 30,000 BP)<ref name="Haaland">{{cite web |last1=Haaland |first1=Magnus |display-authors=etal |title=Pleistocene Figurative Art Mobilier From Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, Southern Namibia |url=https://www.academia.edu/14617050 |publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Elands Bay Cave]] (vyaka 19,398 BP)<ref name="Porraz">{{cite web |last1=Porraz |first1=Guillaume |display-authors=etal |title=A shape to the microlithic Robberg from Elands BayCave (South Africa) |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02517687/document |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Tsodilo]] (vyaka 14,500 BP)<ref name="Robbins">{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Lawrence H. |display-authors=etal |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The"Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bd0e66f8d97400eb0099556/t/5bddf66f40ec9a449daf1e88/1541273199732/Nyame+Akuma+Issue+067-Robbins.pdf |publisher=Nyame Akuma}}</ref> * [[Mwela Rock Paintings]] (vyaka 10,820 BP)<ref name="Muianga">{{cite web |last1=Muianga |first1=Décio |title=Rock Art and Ancient Material Culture of Cahora Bassa Dam, Tete Province, Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279443446 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Kalemba Rockshelter]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 8,000 BP)<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Joshua R. |last2=Rowan |first2=John |title=Holocene paleoenvironmental change in southeastern Africa (Makwe Rockshelter, Zambia): Implications for the spread of pastoralism |year=2017 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=156 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.030 |bibcode=2017QSRv..156...57R |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Matsieng Footprints]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 3000 BP)<ref name="Matsieng">{{cite web |title=Matsieng Footprints |url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |publisher=Botswana Tourism Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725080508/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |archive-date=2010-07-25 }}</ref> * [[Nelson Bay Cave]] (vyaka 9000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * Jubilee Shelter (vyaka 8500 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Twyfelfontein]] (vyaka 5850 BP)<ref name="Imalwa">{{cite web |last1=Imalwa |first1=Emma |title=Analysis of the Management of Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site, Namibia |url=https://repositorio.utad.pt/bitstream/10348/6089/1/phd_eimalwa.pdf |publisher=Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro}}</ref> * [[Rose Cottage Cave]] (vyaka 4000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[The White Lady (Namibia)|The White Lady]] (3000 B.C.E. – 1500 B.C.E.)<ref name="Dubow">{{cite web |last1=Dubow |first1=Saul |title=Henri Breuil And The Imagination Of Prehistory:'Mixing Up Rubble, Trouble And Stratification' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735840 |publisher=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series}}</ref> * [[Mussel Point]] (vyaka 3500 BP)<ref name="Jerardino">{{cite web |last1=Jerardino |first1=Antonieta |title=Mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations: the archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292257945 |publisher=Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap}}</ref> * [[Byneskranskop]] (vyaka 3200 BP – 1500 BP)<ref name="Bräuer">{{cite book |last1=Bräuer |first1=Günter |last2=Friedrich |first2=Wilhelm Rösing |title=Afrika II: Südafrika: Human biological history of southern Africa. Le peuplement de Madagascar |date=Dec 3, 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-486-82584-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7N6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bambandyanalo%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PA6}}</ref> * [[Driekops Eiland]] (vyaka 2500 BP)<ref name="Morris">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=David Roger Neacalbann McIntyre |title=Driekopseiland and "the rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving site |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58912508.pdf |publisher=University of Western Cape}}</ref> * [[Bambata Cave]] (mu chaka cha 215 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=The stylistic origin of Bambata and the spread of mixed farming in southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264852616 |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Ziwa]] (vyaka 1630 BP)<ref name="Huffman II">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The Origin and Spread of Social Complexity in Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248572439 |publisher=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology}}</ref> * [[Chibuene]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E.)<ref name="Robertshaw">{{cite web |last1=Robertshaw |first1=Peter |display-authors=etal |title=Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century AD port in southern Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265050510 |publisher=The South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Toutswemogala Hill]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E. – 19 C.E.)<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> * [[Leopard's Kopje]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 750 C.E. – 800 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman III">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron age of Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248579741 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Bambandyanalo]] (mu chaka cha 1000 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Great Zimbabwe]] (mu chaka cha 1300 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman IV">{{cite journal |last1=Huffman |first1=Tom |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7500155 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=28 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1016/J.JAA.2008.10.004 }}</ref> * [[Domboshaba]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1600 C.E.)<ref name="De Wit">{{cite journal |last1=De Wit |first1=Michiel C. J. |title=Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artefacts to Lesedi La Rona |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |bibcode=2018MinPe.112....7D |hdl=2263/64747 |s2cid=189943118 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Majojo]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1650 C.E.)<ref name="Ossola">{{cite book |last1=Ossola |first1=Paola |last2=Grechi |first2=Daniele |title=Botswana Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development A Handbook of Theory and Practice |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |page=253 |isbn=978-1-5275-4956-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkfhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Majojo+1300-1650+AD&pg=PA253}}</ref> * [[Mbande Hill]] (vyaka 600 BP)<ref name="Seitsonen">{{cite web |last1=Seitsonen |first1=Oula |title=Lithics After Stone Age In East Africa Wadh Lang'o Case Study |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19613/lithicsa.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |publisher=University Of Helsinki Institute For Cultural Studies}}</ref> * [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1370 C.E. – 1410 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Manyikeni]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 14 C.E.)<ref name="Jopela">{{cite web |last1=Jopela |first1=Albino Pereira de Jesus |title=Traditional Custodianship Of Rock Art Sites In Southern Africa: A Case Study From Central Mozambique |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8878/MA%20Thesis%20-%20Jopela.pdf?sequence=2 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Khami]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1450 C.E. – 1820 C.E.)<ref name="Chirikure">{{cite journal |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |display-authors=etal |title=New Pathways of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Africa |year=2013 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3?shared-article-renderer |journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=339–366 |doi=10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3 |s2cid=254192991 |hdl=2263/41780 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Dzata ruins]] (pambere pa chaka cha 1600 C.E.)<ref name="Swanepoel">{{cite book |last1=Swanepoel |first1=Natalie |last2=Esterhuysen |first2=Amanda |title=Five Hundred Years Rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects |date=Aug 1, 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-77614-228-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjZjDwAAQBAJ&q=dzata&pg=PT8}}</ref> * [[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="Bokoni">{{cite web |title=The Bokoni story unearthed |date=26 February 2015 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-26-the-bokoni-story-unearthed/ |publisher=Mail & Guardian Online}}</ref> * [[Ingombe Ilede]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="McIntosh">{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |last2=Fagan |first2=Brian M. |title=Re-dating the Ingombe Ilede burials |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/redating-the-ingombe-ilede-burials/E15825A560157DBC4389DD416013A859 |journal=Antiquity|volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1069–1077 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Danangombe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1650 C.E. – 1815 C.E.)<ref name="Pikirayi">{{cite book |last1=Pikirayi |first1=Innocent |title=The Zimbabwe Culture Origins and Decline of Social Complexity in Southern Zambezian States |date=2002 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-585-38649-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ2aAAAAQBAJ&q=Danangombe}}</ref> * [[Burchell's Shelter]] (pamanyuma pa 1660 C.E.)<ref name="Vogel">{{cite web |last1=Vogel |first1=J.C. |display-authors=etal |title=Pretoria Radiocarbon Dates III |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/469F44D9DB5C543B6285300463751FF4/S003382220002018Xa.pdf/pretoria_radiocarbon_dates_iii.pdf |publisher=Radiocarbon}}</ref> * [[Mamuno Monument]] (vyaka 200 BP)<ref name="Litherland">{{cite journal |last1=Litherland |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Rock Engravings from Mamuno |year=1975 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=7 |pages=19–28 |jstor=40979420 }}</ref> * [[Kaditshwene]] (mu chaka cha 1790 C.E.)<ref name="Boeyens">{{cite web |last1=Boeyens |first1=J.C.A. |last2=Plug |first2=I. |title='A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all therefuse': the faunal remains from the central court middenat Kaditshwene |url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4190/BOEYENS-high-res.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Annals Of The Ditsong National Museum Of Natural History}}</ref> * [[Bumbusi National Monument]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 18 C.E.)<ref name="Haynes">{{cite web |last1=Haynes |first1=Gary |title=Puzzling over the Bumbusi Spoor Engravings in Zimbabwe |work=Paper presented at SAA annual meeting |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2916049 |publisher=SAA}}</ref> * [[Tlokwe Ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Anderson">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Mark Steven |title=The historical archaeology of Marothodi: towards an understanding of space, identity and the organisation of production at an early 19th century Tlokwa capital in the Pilansberg region of South Africa |date=2009 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8924 |publisher=University of Cape Town}}</ref> * [[Old Palapye]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Reid">{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Lane |first2=Paul J. |title=African Historical Archaeologies |date=Nov 30, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&q=Old+Palapye&pg=PA1}}</ref> * [[Dundo]] (mu chaka cha 1912 C.E.)<ref name="Bednarski">{{cite web |last1=Bednarski |first1=Cezary M |title=Urbanisation in Africa –Taking Angola as an Example |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/2010-2019/2016/Session_559/C_Bednarski_.IABSE-Geneva_09.2015.pdf |publisher=IABSE Conference –Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenge}}</ref> ===Mndandanda wa mitundu ya vya m'mabwinja na malo gha m'mbiri=== * [[Mapanga gha Cango]] * [[Jiso la Kuruman]] * [[Maji ghakotcha gha Gwisho]] * [[Chuma cha Western Cape]] * [[Malo gha m'mabwinja gha Kathu]] * [[ǁKhauxaǃnas]] * [[Pango la Kogelbeen]] * [[Mission ya Kolobeng]] * [[Mabwinja gha Kweneng]] * [[Magosian]] * [[Makapansgat]] * [[Malapa Fossil Site, Mlonga wa Umo Ŵanthu Ŵakafumira]] * [[Pango la Melkhoutboom]] * [[Melville Koppies]] * [[Naletale]] * [[Malo gha myala yakuzizima gha Nooitgedacht]] * [[Ulamuliro wa vya chiharo cha Northern Cape]] * [[Mafunde gha Nyambwezi]] * [[Malo gha visulo vya Paternoster]] * [[Sangoan]] * [[Schoemansdal, Limpopo]] * [[Nyumba za myala za Sedan za nga njuchi]] * [[Malo gha vithuzithuzi vya pa myala gha Wildebeest Kuil]] * [[Pango la Witsie (Lekhalong la Witsie)]] ==Wonani so== *[[Mndandanda wa maufumu mu Africa mu nyengo yakale#Kummwera kwa Africa]] ==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira== {{reflist}} {{Africa topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Africa mwakuyana na chigaŵa]] [[Category:Africa iyo yili pasi pa Sahara]] [[Category:Mbiri ya chilengedwe ya Africa]] 2mg5se6zliu9tr3k0yk0702tymvppar 118010 118009 2026-07-26T11:27:23Z Caro de Segeda 6393 /* DNA ya mitochondria */ 118010 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Afilika''' yagawika mu nyengo za kale za ŵanthu, mbiri yake yakale, maufumu ghakuru agho ghakasambira na kukura, nyengo ya ukoloni, na nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni, iyo ndiyo yikapangiska vyaru ivyo vilipo sono. [[Kumwera kwa Afilika]] kuli na mphaka na [[Afilika ya Pakati]], [[Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya India]], na [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. Mipaka ya mu nyengo ya ukoloni yikuwoneka mu mipaka ya mazuŵa ghano pakati pa vyaru vya ku Kumwera kwa Afilika, ndipo kanandi yikajumpha pa mphaka za mitundu na chikaya, mwakugaŵa gulu limoza la mtundu wa ŵanthu pakati pa vyaru viŵiri panji vyakujumpha. ==Malo gha Charu== {{Zinandi|Malo gha Charu gha Africa}} [[File:2002 Satellite Image of Southern Africa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chithuzithuzi cha pa satellite]] cha [[Kumwera kwa Africa]].]] Chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa jangwa ichi ni [[steppe|chigaŵa cha udambo]], icho ntcha chikaŵa chichoko cha chiwawa, ndipo chikuchemeka [[Sahel]]. Ni chigaŵa cha nyengo na [[chigaŵa cha vyamoyo|vyamoyo]] cha [[ecotone|kusintha]] mu Africa pakati pa Jangwa la Sahara kumpoto na [[Savanna ya Sudan]] kumwera. Savanna ya Sudan ni lamba ukuru wa [[malo gha udambo gha mu nyengo yakotcha, masavanna na malo gha vithaka|savanna ya mu nyengo yakotcha]] iyo yikwenda mu [[Africa|charu cha Africa]], kufuma ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] kufika ku [[Mapiri gha Ethiopia]] mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]]. ==Nyengo== {{Zinandi|Nyengo ya Africa}} Mu vyaka 15,000 [[Pambere Pakaŵako sono|BP]], [[Mvula ya ku Africa ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] yikasintha malo gha [[Africa]] ndipo yikambiska nyengo ya [[Sahara Wakubiliwira]]; vula zinandi mu nyengo ya chihanya zikapangiska kuti malo gha maji (nga ni [[nyanja]], [[madambo]]) na masavanna (nga ni [[malo gha utheka]], [[malo gha vithaka]]) vikure mu [[Africa ya Kumpoto]].<ref name="Pausata">{{cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S.R. |display-authors=etal |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2016 |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 5500 BP na 4000 BP, nyengo ya Sahara Wakubiliwira yikamara.<ref name="Pausata" /> ==Mbiri ya Kale ya Ŵanthu== {{Kuru|Mbiri ya Kale ya Kumwera kwa Africa}} Kuŵa kwamba mu vyaka 170,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵanthu ŵa ku Kumwera kwa Africa ŵakaphikanga na kurya [[Hypoxis]] angustifolia [[mizu ya pasi]] ku [[Malo gha Malibwe gha Border]], [[Africa ya Kumwera]], ndipo vyakurya ivi vikwenera kuti vikapelekanga [[makarbohayidireti]] pa maulendo ghawo.<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |last3=D'Errico |first3=Francesco |last4=Sievers |first4=Christine |title=Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6473 |pages=87–91 |date=3 Jan 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5926 |pmid=31896717 |bibcode=2020Sci...367...87W |oclc=8527136604 |s2cid=209677578|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/142825 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mu vyaka 92,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵalimi ŵa vinyama na ŵakusaka ŵa ku Malawi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito [[Moto|mulilo]] kuti ŵasinthe malo agho ŵakakhalanga.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |display-authors=etal |title=Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=19 |date=5 May 2021 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf9776 |pmid=33952528 |pmc=8099189 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.9776T |oclc=9579895150 |s2cid=233871035}}</ref> Pakati pa 65,000 BP na 37,000 BP, mu nyengo yakusintha kufuma ku [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]] kuya ku [[Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro|Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro]], [[ŴaKhoisan|ŴaKhosani ŵa Kumwera kwa Africa]] ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito [[uta na mivi]].<ref name="Hitchcock">{{cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Robert K. |last2=Crowell |first2=Aron |last3=Brooks |first3=Alison |title=The ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting: A Case Study of ǂGi Pan, Western Ngamiland, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332529080 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=14 February 2019 |pages=119–144 |volume=36 |doi=10.1007/S10437-018-9319-X |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8031623872 |s2cid=166634393}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Butua=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Butua}} Pambere undaŵe chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Rozwi|Ufumu wa Rozwi]], fuko la Togwa likalamuliranga mu ufumu wa Butua m'paka mu chaka cha 1683 C.E.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Butua |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Butua |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Maravi=== {{Main|Maravi}} Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 16 C.E. na m'ma 19 C.E., maufumu gha Maravi (nga ni Undi, Lundu, na Kalonga) ghakasangwa na kukura chomene.<ref name="Newitt">{{cite book |last1=Newitt |first1=Malyn |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |year=2016 |pages=1–2 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ==Mbiri ya sono== ===Ufumu wa Merina=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Merina#Mbiri}} Kufika kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakakwaniska kutonda mafuko ghanyake gha pa chilwa ichi nga ni [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bezanozano|Bezanozano]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa Betsimisaraka|Betsimisaraka]], na ufumu wa Sakalava, ndipo ŵakaghazenga pasi pa ufumu wa Merina. Mu ndondomeko iyi mazina gha mtundu wakuti "Merina" ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, chifukwa ghakulongora kuŵa ŵakumanyikwa mu chiyowoyero cha [[Chiyowoyero cha Malagasy|Malagasy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Pier M.|date=1996|title=Desperately Seeking 'the Merina' (Central Madagascar): Reading Ethnonyms and Their Semantic Fields in African Identity Histories|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=22|issue=4|pages=541–560|doi=10.1080/03057079608708511|jstor=2637156|bibcode=1996JSAfS..22..541L |issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Nangauli vinyake vikulongosora kukura kwa Merina nga nkhuwunganiska Madagascar yose, mafuko agho ghakakhalanga pafupi nga ni Betsimisaraka ghakawonanga kukura uku nga ni nthowa ya kulamulira ŵanthu ŵanyake.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cole, Jennifer, 1966-|title=Forget colonialism?: sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92682-0 |oclc=49570321}}</ref> Mu 1824 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakatora doko la [[Mahajanga]] ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chilwa, ndipo ichi chikalongora kusazgikira kwa nkhongono zawo. Mu nyengo ya [[Radama I]], Ŵamerina ŵakalutilira kuchita nkhondo izo zikakuzga mazaza gha ufumu na kusazgira chuma cha ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari.<ref name="Campbell">{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|date=1981|title=Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=203–227|doi=10.1017/S0021853700019411|jstor=181583|s2cid=161991146 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa Merina ŵakakumana na kususkika kufuma ku ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbira ku ulamuliro wa ufumu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa masauzandi ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhalanga nga ni magulu ghakuwukira agho ghakasuskikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu awo ŵakakwendera ŵanthu aŵa mu 1835 C.E. Chomenechomene, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbiranga ukapangiska kuti pakhale khumbo likuru la ŵantchito ŵazga mu ufumu wa Merina, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nkhondo zakukuzga ufumu zilutilire.<ref name="Campbell" /> Mu pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., kukura kwa ufumu na kulamulira chomene malonda gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja vikapangiska kuti Merina ŵaŵe na mazaza ghakuru pa chilwa chose. Ufumu wa Merina ukakhala pafupi kuŵika Madagascar yose pasi pa ufumu umoza pambere [[Ukoloni wa France ku Madagascar|ukoloni wa France]] undambe mu 1895 C.E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Merina|title=Merina {{!}} people |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[File:Ranavalona III of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ranavalona III]] wakaŵa themba laumaliro la Madagascar.]] ===Ufumu wa Rozwi=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Rozwi#Mbiri}} Mabuku gha Ŵapwitikizi ghakulongora kuti Ŵarozwi ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakumanya chomene. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa ya [[kupanga msasa wa nkhondo wa nyanga za ng'ombe|nyanga za ng'ombe mu nkhondo]] vyaka vinandi pambere mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵazulu, [[Shaka]], wandayambe kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. Ŵarozwi, awo ŵakaŵa na mikondo, zishango, na mauta na mivi, ŵakatola chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe plateau.<ref name="brit1">{{cite news |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064305/Rozvi |title=Rozvi |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Ndwandwe=== {{Main|Ndwandwe}} Ufumu wa Ndwandwe ukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. chifukwa cha kusintha kwakupambanapambana kwa vya chuma, ndyali, na umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name="Ndlovu‐Gatsheni">{{cite book |last1=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first1=Sabelo J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Nguni empires |year=2016 |pages=1–8 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ===Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa=== {{Main|Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa}} Mwakuyana na Muzi Mthethwa (1995), Ŵamthethwa ŵakafuma ku mafuko gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]] gha kumpoto kwa Natal na [[Mapiri gha Lubombo|Mapiri gha Lubombo]], ndipo mtundu wawo wa sono ukamba kumanyikwa vyaka pafupifupi 700 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>Muzi Mthethwa (1995), "The History of abakwaMthethwa, Research Project", Department of History, University of Zululand.</ref> Ŵakaŵa pakati pa magulu ghakwambilira gha Nguni-Tsonga agho ghakafuma ku [[Maziŵa Ghakuru gha mu Africa|Maziŵa Ghakuru]] mu [[Central Africa|Africa ya pakati]] pakati pa 200 C.E. na 1200 C.E. Apo ŵakafika ku [[Southern Africa|Africa ya kumwera]], ŵakakhala pafupi na charu cha sono cha [[Eswatini]], chomenechomene pa [[Mapiri gha Lubombo]]. Pamanyuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 17 C.E. ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa cha sono cha [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mu chigaŵa cha [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]]. Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa na mafuko, mbumba, na maufumu ghachoko pafupifupi 30 gha Nguni. Mwakupambana na uyo wakiza pamanyuma, [[Ufumu wa Zulu]], Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa wupu wa maufumu ghakupambanapambana.<ref>Morris, page 42</ref> Pasi pa ulamuliro wa [[Dingiswayo]], ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukakhozgeka na kusazgikira. Themba ili likapanga ubwezi na [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tsonga|Ŵatsonga]] kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. ndipo likamba kuchita malonda gha [[minyanga ya njovu|minyanga ya njovu]] na vinthu vinyake na [[Portugal|Ŵapwitikizi]] mu [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mthethwa|title=Mthethwa - historical state, Africa |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Zulu=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Zulu#Mbiri}} [[Shaka]] wakaŵa mwana wa [[Senzangakhona]], themba la Ŵazulu, uyo wakababika cha mu nthengwa. Wakababika cha mu chaka cha 1787 C.E. Iyo na amama ŵake, [[Nandi (amama ŵa Shaka)|Nandi]], ŵakachimbizgika na Senzangakhona ndipo ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo mu [[Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa|Mthethwa]]. Shaka wakalwana nga ni msilikari pasi pa Jobe, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Dingiswayo, mulongozgi wa Mthethwa. Senzangakhona wati wafwa, Dingiswayo wakawovwira Shaka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Ufumu wa Zulu. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Dingiswayo chifukwa cha Zwide, themba la [[Ufumu wa Ndwandwe|Ndwandwe]], mu 1818 C.E., Shaka wakatora ulongozgi wa wupu wose wa Mthethwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?|url=https://www.historynet.com/shaka-zulu-africas-napoleon.htm|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|date=2017-03-14 |publisher=HistoryNet}}</ref> Shaka wakambiska masinthiro ghanandi gha vya nkhondo, vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, vya mitheto, na vya ndyali, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Zulu uwo ukaŵa wakulongozgeka mwakukhora. Kusintha kukuru chomene kukaŵa mu umo ŵasilikari ŵakenderanga, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ziphya za nkhondo na vilwero, kweniso kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵa vya mizimu, ŵamankhwala ŵa mizimu ([[sangoma]]), mwakuti ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha boma la Zulu. Wupu uwo ukaŵa pasi pa ulongozgi wake ukapona pa kuwukira kwakwamba kwa Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Phiri la Gqokli|Nkhondo ya Gqokli Hill]] mu 1818 C.E. Mu vyaka viŵiri, Shaka wakatonda Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Mhlatuze|Nkhondo ya Mhlatuze River]] mu 1820 C.E. ndipo wakaparanya wupu wa Ndwandwe. Ŵanyake mwa Ŵandwandwe ŵakamba ulendo wakukoma na kuwukira mafuko ghanyake gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]], ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Difaqane|Difaqane (Mfecane)]], uwo ukaŵa kusama kukuru kwa mafuko agho ghakachimbiranga ku maboma agho ghakasweka na nkhondo za Ŵazulu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu nyengo iyi chikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuti chikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni na 2 miliyoni, kweni manambara agha ghakususkika.<ref name="Walter1969">{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=978-0-19-501562-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=<nowiki>Charters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery)</nowiki>|year=1839|title=Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier|journal=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine |publisher=Henry Colburn|volume=1839, Part III|issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition</ref><ref name="Hanson2007">{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}</ref> Kufika mu 1822 C.E., Shaka wakaŵa walamulira ufumu uwo ukaŵa na malo pafupifupi {{convert|80000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}.<ref name="Gluckman">{{Cite journal|last=Gluckman|first=Max|author-link=Max Gluckman|date=1960|title=The Rise of a Zulu Empire|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-a-zulu-empire/|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=202|issue=4|page=162|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24940454|bibcode=1960SciAm.202d.157G |quote=By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chithuzithuzi cha Themba Shaka ({{circa}} 1824)]] ===Ufumu wa Mthwakazi=== {{Main|Mthwakazi#Kukhazikika kwa Mzilikazi mu Mthwakazi}} Mthwakazi ni zina lakale ilo likugwiliskirika ntchito pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa Ndebele na ufumu wa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵa Kumpoto|Ndebele]], uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha sono cha [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|title=Bulelani Lobengula crowned the Ndebele King|date=1 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51|title=Brief History of Mthwakazi (English)|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094724/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51}}</ref> Mthwakazi likugwiliskirikaso ntchito pakuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Matebeleland mu Zimbabwe.<ref>[http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 Mthwakazi Foundation Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 |date=2014-03-11 }} Retrieved 2012-08-09.</ref> ===Malonda gha ŵazga=== {{Further|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya India|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya Atlantic}} ===Nyengo ya ukoloni=== {{Main|Ukoloni wa Africa}} Mu 1652 C.E., [[Dutch East India Company]] yikakhazikiska malo gha ukoloni pafupi na [[Cape of Good Hope]] kuti yiwovwire nthowa ya malonda gha pa nyanja pakati pa Europe na Southeast Asia. Malo agha ghakakura kuŵa [[Cape Town]], ndipo ghakazgoka [[Dutch Cape Colony]]. Ukoloni wa Ŵadachi ukawukilika kaŵiri na Ŵabritishi; ulendo wakwamba ukaŵa mu 1795 C.E. mu [[kuwukira Cape Colony|kuwukira kwa Cape Colony]] uko kukaŵa chigaŵa cha nkhondo za French Revolutionary Wars, ndipo ulendo wachiŵiri ukaŵa mu 1806 C.E. pa [[Nkhondo ya Blaauwberg]] mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Napoleon. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwachiŵiri uku, Cape Colony yikazgoka koloni ya Britain mpaka apo [[Union ya South Africa]] yikapangika mu 1910 C.E. Kukhazikika kwa Cape Colony kukamba nyengo ya ukoloni mu Africa ya kumwera ndipo kukapereka nthowa ya [[Kugawana Africa|kugawika kwa Africa]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880 na kukhazikika kwa [[Maboma gha Boer|maboma gha Boer]] pamanyuma pa [[Ulendo Mukuru wa Boer|Great Trek]] mu 1836 C.E. Nyengo iyi yikawona kwiza kwa ŵanthu ŵaphya, matekinoloje, vyakumera, na vinyama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose, kweniso kusuzgika kwa maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵapo kale. ====Kugawana Africa==== {{Main|Kugawana Africa}} ===Nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni=== {{Further|Kuleka kwa ukoloni mu Africa|Africa ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni#Africa ya kumwera|Ukoloni uphya}} {{See also|Phangano la umoza wa ŵasilikari}} ==Mbiri ya Mapangidwe gha Nyumba mu Africa ya Kumwera== ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa]]:'' * [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Mapangidwe gha nyumba gha mu nyengo ya pakati mu Africa ya Kumwera]] ==Mbiri ya Sayansi na Tekinoloji mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Further||List of South African inventions and discoveries}} ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa]]:'' {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Sayansi ya nyenyezi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya pakati na ya kumwera|Masamu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 2|Mankhwala]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 3|Ulimi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 4|Kupanga salu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 5|Mapangidwe gha nyumba]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 6|Nkhondo]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 7|Mwakuyana na charu]] {{Div col end}} ==Mbiri ya vya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa#Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera}} ==Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera}} {{Further|Ŵanthu ŵa San#Majini|Ŵanthu ŵa Khoekhoe}} Kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]] kuya ku [[South Africa]], Ŵaafrica ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya [[viyowoyero vya Bantu]] ŵakulongora mphambano ya majini yakufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Kweniso, kufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] kulazga ku [[Africa ya kumwera]], ukaboni wa kufanana kwa majini ukulongora kuti pakaŵa kusama kwa ŵanthu na kusazgikana kwa mitundu pakati pa Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa apo kusama kwa Bantu kukafika ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Pfennig">{{cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |display-authors=etal |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 29, 2023 |volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=evad054 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |pmid=36987563 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/4/evad054/7092825 |pmc=10118306 |oclc=9817135458 |s2cid=257803764}}</ref> ===DNA ya ŵanthu ŵakale=== {{Further|Kusazgikana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakale na ŵanthu ŵasono#Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa mu Africa}} Nangauli mphapu za [[Denisovan]] na [[Neanderthal]] mu ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa Africa zikupulikikwa makora, ukaboni wa mphapu za ŵanthu ŵakale mu ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ngwachali kusimikizgika yayi ndipo ukukumana na mphindano.<ref name="Bergström">{{cite journal |last1=Bergström |first1=Anders |display-authors=etal |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |url=https://iranvarjavand.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/paperhub.ir10.1038@s41586-021-03244-5.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=229–237 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33568824 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |s2cid=231883210 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B}}</ref> ===DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale=== Ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa [[Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma|Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma]] awo ŵakaŵa ŵakukwima ŵakanyamura DNA yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa San awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha San.<ref name="Choudhury">{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ananyo |display-authors=etal |title=Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R56/6046806 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R56–R63 |date=April 2021 |pmid=33367711 |pmc=8117461 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa274}}</ref> Pambere kusama kwa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] kwinda mu chigaŵa ichi, nga umo DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale mu [[Botswana]] yikulongolera, ŵaliska ŵa vinyama ŵakufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] ŵakasamira ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Choudhury" /> Pa ŵalimi ŵa nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] ŵanayi ŵa Bantu awo ŵakafuma ku [[Africa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi]], ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵatsonga na Ŵavenda, ndipo ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵanyengo yamanyuma ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni. Ichi chikulongora kuti pakaŵa mayendedwe ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu pa nyengo ya kusama kwa Bantu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na Ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan ŵakumane na kusazgikana.<ref name="Choudhury" /> ====Botswana==== Ku Nqoma, mu [[Botswana]], munthu yumoza uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 900 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)#Haplogroup L2a1|haplogroup L2a1f]].<ref name="Wang">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |pmc=7292641 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref><ref name="Wang II">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2020/06/08/6.24.eaaz0183.DC1/aaz0183_SM.pdf |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |pmc=7292641 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref> Ku Taukome, mu [[Botswana]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1100 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1|E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3b1]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> Ku Xaro, mu [[Botswana]], mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1400 ivyo vyajumpha). Yumoza wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1a1c|E1b1a1a1c1a]] na [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)#Subclade distribution|L3e1a2]], ndipo munyake wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-Z827#E-V1515|E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k1a2]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> ====Malawi==== =====Fingira===== Ku malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha Fingira mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6179 BP na 2341 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M182|B2]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1]].<ref name="Lipson II">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |display-authors=etal |title=Extended Data Table 1 Ancient individuals analysed in this study: Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2022 |volume=603 |issue=7900 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04430-9 |pmid=35197631 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8907066 |oclc=9437356581 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..290L |s2cid=247083477}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6175 BP na 5913 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1b2b]].<ref name="Skoglund">{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu munyake uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6177 BP na 5923 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1c]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2676 BP na 2330 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0f]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Chencherere===== Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5400 BP na 4800 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5293 BP na 4979 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k1]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Hora===== Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,897 BP na 15,827 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b]] na [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,424 BP na 14,029 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b1a2~]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3/L0d3b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 10,000 BP na 5000 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 8173 BP na 7957 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0a2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Ballito Bay===== {{Main|Ballito Bay}} Ku [[Ballito Bay|Malaŵi gha ku Ballito Bay]], ku [[South Africa|South Africa]], munthu munyake uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 1986 BP na 1831 BP wakaŵa na ma [[Haplogulu la Y-DNA|haplogulu]] gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2c1]].<ref name="Schlebusch">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28971970 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |s2cid=206663925 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S}}</ref><ref name="Schlebusch II">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf](https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf) |journal=Science |date=3 November 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |s2cid=206663925}}</ref> Munthu munyake wa ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2149 BP na 1932 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2a1]].<ref name="Schlebusch"/><ref name="Schlebusch II"/> Ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], mwana uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Ballito Boy, uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 1,980 ± 20 BP, wakasangika kuti wakaŵa na DNA ya [[Rickettsia felis]].<ref name="Rifkin">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref><ref name="Rifkin II">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Notes 1-7 for Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2,000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |url=[https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf) |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref> ===DNA ya kromozomu Y=== {{Further|Ma haplogulu gha Y-DNA mu ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Jangwa la Sahara}} Masambiro ghakupambanapambana gha [[Kromozomu Y|kromozomu Y]] ghakulongora kuti Ŵasan ŵali na ma haplogulu gha kromozomu Y agho ghakusangika kuŵa ghakale chomene pa charu chapasi. Ma haplogulu agha ni magulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A]] na [[Haplogulu B (Y-DNA)|B]], agho ni nthambi zakwambilira chomene mu mphyanga ya ubabika wa kromozomu Y wa ŵanthu.<ref name=j1>{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Alec |display-authors=etal |title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=464–473 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12646128 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1 |issn=0960-9822 |oclc=4931666146 |s2cid=52862939 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..464K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=MF |display-authors=etal |title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |date=July 2001 |pmid=11420360 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8092394585 |s2cid=28304418 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |display-authors=etal |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |journal=Investigative Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=6 |date=September 2010 |pmid=21092339 |pmc=2988483 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |oclc=5632083214 |s2cid=18243824 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===DNA ya mitochondria=== {{Further|DNA ya mitochondria ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa}} Mu vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 BP, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa (nga ni [[Ŵasan|Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa]]) awo ŵakaŵa na [[Haplogulu L0|haplogulu L0]] ŵakapambanika kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na haplogulu [[Haplogulu L1–6 (mtDNA)|L1′6]], awo ŵakukhala chomene kumpoto kwa [[Kumwera kwa Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]].<ref name="Sá">{{cite journal |last1=Sá |first1=Luísa |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=16 August 2022 |volume=23 |issue=16 |page=9219 |doi=10.3390/ijms23169219 |pmid=36012483 |issn=1661-6596 |pmc=9408831 |oclc=9627558751 |s2cid=251653686|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 130,000 BP na 75,000 BP, vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso gha mazuŵa ghano vikawoneka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Kumwera kwa Africa|Kumwera kwa Africa]], ndipo ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa chigaŵa cha Kumwera kwa Africa na [[Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa|Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa]] ukakhazikika.<ref name="Sá"/> Masambiro gha DNA ya mitochondria ghakulongoraso kuti Ŵasan ŵali na unandi ukuru wa nthambi zakale chomene za [[Haplogulu la DNA ya mitochondria|haplogulu ya DNA ya mitochondria]]. DNA iyi yikupokera kufuma kwa nyina pera. Haplogulu yakale chomene, [[Haplogulu L0|L0]], yikusangika chomene mu magulu gha Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa.<ref name=j1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Sheng |display-authors=etal |title=mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1362–1383 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10739760 |pmc=1288201 |doi=10.1086/302848 |oclc=679558953 |s2cid=31258611}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |display-authors=etal |title=History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2180–2195 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17656633 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8090974992 |s2cid=17282053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa |url=[https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197](https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197) |journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30 |issue=21 |pages=3657–3664 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19810027 |doi=10.1002/elps.200900197 |issn=0173-0835 |oclc=5151862048 |s2cid=19515426|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === DNA ya thupi lose (Autosomal DNA) === Mu kafukufuku uyo ukafumiskika mu Malichi 2011, Brenna Henn na ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti Ŵa [[ǂKhomani San|ǂKhomani San]], kweniso Ŵa [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] na Ŵa [[Hadza people|Hadza]] ŵa ku [[Tanzania]], ŵakaŵa na kupambana kukuru kwa majini kuluska ŵanthu wose ŵanyake ŵamoyo awo ŵakasandikwa mu kafukufuku uyu. Kupambana kukuru uku kwa majini kukulongora kuti ndiko kukwenera kuŵa uko [[anatomically modern humans|ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵa thupi lakukwana]] ŵakambira.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |display-authors=etal |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–5162 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |jstor=41125668 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5154H |issn=0027-8424 |oclc=9529060694 |s2cid=12423756 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American|Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group|Nature Publishing Group]] |url=[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/) |issn=0036-8733 |oclc=1775222}}</ref> === DNA ya vya matenda (Medical DNA) === Pakati pa DNA yakale yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusanga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vya chilengedwe (hunter-gatherers) ndipo ŵakaŵa na kufanana kwa majini na [[San people|Ŵa San]], kweniso ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age, ma [[SNPs|SNP]] ghawo ghakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na [[sleeping sickness|matenda gha tsetse fly]] na [[Plasmodium vivax]].<ref name="Pfeiffer">{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Susan |title=Disease as a Factor in the African Archaeological Record |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=487–490 |year=2020 |pmid=32863518 |pmc=7445818 |doi=10.1007/s10437-020-09405-7 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8671686339 |s2cid=221320841}}</ref> Mwakudumura, ŵaŵiri pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na matenda gha tsetse fly, ndipo ŵatatu pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵakaŵa na [[Human genetic resistance to malaria#Duffy antigen receptor negativity|mitundu ya Duffy negative]] iyo yikovwira kulimbana na [[malaria]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Mwakupambana na ŵalimi ŵa Iron Age, pakati pa ŵasakaji ŵakale awo ŵakaŵa paubali na Ŵa San, mwana munyamata wa vyaka 6 wakwenera kuti wakafwa chifukwa cha [[schistosomiasis|matenda gha mphutsi za mu maji]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Ku [[Botswana]], mwanalume uyo wakukhala mu nyengo ya vyaka pafupifupi 1400 BP, wakwenera kuti wakaŵa na mtundu wa Duffy negative uwo ukovwira kulimbana na malaria.<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> ### Kusintha kwa majini mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (Genetic adaptation) Ma genome gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa agho kanandi ghakusangika kuti ghali na **kusintha kwakukhwaskana na chilengedwe (adaptation)** ghakukhwaska chomene **DNA yakulongozga umo majini ghakugwilira ntchito (regulatory DNA)**. Milandu yinandi ya kusintha uku mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yikukolerana na **vyakurya, umo thupi likugwilira ntchito (physiology),** kweniso **mphinjika za kusankha kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha matenda (evolutionary pressure from pathogens)**.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[Sub-Saharan Africa|vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa chipalamba cha Sahara]], kusintha kwa majini (mwachiyelezgero, kusintha kwa **rs334**, [[Duffy blood group|gulu la ndopa la Duffy]], kuchuluka kwa [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|kupereŵera kwa G6PD]], na [[sickle cell disease|matenda gha sickle cell]]) kwakukhwaskana na [[malaria]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Kusintha uku kukwenera kuti kukamba kuchitika pafupifupi vyaka 7300 BP ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Sub-Saharan Africa|kumwera kwa Sahara]] ŵali na kupitilira 90% ya mtundu wa majini wa [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy-null]].<ref name="Wonkam">{{cite journal |last1=Wonkam |first1=Ambroise |last2=Adeyemo |first2=Adebowale |title=Leveraging our common African origins to understand human evolution and health |journal=Cell Genomics |date=March 8, 2023 |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=100278 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100278 |pmid=36950382 |url=[https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X(23)00038-1.pdf](https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X%2823%2900038-1.pdf) |pmc=10025516 |s2cid=257458855}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Kalahari Desert|chipalamba cha Kalahari]] mu Africa, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kusintha kwa majini (nga ni [[adiponectin]], [[body mass index|chiyezo cha uzito wa thupi]], na [[metabolism|umo thupi likusinthira vyakurya kuŵa nkhongono]]) yasangika pakati pa Ŵa [[ǂKhomani people|ǂKhomani]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[South Africa|South Africa]], kusintha kwa majini (nga ni rs28647531 pa [[Chromosome 4|chromosome 4q22]]) kweniso kutambuzgika chomene na [[Tuberculosis#Risk factors|TB]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa [[Coloureds|Coloured]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> --- ## Ndondomeko ya nyengo ya malo gha vinthu vya kale na mitheto ya ŵanthu (Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites) * [[Lomekwi]] (vyaka 3,300,000 BP)<ref name="Berwick">{{cite book |last1=Berwick |first1=Robert C. |last2=Chomsky |first2=Noam |title=Why Only Us: Language and Evolution |date=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-262-03424-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}})</ref> * [[Taung]] (vyaka 3,030,000 BP)<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite web |last1=Kuhn |first1=Brian F. |display-authors=etal |title=Renewed investigations at Taung; 90 years after the discovery of Australopithecus africanus |url=[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y](http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) |publisher=Palaeontologia africana}}</ref> * [[Sterkfontein]] (vyaka 2,800,000 BP)<ref name="Pickering">{{cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Robyn |last2=Kramers |first2=Jan D. |title=Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein hominin site, South Africa |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=70–86 |url=[https://www.academia.edu/446925](https://www.academia.edu/446925) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.014 |pmid=20605190 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59...70P }}</ref> * [[Drimolen]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers">{{cite web |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=[http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf](http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf) |publisher=Quaternary International}}</ref> * [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai malo gha mafupa gha zakale]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers" /> * [[Cooper's Cave]] (vyaka 1,900,000 BP)<ref name="Steininger">{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=A partial skull of Paranthropus robustus from Cooper's Cave, South Africa |issue=3–4 |pages=143–146 |url=[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014](http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014) |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=April 2008 |volume=104 }}</ref> * [[Canteen Kopje]] (vyaka 1,890,000 BP)<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Patricia |display-authors=etal |title=Canteen Kopje: a new look at an old skull |issue=1–2 |pages=01–09 |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=January 2012 |volume=108 |doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i1/2.738 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Swartkrans]] (vyaka 1,800,000 BP)<ref name="D'Errico">{{cite web |last1=D'Errico |first1=Francesco |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |title=Possible Evidence of Bone Tool Shaping by Swartkrans Early Hominids |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936) |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Motsetsi]] (vyaka 1,640,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berger">{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=L.R. |last2=Lacruz |first2=R. |title=Preliminary report on the firstexcavations at the new fossil siteof Motsetse, Gauteng, South Africa |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC97627 |publisher=South African Journal of Science}}</ref> * [[Wonderwerk Cave]] (vyaka 1,000,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berna">{{cite web |last1=Berna |first1=Francesco |title=Microstratigraphic evidence of in situfire in theAcheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/20/E1215.full.pdf |publisher=Francesco Berna |ref=PNAS}}</ref> * [[Amanzi Springs archaeological site]] ([[Pleistocene chapakati]])<ref name="Petraglia">{{cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael |title=The large cutting tools from the South African Acheulean and the question of social traditions |issue=5 |page=653 |url=https://www.academia.edu/471301 |journal=Current Anthropology|year=2004 |volume=45 |doi=10.1086/423973 |s2cid=163124683 }}</ref> * [[Rising Star Cave]] (vyaka 414,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Dirks">{{cite journal |last1=Dirks |first1=Paul HGM |display-authors=etal |title=The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa |year=2017 |volume=6 |journal=eLife|doi=10.7554/eLife.24231 |pmid=28483040 |pmc=5423772 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Kalambo Falls]] (vyaka 300,000 BP – 200,000 BP)<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=J.D. |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site: Volume 3, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age |date=1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-0-521-20071-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYGwagdt9MQC&dq=%22Kalambo+Falls%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PP14}}</ref> * [[Duinefontein]] (vyaka 290,000 BP)<ref name="Cruz-Uribe">{{cite web |last1=Cruz-Uribe |first1=Kathryn |display-authors=etal |title=Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223255530 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Gladysvale Cave]] (vyaka 257,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |display-authors=etal |title=Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223705742 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site]] (vyaka 200,000 BP)<ref name="Kuman">{{cite web |last1=Kuman |first1=K. |last2=Clarke |first2=R. |title=Florisbad—New investigations at a middle stone age Hominid Site in South Africa |url=http://hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/sites/hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/files/kuman_1986_-_new_investigations_at_florisbad.pdf |publisher=Geoarchaeology}}</ref> * [[Mumbwa Caves]] (vyaka 194,000 BP – 124,000 BP)<ref name="Avery">{{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=D.M. |title=Early and Middle Pleistocene environments and hominid biogeography; micromammalian evidence from Kabwe, Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves in central Zambia |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101820200593X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=189 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00593-X |bibcode=2003PPP...189...55A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Pinnacle Point]] (vyaka 164,000 BP)<ref name="Marean">{{cite web |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=The stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age sediments at Pinnacle PointCave 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa) |url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Marean-et-al-2010-JHE.pdf |publisher=Journal of Human Evolution}}</ref> * [[Hoedjiespunt]] (vyaka 130,000 BP)<ref name="Kyriacou">{{cite journal |last1=Kyriacou |first1=K. |title=Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa |year=2015 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030544031500031X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=57 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.018 |bibcode=2015JArSc..57..197K |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngalue]] (vyaka 105,000 BP)<ref name="Mercader">{{cite journal |last1=Mercader |first1=Julio |display-authors=etal |title=Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248409000633 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.03.005 |pmid=19487015 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...63M |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Blombos Cave]] (vyaka 84,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Backwell II">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |last2=D'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Wadley |first3=Lyn |title=Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Stillbay]] (vyaka 80,000 BP)<ref name="Lovell">{{cite web |last1=Lovell |first1=Nancy C |last2=Palichuk |first2=Kimberley E. |title=Task activity and tooth wear in a woman of ancient Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331309201 |publisher=Bioarchaeology of Marginalized People}}</ref> * [[Howieson's Poort Shelter]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Zenobia |display-authors=etal |title=Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23441925 |journal=Science|year=2008 |volume=322 |issue=5902 |pages=733–735 |doi=10.1126/science.1162219 |pmid=18974351 |bibcode=2008Sci...322..733J |hdl=1885/32902 |s2cid=206514762 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> * [[Mousteroid]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 50,000 BP)<ref>O. Davies (1964)</ref><ref>J. D. Clark (1967)</ref> * Peers Cave (vyaka 75,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Howiesons Poort]] (vyaka 68,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Gibson">{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=N. E. |last2=Wadley |first2=L. |last3=Williamson |first3=B. S. |title=Microscopic residues as evidence of hafting on backed tools from the 60 000 to 68 000 year-old Howiesons Poort layers of Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.902.9496&rep=rep1&type=pdf |publisher=Southern African Humanities|citeseerx=10.1.1.902.9496 }}</ref> * [[Boomplaas Cave]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Pargeter">{{cite web |last1=Pargeter |first1=Justin |title=New ages from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, provideincreased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene humanbehavioural variability |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |publisher=Azania: Archaeological Research In Africa}}</ref> * [[Klasies River Caves]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]] (vyaka 65,000 BP)<ref name="Verna">{{cite journal |last1=Verna |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=The Middle Stone Age human remains from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa) |year=2013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440313001350 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3532–3541 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.011 |bibcode=2013JArSc..40.3532V |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Plovers Lake]] (vyaka 62,900 BP)<ref name="Brophy">{{cite journal |last1=Brophy |first1=Juliet |display-authors=etal |title=Faunal assemblage composition and paleoenvironment of Plovers Lake, a Middle Stone Age locality in Gauteng Province, South Africa |year=2008 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1102–1117 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9373821 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.011 |pmid=18954892 |bibcode=2008JHumE..55.1102D }}</ref> * [[Sibudu Cave]] (vyaka 61,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Fauresmith (industry)]] (vyaka 60,300 BP – 32,600 BP)<ref name="Herries">{{cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |title=A Chronological Perspective on the Acheulian and ItsTransition to the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa:The Question of the Fauresmith |date=2011 |url=https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/961401.pdf |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.4061/2011/961401 |doi-access=free |pmid=21785711 |pmc=3139141 }}</ref> * [[Border Cave]] (vyaka 58,200 BP)<ref name="Bird">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=M.I. |display-authors=etal |title=Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60 ka BP at Border Cave, South Africa |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379103000052 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=22 |issue=8–9 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00005-2 |bibcode=2003QSRv...22..943B |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngwenya Mine]] (vyaka 43,000 BP)<ref name="Watling">{{cite web |last1=Watling |first1=Sarah Elizabeth |title=What Does The Mine Have To Tell Us? Art As A Reclamation Streategy In The Post-Mined Landscape Of The Oldest Known Mine In The World, Ngwenya Mine Swaziland |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/14237/Watling_umd_0117N_14329.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> * [[Apollo 11 Cave]] (vyaka 30,000 BP)<ref name="Haaland">{{cite web |last1=Haaland |first1=Magnus |display-authors=etal |title=Pleistocene Figurative Art Mobilier From Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, Southern Namibia |url=https://www.academia.edu/14617050 |publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Elands Bay Cave]] (vyaka 19,398 BP)<ref name="Porraz">{{cite web |last1=Porraz |first1=Guillaume |display-authors=etal |title=A shape to the microlithic Robberg from Elands BayCave (South Africa) |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02517687/document |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Tsodilo]] (vyaka 14,500 BP)<ref name="Robbins">{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Lawrence H. |display-authors=etal |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The"Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bd0e66f8d97400eb0099556/t/5bddf66f40ec9a449daf1e88/1541273199732/Nyame+Akuma+Issue+067-Robbins.pdf |publisher=Nyame Akuma}}</ref> * [[Mwela Rock Paintings]] (vyaka 10,820 BP)<ref name="Muianga">{{cite web |last1=Muianga |first1=Décio |title=Rock Art and Ancient Material Culture of Cahora Bassa Dam, Tete Province, Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279443446 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Kalemba Rockshelter]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 8,000 BP)<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Joshua R. |last2=Rowan |first2=John |title=Holocene paleoenvironmental change in southeastern Africa (Makwe Rockshelter, Zambia): Implications for the spread of pastoralism |year=2017 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=156 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.030 |bibcode=2017QSRv..156...57R |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Matsieng Footprints]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 3000 BP)<ref name="Matsieng">{{cite web |title=Matsieng Footprints |url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |publisher=Botswana Tourism Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725080508/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |archive-date=2010-07-25 }}</ref> * [[Nelson Bay Cave]] (vyaka 9000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * Jubilee Shelter (vyaka 8500 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Twyfelfontein]] (vyaka 5850 BP)<ref name="Imalwa">{{cite web |last1=Imalwa |first1=Emma |title=Analysis of the Management of Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site, Namibia |url=https://repositorio.utad.pt/bitstream/10348/6089/1/phd_eimalwa.pdf |publisher=Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro}}</ref> * [[Rose Cottage Cave]] (vyaka 4000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[The White Lady (Namibia)|The White Lady]] (3000 B.C.E. – 1500 B.C.E.)<ref name="Dubow">{{cite web |last1=Dubow |first1=Saul |title=Henri Breuil And The Imagination Of Prehistory:'Mixing Up Rubble, Trouble And Stratification' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735840 |publisher=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series}}</ref> * [[Mussel Point]] (vyaka 3500 BP)<ref name="Jerardino">{{cite web |last1=Jerardino |first1=Antonieta |title=Mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations: the archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292257945 |publisher=Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap}}</ref> * [[Byneskranskop]] (vyaka 3200 BP – 1500 BP)<ref name="Bräuer">{{cite book |last1=Bräuer |first1=Günter |last2=Friedrich |first2=Wilhelm Rösing |title=Afrika II: Südafrika: Human biological history of southern Africa. Le peuplement de Madagascar |date=Dec 3, 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-486-82584-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7N6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bambandyanalo%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PA6}}</ref> * [[Driekops Eiland]] (vyaka 2500 BP)<ref name="Morris">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=David Roger Neacalbann McIntyre |title=Driekopseiland and "the rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving site |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58912508.pdf |publisher=University of Western Cape}}</ref> * [[Bambata Cave]] (mu chaka cha 215 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=The stylistic origin of Bambata and the spread of mixed farming in southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264852616 |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Ziwa]] (vyaka 1630 BP)<ref name="Huffman II">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The Origin and Spread of Social Complexity in Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248572439 |publisher=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology}}</ref> * [[Chibuene]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E.)<ref name="Robertshaw">{{cite web |last1=Robertshaw |first1=Peter |display-authors=etal |title=Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century AD port in southern Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265050510 |publisher=The South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Toutswemogala Hill]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E. – 19 C.E.)<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> * [[Leopard's Kopje]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 750 C.E. – 800 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman III">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron age of Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248579741 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Bambandyanalo]] (mu chaka cha 1000 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Great Zimbabwe]] (mu chaka cha 1300 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman IV">{{cite journal |last1=Huffman |first1=Tom |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7500155 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=28 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1016/J.JAA.2008.10.004 }}</ref> * [[Domboshaba]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1600 C.E.)<ref name="De Wit">{{cite journal |last1=De Wit |first1=Michiel C. J. |title=Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artefacts to Lesedi La Rona |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |bibcode=2018MinPe.112....7D |hdl=2263/64747 |s2cid=189943118 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Majojo]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1650 C.E.)<ref name="Ossola">{{cite book |last1=Ossola |first1=Paola |last2=Grechi |first2=Daniele |title=Botswana Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development A Handbook of Theory and Practice |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |page=253 |isbn=978-1-5275-4956-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkfhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Majojo+1300-1650+AD&pg=PA253}}</ref> * [[Mbande Hill]] (vyaka 600 BP)<ref name="Seitsonen">{{cite web |last1=Seitsonen |first1=Oula |title=Lithics After Stone Age In East Africa Wadh Lang'o Case Study |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19613/lithicsa.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |publisher=University Of Helsinki Institute For Cultural Studies}}</ref> * [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1370 C.E. – 1410 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Manyikeni]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 14 C.E.)<ref name="Jopela">{{cite web |last1=Jopela |first1=Albino Pereira de Jesus |title=Traditional Custodianship Of Rock Art Sites In Southern Africa: A Case Study From Central Mozambique |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8878/MA%20Thesis%20-%20Jopela.pdf?sequence=2 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Khami]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1450 C.E. – 1820 C.E.)<ref name="Chirikure">{{cite journal |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |display-authors=etal |title=New Pathways of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Africa |year=2013 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3?shared-article-renderer |journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=339–366 |doi=10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3 |s2cid=254192991 |hdl=2263/41780 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Dzata ruins]] (pambere pa chaka cha 1600 C.E.)<ref name="Swanepoel">{{cite book |last1=Swanepoel |first1=Natalie |last2=Esterhuysen |first2=Amanda |title=Five Hundred Years Rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects |date=Aug 1, 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-77614-228-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjZjDwAAQBAJ&q=dzata&pg=PT8}}</ref> * [[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="Bokoni">{{cite web |title=The Bokoni story unearthed |date=26 February 2015 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-26-the-bokoni-story-unearthed/ |publisher=Mail & Guardian Online}}</ref> * [[Ingombe Ilede]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="McIntosh">{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |last2=Fagan |first2=Brian M. |title=Re-dating the Ingombe Ilede burials |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/redating-the-ingombe-ilede-burials/E15825A560157DBC4389DD416013A859 |journal=Antiquity|volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1069–1077 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Danangombe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1650 C.E. – 1815 C.E.)<ref name="Pikirayi">{{cite book |last1=Pikirayi |first1=Innocent |title=The Zimbabwe Culture Origins and Decline of Social Complexity in Southern Zambezian States |date=2002 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-585-38649-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ2aAAAAQBAJ&q=Danangombe}}</ref> * [[Burchell's Shelter]] (pamanyuma pa 1660 C.E.)<ref name="Vogel">{{cite web |last1=Vogel |first1=J.C. |display-authors=etal |title=Pretoria Radiocarbon Dates III |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/469F44D9DB5C543B6285300463751FF4/S003382220002018Xa.pdf/pretoria_radiocarbon_dates_iii.pdf |publisher=Radiocarbon}}</ref> * [[Mamuno Monument]] (vyaka 200 BP)<ref name="Litherland">{{cite journal |last1=Litherland |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Rock Engravings from Mamuno |year=1975 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=7 |pages=19–28 |jstor=40979420 }}</ref> * [[Kaditshwene]] (mu chaka cha 1790 C.E.)<ref name="Boeyens">{{cite web |last1=Boeyens |first1=J.C.A. |last2=Plug |first2=I. |title='A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all therefuse': the faunal remains from the central court middenat Kaditshwene |url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4190/BOEYENS-high-res.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Annals Of The Ditsong National Museum Of Natural History}}</ref> * [[Bumbusi National Monument]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 18 C.E.)<ref name="Haynes">{{cite web |last1=Haynes |first1=Gary |title=Puzzling over the Bumbusi Spoor Engravings in Zimbabwe |work=Paper presented at SAA annual meeting |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2916049 |publisher=SAA}}</ref> * [[Tlokwe Ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Anderson">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Mark Steven |title=The historical archaeology of Marothodi: towards an understanding of space, identity and the organisation of production at an early 19th century Tlokwa capital in the Pilansberg region of South Africa |date=2009 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8924 |publisher=University of Cape Town}}</ref> * [[Old Palapye]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Reid">{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Lane |first2=Paul J. |title=African Historical Archaeologies |date=Nov 30, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&q=Old+Palapye&pg=PA1}}</ref> * [[Dundo]] (mu chaka cha 1912 C.E.)<ref name="Bednarski">{{cite web |last1=Bednarski |first1=Cezary M |title=Urbanisation in Africa –Taking Angola as an Example |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/2010-2019/2016/Session_559/C_Bednarski_.IABSE-Geneva_09.2015.pdf |publisher=IABSE Conference –Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenge}}</ref> ===Mndandanda wa mitundu ya vya m'mabwinja na malo gha m'mbiri=== * [[Mapanga gha Cango]] * [[Jiso la Kuruman]] * [[Maji ghakotcha gha Gwisho]] * [[Chuma cha Western Cape]] * [[Malo gha m'mabwinja gha Kathu]] * [[ǁKhauxaǃnas]] * [[Pango la Kogelbeen]] * [[Mission ya Kolobeng]] * [[Mabwinja gha Kweneng]] * [[Magosian]] * [[Makapansgat]] * [[Malapa Fossil Site, Mlonga wa Umo Ŵanthu Ŵakafumira]] * [[Pango la Melkhoutboom]] * [[Melville Koppies]] * [[Naletale]] * [[Malo gha myala yakuzizima gha Nooitgedacht]] * [[Ulamuliro wa vya chiharo cha Northern Cape]] * [[Mafunde gha Nyambwezi]] * [[Malo gha visulo vya Paternoster]] * [[Sangoan]] * [[Schoemansdal, Limpopo]] * [[Nyumba za myala za Sedan za nga njuchi]] * [[Malo gha vithuzithuzi vya pa myala gha Wildebeest Kuil]] * [[Pango la Witsie (Lekhalong la Witsie)]] ==Wonani so== *[[Mndandanda wa maufumu mu Africa mu nyengo yakale#Kummwera kwa Africa]] ==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira== {{reflist}} {{Africa topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Africa mwakuyana na chigaŵa]] [[Category:Africa iyo yili pasi pa Sahara]] [[Category:Mbiri ya chilengedwe ya Africa]] 39cbmd7w1mnpp7dva9xg62h5marnx4g 118011 118010 2026-07-26T11:29:13Z Caro de Segeda 6393 118011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Afilika''' yagawika mu nyengo za kale za ŵanthu, mbiri yake yakale, maufumu ghakuru agho ghakasambira na kukura, nyengo ya ukoloni, na nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni, iyo ndiyo yikapangiska vyaru ivyo vilipo sono. [[Kumwera kwa Afilika]] kuli na mphaka na [[Afilika ya Pakati]], [[Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya India]], na [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. Mipaka ya mu nyengo ya ukoloni yikuwoneka mu mipaka ya mazuŵa ghano pakati pa vyaru vya ku Kumwera kwa Afilika, ndipo kanandi yikajumpha pa mphaka za mitundu na chikaya, mwakugaŵa gulu limoza la mtundu wa ŵanthu pakati pa vyaru viŵiri panji vyakujumpha. ==Malo gha Charu== {{Further|Malo gha Charu gha Africa}} [[File:2002 Satellite Image of Southern Africa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chithuzithuzi cha pa satellite]] cha [[Kumwera kwa Africa]].]] Chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa jangwa ichi ni [[steppe|chigaŵa cha udambo]], icho ntcha chikaŵa chichoko cha chiwawa, ndipo chikuchemeka [[Sahel]]. Ni chigaŵa cha nyengo na [[chigaŵa cha vyamoyo|vyamoyo]] cha [[ecotone|kusintha]] mu Africa pakati pa Jangwa la Sahara kumpoto na [[Savanna ya Sudan]] kumwera. Savanna ya Sudan ni lamba ukuru wa [[malo gha udambo gha mu nyengo yakotcha, masavanna na malo gha vithaka|savanna ya mu nyengo yakotcha]] iyo yikwenda mu [[Africa|charu cha Africa]], kufuma ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] kufika ku [[Mapiri gha Ethiopia]] mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]]. ==Nyengo== {{Further|Nyengo ya Africa}} Mu vyaka 15,000 [[Pambere Pakaŵako sono|BP]], [[Mvula ya ku Africa ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] yikasintha malo gha [[Africa]] ndipo yikambiska nyengo ya [[Sahara Wakubiliwira]]; vula zinandi mu nyengo ya chihanya zikapangiska kuti malo gha maji (nga ni [[nyanja]], [[madambo]]) na masavanna (nga ni [[malo gha utheka]], [[malo gha vithaka]]) vikure mu [[Africa ya Kumpoto]].<ref name="Pausata">{{cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S.R. |display-authors=etal |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2016 |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 5500 BP na 4000 BP, nyengo ya Sahara Wakubiliwira yikamara.<ref name="Pausata" /> ==Mbiri ya Kale ya Ŵanthu== {{Main|Mbiri ya Kale ya Kumwera kwa Africa}} Kuŵa kwamba mu vyaka 170,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵanthu ŵa ku Kumwera kwa Africa ŵakaphikanga na kurya [[Hypoxis]] angustifolia [[mizu ya pasi]] ku [[Malo gha Malibwe gha Border]], [[Africa ya Kumwera]], ndipo vyakurya ivi vikwenera kuti vikapelekanga [[makarbohayidireti]] pa maulendo ghawo.<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |last3=D'Errico |first3=Francesco |last4=Sievers |first4=Christine |title=Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6473 |pages=87–91 |date=3 Jan 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5926 |pmid=31896717 |bibcode=2020Sci...367...87W |oclc=8527136604 |s2cid=209677578|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/142825 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mu vyaka 92,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵalimi ŵa vinyama na ŵakusaka ŵa ku Malawi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito [[Moto|mulilo]] kuti ŵasinthe malo agho ŵakakhalanga.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |display-authors=etal |title=Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=19 |date=5 May 2021 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf9776 |pmid=33952528 |pmc=8099189 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.9776T |oclc=9579895150 |s2cid=233871035}}</ref> Pakati pa 65,000 BP na 37,000 BP, mu nyengo yakusintha kufuma ku [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]] kuya ku [[Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro|Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro]], [[ŴaKhoisan|ŴaKhosani ŵa Kumwera kwa Africa]] ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito [[uta na mivi]].<ref name="Hitchcock">{{cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Robert K. |last2=Crowell |first2=Aron |last3=Brooks |first3=Alison |title=The ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting: A Case Study of ǂGi Pan, Western Ngamiland, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332529080 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=14 February 2019 |pages=119–144 |volume=36 |doi=10.1007/S10437-018-9319-X |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8031623872 |s2cid=166634393}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Butua=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Butua}} Pambere undaŵe chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Rozwi|Ufumu wa Rozwi]], fuko la Togwa likalamuliranga mu ufumu wa Butua m'paka mu chaka cha 1683 C.E.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Butua |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Butua |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Maravi=== {{Main|Maravi}} Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 16 C.E. na m'ma 19 C.E., maufumu gha Maravi (nga ni Undi, Lundu, na Kalonga) ghakasangwa na kukura chomene.<ref name="Newitt">{{cite book |last1=Newitt |first1=Malyn |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |year=2016 |pages=1–2 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ==Mbiri ya sono== ===Ufumu wa Merina=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Merina#Mbiri}} Kufika kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakakwaniska kutonda mafuko ghanyake gha pa chilwa ichi nga ni [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bezanozano|Bezanozano]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa Betsimisaraka|Betsimisaraka]], na ufumu wa Sakalava, ndipo ŵakaghazenga pasi pa ufumu wa Merina. Mu ndondomeko iyi mazina gha mtundu wakuti "Merina" ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, chifukwa ghakulongora kuŵa ŵakumanyikwa mu chiyowoyero cha [[Chiyowoyero cha Malagasy|Malagasy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Pier M.|date=1996|title=Desperately Seeking 'the Merina' (Central Madagascar): Reading Ethnonyms and Their Semantic Fields in African Identity Histories|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=22|issue=4|pages=541–560|doi=10.1080/03057079608708511|jstor=2637156|bibcode=1996JSAfS..22..541L |issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Nangauli vinyake vikulongosora kukura kwa Merina nga nkhuwunganiska Madagascar yose, mafuko agho ghakakhalanga pafupi nga ni Betsimisaraka ghakawonanga kukura uku nga ni nthowa ya kulamulira ŵanthu ŵanyake.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cole, Jennifer, 1966-|title=Forget colonialism?: sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92682-0 |oclc=49570321}}</ref> Mu 1824 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakatora doko la [[Mahajanga]] ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chilwa, ndipo ichi chikalongora kusazgikira kwa nkhongono zawo. Mu nyengo ya [[Radama I]], Ŵamerina ŵakalutilira kuchita nkhondo izo zikakuzga mazaza gha ufumu na kusazgira chuma cha ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari.<ref name="Campbell">{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|date=1981|title=Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=203–227|doi=10.1017/S0021853700019411|jstor=181583|s2cid=161991146 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa Merina ŵakakumana na kususkika kufuma ku ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbira ku ulamuliro wa ufumu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa masauzandi ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhalanga nga ni magulu ghakuwukira agho ghakasuskikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu awo ŵakakwendera ŵanthu aŵa mu 1835 C.E. Chomenechomene, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbiranga ukapangiska kuti pakhale khumbo likuru la ŵantchito ŵazga mu ufumu wa Merina, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nkhondo zakukuzga ufumu zilutilire.<ref name="Campbell" /> Mu pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., kukura kwa ufumu na kulamulira chomene malonda gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja vikapangiska kuti Merina ŵaŵe na mazaza ghakuru pa chilwa chose. Ufumu wa Merina ukakhala pafupi kuŵika Madagascar yose pasi pa ufumu umoza pambere [[Ukoloni wa France ku Madagascar|ukoloni wa France]] undambe mu 1895 C.E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Merina|title=Merina {{!}} people |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[File:Ranavalona III of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ranavalona III]] wakaŵa themba laumaliro la Madagascar.]] ===Ufumu wa Rozwi=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Rozwi#Mbiri}} Mabuku gha Ŵapwitikizi ghakulongora kuti Ŵarozwi ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakumanya chomene. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa ya [[kupanga msasa wa nkhondo wa nyanga za ng'ombe|nyanga za ng'ombe mu nkhondo]] vyaka vinandi pambere mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵazulu, [[Shaka]], wandayambe kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. Ŵarozwi, awo ŵakaŵa na mikondo, zishango, na mauta na mivi, ŵakatola chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe plateau.<ref name="brit1">{{cite news |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064305/Rozvi |title=Rozvi |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Ndwandwe=== {{Main|Ndwandwe}} Ufumu wa Ndwandwe ukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. chifukwa cha kusintha kwakupambanapambana kwa vya chuma, ndyali, na umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name="Ndlovu‐Gatsheni">{{cite book |last1=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first1=Sabelo J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Nguni empires |year=2016 |pages=1–8 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ===Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa=== {{Main|Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa}} Mwakuyana na Muzi Mthethwa (1995), Ŵamthethwa ŵakafuma ku mafuko gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]] gha kumpoto kwa Natal na [[Mapiri gha Lubombo|Mapiri gha Lubombo]], ndipo mtundu wawo wa sono ukamba kumanyikwa vyaka pafupifupi 700 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>Muzi Mthethwa (1995), "The History of abakwaMthethwa, Research Project", Department of History, University of Zululand.</ref> Ŵakaŵa pakati pa magulu ghakwambilira gha Nguni-Tsonga agho ghakafuma ku [[Maziŵa Ghakuru gha mu Africa|Maziŵa Ghakuru]] mu [[Central Africa|Africa ya pakati]] pakati pa 200 C.E. na 1200 C.E. Apo ŵakafika ku [[Southern Africa|Africa ya kumwera]], ŵakakhala pafupi na charu cha sono cha [[Eswatini]], chomenechomene pa [[Mapiri gha Lubombo]]. Pamanyuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 17 C.E. ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa cha sono cha [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mu chigaŵa cha [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]]. Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa na mafuko, mbumba, na maufumu ghachoko pafupifupi 30 gha Nguni. Mwakupambana na uyo wakiza pamanyuma, [[Ufumu wa Zulu]], Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa wupu wa maufumu ghakupambanapambana.<ref>Morris, page 42</ref> Pasi pa ulamuliro wa [[Dingiswayo]], ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukakhozgeka na kusazgikira. Themba ili likapanga ubwezi na [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tsonga|Ŵatsonga]] kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. ndipo likamba kuchita malonda gha [[minyanga ya njovu|minyanga ya njovu]] na vinthu vinyake na [[Portugal|Ŵapwitikizi]] mu [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mthethwa|title=Mthethwa - historical state, Africa |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Zulu=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Zulu#Mbiri}} [[Shaka]] wakaŵa mwana wa [[Senzangakhona]], themba la Ŵazulu, uyo wakababika cha mu nthengwa. Wakababika cha mu chaka cha 1787 C.E. Iyo na amama ŵake, [[Nandi (amama ŵa Shaka)|Nandi]], ŵakachimbizgika na Senzangakhona ndipo ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo mu [[Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa|Mthethwa]]. Shaka wakalwana nga ni msilikari pasi pa Jobe, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Dingiswayo, mulongozgi wa Mthethwa. Senzangakhona wati wafwa, Dingiswayo wakawovwira Shaka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Ufumu wa Zulu. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Dingiswayo chifukwa cha Zwide, themba la [[Ufumu wa Ndwandwe|Ndwandwe]], mu 1818 C.E., Shaka wakatora ulongozgi wa wupu wose wa Mthethwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?|url=https://www.historynet.com/shaka-zulu-africas-napoleon.htm|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|date=2017-03-14 |publisher=HistoryNet}}</ref> Shaka wakambiska masinthiro ghanandi gha vya nkhondo, vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, vya mitheto, na vya ndyali, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Zulu uwo ukaŵa wakulongozgeka mwakukhora. Kusintha kukuru chomene kukaŵa mu umo ŵasilikari ŵakenderanga, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ziphya za nkhondo na vilwero, kweniso kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵa vya mizimu, ŵamankhwala ŵa mizimu ([[sangoma]]), mwakuti ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha boma la Zulu. Wupu uwo ukaŵa pasi pa ulongozgi wake ukapona pa kuwukira kwakwamba kwa Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Phiri la Gqokli|Nkhondo ya Gqokli Hill]] mu 1818 C.E. Mu vyaka viŵiri, Shaka wakatonda Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Mhlatuze|Nkhondo ya Mhlatuze River]] mu 1820 C.E. ndipo wakaparanya wupu wa Ndwandwe. Ŵanyake mwa Ŵandwandwe ŵakamba ulendo wakukoma na kuwukira mafuko ghanyake gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]], ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Difaqane|Difaqane (Mfecane)]], uwo ukaŵa kusama kukuru kwa mafuko agho ghakachimbiranga ku maboma agho ghakasweka na nkhondo za Ŵazulu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu nyengo iyi chikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuti chikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni na 2 miliyoni, kweni manambara agha ghakususkika.<ref name="Walter1969">{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=978-0-19-501562-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=<nowiki>Charters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery)</nowiki>|year=1839|title=Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier|journal=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine |publisher=Henry Colburn|volume=1839, Part III|issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition</ref><ref name="Hanson2007">{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}</ref> Kufika mu 1822 C.E., Shaka wakaŵa walamulira ufumu uwo ukaŵa na malo pafupifupi {{convert|80000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}.<ref name="Gluckman">{{Cite journal|last=Gluckman|first=Max|author-link=Max Gluckman|date=1960|title=The Rise of a Zulu Empire|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-a-zulu-empire/|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=202|issue=4|page=162|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24940454|bibcode=1960SciAm.202d.157G |quote=By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chithuzithuzi cha Themba Shaka ({{circa}} 1824)]] ===Ufumu wa Mthwakazi=== {{Main|Mthwakazi#Kukhazikika kwa Mzilikazi mu Mthwakazi}} Mthwakazi ni zina lakale ilo likugwiliskirika ntchito pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa Ndebele na ufumu wa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵa Kumpoto|Ndebele]], uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha sono cha [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|title=Bulelani Lobengula crowned the Ndebele King|date=1 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51|title=Brief History of Mthwakazi (English)|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094724/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51}}</ref> Mthwakazi likugwiliskirikaso ntchito pakuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Matebeleland mu Zimbabwe.<ref>[http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 Mthwakazi Foundation Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 |date=2014-03-11 }} Retrieved 2012-08-09.</ref> ===Malonda gha ŵazga=== {{Further|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya India|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya Atlantic}} ===Nyengo ya ukoloni=== {{Main|Ukoloni wa Africa}} Mu 1652 C.E., [[Dutch East India Company]] yikakhazikiska malo gha ukoloni pafupi na [[Cape of Good Hope]] kuti yiwovwire nthowa ya malonda gha pa nyanja pakati pa Europe na Southeast Asia. Malo agha ghakakura kuŵa [[Cape Town]], ndipo ghakazgoka [[Dutch Cape Colony]]. Ukoloni wa Ŵadachi ukawukilika kaŵiri na Ŵabritishi; ulendo wakwamba ukaŵa mu 1795 C.E. mu [[kuwukira Cape Colony|kuwukira kwa Cape Colony]] uko kukaŵa chigaŵa cha nkhondo za French Revolutionary Wars, ndipo ulendo wachiŵiri ukaŵa mu 1806 C.E. pa [[Nkhondo ya Blaauwberg]] mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Napoleon. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwachiŵiri uku, Cape Colony yikazgoka koloni ya Britain mpaka apo [[Union ya South Africa]] yikapangika mu 1910 C.E. Kukhazikika kwa Cape Colony kukamba nyengo ya ukoloni mu Africa ya kumwera ndipo kukapereka nthowa ya [[Kugawana Africa|kugawika kwa Africa]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880 na kukhazikika kwa [[Maboma gha Boer|maboma gha Boer]] pamanyuma pa [[Ulendo Mukuru wa Boer|Great Trek]] mu 1836 C.E. Nyengo iyi yikawona kwiza kwa ŵanthu ŵaphya, matekinoloje, vyakumera, na vinyama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose, kweniso kusuzgika kwa maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵapo kale. ====Kugawana Africa==== {{Main|Kugawana Africa}} ===Nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni=== {{Further|Kuleka kwa ukoloni mu Africa|Africa ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni#Africa ya kumwera|Ukoloni uphya}} {{See also|Phangano la umoza wa ŵasilikari}} ==Mbiri ya Mapangidwe gha Nyumba mu Africa ya Kumwera== ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa]]:'' * [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Mapangidwe gha nyumba gha mu nyengo ya pakati mu Africa ya Kumwera]] ==Mbiri ya Sayansi na Tekinoloji mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Further||List of South African inventions and discoveries}} ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa]]:'' {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Sayansi ya nyenyezi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya pakati na ya kumwera|Masamu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 2|Mankhwala]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 3|Ulimi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 4|Kupanga salu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 5|Mapangidwe gha nyumba]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 6|Nkhondo]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 7|Mwakuyana na charu]] {{Div col end}} ==Mbiri ya vya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa#Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera}} ==Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera}} {{Further|Ŵanthu ŵa San#Majini|Ŵanthu ŵa Khoekhoe}} Kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]] kuya ku [[South Africa]], Ŵaafrica ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya [[viyowoyero vya Bantu]] ŵakulongora mphambano ya majini yakufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Kweniso, kufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] kulazga ku [[Africa ya kumwera]], ukaboni wa kufanana kwa majini ukulongora kuti pakaŵa kusama kwa ŵanthu na kusazgikana kwa mitundu pakati pa Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa apo kusama kwa Bantu kukafika ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Pfennig">{{cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |display-authors=etal |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 29, 2023 |volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=evad054 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |pmid=36987563 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/4/evad054/7092825 |pmc=10118306 |oclc=9817135458 |s2cid=257803764}}</ref> ===DNA ya ŵanthu ŵakale=== {{Further|Kusazgikana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakale na ŵanthu ŵasono#Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa mu Africa}} Nangauli mphapu za [[Denisovan]] na [[Neanderthal]] mu ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa Africa zikupulikikwa makora, ukaboni wa mphapu za ŵanthu ŵakale mu ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ngwachali kusimikizgika yayi ndipo ukukumana na mphindano.<ref name="Bergström">{{cite journal |last1=Bergström |first1=Anders |display-authors=etal |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |url=https://iranvarjavand.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/paperhub.ir10.1038@s41586-021-03244-5.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=229–237 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33568824 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |s2cid=231883210 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B}}</ref> ===DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale=== Ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa [[Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma|Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma]] awo ŵakaŵa ŵakukwima ŵakanyamura DNA yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa San awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha San.<ref name="Choudhury">{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ananyo |display-authors=etal |title=Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R56/6046806 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R56–R63 |date=April 2021 |pmid=33367711 |pmc=8117461 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa274}}</ref> Pambere kusama kwa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] kwinda mu chigaŵa ichi, nga umo DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale mu [[Botswana]] yikulongolera, ŵaliska ŵa vinyama ŵakufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] ŵakasamira ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Choudhury" /> Pa ŵalimi ŵa nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] ŵanayi ŵa Bantu awo ŵakafuma ku [[Africa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi]], ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵatsonga na Ŵavenda, ndipo ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵanyengo yamanyuma ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni. Ichi chikulongora kuti pakaŵa mayendedwe ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu pa nyengo ya kusama kwa Bantu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na Ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan ŵakumane na kusazgikana.<ref name="Choudhury" /> ====Botswana==== Ku Nqoma, mu [[Botswana]], munthu yumoza uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 900 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)#Haplogroup L2a1|haplogroup L2a1f]].<ref name="Wang">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |pmc=7292641 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref><ref name="Wang II">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2020/06/08/6.24.eaaz0183.DC1/aaz0183_SM.pdf |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |pmc=7292641 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref> Ku Taukome, mu [[Botswana]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1100 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1|E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3b1]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> Ku Xaro, mu [[Botswana]], mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1400 ivyo vyajumpha). Yumoza wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1a1c|E1b1a1a1c1a]] na [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)#Subclade distribution|L3e1a2]], ndipo munyake wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-Z827#E-V1515|E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k1a2]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> ====Malawi==== =====Fingira===== Ku malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha Fingira mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6179 BP na 2341 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M182|B2]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1]].<ref name="Lipson II">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |display-authors=etal |title=Extended Data Table 1 Ancient individuals analysed in this study: Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2022 |volume=603 |issue=7900 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04430-9 |pmid=35197631 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8907066 |oclc=9437356581 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..290L |s2cid=247083477}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6175 BP na 5913 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1b2b]].<ref name="Skoglund">{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu munyake uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6177 BP na 5923 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1c]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2676 BP na 2330 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0f]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Chencherere===== Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5400 BP na 4800 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5293 BP na 4979 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k1]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Hora===== Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,897 BP na 15,827 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b]] na [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,424 BP na 14,029 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b1a2~]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3/L0d3b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 10,000 BP na 5000 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 8173 BP na 7957 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0a2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Ballito Bay===== {{Main|Ballito Bay}} Ku [[Ballito Bay|Malaŵi gha ku Ballito Bay]], ku [[South Africa|South Africa]], munthu munyake uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 1986 BP na 1831 BP wakaŵa na ma [[Haplogulu la Y-DNA|haplogulu]] gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2c1]].<ref name="Schlebusch">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28971970 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |s2cid=206663925 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S}}</ref><ref name="Schlebusch II">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf](https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf) |journal=Science |date=3 November 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |s2cid=206663925}}</ref> Munthu munyake wa ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2149 BP na 1932 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2a1]].<ref name="Schlebusch"/><ref name="Schlebusch II"/> Ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], mwana uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Ballito Boy, uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 1,980 ± 20 BP, wakasangika kuti wakaŵa na DNA ya [[Rickettsia felis]].<ref name="Rifkin">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref><ref name="Rifkin II">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Notes 1-7 for Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2,000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |url=[https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf) |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref> ===DNA ya kromozomu Y=== {{Further|Ma haplogulu gha Y-DNA mu ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Jangwa la Sahara}} Masambiro ghakupambanapambana gha [[Kromozomu Y|kromozomu Y]] ghakulongora kuti Ŵasan ŵali na ma haplogulu gha kromozomu Y agho ghakusangika kuŵa ghakale chomene pa charu chapasi. Ma haplogulu agha ni magulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A]] na [[Haplogulu B (Y-DNA)|B]], agho ni nthambi zakwambilira chomene mu mphyanga ya ubabika wa kromozomu Y wa ŵanthu.<ref name=j1>{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Alec |display-authors=etal |title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=464–473 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12646128 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1 |issn=0960-9822 |oclc=4931666146 |s2cid=52862939 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..464K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=MF |display-authors=etal |title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |date=July 2001 |pmid=11420360 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8092394585 |s2cid=28304418 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |display-authors=etal |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |journal=Investigative Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=6 |date=September 2010 |pmid=21092339 |pmc=2988483 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |oclc=5632083214 |s2cid=18243824 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===DNA ya mitochondria=== {{Further|DNA ya mitochondria ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa}} Mu vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 BP, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa (nga ni [[Ŵasan|Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa]]) awo ŵakaŵa na [[Haplogulu L0|haplogulu L0]] ŵakapambanika kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na haplogulu [[Haplogulu L1–6 (mtDNA)|L1′6]], awo ŵakukhala chomene kumpoto kwa [[Kumwera kwa Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]].<ref name="Sá">{{cite journal |last1=Sá |first1=Luísa |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=16 August 2022 |volume=23 |issue=16 |page=9219 |doi=10.3390/ijms23169219 |pmid=36012483 |issn=1661-6596 |pmc=9408831 |oclc=9627558751 |s2cid=251653686|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 130,000 BP na 75,000 BP, vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso gha mazuŵa ghano vikawoneka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Kumwera kwa Africa|Kumwera kwa Africa]], ndipo ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa chigaŵa cha Kumwera kwa Africa na [[Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa|Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa]] ukakhazikika.<ref name="Sá"/> Masambiro gha DNA ya mitochondria ghakulongoraso kuti Ŵasan ŵali na unandi ukuru wa nthambi zakale chomene za [[Haplogulu la DNA ya mitochondria|haplogulu ya DNA ya mitochondria]]. DNA iyi yikupokera kufuma kwa nyina pera. Haplogulu yakale chomene, [[Haplogulu L0|L0]], yikusangika chomene mu magulu gha Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa.<ref name=j1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Sheng |display-authors=etal |title=mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1362–1383 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10739760 |pmc=1288201 |doi=10.1086/302848 |oclc=679558953 |s2cid=31258611}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |display-authors=etal |title=History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2180–2195 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17656633 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8090974992 |s2cid=17282053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa |url=[https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197](https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197) |journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30 |issue=21 |pages=3657–3664 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19810027 |doi=10.1002/elps.200900197 |issn=0173-0835 |oclc=5151862048 |s2cid=19515426|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === DNA ya thupi lose (Autosomal DNA) === Mu kafukufuku uyo ukafumiskika mu Malichi 2011, Brenna Henn na ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti Ŵa [[ǂKhomani San|ǂKhomani San]], kweniso Ŵa [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] na Ŵa [[Hadza people|Hadza]] ŵa ku [[Tanzania]], ŵakaŵa na kupambana kukuru kwa majini kuluska ŵanthu wose ŵanyake ŵamoyo awo ŵakasandikwa mu kafukufuku uyu. Kupambana kukuru uku kwa majini kukulongora kuti ndiko kukwenera kuŵa uko [[anatomically modern humans|ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵa thupi lakukwana]] ŵakambira.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |display-authors=etal |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–5162 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |jstor=41125668 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5154H |issn=0027-8424 |oclc=9529060694 |s2cid=12423756 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American|Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group|Nature Publishing Group]] |url=[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/) |issn=0036-8733 |oclc=1775222}}</ref> === DNA ya vya matenda (Medical DNA) === Pakati pa DNA yakale yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusanga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vya chilengedwe (hunter-gatherers) ndipo ŵakaŵa na kufanana kwa majini na [[San people|Ŵa San]], kweniso ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age, ma [[SNPs|SNP]] ghawo ghakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na [[sleeping sickness|matenda gha tsetse fly]] na [[Plasmodium vivax]].<ref name="Pfeiffer">{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Susan |title=Disease as a Factor in the African Archaeological Record |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=487–490 |year=2020 |pmid=32863518 |pmc=7445818 |doi=10.1007/s10437-020-09405-7 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8671686339 |s2cid=221320841}}</ref> Mwakudumura, ŵaŵiri pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na matenda gha tsetse fly, ndipo ŵatatu pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵakaŵa na [[Human genetic resistance to malaria#Duffy antigen receptor negativity|mitundu ya Duffy negative]] iyo yikovwira kulimbana na [[malaria]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Mwakupambana na ŵalimi ŵa Iron Age, pakati pa ŵasakaji ŵakale awo ŵakaŵa paubali na Ŵa San, mwana munyamata wa vyaka 6 wakwenera kuti wakafwa chifukwa cha [[schistosomiasis|matenda gha mphutsi za mu maji]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Ku [[Botswana]], mwanalume uyo wakukhala mu nyengo ya vyaka pafupifupi 1400 BP, wakwenera kuti wakaŵa na mtundu wa Duffy negative uwo ukovwira kulimbana na malaria.<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> ### Kusintha kwa majini mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (Genetic adaptation) Ma genome gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa agho kanandi ghakusangika kuti ghali na **kusintha kwakukhwaskana na chilengedwe (adaptation)** ghakukhwaska chomene **DNA yakulongozga umo majini ghakugwilira ntchito (regulatory DNA)**. Milandu yinandi ya kusintha uku mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yikukolerana na **vyakurya, umo thupi likugwilira ntchito (physiology),** kweniso **mphinjika za kusankha kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha matenda (evolutionary pressure from pathogens)**.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[Sub-Saharan Africa|vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa chipalamba cha Sahara]], kusintha kwa majini (mwachiyelezgero, kusintha kwa **rs334**, [[Duffy blood group|gulu la ndopa la Duffy]], kuchuluka kwa [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|kupereŵera kwa G6PD]], na [[sickle cell disease|matenda gha sickle cell]]) kwakukhwaskana na [[malaria]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Kusintha uku kukwenera kuti kukamba kuchitika pafupifupi vyaka 7300 BP ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Sub-Saharan Africa|kumwera kwa Sahara]] ŵali na kupitilira 90% ya mtundu wa majini wa [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy-null]].<ref name="Wonkam">{{cite journal |last1=Wonkam |first1=Ambroise |last2=Adeyemo |first2=Adebowale |title=Leveraging our common African origins to understand human evolution and health |journal=Cell Genomics |date=March 8, 2023 |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=100278 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100278 |pmid=36950382 |url=[https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X(23)00038-1.pdf](https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X%2823%2900038-1.pdf) |pmc=10025516 |s2cid=257458855}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Kalahari Desert|chipalamba cha Kalahari]] mu Africa, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kusintha kwa majini (nga ni [[adiponectin]], [[body mass index|chiyezo cha uzito wa thupi]], na [[metabolism|umo thupi likusinthira vyakurya kuŵa nkhongono]]) yasangika pakati pa Ŵa [[ǂKhomani people|ǂKhomani]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[South Africa|South Africa]], kusintha kwa majini (nga ni rs28647531 pa [[Chromosome 4|chromosome 4q22]]) kweniso kutambuzgika chomene na [[Tuberculosis#Risk factors|TB]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa [[Coloureds|Coloured]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> --- ## Ndondomeko ya nyengo ya malo gha vinthu vya kale na mitheto ya ŵanthu (Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites) * [[Lomekwi]] (vyaka 3,300,000 BP)<ref name="Berwick">{{cite book |last1=Berwick |first1=Robert C. |last2=Chomsky |first2=Noam |title=Why Only Us: Language and Evolution |date=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-262-03424-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}})</ref> * [[Taung]] (vyaka 3,030,000 BP)<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite web |last1=Kuhn |first1=Brian F. |display-authors=etal |title=Renewed investigations at Taung; 90 years after the discovery of Australopithecus africanus |url=[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y](http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) |publisher=Palaeontologia africana}}</ref> * [[Sterkfontein]] (vyaka 2,800,000 BP)<ref name="Pickering">{{cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Robyn |last2=Kramers |first2=Jan D. |title=Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein hominin site, South Africa |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=70–86 |url=[https://www.academia.edu/446925](https://www.academia.edu/446925) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.014 |pmid=20605190 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59...70P }}</ref> * [[Drimolen]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers">{{cite web |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=[http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf](http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf) |publisher=Quaternary International}}</ref> * [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai malo gha mafupa gha zakale]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers" /> * [[Cooper's Cave]] (vyaka 1,900,000 BP)<ref name="Steininger">{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=A partial skull of Paranthropus robustus from Cooper's Cave, South Africa |issue=3–4 |pages=143–146 |url=[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014](http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014) |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=April 2008 |volume=104 }}</ref> * [[Canteen Kopje]] (vyaka 1,890,000 BP)<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Patricia |display-authors=etal |title=Canteen Kopje: a new look at an old skull |issue=1–2 |pages=01–09 |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=January 2012 |volume=108 |doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i1/2.738 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Swartkrans]] (vyaka 1,800,000 BP)<ref name="D'Errico">{{cite web |last1=D'Errico |first1=Francesco |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |title=Possible Evidence of Bone Tool Shaping by Swartkrans Early Hominids |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936) |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Motsetsi]] (vyaka 1,640,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berger">{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=L.R. |last2=Lacruz |first2=R. |title=Preliminary report on the firstexcavations at the new fossil siteof Motsetse, Gauteng, South Africa |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC97627 |publisher=South African Journal of Science}}</ref> * [[Wonderwerk Cave]] (vyaka 1,000,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berna">{{cite web |last1=Berna |first1=Francesco |title=Microstratigraphic evidence of in situfire in theAcheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/20/E1215.full.pdf |publisher=Francesco Berna |ref=PNAS}}</ref> * [[Amanzi Springs archaeological site]] ([[Pleistocene chapakati]])<ref name="Petraglia">{{cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael |title=The large cutting tools from the South African Acheulean and the question of social traditions |issue=5 |page=653 |url=https://www.academia.edu/471301 |journal=Current Anthropology|year=2004 |volume=45 |doi=10.1086/423973 |s2cid=163124683 }}</ref> * [[Rising Star Cave]] (vyaka 414,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Dirks">{{cite journal |last1=Dirks |first1=Paul HGM |display-authors=etal |title=The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa |year=2017 |volume=6 |journal=eLife|doi=10.7554/eLife.24231 |pmid=28483040 |pmc=5423772 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Kalambo Falls]] (vyaka 300,000 BP – 200,000 BP)<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=J.D. |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site: Volume 3, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age |date=1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-0-521-20071-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYGwagdt9MQC&dq=%22Kalambo+Falls%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PP14}}</ref> * [[Duinefontein]] (vyaka 290,000 BP)<ref name="Cruz-Uribe">{{cite web |last1=Cruz-Uribe |first1=Kathryn |display-authors=etal |title=Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223255530 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Gladysvale Cave]] (vyaka 257,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |display-authors=etal |title=Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223705742 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site]] (vyaka 200,000 BP)<ref name="Kuman">{{cite web |last1=Kuman |first1=K. |last2=Clarke |first2=R. |title=Florisbad—New investigations at a middle stone age Hominid Site in South Africa |url=http://hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/sites/hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/files/kuman_1986_-_new_investigations_at_florisbad.pdf |publisher=Geoarchaeology}}</ref> * [[Mumbwa Caves]] (vyaka 194,000 BP – 124,000 BP)<ref name="Avery">{{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=D.M. |title=Early and Middle Pleistocene environments and hominid biogeography; micromammalian evidence from Kabwe, Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves in central Zambia |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101820200593X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=189 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00593-X |bibcode=2003PPP...189...55A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Pinnacle Point]] (vyaka 164,000 BP)<ref name="Marean">{{cite web |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=The stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age sediments at Pinnacle PointCave 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa) |url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Marean-et-al-2010-JHE.pdf |publisher=Journal of Human Evolution}}</ref> * [[Hoedjiespunt]] (vyaka 130,000 BP)<ref name="Kyriacou">{{cite journal |last1=Kyriacou |first1=K. |title=Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa |year=2015 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030544031500031X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=57 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.018 |bibcode=2015JArSc..57..197K |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngalue]] (vyaka 105,000 BP)<ref name="Mercader">{{cite journal |last1=Mercader |first1=Julio |display-authors=etal |title=Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248409000633 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.03.005 |pmid=19487015 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...63M |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Blombos Cave]] (vyaka 84,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Backwell II">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |last2=D'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Wadley |first3=Lyn |title=Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Stillbay]] (vyaka 80,000 BP)<ref name="Lovell">{{cite web |last1=Lovell |first1=Nancy C |last2=Palichuk |first2=Kimberley E. |title=Task activity and tooth wear in a woman of ancient Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331309201 |publisher=Bioarchaeology of Marginalized People}}</ref> * [[Howieson's Poort Shelter]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Zenobia |display-authors=etal |title=Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23441925 |journal=Science|year=2008 |volume=322 |issue=5902 |pages=733–735 |doi=10.1126/science.1162219 |pmid=18974351 |bibcode=2008Sci...322..733J |hdl=1885/32902 |s2cid=206514762 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> * [[Mousteroid]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 50,000 BP)<ref>O. Davies (1964)</ref><ref>J. D. Clark (1967)</ref> * Peers Cave (vyaka 75,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Howiesons Poort]] (vyaka 68,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Gibson">{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=N. E. |last2=Wadley |first2=L. |last3=Williamson |first3=B. S. |title=Microscopic residues as evidence of hafting on backed tools from the 60 000 to 68 000 year-old Howiesons Poort layers of Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.902.9496&rep=rep1&type=pdf |publisher=Southern African Humanities|citeseerx=10.1.1.902.9496 }}</ref> * [[Boomplaas Cave]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Pargeter">{{cite web |last1=Pargeter |first1=Justin |title=New ages from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, provideincreased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene humanbehavioural variability |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |publisher=Azania: Archaeological Research In Africa}}</ref> * [[Klasies River Caves]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]] (vyaka 65,000 BP)<ref name="Verna">{{cite journal |last1=Verna |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=The Middle Stone Age human remains from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa) |year=2013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440313001350 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3532–3541 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.011 |bibcode=2013JArSc..40.3532V |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Plovers Lake]] (vyaka 62,900 BP)<ref name="Brophy">{{cite journal |last1=Brophy |first1=Juliet |display-authors=etal |title=Faunal assemblage composition and paleoenvironment of Plovers Lake, a Middle Stone Age locality in Gauteng Province, South Africa |year=2008 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1102–1117 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9373821 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.011 |pmid=18954892 |bibcode=2008JHumE..55.1102D }}</ref> * [[Sibudu Cave]] (vyaka 61,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Fauresmith (industry)]] (vyaka 60,300 BP – 32,600 BP)<ref name="Herries">{{cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |title=A Chronological Perspective on the Acheulian and ItsTransition to the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa:The Question of the Fauresmith |date=2011 |url=https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/961401.pdf |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.4061/2011/961401 |doi-access=free |pmid=21785711 |pmc=3139141 }}</ref> * [[Border Cave]] (vyaka 58,200 BP)<ref name="Bird">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=M.I. |display-authors=etal |title=Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60 ka BP at Border Cave, South Africa |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379103000052 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=22 |issue=8–9 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00005-2 |bibcode=2003QSRv...22..943B |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngwenya Mine]] (vyaka 43,000 BP)<ref name="Watling">{{cite web |last1=Watling |first1=Sarah Elizabeth |title=What Does The Mine Have To Tell Us? Art As A Reclamation Streategy In The Post-Mined Landscape Of The Oldest Known Mine In The World, Ngwenya Mine Swaziland |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/14237/Watling_umd_0117N_14329.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> * [[Apollo 11 Cave]] (vyaka 30,000 BP)<ref name="Haaland">{{cite web |last1=Haaland |first1=Magnus |display-authors=etal |title=Pleistocene Figurative Art Mobilier From Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, Southern Namibia |url=https://www.academia.edu/14617050 |publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Elands Bay Cave]] (vyaka 19,398 BP)<ref name="Porraz">{{cite web |last1=Porraz |first1=Guillaume |display-authors=etal |title=A shape to the microlithic Robberg from Elands BayCave (South Africa) |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02517687/document |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Tsodilo]] (vyaka 14,500 BP)<ref name="Robbins">{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Lawrence H. |display-authors=etal |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The"Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bd0e66f8d97400eb0099556/t/5bddf66f40ec9a449daf1e88/1541273199732/Nyame+Akuma+Issue+067-Robbins.pdf |publisher=Nyame Akuma}}</ref> * [[Mwela Rock Paintings]] (vyaka 10,820 BP)<ref name="Muianga">{{cite web |last1=Muianga |first1=Décio |title=Rock Art and Ancient Material Culture of Cahora Bassa Dam, Tete Province, Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279443446 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Kalemba Rockshelter]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 8,000 BP)<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Joshua R. |last2=Rowan |first2=John |title=Holocene paleoenvironmental change in southeastern Africa (Makwe Rockshelter, Zambia): Implications for the spread of pastoralism |year=2017 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=156 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.030 |bibcode=2017QSRv..156...57R |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Matsieng Footprints]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 3000 BP)<ref name="Matsieng">{{cite web |title=Matsieng Footprints |url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |publisher=Botswana Tourism Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725080508/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |archive-date=2010-07-25 }}</ref> * [[Nelson Bay Cave]] (vyaka 9000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * Jubilee Shelter (vyaka 8500 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Twyfelfontein]] (vyaka 5850 BP)<ref name="Imalwa">{{cite web |last1=Imalwa |first1=Emma |title=Analysis of the Management of Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site, Namibia |url=https://repositorio.utad.pt/bitstream/10348/6089/1/phd_eimalwa.pdf |publisher=Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro}}</ref> * [[Rose Cottage Cave]] (vyaka 4000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[The White Lady (Namibia)|The White Lady]] (3000 B.C.E. – 1500 B.C.E.)<ref name="Dubow">{{cite web |last1=Dubow |first1=Saul |title=Henri Breuil And The Imagination Of Prehistory:'Mixing Up Rubble, Trouble And Stratification' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735840 |publisher=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series}}</ref> * [[Mussel Point]] (vyaka 3500 BP)<ref name="Jerardino">{{cite web |last1=Jerardino |first1=Antonieta |title=Mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations: the archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292257945 |publisher=Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap}}</ref> * [[Byneskranskop]] (vyaka 3200 BP – 1500 BP)<ref name="Bräuer">{{cite book |last1=Bräuer |first1=Günter |last2=Friedrich |first2=Wilhelm Rösing |title=Afrika II: Südafrika: Human biological history of southern Africa. Le peuplement de Madagascar |date=Dec 3, 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-486-82584-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7N6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bambandyanalo%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PA6}}</ref> * [[Driekops Eiland]] (vyaka 2500 BP)<ref name="Morris">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=David Roger Neacalbann McIntyre |title=Driekopseiland and "the rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving site |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58912508.pdf |publisher=University of Western Cape}}</ref> * [[Bambata Cave]] (mu chaka cha 215 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=The stylistic origin of Bambata and the spread of mixed farming in southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264852616 |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Ziwa]] (vyaka 1630 BP)<ref name="Huffman II">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The Origin and Spread of Social Complexity in Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248572439 |publisher=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology}}</ref> * [[Chibuene]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E.)<ref name="Robertshaw">{{cite web |last1=Robertshaw |first1=Peter |display-authors=etal |title=Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century AD port in southern Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265050510 |publisher=The South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Toutswemogala Hill]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E. – 19 C.E.)<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> * [[Leopard's Kopje]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 750 C.E. – 800 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman III">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron age of Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248579741 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Bambandyanalo]] (mu chaka cha 1000 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Great Zimbabwe]] (mu chaka cha 1300 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman IV">{{cite journal |last1=Huffman |first1=Tom |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7500155 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=28 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1016/J.JAA.2008.10.004 }}</ref> * [[Domboshaba]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1600 C.E.)<ref name="De Wit">{{cite journal |last1=De Wit |first1=Michiel C. J. |title=Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artefacts to Lesedi La Rona |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |bibcode=2018MinPe.112....7D |hdl=2263/64747 |s2cid=189943118 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Majojo]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1650 C.E.)<ref name="Ossola">{{cite book |last1=Ossola |first1=Paola |last2=Grechi |first2=Daniele |title=Botswana Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development A Handbook of Theory and Practice |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |page=253 |isbn=978-1-5275-4956-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkfhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Majojo+1300-1650+AD&pg=PA253}}</ref> * [[Mbande Hill]] (vyaka 600 BP)<ref name="Seitsonen">{{cite web |last1=Seitsonen |first1=Oula |title=Lithics After Stone Age In East Africa Wadh Lang'o Case Study |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19613/lithicsa.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |publisher=University Of Helsinki Institute For Cultural Studies}}</ref> * [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1370 C.E. – 1410 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Manyikeni]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 14 C.E.)<ref name="Jopela">{{cite web |last1=Jopela |first1=Albino Pereira de Jesus |title=Traditional Custodianship Of Rock Art Sites In Southern Africa: A Case Study From Central Mozambique |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8878/MA%20Thesis%20-%20Jopela.pdf?sequence=2 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Khami]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1450 C.E. – 1820 C.E.)<ref name="Chirikure">{{cite journal |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |display-authors=etal |title=New Pathways of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Africa |year=2013 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3?shared-article-renderer |journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=339–366 |doi=10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3 |s2cid=254192991 |hdl=2263/41780 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Dzata ruins]] (pambere pa chaka cha 1600 C.E.)<ref name="Swanepoel">{{cite book |last1=Swanepoel |first1=Natalie |last2=Esterhuysen |first2=Amanda |title=Five Hundred Years Rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects |date=Aug 1, 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-77614-228-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjZjDwAAQBAJ&q=dzata&pg=PT8}}</ref> * [[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="Bokoni">{{cite web |title=The Bokoni story unearthed |date=26 February 2015 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-26-the-bokoni-story-unearthed/ |publisher=Mail & Guardian Online}}</ref> * [[Ingombe Ilede]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="McIntosh">{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |last2=Fagan |first2=Brian M. |title=Re-dating the Ingombe Ilede burials |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/redating-the-ingombe-ilede-burials/E15825A560157DBC4389DD416013A859 |journal=Antiquity|volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1069–1077 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Danangombe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1650 C.E. – 1815 C.E.)<ref name="Pikirayi">{{cite book |last1=Pikirayi |first1=Innocent |title=The Zimbabwe Culture Origins and Decline of Social Complexity in Southern Zambezian States |date=2002 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-585-38649-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ2aAAAAQBAJ&q=Danangombe}}</ref> * [[Burchell's Shelter]] (pamanyuma pa 1660 C.E.)<ref name="Vogel">{{cite web |last1=Vogel |first1=J.C. |display-authors=etal |title=Pretoria Radiocarbon Dates III |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/469F44D9DB5C543B6285300463751FF4/S003382220002018Xa.pdf/pretoria_radiocarbon_dates_iii.pdf |publisher=Radiocarbon}}</ref> * [[Mamuno Monument]] (vyaka 200 BP)<ref name="Litherland">{{cite journal |last1=Litherland |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Rock Engravings from Mamuno |year=1975 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=7 |pages=19–28 |jstor=40979420 }}</ref> * [[Kaditshwene]] (mu chaka cha 1790 C.E.)<ref name="Boeyens">{{cite web |last1=Boeyens |first1=J.C.A. |last2=Plug |first2=I. |title='A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all therefuse': the faunal remains from the central court middenat Kaditshwene |url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4190/BOEYENS-high-res.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Annals Of The Ditsong National Museum Of Natural History}}</ref> * [[Bumbusi National Monument]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 18 C.E.)<ref name="Haynes">{{cite web |last1=Haynes |first1=Gary |title=Puzzling over the Bumbusi Spoor Engravings in Zimbabwe |work=Paper presented at SAA annual meeting |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2916049 |publisher=SAA}}</ref> * [[Tlokwe Ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Anderson">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Mark Steven |title=The historical archaeology of Marothodi: towards an understanding of space, identity and the organisation of production at an early 19th century Tlokwa capital in the Pilansberg region of South Africa |date=2009 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8924 |publisher=University of Cape Town}}</ref> * [[Old Palapye]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Reid">{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Lane |first2=Paul J. |title=African Historical Archaeologies |date=Nov 30, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&q=Old+Palapye&pg=PA1}}</ref> * [[Dundo]] (mu chaka cha 1912 C.E.)<ref name="Bednarski">{{cite web |last1=Bednarski |first1=Cezary M |title=Urbanisation in Africa –Taking Angola as an Example |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/2010-2019/2016/Session_559/C_Bednarski_.IABSE-Geneva_09.2015.pdf |publisher=IABSE Conference –Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenge}}</ref> ===Mndandanda wa mitundu ya vya m'mabwinja na malo gha m'mbiri=== * [[Mapanga gha Cango]] * [[Jiso la Kuruman]] * [[Maji ghakotcha gha Gwisho]] * [[Chuma cha Western Cape]] * [[Malo gha m'mabwinja gha Kathu]] * [[ǁKhauxaǃnas]] * [[Pango la Kogelbeen]] * [[Mission ya Kolobeng]] * [[Mabwinja gha Kweneng]] * [[Magosian]] * [[Makapansgat]] * [[Malapa Fossil Site, Mlonga wa Umo Ŵanthu Ŵakafumira]] * [[Pango la Melkhoutboom]] * [[Melville Koppies]] * [[Naletale]] * [[Malo gha myala yakuzizima gha Nooitgedacht]] * [[Ulamuliro wa vya chiharo cha Northern Cape]] * [[Mafunde gha Nyambwezi]] * [[Malo gha visulo vya Paternoster]] * [[Sangoan]] * [[Schoemansdal, Limpopo]] * [[Nyumba za myala za Sedan za nga njuchi]] * [[Malo gha vithuzithuzi vya pa myala gha Wildebeest Kuil]] * [[Pango la Witsie (Lekhalong la Witsie)]] ==Wonani so== *[[Mndandanda wa maufumu mu Africa mu nyengo yakale#Kummwera kwa Africa]] ==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira== {{reflist}} {{Africa topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Africa mwakuyana na chigaŵa]] [[Category:Africa iyo yili pasi pa Sahara]] [[Category:Mbiri ya chilengedwe ya Africa]] c5i2z6n7ha1h2kj61vu6rhii65a8sue 0 48169 118013 2026-07-26T11:34:17Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "Fupa la '''Lebombo''' ni [[chida cha fupa]] icho chikapangika kufuma ku [[fibula]] ya nyani (baboon) ndipo chili na malemba ghakujobeka agho ghakasangika mu [[Pango la Border]] mu [[Mapiri gha Lebombo]] agho ghali pakati pa [[South Africa]] na [[Eswatini]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter B. |year=1973 |title=Border Cave – A Progress Report |journal=[[South African Journal of Science]] |volume=69 |pages=41–46}}</ref> Kusintha kwa vigaŵa vya malo agh..." 118013 wikitext text/x-wiki Fupa la '''Lebombo''' ni [[chida cha fupa]] icho chikapangika kufuma ku [[fibula]] ya nyani (baboon) ndipo chili na malemba ghakujobeka agho ghakasangika mu [[Pango la Border]] mu [[Mapiri gha Lebombo]] agho ghali pakati pa [[South Africa]] na [[Eswatini]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter B. |year=1973 |title=Border Cave – A Progress Report |journal=[[South African Journal of Science]] |volume=69 |pages=41–46}}</ref> Kusintha kwa vigaŵa vya malo agho ghakajobekeka kukulongora kuti pakagwiliskirika ntchito mphonje zakupambana zakudulira. Munthu uyo wakasanga fupa ili, Peter Beaumont, wakuwona kuti ichi ntchisimikizgo chakuti malemba agha, nga ni malemba ghanyake agho ghakusangika pa charu chose, ghakapangika apo ŵanthu ŵakachitanga [[miyambo ya chisopa]]. Fupa ili lili pafupifupi masentimita 8<ref>{{cite web |last=Bruderer |first=Herbert |title=Technical Marvels, Part 2: Lebombo and Ishango Bones |url=https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/technical-marvels-part-2-lebombo-and-ishango-bones/ |website=Communications of the ACM |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 April 2026}}</ref> kutalika, ndipo lili na vyaka vyapakati pa 42,000 na 43,000, mwakuyana na vipimo 24 vya [[radiocarbon dating|kupima msinkhu wa radiocarbon]].<ref>Likuyowoyeka kuti ni fupa la mabowo, lakulongoreka mu Chithuzi 1, ''12'' cha {{cite journal |title=Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa |doi=10.1073/pnas.1204213109 |volume=109 |issue=33 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pages=13214–13219 |year=2012 |last1=d'Errico |first1=F. |last2=Backwell |first2=L. |last3=Villa |first3=P. |last4=Degano |first4=I. |last5=Lucejko |first5=J. J. |last6=Bamford |first6=M. K. |last7=Higham |first7=T. F. G. |last8=Colombini |first8=M. P. |last9=Beaumont |first9=P. B. |pmc=3421171 |pmid=22847420|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913214D |doi-access=free |quote=[Layer] 1BS Lower B-C [is dated] between 43 ka and 42 ka.}}</ref> Ichi ntchakale chomene kuluska [[fupa la Ishango]] ilo nyengo zinyake ŵakulipambaniska nalo. Maufupa ghanyake agho ghali na mabowo ghali na vyaka 80,000, kweni vikumanyikwa makora yayi usange mabowo agha ghakaŵa gha kupangika waka chifukwa cha uyo wakakhumbanga kupangiska ulemu panji ghakaŵa na ntchito yakwambura kumanyikwa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vogelsang|first1=Ralf|last2=Richter|first2=Jürgen|last3=Jacobs|first3=Zenobia|last4=Eichhorn|first4=Barbara|last5=Linseele|first5=Veerle|last6=Roberts|first6=Richard G.|display-authors=etal |title=New Excavations of Middle Stone Age Deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: Stratigraphy, Archaeology, Chronology and Past Environments |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]] |year=2010 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=185–218 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10170 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4106767}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti fupa ili likaŵa [[chida cha kuŵerengera]] (tally stick).<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1098/rstb.2016.0518 | title=From number sense to number symbols. An archaeological perspective | date=2018 | last1=d'Errico | first1=Francesco | last2=Doyon | first2=Luc | last3=Colagé | first3=Ivan | last4=Queffelec | first4=Alain | last5=Le Vraux | first5=Emma | last6=Giacobini | first6=Giacomo | last7=Vandermeersch | first7=Bernard | last8=Maureille | first8=Bruno | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume=373 | issue=1740 | pmid=29292345 | pmc=5784044 }}</ref> ==Wonani so== *[[Mbiri ya masamu]] *[[Mikuni ya kuŵerengera]] *[[Fupa la Ishango]] ==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira== {{Reflist|2}} ==Maulalo ghakuwalo== *[https://afrolegends.com/2019/05/17/the-lebombo-bone-the-oldest-mathematical-artifact-in-the-world/ Vithuzi vya Fupa la Lebombo pa African Heritage] {{Prehistoric technology|state=expanded}} [[Category:Vyakugwiliskira ntchito vya masamu]] [[Category:Vinthu vya m'mabwinja ivyo vikapelekeka mu South Africa]] [[Category:Afilika ya Nyengo ya Malibwe]] [[Category:Mbiri ya masamu]] [[Category:Kujoba pa maufupa]] [[Category:Vya m'mabwinja vya Kummwera kwa Afilika ]] he3b4fqp1qkm0rqcyrcrkq0difchksr 0 48170 118033 2026-07-26T11:57:04Z Caro de Segeda 6393 Created page with "[[File:Ghirlandaio, Domenico - Calling of the Apostles - 1481.jpg|thumb|350px|''[[Kuchemeka kwa Ŵapositole]]'' (1481) na [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]]]] {{Jesus |expanded=in Christianity}} {{Gospel Jesus|expanded=hide}} Uteŵeti wa '''Yesu''', mu [[Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi gha mu Baibolo|mabuku gha makani ghawemi ghakuzomerezgeka]], ukwamba na [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|ubatizo wake]] kufupi na [[Mlonga wa Yorodani]] na [[Yohane Mubatizi]], ndipo ukumalira mu Yerusalemu mu Chikhr..." 118033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ghirlandaio, Domenico - Calling of the Apostles - 1481.jpg|thumb|350px|''[[Kuchemeka kwa Ŵapositole]]'' (1481) na [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]]]] {{Jesus |expanded=in Christianity}} {{Gospel Jesus|expanded=hide}} Uteŵeti wa '''Yesu''', mu [[Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi gha mu Baibolo|mabuku gha makani ghawemi ghakuzomerezgeka]], ukwamba na [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|ubatizo wake]] kufupi na [[Mlonga wa Yorodani]] na [[Yohane Mubatizi]], ndipo ukumalira mu [[Yerusalemu mu Chikhristu|Yerusalemu]] mu [[Yudeya]], pamanyuma pa [[Chakurya chaumaliro]] pamoza na [[Musambiri (Chikhristu)|ŵasambiri ŵake]].<ref name=Alister16 >''Christianity: an introduction'' by Alister E. McGrath 2006 {{ISBN|978-1-4051-0901-7}} pp. 16–22.</ref> [[Makani Ghawemi gha Luka|Buku la Makani Ghawemi la Luka]] likuyowoya kuti [[Yesu mu Chikhristu|Yesu]] wakaŵa "pafupifupi vyaka 30" apo wakambanga [[Uteŵeti wa Chikhristu|uteŵeti wake]].<ref name=Kostenberger140 /><ref name=ChronosPaul >[[Paul L. Maier]] "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in ''Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies'' by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 {{ISBN|0-931464-50-1}} pp.&nbsp;113–129.</ref> [[Nyengo ya Yesu|Ndondomeko ya nyengo ya Yesu]] kanandi yikuŵika kwamba kwa uteŵeti wake pakati pa AD 27–29 ndipo umaliro pakati pa AD 30–36.<ref name=Kostenberger140 /><ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=Barnett19 >''Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times'' by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pp.&nbsp;19–21.</ref>{{NoteTag|name=sourceexplain}} Uteŵeti wakwambilira wa Yesu mu [[Galileya]] ukwamba wakati wabatizika, wakawelera ku [[Galileya]] kufuma ku [[Kuyezgeka kwa Yesu|kuyezgeka kwake]] mu [[Chipalamba cha Yudeya]].<ref name="Matthew' p. 71">''The Gospel according to Matthew'' by Leon Morris {{ISBN|0-85111-338-9}} p.&nbsp;71.</ref> Mu nyengo iyi yakwambilira, wakapharazga mu [[Galileya]] ndipo wakasora [[ŵasambiri ŵakwambilira ŵa Yesu|ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakwambilira]] awo ŵakamba kwendanga nayo ndipo pamanyuma ŵakaŵa chigaŵa chakwamba cha [[Chikhristu chakale|chalichi lakale]],<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Redford117 >''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pp.&nbsp;117–130.</ref> chifukwa ŵakugomezgeka kuti [[Kusambalika kwa Ŵapositole|ŵapositole ŵakambininika]] kufuma ku [[Malo ghakwambilira gha Chikhristu#Yerusalemu|Yerusalemu]] kuti ŵakazenge [[Mipingo ya ŵapositole|mipingo ya ŵapositole]]. Uteŵeti ukuru wa mu Galileya uwo ukwamba mu [[Mateyu 8]] ukusazgapo [[Kusoleka kwa Ŵapositole khumi na ŵaŵiri|kusoleka kwa Ŵapositole khumi na ŵaŵiri]], ndipo ukusazgapo chigaŵa chikuru cha uteŵeti wa Yesu mu Galileya.<ref name="New Testament' p. 324">''A theology of the New Testament'' by George Eldon Ladd 1993, p.&nbsp;324.</ref><ref name=Redford143 >''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pp.&nbsp;143–160.</ref> Uteŵeti waumaliro mu Galileya ukwamba pamanyuma pa [[Kudumulika mutu kwa Yohane Mubatizi|kudumulika mutu kwa Yohane Mubatizi]] apo Yesu wakanozgekera kuluta ku Yerusalemu.<ref name="Steven L. Cox pp. 97-110">Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 ''Harmony of the Gospels'' {{ISBN|0-8054-9444-8}} pp.&nbsp;97–110.</ref><ref name=Redford165 >''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pp.&nbsp;165–180.</ref> Mu uteŵeti waumaliro mu [[Yudeya]], Yesu wakamba ulendo wake waumaliro kuluta ku Yerusalemu kwizira mu Yudeya.<ref name=KingsburyMark /><ref name=Barton132 /><ref name="Steven L. Cox pp. 121-135">Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 ''Harmony of the Gospels'' {{ISBN|0-8054-9444-8}} pp.&nbsp;121–135.</ref><ref name="Jesus pp. 189-207">''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford. 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pp.&nbsp;189–207.</ref> Apo Yesu wakendanga kulazga ku Yerusalemu, mu uteŵeti wa ku [[Pereya (Baibolo)|Pereya]], pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza cha ulendo kufuma ku [[Nyanja ya Galileya]] (iyo ni nyanja ya maji ghawemi) kwizira mu Mlonga wa Yorodani, wakawelera ku malo agho wakabatizikira.<ref name="Steven L. Cox p. 137">Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 ''Harmony of the Gospels'' {{ISBN|0-8054-9444-8}} p.&nbsp;137.</ref><ref name="Jesus pp. 211-229">''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} pp.&nbsp;211–229.</ref><ref name="Bible' p. 929">''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-373-9}} p.&nbsp;929.</ref> Uteŵeti waumaliro mu Yerusalemu nyengo zinyake ukuchemeka [[Masuzgo gha Yesu|Sabata ya masuzgo]], ndipo ukwamba na [[Kunjira mwauchindami kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu|kunjira kwa Yesu mwauchindami mu Yerusalemu]].<ref name=Cox155 /> Mabuku gha makani ghawemi ghakupereka vinandi vya uteŵeti waumaliro kuluska nyengo zinyake, ndipo ghakupatura pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza cha maghanoghano ghawo ku [[Sabata Yakupatulika|sabata yaumaliro ya umoyo wa Yesu mu Yerusalemu]].<ref name=Turner613 >''Matthew'' by David L. Turner 2008 {{ISBN|0-8010-2684-9}} p.&nbsp;613.</ref> == Kuwona mwakudumura == {{See also|Nyengo ya Yesu|Malo gha mu Chipangano Chiphya agho ghakukolerana na Yesu}} [[File:The Ministry of Jesus.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Yudeya]], [[Galileya]] na vigaŵa vyapafupi mu nyengo ya uteŵeti wa Yesu|alt=Mapu gha malo gha Palestina mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya nyengo ya Ŵakhristu agho ghakulongora malo agho ghakuzunulika mu mabuku gha makani ghawemi ghakuzomerezgeka.]] Nkhani za makani ghawemi zikulongora kuti kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa Yesu kukaŵa mu chigaŵa cha ku mizi cha [[Yudeya (chigaŵa cha Ŵaroma)|Yudeya cha Ufumu wa Ŵaroma]], kufupi na Mlonga wa Yorodani.<ref name="Alister16" /> Mabuku gha makani ghawemi ghakulongora uteŵeti wa [[Yohane Mubatizi]] nga ni uyo wakanozgeranga nthowa ya uteŵeti wa Yesu, ndipo [[ubatizo wa Yesu]] ukuwoneka nga ni kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa Yesu, pamanyuma pake Yesu wakendanga, wakapharazganga na kuchita [[Minthondwe ya Yesu|minthondwe]].<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name="Kellum141">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C&q=%22only+one+Passover%22&pg=PA141|title=The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament|first1=Andreas J. |last1=Köstenberger|first2=L. Scott|last2=Kellum|first3=Charles L. |last3=Quarles|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8054-4365-3|pages=141–143|publisher=B&H Publishing }}</ref><ref name=Blomberg224 /> Ubatizo wa Yesu kanandi ukuwoneka nga ni kwamba kwa uteŵeti wake, ndipo [[Chakurya chaumaliro]] pamoza na ŵasambiri ŵake mu Yerusalemu ukuwoneka nga ni umaliro wa uteŵeti wake.<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Kellum141 /> Kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti nyengo yapakati pa [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|kuwuka kwake]] na [[Kuphaluka kwa Yesu kuluta kuchanya|kuphaluka kwake kuchanya]] nayo yikaŵa chigaŵa cha uteŵeti wa Yesu.<ref>''New Testament History'' by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 {{ISBN|0-310-31201-9}} p.&nbsp;154.</ref> [[Makani Ghawemi gha Luka|Luka]] {{Bibleverse-nb|Luke|3:23}} wakuyowoya kuti Yesu wakaŵa "pafupifupi vyaka 30" apo wakambanga uteŵeti wake.<ref name=Kostenberger140 /><ref name=ChronosPaul /> Pali nthowa zakupambana izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakuyesera kumanya deti la kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa Yesu.<ref name=Kostenberger140>[https://books.google.com/books?id=g-MG9sFLAz0C&q=Jesus+%22public+ministry%22&pg=PA140 ''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament''] by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} p.&nbsp;140.</ref><ref name=Eerdmans246>''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' 2000 Amsterdam University Press {{ISBN|90-5356-503-5}} p.&nbsp;249.</ref><ref name=Scarola>Jack V. Scarola, "A Chronology of the nativity Era" in ''Chronos, kairos, Christos 2'' by Ray Summers, Jerry Vardaman 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-582-0}} pp.&nbsp;61–81.</ref><ref>''Luke 1–5: New Testament Commentary'' by John MacArthur, Jr. 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8024-0871-6}} p.&nbsp;201.</ref> Nthowa yimoza, yakujintha pa kusazga uthenga wa [[Makani Ghawemi gha Luka]] na fundo za mbiri za Muwusi [[Tiberius]], yikulongora deti lakuzingilira 28–29 AD/CE. Nthowa yinyake yakujiyimira, yakujintha pa mazgu gha mu [[Makani Ghawemi gha Yohane]] pamoza na fundo za mbiri za [[Josephus]] zakukhwaskana na Nyumba Yakupatulika mu Yerusalemu, yikulongora deti lakuzingilira AD 27–29.<ref name=ChronosPaul /><ref name=Eerdmans246 /><ref name=Scarola /><ref name=PAnderson200 /><ref name=Knoblet /> {{NoteTag|Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible yikuyowoya kuti Yesu wakamba uteŵeti wake "pafupifupi 28 AD" apo wakaŵa "pafupifupi vyaka 31". Mu ''Chronos, Kairos, Christos:'' Paul L. Maier wakuyowoya kuti wakuwona deti la ulendo wa Yesu ku Tempile mu Yohane kuŵa "pafupifupi 29 AD/CE"...|name=sourceexplain}} Mu Chipangano Chiphya, deti la [[Chakurya chaumaliro]] liri kufupi chomene na deti la [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|kupayikika kwa Yesu]]. Ŵakusanda mbiri ŵakuyowoya kuti deti la kupayikika likuŵa pakati pa AD 30–36.<ref>''Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times'' by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pp.&nbsp;19–21</ref><ref>''Paul's early period: chronology, mission strategy, theology'' by [[Rainer Riesner]] 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4166-7}} pp.&nbsp;19–27</ref> Mabuku ghatatu gha [[Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi ghakuyana|Makani Ghawemi ghakuyana]] ghakuzunula Pasika yimoza pera, iyo ni Pasika ya kuumaliro kwa uteŵeti wa Yesu apo wakapayikikanga (kupatulako buku la Luka, ilo likulongosora ulendo wa mbumba yakupatulika ku Pasika apo Yesu wakaŵa na vyaka 12). Mu Makani Ghawemi gha Yohane muli mazgu ghatatu ghakukhwaskana na Pasika: 2:13, 6:4, na 12:1. Ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti Makani Ghawemi gha Yohane ghakuyowoya vya Pasika ziŵiri pera zenecho, yimoza pa kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa Yesu ndipo yinyake pa umaliro wa uteŵeti wake, ndipo mazgu ghachitatu ghakukhwaskana na Pasika ni kulongolera waka Pasika yachiŵiri. Kweni ŵakusanda ŵanandi ŵakuzomera kuti nyengo yitali yikajumphapo pakati pa 6:4, "Pasika wakaŵa pafupi," na 12:1, "Mazuŵa 6 pambere Pasika wandafike, Yesu wakiza ku Betaniya." Mazgu ghachitatu agha ghakukhwaskana na Pasika mu Makani Ghawemi gha Yohane ghakupangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kughanaghana kuti uteŵeti wa Yesu ukaŵa wa vyaka vitatu. Ŵakusanda awo ŵakukhozgera uteŵeti wa vyaka vitatu, nga ni [[Andreas J. Köstenberger|Köstenberger]], ŵakuyowoya kuti Makani Ghawemi gha Yohane ghakupereka ulongozgi wakuzama chomene.<ref name="Kellum141" /><ref name="Blomberg224" /><ref>''New Testament History'' by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 {{ISBN|0-310-31201-9}} pp.&nbsp;132–136.</ref> Mu nyengo ya uteŵeti wa Yesu, [[Tetrarchy (Yudeya)|tetrarch]] uyo wakalamuliranga [[Galileya]] na [[Pereya (Charu Chituŵa)|Pereya]] mu nyengo iyi wakaŵa [[Herode Antipa]], uyo wakapokera udindo uwu apo vigaŵa vikagaŵika pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya [[Herode Mukuru]] mu 4 BC.<ref name=Boring>''The people's New Testament commentary'' by M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock 2004 {{ISBN|0-664-22754-6}} p.&nbsp;212.</ref> ==Kubapatizika na uteŵeti wakwambilira== [[File:Sapsaphas Madaba.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chigaŵa cha [[Mapu gha Madaba]] icho chikulongora [[Bethabara]] (Βέθαβαρά), ndipo chikuyowoya kuti ndiko uko Yohane wakabatiziranga]] Mabuku gha makani gha mu Baibolo ghakulongora uteŵeti wa Yohane Mubapatizi nga ni uyo wakanozgeranga nthowa ya Yesu, ndipo Kubapatizika kwa Yesu kukulongora kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa Yesu.<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Kellum141 /><ref name=Blomberg224 /> Mu upharazgi wake mu {{Bibleverse|Machitidwe|10:37–38}}, uwo ukachitikira mu nyumba ya [[Korneliyo Mulara wa Ŵasilikari|Korneliyo mulara wa ŵasilikari]], [[Mpostole Petrosi]] wakapeleka chidule cha uteŵeti wa Yesu, ndipo wakayowoya ivyo vikachitika "mu Yudeya yose, kwamba mu Galileya, pamanyuma pa kubapatizika uko Yohane wakapharazganga". Wakayowoyaso kuti Yesu uyo "Chiuta wakamuphakazga na Mzimu Mutuŵa na nkhongono" wakendanga "kuchita uwemi".<ref>''Who is Jesus?: an introduction to Christology'' by Thomas P. Rausch 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-8146-5078-3}}{{page needed|date=September 2022}}</ref> {{Bibleverse|Yohane|1:28}} wakulongosora malo agho Yohane wakabatiziranga kuti "Betaniya uko kuli kusirya kwa Yorodani".<ref name=BigPic >''Big Picture of the Bible - New Testament'' by Lorna Daniels Nichols 2009 {{ISBN|1-57921-928-4}} p. 12</ref><ref name=Sloyan11 /> Ichi kuti ni msumba wa [[Betaniya]] uwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Yerusalemu yayi, kweni ni msumba wa [[Bethabara]] mu [[Pereya (Baibolo)|Pereya]].<ref name=Sloyan11 >''John'' by Gerard Stephen Sloyan 1987 {{ISBN|0-8042-3125-7}} p. 11</ref> Pereya chikaŵa chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Yorodani, kusirya kwa chigaŵa chakumwera cha [[Samariya]], ndipo nangauli Chipangano Chiphya chikulije zina lakuti Pereya, {{Bibleverse|Yohane|3:23}} chikuyowoyaso mwakubisika za chigaŵa ichi apo chikuti Yohane wakabatizanga mu [[Ænon|Enoni kufupi na Salimu]], "chifukwa pakaŵa maji ghanandi kwenekura".<ref name=BigPic /><ref name=Sloyan11 /> Wolemba mbiri wa mu vyaka vya kukwambilira vya zana lakwamba [[Flavius Josephus]] nayo wakalemba mu buku lake ''[[Mbiri za Ŵayuda]]'' ([[wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XVIII#Chapter 5|18 5.2]]) kuti Yohane Mubapatizi wakakakika ndipo pamanyuma wakakomeka ku [[Machaerus]] pa mphaka ya Pereya.<ref>''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' 2000 {{ISBN|90-5356-503-5}} p. 583</ref><ref>''Behold the Man: The Real Life of the Historical Jesus'' by Kirk Kimball 2002 {{ISBN|978-1-58112-633-4}} p. 654</ref> {{Bibleverse|Luka|3:23}} na {{Bibleverse|Luka|4:1}} vikulongora milimo iyo Yesu wakwenera kuti wakachita kufupi na Mlonga wa Yorodani pa nyengo ya kubapatizika kwake, nga umo kukuwonekera mu kukumana kwake kwakwamba na ŵasambiri ŵa Yohane Mubapatizi mu {{Bibleverse|Yohane|1:35–37}}, apo "ŵasambiri ŵaŵiri ŵakamupulika wakuyowoya ndipo ŵakamulondezga Yesu".<ref>''Jesus of Nazareth'' by Duane S. Crowther 1999 {{ISBN|0-88290-656-9}} p. 77</ref><ref>''The Life and Ministry of Jesus: The Gospels'' by Douglas Redford 2007 {{ISBN|0-7847-1900-4}} p. 92</ref><ref name=Landers6 >''A Summary of Christian History'' by Robert A. Baker, John M. Landers 2005 {{ISBN|0-8054-3288-4}} pp. 6–7</ref> Paraŵa kuti pakaŵa vyakuchitika viŵiri vya [[Kutuŵiska Kachisi]], uwo ukaŵa ku Yerusalemu, mazgu agho ghakulongora uteŵeti wakwambilira wa Yesu mu Yudeya ghangasangika mu {{Bibleverse|Yohane|2:13–25}}.<ref>''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J'' by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1982 {{ISBN|0-8028-3782-4}} p. 1026</ref><ref>''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-373-9}} pp. 333–344</ref><ref name="CAEvans49"/> ==Uteŵeti mu Galileya== ===Uteŵeti wakwambilira mu Galileya=== Uteŵeti wakwambilira mu Galileya ukamba apo, mwakuyana na buku la Mateyu, Yesu wakawelera ku Galileya kufuma ku [[Chipalamba cha Yudeya]], pamanyuma pakukana [[Kuyezgeka kwa Khristu|kuyezgeka kwa Satana]].<ref name="Matthew' p. 71" /> Mu nyengo iyi yakwambilira, Yesu wakapharazganga mu Galileya, ndipo mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|4:18–20}}, [[ŵasambiri ŵakwambilira ŵa Yesu|ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakwambilira]] ŵakakumana nayo, ŵakamba kwenda nayo, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazgoka chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha mpingo wakwambilira.<ref name=Alister16 /><ref name=Redford117 /> Buku la Yohane likulongora [[Nthengwa ya ku Kana|nthengwa ya ku Kana]] nga ni [[Milimo yakuzizwiska ya Yesu|chakuzizwiska chakwamba cha Yesu]] icho chikachitika mu nyengo iyi ya uteŵeti, apo wakawelera ku Galileya.<ref>H. Van der Loos, 1965 ''The Miracles of Jesus'', E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands p. 599</ref><ref>Dmitri Royster 1999 ''The Miracles of Christ'' {{ISBN|0-88141-193-0}} p. 71</ref> Mizi yinyake mu Galileya (mwachiyelezgero [[Kafr Kanna]]) yaperekeka nga ni malo agho ghakaŵa [[Kana]].<ref>''Jesus and Archaeology'' by James H. Charlesworth 2006 {{ISBN|0-8028-4880-X}} pp. 540–541</ref><ref>''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible'' 2000 {{ISBN|90-5356-503-5}} p. 212</ref> [[Kuwelera kwa Yesu ku Galileya]] kukachitika pamanyuma pa kukakika kwa [[Yohane Mubapatizi]].<ref>''The Gospel according to Mark'' by James R. Edwards 2002 {{ISBN|0-85111-778-3}} p. 43</ref> Visambizgo vyakwambilira vya Yesu vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵamukane mu [[Kukanika kwa Yesu mu msumba wake|muzi wake wakwawo]], apo mu {{Bibleverse|Luka|4:16–30}} Yesu wakayowoya mu sunagoge kuti, "Ntchimi yiliyose njakuzomerezgeka yayi mu charu chake", ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamukana. Mu nyengo iyi yakwambilira, mbiri ya Yesu yikamba kumanyikwa mu Galileya. Mu {{Bibleverse|Mariko|1:21–28}} na {{Bibleverse|Luka|4:31–37}}, Yesu wakaluta ku [[Kaperenaumu]], uko ŵanthu "ŵakazizwika na chisambizgo chake; chifukwa mazgu ghake ghakaŵa na mazaza", mu nkhani ya [[Kufumiska mzimu uheni mu sunagoge la Kaperenaumu]], ndipo pamanyuma pake kukiza [[kupozga anyina ŵa muwoli wa Petrosi]].<ref>''Reading Luke'' by Charles H. Talbert 2002 {{ISBN|1-57312-393-5}} pp. 61–62</ref><ref>John Clowes, 1817 ''The Miracles of Jesus Christ'' published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK p. 31</ref> {{Bibleverse|Luka|5:1–11}} yikulongora nkhani yakwamba ya [[Uloŵevu wakuzizwiska wa somba|kukora somba mwakuzizwiska]], apo Yesu wakaphalira [[Mupositole Petrosi|Petrosi]] kuti, "sono uzamukora ŵanthu". Petrosi wakaleka mikwawu yake, ndipo pamoza na [[Yakobe mwana wa Zebedeyo|Yakobe]] na [[Yohane Mupositole|Yohane]], ŵana ŵa Zebedeyo, wakalondezga Yesu kuŵa ŵasambiri ŵake kufuma apo.<ref>John Clowes, ''The Miracles of Jesus Christ'' published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK, 1817, p. 214, available on Google books</ref><ref>''The Gospel of Luke'' by Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington, 1992 {{ISBN|0-8146-5805-9}} p. 89</ref><ref>''The Gospel of Luke'', by Joel B. Green 1997 {{ISBN|0-8028-2315-7}} p. 230</ref> Nyengo iyi yikusazgapo [[Upharazgi pa Phiri|Upharazgi pa Phiri]], uwo ukaŵa umoza mwa nkhani zikuruzikuru za Yesu mu buku la Mateyu, kweniso [[Upharazgi pa Chigambwe]] mu buku la Luka.<ref name=Redford117 /><ref name="VaughtPref">''The Sermon on the Mount: A Theological Investigation'' by Carl G. Vaught 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-918954-76-3}} pp. xi–xiv</ref> ''Upharazgi pa Phiri'', uwo ukusangika mu machaputara [[Mateyu 5|5]], [[Mateyu 6|6]] na [[Mateyu 7|7]] gha buku la Mateyu, ndiwo ni wa kwamba mu [[Nkhani zinkhondi za Mateyu|nkhani zinkhondi za Mateyu]], ndipo ni chisambizgo chakuluta kutali chomene cha Yesu mu [[Chipangano Chiphya]].<ref name="VaughtPref" /> Ukulongosora vinandi mwa visambizgo vya makhaliro vya Yesu ndipo ukusazgapo [[Mautumbiko|Mautumbiko]] na [[Pemphero la Ambuya]].<ref name="VaughtPref" /><ref>"Beatitudes." Cross, F. L., ed. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005{{page needed|date=September 2022}}</ref> [[Mautumbiko]] ghakuyowoyeka nga ni vitumbiko vinkhondi na viŵiri mu ''Upaharazgi pa Phiri'' mu Mateyu, ndipo vitumbiko vinayi vyakuyana navyo vikuwoneka mu ''Upaharazgi pa Chigambwe'' mu Luka, uko pamanyuma pake pali masoka ghanayi agho ghakuyaniska na vitumbiko.<ref name=Synop /> Mautumbiko ghakulongora malango ghapachanya chomene gha Yesu ghakukhwaskana na [[lusungu]], umoyo wauzimu na chiwuravi.<ref name=Synop /><ref name=Haste>''A Dictionary Of The Bible'' by James Hastings 2004 {{ISBN|1-4102-1730-2}} p. 15–19</ref> ==Yudeya na Pereya kuya ku Yerusalemu== ===Uteŵeti wa Yesu wa ku Yudeya uwo ukiza pamanyuma=== Mu nyengo iyi, Yesu wakwamba ulendo wake waumaliro kuluta ku Yerusalemu. Wakendanga kwizira mu [[Samariya]], mu [[Pereya (chigaŵa)|Pereya]], ndipo wakalutilira kwizira mu Yudeya kuya ku Yerusalemu. Ku chiyambi cha nyengo iyi, [[Yesu wakayowoyerathu nyifwa yake|Yesu wakayowoyerathu nyifwa yake]] kakwamba, ndipo mazgu agha ghakafika ku mauchimi ghanyake ghaŵiri. Uchimaliro waumaliro ukaŵa pafupi waka na nyengo iyo Yesu wakeneranga kunjira mu Yerusalemu kanyengo kaumaliro, mu sabata ya [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|kupayikika kwake]]. Mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|16:21–28}} na {{Bibleverse|Mariko|8:31–33}}, Yesu wakasambizga ŵasambiri ŵake kuti: "Mwana wa munthu wakwenera kusuzgika vinandi, kukana na ŵalara, ŵasembe ŵalara, na ŵasambizgi ŵa dango, ndipo wakeneranga kukomeka ndipo pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghatatu kuwuka." [[Image:Christ Handing the Keys to St. Peter by Pietro Perugino.jpg|thumb|300px|Chithuzithuzi cha [[Pietro Perugino]] cha "[[Kapelekero ka Mazuŵa kwa Petrosi|Kumupa Petrosi makiyi]]" na Yesu, mu 1492]] Mu nyengo iyi, pakati pa mauthenga gha [[Mabuku gha Mateyu, Mariko na Luka|Mabuku gha Uthenga Wamavwisi agha ghatatu]], pali vinthu viŵiri vyakukolerana ivyo vikulongora kusintha kwakuzirwa mu uteŵeti wa Yesu: [[Kuvumbura kwa Petrosi|Kuvumbura kwa Petrosi]] na [[Kusanduka kwa Yesu]]. Vinthu ivi vikamba mu [[Kesareya Filipi]], kumpoto kwa [[Nyanja ya Galileya]], apo Yesu wakamba ulendo wake waumaliro kuluta ku [[Yerusalemu]], uwo ukamalira mu [[Masuzgo gha Yesu|masuzgo gha Yesu]] na [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|kuwuka kwake]]. Vinthu ivi vikulongora kwamba kwa kuvumbulika kankhaza kwa ŵasambiri ŵa Yesu kuti ni [[Mesiya]], kweniso ivyo Yesu wakayowoyerathu vya kusuzgika na nyifwa yake. Kuvumbura kwa Petrosi kukamba nga ni kudumbiskana pakati pa Yesu na ŵasambiri ŵake mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|16:13}}, {{Bibleverse|Mariko|8:27}}, na {{Bibleverse|Luka|9:18}}. Yesu wakaŵafumba ŵasambiri ŵake kuti: "Imwe mukuti ndine njani?" Simoni Petrosi wakazgora kuti: "Ndimwe Khristu, Mwana wa Chiuta wamoyo." Mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|16:17}}, Yesu wakamutumbika Petrosi chifukwa cha zgoro lake, ndipo wakati: "Nyama na ndopa vindamuvumbulirani ichi chara, kweni Ada ŵane awo ŵali kuchanya." Pakumutumbika Petrosi, Yesu wakazomera mazina gha [[Khristu]] na [[Mwana wa Chiuta]], agho Petrosi wakayowoya, ndipo wakalongora kuti mazina agha ghakaŵa uvumbuzi wakufuma kwa Chiuta chifukwa Ada ŵake ŵakuchanya ŵakamuvumbulira Petrosi. Mu mazgu agha, Yesu wakajivumbura mwambura kubisika kuti ni Khristu kweniso Mwana wa Chiuta. Mu Uthenga Wamavwisi wa Mateyu, pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, Yesu wakasora Petrosi kuŵa mulongozgi wa ŵapositole, ndipo wakati: "Pa jalawe ili, ndizengenge mpingo wane." Mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|16:18}}, Yesu wakalutilira kuti: "Iwe ndiwe Petrosi, ndipo pa jalawe ili ndizengenge mpingo wane." Lizgu lakuti "mpingo" (''ekklesia'' mu Chigiriki) ilo lagwiriskirika ntchito apa, likusangika mu Mauthenga gha Yesu kamoza pera panyake, mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|18:17}}, ndipo likuyimira gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakupulikana mu nyengo iyo. ===Uteŵeti wa Yesu wa ku Pereya uwo ukiza pamanyuma=== Pamanyuma pa [[Kuvumbura kwa Petrosi|mazgu gha Petrosi]], nkhani yakuzirwa yakulondezgapo ni [[Kusanduka kwa Yesu]], ndipo yikusangika mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|17:1–9}}, {{Bibleverse|Mariko|9:2–8}}, na {{Bibleverse|Luka|9:28–36}}. Yesu wakatora [[Petrosi]] na ŵapositole ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, ndipo wakakwera nawo pa phiri ilo likuzunulika yayi zina. Wakati wafika pa phiri, {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|17:2}} wakuti Yesu "wakasanduka pamaso pawo; chisko chake chikawale nga ni dazi, ndipo vyakuvwara vyake vikawa vituŵa nga ni ungweru." Pa nyengo iyo, ntchimi [[Eliya]] na [[Mozesi]] zikawoneka, ndipo Yesu wakamba kuyowoya nazo. Luka wakulongosora kuti Yesu wakaŵa mu uchindami, ndipo {{Bibleverse|Luka|9:32}} wakuti ŵakawona "uchindami wake." Mtambo wakuwala ukiza na kuŵazingilizga, ndipo mazgu ghakafuma mu mtambo kuti: "Uyu ni Mwana wane wakutemweka, uyo nkhukondwa nayo; mupulikani iyo." [[File:S. Apollinare Nuovo Resurr Lazzaro.jpg|thumb|250px|Chithuzithuzi cha mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 cha [[Kuwuska Lazaro|Yesu kuwuska Lazaro]], tchalitchi la [[Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]], [[Ravenna]], [[Italy]]]] Kusanduka kwa Yesu kukukhozgera kuti Yesu ni [[Mwana wa Chiuta]], nga umo vikaŵira pa [[Ubatizo wa Yesu]]. Mazgu ghakuti "mupulikani iyo" ghakulongora kuti Yesu ni muthenga na muyowoyeri wa Chiuta. Kuzirwa kwa nkhani iyi kukukhozgeka chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa Eliya na Mozesi. Ichi chikulongora ŵapositole kuti Yesu ndiyo ni lizgu la Chiuta, ndipo wakwenera kupulikika kuluska Eliya panji Mozesi chifukwa cha ubwezi wake na Chiuta. {{Bibleverse|2 Petrosi|1:16–18}} wakuyowoyaso uthenga wakuyana: pa nyengo ya Kusanduka kwa Yesu, Chiuta wakamupa Yesu "ntchindi na uchindami wapadera", ndipo ichi chikaŵa chinthu chakuzirwa apo Chiuta wakakwezga Yesu pachanya pa mazaza ghose mu chilengiwa. Vinthu vinandi mu uteŵeti wa Yesu wa ku Yudeya uwo ukiza pamanyuma vikufuma mu Uthenga wa Luka. Kweni mwakawiro, ndondomeko ya vinthu ivi mu Luka yikupereka fundo zakukwana yayi zakumanya malo eneko gha Pereya. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakusambira mbiri ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti nthowa iyo Yesu wakalondezga kufuma ku Galileya kuluta ku Yerusalemu yikajumphanga mu [[Pereya (chigaŵa)|Pereya]]. Kweni Uthenga wa Yohane ukuti Yesu wakaweleraso ku malo agho wakabatizikako. Mu {{Bibleverse|Yohane|10:40–42}} pakuti "ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamupulikana uko ku sirya kwa Yorodani", ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti: "Vyose ivyo Yohane wakayowoya vya munthu uyu vikaŵa vyaunenesko." Malo agho Yesu wakabatizikira ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakaŵa kufupi na chigaŵa cha Pereya, chifukwa cha uteŵeti wa Yohane Mubatizi mu [[Betabara]] na [[Ænon]] mu {{Bibleverse|Yohane|1:28}} na {{Bibleverse|Yohane|3:23}}. Nyengo iyi ya uteŵeti yikusazgapo [[Mauthenga ghankhondi gha Mateyu|Uthenga wakukhwaskana na mpingo]], umo Yesu wakayowoyerathu vya gulu la ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵakunthazi ndipo wakalongosora mulimo wa ŵapositole ŵake mu kulongozga gulu ili. Yikusazgaposoko ntharika za [[Mberere yakuzgeŵa|Mberere yakuzgeŵa]] na [[Muteŵeti wambura kugowoka|Muteŵeti wambura kugowoka]] mu [[Mateyu 18]], izo zikuyowoya vya [[Ufumu wa kuchanya]]. Mutu ukuru wa uthenga uwu ni kulindilira kwa gulu la ŵalondezgi ŵakunthazi na mulimo wa ŵapositole pakulilongozga. Pakuyowoya na ŵapositole ŵake mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|18:18}}, Yesu wakati: "Unenesko nkhumuphalirani, chilichose icho mukumanga pa charu chapasi chizamumangika kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho mukumasula pa charu chapasi chizamumasulika kuchanya." Uthenga uwu ukulongora kuzirwa kwa kujiyuyura na kujipereka nga ni mikhaliro yapachanya mu gulu ilo likulindililika. Ukusambizga kuti mu Ufumu wa Chiuta, kujiyuyura kwa munthu ndiko nkhwakuzirwa, chifukwa cha mazaza panji kutchuka yayi. Kuumaliro wa nyengo iyi, Uthenga wa Yohane ukusazgapo nkhani ya [[Kuwuska Lazaro|Yesu kuwuska Lazaro]] mu {{Bibleverse|Yohane|11:1–46}}. Apa Yesu wakawuska [[Lazaro wa Betaniya]] ku ŵakufwa pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi kufuma apo wakasungikira mu dindi. Mu Uthenga wa Yohane, kuwuska Lazaro ku ŵakufwa ndiko nkhwakumaliro mu "vimanyikwiro vinkhondi na viŵiri" ivyo vikukhozgera kankhondi-kankhondi kuti Yesu ni [[Mwana wa Chiuta]] kweniso [[Mesiya]] uyo ŵanthu ŵakalindiliranga. Ichi ntchinthu chakuzirwa chomene icho chikamba vinthu ivyo vikapangiska mzinda wa ŵanthu kumulondezga Yesu pa [[Kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami|kunjira kwake mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami]]. Ivi vikapangiska [[Kayafa]] na [[Sanihedrini]] kupanga pulani yakuti ŵakome Yesu ([[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|kupayikika kwa Yesu]]). ==Uteŵeti waumaliro wa Yesu mu Yerusalemu== [[File:Enrique Simonet - Flevit super illam 1892.jpg|thumb|right|350px|''Flevit super illam'' (Wakalira chifukwa cha msumba); na [[Enrique Simonet]], 1892.]] [[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -26- - Entry into Jerusalem2.jpg|thumb|250px|Yesu [[Kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami|wakunjira mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami]] ndipo mizinda yikumupokelera, na [[Giotto]], mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400.]] Uteŵeti waumaliro wa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwakale ukwenera kumanyikwa kuti ni [[Masuzgo gha Khristu|Masuzgo gha Khristu]] ndipo ukwamba na [[Kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami|kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami]] mu sabata iyo yikusazgapo [[Chakurya chaumaliro|Chakurya chaumaliro]] ndipo mu tchalitchi ukumanyikwa nga ni [[Sabata Tukufu|Sabata Tukufu]]. Mabuku gha Uthenga Wamavwisi ghakuŵika mtima chomene pa nkhani ya sabata yaumaliro ya umoyo wa Yesu mu Yerusalemu. Nkhani iyi yikupanga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mazgu gha Mauthenga ghose ghanayi, ndipo yikulongora kuzirwa kwake mu maghanoghano gha Chikhristu mu [[Chikhristu chakwambilira|Mpingo wakwamba]]. Pambere wandafike ku Yerusalemu, mu {{Bibleverse|Yohane|12:9–11}}, pamanyuma pa [[Kuwuska Lazaro|kuwuska Lazaro ku ŵakufwa]], mizinda yikawungana kwa Yesu ndipo yikamba kugomezga mwa iyo. Zuŵa lakulondezgapo, mizinda iyo yikiza ku chiphikiro ku Yerusalemu yikapokelera Yesu apo wakakhira kufuma pa [[Phiri la Maolivi]] kuluta ku Yerusalemu mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|21:1–11}}, {{Bibleverse|Mariko|11:1–11}}, {{Bibleverse|Luka|19:28–44}} na {{Bibleverse|Yohane|12:12–19}}. Mu {{Bibleverse|Luka|19:41–44}}, apo Yesu wakakhala pafupi na Yerusalemu, wakalaŵiska msumba ndipo wakalira chifukwa cha iwo. Wakayowoyerathu masuzgo agho ghakaŵa pafupi kuwira msumba uwu. [[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -27- - Expulsion of the Money-changers from the Temple.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Kutozga Tempile|Kuchimbizga ŵakusinthana ndalama mu Tempile]]'' na [[Giotto]], mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400.]] Mu Mauthenga ghatatu gha Uthenga Wamavwisi, kunjira mu Yerusalemu kukulondezgana na nkhani ya [[Kutozga Tempile|kutozga Tempile]], apo Yesu wakachimbizga ŵakusinthana ndalama mu Tempile. Wakaŵasuska chifukwa ŵakasanduzga Tempile kuŵa "mubako wa ŵankhungu" chifukwa cha malonda ghawo. Iyi ndiyo nkhani yimoza pera mu Mauthenga ghose iyo yikulongora Yesu wakugwiriskira ntchito nkhongono za thupi. Mu sabata iyi, Mauthenga gha Mateyu, Mariko na Luka ghakuyowoyaso ntharika na visambizgo vyakumanyikwa nga ni [[Ndalama ya chokoro|ndalama ya chokoro]] na [[Ucimi wa kwiza kwa Chiuta|ucimi wakukhwaskana na kwiza kwaumaliro]]. Mu sabata iyi pera, Mauthenga ghakulongosora mphindano pakati pa Yesu na ŵalara ŵa Ŵayuda, nga ni mu nkhani ya [[Ŵanthu kufumba mazaza gha Yesu|ŵanthu kufumba mazaza gha Yesu]] na [[Masuzgo gha Ŵafarisi|masuzgo gha Ŵafarisi]], apo Yesu wakaŵasuska chifukwa cha upusikizgi wawo. [[Yudasi Isikariyoti]], yumoza wa [[ŵapositole khumi na ŵaŵiri]], wakaluta kwa ŵalara ŵa Ŵayuda ndipo wakachita [[Chiguliro cha Yudasi|chiguliro cha Yudasi]], apo wakazomera kupeleka Yesu kwa iwo. Mateyu wakulongosora kuti malipiro ghakaŵa [[ndalama zasiliva makumi ghatatu]]. Mu [[Mateyu 24]], [[Mariko 13]] na [[Luka 21]], Yesu wakapereka [[Uthenga wa nyengo zaumaliro|uthenga wakukhwaskana na nyengo zaumaliro]], uwo ukuchemekaso [[Uthenga wa pa Phiri la Maolivi|Uthenga wa Phiri la Maolivi]] chifukwa wakaperekeka pa [[Phiri la Maolivi]]. Uthenga uwu ukuyowoya chomene vya cheruzgo na umo ŵalondezgi ŵa Yesu ŵakwenera kukhalira, kweniso kuzirwa kwa kukhala maso chifukwa cha [[Cheruzgo chaumaliro|cheruzgo icho chikwiza]]. Ŵanthu ŵakusambira ŵakuwona kuti uthenga uwu ukuyowoya vyose vya kuparanyika kwa [[Tempile mu Yerusalemu]] kweniso vya nyengo zaumaliro na [[Kuweleraso kwa Khristu|kwiza kachiŵiri kwa Khristu]]. Chinthu chakuzirwa chomene mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha uteŵeti wa Yesu ni [[Chakurya chaumaliro]], icho chikusazgapo kukhazikiska [[Ekaristiya|Ekaristiya]]. Mu {{Bibleverse|Mateyu|26:26–29}}, {{Bibleverse|Mariko|14:22–25}}, na {{Bibleverse|Luka|22:19–20}}, pa chakurya chaumaliro, Yesu wakatora chingwa, wakachimenya, ndipo wakapeleka ku ŵasambiri ŵake, wakati: "Ichi ntchiŵiri chane icho chaperekeka chifukwa cha imwe." Wakaŵapaso "chikho" kuti ŵamwere, wakati ichi ntchindopa zake. Mu {{Bibleverse|1 Ŵakorinte|11:23–26}}, [[Paulosi mpositole|Paulosi mpositole]] wakuyowoya vya Chakurya chaumaliro. {{Bibleverse|Yohane|14–17}} wakumalizga nkhani ya Chakurya chaumaliro na chisambizgo chitali cha mitu yitatu icho chikucemeka [[Uthenga wa kulekana|Uthenga wa kulekana]], uwo ukanozgera ŵasambiri chifukwa cha kufumapo kwa Yesu. ==Wonani so== :'''Mabuku gha Uthenga Uwemi na visambizgo vya visopa''' * [[Umo Mauthenga Ghanayi gha Baibolo ghakukolerana]] * [[Yesu wa mu mbiri]] * [[Semina ya Yesu]] * [[Yesu mu Chikhristu]] * [[Umoyo wa Khristu mu vyakujambula|Umoyo wa Khristu]] mu vyakujambula * [[Umoyo wa Yesu mu Chipangano Chiphya]] * [[Milimo yakuzizwiska ya Yesu]] * [[Mafumbo gha Yesu]] :'''Malo ghakukolerana''' * [[Al-Maghtas]] * [[Qasr el Yahud]] ==Mazgu ghakulongosora== {{NoteFoot}} ==Maukaboni== ;Maukaboni {{Reflist}} {{Clear}} {{Jesus footer}} {{Parables of Jesus}} {{Miracles of Jesus}} {{Sermon on the Mount}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} {{Catholic Church footer}} {{History of Christianity}} {{Christianity footer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uteŵeti wa Yesu}} [[Category:Umoyo wa Yesu mu Chipangano Chiphya]] o6qghms40p6tarsof19n94kf0ots23u