User talk:Tumbuka Arch

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{{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}}
{{Archives}}
&lt;!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---&gt;

'''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS'''
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here]

== Growth News #35 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]]

''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.''

=== New releases ===

==== English Wikipedia gets &quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task ====

We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#&quot;Add_a_link&quot;_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts).

==== Growth features for Wikidata ====
After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]).
Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic.

=== Work in progress ===

==== Revise Tone Structured Task ====
The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]].
We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric.

==== Add a link to more wikis ====

The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model.

[[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia.

=== Research ===

The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: 

[[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers.
The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time.

[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions.

=== Community events ===

The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]'''

This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]'''

This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]'''

With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors.

'''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]'''

Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work.

''&lt;small&gt;'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].&lt;/small&gt;''
&lt;/div&gt; 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC)
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== Update request ==

Hello, Tumbuka Arch. 

Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? 

After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). 

Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: 

https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace 

Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)

== AI-generated articles on tumwiki ==

Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you.
:About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them.
:The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong &quot;www.wikipedia.org&quot;, instead of &quot;en.wikipedia.org&quot;. The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&amp;oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&amp;oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community.
:However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way.
:Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC)
::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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:Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

== How do you import revisions? ==

I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] No sorry, I meant how can I import revisions myself. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 12:15, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] you don't have importer rights. Just another case I advised you to become an admin, to which you said you needed experience first. Again, they won't make you an admin without having a valid email address attached to your account. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 19:36, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
::::importer rights are bundled with admin right, but can also be requested separately. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 19:38, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

== Several things ==
* Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
* How do you say &quot;Chinese people in Malawi&quot;? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::) all works, but first one is better, in fact, all are correct. 
*:About on Wikidata, I can request that you edit there. Let me know if you may be okay with that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}}
{{Archives}}
&lt;!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---&gt;

'''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS'''
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here]

== Growth News #35 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]]

''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.''

=== New releases ===

==== English Wikipedia gets &quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task ====

We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#&quot;Add_a_link&quot;_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts).

==== Growth features for Wikidata ====
After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]).
Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic.

=== Work in progress ===

==== Revise Tone Structured Task ====
The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]].
We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric.

==== Add a link to more wikis ====

The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model.

[[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia.

=== Research ===

The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: 

[[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers.
The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time.

[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions.

=== Community events ===

The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]'''

This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]'''

This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]'''

With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors.

'''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]'''

Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work.

''&lt;small&gt;'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].&lt;/small&gt;''
&lt;/div&gt; 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&amp;oldid=29457883 --&gt;

== Update request ==

Hello, Tumbuka Arch. 

Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? 

After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). 

Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: 

https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace 

Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)

== AI-generated articles on tumwiki ==

Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you.
:About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them.
:The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong &quot;www.wikipedia.org&quot;, instead of &quot;en.wikipedia.org&quot;. The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&amp;oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&amp;oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community.
:However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way.
:Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC)
::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472541 --&gt;
:Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

== How do you import revisions? ==

I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] No sorry, I meant how can I import revisions myself. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 12:15, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] you don't have importer rights. Just another case I advised you to become an admin, to which you said you needed experience first. Again, they won't make you an admin without having a valid email address attached to your account. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 19:36, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
::::importer rights are bundled with admin right, but can also be requested separately. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 19:38, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

== Several things ==
* Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
* How do you say &quot;Chinese people in Malawi&quot;? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::) all works, but first one is better, in fact, all are correct. 
*:About on Wikidata, I can request that you edit there. Let me know if you may be okay with that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>06bxf54q8st4pi0mwg23vb6v1ukr6aa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118062</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T15:48:06Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Tumbuka Arch</username>
        <id>6863</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Several things */</comment>
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{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&amp;section=new}}
&lt;!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. --&gt;{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}&lt;u&gt;PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE&lt;/u&gt;{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}}
{{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}}
{{Archives}}
&lt;!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---&gt;

'''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS'''
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here]

== Growth News #35 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]]

''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.''

=== New releases ===

==== English Wikipedia gets &quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task ====

We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#&quot;Add_a_link&quot;_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts).

==== Growth features for Wikidata ====
After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]).
Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic.

=== Work in progress ===

==== Revise Tone Structured Task ====
The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]].
We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric.

==== Add a link to more wikis ====

The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model.

[[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia.

=== Research ===

The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: 

[[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers.
The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time.

[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions.

=== Community events ===

The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]'''

This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]'''

This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]'''

With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors.

'''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]'''

Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work.

''&lt;small&gt;'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].&lt;/small&gt;''
&lt;/div&gt; 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC)
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== Update request ==

Hello, Tumbuka Arch. 

Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? 

After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). 

Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: 

https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace 

Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)

== AI-generated articles on tumwiki ==

Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you.
:About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them.
:The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong &quot;www.wikipedia.org&quot;, instead of &quot;en.wikipedia.org&quot;. The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&amp;oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&amp;oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community.
:However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way.
:Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC)
::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472541 --&gt;
:Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

== How do you import revisions? ==

I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] No sorry, I meant how can I import revisions myself. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 12:15, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] you don't have importer rights. Just another case I advised you to become an admin, to which you said you needed experience first. Again, they won't make you an admin without having a valid email address attached to your account. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 19:36, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
::::importer rights are bundled with admin right, but can also be requested separately. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 19:38, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

== Several things ==
* Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
* How do you say &quot;Chinese people in Malawi&quot;? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*: :) all works, but first one is better, in fact, all are correct. 
*:About on Wikidata, I can request that you edit there. Let me know if you may be okay with that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}}
{{Archives}}
&lt;!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---&gt;

'''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS'''
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here]


== Several things ==
* Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
* How do you say &quot;Chinese people in Malawi&quot;? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*: :) all works, but first one is better, in fact, all are correct. 
*:About on Wikidata, I can request that you edit there. Let me know if you may be okay with that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Several things */ Zgolo</comment>
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{{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}}
{{Archives}}
&lt;!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---&gt;

'''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS'''
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here]


== Several things ==
* Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
* How do you say &quot;Chinese people in Malawi&quot;? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*: :) all works, but first one is better, in fact, all are correct. 
*:About on Wikidata, I can request that you edit there. Let me know if you may be okay with that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*:::Yes of course! [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 16:51, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
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{{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}}
{{Archives}}
&lt;!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---&gt;

'''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS'''
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here]


== Several things ==
* Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
* How do you say &quot;Chinese people in Malawi&quot;? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*: :) all works, but first one is better, in fact, all are correct. 
*:About on Wikidata, I can request that you edit there. Let me know if you may be okay with that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*:::Yes of course! [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 16:51, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], noted, but will you be able to be linking articles that are mostly on tumwiki than creating new items on wikidata that aren't on this wiki? You don't have to rush linking articles from tumwiki, take your time, few in a month, etc. We all edit Wikipedia after we do what matters most in our lives, and if we have free time, that is when we use it to edit Wikipedia.
*::::With that said, we still need to need to be responsible for this. I am doing this because I treat Tumbuka Wikipedia as a community where contributors can improve rather than a place where mistakes permanently define someone. 
*::::Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:11, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Several things */ Zgolo</comment>
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{{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}}
{{Archives}}
&lt;!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---&gt;

'''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS'''
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here]


== Several things ==
* Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
* How do you say &quot;Chinese people in Malawi&quot;? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*: :) all works, but first one is better, in fact, all are correct. 
*:About on Wikidata, I can request that you edit there. Let me know if you may be okay with that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*:::Yes of course! [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 16:51, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], noted, but will you be able to be linking articles that are mostly on tumwiki than creating new items on wikidata that aren't on this wiki? You don't have to rush linking articles from tumwiki, take your time, few in a month, etc. We all edit Wikipedia after we do what matters most in our lives, and if we have free time, that is when we use it to edit Wikipedia.
*::::With that said, we still need to need to be responsible for this. I am doing this because I treat Tumbuka Wikipedia as a community where contributors can improve rather than a place where mistakes permanently define someone. 
*::::Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:11, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*:::::I don't understand what you said. My only purpose on Wikidata is actually to link newly-created articles in Tumbuka to the equivalent ones in other Wikipedias, nothing else. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 17:13, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Several things */</comment>
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{{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}}
{{Archives}}
&lt;!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---&gt;

'''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS'''
[https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here]


== Several things ==
* Interwikis: Hi! I cannot add interwikis to the articles, would you be able to please do it so they are linked to other Wikipedias? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:04, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
* How do you say &quot;Chinese people in Malawi&quot;? ''Ŵanthu ŵa ku China mu Malawi'' or ''ŴaChina mu Malawi''? --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 11:32, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*: :) all works, but first one is better, in fact, all are correct. 
*:About on Wikidata, I can request that you edit there. Let me know if you may be okay with that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:47, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*:::Yes of course! [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 16:51, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*::::@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], noted, but will you be able to be linking articles that are mostly on tumwiki than creating new items on wikidata that aren't on this wiki? You don't have to rush linking articles from tumwiki, take your time, few in a month, etc. We all edit Wikipedia after we do what matters most in our lives, and if we have free time, that is when we use it to edit Wikipedia.
*::::With that said, we still need to need to be responsible for this. I am doing this because I treat Tumbuka Wikipedia as a community where contributors can improve rather than a place where mistakes permanently define someone. 
*::::Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:11, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
*:::::I don't understand what you said. My only purpose on Wikidata is actually to link newly-created articles in Tumbuka to the equivalent ones in other Wikipedias, nothing else. I am only working on this Wikipedia, no one else. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 17:13, 26 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>United States of America</title>
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      <text bytes="338426" sha1="qqmp9u3x80kzdpucmn80n5c26ywbeu9" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Redirect-several|America|US|USA|The United States of America|United States}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = United States of America
| common_name            = United States
| image_flag             = Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg
| alt_flag               = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| flag_type_article      = Flag of the United States
| image_coat             = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt               = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article    = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto         = &quot;[[In God We Trust]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Other traditional mottos:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]]|year=2003|url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf|title=The Great Seal of the United States|access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Out of many, one&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence favors our undertakings&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;New order of the ages&quot;
  }}
| national_anthem        = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act|date=March 3, 1931|article=14|article-type=H.R.|legislature=[[71st United States Congress]]|title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America|url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead.
| march                       = &quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;{{sfn|Kidder|Oppenheim|2007|p=91}}&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode.house.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263|title=uscode.house.gov|date=August 12, 1999|website=Public Law 105-225|publisher=uscode.house.gov|pages=112 Stat. 1263|quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march.&quot;|access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:March, &quot;The Stars and Stripes Forever&quot; · Colonel John R. Bourgeois, Director · John Philip Sousa · United States Marine Band.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt; 
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:USA orthographic.svg|frameless|alt=Orthographic map of the U.S. in North America]]|Show globe ([[U.S. state|states]] and [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] only)|[[File:US insular areas SVG.svg|upright=1.15|frameless|alt=World map showing the U.S. and its territories]]|Show the U.S. and [[Territories of the United States|its territories]]|[[File:NOAA Map of the US EEZ.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show territories with [[Exclusive economic zone of the United States|EEZ]]|default=1}}
| map_width              = 
| capital                = [[Washington, D.C.]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city           = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|00|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages     = None at the [[Federal government of the United States|federal level]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|30 of 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The state of [[Hawaii]] recognizes both [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and English as official languages, and the state of [[Alaska]] officially recognizes 20 [[Alaska Native languages]] alongside English.}}
| languages_type         = [[National language]]
| languages              = [[English language|English]] (''[[de facto]]'')
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups          = {{plainlist|
* 57.8% [[White Americans|White]]
* 18.7% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]]
* 12.1% [[African Americans|Black]]
* 5.9% [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
* 0.7% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]
* 0.2% [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]]
* 4.1% [[Multiracial Americans|multiracial]]
* 0.5% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other]]}}
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2020
| ethnic_groups_ref      = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html|title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476|title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity|title=A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data|author=|date=August 13, 2021|website=NPR|publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym                = [[Americans|American]]{{efn|name=demonym|The historical and informal demonym [[Yankee]] has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee|year=1963|page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| government_type        = [[Federalism in the United States|Federal]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] and a [[liberal democracy|liberal]] [[representative democracy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Elving |first1=Ron |title=Is America a democracy or a republic? Yes, it is |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/09/10/1122089076/is-america-a-democracy-or-a-republic-yes-it-is |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date=September 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and House Speaker --&gt;| leader_title1          = [[President of the United States|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2          = [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]
| leader_name2           = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3          = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]]
| leader_name3           = [[Kevin McCarthy]]
| leader_title4          = [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name4           = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature            = [[United States Congress|Congress]]
| upper_house            = [[United States Senate|Senate]]
| lower_house            = [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of the United States|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note       = from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| established_event1     = [[American Revolution|Revolution]]
| established_date1      = {{Start date|1765|3|22}}
| established_event2     = [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]]
| established_date2      = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event3     = [[Confederation Period|Confederation]]
| established_date3      = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event4     = [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Recognized]]
| established_date4      = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event5     = [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]]
| established_date5      = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| established_event6     = [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution|Last Amendment]]
| established_date6      = {{Start date|1992|5|5}}
| area_link              = Geography of the United States
| area_label             = Total area
| area_footnote          = &lt;ref&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web| date = August 2010| title = State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates| work = [[Census.gov]]| url = https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html| access-date = March 31, 2020| quote = reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank              = 3rd{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_sq_mi             = 3,796,742
| percent_water          = 4.66&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=October 11, 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#|date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2015)
| area_label2            = Land area
| area_data2             = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_census      = 331,449,281{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&amp;src=pt|title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_estimate    = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 333,287,557&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=US Census |title=Growth in U.S. Population Shows Early Indication of Recovery Amid COVID-19 Pandemic |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/2022-population-estimates.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=Census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_census_rank = 3rd
| population_density_sq_mi = 87&lt;!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 185th
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $26.855&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF.WEO.US&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&amp;s=NGDPD,&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2027&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |date=April 10, 2023 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-date=October 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011140637/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&amp;s=NGDPD,&amp;sy=2020&amp;ey=2027&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2nd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $80,035&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF.WEO.US&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8th
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $26.855&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF.WEO.US&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $80,035&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF.WEO.US&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 7th
| Gini                   = 39.4&lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2020
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = {{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/income-poverty/p60-273.html|title=Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020|first=US Census|last=Bureau|newspaper=Census.gov |page=48|access-date=July 26, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.921&lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2021&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase&lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 21st
| currency               = [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] ($)
| currency_code          = USD
| utc_offset             = −4 to −12, +10, +11
| utc_offset_DST         = −4 to −10{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format            = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]].}}
| drives_on              = Right{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code           = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]]
| iso3166code            = US
| cctld                  = [[.com]], [[.us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/|title=The Difference Between .us vs .com|date=January 3, 2022|website=Cozab}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_km2               = 
| today                  = 
| religion               = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
* 63% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
** 40% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
** 21% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
** 2% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|29% [[Irreligion in the United States|no religion]]
|1% [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]]
|1% [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]]
|1% [[Islam in the United States|Islam]]
|1% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|2% [[Religion in the United States|other]]
|2% unanswered
  }}
| religion_year          = 2021
| religion_ref           = &lt;ref name=&quot;Pew2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/12/14/about-three-in-ten-u-s-adults-are-now-religiously-unaffiliated/|website=Measuring Religion in Pew Research Center's American Trends Panel|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=December 21, 2021|date=December 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|latm=|latNS=|longd=|longm=|longEW=|languages2_type=|leader_name5=|leader_name6=|leader_name7=|leader_name8=|leader_name9=|FR_total_population_estimate_year=|FR_foot=|FR_total_population_estimate=|FR_total_population_estimate_rank=|FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank=}}

'''United States of America''' ('''U.S.A.''' panji '''USA'''), panji '''United States''' (U.S. panji US) panji '''America''', ni chalo icho chili ku [[Amelika wa Kumpoto|North America]]. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 50, chigaŵa chimoza, vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vinkhondi, virwa vinkhondi na viŵiri, na malo 326 gha ŵanthu ŵa ku [[India]]. United States ni caru cacitatu pa vyaru vyose pa caru capasi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Canada]] kumpoto na [[Mexico]] kumwera, kweniso chili na mphaka na [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], [[Russia]], na vyaru vinyake. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 333 miliyoni. [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]]., ni msumba ukuru wa United States, ndipo [[New York City]] ndiyo ni msumba ukuru chomene.

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vya ku [[America]] vyaka vinandi chomene. Kwamba mu 1607, ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Britain]] ŵakambiska vyaru 13 ivyo sono vili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa United States. Ŵakaŵa na mphindano na boma la [[Great Britain|Britain]] pa nkhani ya msonkho na ndyali, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ku America kuŵe [[Nkhondo ya ku America]]. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, charu cha United States chikapharazga kuti chajiyimira paŵekha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinjeru vya ndyali vya ku United States vikakhwaskika na fundo yakuti vinthu vyose vili kulengeka kuti vichitike. Kugawikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikazingilizga wuzga ku [[Southern United States]] kukapangiska kuti [[Confederate States of America]] yipatuke, iyo yikarwa nkhondo na vyaru vinyake vya ku America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku America (1861-1865). Pakuwona kuti wupu wa United States watonda, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka pa caru cose.

Kuzakafika mu 1900, caru ca United States cikaŵa kuti cazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose. Mu 1941, charu cha Japan chikati chawukira msumba wa [[Pearl Harbor]], charu cha United States chikamba kurwa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha United States na [[Soviet Union]] viŵe na mazaza pa charu chose. Pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yakuzizima]], vyaru vyose viŵiri vikayezgayezga kuti viŵe na maghanoghano ghakwenelera, kweni vikagega nkhondo. Kweniso ŵakathereskeka pa mpikisano wa mu mlengalenga, uwo ukafika pachanya mu 1969 apo ndege ya Apollo 11 yikakhira pa charu chapasi. [[Nkhondo ya Cigaŵa Ciphya]] yikati yamara mu 1991, caru ca United States cikazgoka ufumu wankhongono comene pa caru cose.&lt;!-- Government and citizens --&gt;

Boma la United States ni boma la wupu wakulongozga ndipo muli maboma ghatatu. Boma ili lili na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya, na Senate, iyo ni nyumba yakudikanya. Nkhani zinandi za ndyali ni zakupambana, ndipo malango ghakupambana mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu vyaru vinyake, charu cha United States chili pa malo ghapacanya pa nkhani ya umoyo, ndalama, usambazi, kusalana pa nkhani za ndalama, wanangwa wa ŵanthu, luso, na masambiro. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu jele kweniso palije urunji. Ku United States kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake.

Charu icho chili na ndalama zinandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chuma cha ku America chikupanga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vinayi vya GDP pa charu chose. United States ndiyo yikuru comene pa caru cose pa kunjizga vyakurya mu vyaru vinyake ndipo ndiyo yikuru comene pa vyakurya vinyake. Boma la United States ndilo likambiska wupu wa United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States, NATO, World Health Organization, ndipo lili na wanangwa wakuŵa mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council. Boma la United States ndilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose, ndipo ndilo likulamulira pa nkhani za ndyali, vya maluso, na sayansi.

==Kwiza kwa zina==
&lt;!-- linked --&gt;
{{Further|Mazina gha United States|Mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku United States}}

Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti mazgu ghakuti &quot;United States of America&quot; ghakalembeka mu kalata iyo Stephen Moylan wakalembera Joseph Reed, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wa George Washington. Moylan wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kuluta &quot;ku Spain na mazaza ghose kufuma ku United States of America&quot; kukapempha wovwiri pa nkhondo ya kuwukira boma.&lt;ref&gt;DeLear, Byron (July 4, 2013) [https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2013/0704/Who-coined-United-States-of-America-Mystery-might-have-intriguing-answer Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer.] &quot;Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name 'United States of America' was first used and by whom&amp;nbsp;... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan, Esq., wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge, Mass., during the siege of Boston. The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge, with Reed serving as Washington's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed's absence.&quot; ''Christian Science Monitor'' (Boston, MA).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Touba, Mariam (November 5, 2014) [https://blog.nyhistory.org/coined-phrase-united-states-america-may-never-guess/ Who Coined the Phrase 'United States of America'? You May Never Guess] &quot;Here, on January 2, 1776, seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine's ''Common Sense'', Stephen Moylan, an acting secretary to General George Washington, spells it out, 'I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain' to seek foreign assistance for the cause.&quot; ''New-York Historical Society Museum &amp; Library''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Fay, John (July 15, 2016) [https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-forgotten-Irishman-who-named-the-United-States-of-America.html The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America'] &quot;According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase 'United States of America'. But who was Stephen Moylan?&quot; ''IrishCentral.com''&lt;/ref&gt; Mazgu ghakuti &quot;United States of America&quot; ghakalembeka kakwamba mu nyuzipepara ya The Virginia Gazette ku Williamsburg pa Epulero 6, 1776.

Kuzakafika mu Juni 1776, zina lakuti &quot;United States of America&quot; likaŵa kuti lalembeka kale mu chikalata chakuchemeka Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, icho chikalembeka na John Dickinson, kweniso mu chikalata chakuchemeka Declaration of Independence, icho chikalembeka na Thomas Jefferson.{{sfn|Safire|2003|p=199}}

Mazgu ghakuti &quot;United States&quot; ghakafuma ku lizgu lakuti &quot;United States&quot;. Likayowoyanga za vyaru vinandi nga ni &quot;United States of America&quot;. Mazgu agha ghakatchuka chomene pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya pa Mbumba. Munthu uyo ni mwenekaya wa United States wakucemeka &quot;Mamerika&quot;. &quot;United States&quot;, &quot;American&quot;, na &quot;U.S&quot;. vikuyowoya vya charu (&quot;American values&quot;, &quot;U.S. forces&quot;). Mu Cingelezi, lizgu lakuti &quot;America&quot; likuyowoya viŵi yayi za vinthu ivyo vikukolerana yayi na United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Kenneth G.|title=The Columbia guide to standard American English|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0|url-access=registration|date=1993|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-06989-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0/page/27 27–28]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbili==
{{Main|Mbili ya United States}}
{{For outline|Outline of United States history}}

=== Nyengo ya Columbian (pambere 1492) ===
{{Further|Native Americans in the United States|Pre-Columbian era}}
[[File:Extreme_Makeover,_Mesa_Verde_Edition_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|Nyumba iyi yili ku Colorado, ndipo yikazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ancestral Puebloans pakati pa 1190 na 1260.|alt=Aerial view of the Cliff Palace]]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America ŵakafuma ku Siberia na kuluta pa Bering land bridge ndipo ŵakafika vyaka 12,000 ivyo vyajumpha.{{sfn|Erlandson|Rick|Vellanoweth|2008|p=19}}{{sfn|Savage|2011|page= 55}}{{sfn|Haviland|Walrath|Prins|2013|page=219}} Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Clovis ndiwo ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya ku America.{{sfn|Waters|Stafford|2007|pages=1122–1126}}{{sfn|Flannery|2015|pages=173–185}} Ichi chikwenera kuti chikaŵa chakwamba pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaluta ku North America.

Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵa ku North America ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso ghanandi, ndipo ŵanyake, nga ni ŵanthu ŵa ku Mississippian kumwera kwa charu ichi, ŵakamba kulima, kuzenga, na kupanga vinthu vinandi. Msumba wa Cahokia ndiwo ni malo ghakuru comene na ghakupambanapambana agho ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuwona mu United States. Mu chigaŵa cha Four Corners, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Puebloan ŵakamba kuchita ulimi kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Algonquian ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu North America. Gulu ili lili na ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Algonquian. Kale ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic na mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa charu mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Saint Lawrence na kuzingilizga Nyanja Yikuru. Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kukumana nawo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Algonquian ŵakakhalanga mwa kuvina na kuloŵa somba, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakakuranga chomene vyakurya nga ni chimanga, nyungu, na ma squash. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ojibwe ŵakaliskanga mpunga. Gulu la Haudenosaunee la ŵanthu ŵa ku Iroquois, ilo lili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Great Lakes, likaŵako pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1500.

Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku North America pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakalutanga ku charu ichi.{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}}{{sfn|Haines|Haines|Steckel|2000|page=12}} Douglas H. Ubelaker wa ku Smithsonian Institution wakati ŵanthu 93,000 ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Atlantic na 473,000 mu vyaru vya ku Gulf, kweni ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ciŵerengero ici nchicoko comene. Henry F. Dobyns wakagomezganga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene, ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Mexico, ŵanthu 2.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga pakati pa Florida na Massachusetts, 5.2 miliyoni ŵakakhalanga mu dambo la Mississippi na milonga yinyake, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakakhalanga mu Florida.{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}}{{sfn|Haines|Haines|Steckel|2000|page= 12}}

=== Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni (1492-1763) ===
{{Further|Colonial history of the United States|European colonization of the Americas|Slavery in the colonial history of the United States}}[[File:The_Mayflower_Compact_1620_cph.3g07155.jpg|thumb|Phangano la Mayflower ilo likalembeka mu 1620, likaŵa lakwamba kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulire ŵekha.]]

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakususka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Scandinavia ndiwo ŵakambiska charu cha New England.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The New England Colonies and the Native Americans {{!}} National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/new-england-colonies-and-native-americans |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=[[History (American TV network)|History]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-06-21 |title=Forgotten History: How The New England Colonists Embraced The Slave Trade |language=en |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/06/21/482874478/forgotten-history-how-the-new-england-colonists-embraced-the-slave-trade |access-date=2023-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Christopher Columbus wakaluta ku Puerto Rico mu 1493, ndipo pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kukhala ku San Juan. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakafika ku United States ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain nga ni Juan Ponce de León, uyo wakaluta kakwamba ku Florida mu 1513. Munthu munyake wa ku Italy, zina lake Giovanni da Verrazzano, uyo wakatumika na France ku New World mu 1525, wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhalanga mu malo agho sono ghakuchemeka New York Bay. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakambiska malo ghakwamba ku Florida na New Mexico, nga ni Saint Augustine, msumba wakale chomene mu charu ichi, na Santa Fe. Ŵafarisi ŵakakhazikiska mizi yawo mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Mississippi na Gulf of Mexico, chomenechomene ku New Orleans na Mobile.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku England ŵakamba kukhazikika mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa North America mu 1607 apo ŵakazenga malo gha Virginia Colony ku Jamestown. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Virginia ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba mu charu ichi. Ku Massachusetts Bay Colony ndiko kukakhazikiskikira koleji ya Harvard mu 1636. Phangano la Mayflower Compact na malango gha Connecticut ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵajilamulirenge ŵekha mu America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku England awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu awo ŵakakhumbanga wanangwa wa kusopa. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakamba kuchepa chifukwa cha vifukwa vyakupambanapambana, chomenechomene matenda nga ni nthomba na nthomba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&amp;pg=PA205 The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208032805/https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&amp;pg=PA205|date=February 8, 2016}}''&quot;. Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 205. {{ISBN|978-0-521-55203-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Bianchine|Bianchine, Russo, 1992]] pp. 225–232&lt;/ref&gt;
Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1670, Ŵanandi ŵakathereska na kupoka malo gha Ŵadachi ku New Netherland, mu chigaŵa chapakati pa nyanja ya Atlantic.[[File:Thirteencolonies_politics_cropped.jpg|alt=Map of the U.S. showing the original Thirteen Colonies along the eastern seaboard|thumb|The [[United Colonies]] in 1775:
* Dark Red = [[New England Colonies|New England colonies]].
* Bright Red = [[Middle Colonies|Middle Atlantic colonies]].
* Red-brown = [[Southern Colonies|Southern colonies]]|left]]

Mu nyengo yakwambilira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgikanga na njara, matenda, kweniso nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America ŵakakumananga na mafuko ghanyake agho ghakaŵa pafupi na kwawo kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakathembanga ŵanyawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakaguliskanga vyakurya na vikumba vya nyama. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku America ŵakasambira kulima mbuto, nyungu, na vyakurya vinyake. Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe na ŵanji ŵakawona kuti nchakuzirwa comene &quot;kusambizga&quot; ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]] p. 5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Calloway1998|Calloway, 1998]], p. 55&lt;/ref&gt; Kweni chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhazikika ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakachimbizgika mu vikaya vyawo ndipo kanandi ŵakakomekanga pa nkhondo.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe nawo ŵakamba kuguliska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa mu vyaru vya ku America. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ndiwo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa America. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakagaŵikana pa nkhani ya kusopa na nkharo ya ŵazga.

Vyaru 13 ivyo vikazgoka United States of America vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Britain. Ndipouli, wose ŵakaŵa na maboma gha mu vigaŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵanalume ŵatuŵa awo ŵakaŵa na malo ŵakasankhikanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Wood |first=Gordon S. |url=https://archive.org/details/creationofameric0000wood_r7v4 |title=The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 |publisher=UNC Press Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8078-4723-7 |page=263}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Ratcliff|2013|p=220}}Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakababikanga, ŵanandi ŵakafwanga, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Mu ma 1730 na ma 1740, gulu la Ŵakhristu ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Great Awakening, likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kutemwa chisopa kweniso wanangwa wawo.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri (1756-1763), iyo ku United States yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Nkhondo ya ku France na ku India, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakapoka Canada. Phangano la Paris (1763) likapangiska chigaŵa chichoko chomene cha Quebec, icho chikasazgapo chipalamba cha Ohio na chipalamba cha Mississippi, mwantheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wakuyowoya Cingelezi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi ŵakakwana 2.1 miliyoni mu 1770. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizanga, kweni ŵakasazgikiranga comene mwakuti mu 1770 ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake. Pakuti malo agha ghakaŵa kutali na Britain, ghakaŵa na wanangwa wakujiwusa ŵekha, kweni cifukwa ca umo vinthu vikaŵira makora, mafumu gha ku Britain ghakambaso kuwusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Otis |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_52678 |title=The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved |year=1763 |isbn=9780665526787}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Revolutionary period (1763–1789)===
{{Main|History of the United States (1776–1789)|History of the United States (1789–1849)|l2 = 1789–1849}}
{{further|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War|Confederation period|}}
[[File:Declaration independence.jpg|thumb|''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]'', a painting by [[John Trumbull]], depicts the [[Committee of Five]]{{efn|John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston}} presenting the draft of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration]] to the [[Second Continental Congress|Continental Congress]], June 28, 1776, in [[Philadelphia]].|alt=See caption]]

Nkhondo ya ku America yikapatura vyaru 13 ku ufumu wa Britain, ndipo yikaŵa nkhondo yakwamba ya kujithemba iyo yikacitika na boma la ku Europe yayi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1800, visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku America na visambizgo vya ndyali vya wanangwa vikazara chomene pakati pa ŵalongozgi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamba kulondezga fundo yakuti boma likuthemba pa kuzomerezgeka na ŵanthu. Iwo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na &quot;wenelero wakuŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku England&quot; kweniso kuti &quot;ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho kwambura munthu wakuŵawimira&quot;. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵachitenge vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pawo kwizira mu Nyumba ya Malamulo iyo yikaŵavya mwimiliri yumoza, ndipo nkhondo yikakura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humphrey2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Humphrey, Carol Sue|title=The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19NWMZ6Ec_sC&amp;pg=PA8|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=978-0-313-32083-5|pages=8–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1774, ungano wakwamba wa ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi ukazomerezga kuti maboma gha Britain ghaleke kuguliska vinthu vyawo. Nkhondo ya ku America yikamba mu chaka chakulondezgapo, ndipo yikakhwaskika na vinthu nga ni Stamp Act na Boston Tea Party. Pa Julayi 4, 1776, pa ungano unyake uwo ukachitikira ku United Colonies, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa charu. Mu chikalata ichi pakalembeka kuti: &quot;Tikuwona kuti unenesko ngwakuti ŵanthu wose ŵali kulengeka ŵakuyana waka, ndipo Mlengi wawo wali kuŵapa wanangwa unyake, uwo ngwakuti umoyo, wanangwa, na cimwemwe&quot;. Stephen Lucas wakati ni &quot;mazgu agho ghakumanyikwa comene mu Cingelezi&quot;, ndipo Joseph Ellis, wakulemba mdauko, wakalemba kuti mu buku ili muli &quot;mazgu agho ghakaŵa ghankhongono comene mu mdauko wa ku America&quot;. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, ŵazga ŵakaŵa na wanangwa mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa America. Ndipouli, mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kukayikira ivyo ŵakacitanga.

Mu 1781, mabuku gha Confederation and Perpetual Union ghakaŵa na boma lakugaŵikana ilo likagwira ntchito m'paka mu 1789. Mu 1777, ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain mu nkhondo ya ku Saratoga. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵasilikari ŵa Britain yikati yamara mu 1781, Britain yikacita phangano la mtende. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinandi ŵakazomera kuti charu cha America ndicho chili na mazaza pa charu chose, ndipo charu chiphya ichi chikamba kulamulira chigaŵa chikuru cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp |title=British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 |editor-first=Hunter |editor-last=Miller |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As it became increasingly apparent that the Confederation was insufficient to govern the new country, [[American nationalism|nationalists]] advocated for and led the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Philadelphia Convention]] of 1787 in writing the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] to replace it, [[Ratification of the United States Constitution|ratified]] in state conventions in 1788.

=== Early national period (1789–1849) ===
{{Main|History of the United States (1789–1849)}}
U.S. Ndondomeko iyi ndiyo njakukhora comene pa vyose ivyo vili kulembeka mu malango gha caru cose.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011354/http://www.politifact.com/virginia/statements/2014/sep/22/bob-goodlatte/goodlatte-says-us-has-oldest-working-national-cons/ Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution], Politifact Virginia website, September 22, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;Mu 1789, dango ili likamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo likapangiska kuti boma liŵe na maofesi ghatatu (ghawemi, ghaulamuliri, na ghakusora malango). George Washington, uyo wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa ku America kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ndipo pamanyuma wakaleka mazaza ghake, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba uyo wakasankhika mwakuyana na dango liphya. Mu 1791, ŵakalemba chikalata chakuyowoya za wanangwa wa ŵanthu, icho chikakanizga boma kukanizga wanangwa wa munthu waliyose. Mu 1803 apo boma la Louisiana likagura charu ichi, chigaŵa chake chikakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri. Nkhondo ya ku Britain yikalutilira, ndipo yikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya 1812, iyo yikaŵa yambura umaliro. Spain wakapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast mu 1819.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Klose, Nelson |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 |title=United States History to 1877 |author2=Jones, Robert F. |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 150]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Cotton gin harpers.jpg|thumb|William L. Sheppard &quot;First Use of a [[Cotton Gin]]&quot; (1790–1800), ''Harper's weekly'', Dec. 18, 1869]]
Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya wuzga. Ku North, ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene nga ni John Adams, Roger Sherman, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, na Benjamin Franklin, ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwira ntchito, ndipo mu 1810 boma lililose mu chigaŵa ichi likazomerezga. Mu 1820 Missouri Compromise yikazomerezga Missouri kuŵa boma la ŵazga na Maine kuŵa boma lakufwatuka ndipo yikayowoya kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kuŵa ŵazga mu vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa kumpoto kwa 36°30′. Ivyo vikachitika vikapangiska kuti charu chigaŵike vigaŵa viŵiri: vyaru vya wanangwa, ivyo vikakanizganga wuzga; na vyaru vya ŵazga, ivyo vikavikiliranga wuzga.{{sfn|Walker Howe|2007|p=153-157}} 

In [[Southern United States|the South]], the invention of the [[cotton gin]] spurred entrenchment of slavery, with regional elites and intellectuals increasingly viewing [[Slavery as a positive good in the United States|the institution as a positive good]] instead of a [[necessary evil]].{{sfn|Walker Howe|2007|p=478, 481-482, 587-588}} Although the federal government [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves|outlawed]] American participation in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] in 1807, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the [[Deep South]], and along with it, the use of [[Slavery in the United States|slave labor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cogliano2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Cogliano, Francis D.|title=Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1f-wAfE0mpsC&amp;pg=PA219|year=2008|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-2733-6|page=219}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 43&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Gordon|Gordon, 2004]], pp. 27,29&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Second Great Awakening]], especially in the period 1800–1840, converted millions to [[Evangelicalism in the United States|evangelical]] Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark2012iu&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Clark, Mary Ann|title=Then We'll Sing a New Song: African Influences on America's Religious Landscape|url=https://archive.org/details/thenwellsingnews0000clar/page/47|date=May 2012|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-0881-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/thenwellsingnews0000clar/page/47 47] }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the South, [[History of Methodism in the United States|Methodists]] and [[Baptists in the United States|Baptists]] proselytized among slave populations.&lt;ref&gt;Heinemann, Ronald L., et al., Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia 1607–2007, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-8139-2609-4}}, p. 197&lt;/ref&gt;

{{anchor|Independence and expansion}}
[[File:United_States_evolution.gif|thumb|An animation of US [[Territorial evolution of the United States|territorial expansion]] over time.]]
Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku America ŵakamba kusamira kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu 1803 boma la Spain likagura malo ghaŵiri gha charu ichi. Mu 1819, charu cha Spain chikapeleka Florida na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Gulf Coast. Mu 1845, boma la Texas likapokeka na boma la United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Kemp, Roger L.|title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&amp;pg=PA180|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2|page=180|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Apo boma likalutiliranga kuthandazga mu vyaru ivyo mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku America, kanandi likaŵachimbizganga panji kuŵawuskamo mu charu chawo. Mu ma 1830, ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kuluta ku malo ghanyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku America kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi. Nkhondo zinandi zikamara para Ŵandyali ŵa ku America ŵafumako ku malo ghawo na kuluta ku malo gha Ŵandyali. Nkhondo ya ku Mexico na America yikati yamara, mu 1848, charu cha Mexico chikapoka chigaŵa cha California na chigaŵa chikuru cha kumwera kwa America. Nkhondo ya ku California iyo yikachitika mu 1848-1849 yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kusamira ku Pacific Coast, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ku California kuŵe nkhondo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rawls1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Rawls, James J.|title=A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&amp;pg=PA20|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21771-3|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Pakuti ku United States kukaŵa vyakurya vinandi, malo ghakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi ndipo vyakurya vyakukwana ku vyaru vinyake vikakura. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakapika malo ghanandi, pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya malo ghose gha ku United States.&lt;ref&gt;Paul Frymer, &quot;Building an American Empire: The Era of Territorial and Political Expansion,&quot; (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017)&lt;/ref&gt; Pambere nkhondo ya pawenenawene yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakamba kukayikira usange ŵazga ŵangaŵako mu vyaru ivi.

===Civil War and Reconstruction (1849–1877)===
{{main|History of the United States (1849–1865)}}
{{Further|Slave states and free states|American Civil War|Reconstruction era}}
{{see also|Lost Cause of the Confederacy}}
[[File:US Secession map 1861.svg|thumb|{{center|'''Status of the states, 1861'''}} {{legend|#A40000| Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861}} {{legend|#EF2929| Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861}} {{legend|#FCE94F| Union states that permitted slavery (border states)}} {{legend|#204A87| Union states that banned slavery}}
{{legend|#D3D7CF| Territories}}|alt=Map of U.S. showing two kinds of Union states, two phases of secession and territories]]

Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding the [[Slavery in the United States|enslavement of those of black African descent]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Stuart|last=Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&amp;pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first=Harold T.|last=Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&amp;pg=PA53|year=2001|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}&lt;/ref&gt; was the [[Origins of the American Civil War|primary cause of the American Civil War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Woods 2012 pp. 415–439&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=Woods | first=Michael E. | title=What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature | journal=The Journal of American History | publisher=[Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians] | volume=99 | issue=2 | year=2012 | issn=0021-8723 | jstor=44306803 | pages=415–439 | doi=10.1093/jahist/jas272 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44306803 | access-date=2023-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 election]] of Republican [[Abraham Lincoln]], conventions in eleven slave states—all in the [[Southern United States]]—declared [[secession]] and formed the [[Confederate States of America]], while the federal government (the &quot;[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]&quot;) maintained that [[Perpetual Union|secession was unconstitutional and illegitimate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Silkenat 2019 p. 25&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Silkenat | first=D. | title=Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | series=Civil War America | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-4696-4973-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHWKDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA25 | access-date=2023-04-29 | page=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy initiated military conflict by [[Battle of Fort Sumter|bombarding Fort Sumter]], a federal garrison in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston harbor]], South Carolina. The ensuing Civil War (1861–1865) was the deadliest military conflict in American history resulting in the deaths of approximately 620,000 soldiers from both sides and upwards of 50,000 civilians, almost all of them in the South.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Vinovskis|first=Maris|date=1990|title=Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|page=4|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York|isbn=978-0-521-39559-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Reconstruction (United States)|Reconstruction]] began in earnest following the defeat of the Confederates. While President Lincoln attempted to foster cooperation and reconciliation between the Union and the former Confederacy, [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|his assassination]] on April&amp;nbsp;14, 1865 drove a wedge between North and South again.{{fact|date=April 2023}} Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to [[Civil rights movement (1865–1896)|ensure the rights of African Americans]], and the so-called [[Reconstruction Amendments]] to the Constitution guaranteed the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|abolishment of slavery]], [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|full citizenship to Americans of African descent]], and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|suffrage for adult Black males]]. They persisted until the [[Compromise of 1877]], when the Republicans agreed to cease enforcing the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the [[1876 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1876]].{{fact|date=April 2023}} Influential Southern whites, calling themselves &quot;[[Redeemers]]&quot;, took local control of the South after the end of Reconstruction, beginning the [[nadir of American race relations]]. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called [[Jim Crow laws]], [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchising]] almost all blacks and some impoverished whites throughout the region. Blacks would face [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]] nationwide, especially in the South.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Shearer Davis Bowman|title=Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers|url=https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Oxford UP|page=[https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm/page/221 221]|isbn=978-0-19-536394-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They also lived under constant threat of vigilante violence, including [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Jason E.|last=Pierce|title=Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJPgCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT256|year=2016|publisher=University Press of Colorado|page=256|isbn=978-1-60732-396-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Gilded Age, Progressive Era, and World War I (1877–1929)===
{{Main|History of the United States (1865–1918)}}
{{further|United States in World War I|Economic history of the United States|Immigration to the United States|Technological and industrial history of the United States|Gilded Age|Progressive Era}}
[[File:Emigrants (i.e. immigrants) landing at Ellis Island -.webm|thumb|left|Film by [[Edison Studios]] showing immigrants at [[Ellis Island]] in [[New York Harbor]], that was a major entry point for European [[Immigration to the United States|immigration into the U.S.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;PriceBenton-Short2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Marie|last1=Price|first2=Lisa|last2=Benton-Short|title=Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tb5HMB63xAC&amp;pg=PA51|year=2008|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-3186-6|page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

National infrastructure, including [[First Transcontinental Telegraph|telegraph]] and [[First transcontinental railroad|transcontinental railroads]], spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the [[American frontier|American Old West]]. After the [[American Civil War]], new transcontinental [[Rail transportation in the United States#History|railways]] made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and increased conflicts with Native Americans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Black2011kj&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Black|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)|title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&amp;pg=PA275|year=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35660-4|page=275}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mainland expansion also included the [[Alaska Purchase|purchase of Alaska]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|access-date=December 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|overthrew]] the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaiian monarchy]] and formed the [[Republic of Hawaii]], which the U.S. [[Newlands Resolution|annexed]] in 1898. Puerto Rico, [[Guam]], and the [[Philippines]] were ceded by Spain in the same year, by the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]] following the [[Spanish–American War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Spanish–American War, 1898|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war|publisher=U.S. Department of State|website=Office of the Historian|access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neither the [[Foraker Act]] (1900), nor the [[Insular Cases]] (1901) accorded US citizenship to Puerto Ricans. One month prior to [[American entry into World War I]], citizenship was extended to Puerto Ricans via the [[Jones–Shafroth Act]] (1917).&lt;ref name=HoE&gt;{{Cite book | title = Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America | first = Juan | last = Gonzalez | publisher = Penguin | date = 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|60–63}} In November 1903, the US acquired a perpetual lease of the [[Panama Canal Zone]] via the [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty]] after providing naval aid preventing [[Colombia]] from putting down the [[Separation of Panama from Colombia|rebellion]] which led to the creation of an independent Panama. The logistics of the November uprising were prepared in New York.&lt;ref name=HoE /&gt;{{rp|67}} [[American Samoa]] was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the [[Second Samoan Civil War]].&lt;ref&gt;Ryden, George Herbert. ''The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa''. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] were purchased from [[Denmark]] in 1917.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Virgin Islands History|url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/|publisher=Vinow.com|access-date=January 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ford Motor Company assembly line.jpg|thumb|Workers [[Mass production|mass producing]] [[Automotive industry in the United States|automobiles]] on an [[assembly line]] in Chicago in 1913.&lt;ref&gt;Rubin, A. (2021). Postindustrial America. In S. P. Holland (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of American studies''. Johns Hopkins University Press. &lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Gilded Age|Rapid economic development]] during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of [[Robber baron (industrialist)|many prominent industrialists]]. [[Tycoon|Tycoons]] like [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], [[John D. Rockefeller]], and [[Andrew Carnegie]] led the nation's progress in the [[Railways|railroad]], [[Petroleum industry|petroleum]], and [[History of the steel industry (1850–1970)|steel]] industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with [[J. P. Morgan]] playing a notable role. The United States also emerged as a pioneer of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|automotive industry]] in the early 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |website=Rumble On |access-date=5 December 2021 |date=26 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the North, [[urbanization]] and an unprecedented [[History of immigration to the United States|influx of immigrants]] from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization.&lt;ref name=&quot;Powell2009qwet&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&amp;pg=PA74|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=74|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Incandescent light bulb|Electric light]] and the [[telephone]] drastically changed communication and urban life.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=351, 385}}

The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kirkland|first1=Edward|title=Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy|pages=400–405|edition=1961}}&lt;/ref&gt; These dramatic changes were accompanied by significant increases in [[economic inequality]], [[Effects of immigration to the United States|immigration]], and [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States|social unrest]], which prompted the rise of [[Labor history of the United States|organized labor]] along with [[Populism in the United States|populist]], [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|socialist]], and [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). ''America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2).'' [[W. W. Norton &amp; Company]]. {{ISBN|978-0-393-91267-8}} p. 589&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]], pp. 321–357&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |title=The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-316-18543-1 |page=66}}&lt;/ref&gt; This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which saw significant reforms including [[Consumer protection|health and safety regulation]] of consumer goods, the rise of [[Labor unions in the United States|labor unions]], and greater [[United States antitrust law|antitrust measures]] to ensure competition among businesses and attention to worker conditions. The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] beginning around 1910 also brought millions of African Americans to Northern urban centers from the rural South.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/migrations/great-migration|title=The Great Migration (1910-1970)|date=May 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:The center of New York 1932.jpg|thumb|The newly constructed [[Empire State Building]] in [[midtown Manhattan]], 1932]]
The last vestiges of the Progressive Era resulted in [[women's suffrage]] and [[Prohibition in the United States|alcohol prohibition]].&lt;ref&gt;Paige Meltzer, &quot;The Pulse and Conscience of America&quot; The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 1945–1960,&quot;&amp;nbsp;''Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies''&amp;nbsp;(2009), Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 52–76.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;James Timberlake,&amp;nbsp;''Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920''&amp;nbsp;(Harvard UP, 1963)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;George B. Tindall, &quot;Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties,&quot;&amp;nbsp;''South Atlantic Quarterly''&amp;nbsp;62 (Winter 1963): 92–106.&lt;/ref&gt; The first state to grant women the right to vote was Wyoming, in 1869, followed by some other states&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation|website=Mapping American Social Movements Project|url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/WomanSuffrage_map.shtml|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=25 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; before the women's rights movement won passage of a [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|constitutional amendment]] granting nationwide [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]] in 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;voris&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Voris|first1=Jacqueline Van|title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life|series=Women and Peace Series|year=1996|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|location=New York City|isbn=978-1-55861-139-9|page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&amp;nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an &quot;associated power&quot; alongside the [[Allies of World War I]], helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]]. In 1919, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] took a leading diplomatic role at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the [[League of Nations]]. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]] that established the League of Nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated418&quot;&gt;McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research &amp; Education Association. p. 418. {{ISBN|978-0-7386-0070-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Great Depression, New Deal, and World War II (1929–1945) ===
{{main|History of the United States (1918–1945)}}
{{Further|Roaring Twenties|Great Depression in the United States|United States home front during World War II|Military history of the United States during World War II}}

The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of [[radio]] for [[mass communication]] and the invention of early [[television]].{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=410–411}} The prosperity of the [[Roaring Twenties]] ended with the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the onset of the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]]. After his election as President in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded with the [[New Deal]] economic policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need|first1=June|last1=Axinn|first2=Mark J.|last2=Stern|isbn=978-0-205-52215-6|edition=7th|publisher=Allyn &amp; Bacon|location=Boston|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Dust Bowl]] of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=James Noble Gregory|title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507136-8|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/|title=Mass Exodus From the Plains|author=&lt;!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --&gt;|year=2013|website=American Experience|publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|access-date=October 5, 2014}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web|url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html|title=The Migrant Experience|last1=Fanslow|first1=Robin A.|date=April 6, 1997|website=American Folklore Center|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=October 5, 2014}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first=Walter J.|last=Stein|title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Trinity_Detonation_T&amp;B_(cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Mushroom cloud]] formed by the [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity Experiment]] in [[New Mexico]], part of the [[Manhattan Project]], the first detonation of a [[nuclear weapon]] in history, July 1945]]
At first [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|neutral during World War II]], the United States began supplying [[Lend-Lease|war material]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in March 1941. A total of [[United States dollar|$]]50.1 billion (equivalent to ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|50100000000|1941|r=-8}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) worth of supplies was shipped in 1941–1945, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S.&lt;ref name=&quot;McNeill 778&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author= McNeill| title=America, Britain and Russia|page= 778}}&lt;/ref&gt; On December&amp;nbsp;7, 1941, the [[Empire of Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], prompting the United States to militarily join the Allies against the [[Axis powers]], and in the following year, to [[Internment of Japanese Americans|intern]] about 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans.&lt;ref&gt;The official WRA record from 1946 state it was 120,000 people. See {{cite book |author=[[War Relocation Authority]] |url=https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-282-5/ |title=The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study |year=1946 |page=8}} This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pearl Harbor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archive-date=December 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. pursued a &quot;[[Europe first]]&quot; defense policy,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stoler|first1=Mark A.|title=George C. Marshall and the &quot;Europe-First&quot; Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History|url=https://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/EDStoler.pdf|access-date=April 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the Philippines being [[Philippines campaign (1941–42)|invaded]] and [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|occupied by Japan]] until the country's [[Philippines campaign (1944–45)|liberation]] by the U.S.-led forces in 1944–1945. During the war, the United States was one of the &quot;[[Four Policemen]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681|title=The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives|last=Kelly|first=Brian|access-date=June 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.{{sfn|Hoopes|Brinkley|1997|p=100}}{{sfn|Gaddis|1972|p=25}} The United States emerged [[World War II casualties#Human losses by country|relatively unscathed]] from the war, and with even greater economic and military influence.&lt;ref&gt;Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. {{ISBN|978-0-679-72019-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States played a leading role in the [[Bretton Woods Conference|Bretton Woods]] and [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an [[Victory in Europe Day|Allied victory was achieved in Europe]], a 1945 [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|international conference]] held in [[San Francisco]] produced the [[United Nations Charter]], which became active after the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm|title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945|date=October 2005|access-date=June 11, 2007|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear weapons]] and used them on Japan [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in August 1945; the Japanese subsequently [[Surrender of Japan|surrendered]] on September 2, ending [[World War II]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=February 8, 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-4-7700-2887-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cold War (1945–1990)===
{{Main|History of the United States (1945–1964)|History of the United States (1964–1980)|History of the United States (1980–1991)|l2 = 1964–1980|l3 = 1980–1991|History of the United States (1991–2008)|l4 = 1991–2008}}
[[File:LevittownPA.jpg|thumb|[[Post–World War II economic expansion]] in the U.S. led to [[Suburbanization|suburban development]] and [[urban sprawl]], as shown in this aerial photograph of [[Levittown, Pennsylvania]], {{Circa|1959}}.]]

After World War II, the United States financed and implemented the [[Marshall Plan]] to help rebuild and economically revive war-torn Europe; disbursements paid between 1948 and 1952 would total $13 billion ($115 billion in 2021).&lt;ref&gt;See {{cite journal |last=Frankenfeld |first=Peter |title=A Marshall Plan for Greece? The European Union and the Financial Crisis in Greece. A Theoretical and Political Analysis in the Global World Against a Background of Regional Integration: Table 1. European Recovery Programme – Marshall Plan ($ million) |date=2012 |pages=69 |url=http://bazekon.icm.edu.pl/bazekon/element/bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171238489 |journal=Prace i Materiały Instytutu Handlu Zagranicznego Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego |language=EN |issue=31/1 |issn=2300-6153}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also at this time, [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] tensions between the United States and Soviet Russia led to the [[Cold War]], driven by an ideological divide between [[capitalism]] and [[communism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WaggAndrews2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&amp;pg=PR11|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two countries dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its [[NATO]] allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its [[Warsaw Pact]] [[Satellite state#Soviet satellite states|satellite states]] on the other.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blakemore-2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Blakemore|first=Erin|date=March 22, 2019|title=What was the Cold War?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/|access-date=August 28, 2020|website=National Geographic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike the US, the USSR concentrated on its own recovery, seizing and transferring most of Germany's industrial plants, and it exacted [[World War II reparations|war reparations]] from its [[Eastern Bloc|Soviet Bloc]] satellites using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises.{{efn|[The Soviet Union] instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: &quot;The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan.&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;Mark Kramer, &quot;The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe,&quot; in {{Cite book |editor-first=Klaus | editor-last=Larresm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT174 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |page=79}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. sometimes opposed [[Third World]] movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored, occasionally pursuing direct action for [[United States involvement in regime change|regime change]] against [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] governments.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Blakeley|Blakeley, 2009]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA92 p. 92]&lt;/ref&gt; American troops fought the communist forces in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–1953,&lt;ref name=&quot;Proxy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988 |isbn=9780802110114 |location=New York |author-link=Michael Collins (astronaut) |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the U.S. became increasingly involved in the [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975), introducing combat forces in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Chapman |first=Jessica M. |title=Origins of the Vietnam War |date=August 5, 2016 |url=https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-353 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.353 |isbn=978-0-19-932917-5 |access-date=August 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their competition to achieve superior [[spaceflight]] capability led to the [[Space Race]], which culminated in the U.S. becoming the first and only nation to [[Apollo 11|land people on the Moon]] in 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;Proxy&quot; /&gt; While both countries engaged in [[proxy war]]s and developed powerful [[nuclear weapon]]s, they avoided direct military conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blakemore-2019&quot; /&gt;

At home, the United States experienced [[Post–World War II economic expansion|sustained economic expansion]], [[Urbanization in the United States|urbanization]], and a [[Post–World War II baby boom|rapid growth of its population]] and [[American middle class|middle class]] following World War II. Construction of an [[Interstate Highway System]] transformed the nation's transportation infrastructure in decades to come.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=305–308}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IntHighways&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Blas|first1=Elisheva|title=The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways|url=https://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf|website=societyforhistoryeducation.org|publisher=Society for History Education|access-date=January 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1959, the United States admitted [[Alaska]] and [[Hawaii]] to become the 49th and 50th states, formally expanding beyond the [[contiguous United States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lightner2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Lightner|title=Hawaiian History: An Annotated Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yei4fDrecWsC&amp;pg=PA141|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28233-1|page=141}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington_colorized_photo.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gives his famous &quot;[[I Have a Dream]]&quot; speech at the [[Lincoln Memorial]] during the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]], 1963.|alt=See caption]]The growing [[civil rights movement]] used [[nonviolence]] to confront [[Racism in the United States|racism]], with [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/johngardner/chapters/4b.html|title=The Civil Rights Movement|website=PBS.org|access-date=January 5, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] initiated legislation that led to a series of policies addressing poverty and racial inequalities, in what he termed the &quot;[[Great Society]]&quot;. The launch of a &quot;[[War on Poverty]]&quot; expanded [[Social programs in the United States|entitlements and welfare]] spending, leading to the creation of the [[Food Stamp Program]], [[Aid to Families with Dependent Children]], along with national [[health insurance]] programs [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/lbjsm.html|title=Social Security|website=ssa.gov|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]], made significant improvements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dallek|first=Robert|year=2004|title=Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President|page=[https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169 169]|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515920-2|url=https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&amp;doc=97|title=Our Documents—Civil Rights Act (1964)|publisher=United States Department of Justice|access-date=July 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp|title=Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York|date=October 3, 1965|access-date=January 1, 2012|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516063650/https://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp|archive-date=May 16, 2016|url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, a [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] grew, which was fueled by [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to the Vietnam War]], mainstream [[Philosophy of psychedelics|experimentation with psychedelics]] and [[Cannabis culture|cannabis]], the [[Black Power movement]], and the [[sexual revolution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true|title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968|last=Levy|first=Daniel|date=January 19, 2018|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=May 5, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Women's Movement in the United States (1963-1982)|women's movement]] in the U.S. broadened the debate on women's rights and made [[gender equality]] a major social goal. The [[Sexual revolution in 1960s United States|1960s Sexual Revolution]] liberalized American attitudes to sexuality and eventually spread to the rest of the developed world,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |website=study.com |author=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |access-date=April 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] in New York City marked the beginning of the modern [[gay liberation|gay rights]] movement in the [[Western world|West]].&lt;ref name=&quot;StonewallNYC1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers|first=Julia|last=Goicichea|publisher=The Culture Trip|date=August 16, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm|title=Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S|publisher=University of Kentucky|access-date=July 15, 2022}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/06/28/feature-how-the-stonewall-riots-started-the-gay-rights-movement/|title=Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement|first=Nell|last=Frizzell|publisher=Pink News UK|date=June 28, 2013|access-date=July 15, 2022}}; {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots|title=Stonewall riots|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=July 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States supported [[Israel]] during the [[Yom Kippur War]]; in response, the country faced an oil [[embargo]] from [[OPEC]] nations, sparking the [[1973 oil crisis]]. The presidency of [[Richard Nixon]] saw the American withdrawal from Vietnam but also the [[Watergate scandal]], which led to [[Nixon resignation|his resignation]] and a decline in public trust of government that expanded for decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;watergate_committee_final_report&quot;&gt;[[Sam Ervin|Ervin, Sam]], et al., ''Final Report of the Watergate Committee''.&lt;/ref&gt; After a surge in female labor participation around the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook|url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=March 21, 2014|page=11|year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1970s and early 1980s also saw the onset of [[stagflation]].

[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|thumb|U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] (left) and Soviet general secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] at the [[Geneva Summit (1985)|Geneva Summit]] in 1985]]

After his election in 1980, President [[Ronald Reagan]] responded to economic stagnation with [[Reaganomics|neoliberal reforms]] and accelerated the [[Rollback|rollback strategy]] towards the Soviet Union after its [[Soviet–Afghan War|invasion of Afghanistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=Robert C.|date=November 2001|title=The rise and decline of the Soviet economy|journal=Canadian Journal of Economics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=859–881|doi=10.1111/0008-4085.00103|issn=0008-4085}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Gerstle|2022|pp=106–108, 121-128}}&lt;ref&gt;[[#Soss|Soss, 2010]], p. 277&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Fraser|Fraser, 1989]]&lt;/ref&gt; During Reagan's presidency, the federal debt held by the public nearly tripled in nominal terms, from $738 billion to $2.1 trillion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=k977|title=Federal Debt Held by the Public|publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |date=May 31, 2018|access-date=June 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; This led to the United States moving from the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation.&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. Debt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A26402-2004Jun8.html |title=Reagan Policies Gave Green Light to Red Ink |access-date= May 25, 2007 |newspaper= The Washington Post | date=June 9, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Revolutions of 1989|collapse]] of the USSR's [[Eastern Bloc|network of satellite states]] in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the subsequent [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the country itself]] in 1991 ended the Cold War with American victory,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaidar&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Gaĭdar|first=E.T.|year=2007|title=Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia|url={{GBUrl|bDSfnxYjVwAC|pg=PA102}}|pages=190–205|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[Brookings Institution#Publications|Brookings Institution Press]]|isbn=978-0-815-73114-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Howell|first=Buddy Wayne|title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988|year=2006|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University|isbn=978-0-549-41658-6|page=352 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kissinger|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Kissinger|title=Diplomacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IZboamhb5EC&amp;pg=PA731|year=2011|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8|pages=781–784|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|last=Mann|first=James|title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&amp;pg=PT12|year=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9|page=432}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]&lt;/ref&gt; ensuring a global [[unipolarity]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Charles Krauthammer]], &quot;The Unipolar Moment&quot;, ''Foreign Affairs'', 70/1, (Winter 1990/1), 23–33.&lt;/ref&gt; in which the U.S. was unchallenged as the world's sole [[superpower]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Judt|first1=Tony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA61|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|last2=Lacorne|first2=Denis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard J.|last=Samuels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT666|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul R.|last=Pillar|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8157-0004-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorismusforei00pill/page/57 57]|url-access=registration}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first=Gabe T.|last=Wang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&amp;pg=PA179|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|publisher=University Press of America|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&amp;pg=PA1|title=Understanding the &quot;Victory Disease&quot;, From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|publisher=Diane Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first1=Akis|last1=Kalaitzidis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&amp;pg=PA313|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|first2=Gregory W.|last2=Streich|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}&lt;br /&gt;[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Contemporary period (1990–present)===
{{Main|History of the United States (1991–2008)|History of the United States (2008–present)|l2 = 2008–present}}

Fearing the spread of [[Middle East|regional]] international instability from the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]], in August 1991, President [[George H. W. Bush]] launched and led the [[Gulf War]] against Iraq, expelling Iraqi forces and dissolving the [[Republic of Kuwait|Iraqi-backed puppet state]] in Kuwait.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Halliday|first=Fred|title=The Gulf War and Its Aftermath: First Reflections|volume=67|number=2|pages=223–234|date=April 1991|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]|doi=10.2307/2620827|jstor=2620827|s2cid=154565052 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During the administration of President [[Bill Clinton]] in 1994, the U.S. signed the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), causing trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to soar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) {{!}} United States Trade Representative|url=https://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta|website=www.ustr.gov|access-date=January 11, 2015|archive-date=March 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317011855/https://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/north-american-free-trade-agreement-nafta|url-status=dead }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|author1=Thakur|author2=Manab Thakur Gene E Burton B N Srivastava|title=International Management: Concepts and Cases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2SbAuVzHBMC&amp;pg=PA334|year=1997|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-463395-3|pages=334–335|access-date=October 25, 2015 }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first1=Akis|last1=Kalaitzidis|first2=Gregory W.|last2=Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9rhlt2Ke3gC&amp;pg=PA201|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38376-2|page=201 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to the [[dot-com bubble|dot-com boom]], stable monetary policy, and [[Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act|reduced social welfare spending]], the 1990s saw the [[1990s United States boom|longest economic expansion]] in modern U.S. history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Did Clinton Do It, or Was He Lucky?|author=Dale, Reginald|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/18/business/worldbusiness/18iht-think.2.t_2.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 18, 2000|access-date=March 6, 2013}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|last=Mankiw|first=N. Gregory|title=Macroeconomics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58KxPNa0hF4C&amp;pg=PA463|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-324-58999-3|page=559|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist hijackers flew passenger planes into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in New York City and [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killing nearly 3,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|date=September 9, 2011|title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened|url=https://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/|access-date=March 6, 2013|work=Fox News}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news|title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/|work=CBS News|date=September 11, 2012|access-date=March 6, 2013|archive-date=October 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/|url-status=dead }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html|title=Day of Terror Video Archive|year=2005|work=CNN|access-date=March 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, President [[George W. Bush]] launched the [[war on terror]], which included a nearly 20-year [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] from 2001 to 2021 and the 2003–2011 [[Iraq War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy|author=Walsh, Kenneth T.|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy|newspaper=U.S. News &amp; World Report|date=December 9, 2008|access-date=March 6, 2013}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Stephen E.|title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&amp;pg=PA210|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-921-9|page=872|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Overview: The Iraq War|last=Wong|first=Edward|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 15, 2008|access-date=March 7, 2013 }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=James Turner|title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&amp;q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein|year=2005|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2|page=159|access-date=October 25, 2015 }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news|title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War|author=Durando, Jessica|author2=Green, Shannon Rae|agency=Associated Press|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1|newspaper=USA Today|date=December 21, 2011|access-date=March 7, 2013|archive-date=September 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Government policy designed to promote affordable housing,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Hidden in Plain Sight: What Really Caused the World's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again|last=Wallison|first=Peter|publisher=Encounter Books|year=2015|isbn=978-978-59407-7-0|author-link=Peter J. Wallison}}&lt;/ref&gt; widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-FCIC/pdf/GPO-FCIC.pdf|title=Financial Crisis Inquiry Report|year=2011|author=Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission|isbn=978-1-60796-348-6|author-link=Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission }}&lt;/ref&gt; and historically low interest rates set by the [[Federal Reserve]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=John B.|author-link=John B. Taylor|access-date=January 21, 2017|title=The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses: An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w14631.pdf|journal=Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series|date=January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; led to a [[United States housing bubble|housing bubble]] in 2006. This culminated in the [[financial crisis of 2007–2008]] and the [[Great Recession]], the nation's largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947|title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|last3=Paletta|first3=Damian|date=September 18, 2008|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]| url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Barack Obama]], the first [[Multiracial American|multiracial]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=&lt;!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --&gt;|title=Barack Obama: Face Of New Multiracial Movement?|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96916824| work=[[NPR]]|date=November 12, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; President with [[African-American]] ancestry, [[2008 United States presidential election|was elected in 2008]] amid the financial crisis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Washington-2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=African-American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession|agency=[[Associated Press]]| last1=Washington| first1=Jesse| last2=Rugaber| first2=Chris|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/article/3584442/economic-gains-for-blacks-reversed-in-great-recession|date=July 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616183529/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/10/black-recession-economy-african-americans_n_894046.html|archive-date=June 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of his second term, the stock market, median household income and net worth, and the number of persons with jobs were all at record levels, while the unemployment rate was well below the historical average.&lt;ref name=RSKrugman1&gt;{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/in-defense-of-obama-20141008|title=In Defense of Obama|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=November 19, 2016|date=October 8, 2014|archive-date=November 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119140244/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/in-defense-of-obama-20141008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Obama_Inequality&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/chapter_1-eight_years_of_recovery_reinvestment_2017.pdf|title=CEA 2017 Economic Report of the President-Chapter One-Eight Years of Recovery and Reinvestment|website=Whitehouse.gov|access-date=March 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Politico_Awesome&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/everything-is-still-awesome-214554|title=Everything is Awesome|website=Politico.com|date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=December 30, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Factcheck_Inherits&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/01/what-president-trump-inherits/|title=What President Trump Inherits|first=Brooks|last=Jackson|date=January 20, 2017|via=Factcheck.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Factcheck_Obama#&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2017/09/obamas-final-numbers/|title=Obama's Final Numbers|first=Brooks|last=Jackson|date=September 29, 2017|via=Factcheck.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; His signature legislative accomplishment was the [[Affordable Care Act]] (ACA), popularly known as &quot;Obamacare&quot;. It represented the [[U.S. healthcare system|U.S. health care system]]'s most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since Medicare in 1965. As a result, the uninsured share of the population was cut in half, while the number of newly insured Americans was estimated to be between 20 and 24 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;HHS_ASPE16&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://aspe.hhs.gov/pdf-report/health-insurance-coverage-and-affordable-care-act-2010-2016 |first1  =  Namrata|  first2 = Kenneth |first3 =Emily | last1= Uberoi |last2 =Finegold| last3=Gee |title=Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act, 2010–2016|publisher =  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services  |department= Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation |access-date=December 7, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211205091604/https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files//142146/ACA2010-2016.pdf  | archive-date = December 5, 2011|date=March 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Obama served two terms, Republican [[Donald Trump]] was elected as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|45th president]] in 2016. [[2016 United States presidential election|His election]] is viewed as one of the biggest political upsets in American and world history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Harrison|title=Donald Trump is elected president of the United States|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/donald-trump-is-elected-president-of-the-united-states/2016/11/09/58046db4-a684-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=October 27, 2020|date=November 9, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trump held office through [[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|the first waves]] of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the resulting [[COVID-19 recession]] starting in 2020 that exceeded even the Great Recession earlier in the century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kochhar |first=Rakesh |title=Unemployment rose higher in three months of COVID-19 than it did in two years of the Great Recession |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/11/unemployment-rose-higher-in-three-months-of-covid-19-than-it-did-in-two-years-of-the-great-recession/ |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Political polarization in the United States|Political polarization]] increased beginning in the 2010s, with [[Abortion in the United States|abortion access]], [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]], the [[transgender rights movement]], [[Institutional racism|lingering systemic racism]], [[Police brutality in the United States|police brutality]], [[Illegal immigration to the United States|undocumented immigration]], [[Mass shootings in the United States|mass shootings]] and [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|recreational marijuana use]] becoming central topics of debate. [[List of protests and demonstrations in the United States by size|Several protests have since become among the largest]] in U.S. history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hamid |first=Shadi |date=January 8, 2022 |title=The Forever Culture War |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/republicans-democrats-forever-culture-war/621184/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Michael |date=2018 |title=Chapter 30: The Recent Past |url=https://www.americanyawp.com/text/30-the-recent-past/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Stanford University Press]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 6, 2021, supporters of the outgoing President Trump [[2021 United States Capitol attack|stormed the U.S. Capitol]] in an unsuccessful effort to disrupt the [[U.S. Electoral College|Electoral College]] vote count that would confirm Democrat [[Joe Biden]] as the 46th president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Peñaloza |first=Marisa |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Trump Supporters Storm U.S. Capitol, Clash with Police |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/06/953616207/diehard-trump-supporters-gather-in-the-nations-capital-to-protest-election-resul |access-date=January 16, 2021 |website=NPR |publisher=[[NPR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, the Supreme Court [[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization|ruled that there is no constitutional right to an abortion]], causing [[2022 abortion protests|another wave of protests]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Protests erupt in D.C., around the country as Roe v. Wade falls |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/06/24/supreme-court-abortion-protests-roe/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States responded to Russia and Belarus after their [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], with the country applying [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|harsh sanctions]] on Russia and [[United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|sending tens of billions of dollars of military and humanitarian aid]] to Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The Senate has approved roughly $40 billion in aid to Ukraine |language=en |work=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/19/1100228289/the-senate-has-approved-roughly-40-billion-in-aid-to-ukraine |access-date=September 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of the United States}}
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|[[Topographic map]] of the United States]]

The [[List of states and territories of the United States|48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia]] occupy a combined area of {{convert|3,119,885|sqmi|km2|abbr=}}. Of this area, {{convert|2,959,064|sqmi|km2|abbr=}} is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|work=The World Factbook|publisher=cia.gov|title=Field Listing: Area|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;urlState Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau|website=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|access-date=September 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 15% is occupied by [[Alaska]], a state in northwestern North America, with the remainder in [[Hawaii]], a state and [[archipelago]] in the central [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], and the five populated but [[Unincorporated area|unincorporated]] insular territories of [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|page=41|access-date=January 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, and just ahead of Canada.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA Factbook Area&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=January 15, 2015|archive-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Wonder Lake and Denali.jpg|thumb|[[Denali]], or Mount McKinley, in [[Alaska]], the highest [[mountain]] peak in [[North America]]]]

The United States is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third- or fourth-largest]] nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured.{{efn|name=largestcountry}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|title=United States|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|website=The World Factbook|date=January 3, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Atlantic coastal plain|coastal plain]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way further inland to [[deciduous]] forests and the rolling hills of the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Geographic Regions of Georgia|url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia|website=Georgia Info|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Appalachian Mountains]] and the [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondack]] [[massif]] divide the eastern seaboard from the [[Great Lakes]] and the grasslands of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NAU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Lew|first=Alan|title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US|url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|archive-date=April 9, 2016|website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States|publisher=North Arizona University|access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]]–[[Missouri River]], the world's [[List of rivers by length|fourth longest river system]], runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile [[prairie]] of the [[Great Plains]] stretches to the west, interrupted by [[U.S. Interior Highlands|a highland region]] in the southeast.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAU&quot; /&gt;

The [[Rocky Mountains]], west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over {{convert|14000|ft}} in [[Colorado]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Harms|first=Nicole|title=Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range|url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farther west are the rocky [[Great Basin]] and deserts such as the [[Chihuahuan Desert|Chihuahua]], [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]], and [[Mojave Desert|Mojave]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Tinkham|first=Ernest R.|title=Biological, Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies on the Shield-Back Katydids of the North American Deserts|jstor=2421073|doi=10.2307/2421073|journal=[[The American Midland Naturalist]]|volume=31|number=2|date=March 1944|pages=257–328|publisher=The [[University of Notre Dame]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] and [[Cascade Range|Cascade]] mountain ranges run close to the [[West Coast of the United States|Pacific coast]], both ranges also reaching altitudes higher than {{convert|14000|ft}}. The [[Extreme points of the United States|lowest and highest points]] in the contiguous United States are in the state of California,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mount Whitney, California|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2829|publisher=Peakbagger|access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and only about {{convert|84|mi|km}} apart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W)|url=https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/distance?dlat=36&amp;mlat=15&amp;slat=01&amp;ns=1&amp;dlon=116&amp;mlon=49&amp;slon=33&amp;ew=1&amp;dlat2=36&amp;mlat2=34&amp;slat2=43&amp;sn=1&amp;dlon2=118&amp;mlon2=17&amp;slon2=31&amp;we=1&amp;iselec=1|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; At an elevation of {{convert|20310|ft|1}}, Alaska's [[Denali]] is the highest peak in the country and in North America.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Poppick|first=Laura|title=US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained|date=August 28, 2013|url=https://www.livescience.com/39245-us-tallest-mountain-location-explained.html|publisher=LiveScience|access-date=May 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Active [[volcano]]es are common throughout Alaska's [[Alexander Archipelago|Alexander]] and [[Aleutian Islands]], and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The [[supervolcano]] underlying [[Yellowstone National Park]] in the [[Rockies]] is the continent's largest volcanic feature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=O'Hanlon|first=Larry|title=America's Explosive Park|url=https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html|date=March 14, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html|archive-date=March 14, 2005|publisher=Discovery Channel|access-date=April 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of the United States|Climate change in the United States}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of the U.S.]]

The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the [[100th meridian west|100th meridian]], the climate ranges from [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] in the north to [[humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the south.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|access-date=December 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]]. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an [[alpine climate]]. The climate is [[Desert climate|arid]] in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in [[coastal California]], and [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] or [[Polar climate|polar]]. Hawaii and the southern tip of [[Florida]] are [[Tropical climate|tropical]], as well as its territories in the [[Caribbean]] and the Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification|url=https://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2015|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

States bordering the [[Gulf of Mexico]] are prone to [[Tropical cyclone|hurricanes]], and most of the world's [[tornado]]es occur in the country, mainly in [[Tornado Alley]] areas in the Midwest and South.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Perkins, Sid|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp|archive-date=July 1, 2007|title=Tornado Alley, USA|access-date=September 20, 2006|date=May 11, 2002|work=Science News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=USA has the world's most extreme weather|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/05/16/extreme-weather-north-america/2162501/|last=Rice|first=Doyle|website=USA Today|language=en|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Extreme weather has become more frequent in the U.S., with three times the number of reported [[heat waves]] as in the 1960s. Of the ten warmest years ever recorded in the 48 contiguous states, eight have occurred since 1998. In the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]], droughts have become more persistent and more severe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OAR|date=June 27, 2016|title=Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/weather-climate|access-date=June 19, 2022|website=www.epa.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Biodiversity and conservation===
{{Anchor|Wildlife and conservation}}
{{Main|Fauna of the United States|Flora of the United States}}
[[File:Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in Kachemak Bay, Alaska.jpg|alt=A bald eagle|thumb|The [[bald eagle]] has been the [[National bird of the United States|national bird]] of the United States since 1782.&lt;ref name=&quot;McDougall2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Len|last=McDougall|title=The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats: A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XOc2_u7z6cC&amp;pg=PA325|year=2004|publisher=Lyons Press|isbn=978-1-59228-070-4|page=325}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

The U.S. is one of 17 [[megadiverse countries]] containing large numbers of [[List of endangered species in North America|endemic species]]: about 17,000 species of [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and more than 1,800 species of [[flowering plant]]s are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Morin, Nancy|url=https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf|title=Vascular Plants of the United States|publisher=National Biological Service|website=Plants|access-date=October 27, 2008|archive-date=July 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States is home to 428 [[mammal]] species, 784 [[bird]]s, 311 [[reptile]]s, and 295 [[amphibian]]s,&lt;ref name=&quot;Current Results # of native species in the US&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|access-date=January 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 91,000 [[insect]] species.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm|title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=January 20, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are 63 [[List of national parks of the United States|national parks]] which are managed by the [[National Park Service]], and [[Federal lands|hundreds of other federally managed]] parks, forests, and [[National Wilderness Preservation System|wilderness areas]] managed by it and other agencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= National Park FAQ|url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/national-park-system.htm/|last1=Park|first1=National|website=nps|access-date=May 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area,&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes Federal Land&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Lipton|first1=Eric|last2=Krauss|first2=Clifford|title=Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/24/us/romney-would-give-reins-to-states-on-drilling-on-federal-lands.html?pagewanted=2&amp;_r=0|access-date=January 18, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 23, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; mostly in the [[Western United States|western states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AKLeg CRS Federal Land&quot;&gt;{{Cite report|url=https://www.akleg.gov/basis/get_documents.asp?session=31&amp;docid=47224|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=March 3, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2020|last1=Vincent|first1=Carol H.|last2=Hanson|first2=Laura A.|last3=Argueta|first3=Carla N.|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of this land is [[Protected areas of the United States|protected]], though some is [[Bureau of Land Management|leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching]], and about .86% is used for military purposes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Federal Land Ownership&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Gorte|first1=Ross W.|last2=Vincent|first2=Carol Hardy.|last3=Hanson|first3=Laura A.|last4=Marc R.|first4=Rosenblum|title=Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf|website=fas.org|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=January 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fed Land Uses&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development|url=https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm|website=doi.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=January 19, 2015|archive-date=March 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Environmental issues in the United States|Environmental issues]] include debates on oil and [[nuclear binding energy|nuclear energy]], dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting [[wildlife]],{{explain|date=March 2023}} logging and [[deforestation]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=The National Atlas of the United States of America|url=https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html|title=Forest Resources of the United States|publisher=Nationalatlas.gov|date=January 14, 2013|access-date=January 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html|archive-date=May 7, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf|title=Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050|year=2003|access-date=January 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Climate change in the United States|climate change]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#Daynes|Daynes &amp; Sussman, 2010]], pp. 3, 72, 74–76, 78&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hays, Samuel P. (2000). ''A History of Environmental Politics since 1945''.&lt;/ref&gt; The most prominent environmental agency is the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collin2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Collin|first=Robert W.|title=The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVPoqXeTYTwC&amp;pg=PA1|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33341-5|page=1|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the [[Wilderness Act]].&lt;ref&gt;Turner, James Morton (2012). ''The Promise of Wilderness''&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Endangered Species Act]] of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Office&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8BEuUPJb58C&amp;pg=PA1|publisher=General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-3997-4|page=1|access-date=October 25, 2015|year=2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 2020, the U.S. ranked 24th among 180 nations in the [[Environmental Performance Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What Is the Greenest Country in the World?|url=https://www.atlasandboots.com/greenest-country-in-the-world/|website=Atlas &amp; Boots|date=June 6, 2020|publisher=Environmental Performance Index|access-date=November 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country joined the [[Paris Agreement]] on climate change in 2016, and has many other environmental commitments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=United States of America|url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/country.html?country=US|website=Global Climate Action – NAZCA|publisher=United Nations|access-date=November 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It [[United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement|withdrew]] from the Paris Agreement in 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Nugent|first1=Ciara|title=The U.S. Just Officially Left the Paris Agreement. Can it Be a Leader in the Climate Fight Again?|url=https://time.com/5907210/us-leaves-paris-agreement-2020-election/|access-date=November 18, 2020|agency=Times|date=November 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; but rejoined it in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Biden announces return to global climate accord, new curbs on U.S. oil industry|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-biden-climate-idINKBN29P12S|date=January 20, 2021|work=Reuters|department=Money News|access-date=February 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Politics of the United States}}
{{Further|Political parties in the United States|Elections in the United States|Political ideologies in the United States|American patriotism|American civil religion}}
[[Image:US Capitol west side.JPG|thumb|The [[United States Capitol]], where [[United States Congress|Congress]] meets: the [[United States Senate|Senate]], left; the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], right]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[White House]], residence and workplace of the [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]]]
[[Image:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Supreme Court Building|Supreme Court Building]], where the [[Supreme Court of the United States|nation's highest court]] sits]]

The United States is a [[federal republic]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]], a [[District of Columbia|federal district]], [[Territories of the United States|five territories]] and several uninhabited [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|island possessions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Common Core Document of the United States of America|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm|date=December 30, 2011|publisher=[[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=July 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|The New York Times|2007|p=670}}{{sfn|Onuf|2010|p=xvii}} It is the world's oldest surviving [[federation]], and, according to the [[World Economic Forum]], the oldest [[democracy]] as well.&lt;ref&gt;Desjardins, Jeff  (August 8, 2019) [https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ &quot;Mapped: The world's oldest democracies&quot;] [[World Economic Forum]]&lt;/ref&gt; It is a [[Liberal democracy|liberal]] [[representative democracy]] &quot;in which [[majority rule]] is tempered by [[minority rights]] protected by [[Law of the United States|law]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scheb&quot;&gt;Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-7668-2759-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[List of democracy indices|Major democracy indexes]] uniformly classify the country as a liberal democracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Shannon |date=2022-12-06 |title=Appendix A: Classifying democracies |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/12/06/online-civic-engagement-spring-2022-appendix-a-classifying-democracies/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2022 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] and [[Global Corruption Barometer]] rank the United States as having low levels of both actual and perceived [[corruption]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global Corruption Barometer |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/gcb |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[Transparency International]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2022 Corruption Perceptions Index |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[Transparency International]] |date=January 31, 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] serves as the country's supreme legal document, establishing the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Feldstein|Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011]], p. 9&lt;/ref&gt; the first ten amendments ([[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]]) and the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to [[judicial review]], and any law can be voided if the courts determine that it violates the Constitution. The principle of [[Judicial review in the United States|judicial review]], not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'' (1803).&lt;ref&gt;[[#Schultz|Schultz, 2009]], pp. 164, 453, 503&lt;/ref&gt;

In the American [[federalism|federal]] system, sovereignty is shared between [[Political divisions of the United States|two levels of government]]: federal and state. Citizens of the states are also governed by local governments, which are administrative divisions of the states. The territories are administrative divisions of the federal government. Governance on many issues is [[Decentralization|decentralized]], with [[Political ideology of states in the United States|widely differing state laws]] on [[Abortion in the United States|abortion]], [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|cannabis]], the [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]],{{efn|Capital punishment is a ''de jure'' legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and [[capital punishment in American Samoa|in American Samoa]]. The death penalty is sanctioned for certain federal and military crimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Death Penalty States [2022] |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state |access-date=September 8, 2022 |publisher=Death Penalty Info}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country had a high ''per capita'' execution rate between the 1960s and 1990s, but execution rates and public support have fallen sharply since. According to [[Ian Millhiser]] of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'', &quot;only five states — Texas, Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Tennessee — conducted executions in 2020. And of these five states, only one, Texas, killed more than one person on death row.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/dpic-adds-eleven-cases-to-innocence-list-bringing-national-death-row-exoneration-total-to-185 DPIC adds Eleven cases to the Innocence List bringing national death-row exonerations to 185], ''[[Death Penalty Information Center]]'', Robert Durham, February 18, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Millhiser |first=Ian |author-link=Ian Millhiser |date=2020-12-30 |title=The decline and fall of the American death penalty |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/12/30/22187578/death-penalty-united-states-executions-decline-gregg-georgia-bucklew-precythe |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Vox |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} [[Gun law in the United States|guns]], economic policy, and other issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feldstein |first=Martin |date=March 2017 |title=Why is Growth Better in the United States Than in Other Industrial Countries? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23221 |journal=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] |location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w23221 }}&lt;/ref&gt; States have increasingly restricted so-called &quot;[[List of U.S. jurisdictions banning conversion therapy|conversion therapy]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Migdon |first=Brooke |date=2023-02-17 |title=Utah Senate votes to ban conversion therapy from health care providers |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3863652-utah-senate-votes-to-ban-conversion-therapy-from-health-care-providers/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Drescher&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Drescher |first1=Jack |last2=Schwartz |first2=Alan |last3=Casoy |first3=Flávio |last4=McIntosh |first4=Christopher A. |last5=Hurley |first5=Brian |last6=Ashley |first6=Kenneth |last7=Barber |first7=Mary |last8=Goldenberg |first8=David |last9=Herbert |first9=Sarah E. |last10=Lothwell |first10=Lorraine E. |last11=Mattson |first11=Marlin R. |last12=McAfee |first12=Scot G. |last13=Pula |first13=Jack |last14=Rosario |first14=Vernon |last15=Tompkins |first15=D. Andrew |date=2016 |title=The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy |journal=Journal of Medical Regulation |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=7–12 |doi=10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7 |pmc=5040471 |pmid=27754500}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Prostitution]] is only [[Prostitution in the United States|legal]] in [[Prostitution in Nevada|several counties of Nevada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Barbara |date=2021-07-29 |title=What is the future of prostitution and sex work? Two states preview diverging paths |url=https://19thnews.org/2021/07/future-of-prostitution-and-sex-work-two-states-preview-diverging-paths/ |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=The 19th |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States has operated under an uncodified informal [[two-party system]] for most of its history, although [[List of political parties in the United States|other parties have run candidates]].&lt;ref name=&quot;twsNovGe&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author1=Etheridge, Eric|author2=Deleith, Asger|title=A Republic or a Democracy?|newspaper=The New York Times blogs|quote=The US system seems essentially a two-party system.&amp;nbsp;...|date=August 19, 2009|url=https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/a-republic-or-a-democracy/|access-date=November 7, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; What the two  [[Major party|major parties]] are has changed over time: the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] presently are, and the country is currently in either the [[Fifth Party System|Fifth]] or [[Sixth Party System]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Mosler|first2=Robert|last2=Catley|title=America and Americans in Australia|date=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YungugjvIaQC&amp;pg=PA83|access-date=April 11, 2016|isbn=978-0-275-96252-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Both parties have no formal central organization at the national level that controls membership, elected officials or political policies; thus, each party has traditionally had factions and individuals that deviated from party positions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shmoop.com/political-parties/founding-fathers-political-parties.html |title=Political Parties - The Founding Fathers &amp; Political Parties |website=Shmoop |date= |access-date=2022-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the 2000s, the country has [[Political polarization in the United States|suffered from significant political polarization]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=McCoy |first1=Jennifer |last2=Press |first2=Benjamin |date=January 18, 2022 |title=What Happens When Democracies Become Perniciously Polarized? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/01/18/what-happens-when-democracies-become-perniciously-polarized-pub-86190 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Federal government===
{{Main|Government of the United States}}
The federal government comprises three branches, which are headquartered in Washington, D.C. and regulated by a system of [[separation of powers|checks and balances]] defined by the Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Killian, Johnny H. |title=Constitution of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm |access-date=February 11, 2012 |publisher=The Office of the Secretary of the Senate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The [[United States Congress|bicameral Congress]], made up of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Legislative Branch|publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany|url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm|access-date=August 20, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has the power of [[impeachment]], by which it can remove sitting members of the federal government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Process for impeachment|publisher=ThinkQuest|url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-date=April 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: [[President of the United States|The president]] is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military, can veto [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] before they become law (subject to congressional override), and appoints the [[Cabinet of the United States|members of the Cabinet]] (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies through their respective [[List of federal agencies in the United States|agencies]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Executive Branch|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/|website=The White House|access-date=February 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] and lower [[Federal judiciary of the United States|federal courts]], whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find [[constitutionality|unconstitutional]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Kermit L.|last1=Hall|first2=Kevin T.|last2=McGuire|title=Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988374-5}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|author=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|title=Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&amp;pg=PA4|date=2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-091708-0|page=4}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first=Bryon|last=Giddens-White|title=The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC|year=2005|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|first=Charles L.|last=Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx|title=Federal Courts|author=&lt;!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --&gt;|publisher=United States Courts|access-date=October 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[lower house]], the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], has 435 voting members, each representing a [[congressional district]] for a two-year term. House seats are [[United States congressional apportionment|apportioned]] among the states by population. Each state then draws single-member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories each have [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|one member of Congress]]—these members are not allowed to vote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Territories1&quot; /&gt;

The [[upper house]], the [[United States Senate|Senate]], has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected [[at-large|at large]] to six-year terms; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every two years. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators.&lt;ref name=&quot;Territories1&quot; /&gt; The Senate is unique among upper houses in being the most prestigious and powerful portion of the country's [[Bicameralism|bicameral system]]; political scientists have frequently labeled it the &quot;most powerful upper house&quot; of any government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Shell |first1=Donald |title=Second Chambers |last2=Baldwin |first2=Nicholas |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781136337000 |pages=43 |quote=The United States Senate is frequently characterised as the most powerful upper house in the world.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office [[Term limits in the United States|no more than twice]]. The President is [[United States presidential election|not elected by direct vote]], but by an indirect [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avaliktos2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Avaliktos |first=Neal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR21acqXy28C&amp;pg=PA111 |title=The Election Process Revisited |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-59454-054-7 |page=111}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court, led by the [[Chief Justice of the United States|chief justice of the United States]], has nine members, who serve for life. They are appointed by the sitting President when a vacancy becomes available.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|work=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Political subdivisions===
{{Main|Political divisions of the United States|State government in the United States|Local government in the United States|U.S. state}}
{{Further|List of states and territories of the United States|Indian reservation|Territories of the United States}}
{{see also|Territorial evolution of the United States}}
Each of the 50 states holds jurisdiction over a geographic territory, where it shares [[sovereignty]] with the federal government. They are subdivided into [[List of United States counties and county equivalents|counties or county equivalents]], and further divided into [[Municipality|municipalities]]. The District of Columbia is a [[federal district]] that contains the capital of the United States, the [[Washington, D.C.|city of Washington]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usc|8|1101}}(a)(36) and {{usc|8|1101}}(a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act. {{USC|8|1101a}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each state has an amount of [[presidential electors]] equal to the number of their representatives plus senators in Congress, and the District of Columbia has three electors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Electoral College Fast Facts {{!}} U.S. House of Representatives: History, Art &amp; Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Electoral-College/Electoral-College/|website=history.house.gov|access-date=August 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Territories of the United States do not have presidential electors, therefore people there cannot vote for the president.&lt;ref name=&quot;Territories1&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3736845/john-oliver-last-week-tonight-voting-rights/|title=Watch John Oliver Cast His Ballot for Voting Rights for U.S. Territories|last=Locker|first=Melissa|date=March 9, 2015|magazine=Time|access-date=November 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Citizenship of the United States|Citizenship is granted at birth in all states]], the District of Columbia, and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa.{{efn|People born in American Samoa are non-citizen U.S. nationals unless one of their parents is a U.S. citizen.&lt;ref name=&quot;AS_citizenship&quot;/&gt; In 2019, a court ruled that American Samoans are U.S. citizens, but the litigation is ongoing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Alvarez|first=Priscilla|title=Federal judge rules American Samoans are US citizens by birth|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/12/politics/american-samoa-citizenship/index.html|date=December 12, 2019|website=CNN|access-date=October 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Romboy|first=Dennis|title=Judge puts citizenship ruling for American Samoans on hold|url=https://www.ksl.com/article/46690822|date=December 13, 2019|website=KSL.com|access-date=October 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Keating |first=Joshua |date=June 5, 2015 |title=How Come American Samoans Still Don't Have U.S. Citizenship at Birth? |url=https://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2015/06/05/american_samoa_the_only_place_in_the_u_s_where_citizenship_isn_t_granted.html |journal=Slate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AS_citizenship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause: A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism |url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/04/american-samoa-and-the-citizenship-clause/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |website=harvardlawreview.org|date=April 10, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States observes limited [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal sovereignty]] of the American Indian nations, like states' sovereignty. American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states, tribes have some autonomy restrictions. They are prohibited from making war, engaging in their own foreign relations, and printing or issuing independent currency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.bia.gov/FAQs/|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs|access-date=January 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indian reservation]]s are usually contained within one state, but there are 12 reservations that cross state boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tribal/tribes-organizations-health/tribes/geography.html|title=Tribal Geography in Relation to State Boundaries}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
{{USA image map}}

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of the United States|Foreign policy of the United States}}
[[File:Midtown Manhattan Skyline 004.jpg|thumb|The [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]] has been situated along the [[East River]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]] since 1952. The United States is a founding member of the UN.|alt=see caption]]

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it had the world's second-largest diplomatic corps in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |title=Global Diplomacy Index&amp;nbsp;– Country Rank|publisher=[[Lowy Institute]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members|title=Current Members|work=[[United Nations Security Council]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and home to the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=United Nations Headquarters Agreement|journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=42|number=2|date=April 1948|pages=445–447|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.2307/2193692|jstor=2193692|s2cid=246008694 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States is also a member of the [[G7]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed|title=Where is the G7 Headed?|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|location=New York City|date=June 28, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[G-20 major economies|G20]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/|title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together|date=July 6, 2022|work=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[OECD]] intergovernmental organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/|title=Our global reach|work=[[OECD]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Almost all countries have [[List of diplomatic missions in the United States|embassies]] and many have [[consul (representative)|consulates]] (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host formal [[diplomatic mission]]s with United States, except [[Iran–United States relations|Iran]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |last1=Fialho |first1=Livia Pontes |last2=Wallin |first2=Matthew |title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran |date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=American Security Project |jstor=resrep06070}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[North Korea–United States relations|North Korea]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan|quote=The United States has never established diplomatic relations with North Korea.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Foreign relations of Bhutan#Other countries|Bhutan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|quote=While Bhutan joined the United Nations in 1971, it does not have diplomatic relations with any of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, including the United States and China.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though [[Taiwan–United States relations|Taiwan]] does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close, if unofficial, relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States also regularly supplies Taiwan with [[Six Assurances|military equipment]] to deter potential Chinese aggression.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|newspaper=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States has a &quot;[[Special Relationship]]&quot; with the [[United Kingdom–United States relations|United Kingdom]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&amp;q=uk+us+special+relationship&amp;pg=PA45|title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance|page=45|first1=John|first2=Axel|last2=Schäfer|last1=Dumbrell|year=2009|isbn=978-0-203-87270-3|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and strong ties with [[Canada–United States relations|Canada]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf|title=Canada–U.S. Relations|author1=Ek, Carl|first2=Ian F.|last2=Fergusson|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=September 3, 2010|access-date=August 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=August 8, 2008|oclc = 70208969}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf|title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=May 27, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Philippines]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf|title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests|author=Lum, Thomas|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=January 3, 2011|access-date=August 3, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf|title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress|author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf|title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress|first1=Mark E.|last1=Manyin|first2=Emma|last2=Chanlett-Avery|first3=Mary Beth|last3=Nikitin|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf|title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Zanotti, Jim|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 31, 2014|access-date=September 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and several [[European Union]] countries ([[France–United States relations|France]], [[Italy–United States relations|Italy]], [[Germany–United States relations|Germany]], [[Spain–United States relations|Spain]], and [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/|title=U.S. Relations With Poland}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. works closely with its [[NATO]] allies on military and [[national security]] issues, and with nations in the Americas through the [[Organization of American States]] and the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement]]. In [[South America]], [[Colombia]] is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/untapped-potential-us-colombia-partnership/|date=September 26, 2019|website=Atlantic Council|language=en|access-date=May 30, 2020|last1=Kimer |first1=James }}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]] through the [[Compact of Free Association]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Charles L. |last=Zelden |url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld |title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-702-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld/page/217 217] |access-date=October 25, 2015 |url-access=registration}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book |first1=Loren |last1=Yager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfoBd7_KsZMC&amp;pg=PA7 |title=Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |first2=Emil |last2=Friberg |first3=Leslie |last3=Holen |date=2003 |publisher=Diane Publishing |isbn=978-0-7567-3394-0 |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation [[India–United States relations|with India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |publisher=White House |access-date=3 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its [[China–United States relations|ties with China]] have steadily deteriorated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |last=Meidan |first=Michal |title=US-China: The Great Decoupling |date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |jstor=resrep33982}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=CNBC |date=March 28, 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. has become a key ally of [[Ukraine]] since Russia [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed Crimea in 2014]] and began an [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine in 2022]], significantly deteriorating relations with Russia in the process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/20/thirty-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-can-vicious-circle-be-broken-pub-79323|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=CNBC |date=June 17, 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Military===
{{Main|United States Armed Forces|Military history of the United States}}
[[File:B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|[[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirit]], the [[Stealth technology|stealth]] [[Heavy bomber|heavy]] [[strategic bomber]] of the [[United States Air Force|USAF]]]]
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|[[The Pentagon]], near Washington, D.C., is home to the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]].]]

The President is the [[Commander-in-Chief of the United States|commander-in-chief]] of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]] and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. The [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], which is headquartered at [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], and [[United States Space Force|Space Force]]. The [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] is administered by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] in peacetime and can be transferred to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]] in wartime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/happy-231st-birthday-united-states-coast-guard|title=Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard!|last=Lindsay|first=James M.|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|location=New York City|date=August 4, 2021|access-date=July 16, 2022|quote=During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States spent $877 billion on its military in 2022, 39% of global military spending, accounting for 3.5% of the country's GDP.'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;SIPRI-20202&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/2304_fs_milex_2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20%282019%29%20USD%20%28pdf%29.pdf| title=Data for all countries from 1988–2020 in constant (2019) USD (pdf)| publisher=SIPRI| access-date=28 April 2021| archive-date=28 April 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428180002/https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20(2019)%20USD%20(pdf).pdf| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. has [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|more than 40% of the world's nuclear weapons]], the second-largest amount after Russia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Reichmann|first=Kelsey|date=June 16, 2019|title=Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/2019/06/16/heres-how-many-nuclear-warheads-exist-and-which-countries-own-them/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://conifer.rhizome.org/mossypiglet/wikipedia-citations/20200923183006/https://www.defensenews.com/global/2019/06/16/heres-how-many-nuclear-warheads-exist-and-which-countries-own-them/|archive-date=September 23, 2020|access-date=September 23, 2020|website=defensenews.com|publisher=Sightline Media Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2019, all six branches of the U.S. Armed Forces reported 1.4&amp;nbsp;million personnel on active duty.&lt;ref name=&quot;IISS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=The Military Balance 2019|url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2019|location=London|publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies|page=47|date=2019|isbn=978-1-85743-988-5|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922054426/https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2019|access-date=September 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|Reserves]] and [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] brought the total number of troops to 2.3&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref name=&quot;IISS&quot; /&gt; The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including [[Military-industrial complex|contractors]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/20/politics/james-mattis-resignation-letter-doc/index.html| title=Read: James Mattis' resignation letter| date=December 21, 2018| work=[[CNN]]| access-date=January 8, 2020| url-status=dead| archive-date=December 4, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204140006/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/20/politics/james-mattis-resignation-letter-doc/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Military service in the United States is voluntary, although [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] may occur in wartime through the [[Selective Service System]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sss.gov/what.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915102215/https://www.sss.gov/what.htm|title=What does Selective Service provide for America?|publisher=Selective Service System|access-date=February 11, 2012|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese People's Liberation Army]] and [[Indian Armed Forces]].&lt;ref&gt;[[#IISS2020|IISS 2020]], pp. 46&lt;/ref&gt;

Today, American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of [[transport aircraft]], the Navy's 11 active [[aircraft carrier]]s, and [[Marine expeditionary unit]]s at sea with the Navy, and Army's [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] and [[75th Ranger Regiment]] deployed by Air Force transport aircraft. The Air Force can strike targets across the globe through its fleet of [[strategic bomber]]s, maintains the [[air defense]] across the United States, and provides [[close air support]] to Army and Marine Corps ground forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Noble Eagle Without End|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0205eagle/|access-date=February 1, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Ups and Downs of Close Air Support|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/the-ups-and-downs-of-close-air-support/|access-date=December 1, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Space Force operates the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS, also widespread in civilian use worldwide), the [[Eastern Range|Eastern]] and [[Western Range (USSF)|Western Range]]s for all space launches, and the United States's [[United States Space Surveillance Network|Space Surveillance]] and [[United States national missile defense|Missile Warning]] networks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/building-the-space-range-of-the-future/|title=Building the Space Range of the Future|access-date=May 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.schriever.spaceforce.mil/GPS/#:~:text=The+GPS-dedicated+ground+system+consists+of+six+U.S.,passively+track+the+navigation+signals+on+all+satellites|title=Global Positioning System|website=www.schriever.spaceforce.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Space surveillance technologies a top need for U.S. military|date=November 22, 2020|url=https://spacenews.com/space-surveillance-technologies-a-top-need-for-u-s-military/|access-date=November 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states|title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?|last=Harris|first=Johnny|date=May 18, 2015|website=Vox|access-date=September 23, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states}}&lt;/ref&gt; and maintains [[United States military deployments|deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel]] in 25 foreign countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|publisher=Department of Defense|date=March 31, 2010|access-date=October 7, 2010|archive-date=July 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Law enforcement and crime===
{{Main|Law enforcement in the United States|Crime in the United States}}
There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to federal level in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Duren |last2=Hendrix |first2=Joshua |last3=Hickman |first3=Mathhew |date=October 4, 2016 |title=National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf |journal=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Law in the United States is mainly [[Law enforcement in the United States|enforced]] by local police departments and [[sheriff]]'s offices. The [[state police]] provides broader services, and [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|federal agencies]] such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals Service]] have specialized duties, such as protecting [[civil rights]], [[National Security of the United States|national security]] and enforcing [[U.S. federal courts]]' rulings and federal laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs &amp; What They Do|publisher=Chiff.com|url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|archive-date=February 10, 2014|url-status= }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[State court (United States)|State court]]s conduct most civil and criminal trials,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Manweller|first1=Mathew|editor1-last=Hogan|editor1-first=Sean O.|title=The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics|date=2006|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]|isbn=978-1-851-09751-7|pages=37–96|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ong5k8n97P4C&amp;pg=PA55|access-date=October 5, 2020|chapter=Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts}}&lt;/ref&gt; and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals from the state criminal courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts|title=Introduction To The Federal Court System|work=[[United States Attorney]]|date=November 7, 2014 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]|access-date=July 14, 2022|location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2020}}, the United States has an [[List of countries by intentional homicide rate|intentional homicide rate]] of 7 per 100,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=US|title=Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) - United States|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=July 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cross-sectional analysis of the [[World Health Organization]] Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States homicide rates &quot;were 7.0 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Grinshteyn|first1=Erin|last2=Hemenway|first2=David|date=March 2016|title=Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010|url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext|journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]]|volume=129|issue=3|pages=226–273|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025|pmid=26551975|access-date=June 18, 2017|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of January 2023, the United States has the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|sixth highest per-capita incarceration rate]] in the world, at 531 people per 100,000; and the largest [[Incarceration in the United States|prison and jail population]] in the world at 1,767,200.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America]. [[World Prison Brief]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldPrisonBrief&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231118142542/https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total Highest to Lowest]. [[World Prison Brief]] (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the [http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data WPB main data page] and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, the total prison population for those sentenced to more than a year was 1,430,800, corresponding to a ratio of 419 per 100,000 residents and the lowest since 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/press/p19_pr.pdf|title=US Department of Justice, Oct. 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some [[think tank]]s place that number higher, such as [[Prison Policy Initiative]]'s estimate of 1.9 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;WholePie2023&quot;&gt;{{cite report|url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html|title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023|last1=Sawyer|first1=Wendy|last2=Wagner|first2=Peter|date=March 14, 2023|publisher=Prison Policy Initiative|issue=|doi=|volume=|pmid=|access-date=May 13, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Various states have attempted to [[Decarceration in the United States|reduce their prison populations]] via government policies and grassroots initiatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/decarceration-strategies-5-states-achieved-substantial-prison-population-reductions/|title=Decarceration Strategies: How 5 States Achieved Substantial Prison Population Reductions|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=July 16, 2022|last1=Schrantz|first1=Dennis|last2=DeBor|first2=Stephen|last3=Mauer|first3=Marc|publisher=[[The Sentencing Project]]|location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of the United States}}
{{Further|Economic history of the United States|Taxation in the United States|United States federal budget|Federal Reserve}}
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] (featuring [[George Washington]]) is the currency most used in [[international trade|international transactions]] and is the world's foremost [[reserve currency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;federalreserve.gov&quot;/&gt;]]
[[File:Gaming-Wall-Street_BTS_Prodigium-266.jpg|thumb|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] on [[Wall Street]], the world's largest stock exchange by [[market capitalization]] of its listed companies&lt;ref name=NYSEhighestcap&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/|title=NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange|author= Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry|work=Forbes|date=April 9, 2021|access-date=July 24, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:West side of Manhattan from Hudson Commons (95103p).jpg|thumb|[[Midtown Manhattan]], the world's largest [[central business district]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website=www.reuters.com |date= March 24, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|last1= Jones|first1= Huw}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], the U.S. [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of $25.5&amp;nbsp;trillion constitutes over 25% of the [[gross world product]] at market exchange rates and over 15% of the gross world product at [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=111,&amp;s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,NGAP_NPGDP,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,FLIBOR6,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LE,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&amp;sy=2021&amp;ey=2023&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1 |website=www.imf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF.WEO.US&quot; /&gt; From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hagopian&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hagopian |first=Kip |last2=Ohanian |first2=Lee |date=August 1, 2012 |title=The Mismeasure of Inequality |url=https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |url-status=dead |journal=Policy Review |volume= |issue=174 |pages= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012353/https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=January 23, 2020 |via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country ranks first in the world by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal GDP]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and|title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; second by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]],&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF.WEO.US&quot;/&gt; seventh by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]],&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF-2023&quot;/&gt; and eighth by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF.WEO.US&quot;/&gt; As of 2022, the United States was ranked 25th out of 169 countries on the [[Social Progress Index]], which measures &quot;the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Explore the 2022 Social Progress Index Map: United States |url=https://www.socialprogress.org/?tab=2&amp;code=USA |website=Social Progress Imperative |access-date=April 18, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. has been the world's largest economy since at least 1900.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fordham |first=Benjamin |date=October 2017 |title=Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and United States Foreign Policy, 1890–1914 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=170–192 |doi=10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |s2cid=148917255 |issn=0898-588X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States is at or near the forefront of [[Science and technology in the United States|technological advancement]] and [[innovation]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www.wipo.int |series=Global Innovation Index |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in many economic fields, especially in [[artificial intelligence]]; [[computers]]; [[pharmaceuticals]]; and [[medical]], [[aerospace]] and [[military equipment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |title=United States reference resource |work=[[The World Factbook]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=May 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The nation's economy is fueled by abundant [[natural resource]]s, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185&quot;&gt;Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, &quot;Resource-Based Growth Past and Present&quot;, in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. {{ISBN|0821365452}}.&lt;/ref&gt; It has the second-highest total-estimated value of natural resources, valued at [[United States dollar|US$]]44.98{{spaces}}trillion in 2019, although sources differ on their estimates. Americans have the highest average [[Household income|household]] and [[List of countries by average wage|employee]] income among [[OECD]] member states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/|title=Income|work=Better Life Index|publisher=OECD|access-date=September 28, 2019|quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, they had the sixth-highest [[median household income]], down from fourth-highest in 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Household Income&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Household Income|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en|journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators|publisher=OECD Publishing|access-date=May 29, 2014|doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |date=March 18, 2014|series=Society at a Glance|isbn=9789264200722|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated4&gt;{{cite web |title=OECD Better Life Index |url= http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/#/11111111111 |publisher=OECD |access-date=November 25, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the currency most used in [[international trade|international transactions]] and is the world's foremost [[reserve currency]], backed by the country's dominant economy, [[United States Armed Forces|its military]], the [[petrodollar|petrodollar system]], and its linked [[eurodollar]] and large [[U.S. Treasury|U.S. treasuries market]].&lt;ref name=&quot;federalreserve.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pdf/pf_4.pdf |title=The Implementation of Monetary Policy – The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere|access-date=August 24, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several countries [[International use of the US dollar|use it as their official currency]] and in others it is the [[de facto currency|''de facto'' currency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17&quot;&gt;Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0691116660}}; ''cf.'' &quot;the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia&quot;, Charles Agar, ''[[Frommer's]] Vietnam'', 2006, {{ISBN|0471798169}}, p. 17&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year|title = US GDP Growth Rate by Year |date=March 31, 2014 |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website = multpl.com|publisher = US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[New York City]] is the world's principal [[financial center]], with the [[List of cities by GDP|largest]] economic output, and the epicenter of the principal American metropolitan economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/|title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |website=www.reuters.com |date=March 24, 2022 |access-date=July 29, 2022|last1=Jones |first1=Huw }}{{SemiBareRefNeedsTitle|date=July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-32-explore-the-data/gfci-32-rank/|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 32|date=September 22, 2022|publisher=Long Finance|access-date=September 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/|title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output|author=Iman Ghosh|publisher=World Economic Forum|date=September 24, 2020|access-date=March 5, 2023|quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[New York Stock Exchange]] and [[Nasdaq]] are the world's [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchanges]] by [[market capitalization]] and [[trade volume]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics|title=Monthly Reports - World Federation of Exchanges|publisher=WFE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sfc.hk&quot;&gt;[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)]. Securities and Exchange Commission (China).&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|largest U.S. trading partners]] are the [[European Union]], [[Mexico]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Vietnam]], [[India]], and [[Taiwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Top Trading Partners - October 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1612yr.html |access-date=12 May 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States is the world's [[List of countries by imports|largest]] importer and the [[List of countries by exports|second-largest]] exporter after China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2019_e/wts2019_e.pdf |title=World Trade Statistical Review 2019 |work=[[World Trade Organization]] |page=100 |access-date=May 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has [[free trade agreements]] with [[Free trade agreements of the United States|several countries]], including the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |title=United States free trade agreements |work=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] |access-date=May 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. ranked second in the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] in 2019, after [[Singapore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;World Economic Forum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2013-14/GCR_Rankings_2013-14.pdf |title=Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=June 1, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of the world's [[List of largest companies by revenue|largest]] companies, such as [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]] ([[Google]]), [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[AT&amp;T]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]], [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[General Motors]], [[McDonald's]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], [[Microsoft]], [[PepsiCo|Pepsi]], and [[Walmart]], were founded and are headquartered in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortune-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/global500/2022/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=Fortune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies]], 124 are headquartered in the U.S.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortune-2022&quot;/&gt;

While its economy has reached a [[post-industrial society|post-industrial]] level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.&lt;ref name=&quot;Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=USA Economy in Brief|url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|archive-date=March 12, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2018, the U.S. is the [[List of countries by manufacturing output|second-largest]] manufacturing nation after China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-25 |title=These are the top 10 manufacturing countries in the world |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/countries-manufacturing-trade-exports-economics/ |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, the [[National debt of the United States|U.S. national debt]] to GDP ratio surpassed 100% when both debt and GDP were approximately $16.7 trillion; in 2022, U.S. national debt was $30.93 trillion, while debt to GDP ratio was 124%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/national-debt/|title=What is the national debt?|publisher=[[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Department of Treasury]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Income and poverty===
{{Main|Income in the United States|Poverty in the United States}}
{{Further|Affluence in the United States|Income inequality in the United States}}At US$69,392 in 2020, the United States was ranked first in the world by [[List of countries by average wage|average yearly wage]] based on the [[OECD]] data, and it had the world's highest [[median income]] at US$46,625 in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Labour &gt; Earnings &gt; Average annual wages |publisher=[[OECD]] |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Income Distribution: Median equivalised disposable income |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IDD |access-date=January 21, 2023 |website=OECD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the fact that the U.S. only accounted for 4.24% of the [[World population|global population]], residents of the U.S. collectively [[List of countries by total wealth|possessed 30.2%]] of the world's total wealth as of 2021, the largest percentage of any country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Shorrocks|first1=Anthony|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2021.pdf|title=Global wealth databook 2021|last2=Davies|first2=James|last3=Lluberas|first3=Rodrigo|publisher=[[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute|year=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. also ranks first in the number of dollar [[List of countries by number of billionaires|billionaires]] and [[List of countries by number of millionaires|millionaires]], with 724 billionaires (as of 2021)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Sarah |title=These 20 countries and territories are home to most of the world's 2,755 billionaires |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/these-20-countries-are-home-to-the-most-billionaires-forbes-2021-10 |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and nearly 22 million millionaires (2021).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/22/heres-how-22-million-americans-became-millionaires.html|title=Nearly 22 million Americans are millionaires. Here's how they got wealthy|last=Exley|first=Robert Jr.|date=December 22, 2021|access-date=July 16, 2022|work=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States has a smaller [[welfare state]] and redistributes less income through government action than most other [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]] countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=Isabelle|last1=Joumard|first2=Mauro|last2=Pisu|first3=Debbie|last3=Bloch|title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers|url=https://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf|publisher=OECD|access-date=May 21, 2015|date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. ranked the 52nd highest in [[List of countries by income equality|income inequality]] among 167 countries in 2014,&lt;ref name=&quot;Data for urban households only&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Monino |first1=Jean-Louis |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119285199.ch3 |title=Data Development Mechanisms |last2=Sedkaoui |first2=Soraya |date=2016-03-11 |work=Big Data, Open Data and Data Development |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. |isbn=978-1-119-28519-9 |place=Hoboken, N.J. |pages=43–72 |doi=10.1002/9781119285199.ch3 |access-date=2021-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the highest compared to the rest of the [[Developed country|developed world]] in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Gray |first=Sarah |date=June 4, 2018 |title=Trump Policies Highlighted in Scathing U.N. Report On U.S. Poverty|url=http://fortune.com/2018/06/04/trump-policies-u-n-report-u-s-poverty/|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=September 13, 2018|quote=&quot;The United States has the highest rate of income inequality among Western countries&quot;, the report states.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OHCHR&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/06/contempt-poor-us-drives-cruel-policies-says-un-expert|title=&quot;Contempt for the poor in US drives cruel policies,&quot; says UN expert|date=June 4, 2018|work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]]|access-date=June 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wealth in the United States is [[Wealth inequality in the United States|highly concentrated]]; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Piketty|first1=Thomas|title=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|title-link=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|date=2014|publisher=Belknap Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674430006/page/257 257]|author-link1=Thomas Piketty}} {{ISBN|978-0-674-43000-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Long|first=Heather|date=September 12, 2017|title=U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says/2017/09/12/7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html|access-date=November 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among [[OECD]] members.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sme&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Smeeding|first1=T.M.|year=2005|title=Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/81b4d972c7a40d051d9ee3ced2ab2ddfc221fbf9|journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=86|pages=955–983|doi=10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x|s2cid=154642286}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States is the only [[advanced economy]] that does not [[List of statutory minimum employment leave by country|guarantee its workers paid vacation]] nationally&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Min |first=Sarah |date=May 24, 2019 |title=1 in 4 workers in U.S. don't get any paid vacation time or holidays|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/one-in-four-workers-in-us-dont-get-any-paid-vacation-time-or-holidays/|work=CBS News |location= |access-date=July 15, 2022|quote=The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays. }}&lt;/ref&gt; and is one of a few countries in the world without federal [[paid family leave]] as a legal right.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernard |first=Tara Siegel |date=February 22, 2013 |title=In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html |access-date=August 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States also has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak [[collective bargaining]] system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless persons in the U.S.]] in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Culp2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book| editor = Anne McDonald Culp| date = June 25, 2013| title = Child and Family Advocacy: Bridging the Gaps Between Research, Practice, and Policy| publisher = Springer Science &amp; Business Media| pages = 77–| isbn = 978-1-4614-7456-2| oclc = 1026456872| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GZBDAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA77}}&lt;/ref&gt; Attempts to combat homelessness include the [[Section 8 (housing)|Section 8]] housing voucher program and implementation of the [[Housing First]] strategy across all levels of government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Solving Homelessness from a Complex Systems Perspective: Insights for Prevention Responses|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|date=2019|volume=40|pmid=30601718|last1=Fowler|first1=P. J.|last2=Hovmand|first2=P. S.|last3=Marcal|first3=K. E.|last4=Das|first4=S.|pages=465–486|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013553|pmc=6445694 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, [[Hunger in the United States#Children|16.7&amp;nbsp;million children lived in food-insecure households]], about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 845,000 U.S. children (1.1%) saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Household Food Security in the United States in 2011|url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007231515/https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/884525/err141.pdf|archive-date=October 7, 2012|publisher=USDA|access-date=April 8, 2013|date=September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|2018|June|post=,}} 40&amp;nbsp;million people, roughly 12.7% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty, including 13.3&amp;nbsp;million children;&lt;ref name=&quot;OHCHR&quot;/&gt; the [[poverty threshold]] in the United States was at $12,880 for a single-person household and $26,246 for a family of four in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/07/22/what-it-means-to-be-poor-by-global-standards/ |title=What it means to be poor by global standards |author=Rakesh Kochhar |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=July 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://aspe.hhs.gov/2021-poverty-guidelines |title=2021 Poverty Guidelines |website=aspe.hhs.gov |access-date=April 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2019, 2% of the U.S. population earned less than $10 per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Poverty and Inequality Forum |url=https://pip.worldbank.org/poverty-calculator?src=EAP,SAS,SSA,LAC,MNA,ECA,OHI,WLD&amp;pv=2.15&amp;oc=pop_in_poverty&amp;on=Population%20living%20in%20poverty&amp;os=millions&amp;od=Population%20living%20below%20the%20poverty%20line%20(2011%20PPP)&amp;tab=table&amp;ppp=2017 |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[World Bank]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 0.25% of the U.S. population lived below the international poverty line of $2.15 per day in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines#:~:text=The%20new%20international%20poverty%20line,be%20living%20in%20extreme%20poverty. |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Country Profile: United States |url=https://pip.worldbank.org/country-profiles/USA |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Science, technology, and energy===
{{Main|Science and technology in the United States|Science policy of the United States|Energy in the United States}}
[[File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag-crop.jpg|thumb|U.S. astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]] saluting the [[United States flag|flag]] on the [[lunar surface|Moon]] during the [[Apollo 11]], 1969. The United States is the only country that has sent [[Moon landing|crewed missions to the lunar surface]].]]

The United States has been a leader in technological [[innovation]] since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing [[interchangeable parts]] and the establishment of a [[machine tool]] industry enabled the [[American system of manufacturing|U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing]] of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, factory [[electrification]], the introduction of the [[assembly line]], and other labor-saving techniques created the system of [[mass production]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Hounshell1984}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Research and Development (R&amp;D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120210170338/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls|archive-date=February 10, 2012|access-date=June 19, 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, the United States was the country with the [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|second-highest]] number of published scientific papers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SJR - International Science Ranking|url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&amp;ord=desc&amp;year=2020|access-date=2022-02-05|website=www.scimagojr.com|language=en-uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of [[World Intellectual Property Indicators|patent applications]], and third by trademark and industrial design applications.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&amp;plang=EN |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.wipo.int | doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |language=en | author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. | series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) | year=2021 | publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) | isbn=9789280533293 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the United States launched a total of 51 [[spaceflights]] (China reported 55).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Hines |first1=R. Lincoln |last2=Ben-Itzhak |first2=Svetla |title=NASA's head warned that China may try to claim the Moon – two space scholars explain why that's unlikely to happen |url=http://theconversation.com/nasas-head-warned-that-china-may-try-to-claim-the-moon-two-space-scholars-explain-why-thats-unlikely-to-happen-186614 |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. had 2,944 active [[satellites]] in space in December 2021, the highest number of any country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Satellite Database|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database|access-date=July 14, 2022|website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1876, [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was awarded the first U.S. [[Invention of the telephone|patent for the telephone]]. [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Research institute|research laboratory]] developed the [[phonograph]], the first [[Incandescent light bulb|long-lasting light bulb]], and the first viable [[Kinetoscope|movie camera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Edison&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions|url=https://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/|website=Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation|access-date=January 21, 2015|archive-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316154517/https://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Wright brothers]] in 1903 made the [[Wright Flyer|first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight]], and the automobile companies of [[Ransom E. Olds]] ([[Oldsmobile]]) and [[Henry Ford]] ([[Ford Motor Company]]) popularized the assembly line in the early 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Benedetti, François|url=https://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/https://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp|archive-date=September 12, 2007|title=100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality|publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)|date=December 17, 2003|access-date=August 15, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rise of [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]] in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, such as [[Albert Einstein]], [[Enrico Fermi]], and [[John von Neumann]], to immigrate to the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;fraser&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Fraser|first1=Gordon|title=The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-959215-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NYknwEACAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; During World War II, the [[Manhattan Project]]. developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the [[Atomic Age]]. During the Cold War, competition for superior missile capability led to the [[Space Race]] between the United States and Soviet Union.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYZmj7Us3m8C&amp;q=Space+Race++rapid+advances+in+rocketry,+materials+science,+and+computers&amp;pg=PA68|title=10 Little Americans|via=Google Books|access-date=September 15, 2014|isbn=978-0-615-14052-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2525898/app-development/nasa-s-apollo-technology-has-changed-history.html|title=NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history|date=July 20, 2009|publisher=Sharon Gaudin|access-date=September 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The great American technological breakthroughs of the 20th century stem from the invention of the [[transistor]] in the 1950s, a key component in almost all modern [[electronics]], which led to the development of [[microprocessor]]s, [[software]], [[personal computer]]s, and the [[Internet]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sawyer2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Robert Keith|title=Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyJjyZ_YBAkC&amp;pg=PA256|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973757-4|page=256}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, the United States ranked 2nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wipo.int |series=Global Innovation Index |year=2022 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States also developed the [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS), the world's pre-eminent [[satellite navigation]] system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/made-in-the-usa-american-tech-inventions/|first=Chenda|last=Ngak|publisher=[[CBS News]]|title=Made in the USA: American tech inventions|date=July 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{as of|2021}}, the United States receives approximately 79.1% of its energy from fossil fuels.&lt;ref name=&quot;visu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date= |title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the largest source of the country's energy came from [[petroleum]] (36.1%), followed by [[natural gas]] (32.2%), [[coal]] (10.8%), renewable sources (12.5%), and [[nuclear power]] (8.4%).&lt;ref name=&quot;visu&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--Numbers do not add up to 100 due to rounding errors. --&gt; The United States constitutes less than 5% of the [[world population|world's population]], but consumes 17% of the [[Energy use in the United States|world's energy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 5, 2021 |title=What is the United States' share of world energy consumption? |work=[[Energy Information Administration|U.S. Energy Information Administration]] |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=87&amp;t=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; It accounts for about 25% of the world's [[Oil consumption|petroleum consumption]], while producing only 6% of the world's annual petroleum supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;EIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=EIA – Petroleum Basic Data |url=https://www.eia.doe.gov/basics/quickoil.html |access-date=March 30, 2012 |publisher=Eia.doe.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. ranks as second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases, exceeded only by China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Transportation===
{{Main|Transportation in the United States}}
[[File:Atlanta Airport Aerial Angle (31435634003) (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] is the world's busiest by [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|passenger traffic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-busiest-airports-2021/index.html|title=This US airport has reclaimed its title as the world's busiest|website=CNN.com|first=Marnie|last=Hunter|date=April 11, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

The United States's [[Rail transport in the United States|rail network]], nearly all [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]], is the [[List of countries by rail transport network size|longest in the world]], and exceeds {{convert|293564|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison|title=Railways – The World Factbook|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=July 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It handles mostly [[Freight transport|freight]], with intercity passenger service primarily provided by [[Amtrak]], a government-managed company that took over services previously run by private companies, to all but four states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM|title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data|publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics|location=Washington, D.C.|date=2021|access-date=February 16, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Emma G. |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Amtrak at a Junction: Invest in Improvements, or Risk Worsening Problems |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/nyregion/amtrak-infrastructure-crisis.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Personal transportation is [[Car dependency|dominated by automobiles]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=Cars still dominate the American commute |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/commute-america-sustainability-cars/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which operate on a network of {{convert|4|e6mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} of public roads, making it the [[List of countries by road network size|longest network]] in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Roadways - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison |archive-date=2021-07-12 |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface|url=https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html|website=United States Department of Transportation|access-date=January 13, 2015|archive-date=January 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States became the first country in the world to have a mass market for vehicle production and sales, and mass market production process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=automotive industry |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |last=Rae |first=John Bell |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/automotive-industry |access-date=5 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2022, the United States is the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|second-largest]] manufacturer of motor vehicles&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2022 production statistics |url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is home to [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], the world's most valuable car company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klebnikov |first=Sergei |title=Tesla Is Now The World's Most Valuable Car Company With A $208 Billion Valuation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sergeiklebnikov/2020/07/01/tesla-is-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-car-company-with-a-valuation-of-208-billion/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[General Motors]] held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bunkley |first=Nick |date=2009-01-21 |title=Toyota Ahead of G.M. in 2008 Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22auto.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently, the U.S. has the world's second-largest automobile market by sales&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jan/08/china-us-car-sales-overtakes|title=China overtakes US in car sales|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 8, 2010|access-date=July 10, 2011|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[List of countries by vehicles per capita|highest]] vehicle ownership per capita in the world, with 816.4 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (2014).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=|first=|date=January 30, 2017|title=Fact #962: Vehicles per Capita: Other Regions/Countries Compared to the United States|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-962-january-30-2017-vehicles-capita-other-regionscountries-compared-united-states|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Energy.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, there were 255 million non-two wheel motor vehicles, or about 910 vehicles per 1,000 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;USBTS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://capitol-tires.com/how-many-cars-per-capita-in-the-us.html|title=Vehicle Statistics: Cars Per Capita|date=August 2017 |publisher=Capitol Tires}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[List of airlines of the United States|civil airline industry]] is entirely privately owned and has been largely [[Airline Deregulation Act|deregulated since 1978]], while [[List of airports in the United States|most major airports]] are publicly owned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Chris|date=July 12, 2020|title=Privatization|url=https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/privatization|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=Downsizing the Federal Government|publisher=Cato Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; [[American Airlines]] is number one after its 2013 acquisition by [[US Airways]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|title=Scheduled Passengers Carried|publisher=International Air Transport Association (IATA)|year=2011|access-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx|archive-date=January 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of the [[List of the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic|world's 50 busiest passenger airports]], 16 are in the United States, including the top five and the busiest, [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PANYNJ 2021 report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2021.pdf|title=2021 Airport Traffic Report|work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|date=April 2022|page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-|title=Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-|archive-date=April 1, 2014|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=May 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2020}}, there are 19,919 airports in the United States, of which 5,217 are designated as &quot;public use&quot;, including for [[general aviation]] and other activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Number of U.S. Airports |url=https://www.bts.gov/content/number-us-airportsa |publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Of the [[List of busiest container ports|fifty busiest container ports]], four are located in the United States, of which the busiest is the [[Port of Los Angeles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports|title=The Top 50 Container Ports|work=[[World Shipping Council]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date=July 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country's [[Inland waterways of the United States|inland waterways]] are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|fifth-longest]], and total {{convert|41009|km|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=July 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Demographics==
{{Main|Americans|Demographics of the United States|Race and ethnicity in the United States|Religion in the United States|Family structure in the United States}}

===Population===
{{See also|List of U.S. states by population}}
&lt;!--As prose text is preferred, overly detailed statistical charts and diagrams such as economic trends, weather boxes, historical population charts, past elections results, etc. should be reserved for main sub articles on the topic as per WP:DETAIL as outlined at WP:NOTSTATS.--&gt;
{{US Census population
|1790= 3929326
|1800= 5308483
|1810= 7239881
|1820= 9638453
|1830= 12866020
|1840= 17069453
|1850= 23191876
|1860= 31443321
|1870= 38925598
|1880= 50189209
|1890= 62979766
|1900= 76212168
|1910= 92228496
|1920= 106021537
|1930= 122775046
|1940= 132164569
|1950= 150697361
|1960= 179323175
|1970= 203392031
|1980= 226545805
|1990= 248709873
|2000= 281421906
|2010= 308745538
|2020= 331449281
|estimate= 333287557
|estyear= 2022
|estref= &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045222#PST045222|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States|publisher= United States Census Bureau|access-date= March 13, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|footnote= U.S. Decennial Census
}}

The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020,{{efn|This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories ([[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], [[American Samoa]], and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]]) and minor island possessions.}}&lt;ref name=2020CENSUS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&amp;src=pt|title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count|work=[[United States Census]]|access-date=April 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; making the United States the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third most populous]] nation in the world, after China and India.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA-2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The World Factbook: United States|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|access-date=November 10, 2018|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Bureau's [[U.S. and World Population Clock|U.S. Population Clock]], on January&amp;nbsp;28, 2021, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 100 seconds, or about 864 people per day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population Clock|url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/|website=www.census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, 52% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 32% had never been married.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/marital.html|access-date=September 11, 2019|website=Historical Marital Status Tables|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, the [[total fertility rate]] for the U.S. stood at 1.7 children per woman,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McPhillips |first=Deidre |date=2023-01-31 |title=Covid-19 'baby bump' brought an increased US fertility rate in 2021 -- but also record high preterm births |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/31/health/us-birth-rate-fertility-trends-2021/index.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it had the world's highest rate of children (23%) living in [[Single parents in the United States|single-parent]] households in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/|access-date=March 17, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States has a diverse population; 37 [[American ancestries|ancestry groups]] have more than one million members.&lt;ref name=&quot;An2000&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ancestry 2000|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|date=June 2004|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url-status=live|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|archive-date=December 4, 2004|access-date=December 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Non-Hispanic whites|White Americans]] with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East or North Africa, form the largest [[race (human classification)|racial]] and [[ethnic group]] at 57.8% of the United States population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/2020-united-states-population-more-racially-ethnically-diverse-than-2010.html | title=The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf|date=2009|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf|archive-date=December 25, 2012|access-date=February 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. [[African Americans]] constitute the nation's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total United States population.&lt;ref name=&quot;An2000&quot; /&gt; [[Asian Americans]] are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population, while the country's 3.7 million [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] account for about 1%.&lt;ref name=&quot;An2000&quot; /&gt; In 2020, the [[median age]] of the United States population was 38.5 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA-2018&quot; /&gt;

===Immigration===
{{main|Immigration to the United States}}
The United States has by far the highest [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|number of immigrant population]] in the world, with 50,661,149 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNdef&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/docs/MigrationStockDocumentation_2019.pdf|title=INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK 2019 DOCUMENTATION}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019.xlsx|title=UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and [[Second-generation immigrants in the United States|U.S.-born children of immigrants]] in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=March 14, 2019|title=Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States|work=[[Migration Policy Institute]]|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7&amp;nbsp;million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3&amp;nbsp;million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2&amp;nbsp;million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5&amp;nbsp;million) were unauthorized immigrants.&lt;ref name=&quot;KeyFindings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=June 17, 2019|title=Key findings about U.S. immigrants|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/17/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/|publisher=Pew Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The United States led the world in [[refugee resettlement]] for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.&lt;ref name=&quot;PewRefugees&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Key facts about refugees to the U.S.|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/07/key-facts-about-refugees-to-the-u-s/|author=Jens Manuel Krogstad|date=October 7, 2019|publisher=Pew Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Language===
{{Main|Languages of the United States}}

While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is the most common.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Harmeet |date=2018-05-20 |title=FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/20/us/english-us-official-language-trnd/index.html |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although there is no [[official language]] at the federal level, some laws—such as [[Naturalized citizen of the United States|U.S. naturalization requirements]]—standardize English, and most states have declared English as the official language.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=August 12, 2014|title=States Where English Is the Official Language|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/12/states-where-english-is-the-official-language/|access-date=September 12, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii ([[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=November 7, 1978|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4|url=https://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html|archive-date=July 24, 2013|access-date=June 19, 2007|publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alaska ([[Alaska Native languages|twenty Native languages]]),{{efn|[[Inupiaq language|Inupiaq]], [[Central Siberian Yupik language|Siberian Yupik]], [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]], [[Alutiiq language|Alutiiq]], [[Aleut language|Unanga]] (Aleut), [[Denaʼina language|Denaʼina]], [[Deg Xinag language|Deg Xinag]], [[Holikachuk language|Holikachuk]], [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]], [[Upper Kuskokwim language|Upper Kuskokwim]], [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]], [[Lower Tanana language|Tanana]], [[Upper Tanana language|Upper Tanana]], [[Tanacross language|Tanacross]], [[Hän language|Hän]], [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]], [[Eyak language|Eyak]], [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]], [[Haida language|Haida]], and [[Coast Tsimshian dialect|Tsimshian]]}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Chapel|first1=Bill|date=April 21, 2014|title=Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305688602/alaska-oks-bill-making-native-languages-official|newspaper=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; South Dakota ([[Sioux language|Sioux]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;LakotaCommon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language|url=https://eu.argusleader.com/story/news/politics/2019/03/22/south-dakota-recognizes-official-indigenous-language-governor-noem/3245113002/|access-date=March 26, 2019|publisher=[[Argus Leader]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; American Samoa ([[Samoan language|Samoan]]), Puerto Rico ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]), Guam ([[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]), and the Northern Mariana Islands ([[Carolinian language|Carolinian]] and Chamorro).

In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.&lt;ref name=&quot;PuertoRicoTranslation&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Translation in Puerto Rico|url=https://www.puertorico.com/translation/|access-date=December 29, 2013|website=Puerto Rico Channel|archive-date=December 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the [[American Community Survey]], in 2010 some 229 million people (out of the total U.S. population of 308 million) spoke only English at home. More than 37 million spoke [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]] at home, making it the second most commonly used language in the United States. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (2.8 million), [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (1.6 million), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (1.4 million), [[French language|French]] (1.3 million), [[Korean language|Korean]] (1.1 million), and [[German language|German]] (1 million).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&amp;prodType=table|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-date=February 12, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&amp;prodType=table|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[List of most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States|most widely taught foreign languages]] in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university [[undergraduate education]], are Spanish, French, and [[German language in the United States|German]]. Other commonly taught languages include [[Latin]], [[Japanese language education in the United States|Japanese]], [[American Sign Language]], [[Italian language in the United States|Italian]], and [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf|title=Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools|date=February 2011|publisher=American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL)|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=April 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408184754/https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/ReportSummary2011.pdf|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mla.org/pdf/2013_enrollment_survey.pdf|title=Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013|last1=Goldberg|first1=David|last2=Looney|first2=Dennis|last3=Lusin|first3=Natalia|date=February 2015|publisher=Modern Language Association|access-date=May 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in the United States}}
{{See also|List of religious movements that began in the United States}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Self-identified religious affiliation in the United States (2023 ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]-[[Associated Press|NORC]]'' poll):&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=March 2023 NORC/AP poll |url=https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/WSJ_NORC_ToplineMarc_2023.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2023 |website=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
| value1 = 26
| color1 = DarkBlue
| label2 = [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]]
| value2 = 21
| color2 = Purple
| label3 = &quot;Just [[Christians|Christian]]&quot;
| value3 = 20
| color3 = Lightblue
| label4 = [[Mormonism]]
| value4 = 2
| color4 = Teal
| label5 = [[Unitarianism]]
| value5 = 1
| color5 = Red
| label6 = [[Judaism in the United States|Judaism]]
| value6 = 2
| color6 = Pink
| label7 = [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]]
| value7 = 2
| color7 = Yellow
| label8 = Other religious affilation
| value8 = 2 
| color8 = Salmon
| label9 = [[Islam in the United States|Islam]]
| value9 = 1
| color9 = Green
| label10 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Nothing in particular]]
| value10 = 12
| color10 = White
| label11 = [[Agnosticism]]
| value11 = 8
| color11 = LightGrey
| label12 = [[Atheism]]
| value12 = 4
| color12 = Black
}}
Religious affiliation in the United States is among the [[List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level|most diverse in the world]]&lt;ref name=&quot;alesina1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Alberto |last=Alesina |display-authors=etal |year=2003 |title=Fractionalization |url=http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/fractionalization.pdf |journal=Journal of Economic Growth |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=155–194 |doi=10.1023/a:1024471506938 |access-date=September 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and varies significantly [[List of regions of the United States|by region]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Daniel |date=March 1, 2023 |title='Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2023/february-web-only/christianity-america-pew-research-statistics-minority.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=[[Christianity Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and age.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burge-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Burge |first=Ryan |author-link=Ryan Burge (political scientist) |date=2023-04-03 |title=Gen Z and Religion in 2022 |url=https://religioninpublic.blog/2023/04/03/gen-z-and-religion-in-2022/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Religion in Public |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] guarantees the [[Free Exercise Clause|free exercise]] of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its [[Establishment Clause|establishment]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Donadio-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Donadio |first=Rachel |date=2021-11-22 |title=Why Is France So Afraid of God? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/12/france-god-religion-secularism/620528/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date= |title=First Amendment |url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-1/#:~:text=Congress%20shall%20make%20no%20law,for%20a%20redress%20of%20grievances. |work=Constitution Annotated |publisher=[[United States Congress]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country has the world's [[Christianity by country|largest Christian population]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Christianity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=ANALYSIS|url=https://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx|title=Global Christianity|publisher=Pewforum.org|date=December 19, 2011|access-date=August 17, 2012|archive-date=July 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a majority of Americans identify as [[Christians|Christian]], predominately [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[mainline Protestant]], or [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]]. According to Gallup, 58% and 17% reporting [[Prayer|praying]] often or sometimes, respectively, and 46% and 26% reporting that religion plays a very important or fairly important role, respectively, in their lives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gallup Poll&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2022 |title=Religion Historical Trends |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx |website=Gallup}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most do not regularly attend religious services&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-2022&quot; /&gt; and have low confidence in religious institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |date=2019-07-08 |title=U.S. Confidence in Organized Religion Remains Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/259964/confidence-organized-religion-remains-low.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Until the 1990s, the country was a [[outlier|significant outlier]] among [[Developed country|highly developed]] countries, notably having [[Wealth and religion|a high level of religiosity and wealth]], although this has lessened since.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nadeem-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=2022-09-13 |title=Modeling the Future of Religion in America |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/modeling-the-future-of-religion-in-america/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |date=2019-09-26 |title=Three Decades Ago, America Lost Its Religion. Why? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/atheism-fastest-growing-religion-us/598843/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Gallup and Pew 81%-90% of Americans believe in a [[Higher Power|higher power]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey |date=2022-06-17 |title=Belief in God in U.S. Dips to 81%, a New Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/393737/belief-god-dips-new-low.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Key findings about Americans' belief in God |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/25/key-findings-about-americans-belief-in-god/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=April 25, 2018 |quote= The vast majority of Americans (90%) believe in some kind of higher power, with 56% professing faith in God as described in the Bible and another 33% saying they believe in another type of higher power or spiritual force. Only one-in-ten Americans say they don’t believe in God or a higher power of any kind.}}&lt;/ref&gt; while &quot;31% report attending a church, synagogue, mosque or temple weekly or nearly weekly today.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jones-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey |date=2022-12-21 |title=In U.S., Childhood Churchgoing Habits Fade in Adulthood |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/467354/childhood-churchgoing-habits-fade-adulthood.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the &quot;[[Bible Belt]]&quot;, located within the [[Southern United States]], evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally. [[New England]] and the [[Western United States]] tend [[Unchurched Belt|to be less religious]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams-2023&quot; /&gt; Around 6% of Americans claim a non-Christian faith;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nadeem-2022&quot; /&gt; the largest of which are [[Judaism]], [[Islam in the United States|Islam]], [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]], and [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pew2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=May 12, 2015 |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion &amp; Public Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States either has the [[American Jews|first or second-largest Jewish population]] in the world, the largest outside of [[Israel]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;&gt;{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor-link1=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-last=Della Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor-link2=Sergio Della Pergola |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2018 |title=World Jewish Population|url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2018-World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DB_Final.pdf|publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]]|access-date=22 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;[[Ceremonial deism]]&quot; is common in American culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Donadio-2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Merriam |first1=Jesse |last2=Lupu |first2=Ira |last3=Elwood |first3=F |last4=Davis |first4=Eleanor |date=August 28, 2008 |title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion &amp; Public Life Project |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around 30% of Americans describe themselves as having [[irreligion|no religion]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nadeem-2022&quot; /&gt; Membership in a house of worship fell from 70% in 1999 to 47% in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Jeffrey M. |date=March 29, 2021 |title=U.S. Church Membership Falls Below Majority for First Time |language=en |work=[[Gallup Inc.]] |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/341963/church-membership-falls-below-majority-first-time.aspx |access-date=April 5, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Urbanization===
{{Main|Urbanization in the United States|List of United States cities by population}}
About 82% of Americans live in [[United States urban area|urban areas]], including suburbs;&lt;ref name=&quot;WF&quot; /&gt; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&amp;-state=gct&amp;-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&amp;-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&amp;-mt_name=&amp;-_caller=geoselect&amp;-geo_id=&amp;-format=US-1&amp;-_lang=en|title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&amp;-state=gct&amp;-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&amp;-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&amp;-mt_name=&amp;-_caller=geoselect&amp;-geo_id=&amp;-format=US-1&amp;-_lang=en|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2008|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, 273 [[List of United States cities by population|incorporated municipalities]] had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities ([[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Houston]]) had populations exceeding two million.&lt;ref name=&quot;PopEstBigCities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lpvuJk99?url=https://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/census/popestimate/copy_of_2008-subcounty-population-hawaii/SUB_EST2008_01.pdf|archive-date=December 7, 2009|title=Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008|website=2008 Population Estimates|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division|date=July 1, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=April 18, 2019|title=Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/estimates-county-metro.html|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Largest metropolitan areas of the United States}}

===Education===
{{Main|Education in the United States|Higher education in the United States}}
[[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Virginia]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]], is one of the many public colleges and universities in the United States.|alt=Photograph of the University of Virginia]]

American [[state school|public education]] is operated by state and local governments and regulated by the [[United States Department of Education]] through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of five or six (beginning with [[kindergarten]] or [[first grade]]) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through [[twelfth grade]], the end of [[high school]]); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp|title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ...|access-date=June 10, 2007|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a [[bachelor's degree]], and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf|access-date=August 1, 2006|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; The basic [[literacy]] rate is approximately 99%.&lt;ref name=&quot;WF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States has many private and public [[Lists of American institutions of higher education|institutions of higher education]]. There are also local [[community college]]s with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Pannoni|first1=Alexandra|last2=Kerr|first2=Emma|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college|title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ|work=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]]|date=July 14, 2020|access-date=July 9, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rushe|first=Dominic|date=September 7, 2018|title=The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/07/us-education-spending-finland-south-korea|access-date=August 29, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; spending an average of $12,794 per year on public elementary and secondary school students in the 2016–2017 school year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=April 2020|title=Fast Facts: Expenditures|url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt; As for [[public expenditure]]s on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the [[OECD]] average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.&lt;ref name=&quot;education spending&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=June 25, 2013|title=U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows|publisher=CBS|agency=AP|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows/|access-date=October 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite some student [[loan forgiveness]] programs in place,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. |url=https://usafacts.org/articles/the-biden-administration-cancelled-95b-in-student-loan-debt-heres-who-it-affects/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=USAFacts |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Student debt|student loan debt]] has increased by 102% in the last decade,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hess|first=Abigail Johnson|date=December 22, 2020|title=U.S. student debt has increased by more than 100% over the past 10 years|work=CNBC|location=|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/22/us-student-debt-has-increased-by-more-than-100percent-over-past-10-years.html|access-date=January 8, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and exceeded 1.7&amp;nbsp;trillion dollars as of 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Dickler|first1=Jessica|last2=Nova|first2=Annie|date=May 6, 2022|title=This is how student loan debt became a $1.7 trillion crisis|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/05/06/this-is-how-student-loan-debt-became-a-1point7-trillion-crisis.html|work=CNBC|location=|access-date=July 8, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The large majority of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25, and the most prestigious{{ww|date=May 2023}}{{or|date=May 2023}} – the [[Harvard University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=2019-10-22 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nietzel |first=Michael T. |date=March 22, 2023 |title=U.S. Universities Dominate Latest QS World Rankings By Academic Field |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2023/03/22/us-universities-dominate-latest-qs-world-rankings-by-academic-field/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |website=U.S. News &amp; World Report |date=April 19, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |title=2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |website=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]] |access-date=April 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The country also has by far the most [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel Prize winners]] in history, with 403 (having won 406 awards).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |website=NobelPrize.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Health===
{{See also|Health care in the United States|Health care reform in the United States|Health insurance in the United States}}
[[File:Texas medical center.jpg|thumb|The [[Texas Medical Center]] in downtown [[Houston]] is the largest medical complex in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.newsweek.com/texas-medical-center-largest-medical-complex-world-reaches-98-percent-icu-capacity-1526180 | title=Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity | website=[[Newsweek]] | date=August 19, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; |alt=The Texas Medical Center, a cluster of contemporary skyscrapers, at night]]

In a preliminary report, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) announced that U.S. [[life expectancy]] at birth had dropped to 76.4 years in 2021 (73.2 years for men and 79.1 years for women), down 0.9 years from 2020. This was the second year of overall decline, and the chief causes listed were the [[COVID-19]] pandemic, accidents, drug overdoses, heart and liver disease, and suicides.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Life Expectancy in the United States Declines, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/20220831.htm|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=September 3, 2022|date=August 31, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Noguchi|first=Yuki |date=December 22, 2022 |title=American life expectancy is now at its lowest in nearly two decades|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/22/1144864971/american-life-expectancy-is-now-at-its-lowest-in-nearly-two-decades|work=[[NPR]] |location= |access-date=December 27, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Life expectancy was highest among Asians and Hispanics and lowest among Blacks and American Indian–Alaskan Native ([[AIAN (U.S. Census)|AIAN]]) peoples.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=November 29, 2018|title=Mortality in the United States, 2017|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm|access-date=December 27, 2018|website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Lenny|date=November 29, 2018|title=U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-life-expectancy-declines-again-a-dismal-trend-not-seen-since-world-war-i/2018/11/28/ae58bc8c-f28c-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html|access-date=December 27, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starting in 1998, the average life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' &quot;health disadvantage&quot; gap has been increasing ever since.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|date=November 26, 2019|title='There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/theres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates/2019/11/25/d88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 19, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. also has one of the highest [[Suicide in the United States|suicide]] rates among [[high-income countries]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=January 30, 2020|title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund|url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy|access-date=March 17, 2020|website=www.commonwealthfund.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm|access-date=June 5, 2007|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2010, [[coronary artery disease]], [[lung cancer]], [[stroke]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]s, and traffic collisions caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. [[Low back pain]], [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[musculoskeletal disorder]]s, [[neck pain]], and [[anxiety]] caused the most years lost to disability. The most harmful [[risk factor]]s were poor diet, [[tobacco smoking]], obesity, [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[Hyperglycemia|high blood sugar]], [[physical inactivity]], and [[Alcohol consumption and health|alcohol consumption]]. [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[substance use disorder]]s, [[kidney disease]], [[cancer]], and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age-adjusted 1990 per-capita rates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first=Christopher J.L.|last=Murray|title=The State of US Health, 1990–2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|doi=10.1001/jama.2013.13805|date=July 10, 2013|volume=310|issue=6|pages=591–608|pmid=23842577|pmc=5436627 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Teenage pregnancy in the United States|Teenage pregnancy]] and [[Abortion in the United States|abortion]] rates in the U.S. are substantially higher than in other Western nations, especially among blacks and Hispanics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About Teen Pregnancy|url=https://www.cdc.gov/TeenPregnancy/AboutTeenPreg.htm|publisher=Center for Disease Control|access-date=January 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The U.S. health care system far [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|outspends]] that of any other nation, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP but attains worse health care outcomes when compared to peer nations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|year=2001|title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?|url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2007|access-date=November 29, 2006|publisher=University of Maine}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States is the only developed nation [[Healthcare reform in the United States|without a system of universal health care]], and a [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Vladeck|first=Bruce|title=Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future|date=January 2003|volume=93|number=1|pages=16–19|pmid=12511377|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.1.16|journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|pmc=1447684 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S., however, is a global leader in medical innovation, measured either in terms of revenue or the number of new drugs and devices introduced.&lt;ref name=&quot;EFPIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.efpia.org/content/Default.asp?PageID=388|title=Improving Europe's competitiveness|publisher=[[European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations|EFPIA]]|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823030103/http://www.efpia.org/content/Default.asp?PageID=388|archive-date=August 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Europe&quot;&gt;Stats from 2007 Europ.Fed.of Pharm.Indust.and Assoc. Retrieved June 17, 2009, from [http://212.3.246.100/Objects/2/Files/infigures2007.pdf]{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity ranked the United States 11th in its World Index of Healthcare Innovation; it concluded that the U.S. dominates science &amp; technology, which &quot;was on full display during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the U.S. government [delivered] coronavirus vaccines far faster than anyone had ever done before,&quot; but lags behind in fiscal sustainability, with &quot;[government] spending [...] growing at an unsustainable rate.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://freopp.org/united-states-11-in-the-2022-world-index-of-healthcare-innovation-7175b47ab5d7|title=United States: #11 in the 2022 World Index of Healthcare Innovation. America's runaway leadership in science &amp; technology is marred by a fiscally unsustainable system of costly health care.|website=freopp.org|author=Grant Rigney|date=March 3, 2023|access-date=April 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Government-funded health care coverage for the poor ([[Medicaid]], established in 1965) and for those age 65 and older ([[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], begun in 1966) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] or ACA,{{efn|Also known less formally as Obamacare}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Oberlander|first=Jonathan|date=June 1, 2010| title=Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed|journal=Health Affairs|language=en|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1112–1116|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447| pmid=20530339|issn=0278-2715|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the law roughly halving the uninsured share of the population according to the CDC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201611_01.pdf|title=National Health Interview Survey, January to June 2016|website=CDC.gov|access-date=November 23, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multiple studies have concluded that ACA had reduced the mortality of enrollees.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT20200323GoodnoughAbelsonetAl&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first1=Abby|last1=Goodnough|first2=Reed|last2=Abelson|first3=Margot|last3=Sanger-Katz|first4=Sarah|last4=Kliff|title=Obamacare Turns 10. Here's a Look at What Works and Doesn't.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/health/obamacare-aca-coverage-cost-history.html|access-date=March 31, 2020|date=March 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330105840/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/health/obamacare-aca-coverage-cost-history.html|archive-date=March 30, 2020|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Sarah|last2=Altekruse|first2=Sean|last3=Johnson|first3=Norman|last4=Wherry|first4=Laura|date=July 2019|title=Medicaid and Mortality: New Evidence from Linked Survey and Administrative Data|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|series=NBER Working Paper No. 26081|doi=10.3386/w26081|s2cid=164463149|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w26081.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Goldin|first1=Jacob|last2=Lurie|first2=Ithai Z.|last3=McCubbin|first3=Janet|title=Health Insurance and Mortality: Experimental Evidence from Taxpayer Outreach|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|year=2020|volume=136|pages=1–49|language=en|doi=10.1093/qje/qjaa029|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, its legacy [[Criticism of Obamacare|remains controversial]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Mathews|first=Anna Wilde|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-is-aca-still-controversial-11-years-after-healthcare-law-known-as-obamacare-was-passed-11623962729|title=Why Is ACA Still Controversial 11 Years After Healthcare Law Known as Obamacare Was Passed?|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=June 17, 2021|access-date=July 18, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Culture and society==
{{Main|Culture of the United States|Society of the United States}}
[[File:Liberty02.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Statue of Liberty]] (''Liberty Enlightening the World''), a gift from [[France]], has become an iconic symbol of the [[American Dream]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Statue of Liberty| website=World Heritage| publisher=UNESCO| url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307| access-date = January 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;|alt=The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal]]

Americans have traditionally [[Stereotypes of Americans|been characterized]] by a unifying belief in an &quot;[[American civil religion|American creed]]&quot; emphasizing liberty, [[equality under the law]], democracy, [[social equality]], [[property rights]], and a preference for [[limited government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Huntington |first=Samuel P. |url=https://archive.org/details/whoarewechalleng00hunt |title=Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-87053-3 |chapter=Chapters 2–4 |author-link=Samuel P. Huntington |access-date=October 25, 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&amp;q=core}}: also see [[American Creed]], written by [[William Tyler Page]] and adopted by Congress in 1918.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman &amp; Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0742548398}}, 2007, p. xi&lt;/ref&gt; [[Individualism]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Grabb |first1=Edward |last2=Baer |first2=Douglas |last3=Curtis |first3=James |year=1999 |title=The Origins of American Individualism: Reconsidering the Historical Evidence |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Sociology]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |volume=24 |pages=511–533 |doi=10.2307/3341789 |issn=0318-6431 |jstor=3341789 |number=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; having a strong [[work ethic]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Gayle |date=November 2010 |title=Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream |journal=[[Journal of Business Ethics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=96 |pages=535–550 |doi=10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6 |jstor=29789736 |s2cid=143991044 |number=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Competition (economics)|competitiveness]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stephens |first=R.H. |date=September 1952 |title=The Role Of Competition In American Life |journal=[[The Australian Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Policy and Science]] |volume=24 |pages=9–14 |jstor=41317686 |number=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[altruism]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |title=World Giving Index 2022 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]] |access-date=April 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[National Public Radio]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; are also cited values. According to a 2016 study by the [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity, the [[List of countries by charitable donation|highest]] in the world by a large margin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States is home to a [[Multiculturalism|wide variety]] of ethnic groups, traditions, and values,&lt;ref name=&quot;DD&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=J.Q. |title=Dealing with diversity : the anthology |last2=Strother-Adams |first2=Pearlie |date=2001 |publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub |isbn=978-0-7872-8145-8 |location=Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Society in Focus&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=William E. |title=Society in focus : an introduction to sociology |last2=Hickey |first2=Joseph V. |date=2004 |publisher=Pearson/Allyn and Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-41365-2 |edition=5th |location=Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; and exerts major cultural influence on a global scale,&lt;ref&gt;[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last1=Fergie |first1=Dexter |date=March 24, 2022 |title=How American Culture Ate the World |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the phenomenon being termed ''[[Americanization]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;stead1901&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/americanizationo01stea#page/392/mode/2up | title=The Americanization of the World | publisher=Horace Markley | author=Stead, W. T. | year=1901 | page=393}}&lt;/ref&gt; As such, the U.S. is considered a [[cultural superpower]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Berghahn |first=Volker R. |date=2010-02-01 |title=The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740903388566 |journal=Cold War History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–130 |doi=10.1080/14682740903388566 |s2cid=144459911 |issn=1468-2745}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from [[Afro-Eurasia|Eurafrasia]] (&quot;the [[Old World]]&quot;) within the past five centuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Fiorina|first1=Morris P.|author-link1=Morris P. Fiorina|last2=Peterson|first2=Paul E.|title=The New American democracy|date=2010|publisher=Longman|location=London|isbn=978-0-205-78016-7|page=97|edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] American culture is a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the [[European American|traditions of European immigrants]] with influences from many other sources, such as [[African-American culture|traditions brought by slaves from Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DD&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Holloway|first1=Joseph E.|title=Africanisms in American culture|date=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21749-3|pages=18–38|edition=2nd}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Fern L.|title=Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-5912-5|page=116|year=2000 }}&lt;/ref&gt; More recent immigration from [[Asian American|Asia]] and especially [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing [[melting pot]], and a heterogeneous [[salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], with immigrants contributing to, and often [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilating]] into, mainstream American culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;DD&quot; /&gt; The [[American Dream]], or the perception that Americans enjoy high [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]], plays a key role in attracting immigrants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx|title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S.|last=Clifton|first=Jon|date=March 21, 2013|publisher=Gallup|access-date=January 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.&lt;ref name=&quot;socialmobility&quot;&gt;*{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf|title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries|publisher=OECD|website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth|year=2010|access-date=September 20, 2010}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf|title=Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America|author1=Blanden, Jo|author2=Gregg, Paul|author3=Machin, Stephen|publisher=Centre for Economic Performance|date=April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623094610/https://www.suttontrust.com/reports/IntergenerationalMobility.pdf|archive-date=June 23, 2006}}
*{{cite web|last1=Gould|first1=Elise|title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility|url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/|website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]|access-date=July 15, 2013|date=October 10, 2012}}
*{{cite journal|last=Winship|first=Scott|title=Overstating the Costs of Inequality|journal=National Affairs|date=Spring 2013|url=https://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024141452/https://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf|archive-date=October 24, 2013|access-date=January 10, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CAP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Understanding Mobility in America|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/|website=Center for American Progress|date=April 26, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schneider&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Schneider|first=Donald|title=A Guide to Understanding International Comparisons of Economic Mobility|url=https://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2013/07/a-guide-to-understanding-international-comparisons-of-economic-mobility|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=August 22, 2013|date=July 29, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a [[classless society]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gutfeld|first=Amon|year=2002|title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton and Portland|page=65|isbn=978-1-903900-08-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; scholars identify significant differences between [[Social class in the United States|the country's social classes]], affecting [[socialization]], language, and values.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Zweig|first=Michael|year=2004|title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-0-8014-8899-3}} {{cite web|url=https://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&amp;_pageLabel=RecordDetails&amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED309843&amp;ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&amp;objectId=0900000b800472a5|title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech|publisher=Education Resource Information Center|access-date=January 27, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Americans tend to greatly value [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] achievement, but being [[Average Joe|ordinary or average]] is promoted by some as a noble condition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=O'Keefe|first=Kevin|year=2005|title=The Average American|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58648-270-1|url=https://archive.org/details/averageamericant00okee }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States is considered to have the [[Freedom of speech by country|strongest protections of free speech of any country]] in the world under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=Gabriella |title=Coding Freedom |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9780691144610 |pages=10, 201 |author-link=Gabriella Coleman}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the Supreme Court ruling that [[flag desecration]], [[Hate speech laws by country|hate speech]], [[Blasphemy law|blasphemy]], and [[Lèse-majesté|lese-majesty]] are all forms of protected expression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[National Public Radio]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=11 June 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Mic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2016 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; They are also the &quot;most supportive of [[freedom of the press]] and the [[Right to Internet access|right to use the Internet]] without government censorship.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a [[Cultural liberalism|socially progressive]] country&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |author-link=Pippa Norris |date=February 2023 |title=Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323217211037023 |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=145–174 |doi=10.1177/00323217211037023 |s2cid=238647612 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK...}}&lt;/ref&gt; with [[Permissive society|permissive]] attitudes surrounding [[human sexuality]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Derks |first1=Marco |title=Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond |last2=van den Berg |first2=Mariecke |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |year=2020 |isbn=9783030563264 |pages=338 |quote=...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as &quot;already in crisis&quot; for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities...}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights in the U.S.]] are among the most advanced in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Garretson |first=Jeremiah |title=The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=9781479850075 |page= |chapter=A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States |quote=In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Literature and visual arts===
{{Main|American literature|American philosophy|Architecture of the United States|Visual art of the United States}}
[[File:Mark Twain by AF Bradley.jpg|thumb|253x253px|[[Mark Twain]], American author and [[humorist]]|alt=Photograph of Mark Twain]]

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of their cues from Europe, contributing to Western culture. Writers such as [[Washington Irving]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], and [[Henry David Thoreau]] established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. [[Mark Twain]] and poet [[Walt Whitman]] were major figures in the century's second half; [[Emily Dickinson]], virtually unknown during her lifetime, is recognized as an essential American poet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Harold|first1=Bloom|author-link1=Harold Bloom|title=Emily Dickinson|date=1999|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|location=Broomall, PA|isbn=978-0-7910-5106-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/emilydickinson00bloo/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/emilydickinson00bloo/page/9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 1920s, the [[Harlem Renaissance|New Negro Movement]] coalesced in Harlem, where many writers had migrated (some coming from the South, others from the West Indies). Its pan-African perspective was a significant cultural export during the [[Jazz Age]] in Paris and as such was a key early influence on the ''[[négritude]]'' philosophy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last = Philipson | first = Robert | title = The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon | journal = African American Review | volume = 40 | issue = 1 |  year = 2006 | pages = 145–160 |  jstor = 40027037}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There have been a multitude of candidates for the &quot;[[Great American Novel]]&quot;—works seen as embodying and examining the essence and character of the United States—including [[Herman Melville]]'s ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (1851), [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1852), Twain's ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn|The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'' (1885), [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' (1925), [[John Steinbeck]]'s ''[[The Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939), [[Harper Lee]]'s ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' (1960), [[Toni Morrison]]'s [[Beloved (novel)|''Beloved'']] (1987), and [[David Foster Wallace]]'s ''[[Infinite Jest]]'' (1996).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Buell |first=Lawrence |title=The Dream of the Great American Novel |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9780674051157 |pages=57 |oclc=871257583 |author-link=Lawrence Buell}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | first = Lawrence | last = Buell | title = The Rise and 'Fall' of the Great American Novel | journal = Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society | date =  October 1994 | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–283 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Buell, Lawrence|title=The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel: ''Moby-Dick'' as Test Case|date=Spring–Summer 2008|volume=20|issue=1–2|pages=132–155|doi=10.1093/alh/ajn005|journal=American Literary History|s2cid=170250346|issn=0896-7148|url=https://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:31740086 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thirteen U.S. citizens have won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], most recently [[Louise Glück]], [[Bob Dylan]], and Toni Morrison.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title = All Nobel Prizes in Literature | website = NobelPrize.org | author = Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023 | access-date = 23 Mar 2023 | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-literature | language = en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier laureates [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]] and John Steinbeck have also been recognized as influential 20th century writers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Edward|first1=Quinn|title=A dictionary of literary and thematic terms|date=2006|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-6243-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite0002quin/page/361 361]|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite0002quin/page/361 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the visual arts, the [[Hudson River School]] was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European [[Realism (arts)|naturalism]]. The 1913 [[Armory Show]] in New York City, an exhibition of European [[modern art|modernist art]], shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Milton W.|title=The Story of the Armory Show|date=1963|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89659-795-2|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofarmorysho00brow }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], [[Marsden Hartley]], and others experimented with new, individualistic styles, which would become known as [[American modernism]].

Major artistic movements such as the [[abstract expressionism]] of [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Willem de Kooning]] and the [[pop art]] of [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Roy Lichtenstein]] developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then [[postmodernism]] has brought global fame to American architects such as [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Philip Johnson]], and [[Frank Gehry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JansonJanson2003&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Janson|first1=Horst Woldemar|last2=Janson|first2=Anthony F.|title=History of Art: The Western Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMYHuvhWBH4C&amp;pg=PT955|year=2003|publisher=Prentice Hall Professional|isbn=978-0-13-182895-7|page=955}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major photographers include [[Alfred Stieglitz]], [[Edward Steichen]], [[Dorothea Lange]], [[Edward Weston]], [[James Van Der Zee]], [[Ansel Adams]], and [[Gordon Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Davenport1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Alma|title=The History of Photography: An Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hca5H_rJZnUC&amp;pg=PA67|year=1991|publisher=UNM Press|isbn=978-0-8263-2076-6|page=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The most notable American architectural innovation has been the [[skyscraper]]. By some measures, what came to be known as a &quot;skyscraper&quot; in the modern world, first appeared in [[Chicago]] with the 1885 completion of the world's first largely steel-frame structure, the [[Home Insurance Building]]. One culturally significant early skyscraper was New York City's [[Woolworth Building]] designed by architect [[Cass Gilbert]]. Raising previous technological advances to new heights, 793&amp;nbsp;ft (233 m), it was the world's tallest building in 1913–1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/ |title = Study for Woolworth Building, New York |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1910-12-10 |access-date = 2013-07-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cinema and theater===
{{Main|Cinema of the United States|Theater in the United States}}
[[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|230px|The iconic [[Hollywood Sign]] in [[Los Angeles]], California|alt=The Hollywood Sign, large white block letters on a hillside]]

The United States movie industry has a worldwide influence and following. [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], a northern district of Los Angeles, California, is the leader in motion picture production and the most recognizable movie industry in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Annual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VbOAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&amp;pg=PA193|publisher=By[[Office controller|Office of Controller]] Los Angeles, CA (1914)|access-date=February 22, 2014|year = 1914}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Report of the Auditor of the City of Los Angeles California of the Financial Affairs of the Corporation in Its Capacity as a City for the Fiscal Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPo2AQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Hollywood+merged+with+City+of+Los+Angeles+in+1910&amp;pg=PA173|publisher=By [[State auditor|Auditor's Office]] of Los Angeles, CA (1913)|access-date=February 22, 2014|year = 1913}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707|title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer|publisher=United Nations|date=May 5, 2009|access-date=February 17, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[major film studios]] of the United States are the primary source of the [[List of highest-grossing films|most commercially successful]] and most ticket selling movies in the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerrigan_Page_18&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kerrigan |first1=Finola |title=Film Marketing |date=2010 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |location=Oxford |isbn=9780750686839 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufMdvuuTQ7MC&amp;pg=PA18 |access-date=4 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Glyn |last2=Dickinson |first2=Kay |last3=Patti |first3=Lisa |last4=Villarejo |first4=Amy |title=Film Studies: A Global Introduction |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=9781317623380 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnXABgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA299 |access-date=24 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using the [[Kinetoscope]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cBoEAAAAMBAJ|date=April 29, 1944|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_cBoEAAAAMBAJ/page/n67 68]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|issn=0006-2510}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=January 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Academy Awards]], popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] since 1929,&lt;ref name=&quot;DrowneHuber2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Drowne |first1=Kathleen Morgan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CecCHiI95dYC&amp;pg=PA236 |title=The 1920s |last2=Huber |first2=Patrick |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32013-2 |page=236}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Golden Globe Award]]s have been held annually since January 1944.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kroon2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Kroon |first=Richard W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjmNAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA338 |title=A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms |publisher=McFarland |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-7864-5740-3 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Director [[D. W. Griffith]], an American [[filmmaker]] during the [[silent film]] period, was central to the development of [[film grammar]], and producer/entrepreneur [[Walt Disney]] was a leader in both [[animation|animated film]] and movie [[merchandising]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KrasniewiczDisney2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Krasniewicz|first1=Louise|last2=Disney|first2=Walt|title=Walt Disney: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ3vTgpHgFoC&amp;pg=PR10|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35830-2|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Directors such as [[John Ford]] redefined the image of the American Old West, and, like others such as [[John Huston]], broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the &quot;[[Classical Hollywood cinema|Golden Age of Hollywood]]&quot;, from the early sound period until the early 1960s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Charles|title=Book explores Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the 1960s-'70s|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-explores-hollywood-golden-age-of-the-1960s-70s/2011/02/10/AGh5xJIH_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=June 3, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; with screen actors such as [[John Wayne]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]] becoming iconic figures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Banner|first1=Lois|title=Marilyn Monroe, the eternal shape shifter|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2012/aug/05/opinion/la-oe-0805-banner-marilyn-monroe-icon-biography-20120805|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=August 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Rick|first1=Jewell|title=John Wayne, an American Icon|url=https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822102812/https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html|archive-date=August 22, 2008|publisher=University of Southern California|access-date=August 6, 2015|date=August 8, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1970s, &quot;[[New Hollywood]]&quot; or the &quot;Hollywood Renaissance&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Greven2013&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Greven|first=David|title=Psycho-Sexual: Male Desire in Hitchcock, De Palma, Scorsese, and Friedkin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIyNBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT23|year=2013|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-74204-8|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war period]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWRif68I3igC&amp;pg=PA11|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3938-8|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 21st century has been marked by the rise of the American streaming platforms, such as [[Netflix]], [[Disney+]], [[Paramount+]], and [[Apple TV+]], which came to rival traditional cinema.&lt;ref name=&quot;RE&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Seitz|first=Matt Zoller|author-link=Matt Zoller Seitz|title=What's Next: Avengers, MCU, Game of Thrones, and the Content Endgame|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/mzs/avengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame|access-date=July 21, 2021|work=[[RogerEbert.com]]|publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|date=April 29, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hannah Avery |title=US streaming market growth continues, despite changes in the industry |url=https://www.kantar.com/inspiration/technology/us-streaming-market-growth-continues-despite-changes-in-the-industry |date=January 18, 2023 |website=[[Kantar Group]] |access-date=April 29, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the [[Theatre of the United Kingdom|British theater]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Saxon2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| first = Theresa| last = Saxon| date = October 11, 2011| title = American Theatre: History, Context, Form| publisher = Edinburgh University Press| pages = 7–| isbn = 978-0-7486-3127-8| oclc = 1162047055| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2-AkDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The central hub of the American theater scene has been [[Manhattan]], with its divisions of [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], [[off-Broadway]], and [[off-off-Broadway]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LondréWatermeier1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book| first1 = Felicia Hardison | last1 = Londré| first2 = Daniel J.| last2 = Watermeier| date = 1998| title = The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present| publisher = Continuum| pages =| isbn = 978-0-8264-1079-5| oclc = 1024855967}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many movie and television [[Celebrity|stars]] have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional [[Regional theater in the United States|regional or resident theater companies]] that produce their own seasons, with some works being produced regionally with hopes of eventually moving to New York. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are [[musical theatre|musicals]]. U.S. theater also has an active [[community theater]] culture, which relies mainly on local volunteers who may not be actively pursuing a theatrical career.&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, ''American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary'' (1994).&lt;/ref&gt;

===Music===
&lt;!---Wikipedia:WikiProject Countries. Caution should be taken to ensure that the section is not simply a listing of names or mini biographies.--&gt;
{{Main|Music of the United States}}
[[File:Country_music_hall_of_fame2.jpg|thumb|The [[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]]]]

[[American folk music]] encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional [[folk music]], contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the [[British Isles]], [[Mainland Europe]], or [[African-American music|Africa]].&lt;ref name=afc&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/folklife/guide/folkmusicandsong.html|title=Folk Music and Song: American Folklife Center: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress)|website=www.loc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Among the country's earliest composers was [[William Billings]] who, born in Boston, composed patriotic hymns in the 1770s;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eggart2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Elise|last=Eggart|title=Let's Go USA 24th Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMGOgKLHbz8C&amp;pg=PA68|date=2007|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-37445-7|page=68}}&lt;/ref&gt; Billings was a part of the [[Yankee tunesmiths|First New England School]], who dominated American music during its earliest stages. [[Anthony Heinrich]] was the most prominent composer before the Civil War. From the mid- to late 1800s, [[John Philip Sousa]] of the late [[Romantic music|Romantic era]] composed numerous military songs—[[List of marches by John Philip Sousa|particularly marches]]—and is regarded as one of the nation's greatest composers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bierley1973&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul E.|last=Bierley|title=John Philip Sousa: American Phenomenon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcabC2avFLsC&amp;pg=PA5|year=1973|publisher=Alfred Music|isbn=978-1-4574-4995-6|page=5|edition=Revised}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The rhythmic and lyrical styles of [[African-American music]] have significantly influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. The [[Smithsonian Institution]] states, &quot;African-American influences are so fundamental to American music that there would be no American music without them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Musical Crossroads: African American Influence on American Music |url=https://music.si.edu/story/musical-crossroads |website=Smithsonian |date=September 22, 2016 |access-date=April 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Country music]] developed in the 1920s, and [[rhythm and blues]] in the 1940s. Elements from folk idioms such as the [[blues]] and what is known as [[old-time music]] were adopted and transformed into [[popular music|popular genres]] with global audiences. [[Jazz]] was developed by innovators such as [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Duke Ellington]] early in the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Biddle|first1=Julian|title=What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America|date=2001|publisher=Citadel|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8065-2311-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/ ix]|url=https://archive.org/details/whatwashotroller00bidd/page/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Known for singing in a wide variety of genres, [[Aretha Franklin]] is considered one of the all-time greatest American singers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why Aretha was the greatest singer in US history |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180816-aretha-greatest-singer-in-us-history |website=BBC |access-date=April 14, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Elvis Presley]] and [[Chuck Berry]] were among the pioneers of [[rock and roll]] in the mid-1950s. Rock bands such as [[Metallica]], the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]], and [[Aerosmith]] are among the [[List of best-selling music artists|highest grossing]] in worldwide sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Hartman|first1=Graham|title=Metallica's 'Black album' is Top-Selling Disc of last 20 years|url=https://loudwire.com/metallica-black-album-top-selling-disc-last-20-years/|website=Loudwire|access-date=October 12, 2015|date=January 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Vorel|first1=Jim|title=Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland|url=https://herald-review.com/entertainment/local/eagles-tribute-band-landing-at-kirkland/article_a8dcd506-08d0-11e2-82ac-001a4bcf887a.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|agency=Herald &amp; Review|date=September 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert|url=https://www.ksbw.com/news/central-california/salinas/aerosmith-will-rock-salinas-with-july-concert/31042330|access-date=October 12, 2015|date=February 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1960s, [[Bob Dylan]] emerged from the [[American folk music revival|folk revival]] to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=April 10, 2020 |title=No. 1 Bob Dylan |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/interactive/lists-100-greatest-songwriters/#bob-dylan |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mid-20th-century American [[Popular music|pop stars]] such as [[Bing Crosby]], [[Frank Sinatra]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=December 8, 2015|title=10 ways that Frank Sinatra changed the world|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/12/08/10-ways-frank-sinatra-changed-world/76381754/|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=USA Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Elvis Presley became global celebrities,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2001&quot; /&gt; as have artists of the late 20th century such as [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna]], [[Whitney Houston]], and [[Mariah Carey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=February 13, 2012 |title=Whitney Houston's Global Impact |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2012/02/13/exp-nr-bilchik-whitney-international-reaction.cnn |access-date=June 24, 2021 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Prince and his music challenged the music industry |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2654768/how-prince-and-his-music-challenged-the-music-industry/ |access-date=June 25, 2016 |website=Global News}}&lt;/ref&gt; The musical forms of [[Punk rock|punk]] and [[hip hop]] both originated in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/artandmusicbiographies/chapter/reading-9-neo-expressionism-and-music-reaching-into-the-1980s/|title=A Quick and Dirty Guide to Art, Music, and Culture|author=Clayton Funk|chapter=9. Neo-Expressionism, Punk, and Hip Hop Emerge|publisher=The Ohio State University|date=August 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; American professional opera singers have reached the highest level of success in that form, including [[Renée Fleming]], [[Leontyne Price]], [[Beverly Sills]], [[Nelson Eddy]], and many others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://journals.openedition.org/lisa/2966#:~:text=The%20American%20Opera%20Boom%20of,1960s%3A%20History%20and%20Stylistic%20Analysis|title=The American Opera Boom of the 1950s and 1960s: History and Stylistic Analysis|author=Rachel Hutchins-Viroux|journal=Revue Lisa / Lisa e-Journal |year=2004 |issue=Vol. II - n°3 |pages=145–163 |publisher=OpenEdition Journals|doi=10.4000/lisa.2966 |access-date=April 28, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[American popular music]], as part of the wider U.S. pop culture, has a worldwide influence and following.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author =Ewen, David|title=Panorama of American Popular Music|url =https://archive.org/details/panoramaofameric00ewen|url-access =registration|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1957 |isbn=0-13-648360-7}} pg. 3 ''Of all the contributions made by Americans to world culture—automation and the assembly line, advertising, innumerable devices and gadgets, skyscrapers, supersalesmen, baseball, ketchup, mustard and hot dogs and hamburrgers—one, undeniably native has been taken to heart by the entire world. It is American popular music.''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Beyoncé]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Miley Cyrus]], [[Ariana Grande]], [[Eminem]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Katy Perry]], and many other contemporary artists dominate [[List of most-streamed artists on Spotify|global streaming rankings]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/spotify-wrapped-bad-bunny-taylor-swift-1235444491|title=Spotify Launches Wrapped 2022: Bad Bunny, Taylor Swift Are Most-Streamed Artists of the Year|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=November 30, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130153903/https://variety.com/2022/music/news/spotify-wrapped-bad-bunny-taylor-swift-1235444491/|archive-date=November 30, 2022|url-status=live|access-date=November 30, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States has the world's [[List of largest recorded music markets|largest music market]] with a total retail value of $4.9 billion in 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAJ Yearbook 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/riaj/pdf/issue/industry/RIAJ2015E.pdf|title=RIAJ Yearbook 2015: IFPI 2013, 2014 Report: 28. Global Sales of Recorded Music (Page 24)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|access-date=2016-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The American music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to [[Radio in the United States|radio stations]] and community orchestras. Most of the world's [[Record label#Major labels|major record companies]] are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://universitytimes.ie/2014/03/how-american-music-took-over-the-world/ |title=How American Music Took Over the World |author=Eoin Hennessy |website=[[The University Times]] |access-date=April 28, 2023 |date=March 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mass media===
{{further|Mass media in the United States}}
{{see also|Newspapers in the United States|Television in the United States|Internet in the United States|Radio in the United States|Video games in the United States}}
[[File:Comcast_Philly.JPG|upright|thumb|The [[Comcast Center]] in [[Philadelphia]], headquarters of the [[Comcast Corporation]], which is the nation's largest [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[telecommunications]] [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]{{cn|date=April 2023}}]]

The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the [[National Broadcasting Company]] (NBC), [[Columbia Broadcasting System]] (CBS), [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC), and [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] (FOX). The four major broadcast [[television network]]s are all commercial entities. [[Cable television in the United States|Cable television]] offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Streaming TV Services: What They Cost, What You Get|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|agency=Associated Press|date=October 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015023520/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html|archive-date=October 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|2021}}, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen to [[radio broadcasting|broadcast radio]], while about 41% listen to [[podcast]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting/|title=Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 29, 2021|access-date=July 3, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2014|09|30|df=US}}, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Waits|first=Jennifer|date=October 17, 2014|title=Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise, Especially LPFM, according to New FCC Count|url=https://www.radiosurvivor.com/2014/10/17/number-u-s-radio-stations-rise-especially-lpfm-according-latest-fcc-count/|access-date=January 6, 2015|website=Radio Survivor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by [[NPR]], incorporated in February 1970 under the [[Public Broadcasting Act of 1967]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=June 20, 2013|title=History: NPR|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/about-npr/192827079/overview-and-history|access-date=May 5, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Internationally well-known U.S. newspapers include ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[USA Today]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaffer2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Brenda|last=Shaffer|title=The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEOd-cDWVwQC&amp;pg=PA116|year=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-19529-4|page=116}}&lt;/ref&gt; More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Spanish Newspapers in United States|url=https://www.w3newspapers.com/usa/spanish|access-date=August 5, 2014|publisher=W3newspapers}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU|url=https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626114455/https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm|archive-date=June 26, 2014|access-date=August 5, 2014|publisher=Onlinenewspapers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as [[Gannett Company|Gannett]] or [[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]], which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have [[alternative newspaper]]s to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as New York City's ''[[The Village Voice]]'' or Los Angeles' ''[[LA Weekly]]''. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are [[Google]], [[YouTube]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Yahoo]], and [[Facebook]], with all of them being American companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;alexa-topsitesus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|year=2021|title=Top Sites in United States|url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US|access-date=October 6, 2021|publisher=Alexa|archive-date=June 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621221154/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Widely regarded as the birthplace of the modern video gaming industry,{{cn|date=May 2023}} the United States is the world's second-largest video game market by revenue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/which-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming-markets/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major publishers headquartered in the United States are [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]], [[Take-Two Interactive|Take-Two]], [[Activision Blizzard]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Xbox Game Studios]], [[Bethesda Softworks]], [[Epic Games]], [[Valve Corporation|Valve]], [[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment|Warner Bros.]], [[Riot Games]], and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asian countries make up 40% of the world's top 10 video gaming markets |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/08/which-countries-have-the-largest-video-gaming-markets/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-05-13 |title=Top 10 gaming companies made $126bn revenue last year |language=en-gb |work=Eurogamer.net |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/top-10-gaming-companies-made-126bn-revenue-last-year |access-date=2022-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in [[California]] alone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=California (CA) |url=https://www.theesa.com/video-game-impact-map/state/california/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=ESA Impact Map |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cuisine===
{{Main|American cuisine}}
{{further|List of American regional and fusion cuisines}}
[[File:Cheeseburger with fries.jpg|thumb|A [[cheeseburger]] served with [[French fries|fries]] and [[coleslaw]]]]

Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to such indigenous, non-European foods as [[Turkey as food|turkey]], [[sweet potato]]es, [[maize|corn]], [[Cucurbita|squash]], and [[maple syrup]]. They and later immigrants combined these with foods they had known, such as [[wheat flour]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Wheat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Wheat Info|url=https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011012758/https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/|archive-date=October 11, 2009|website=Wheatworld.org|access-date=January 15, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; beef, and milk to create a distinctive American cuisine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Traditional Indigenous Recipes|url=https://aihd.ku.edu/recipes/index.html|publisher=American Indian Health and Diet Project|access-date=September 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Akenuwa|first=Ambrose|title=Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aw5CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT93|date=July 1, 2015|pages=92–94|publisher=Lulu Press|isbn=978-1-329-26112-9|access-date=November 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays, [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]], when many Americans make or purchase traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mintz1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sidney Wilfred Mintz|title=Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past|url=https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-4629-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tastingfoodtasti00mint_0/page/134 134]–|access-date=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The American [[fast food]] industry, the world's first and largest, is also often viewed as being a symbol of U.S. marketing dominance. Companies such as [[McDonald's]],&lt;ref name=&quot;DeBres2005&quot;&gt;Karen DeBres, &quot;A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK,&quot; Journal of Cultural Geography, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; [[Burger King]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Kentucky Fried Chicken]], and [[Domino's Pizza]] among others, have numerous outlets around the world,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Why McDonald's in France Doesn't Feel Like Fast Food|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/01/24/145698222/why-mcdonalds-in-france-doesnt-feel-like-fast-food|last1=Breadsley|first1=Eleanor|website=NPR|date=January 24, 2012|access-date=January 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and pioneered the [[drive-through]] format in the 1940s.&lt;ref name=&quot;drivethru&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created?|url=https://www.wisegeek.org/when-was-the-first-drive-thru-restaurant-created.htm|website=Wisegeek.org|access-date=January 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Characteristic American dishes such as [[apple pie]], [[fried chicken]], [[doughnuts]], [[french fries]], [[macaroni and cheese]], [[ice cream]], [[Pizza in the United States|pizza]], [[hamburgers]], and [[hot dogs]] derive from the recipes of various immigrants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/news/2020/12/31/consumer-spending-data-kfc-is-the-most-popular.html|title=KFC is America's favorite fried chicken, data suggests|last=Cawthon|first=Haley|date=December 31, 2020|website=BizJournals.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/food/america/the-history-of-the-pizza/|title=How Pizza Became America's Favorite Food|last=Russell|first=Joan|date=May 23, 2016|website=PasteMagazine.com|access-date=May 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes such as [[burritos]] and [[tacos]] and [[pasta]] dishes freely adapted from [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] sources are widely consumed.&lt;ref name=&quot;IFT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N.|title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003|publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists|date=August 23, 2003|access-date=June 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

American [[chef]]s have been influential both in the food industry and in popular culture. Some important 19th-century American chefs include [[Charles Ranhofer]] of [[Delmonico's Restaurant]] in [[New York City|New York]], and [[Bob Payton]], who is credited with bringing American-style pizza to the UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-bob-payton-1413990.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421080253/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-bob-payton-1413990.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2009| title= Obituary: Bob Payton|work= The Independent|access-date= 15 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, chefs Charles Scotto, Louis Pacquet, John Massironi founded the [[American Culinary Federation]] in 1930, taking after similar organizations across Europe. In the 1940s, Chef [[James Beard]] hosted the first nationally televised cooking show ''I Love to Eat.'' His name is also carried by the foundation and prestigious cooking award recognizing excellence in the American cooking community.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} James Beard Foundation |url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=www.jamesbeard.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=James Beard, Authority On Food, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/24/nyregion/james-beard-authority-on-food-dies.html |quote=James Beard, the bald and portly chef and cookbook writer who was one of the country's leading authorities on food and drink and its foremost champion of American cooking, died of cardiac arrest yesterday at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. He was 81 years old and lived in ... |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 24, 1985 |access-date=April 11, 2010 | first=Albin | last=Krebs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since Beard, many chefs and cooking personalities have taken to television, and the success of the [[Cooking Channel]] and [[Food Network]] have contributed to the popularity of American cuisine. Probably the best-known television chef was [[Julia Child]] who taught French cuisine in her weekly show, [[The French Chef]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Julia Child {{!}} Biography, Cookbooks, &amp; Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julia-Child|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1946, the [[Culinary Institute of America]] was founded by [[Katharine Cramer Angell|Katharine Angell]] and [[Frances Roth]]. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Story: CIA History {{!}} Culinary Institute of America |url=https://www.ciachef.edu/our-story/ |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=www.ciachef.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FTfbs&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Averbuch|first=Bonnie|title=Attention Food Entrepreneurs: School's Back in Business|publisher=[[Food Tank]]|url=https://foodtank.com/news/2015/09/attention-food-entrepreneurs-its-time-to-head-back-to-school/|date=September 2015|access-date=June 19, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sports===
{{Main|Sports in the United States}}
{{See also|Professional sports leagues in the United States|National Collegiate Athletic Association|United States at the Olympics}}
[[File:Commanders vs. Jaguars (52379056543).jpg|thumb|[[American football]] is the most popular sport in the United States.]]

The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are [[American football]], [[basketball]], [[baseball]], [[association football|soccer]], and [[ice hockey]], according to a 2017 ''[[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]]'' poll.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sports |date=September 25, 2007 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/4735/sports.aspx |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, [[volleyball]], [[skateboarding]], and [[snowboarding]] are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sarah Krasnoff|first=Lindsay|date=December 26, 2017|title=How the NBA went global|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/26/how-the-nba-went-global/|access-date=January 24, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lacrosse]] and [[surfing]] arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.&lt;ref name=&quot;liss&quot;&gt;Liss, Howard. ''Lacrosse'' (Funk &amp; Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The market for [[professional sports]] in the United States was roughly $69&amp;nbsp;billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=June 18, 2008|title=Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pwcstudy-idUSN1738075220080618|access-date=July 24, 2013|website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Krane, David K.|title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport|url=https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337|publisher=Harris Interactive|date=October 30, 2002|access-date=September 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337|archive-date=July 9, 2010}} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. {{ISBN|978-0-375-50454-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; the [[National Football League]] (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the [[Super Bowl]] is watched by tens of millions globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27321898/how-nfl-took-america-100-years|title=How the NFL took over America in 100 years|last=Guliza|first=Anthony|date=August 14, 2019|publisher=[[ESPN]]|access-date=May 8, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. [[national sport]] since the late 19th century, with [[Major League Baseball]] being the top league. Basketball and [[ice hockey]] are the country's next two most popular professional team sports, with the top leagues being the [[National Basketball Association]] and the [[National Hockey League]], which are also the premier leagues worldwide for these sports. The most-watched [[individual sport]]s in the U.S. are [[golf]] and [[auto racing]], particularly [[NASCAR]] and [[IndyCar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=January 16, 2014|title=As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport|url=https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309053431/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2014|access-date=July 2, 2014|website=Harris Interactive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Cowen, Tyler|author2=Grier, Kevin|date=February 9, 2012|title=What Would the End of Football Look Like?|url=https://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/7559458/cte-concussion-crisis-economic-look-end-football|access-date=February 12, 2012|publisher=Grantland/ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the [[collegiate athletics|collegiate]] level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,&lt;ref name=&quot;si&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2018/03/07/ncaa-1-billion-revenue|title=Sports Illustrated: NCAA Reports $1.1 Billion in Revenues|date=March 7, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[college football]] and [[College basketball|basketball]] attract large audiences, as the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA Final Four]] is one of the most watched national sporting events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=March 19, 2013|title=Passion for College Football Remains Robust|url=https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075223/https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx|archive-date=April 7, 2014|access-date=April 1, 2014|publisher=National Football Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eight [[Olympic Games]] have taken place in the United States. The [[1904 Summer Olympics]] in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaus|first=Gerald P.|last2=Wenn|first2=Stephen R.|title=Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games|date=February 9, 2007|publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]]|page=224|isbn=978-0-889-20505-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when [[Los Angeles]] hosts the [[2028 Summer Olympics]]. [[United States at the Olympics|U.S. athletes]] have won a total of 2,959 medals (1,173 gold) at the [[Olympic Games]], by far the most of any country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://greatestsportingnation.com/|title=Greatest Sporting Nation|website=greatestsportingnation.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/sports/olympics/the-1000-medals-of-the-united-states/| title = 1,000 times gold – The thousand medals of Team USA – Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings|first=Chris|last=Chase|date=February 7, 2014|work=USA Today|url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/|access-date=February 28, 2014}} {{cite news|title=With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals|date=February 6, 2014|first=Dan|last=Loumena|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206|access-date=February 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In international [[Association football|soccer]], the [[United States men's national soccer team|men's national soccer team]] qualified for [[United States at the FIFA World Cup|eleven World Cups]], while the [[United States women's national soccer team|women's national team]] has [[United States at the FIFA Women's World Cup|won]] the [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic soccer tournament]] four times each.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Carlisle|first=Jeff|date=April 6, 2020|title=MLS Year One, 25 seasons ago: The Wild West of training, travel, hockey shootouts and American soccer|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer|access-date=May 5, 2021|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States hosted the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]] and will host the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] along with [[Canada]] and [[Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wamsley |first=Laurel |date=June 16, 2022 |title=The U.S. cities hosting the 2026 World Cup are announced |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/16/1105562734/us-cities-hosting-2026-world-cup-announcement |publisher=[[NPR]] |accessdate=April 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Index of United States–related articles]]
* [[Lists of U.S. state topics]]
* [[Outline of the United States]]
{{clear}} &lt;!--For wide-screen monitors, prevent image above from punching through the ref section. --&gt;

==Notes==
{{notelist
| colwidth =
| notes =
{{efn
| name = pop
| Excludes [[Puerto Rico]] and the other [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated islands]] because they are counted separately in [[U.S. census]] statistics.
 }}
{{efn
| name = time
| See [[Time in the United States]] for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
 }}
{{efn
| name = drive
| A single jurisdiction, the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], uses left-hand traffic.
 }}
}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Bianchine|first1=Peter J.|last2=Russo|first2=Thomas A.|year=1992|title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America|volume=13|issue=5|pages=225–232|ref=Bianchine|doi=10.2500/108854192778817040|pmid=1483570|journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings}}
* {{cite book|last=Blakeley|first=Ruth|date=2009|title=State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South|url=https://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-68617-4|ref=Blakeley}}
* {{cite book|last1=Boyer|first1=Paul S.|last2=Clark Jr.|first2=Clifford E.|last3=Kett|first3=Joseph F.|last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5=Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy|title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People|ref=Boyer|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=588|isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Colin G.|last=Calloway|title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]]|ref=Calloway1998|page=229|isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5|year=1998}}
* {{cite book|last=Davis|first=Kenneth C.|title=Don't know much about the Civil War|ref=Davis96|publisher=William Marrow and Co.|location=New York|year=1996|url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518|isbn=978-0-688-11814-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }}
* {{cite book|last1=Daynes|first1=Byron W.|last2=Sussman|first2=Glen|title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush|ref=Daynes|publisher=[[Texas A&amp;M University Press]]|year=2010|page=320|url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn|url-access=registration|isbn=978-1-60344-254-1|oclc=670419432|quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009}}
* {{cite book|first1=Jon M|last1=Erlandson|first2=Torben C|last2=Rick|first3=Rene L|last3=Vellanoweth|title=A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County|location=California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&amp;pg=PA19|year=2008|publisher=University of Utah Press|isbn=978-0-87480-879-7}}
* {{cite book|first=Brian M.|last=Fagan|title=Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9lqCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA390|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-35027-9}}
* {{cite book|first1=Sylvan G.|last1=Feldstein|first2=Frank J.|last2=Fabozzi|title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds|ref=Feldstein|publisher=[[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|year=2011|page=1376|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC|isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}
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* {{cite book|last=Thornton|first=Russell|title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492|volume=186|series=Civilization of the American Indian|year=1987|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;pg=PA49|isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5|page=49}}
* {{cite book|first=Russell|last=Thornton|title=Studying Native America: Problems and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EA-UwvN_HUC&amp;pg=PA34|year=1998|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-16064-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Walker Howe |first=Daniel |title=[[What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=9780199726578 |author-link=Daniel Walker Howe}}
* {{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Alden T.|title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850|publisher=North Eastern University Press|year=1999}}
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* {{cite book|last=Winchester|first=Simon|title=The men who United the States|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602|url-access=registration|year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-0-06-207960-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Gavin |year=2022 |title=Slavery and the Rise of the Nineteenth-Century American Economy |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.36.2.123 |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=123–148 |doi=10.1257/jep.36.2.123 |s2cid=248716718 |via=}}
* {{cite book|last=Zinn|first=Howard|author-link=Howard Zinn|title=A People's History of the United States|ref=Zinn|year=2005|publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] Modern Classics|isbn=978-0-06-083865-2|title-link=A People's History of the United States }}
{{refend}}

'''Internet sources'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm|title=Country Profile: United States of America|ref=BBC18may|work=BBC News|location=London|date=April 22, 2008|access-date=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Cohen|first=Eliot A.|ref=Cohen|location=Washington, DC|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower|title=History and the Hyperpower|website=Foreign Affairs|date=July–August 2004|access-date=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wallander|first1=Celeste A.|year=2003|ref=Wallander2003|title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union|journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]]|volume=5|issue=4|pages=137–177|doi=10.1162/152039703322483774|s2cid=57560487 }}
* {{cite journal|title=Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens|last1=Gilens|first1=Martin|last2=Page|first2=Benjamin I.|name-list-style=amp|journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]]|date=2014|volume=12|issue=3|pages=564–581|doi=10.1017/S1537592714001595|url=https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Library resources box}}
&lt;!-- Please:
1) Follow the [[WP:EL]] guideline where possible and consider discussing on the talk page. The MediaWiki software that powers Wikipedia has several parameters that limit the complexity of a page, thus limiting the number of templates that can be included.
2) Do not turn these bullets into headers! They expand the TOC too much. --&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211212224932/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ United States]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States] from [[BBC News]]
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]

; Government
* [https://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal]. Gateway to government sites.
* [https://www.house.gov/ House]. Official site of the United States House of Representatives.
* [https://www.senate.gov/ Senate]. Official site of the United States Senate.
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House]. Official site of the President of the United States.
* [{{SCOTUS URL}} Supreme Court]. Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States.

; History
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/https://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents]. Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research.
* [https://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119213422/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=November 19, 2022 }}. Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.
* [https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA]. Collected links to historical data.

; Maps
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States]. Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior.
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|148838}}
* [https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America]. A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.

; Photos
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?text=USA Photos of the USA]

{{Anchor|Related information}} &lt;!-- Target for Navbox link at See also section --&gt;

{{United States topics}}
{{United States political divisions}}
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    <title>Sitima ya MV Chauncy Maples</title>
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      <text bytes="16912" sha1="0llsefyqnrzsxlqi1qtk8az0tjcy6ag" xml:space="preserve">{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image|Ship image=Chauncy Maples, 1952, jubilee celebrations.jpg|Ship caption=SS ''Chauncy Maples'' bedecked with bunting and carrying dignitaries to celebrate fifty years of service on Lake Nyasa}}
{{Infobox ship career|Hide header=|Ship country=[[Nyasaland]], [[Malawi]]|Ship flag=[[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1919–1925).svg|60px]] [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|45px]]|Ship name='''SS ''Chauncy Maples''''' (until 1967), '''MV ''Chauncy Maples''''' (1967–present)|Ship owner=[[Universities’ Mission to Central Africa]] (until 1953); [[Politics of Malawi|Government of Malawi]] (1953 onwards)|Ship operator=Universities' Mission to Central Africa (until 1953); Government of Malawi (1953–67); [[Malawi Railways]] (1967–92)|Ship registry=[[Monkey Bay]]|Ship route=|Ship ordered=1898|Ship builder=[[Sentinel Waggon Works#Alley &amp; MacLellan, Sentinel Works, Jessie Street Glasgow|Alley &amp; McClellan]], [[Polmadie]], Scotland|Ship original cost=£13,500|Ship yard number=|Ship way number=|Ship laid down=|Ship launched=1901|Ship completed=|Ship christened=|Ship acquired=|Ship maiden voyage=1901|Ship in service=1901|Ship out of service=1992|Ship fate=Laid up|Ship status=|Ship notes=}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship class=|Ship tonnage=150 [[Long ton|tons]]|Ship displacement=250 tons|Ship length={{cvt|126|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship beam={{cvt|20|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship height=|Ship draught={{cvt|6+1/2|ft|m|order=flip}}|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship power=[[Steam engine]] (until 1967), 330 [[Horsepower#Brake horsepower|BHP]] 6-cylinder [[Crossley]] diesel engine (1967 onwards)&lt;ref name=CMTrust&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/ship/default.php |title=The Ship |date=2009–2011 |work=Chauncy Maples, Lake Malawi's Clinic |publisher=Chauncy Maples Trust |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316235902/http://www.chauncymaples.org/ship/default.php |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|Ship propulsion=Single screw|Ship speed=|Ship capacity=|Ship crew=10 (as [[Motor ship|motor vessel]])|Ship armament=|Ship notes=}}
|}'''MV Chauncy Maples''' ni [[sitima]] iyo yikendeskeka na injini ndipo yikaŵa sitima ya pa maji iyo yikanyamuka mu 1901. Cingalaŵa ici cikaŵa pa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malaw]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i (iyo pakwamba yikacemekanga Nyanja ya Nyasa) ndipo cikaŵa cikuru comene pa vyombo vyose vya mu Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust: The Story |url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202132658/http://www.chauncymaples.org/story/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=3 October 2017 |website=Chauncymaples.org |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamanyuma pa vilimika vyakujumpha 100, ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵamuwezgeremo kuti waŵe cipatala ico cikwenda pa maji kuti ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ŵagwirenge nchito. Boma la Malawi likapeleka wovwiri uwu mu 2009 ndipo ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakasanganga zikaŵa zakukwana kuti vinthu vyende makora. Ŵakasanga kuti ngalaŵa iyi yingazengekaso yayi pa mtengo uwemi, ntheura ŵakapanga ngalaŵa yiphya iyo yingapeleka wovwiri ku ŵasilikari awo ŵakwenda mu nyanja.

== Ŵakuzenga ngaraŵa Alley na McLellan, Polmadie ==
Malo ghakupangirako sitima gha Alley &amp; McLellan ku Polmadie, Glasgow, ghakaŵa kutali comene na Mlonga wa Clyde. Kampani iyi yikateŵeteranga mu vigaŵa vyakutali chomene vya Ufumu wa Britain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=P.J.|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|year=1996|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-43211-1|pages=not cited|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521432115}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date=September 2018}}{{failed verification|date=July 2020}}Ŵakapanga ngalaŵa izo zikati zamara kuzenga, ŵakazisongonanga na kuzipanga kuŵa viŵiya.

Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vikuru comene ndipo kukaŵa kwakusuzga kuti viyegheke. Kweniso ntchito yakunozgaso yikathembanga chomene pa awo ŵakaŵa na maluso pa malo agho ŵakaguliranga. Nga umo vikaŵira na chigaŵa cha Chauncy Maples, kanandi nthowa iyi ndiyo yikaŵa yiwemi chomene para munthu wakuluta kutali chomene na uko wakuluta.

== Chilato na umo vyafiskikira ==
Sitima ya Chauncy Maples yikapangika kuti yigezenge maji gha mu Nyanja ya Nyasa, iyo yili kumwera comene mu Africa. Nyanja iyi yili na utali wa makilomita 560 na usani wa makilomita 80. Kweniso ni nyanja yaciŵiri yakunyang'amira comene mu Africa, ndipo kuli visomba vinandi kuluska nyanja yiliyose pa caru capasi.

Wakapangika na kutumika na University's Mission to Central Africa (UMCA),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Universities' Mission to Central Africa|authorlink=Universities' Mission to Central Africa|title=Specification for Screw Steamer for Lake Nyasa|year=1898|publisher=Waterlow &amp; Sons|location=London|pages=not stated}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cingalaŵa ca matani 150 ici cikaŵa cimoza mwa vyakupangiska vyaumaliro vya Henry Marc Brunel, mwana wa Isambard Kingdom Brunel, uyo wakaŵa injiniya wa ku Victoria. Para ŵamara kuwunjika vinthu ivi, ŵakanyamura vigaŵa pafupifupi 3,481 na kuluta navyo ku Portuguese East Africa.

Abbot wa ku Newark ndiyo wakazenga maji agha. Chikaŵa na uzito wa matani 11 ndipo chikanyamulika mu chigaŵa chimoza pa ngolo yapadera iyo yikaŵa na mawilo gha Sentinel, ndipo ŵanthu 450 ŵa fuko la Ngoni ŵakayegha pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kujumpha mu malo ghambura kulongosoreka agho kukaŵa maleriya. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ngalaŵa vikaŵa vya ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga pa mitu ya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pa malo ghakusuzga na mu milonga.

== David Livingstone ==
[[File:Maples_and_Johnson.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maples_and_Johnson.jpg|thumb|Chauncy Maples (kumazere) pamoza na mishonale munyake Rev. W.P. Johnson mu 1895]]
David Livingstone, munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kufika pa nyanja iyi, ndipo wakaŵa mupharazgi wa maulendo gha pa boti la nthukumusi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Reynolds|first=David|title=Steam and Quinine on Africa's Great Lakes|year=1997|publisher=Bygone Ships, Trains &amp; Planes|location=[[Pretoria]]|isbn=0-620-21332-9|pages=not stated}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date=September 2018}} Mu 1859, Livingstone wakacitapo kanthu mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti malo ghanandi agho ghakazingilizga nyanja iyi ghaŵe gha Ufumu wa Britain. Nangauli caru ca Portugal cikamba kuwusa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja iyi, kweni ŵa mishonale ŵa ku Scotland ndiwo ŵakakhazikiska virwa vya Likoma na Chizumulu.

== Kuŵikaso ==
Kuŵikaso&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Anderson-Morshead|first=A.E.M.|title=The Building of the Chauncy Maples|year=1903|publisher=[[Universities’ Mission to Central Africa]]|location=Westminster|pages=not cited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Anderson-Morshead|first1=A.E.M.|last2=Garland|first2=Vera|title=Lady of the Lake: the story of Lake Malawi's M.V. Chauncy Maples: being a facsimile reprint of &quot;The Building of the Chauncy Maples&quot;|year=1991|publisher=Central Africana|location=[[Blantyre, Malawi]]|pages=not cited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date=September 2018}} Ŵakapulikiska kuti para ŵafika ku malo agha, ŵakeneranga kuŵika manambara pa vigaŵa vyose pambere ŵandambe kugwiliskira ntchito vyakupimira. Vikatora vyaka viŵiri kuti ŵanozgeso. Mu 1901, ŵakafumiska boti ili mu nyanja. Mu 1895, apo wakaŵa pa ulendo wakuluta ku nchito yake, boti lake likabwangasuka pa Nyanja ya Nyasa apo kukaŵa chimphepo ndipo wakafwa na maji cifukwa ca kuzura kwa salu yake..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Frere|first=Gertrude|title=Where Black Meets White: the little history of the UMCA|year=1901|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=Westminster|url=https://archive.org/stream/whereblackmeets00frergoog/whereblackmeets00frergoog_djvu.txt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cingalaŵa ca cipatala, sukulu ya ŵamishonale na kumazga malonda gha ŵazga ==
Ŵamishonale ŵakiza na vinthu vinandi ku Africa kuluska cisopa, ndipo UMCA yikaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupulikikwa makora pa nkhani ya ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskira nchito. Ngalaŵa iyi yikaŵa na milimo yitatu: yikaŵa sitima ya cipatala, sukulu ya ŵamishonale, na malo ghakubisamamo ŵazga. Kweni ivyo ŵakakhumbanga vikaŵa vya pa caru cose; umo yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska nchito iyi, Bishop wa ku Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, wakayowoyera, nchito yikuru yikaŵa &quot;kuzgora malonda kuŵa ghatuŵa, kumazga malonda gha ŵazga, ndiposo usange nchamacitiko, kuzenga vyaru vya mu Africa&quot;.

Nyanja ya Nyasa yikaŵa kutali comene na nyanja, ndipo pakwamba vinthu vikendanga makora yayi pa nkhani ya munkhwala ku Likoma. Pulogiramu iyi yikamba mu 1894, apo dokotala munyake wa ku UMCA wakakhalako nyengo yicoko waka. Munthu uyo wakanjira mu malo ghake wakaŵa Rev. John Edward Hine, uyo nangauli wakaŵa dokotala, kweni wakawonanga kuti mulimo uwu ngwakuzirwa yayi. Apo Hine wakasankhika kuŵa bishopu wa ku Eastern Equatorial Africa mu 1896, wakasankha kuŵika mtima comene pa vinthu vyauzimu m'malo mwa vya umoyo.
[[File:Chauncy_Maples_1905.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples_1905.jpg|thumb|SS Chauncy Maples wakakhala pa Nyanja ya Nyasa kwa vyaka vinayi kufuma apo wakambira]]
Ŵadumbu ŵa Chauncy Maples na Dr. Robert Howard wakasintha comene vinthu pa nkhani ya munkhwala na wovwiri wa munkhwala ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja. Mwaluŵiro, Howard wakambiska ndondomeko yakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi. Kuzakafika m'ma 1930, masiteshoni ghanandi, kusazgapo agho ghakaŵa ku vigaŵa vyakutali, ghakaŵa na maofesi gha vipatala agho ghakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Africa. Pakugwiliskira nchito fundo zakukhwaskana na matenda agho ŵadokotala ŵanyake ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, comenecomene ŵa ku Scotland, ŵakasanga, Dr. Howard wakambiska pulogiramu yakulimbana na maleriya, ndipo pamoza na ŵanyake ku ofesi ya ku Blantyre, ŵakambiska pulogiramu ya katemera wakwimikana na nthomba.

Pa mulimo uwo ukaŵa na vyakukhumbikwa vichoko, mtengo wa kunozga boti ili ukakhumbikwiranga kuŵika mtima comene pa vyakurya. Pakuti ngalaŵa iyi yikaŵa na maji ghanandi, yikendanga pa malo ghose gha nyanja. Kweni nkhani ya kukora ŵazga yikaŵa yakusuzga comene, cifukwa yikakhumbikwiranga ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵavikilire malo agha kweniso kuti ŵamanye mphaka izo zikaŵa pakati pa mulimo wa kupharazga, munkhwala, na malonda. Kupenja ŵanthu ŵakwenelera awo ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kupokera malipiro ghacoko ndiposo masuzgo gha umoyo wa pa nyanja, cikaŵa cinthu cimoza; kweni cifukwa cakuti ŵantchito ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaleke kutora panji kutengwa, cikaŵa cinonono comene. Pa vyose ivi pakaŵa masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhumbanga comene kuti ŵalutilire kucita milimo yawo mu nyanja ya Nyasa. Ŵa Chauncy Maples ŵakagwiranga nchito mu caru ico mukaŵa mauthenga ghawemi agho ghakapelekanga wovwiri wakukhumbikwa comene ku ŵakavu mu nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa vyambura kwenda makora mu ndyali ndiposo mu nyengo ya ufumu.

Ngalaŵa iyi yikateŵeteranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Nyasaland kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 50 m'paka mu 1953, apo yikaguliskika na kuzgoka boti lakuyegha somba. Mu 1967, boma la Malawi likagura boti ili, ndipo likasintha kuti liŵe la ŵanthu na katundu. Makina ghake ghakusungirako vinthu ghali mu Lake Malawi Museum ku Mangochi. Pa nyengo yasono ngaraŵa iyi yili ku Monkey Bay.

== Vyakususkana vya mishonale ya Cikhristu ya ku Europe ==
Nangauli ntchito ya ku cipatala yikacitikanga cifukwa ca kugomezga kuti munkhwala wa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi nguwemi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, kweni yikaŵa ndondomeko ya kujipata yayi. Ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakeneranga kulongora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Victoria ŵakawoneranga Africa na ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Nga umo vikaŵira na ntchito ya umishonale mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa, mulimo uwu ukawonekanga kuŵa nthowa yikuru yakulongolera nkhongono na cisisi ca uthenga wa Cikristu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Good&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Good|first=Charles M, Jr|title=The Steamer Parish — The Rise and Fall of Missionary Medicine on an African Frontier|year=2004|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago|pages=not cited|url=http://kar.kent.ac.uk/7718/1/Macola-SteamerParish-91129-1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kweni nangauli ŵamishonale ŵakwenera kuwoneka nga mbakusambizga visambizgo vya chisopa, kweni ntchito yawo yakupharazga vya vyakurya vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi yikakhwaska chomene umoyo wa ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1965, matchalitchi ghakapanga vipatala pafupifupi 45 pa vipatala vyose mu Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Good&quot; /&gt;

Ŵamishonale ŵanyake awo ŵakakhalanga pa ngaraŵa iyi ŵakamanya kuti ntchito yawo yikaŵa yakuzizika. Wasembe Mukuru George Wilson wakalemba mu diary yake kuti:&lt;blockquote&gt;Kulikose uko munthu wa ku Europe wakuluta, wakuwoneka kuti wali na nkhongono zakusintha vinthu. Ici nchinthu cakuzirwa comene ku wose awo ŵakutemwa Ŵafrika, cifukwa nkhumanya yayi usange kusintha uku nkhwakwenelera&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=George Herbert|title=A Missionary's Life in Nyasaland|year=1925|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=London|pages=not cited|url=https://archive.org/stream/missionaryslifei00wilsiala/missionaryslifei00wilsiala_djvu.txt}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoyapo mphanyi ŵakakolerana kuti sono ntchakukhumbikwa kusintha vinthu mwaluŵiro, nga umo Rev. Robert Keable, mishonale ku Zanzibar:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Tikanjira mu nyumba iyo yikaŵa na viliŵa vinandi, panji mu luŵaza ulo lukaŵa nga ni msika wa ŵazga. Kanandi mu kanyumba ako ŵakaŵikangamo ŵanalume, ŵanakazi, na ŵana ŵakaŵangamo ŵanalume pafupifupi 150, ndipo zuŵa lililose 'ŵakaŵapelekanga' kwa uyo wakapeleka ndalama zinandi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keable|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Keable|title=Darkness or Light: Illustrating the Theory and Practice of Missions|year=1914|publisher=[[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]]|location=London|pages=not cited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Munthu waliyose wakeneranga kusuzgika comene. Mu minda ya St. Tchalitchi la Michael ku Blantyre, ilo lili na zina la msumba uwo Livingstone wakababikiramo ku Scotland, lili na malibwe ghakukumbukirako ŵanthu 14 awo ŵakafwira ku Africa. Pa malibwe agha pali deti ilo wakafwira, likamba mu 1890 m'paka 1919. Mu buku la Mateyu muli mazgu ghakuti: &quot;Uyo wakutaya umoyo wake cifukwa ca ine wawusangenge&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Gospel of Matthew|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]], Chapter 10, verse 39, [[King James Version]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuwezgerapo ==
[[File:Chauncy_Maples1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples1.jpg|thumb|MV Chauncy Maples wakulindilira kuzengekaso mu 2008. Cikhwangwani ici nchakwamba yayi ndipo cizamuwuskikapo kuti cikhazikike makora na kuwelera umo cikaŵira pakwamba.]]
Pa nyengo iyo ŵakendera boti ili mu 1992, ŵakasanga kuti likapwetekeka comene yayi. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Chitsulo icho chikapangika mu 1899 chikwenera kuti chikawovwira chomene kuti sitima iyi yiŵe yakutowa. Mu Janyuwale 2012, ŵakayegha boti ili pa mtunda kuti ŵalutilire kunozga.

Boma la Malawi ndilo likulongozga mulimo uwu ndipo likovwira na chawanangwa cha Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust ku Britain. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ngalaŵa iyi yizamuŵaso na mulimo uwo yikaghanaghananga kuchita kuumaliro wa 2014. Ŵati ŵawuskapo mapayipi agha, gulu la ŵadokotala likamba kovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Malawi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu nyanja iyi ŵalije wovwiri wa munkhwala ndipo ŵakusuzgika na maleriya, HIV-AIDS, na TB. Munthu wakuŵa na umoyo utali kwa vyaka pafupifupi 53.

Mu 2017, wupu uwu ukati mulimo uwu walekeka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chauncy Maples : Lake Malawi's Clinic |url=http://www.chauncymaples.org/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912204513/https://chauncymaples.org/index.html |archive-date=12 September 2018 |access-date=12 September 2018 |website=Chauncymaples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Bungwe la Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust (CMMT) ilo lili ku UK pamoza na kampani yakuzenga ya ku Portugal, Mota-Engil, ŵakudandawura kuti mulimo wawo wakunozga boti la mishonale la vyaka 100, la Chauncy Maples, kuti liŵe chipatala pa Nyanja ya Malawi, uzamucitika yayi. Apo mulimo wa kuzenga ngalaŵa uwu ukendanga makora, pakaŵa masuzgo ghanyake agho ghakawoneka kuti ghangatimbanizga mulimo wa kuzenga ngalaŵa.

== Ukaboni ==
[[File:Chauncy_Maples4.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chauncy_Maples4.jpg|thumb|Chakumanyuma kwa MV Chauncy Maples ku Monkey Bay, Lake Malawi, 2008]]
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Vigaŵa vya kuwaro ==
{{commons category|Chauncy Maples (ship, 1901)}}

[[Category:Sitima za Malaŵi]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313085128/https://www.chauncymaples.org/ Chauncy Maples Malawi Trust]</text>
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    <title>Johann Martin Schleyer</title>
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{{Infobox person
| name        = Johann Martin Schleyer
| image       = JM Schleyer.jpg
| birth_name  = Martin Schleyer
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1831|7|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lauda-Königshofen|Oberlauda]], [[Grand Duchy ya Baden]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1912|8|16|1831|7|18|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Konstanz]], [[Ufumu wa Germany]]
| occupation  = Wasembe wa Katolika
| known_for   = [[Volapük]]
}}
'''Johann Martin Schleyer''' (18 July 1831 - 16 August 1912) wakaŵa wasembe wa Katolika wa ku [[Germany]] uyo wakambiska chiyowoyero cha Volapük. Zina lake lakwamba likaŵa &quot;Martin Schleyer&quot;; kweni wakalemba zina lakuti &quot;Johann&quot; (kucindika dada wake wauzimu).

== Umoyo na ntchito ==
Schleyer wakababikira ku Oberlauda (Baden). Kuyana na lipoti lake, fundo yakuti paŵe chiyowoyero cha caru cose yikamba apo wakadumbiskananga na munthu munyake wa ku parishi lake, uyo wakaŵa mulimi wa ku Germany, ndipo wakaŵa wambura kusambira kuŵazga na kulemba.

Wakimikika mu 1856. Kufuma mu 1867 m'paka mu 1875, wakaŵa muliska ku Krumbach kufupi na Meßkirch. Paumaliro wa nyengo iyi, wakakakika myezi yinayi cifukwa ca kupharazga kwimikana na cisopa ca cisosiyali.

Kufuma mu 1875 m'paka 1885 wakaŵa muliska wa tchalitchi la Ss. Mpingo wa Peter na Paul ku Litzelstetten. Pamanyuma pake wakalemba kuti vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri vyakwambilira mu Litzelstetten vikaŵa vyakukondweska comene mu umoyo wake.

Pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa mulembi wa magazini ya Sionsharfe, iyo yikalembanga chomene vya visambizgo vya Chikatolika. Mu Meyi 1879 wakalemba nkhani yakukhwaskana na Volapük mu magazini iyi. Mu 1880, ŵakalemba buku la mutu wose. Chiyowoyero ichi chikapharazgika chomene ndipo mipingo yiphya yikamba kusangika mu vyaru vyose vya ku Europe. Pamanyuma pa 1885, Schleyer wakaleka mulimo wake wa uliska cifukwa ca ulwari, kweni wakalutilira kuwungana na gulu la Volapük.

Mu 1894, Papa Leo XIII wakamusora kuŵa mulongozgi wa mpingo.

Schleyer wakafwira ku Konstanz mu 1912.

== Kukumbukira ==
[[File:JM Schleyer Grabstein.jpg|thumb|left|Dindi la Johann Martin Schleyer, Dindi Likuru la Konstanz, Germany]]
[[File:Konstanz-hauptfriedhof-grab-von-johann-martin-schleyer-detail.JPG|thumb|Hauptfriedhof Konstanz, Germany (malo ghakusungako ŵakufwa), Riesenbergweg. Dindi la Johann Martin Schleyer, na malemba. Malo 12, Mzere 11, kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa dindi.]]

Mu Juni 2001, pakamba upharazgi wakuti waŵe wakukondwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ikue.org/cz/arkivo/a-46-2-02.htm#29|title=Dio Benu 46-2/2002|website=www.ikue.org|accessdate=30 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukulu ya sekondare ya Martin-Schleyer-Gymnasium Lauda-Königshofen ku Lauda yili na zina lake.

== Maukaboni ==
{{Reflist}}

== Vigaŵa vya kuwaro ==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Johann Martin Schleyer |sopt=t}}
* {{commons category-inline|Johann Martin Schleyer}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928111132/http://www.bodanrueckgemeinden.de/english.htm#schleyer Information on Schleyer and the campaign for his beatification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928111132/http://www.bodanrueckgemeinden.de/english.htm#schleyer |date=2007-09-28 }}
* (de) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230320132410/https://www.ebfr.de/erzdioezese-freiburg/ueber-das-erzbistum/geschichte/johann-martin-schleyer/?stichwortsuche=Johann,Martin,Schleyer Johann Martin Schleyer] at the Website of catholic Erzdiözese Freiburg

[[Category:Kubabika kwa ŵanthu 1831]]
[[Category:Kufwa kwa ŵanthu mu 1912]]
[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lauda-Königshofen]]
[[Category:Ŵasembe ŵa Katolika ŵa ku Germany ŵa m'ma 1800]]
[[Category:Awo ŵakupanga viyowoyero vyakupangika]]
[[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Grand Duchy of Baden]]
[[Category:Awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake]]
[[Category:Volapük]]
[[Category:Ŵadokotala ŵakumanya vya ndopa]]
[[Category:Ŵateŵeti ŵa Ciuta ŵa ku Germany]]
[[Category:Ŵasembe ŵa Katolika ŵa ku Germany ŵa m'ma 1900]]
[[Category:Awo ŵakapanga vinthu vyakulembera]]</text>
      <sha1>pffcmbd6esldb8g2574q5yxtqgzf1a2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maboma gha England</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>118109</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-27T01:44:36Z</timestamp>
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        <id>6449</id>
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      <text bytes="87964" sha1="tfoxr0vqeu3vq3g1ozzaf61yzh0pfdk" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}

Iyi ni ndandanda ya vigaŵa vya [[England]], mtundu wa vigaŵa ivyo vikulongozgeka na boma. Vigaŵa vinandi vya Chingelezi vikuchemeka kuti vigaŵa vyambura msumba ukuru ndipo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya msumba ukuru yayi. Kweni mu matawuni ndimo muli vigaŵa vinyake. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na chigaŵa chimoza, kupaturako Stockton-on-Tees, icho chili kugaŵika. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵali nga ni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. {{United Kingdom statistics year|EnglandYYYY}} kufuma ku [[Office for National Statistics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{United Kingdom district population citation|England}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nomenclature ==
Pasono pali maboma {{English district total}} mu England. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikulongosora mazaza na milimo ya boma. 

* 32 [[Mphanda za London]]
* 36 [[Metropolitan borough|metropolitan districts]]
* 181 [[Non-metropolitan district|non-metropolitan districts]] (in a two-tier county arrangement)
* 58 [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities]] (all also non-metropolitan districts, but with the combined powers of [[Non-metropolitan county|non-metropolitan counties]] and [[Districts of England|districts]])
* [[City of London]] (sui generis)
* [[Isles of Scilly]] (sui generis)

Chigaŵa chilichose chingaŵa na maudindo gha borough, city, na royal borough, kweni ichi chikukhwaska yayi mazaza na milimo ya boma.

== Mndandanda wa maboma ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Zina
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Webusaiti
!Wanthu&lt;br /&gt;({{United Kingdom statistics year|EnglandYYYY}})
!Zina la mtundu
!Mtundu
!Charu cha mwambo wako
|-
|[[Adur (district)|Adur]]
|[http://www.adur.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000223}}
|District
|
|[[West Sussex]]
|-
|[[Allerdale]]
|[http://www.allerdale.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000026}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Cumbria]]
|-
|[[Amber Valley]]
|[http://www.ambervalley.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000032}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[Arun District|Arun]]
|[http://www.arun.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000224}}
|District
|
|[[West Sussex]]
|-
|[[Ashfield, Nottinghamshire|Ashfield]]
|[http://www.ashfield-dc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000170}}
|District
|
|[[Nottinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Ashford (borough)|Ashford]]
|[http://www.ashford.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000105}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Babergh District|Babergh]]
|[http://www.babergh.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000200}}
|District
|
|[[Suffolk]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025163946/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000002}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]]
|[http://www.barnet.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000003}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley|Barnsley]]
|[http://www.barnsley.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000016}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[South Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Barrow-in-Furness (borough)|Barrow-in-Furness]]
|[http://www.barrowbc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000027}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Cumbria]]
|-
|[[Basildon (district)|Basildon]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622025104/http://www.basildon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000066}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Basingstoke and Deane]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011058/http://www.basingstoke.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000084}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Bassetlaw District|Bassetlaw]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530022511/http://www.bassetlaw.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000171}}
|District
|
|[[Nottinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|[http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000022}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Somerset]]
|-
|[[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]]
|[http://www.bedford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000055}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Bedfordshire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|[http://www.bexley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000004}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[City of Birmingham|Birmingham]]
|[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000025}}
|City (1889)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]
|-
|[[Blaby (district)|Blaby]]
|[http://www.blaby.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000129}}
|District
|
|[[Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[Blackburn with Darwen]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208211710/http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000008}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Blackpool|Blackpool]]
|[http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000009}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Bolsover (district)|Bolsover]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923022124/https://www.bolsover.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000033}}
|District
|
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Bolton|Bolton]]
|[http://www.bolton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000001}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Boston (borough)|Boston]]
|[http://www.boston.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000136}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]]
|[http://www.bcpcouncil.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000058}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Dorset]]
|-
|[[Bracknell Forest]]
|[http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000036}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Berkshire]]
|-
|[[City of Bradford|Bradford]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160509013149/http://www.bradford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000032}}
|City (1897)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Braintree (district)|Braintree]]
|[http://www.braintree.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000067}}
|District
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Breckland (district)|Breckland]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20051211091729/http://www.breckland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000143}}
|District
|
|[[Norfolk]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Brent|Brent]]
|[http://www.brent.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000005}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Brentwood (borough)|Brentwood]]
|[http://www.brentwood.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000068}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Brighton and Hove]]
|[http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000043}}
|City (2000)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[East Sussex]]
|-
|[[Bristol]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820043630/http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/WardFinder/pdfs/cliftonmap-high.pdf website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000023}}
|City (1542)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Bristol]]
|-
|[[Broadland]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325021638/http://www.broadland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000144}}
|District
|
|[[Norfolk]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]]
|[http://www.bromley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000006}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Bromsgrove (district)|Bromsgrove]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312185509/http://www.bromsgrove.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000234}}
|District
|
|[[Worcestershire]]
|-
|[[Broxbourne (borough)|Broxbourne]]
|[http://www.broxbourne.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000095}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Broxtowe|Broxtowe]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102001122/http://www.broxtowe.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000172}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Nottinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Buckinghamshire (district)|Buckinghamshire]]
|[https://www.buckinghamshire.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000060}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Buckinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Burnley (borough)|Burnley]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110704110756/http://www.burnley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000117}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Bury|Bury]]
|[http://www.bury.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000002}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Calderdale]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228042334/http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000033}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Cambridge]]
|[http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000008}}
|City (1951)
|
|[[Cambridgeshire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]]
|[http://www.camden.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000007}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Cannock Chase (district)|Cannock Chase]]
|[http://www.cannockchasedc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000192}}
|District
|
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]]
|[http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000106}}
|City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'')
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[City of Carlisle|Carlisle]]
|[http://www.carlisle.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000028}}
|City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'')
|
|[[Cumbria]]
|-
|[[Castle Point]]
|[http://www.castlepoint.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000069}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Central Bedfordshire]]
|[http://www.centralbedfordshire.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000056}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Bedfordshire]]
|-
|[[Charnwood (borough)|Charnwood]]
|[http://www.charnwood.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000130}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[City of Chelmsford|Chelmsford]]
|[http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000070}}
|City (2012)
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Cheltenham (borough)|Cheltenham]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140403232901/http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000078}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[Cherwell (district)|Cherwell]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/19990125094139/http://www.cherwell-dc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000177}}
|District
|
|[[Oxfordshire]]
|-
|[[Cheshire East]]
|[http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000049}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Cheshire]]
|-
|[[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|[http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000050}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Cheshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Chesterfield|Chesterfield]]
|[https://www.chesterfield.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000034}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[Chichester (district)|Chichester]]
|[http://www.chichestercity.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000225}}
|District
|
|[[West Sussex]]
|-
|[[Chorley (borough)|Chorley]]
|[http://www.chorley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000118}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Colchester (borough)|Colchester]]
|[http://www.colchester.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000071}}
|City (2022)
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Copeland, Cumbria|Copeland]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060101020624/http://www.copelandbc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000029}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Cumbria]]
|-
|[[Cornwall]]
|[http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000052}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Cornwall]]
|-
|[[Cotswold (district)|Cotswold]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140529205712/http://www.cotswold.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000079}}
|District
|
|[[Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[City of Coventry|Coventry]]
|[http://www.coventry.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000026}}
|City (1345)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]
|-
|[[Craven District|Craven]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327174650/http://www.cravendc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000163}}
|District
|
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Crawley]]
|[http://www.crawley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000226}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[West Sussex]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Croydon|Croydon]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20040715035518/http://www.croydon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000008}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Dacorum]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140410110649/http://www.dacorum.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000096}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[Darlington (borough)|Darlington]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20021130091335/http://www2.darlington.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000005}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[County Durham]]
|-
|[[Dartford (borough)|Dartford]]
|[http://www.dartford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000107}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Derby]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709115308/http://www.derby.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000015}}
|City (1977)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[Derbyshire Dales]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140213192417/http://www.derbyshiredales.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000035}}
|District
|
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster|Doncaster]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/19991126044042/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000017}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[South Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]]
|[http://www.dorsetcouncil.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000059}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Dorset]]
|-
|[[Dover (district)|Dover]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105014846/http://www.dover.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000108}}
|District
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Dudley|Dudley]]
|[http://www.dudley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000027}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]
|-
|[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]]
|[http://www.durham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000047}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[County Durham]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|[http://www.ealing.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000009}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[East Cambridgeshire]]
|[http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000009}}
|District
|
|[[Cambridgeshire]]
|-
|[[East Devon]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150501150845/http://eastdevon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000040}}
|District
|
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[East Hampshire]]
|[http://www.easthants.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000085}}
|District
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[East Hertfordshire]]
|[http://www.eastherts.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000242}}
|District
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[East Lindsey]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427002503/http://www.e-lindsey.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000137}}
|District
|
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[East Riding of Yorkshire (district)|East Riding of Yorkshire]]
|[http://www.eastriding.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000011}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[East Riding of Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[East Staffordshire]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140927183751/http://www.eaststaffsbc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000193}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]]
|[http://www.eastsuffolk.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000244}}
|District
|
|[[Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Eastbourne]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120817045556/http://www.eastbourne.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000061}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[East Sussex]]
|-
|[[Eastleigh (borough)|Eastleigh]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140320141424/http://www.eastleigh.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000086}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Eden, Cumbria|Eden]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081105160240/http://www.eden.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000030}}
|District
|
|[[Cumbria]]
|-
|[[Borough of Elmbridge|Elmbridge]]
|[http://www.elmbridge.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000207}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]]
|[http://www.enfield.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000010}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Epping Forest (district)|Epping Forest]]
|[http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000072}}
|District
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Epsom and Ewell]]
|[http://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000208}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[Borough of Erewash|Erewash]]
|[http://www.erewash.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000036}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[Exeter]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20200511205833/https://exeter.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000041}}
|City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'')
|
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[Fareham (borough)|Fareham]]
|[http://www.fareham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000087}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Fenland District|Fenland]]
|[http://www.fenland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000010}}
|District
|
|[[Cambridgeshire]]
|-
|[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]]
|[http://www.shepway.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000112}}
|District
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Forest of Dean (district)|Forest of Dean]]
|[http://www.fdean.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000080}}
|District
|
|[[Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[Fylde (borough)|Fylde]]
|[http://www.fylde.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000119}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130805223753/http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000037}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Tyne and Wear]]
|-
|[[Borough of Gedling|Gedling]]
|[http://www.gedling.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000173}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Nottinghamshire]]
|-
|[[City of Gloucester|Gloucester]]
|[http://www.gloucester.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000081}}
|City (1541)
|
|[[Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Gosport|Gosport]]
|[http://www.gosport.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000088}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Gravesham]]
|[http://www.gravesham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000109}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Great Yarmouth (borough)|Great Yarmouth]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228021952/http://www.great-yarmouth.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000145}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Norfolk]]
|-
|[[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]]
|[http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000011}}
|[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal Borough]]
|[[London Borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Guildford (borough)|Guildford]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030528204035/http://www.guildford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000209}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222093915/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000012}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Halton (borough)|Halton]]
|[http://www.halton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000006}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Cheshire]]
|-
|[[Hambleton District|Hambleton]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140706221940/http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000164}}
|District
|
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]]
|[http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000013}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Harborough District|Harborough]]
|[http://www.harborough.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000131}}
|District
|
|[[Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]]
|[http://www.haringey.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000014}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Harlow]]
|[http://www.harlow.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000073}}
|District
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Harrogate (borough)|Harrogate]]
|[http://www.harrogate.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000165}}
|District
|
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|[http://www.harrow.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000015}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Hart (district)|Hart]]
|[http://www.hart.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000089}}
|District
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Hartlepool (borough)|Hartlepool]]
|[http://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000001}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[County Durham]]
|-
|[[Hastings]]
|[http://www.hastings.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000062}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[East Sussex]]
|-
|[[Havant (borough)|Havant]]
|[http://www.havant.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000090}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Havering|Havering]]
|[http://www.havering.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000016}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Herefordshire]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060243/http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000019}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Herefordshire]]
|-
|[[Hertsmere]]
|[http://www.hertsmere.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000098}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[High Peak, Derbyshire|High Peak]]
|[http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000037}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]]
|[http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000017}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Hinckley and Bosworth]]
|[http://www.hinckleyandbosworthonline.org.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000132}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[Horsham (district)|Horsham]]
|[http://www.horsham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000227}}
|District
|
|[[West Sussex]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|[http://www.hounslow.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000018}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Kingston upon Hull]]
|[http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000010}}
|City (1299)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[East Riding of Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Huntingdonshire]]
|[http://www.huntsdc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000011}}
|District
|
|[[Cambridgeshire]]
|-
|[[Hyndburn]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060530050349/http://www.hyndburnbc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000120}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Ipswich (borough)|Ipswich]]
|[http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000202}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Isle of Wight]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324060334/http://www.iwight.com/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000046}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Isle of Wight]]
|-
|[[Isles of Scilly]]
|[http://www.scilly.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000053}}
|
|''[[Sui generis]]''
|[[Cornwall]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Islington|Islington]]
|[http://www.islington.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000019}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]]
|[http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000020}}
|[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal borough]]
|[[London Borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]]
|[http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000146}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Norfolk]]
|-
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]]
|[http://www.kingston.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000021}}
|[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal Borough]]
|[[London Borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Kirklees]]
|[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/beta/default.aspx website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000034}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090729122520/http://www.knowsley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000011}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Merseyside]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]]
|[http://www.lambeth.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000022}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[City of Lancaster|Lancaster]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022608/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000121}}
|City (1937)
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[City of Leeds|Leeds]]
|[http://www.leeds.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000035}}
|City (1895)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Leicester]]
|[http://www.leicester.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000016}}
|City (1919)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[Lewes (district)|Lewes]]
|[http://www.lewes.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000063}}
|District
|
|[[East Sussex]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]]
|[http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000023}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Lichfield (district)|Lichfield]]
|[http://www.lichfielddc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000194}}
|District
|
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]]
|[http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000138}}
|City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'')
|
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[Liverpool]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060328002145/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000012}}
|City (1880)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Merseyside]]
|-
|[[City of London]]
|[http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000001}}
|City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'')
|''[[Sui generis]]''
|[[City of London]]
|-
|[[Borough of Luton|Luton]]
|[http://www.luton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000032}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Bedfordshire]]
|-
|[[Maidstone (borough)|Maidstone]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522024129/http://www.digitalmaidstone.co.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000110}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Maldon (district)|Maldon]]
|[http://www.maldon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000074}}
|District
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140608095352/http://www.malvernhills.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000235}}
|District
|
|[[Worcestershire]]
|-
|[[City of Manchester|Manchester]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110303042405/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000003}}
|City (1853)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Mansfield (district)|Mansfield]]
|[http://www.mansfield.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000174}}
|District
|
|[[Nottinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Medway]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20040124162034/http://www.medway.gov.uk/index/leisure/localhistory/timeline/17909.htm website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000035}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Melton (borough)|Melton]]
|[http://www.melton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000133}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[Mendip District|Mendip]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130416233913/http://www.mendip.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000187}}
|District
|
|[[Somerset]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Merton|Merton]]
|[http://www.merton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000024}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Mid Devon]]
|[http://www.middevon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000042}}
|District
|
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[Mid Suffolk]]
|[http://www.midsuffolk.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000203}}
|District
|
|[[Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Mid Sussex District|Mid Sussex]]
|[http://www.midsussex.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000228}}
|District
|
|[[West Sussex]]
|-
|[[Middlesbrough (borough)|Middlesbrough]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20191006165155/https://middlesbrough.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000002}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[City of Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120829214812/http://www.miltonkeynes.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000042}}
|City (2022)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Buckinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Mole Valley]]
|[http://www.molevalley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000210}}
|District
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[Newark and Sherwood]]
|[http://www.newark-sherwooddc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000175}}
|District
|
|[[Nottinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough)|Newcastle-under-Lyme]]
|[http://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000195}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[City of Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle upon Tyne]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208200135/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000021}}
|City (1882)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Tyne and Wear]]
|-
|[[New Forest (district)|New Forest]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130525044829/http://nfdc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000091}}
|District
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Newham|Newham]]
|[http://www.newham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000025}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[North Devon]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090502233241/http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000043}}
|District
|
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[North East Derbyshire]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110205101637/http://www.ne-derbyshire.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000038}}
|District
|
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[North East Lincolnshire]]
|[http://www.nelincs.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000012}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[North Hertfordshire]]
|[https://www.north-herts.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000099}}
|District
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[North Kesteven]]
|[http://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000139}}
|District
|
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[North Lincolnshire]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122041738/http://www.northlincs.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000013}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[North Norfolk]]
|[http://www.north-norfolk.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000147}}
|District
|
|[[Norfolk]]
|-
|[[North Northamptonshire]]
|[https://www.northnorthants.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000154}}
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[North Somerset]]
|[http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000024}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Somerset]]
|-
|[[North Tyneside]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923012827/https://northtyneside.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000022}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Tyne and Wear]]
|-
|[[North Warwickshire]]
|[http://www.northwarks.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000218}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Warwickshire]]
|-
|[[North West Leicestershire]]
|[http://www.nwleics.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000134}}
|District
|
|[[Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[Northumberland]]
|[http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000057}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Northumberland]]
|-
|[[Norwich]]
|[http://www.norwich.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000148}}
|City (1195)
|
|[[Norfolk]]
|-
|[[Nottingham]]
|[http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000018}}
|City (1897)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Nottinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]]
|[http://www.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000219}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Warwickshire]]
|-
|[[Oadby and Wigston]]
|[http://www.oadby-wigston.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000135}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Leicestershire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Oldham|Oldham]]
|[http://www.oldham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000004}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[City of Oxford|Oxford]]
|[http://www.oxford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000178}}
|City (1542)
|
|[[Oxfordshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Pendle|Pendle]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722025859/http://www.pendle.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000122}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[City of Peterborough|Peterborough]]
|[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000031}}
|City (1541)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Cambridgeshire]]
|-
|[[Plymouth]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130821085851/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000026}}
|City (1928)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[Portsmouth]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208200226/http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000044}}
|City (1926)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[City of Preston, Lancashire|Preston]]
|[http://www.preston.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000123}}
|City (2002)
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Reading|Reading]]
|[http://www.reading.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000038}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Berkshire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]]
|[http://www.redbridge.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000026}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Redcar and Cleveland]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902105910/http://www.redcar-cleveland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000003}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Redditch|Redditch]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160131040122/http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000236}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Worcestershire]]
|-
|[[Reigate and Banstead]]
|[http://www.reigate-banstead.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000211}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[Ribble Valley]]
|[http://www.ribblevalley.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000124}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]]
|[http://www.richmond.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000027}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Richmondshire]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327163824/http://www.richmondshire.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000166}}
|District
|
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale|Rochdale]]
|[http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000005}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Rochford (district)|Rochford]]
|[http://www.rochford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000075}}
|District
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Borough of Rossendale|Rossendale]]
|[http://www.rossendale.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000125}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Rother District|Rother]]
|[http://www.rother.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000064}}
|District
|
|[[East Sussex]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham|Rotherham]]
|[http://www.rotherham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000018}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[South Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Rugby (borough)|Rugby]]
|[http://www.rugby.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000220}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Warwickshire]]
|-
|[[Runnymede (borough)|Runnymede]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050618081206/http://www.runnymede.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000212}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[Rushcliffe]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326160416/http://www.rushcliffe.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000176}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Nottinghamshire]]
|-
|[[Rushmoor]]
|[http://www.rushmoor.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000092}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Rutland]]
|[http://www.rutland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000017}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Rutland]]
|-
|[[Ryedale]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406211149/http://www.ryedale.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000167}}
|District
|
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[City and District of St Albans|St Albans]]
|[http://www.stalbans.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000240}}
|City (1877)
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of St Helens|St Helens]]
|[http://www.sthelens.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000013}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Merseyside]]
|-
|[[City of Salford|Salford]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327011636/http://www.salford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000006}}
|City (1926)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Sandwell]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020925171742/http://smbc.sandwell.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000028}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]
|-
|[[Scarborough (borough)|Scarborough]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20201005065205/https://www.scarborough.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000168}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Sedgemoor]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140313080617/http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000188}}
|District
|
|[[Somerset]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]]
|[http://www.sefton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000014}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Merseyside]]
|-
|[[Selby (district)|Selby]]
|[http://www.selby.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000169}}
|District
|
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Sevenoaks (district)|Sevenoaks]]
|[http://www.sevenoaks.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000111}}
|District
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[City of Sheffield|Sheffield]]
|[http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000019}}
|City (1893)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[South Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]]
|[http://www.shropshire.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000051}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Shropshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Slough|Slough]]
|[http://www.slough.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000039}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Berkshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Solihull|Solihull]]
|[http://www.solihull.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000029}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]
|-
|[[Somerset West and Taunton]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510081103/http://somersetwestandtaunton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000246}}
|District
|
|[[Somerset]]
|-
|[[South Cambridgeshire]]
|[http://www.scambs.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000012}}
|District
|
|[[Cambridgeshire]]
|-
|[[South Derbyshire]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012317/http://www.south-derbys.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000039}}
|District
|
|[[Derbyshire]]
|-
|[[South Gloucestershire]]
|[http://www.southglos.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000025}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[South Hams]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/19990429120847/http://www.south-hams-dc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000044}}
|District
|
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[South Holland, Lincolnshire|South Holland]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050657/http://www.sholland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000140}}
|District
|
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[South Kesteven]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20000304023227/http://www.skdc.com/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000141}}
|District
|
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[South Lakeland]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130430031933/http://www.southlakeland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000031}}
|District
|
|[[Cumbria]]
|-
|[[South Norfolk]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060102223444/http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000149}}
|District
|
|[[Norfolk]]
|-
|[[South Oxfordshire]]
|[http://www.southoxon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000179}}
|District
|
|[[Oxfordshire]]
|-
|[[South Ribble]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025041957/http://www.south-ribblebc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000126}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[South Somerset]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140703124829/http://www.southsomerset.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000189}}
|District
|
|[[Somerset]]
|-
|[[South Staffordshire]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060615101642/http://www.sstaffs.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000196}}
|District
|
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[South Tyneside]]
|[http://www.southtyneside.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000023}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Tyne and Wear]]
|-
|[[Southampton]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218194008/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000045}}
|City (1964)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Southend-on-Sea|Southend-on-Sea]]
|[http://www.southend.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000033}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]]
|[http://www.southwark.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000028}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Borough of Spelthorne|Spelthorne]]
|[http://www.spelthorne.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000213}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[Stafford (borough)|Stafford]]
|[http://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000197}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[Staffordshire Moorlands]]
|[http://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000198}}
|District
|
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[Stevenage]]
|[http://www.stevenage.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000243}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Stockport|Stockport]]
|[http://www.stockport.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000007}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Stockton-on-Tees (borough)|Stockton-on-Tees]]
|[http://www.stockton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000004}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[County Durham]] and [[North Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Stoke-on-Trent]]
|[http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000021}}
|City (1925)
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[Stratford-on-Avon (district)|Stratford-on-Avon]]
|[http://www.stratford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000221}}
|District
|
|[[Warwickshire]]
|-
|[[Stroud (district)|Stroud]]
|[http://www.stroud.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000082}}
|District
|
|[[Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203200247/http://www.sunderland.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000024}}
|City (1992)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Tyne and Wear]]
|-
|[[Surrey Heath]]
|[http://www.surreyheath.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000214}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]]
|[http://www.sutton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000029}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Borough of Swale|Swale]]
|[http://www.swale.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000113}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]]
|[http://www.swindon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000030}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Wiltshire]]
|-
|[[Tameside]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20150629115437/http://www.tameside.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000008}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Tamworth (borough)|Tamworth]]
|[http://www.tamworth.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000199}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Staffordshire]]
|-
|[[Tandridge (district)|Tandridge]]
|[http://www.tandridge.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000215}}
|District
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[Teignbridge]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150805/http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000045}}
|District
|
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[Telford and Wrekin]]
|[http://www.telford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000020}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Shropshire]]
|-
|[[Tendring District|Tendring]]
|[http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000076}}
|District
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Test Valley]]
|[http://www.testvalley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000093}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Tewkesbury (borough)|Tewkesbury]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024133610/http://www.tewkesburybc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000083}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[Thanet (district)|Thanet]]
|[http://www.thanet.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000114}}
|District
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Three Rivers (district)|Three Rivers]]
|[http://www.threerivers.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000102}}
|District
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[Thurrock]]
|[http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000034}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Tonbridge and Malling]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013112247/http://www.tmbc.gov.uk/cgi-bin/buildpage.pl?mysql=996 website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000115}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Torbay]]
|[http://www.torbay.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000027}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[Torridge District|Torridge]]
|[http://www.torridge.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000046}}
|District
|
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]]
|[http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000030}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Trafford]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921184244/http://www.trafford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000009}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Tunbridge Wells (borough)|Tunbridge Wells]]
|[http://www.tunbridgewells.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000116}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Kent]]
|-
|[[Uttlesford]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050829190520/http://www.uttlesford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000077}}
|District
|
|[[Essex, England|Essex]]
|-
|[[Vale of White Horse]]
|[http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000180}}
|District
|
|[[Oxfordshire]]
|-
|[[City of Wakefield|Wakefield]]
|[http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000036}}
|City (1888)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Walsall|Walsall]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20170905165129/https://www.walsall.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000030}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|[https://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000031}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]]
|[http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000032}}
|London Borough
|[[London borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[Borough of Warrington|Warrington]]
|[http://www.warrington.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000007}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Cheshire]]
|-
|[[Warwick (district)|Warwick]]
|[http://www.warwickdc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000222}}
|District
|
|[[Warwickshire]]
|-
|[[Watford]]
|[http://www.watford.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000103}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[Waverley, Surrey|Waverley]]
|[http://www.waverley.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000216}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[Wealden District|Wealden]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20201009122858/https://www.wealden.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000065}}
|District
|
|[[East Sussex]]
|-
|[[Welwyn Hatfield]]
|[http://www.welhat.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000241}}
|District
|
|[[Hertfordshire]]
|-
|[[West Berkshire]]
|[http://www.westberks.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000037}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Berkshire]]
|-
|[[West Devon]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060927031925/http://www.westdevon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000047}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Devon]]
|-
|[[West Lancashire]]
|[https://www.westlancs.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000127}}
|District
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[West Lindsey]]
|[http://www.west-lindsey.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000142}}
|District
|
|[[Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[City of Westminster|Westminster]]
|[http://www.westminster.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E09000033}}
|City (1540)
|[[London Borough]]
|[[Greater London]]
|-
|[[West Northamptonshire]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510095331/https://www.westnorthants.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000154}}
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[West Oxfordshire]]
|[http://www.westoxon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000181}}
|District
|
|[[Oxfordshire]]
|-
|[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]]
|[http://www.westsuffolk.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000245}}
|District
|
|[[Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Wigan|Wigan]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203095320/http://www.wiganmbc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000010}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Greater Manchester]]
|-
|[[Wiltshire]]
|[http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000054}}
|
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Wiltshire]]
|-
|[[City of Winchester|Winchester]]
|[http://www.winchester.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000094}}
|City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'')
|
|[[Hampshire]]
|-
|[[Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead|Windsor and Maidenhead]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20180925232902/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000040}}
|[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Berkshire]]
|-
|[[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]]
|[http://www.wirral.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000015}}
|Metropolitan Borough
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[Merseyside]]
|-
|[[Borough of Woking|Woking]]
|[http://www.woking.gov.uk website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000217}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Surrey]]
|-
|[[Borough of Wokingham|Wokingham]]
|[http://www.wokingham.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000041}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[Berkshire]]
|-
|[[Wolverhampton]]
|[http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E08000031}}
|City (2000)
|[[Metropolitan borough]]
|[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]
|-
|[[Worcester, England|Worcester]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510094146/https://www.worcester.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000237}}
|City (1189)
|
|[[Worcestershire]]
|-
|[[Worthing]]
|[http://www.worthing.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000229}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[West Sussex]]
|-
|[[Wychavon]]
|[http://www.wychavon.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000238}}
|District
|
|[[Worcestershire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Wyre|Wyre]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060804091037/http://wyrebc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000128}}
|[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]]
|
|[[Lancashire]]
|-
|[[Wyre Forest (district)|Wyre Forest]]
|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406161721/http://wyreforestdc.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E07000239}}
|District
|
|[[Worcestershire]]
|-
|[[City of York|York]]
|[http://www.york.gov.uk/ website]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |{{English district population|GSS=E06000014}}
|City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'')
|[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]]
|[[North Yorkshire]]
|}

== Maboma ghakale ==
Ndondomeko ya vigaŵa iyo yilipo sono yikamba mu 1974 mu England na Wales, ndipo yikanjira m'malo mwa vigaŵa vyakale nga ni municipalities, urban districts, rural districts na county boroughs.

Ku England, vinthu vikasintha, kweni mu ndondomeko iyo yikaŵako.

Malo ghakale gha Chingelezi ni agha:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!District
!Status
!Date abolished
!Former county
!Successor
|-
|[[Alnwick (district)|Alnwick]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Northumberland]]
|[[Northumberland]]
|-
|[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]
|non-metropolitan district, City
|1 April 1996
|[[County of Avon|Avon]]
|[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|-
|[[Berwick-upon-Tweed (borough)|Berwick-upon-Tweed]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Northumberland]]
|[[Northumberland]]
|-
|[[East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[Humberside]]
|[[East Riding of Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Blyth Valley]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Northumberland]]
|[[Northumberland]]
|-
|[[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[Humberside]]
|[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] and [[North Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Bournemouth|Bournemouth]]
|unitary authority, borough
|1 April 2019
|[[Dorset]]
|[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]]
|-
|[[Bridgnorth (district)|Bridgnorth]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Shropshire]]
|[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]]
|-
|[[Brighton]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1997
|[[East Sussex]]
|[[Brighton and Hove]]
|-
|[[Caradon]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Cornwall]]
|[[Cornwall]]
|-
|[[Carrick, Cornwall|Carrick]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Cornwall]]
|[[Cornwall]]
|-
|[[Castle Morpeth]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Northumberland]]
|[[Northumberland]]
|-
|[[Chester (district)|Chester]]
|non-metropolitan district, City
|1 April 2009
|[[Cheshire]]
|[[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|-
|[[Chester-le-Street (district)|Chester-le-Street]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[County Durham]]
|[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]]
|-
|[[Borough of Christchurch|Christchurch]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2019
|[[Dorset]]
|[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]]
|-
|[[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[Humberside]]
|[[North East Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[Congleton (borough)|Congleton]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Cheshire]]
|[[Cheshire East]]
|-
|[[Corby (borough)|Corby]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2021
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|[[North Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[Crewe and Nantwich]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Cheshire]]
|[[Cheshire East]]
|-
|[[Daventry (district)|Daventry]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2021
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|[[West Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[Derwentside]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[County Durham]]
|[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]]
|-
|[[Durham (district)|Durham]]
|non-metropolitan district, City
|1 April 2009
|[[County Durham]]
|[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]]
|-
|[[Easington (district)|Easington]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[County Durham]]
|[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]]
|-
|[[East Dorset]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2019
|[[Dorset]]
|[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]]
|-
|[[East Northamptonshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2021
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|[[North Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[Humberside]]
|[[East Riding of Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Ellesmere Port and Neston]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Cheshire]]
|[[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|-
|[[Forest Heath]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2019
|[[Suffolk]]
|[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Gillingham, Medway|Gillingham]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1998
|[[Kent]]
|[[Medway]]
|-
|[[Glanford (borough)|Glanford]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[Humberside]]
|[[North Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[Humberside]]
|[[North East Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[Hereford]]
|non-metropolitan district, City
|1 April 1998
|[[Hereford and Worcester]]
|[[Herefordshire]]
|-
|[[Holderness (borough)|Holderness]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[Humberside]]
|[[East Riding of Yorkshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Hove|Hove]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1997
|[[East Sussex]]
|[[Brighton and Hove]]
|-
|[[Kennet (district)|Kennet]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Wiltshire]]
|[[Wiltshire]]
|-
|[[Kerrier]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Cornwall]]
|[[Cornwall]]
|-
|[[Borough of Kettering|Kettering]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2021
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|[[North Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[Kingswood (borough)|Kingswood]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[County of Avon|Avon]]
|[[South Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[Leominster (district)|Leominster]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 1998
|[[Hereford and Worcester]]
|[[Herefordshire]] (part to [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]])
|-
|[[Macclesfield (borough)|Macclesfield]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Cheshire]]
|[[Cheshire East]]
|-
|[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 1998
|[[Hereford and Worcester]]
|[[Herefordshire]] and [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]]
|-
|[[Medina (borough)|Medina]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1995
|[[Isle of Wight]]
|[[Isle of Wight]]
|-
|[[Mid Bedfordshire (district)|Mid Bedfordshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Bedfordshire]]
|[[Central Bedfordshire]]
|-
|[[North Cornwall]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Cornwall]]
|[[Cornwall]]
|-
|[[North Dorset]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2019
|[[Dorset]]
|[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]]
|-
|[[North Shropshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Shropshire]]
|[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]]
|-
|[[North Wiltshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Wiltshire]]
|[[Wiltshire]]
|-
|[[Borough of Northampton|Northampton]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2021
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|[[West Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[Northavon]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 1996
|[[County of Avon|Avon]]
|[[South Gloucestershire]]
|-
|[[Oswestry (borough)|Oswestry]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Shropshire]]
|[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]]
|-
|[[Penwith]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Cornwall]]
|[[Cornwall]]
|-
|[[Borough of Poole|Poole]]
|unitary authority, borough
|1 April 2019
|[[Dorset]]
|[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]]
|-
|[[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2019
|[[Dorset]]
|[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]]
|-
|[[Restormel]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Cornwall]]
|[[Cornwall]]
|-
|[[City of Rochester-upon-Medway|Rochester-upon-Medway]]
|non-metropolitan district, City
|1 April 1998
|[[Kent]]
|[[Medway]]
|-
|[[Salisbury (district)|Salisbury]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Wiltshire]]
|[[Wiltshire]]
|-
|[[Scunthorpe (borough)|Scunthorpe]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1996
|[[Humberside]]
|[[North Lincolnshire]]
|-
|[[Sedgefield (borough)|Sedgefield]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[County Durham]]
|[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]]
|-
|[[Shrewsbury and Atcham]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Shropshire]]
|[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]]
|-
|[[South Bedfordshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Bedfordshire]]
|[[Central Bedfordshire]]
|-
|[[South Herefordshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 1998
|[[Hereford and Worcester]]
|[[Herefordshire]]
|-
|[[South Northamptonshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2021
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|[[West Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[South Shropshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Shropshire]]
|[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]]
|-
|[[South Wight]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 1995
|[[Isle of Wight]]
|[[Isle of Wight]]
|-
|[[St Edmundsbury (borough)|St Edmundsbury]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2019
|[[Suffolk]]
|[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Suffolk Coastal]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2019
|[[Suffolk]]
|[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Taunton Deane]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2019
|[[Somerset]]
|[[Somerset West and Taunton]]
|-
|[[Teesdale (district)|Teesdale]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[County Durham]]
|[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]]
|-
|[[Tynedale]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Northumberland]]
|[[Northumberland]]
|-
|[[Vale Royal]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2009
|[[Cheshire]]
|[[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|-
|[[Wansbeck District|Wansbeck]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Northumberland]]
|[[Northumberland]]
|-
|[[Wansdyke (district)|Wansdyke]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 1996
|[[County of Avon|Avon]]
|[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|-
|[[Waveney District|Waveney]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2019
|[[Suffolk]]
|[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]]
|-
|[[Wear Valley]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[County Durham]]
|[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]]
|-
|[[Borough of Wellingborough|Wellingborough]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2021
|[[Northamptonshire]]
|[[North Northamptonshire]]
|-
|[[West Dorset]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2019
|[[Dorset]]
|[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]]
|-
|[[West Somerset]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2019
|[[Somerset]]
|[[Somerset West and Taunton]]
|-
|[[West Wiltshire]]
|non-metropolitan district
|1 April 2009
|[[Wiltshire]]
|[[Wiltshire]]
|-
|[[Weymouth and Portland]]
|non-metropolitan district, borough
|1 April 2019
|[[Dorset]]
|[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]]
|}

In most cases, these districts were merged to form [[Unitary authority|unitary authorities]], which are indicated in the right.

The exceptions were [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]], which were both split between the new district of [[Herefordshire]] and a new district of [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]].

See [[List of rural and urban districts of England]] for a list of the districts as they stood immediately before 1 April 1974.
&lt;!--
==New districts==
Districts created post-1974, ignoring unitary authorities run as counties, are

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!District
!Date created
!Predecessor(s)
|-
|[[Bath and North East Somerset]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] and [[Wansdyke (district)|Wansdyke]]
|-
|[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Borough of Bournemouth|Bournemouth]], [[Borough of Christchurch|Christchurch]] and [[Borough of Poole|Poole]]
|-
|[[Brighton and Hove]]            || 1 April 1997 || [[Brighton]] and [[Borough of Hove|Hove]]
|-
|[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] || 1 April 2019 || [[East Dorset]], [[North Dorset]], [[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]], [[West Dorset]], [[Weymouth and Portland]]
|-
|[[East Riding of Yorkshire (district)|East Riding of Yorkshire]]     || 1 April 1996 || [[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] (part), [[East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]], [[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]], [[Holderness (borough)|Holderness]]
|-
|[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Suffolk Coastal]], [[Waverney District|Waveney]]
|-
|[[Herefordshire]]       || 1 April 1998 || [[Hereford]], [[Malvern Hills]] (part), [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] (part) [[South Herefordshire]]
|-
|[[Isle of Wight]]       || 1 April 1995 || [[Medina (borough)|Medina]], [[South Wight]]
|-
|[[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]]       || 1 April 1998 || [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] (part) and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] (part)
|-
|[[Medway]]              || 1 April 1998 || [[City of Rochester-upon-Medway|Rochester]] and [[Gillingham, Medway|Gillingham]]
|-
|[[North Lincolnshire]]  || 1 April 1996 || [[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] (part), [[Glanford (borough)|Glanford]], [[Scunthorpe (borough)|Scunthorpe]]
|-
|[[North East Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]], [[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]]
|-
|[[Somerset West and Taunton]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Taunton Deane]], [[West Somerset]]
|-
|[[South Gloucestershire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Kingswood, South Gloucestershire|Kingswood]], [[Northavon]]
|-
|[[City of York|York]] || 1 April 1996 || [[York]], [[Borough of Harrogate|Harrogate]] (part), [[Ryedale]], [[Selby District)|Selby]]
|[[North East Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]], [[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]]
|-
|}
--&gt;

== Renamings ==
Under section 74 of the [[Local Government Act 1972]], the council of a district, county or London borough (or [[county borough]] in Wales) may change its name, providing the resolution to do so gains two-thirds of the votes at a special meeting. Until 1 April 1978, the council had to have the permission of the Secretary of State, but since that date they may do so unilaterally. At least one district name change was vetoed: the shadow authority for North Wolds wished to become &quot;Bridlington and Yorkshire Wolds&quot; before 1974 at the same time as other name changes were allowed.

Several English districts have done this, whilst others have been renamed under the [[1990s UK local government reform]]. A few districts have even changed names twice.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Original name
!New name
! data-sort-type=&quot;date&quot; |Date
!Notes
|-
|Barking
|[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]]
|1 January 1980
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8082&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Basingstoke
|[[Basingstoke and Deane]]
|20 January 1978
|&lt;ref&gt;* {{London Gazette|issue=47453|date=2 February 1978|page=1397}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Beaconsfield
|[[South Bucks]]
|1 April 1980
|&lt;ref name=&quot;7980bull&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities October 1979 to April 1980 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin79-80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213221611/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin79-80.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bedford
|North Bedfordshire
|15 October 1975
|&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|issue=46725|date=31 October 1975|page=13813}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]]
|1 October 1992
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bulletin9293&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes of Local Authority Status, Names and Areas 1 April 1992 – 31 March 1993 |url=https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/17517/bulletin92-93.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805150954/https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/17517/bulletin92-93.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017 |publisher=Department of The Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Beverley
|[[Beverley (borough)|East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]]
|12 May 1981
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8082&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Blackburn
|[[Blackburn with Darwen]]
|2 May 1997
|(before unitary)
|-
|Bosworth
|[[Hinckley and Bosworth]]
|20 November 1973
|†
|-
|Bracknell
|[[Bracknell Forest]]
|27 April 1988
|&lt;ref name=&quot;8788bull&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes of Local Authority Status, Names and Areas 1st April 1987- 31st March 1988 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1987-1988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033524/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1987-1988.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Crewe
|[[Crewe and Nantwich]]
|17 January 1974
|†
|-
|Ellesmere Port
|[[Ellesmere Port and Neston]]
|21 June 1976
|
|-
|Grimsby
|[[Great Grimsby]]
|1 January 1979
|
|-
|Hammersmith
|[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]]
|1 April 1979
|
|-
|Hartley Wintney
|[[Hart (district)|Hart]]
|17 January 1974
|†
|-
|Herefordshire
|[[Herefordshire|County of Herefordshire]]
|20 June 1997
|
|-
|Huntingdon
|[[Huntingdonshire]]
|1 October 1984
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8485&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities 1 April 1984 – 31 March 1985 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin84-85.pdf |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Langbaurgh
|Langbaurgh-on-Tees
|1 January 1988
|&lt;ref name=&quot;8788bull&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[Redcar and Cleveland]]
|1 April 1996
|(with unitary)
|-
|Medway
|[[Rochester-upon-Medway]]
|3 December 1979
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8082&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Medway Towns
|[[Medway]]
|1 April 1998
|(with unitary)
|-
|Newark
|[[Newark and Sherwood]]
|1 April 1985
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8485&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Newbury
|[[West Berkshire]]
|1 April 1998
|(with unitary)
|-
|North Wolds
|[[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]]
|1 February 1981
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8082&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Nuneaton
|[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]]
|1 October 1980
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8082&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Pastonacres
|[[North Norfolk]]
|20 September 1973
|†
|-
|Petersfield
|[[East Hampshire]]
|8 October 1973
|†
|-
|Poole
|[[Poole|Borough and County of the Town of Poole]]
|1 April 1997
|(with unitary)
|-
|Rutland
|[[Rutland|Rutland County Council]]
|1 April 1997
|(with unitary)
|-
|Shepway
|[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]]
|1 April 2018
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=We've changed our name |url=https://www.shepway.gov.uk/news/name-change |website=www.shepway.gov.uk |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Shrewsbury
|[[Shrewsbury and Atcham]]
|12 June 1974
|
|-
|Thamesdown
|[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]]
|effective 1 April 1997
|(soon before unitary)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20031924.htm The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(Borough of Swindon) Order 2003&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Tiverton
|[[Mid Devon]]
|6 February 1978
|&lt;ref name=&quot;1978bull&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Alteration in Status and Areas of Local Authorities for Period February 1978 - September 1978 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1978-feb-to-sept.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603044241/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1978-feb-to-sept.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2011 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Wallingford
|[[South Oxfordshire]]
|20 September 1973
|†
|-
|West Derbyshire
|[[Derbyshire Dales]]
|1 January 1987
|
|-
|West Norfolk
|[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]]
|14 May 1981
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8082&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes in Local Authority Areas, Names and Status 1980-1982 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin80-82.pdf |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Wimborne
|[[East Dorset]]
|1 January 1988
|&lt;ref name=&quot;8788bull&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Woodspring
|[[North Somerset]]
|1 April 1996
|(with unitary)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Wrekin
|The Wrekin
|7 February 1974
|†
|-
|[[Telford and Wrekin]]
|1 April 1998
|(with unitary)
|-
|Yeovil
|[[South Somerset]]
|1 April 1985
|&lt;ref name=&quot;bull8485&quot; /&gt;
|}

† Malango gha kusintha zina la cigaŵa ici ghakapelekeka na maboma gha &quot;mithunzi&quot; agho ghakasankhika pa 7 Juni 1973.

Kweniso chigaŵa chinyake cha ku England ŵali kuchinthaso zina. Pakwamba, tawuni ya Shropshire yikacemekanga Salop. Zina lake likasintha kufuma pa Epulero 1, 1980.

== Wonaniso ==

* [[List of rural and urban districts in England in 1973]]

== Ukaboni ==
{{Reflist}}

== Vyakuona vya kuwalo ==

* [[wikisource:The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972|The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972]] (SI 1972/2039)

{{Administrative geography of the United Kingdom}}
{{Subdivisions of England}}

[[Category:Districts of England|*02]]
[[Category:England geography-related lists|Districts of England]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of the United Kingdom|English districts]]
[[Category:Local government in the United Kingdom|Districts, English02]]
[[fr:Liste des districts d'Angleterre]]
[[no:Distrikt (England)]]</text>
      <sha1>tfoxr0vqeu3vq3g1ozzaf61yzh0pfdk</sha1>
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    <title>Draft:Tchalitchi la Katolika</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
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      <text bytes="87211" sha1="828hfd45pzcu60zmpeba8bw92rxyibe" xml:space="preserve">===Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation===
{{Main|Protestant Reformation|Counter-Reformation}}
{{multiple image
| footer = [[Martin Luther]] (left), originally an [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] monk, posted the ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' (right) in 1517.
| align = left
| image1 = Martin Luther by Cranach-restoration.jpg
| width1 = 186
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| width2 = 140
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In 1415, [[Jan Hus]] was burned at the stake for heresy, but his reform efforts encouraged [[Martin Luther]], an [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] monk in modern-day Germany, who [[History of Lutheranism#The start of the Reformation|sent]] his ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' to several bishops in 1517.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}} His theses protested key points of Catholic [[doctrine]] as well as the sale of [[indulgence]]s, and along with the [[Leipzig Debate]] this led to his [[Martin Luther#Excommunication|excommunication]] in 1521.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar184&quot;&gt;Vidmar, p. 184.&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Switzerland]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]] and other [[Protestant Reformers]] further criticized Catholic teachings. These challenges developed into the Reformation, which gave birth to the great majority of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[list of Christian denominations|denominations]]{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=223–224}} and also [[crypto-protestantism|crypto-Protestantism]] within the Catholic Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fernández|first=Luis Martínez|title=Crypto-Protestants and Pseudo-Catholics in the Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Caribbean|journal=Journal of Ecclesiastical History|volume=51|issue=2|pages=347–365|year=2000|doi=10.1017/S0022046900004255|s2cid=162296826}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, [[Henry VIII]] petitioned [[Pope Clement VII]] for a [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|declaration of nullity]] concerning his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]]. When this was denied, he had the [[Acts of Supremacy]] passed to make himself [[Supreme Head of the Church of England]], spurring the [[English Reformation]] and the eventual development of [[Anglicanism]].{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=235–237}}

The Reformation contributed to clashes between the Protestant [[Schmalkaldic League]] and the Catholic Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] and his allies. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 with the [[Peace of Augsburg]] but continued tensions produced a far graver conflict—the [[Thirty Years' War]]—which broke out in 1618.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar233&quot;/&gt; In France, a series of conflicts termed the [[French Wars of Religion]] was fought from 1562 to 1598 between the [[Huguenot]]s (French [[Calvinists]]) and the forces of the [[Catholic League (French)|French Catholic League]], which were backed and funded by a series of popes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy177&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 177–178&lt;/ref&gt; This ended under [[Pope Clement VIII]], who hesitantly accepted King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV's]] 1598 [[Edict of Nantes]] granting civil and [[religious toleration]] to French Protestants.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar233&quot;&gt;Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 233&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy177&quot;/&gt;

The [[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) became the driving force behind the [[Counter-Reformation]] in response to the Protestant movement. Doctrinally, it reaffirmed central Catholic teachings such as [[transubstantiation]] and the requirement for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=242–244}} In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world, in part through missionaries and [[imperialism]], although its hold on European populations declined due to the growth of [[religious scepticism]] during and after the Enlightenment.&lt;ref&gt;Maxwell, Melvin. ''Bible Truth or Church Tradition'', p. 70&lt;/ref&gt;

===Enlightenment and modern period===
{{Main|Age of Enlightenment}}
{{Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar}}
[[File:São Miguel das Missões (Brazil).jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of the [[Jesuit Reduction]] at [[São Miguel das Missões]] in Brazil]]
From the 17th century onward, the Enlightenment questioned the power and influence of the Catholic Church over Western society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollard8&quot;&gt;Pollard, pp. 7–8&lt;/ref&gt; In the 18th century, writers such as [[Voltaire]] and the ''[[Encyclopédistes]]'' wrote biting critiques of both religion and the Catholic Church. One target of their criticism was the 1685 [[revocation of the Edict of Nantes]] by King [[Louis XIV of France]], which ended a century-long policy of religious toleration of Protestant Huguenots. As the papacy resisted pushes for [[Gallicanism]], the [[French Revolution]] of 1789 shifted power to the state, caused the destruction of churches, the establishment of a [[Cult of Reason]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=283–285}} and the martyrdom of [[Martyrs of Compiègne|nuns]] during the ''[[Reign of Terror]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Sixteen Blessed Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1798, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] invaded the [[Italian Peninsula]], imprisoning [[Pope Pius VI]], who died in captivity. Napoleon later re-established the Catholic Church in France through the [[Concordat of 1801]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins176&quot;&gt;Collins, p. 176&lt;/ref&gt; The end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] brought Catholic revival and the return of the [[Papal States]].&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, pp. 214–216&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1854, [[Pope Pius IX]], with the support of the overwhelming majority of Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed the [[Immaculate Conception]] as a [[dogma in the Catholic Church]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|title=John Paul II, General Audience|publisher=Vatican.va|date=24 March 1993|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|archive-date=10 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1870, the [[First Vatican Council]] affirmed the doctrine of [[papal infallibility]] when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements,&lt;ref name=&quot;Leith&quot;&gt;Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (1963), p. 143&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy232&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 232&lt;/ref&gt; striking a blow to the rival position of [[Conciliar Church|conciliarism]]. Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the [[Old Catholic Church#Impact of the First Vatican Council: second stage|Old Catholic Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Fahlbusch&quot;&gt;Fahlbusch, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001), p. 729&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Italian unification]] of the 1860s incorporated the Papal States, including Rome itself from 1870, into the [[Kingdom of Italy]], thus ending the papacy's [[temporal power (papal)|temporal power]]. In response, Pope Pius IX excommunicated [[Victor Emmanuel II|King Victor Emmanuel II]], refused payment for the land, and rejected the Italian [[Law of Guarantees]], which granted him special privileges. To avoid placing himself in visible subjection to the Italian authorities, he remained a &quot;[[prisoner in the Vatican]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|year=2006|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|url={{googlebooks|y_4eaFsFdI4C|pg=PT155|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-547-34716-5|page=PT155}}&lt;/ref&gt; This stand-off, which was spoken of as the ''[[Roman Question]]'', was resolved by the 1929 [[Lateran Treaties]], whereby the Holy See acknowledged Italian sovereignty over the former Papal States in return for payment and Italy's recognition of papal sovereignty over Vatican City as a new sovereign and independent state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter='Utterly Faithless Specimens': Italians in the Catholic Church in America|first=Peter R.|last=D'Agostino|editor-last=Connell|editor-first=William J.|editor2-last=Gardaphé|editor2-first=Fred|title=Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|chapter-url={{googlebooks|qp_GAAAAQBAJ|page=33|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-230-11532-3|pages=33–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catholic missionaries generally supported, and sought to facilitate, the European imperial powers' [[Scramble for Africa|conquest of Africa]] during the late nineteenth century. According to the historian of religion [[Adrian Hastings]], Catholic missionaries were generally unwilling to defend African rights or encourage Africans to see themselves as equals to Europeans, in contrast to Protestant missionaries, who were more willing to oppose colonial injustices.&lt;ref&gt;Adrian Hastings, ''The Church in Africa, 1450 – 1950'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, 394 – 490&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th century===
&lt;!--Following paragraph includes text copied from the article on the [[Terrible Triangle]] --&gt;{{Main|Catholic Church in the 20th century}}
During the 20th century, the church's global reach continued to grow, despite the rise of anti-Catholic authoritarian regimes and the collapse of European Empires, accompanied by a general decline in religious observance in the West. Under Popes [[Benedict XV]], and [[Pius XII]], the [[Holy See]] sought to maintain public neutrality through the World Wars, acting as peace broker and delivering aid to the victims of the conflicts. In the 1960s, [[Pope John XXIII]] convened the [[Second Vatican Council]], which ushered in radical change to church ritual and practice, and in the later 20th century, the long reign of [[Pope John Paul II]] contributed to the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, and a new public and international role for the papacy.&lt;ref&gt;Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;communist&quot; /&gt;

; World War One

Pope [[Pius X]] (1903–1914) renewed the independence of papal office by abolishing the veto of Catholic powers in papal elections, and his successors [[Benedict XV]] (1914–1922) and [[Pius XI]] (1922–1939) concluded the modern independence of the Vatican State within Italy.&lt;ref&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p. 239, p.241&lt;/ref&gt; Benedict XV was elected at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. He attempted to mediate between the powers and established a Vatican relief office, to assist victims of the war and reunite families.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popes p.240&quot;&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p.240&lt;/ref&gt; He offered numerous appeals for peace. His &quot;Dès le début&quot; initiative of 1 August 1917 was rejected by the warring parties.&lt;ref&gt;John Pollard &quot;Papal Diplomacy and The Great War&quot; (2014).&lt;/ref&gt;

; Interwar years

A number of [[anti-clerical]] governments emerged in the 20th century. The 1926 [[Calles Law]] separating church and state in Mexico led to the [[Cristero War]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chadwick264&quot;&gt;Chadwick, Owen, pp. 264–265&lt;/ref&gt; in which more than 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated,&lt;ref name=&quot;Scheina&quot;&gt;Scheina, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; churches desecrated, services mocked, nuns raped, and captured priests shot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chadwick264&quot;/&gt; Following the 1917 [[October Revolution]], persecution of the church and Catholics in the [[Soviet Union]] continued into the 1930s, with the execution and exiling of clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of religious implements, and closure of churches.&lt;ref&gt;Riasanovsky 617&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riasanovsky 634&quot;&gt;Riasanovsky 634&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1936–39 [[Spanish Civil War]], the Catholic hierarchy allied with [[Francisco Franco|Franco's]] [[Spanish State|Nationalists]] against the [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] government,&lt;ref&gt;Payne, p. 13&lt;/ref&gt; citing as justification [[Red Terror (Spain)|Republican violence]] against the church.&lt;ref&gt;Alonso, pp. 395–396&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Blood of Spain'', Ronald Fraser p. 415, collective letter of bishops of Spain, addressed to the bishops of the world. {{ISBN|0-7126-6014-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pope Pius XI]] referred to these three countries as a &quot;terrible triangle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Fontenelle, Mrg R (1939), ''Seine Heiligkeit Pius XI'', p. 164. Alsactia, France&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;divinired&quot;&gt;[[Encyclical]] ''[[Divini Redemptoris]]'', §&amp;nbsp;18 (AAS 29 [1937], 74). 1937. ''Libreria Editrice Vaticana'' ([https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html English translation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124153/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html|date=9 September 2015}})&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|While, since the 1960s, Pope Pius XII has been accused of not having done enough to shelter Jews from the [[Holocaust]], his defenders claim he secretly encouraged individual Catholic resistance groups,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Riebling |first1=Mark |title=Church of Spies |date=2015 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02229-8 |page=(flyleaf) &quot;[Pius XII] sent birthday cards to Hitler - while secretly plotting to kill him.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Burleigh |first1=Michael |title=Sacred Causes |date=2007 |publisher=Harper Perennial |page=252 &quot; 'They deplore the fact that the Pope does not speak,' Pius told the Jesuit rector of the Gregorian university in December 1942. 'But the Pope cannot speak. If he spoke, things would be worse.'&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lapide |first1=Pinchas |title=Three Popes and the Jews |date=1967 |publisher=Hawthorne Books |pages=214–15 &quot;Rabbi André Ungar of Temple Emanuel, N.J.,... says, 'The Vatican itself gave permission, and perhaps encouragement for Jewish rescue work; the Vatican provided large sums of money, and on occasion the facilities of its diplomatic privileges to save Jews from the Nazis.'&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as that led by priest [[Heinrich Maier]]. Maier helped the allies fight against the V-2, which was produced by [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] prisoners.]]

The interwar [[Pope Pius XI]] modernized the papacy by appearing in St Peter's Square, founding [[Vatican Radio]] and the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Papal Academy of Sciences]], appointing 40 indigenous bishops and concluding fifteen concordats, including the [[Lateran Treaty]] with Italy which founded the [[Vatican City State]].&lt;ref&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p.241-2&lt;/ref&gt; After violations of the 1933 [[Reichskonkordat]] between the church and [[Nazi Germany]], Pius XI issued the 1937 encyclical ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]'', which publicly condemned the [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany|Nazis' persecution of the church]] and their ideology of [[Modern Paganism|neopaganism]] and [[Supremacism|racial superiority]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes182&quot;&gt;Rhodes, pp. 182–183&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes197&quot;&gt;Rhodes, p. 197&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes204&quot;&gt;Rhodes, pp. 204–205&lt;/ref&gt;

; World War Two

His successor [[Pope Pius XII]] led the Catholic Church through the [[Second World War]] and early [[Cold War]]. Like his predecessors, Pius XII sought to publicly maintain Vatican neutrality in the War, and established aid networks to help victims, but he secretly [[Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance|assisted the anti-Hitler resistance]] and shared intelligence with the Allies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popes p.240&quot;/&gt; His first encyclical ''[[Summi Pontificatus]]'' (1939) expressed dismay at the [[1939 Invasion of Poland]] and reiterated Catholic teaching against [[racism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cook983&quot;&gt;Cook, p. 983&lt;/ref&gt; He expressed concern against race killings [[Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address|on Vatican Radio]], and intervened diplomatically to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries from 1942 to 1944. But the Pope's insistence on public neutrality and diplomatic language has become a source of much criticism and debate.&lt;ref&gt;[https://spectator.org/46578_hitlers-pope/ Hitler's Pope?]; Martin Gilbert; The American Spectator; 18 August 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews.&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-4299-0036-2, p 299&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli historian [[Pinchas Lapide]] estimated that [[Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust|Catholic rescue of Jews]] amounted to somewhere between 700,000 and 860,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lapomarda |first=Vincent A. |title=The Jesuits and the Third Reich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mO7AAAACAAJ&amp;pg=PA3 |year=2005 |publisher=E. Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-6265-6 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany|Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church]] was at its most intense [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland|in Poland]], and [[Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany|Catholic resistance to Nazism]] took various forms. Some 2,579 Catholic clergy were sent to the [[Priest Barracks of Dachau|Priest Barracks]] of [[Dachau Concentration Camp]], including 400 Germans.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton &amp; Company; London; pp. 210–11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berben, Paul (1975). Dachau, 1933–1945: the official history. Norfolk Press. ISBN 978-0-85211-009-6, pp276-277&lt;/ref&gt; Thousands of priests, nuns and brothers were imprisoned, taken to a concentration camp, tortured and murdered, including Saints [[Maximilian Kolbe]] and [[Edith Stein]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/non_jews_persecution.asp |title=Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Germany |publisher=Yad Vashem |access-date=28 October 2010 |archive-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129015947/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/non_jews_persecution.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Erika Weinzierl: Kirchlicher Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus. In: Themen der Zeitgeschichte und der Gegenwart. Vienna 2004, {{ISBN|3-8258-7549-0}}, pp 76.&lt;/ref&gt; Catholics fought on both sides in the conflict. Catholic clergy played a leading role in the government of the fascist [[Slovak State]], which collaborated with the Nazis, copied their anti-Semitic policies, and helped them carry out the Holocaust in Slovakia. [[Jozef Tiso]], the President of the Slovak State and a Catholic priest, supported his government's deportation of Slovakian Jews to extermination camps.&lt;ref&gt;James Ward, ''Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia'', Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013, 202 – 245&lt;/ref&gt; The Vatican protested against these Jewish deportations in Slovakia and in other Nazi puppet regimes including [[Vichy France]], Croatia, [[Bulgaria]], Italy and Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;Martin Gilbert; ''The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy''; Collins; London; 1986; pp. 202, 203, 206–207, 212–214, 451, 466.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Mazower; ''Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe''; Penguin; 2008; {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9681-4}}; p.395&lt;/ref&gt;

The Catholic resistance group around the priest [[Heinrich Maier]] passed on plans and production facilities for [[V-1 flying bomb]]s, [[V-2 rocket]]s, [[Tiger tank]]s, [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] and other aircraft to the Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Much of the information was important to [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]] and [[Operation Crossbow]], both critical operations to [[Operation Overlord]]. He and his group informed the American [[Office of Strategic Services]] early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. Maier supported the war against the Nazis on the principle &quot;every bomb that falls on armaments factories shortens the war and spares the civilian population.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Paul Vecsei &quot;Der Priester, der unter das Fallbeil kam&quot; In: Wiener Zeitung 13 March 2021; Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: ''Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.'' Vienna 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-902494-83-2}}, pp. 299–305; Hans Schafranek: ''Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.'' Vienna 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-7076-0622-5}}, pp. 161–248; Fritz Molden: ''Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945''. Vienna 1988, p. 122; Peter Broucek &quot;Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945&quot; (2008), p. 163; Hansjakob Stehle &quot;Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)&quot; In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996; Christoph Thurner &quot;The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group&quot; (2017), pp 35; Bernhard Kreutner &quot;Gefangener 2959: Das Leben des Heinrich Maier – Mann Gottes und unbeugsamer Widerstandskämpfer&quot; (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Members of the Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the Canadian [[Royal 22e Regiment|Royal 22&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; Regiment]] in audience with [[Pope Pius XII]], following the [[Liberation of Rome]] in 1944 during [[World War II]]]]

Around 1943, [[Adolf Hitler]] planned the kidnapping of the Pope and his internment in Germany. He gave SS General Wolff a corresponding order to prepare for the action.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/pius-xii-wie-adolf-hitler-den-papst-entfuehren-lassen-wollte-a-1101877.html|title=Pius XII: Wie Adolf Hitler den Papst entführen lassen wollte|first=Katja|last=Iken|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=7 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/welt/379790_Hitler-plante-Entfuehrung-Pius-XII..html|title=Hitler plante Entführung Pius' XII. – &quot;Streng geheime&quot; Berichte faschistischer Parteigrößen entdeckt|first=Wiener Zeitung|last=Online|website=Weltpolitik Nachrichten – Wiener Zeitung Online|date=9 September 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; While [[Pope Pius XII]] has been credited with helping to [[Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust|save hundreds of thousands of Jews]] during the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=192}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Deák&quot;&gt;Deák, p. 182&lt;/ref&gt; the church has also been accused of having encouraged centuries of [[Christianity and antisemitism|antisemitism]] by its teachings&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Eakin|first=Emily|title=New Accusations Of a Vatican Role In Anti-Semitism; Battle Lines Were Drawn After Beatification of Pope Pius IX|work=The New York Times|date=1 September 2001|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/01/arts/new-accusations-vatican-role-anti-semitism-battle-lines-were-drawn-after.html|access-date=9 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities.&lt;ref&gt;Phayer (2000), pp. 50–57&lt;/ref&gt; Many Nazi criminals escaped overseas after the Second World War, also because they had powerful supporters from the Vatican.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Welle|first=Deutsche|title=The ratlines: What did the Vatican know about Nazi escape routes?|date=1 March 2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-ratlines-what-did-the-vatican-know-about-nazi-escape-routes/a-52555068|access-date=7 February 2021|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article124863191/Fluchthilfe-fuer-Nazis-vom-Vatikan-und-US-Agenten.html|title=Rattenlinien: Fluchthilfe für Nazis – vom Vatikan und US-Agenten|first=Manuel|last=Opitz|newspaper=Die Welt|date=15 February 2014|via=www.welt.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000114377607/ns-fluchthelfer-der-braune-bischof-und-die-rattenlinie|title=NS-Fluchthelfer: Der &quot;braune Bischof&quot; und die Rattenlinie|website=[[Der Standard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The judgment of Pius XII is made more difficult by the sources, because the church archives for his tenure as nuncio, cardinal secretary of state and pope are in part closed or not yet processed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/judgment-day-vatican-ready-to-open-its-holocaust-files-to-the-world-drp9dgpc6|title=Judgment day: Vatican ready to open its Holocaust files to the world|first=Philip Willan|last=Rome|work=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|dismembered Yugoslavia]], the church favored the Nazi-installed Croatian Catholic fascist [[Ustaše]] regime due to its anti-communist ideology and for the potential to reinstate Catholic influence in the region following the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]].&lt;ref name=Phayer2000p32&gt;Phayer (2000), p. 32&lt;/ref&gt; It did not however formally recognize the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).&lt;ref name=Phayer2000p32/&gt; Despite being informed of the regime's [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide against Orthodox Serbs]], [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Jews]] and other non-Croats, the church did not publicly speak out against it, preferring to exert pressure through diplomacy.&lt;ref&gt;Phayer (2000), p. 39&lt;/ref&gt; In assessing the Vatican's position, historian [[Jozo Tomasevich]] writes that &quot;it seems the Catholic Church fully supported the [Ustaše] regime and its policies.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|year=2001|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|publisher=Stanford University Press|url={{googlebooks|fqUSGevFe5MC|page=555|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1|page=555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Early Cold War

During the [[post-war]] period, communist governments in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] severely restricted religious freedoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;communist&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Pope Stared Down Communism in Homeland – and Won|publisher=CBC News|date=April 2005|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|access-date=31 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223141702/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|archive-date=23 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although some priests and religious people collaborated with communist regimes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Craig|title=In Poland, New Wave of Charges Against Clerics|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/10/world/europe/10poland.html|access-date=23 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; many others were imprisoned, deported, or executed. The church was an important player in the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, particularly in the [[Polish People's Republic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/14023|title=Untold story of 1989|publisher=The Tablet|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1949, the Communist victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=356–358}} The new government also created the [[Patriotic Church]] and appointed its bishops. These appointments were initially rejected by Rome before many of them were accepted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7005927.stm|title=China installs Pope-backed bishop|publisher=BBC News|date=21 September 2007|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1960s during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the Chinese Communists closed all religious establishments. When Chinese churches eventually reopened, they remained under the control of the Patriotic Church. Many Catholic priests continued to be sent to prison for refusing to renounce allegiance to Rome.&lt;ref&gt;Chadwick, p. 259&lt;/ref&gt;

====Second Vatican Council====
{{Main|Second Vatican Council|History of the Catholic Church since 1962|Spirit of Vatican II}}
[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|right|thumb|Bishops listen during the Second Vatican Council.]]
The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the [[Council of Trent]], four centuries before.&lt;ref&gt;The Second Vatican Council Celebrating Its Achievements and the Future p. 86&lt;/ref&gt; Initiated by [[Pope John XXIII]], this ecumenical council modernized the practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the [[vernacular]] (local language) and encouraging &quot;fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |title=Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium |publisher=Vatican.va |date=4 December 1963 |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |archive-date=21 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It intended to engage the church more closely with the present world (''[[aggiornamento]]''), which was described by its advocates as an &quot;opening of the windows&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy272&quot;&gt;Duffy, pp. 270–276&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to the church's approach to [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|ecumenism]],&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 272, 274&lt;/ref&gt; and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially [[Judaism]], in its document ''[[Nostra aetate]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOSTRA AETATE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Pope Paul VI|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|title=''Nostra aetate'': Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions|date=28 October 1965|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220214550/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|archive-date=20 December 2008|quote=According to Section 4: &quot;True, the Jewish authorities and those who followed their lead pressed for the death of Christ; still, what happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today. Although the Church is the new people of God, the Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God, as if this followed from the Holy Scriptures.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the &quot;[[Spirit of Vatican II]]&quot; such as Swiss theologian [[Hans Küng]] said that Vatican II had &quot;not gone far enough&quot; to change church policies.&lt;ref&gt;Bauckham, p. 373&lt;/ref&gt; [[Traditionalist Catholics]], such as [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]], however, strongly criticized the council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led &quot;to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments&quot;, among other issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=O'Neel|first=Brian|url=http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|title=Holier Than Thou: How Rejection of Vatican II Led Lefebvre into Schism|journal=This Rock|volume=14|issue=4|location=San Diego|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=3 April 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510014807/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|archive-date=10 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Several teachings of the Catholic Church came under increased scrutiny both concurrent with and following the council; among those teachings was the church's teaching regarding the immorality of [[Birth control|contraception]]. The recent introduction of [[hormonal contraception]] (including &quot;the pill&quot;), which were believed by some to be morally different from previous methods, prompted John XXIII to form a committee to advise him of the moral and theological issues with the new method.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=May|first=John F.|year=2012|title=World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact|publisher=Springer|url={{googlebooks|UCQRxtm3Z34C|page=202|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-94-007-2837-0|pages=202–203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kinkel|first=R. John|year=2014|title=Papal Paralysis: How the Vatican Dealt with the AIDS Crisis|publisher=Lexington|url={{googlebooks|O9dkAgAAQBAJ|page=2|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-7391-7684-9|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pope Paul VI]] later expanded the committee's scope to freely examine all methods, and the committee's unreleased final report was rumoured to suggest permitting at least some methods of contraception. Paul did not agree with the arguments presented, and eventually issued ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', saying that it upheld the constant teaching of the church against contraception. It expressly included hormonal methods as prohibited.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;While ruling contraception to be prohibited, Pope Paul VI did, however, consider natural family planning methods to be morally permissible if used with just cause.&lt;/ref&gt; This document generated a largely negative response from many Catholics.{{From whom?|date=September 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HV_then_now&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/germain-grisez-on-humanae-vitae-then-and-now|title=Germain Grisez on &quot;Humanae Vitae&quot;, Then and Now: The Dust Still Hasn't Settled, But There Are Signs of Hope|publisher=Zenit: The World Seen from Rome|date=14 July 2003|access-date=16 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--&quot;Paul was determined not to ask anything of married couples that God does not require of them&quot;,--&gt;

====John Paul II====
{{Main|Pope John Paul II}}
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan Meeting with Pope John Paul Ii at The Papal Library Vatican Pontifical Palace During Visit to The Vatican - DPLA - 5f33de6fe59d61cb712405563ab04adc.jpg|thumb|left|Pope John Paul II is credited as a major influence to the end of the [[Cold War]] and the [[fall of communism]]. Here with U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] and his wife, [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]], in 1982.]]
In 1978, Pope John Paul II, formerly [[Archbishop of Kraków]] in the [[Polish People's Republic]], became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. His 26 1/2-year [[pontificate]] was one of the longest in history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/April-02.html;jsessionid=08931E713115A304B13BB1A6FA315A63.public1|title=2 April – This Day in History|publisher=History.co.uk|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], the president of the [[Soviet Union]], credited the Polish pope with hastening the fall of communism in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Peter and Margaret Hebblethwaite and Peter Stanford|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism|title=Obituary: Pope John Paul II|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2005|access-date=28 October 2010|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

John Paul II sought to evangelize an increasingly [[Secularism|secular world]]. He instituted [[World Youth Day]] as a &quot;worldwide encounter with the pope&quot; for young people; it is now held every two to three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid11.com/en/what-is-wyd|title=WYD 2011 Madrid – Official Site – What is WYD?|publisher=Madrid11.com|date=15 June 2011|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622081042/http://www.madrid11.com/en/what-is-wyd|archive-date=22 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He travelled more than any other pope, visiting 129 countries,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|year=2006|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|location=London|publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson|page=234|isbn=978-0-500-28608-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; and used television and radio as means of spreading the church's teachings. He also emphasized the [[Dignity of labour|dignity of work]] and natural rights of labourers to have [[Living wage|fair wages]] and safe conditions in ''[[Laborem exercens]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Laborem exercens|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=15 May 1981|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He emphasized several church teachings, including moral exhortations against [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], and against widespread use of the [[death penalty]], in ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Evangelium Vitae|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=25 March 1995|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- The following sentence is needed for neutral coverage of several notable controversies, as well as to summarize significant content within the article. Please do not remove without a discussion on the talk page. --&gt;
From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been [[Criticism of the Catholic Church|criticized]] for its doctrines on [[Catholic teachings on sexual morality|sexuality]], its inability to [[Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women|ordain women]], and its handling of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse cases]].
&lt;!-- end restoration --&gt;

In 1992, the Vatican acknowledged its error in persecuting [[Galileo]] 359 years earlier for proving the Earth revolved around the Sun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html|title=After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 October 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/11/01/vatican-finds-galileo-not-guilty/1092b119-440e-4fb6-b990-cc7f8a662f0d/|title=Vatican Finds Galileo 'Not Guilty'|first=William D.|last=Montalbano|date=1 November 1992|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21st century===
In 2005, following the death of John Paul II, [[Pope Benedict XVI]], head of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] under John Paul II, was elected. He was known for upholding traditional [[Christian values]] against [[secularization]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; and for increasing use of the [[Tridentine Mass]] as found in the [[Roman Missal]] of 1962, which he titled the &quot;Extraordinary Form&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece &quot;Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church&quot;] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, the 50th anniversary of Vatican II, an assembly of the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] discussed re-evangelising [[lapsed Catholic]]s in the [[Developed country|developed world]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary&quot;&gt;{{Citation |contribution=Summary of the synod assemblies |date=9 March 2005 | contribution-url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES |title=Synodal Information |place=Rome, IT |publisher=The Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citing the frailties of advanced age, Benedict [[Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI|resigned]] in 2013, becoming the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His resignation has caused controversy among a minority of Catholics{{who|date=June 2021}} who say Benedict did not fully resign the papacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Former pope Benedict says 'fanatical' Catholics still won't believe he's not the pope|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/02/former-pope-benedict-fanatical-catholics-wont-believe-resignation|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Pope Francis====
{{Main|Pope Francis}}
Pope Francis, the current pope of the Catholic Church, succeeded Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 as the first pope from the [[Americas]], the first from the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the first Pope from outside Europe since the Syrian [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]], who reigned in the 8th century. Pope Francis has been noted for his [[humility]], emphasis on God's mercy, concern for the [[poverty|poor]] and the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]], as well as his commitment to [[interfaith dialogue]]. Media commentators Rachel Donadio of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' and Brandon Ambrosino of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' credit Pope Francis with having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pope Francis is recognized{{by whom|date=June 2021}} for his efforts &quot;to further close the nearly 1,000-year estrangement with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Churches]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;orthodox&quot;&gt;Ritter, Karl, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/pope-francis-jews_n_2883560.html &quot;Pope Francis reaches out to Jews&quot;], huffingtonpost.com, 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; His installation was attended by [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;patriarch&quot;&gt;Demacopoulos, George E., [https://web.archive.org/web/20171018142627/http://www.archons.org/news/detail.asp?id=619 &quot;The extraordinary historical significance of His Holiness' presence at Pope Francis' installation as Bishop of Rome&quot;], Archon News (Order of St. Andrew the Apostle), 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; the first time since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054 that the Eastern Orthodox [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] has attended a papal installation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Our Eastern Brothers|first=Alton J.|last=Pelowski|journal=Columbia|date=May 2013|pages=20–23|url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144237/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 February 2016, Pope Francis and [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]], head of the largest Eastern Orthodox church, met in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], issuing [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|a joint declaration]] calling for restored Christian unity between the two churches. This was reported as the first such high-level meeting between the two churches since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085|title=Unity call as Pope Francis holds historic talks with Russian Orthodox Patriarch|publisher=BBC|date=12 February 2016|access-date=13 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2014, the [[Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops]] addressed the church's ministry towards families and marriages and to Catholics in &quot;irregular&quot; relationships, such as those who [[divorce]]d and remarried outside of the church without a [[declaration of nullity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://world.time.com/2013/10/08/pope-francis-calls-extraordinary-synod-on-family-and-marriage/|last=Dias|first=Elizabeth|title=Pope Francis Calls Extraordinary Synod on Family and Marriage|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2014/10/24/the-media-synod-has-eclipsed-the-real-one/|first=Fr. D. Vincent|last=Twomey|title=The &quot;media synod&quot; has eclipsed the real one|work=Catholic Herald|date=24 October 2014|access-date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; While welcomed by some, it was criticized by some for perceived ambiguity, provoking controversies among individual representatives of differing perspectives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Echeverria|first=Eduardo|url=http://www.crisismagazine.com/2014/synods-interim-report-ambiguity-misinterpretation|title=The Synod's Interim Report: Ambiguity and Misinterpretation|magazine=Crisis Magazine|date=17 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017 during a visit in [[Egypt]], Pope Francis reestablished mutual recognition of baptism with the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetrumpet.com/15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism|title=Catholics and Copts Recognise Shared Baptism|work=The Philadelphia Trumpet|date=3 May 2017|last1=Miille|first1=Andrew|access-date=22 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Pope Francis issued the apostolic letter ''[[Traditionis Custodes]]'', which reversed some of permissions his predecessor had afforded to celebration of the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite and emphasized Pope Francis's preference for the Ordinary Form.&lt;ref name=MPTC&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-07/pope-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes-1962-roman-missal-liturgy.html|title=New norms regarding use of 1962 Roman Missal: Bishops given greater responsibility|work=Vatican News|location=[[Vatican City]]|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 April 2022, during a meeting between a delegation of [[First Nations in Canada|Canadian First Nations]] representatives and Pope Francis at the Vatican, the pope apologized for the conduct of some members of the Roman Catholic Church in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCPopeApology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Stefanovich |first1=Olivia |date=1 April 2022 |title=Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegates for 'deplorable' abuses at residential schools |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pope-francis-responds-indigenous-delegations-final-meeting-1.6404344 |website=CBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sacraments==
{{Anchor|Celebration of the sacraments|Doctrine of the sacraments}}
{{Main|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Mass at Lourdes.jpg|thumb|left|Mass at the Grotto at [[Lourdes]], [[France]]. The [[chalice]] is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.]]
The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several [[ecumenical council]]s, most recently the Council of Trent.&lt;ref name=&quot;1113_14&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1113–1114,1117}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); [[Council of Florence]] (1439); as well as the [[Council of Trent]] (1547)&lt;ref name=1113_14/&gt;|}} These are [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], the [[Eucharist]], [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]] (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the &quot;[[Last Rites]]&quot;), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Catholic marriage|Holy Matrimony]]. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''[[ex opere operato]]'').&lt;ref&gt;Kreeft, pp. 298–299&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the &quot;sacraments of Christian initiation&quot;, &quot;sacraments of healing&quot; and &quot;sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful&quot;. These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1210–1211}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the ''Catechism'':

{{Blockquote|In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the &quot;communion of the Holy Spirit&quot; who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1097}}&lt;/ref&gt;|}}

According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sacraments}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the [[Canon Law]]s for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoCC291&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=''CoCC'' 291 |publisher=Vatican.va |quote=To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;CCC, 1399&quot;/&gt;--&gt; Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is [[real presence#Catholic and Orthodox|present]] in the Eucharist,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft326&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 326&lt;/ref&gt; those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the [[sacrament of Reconciliation]] (Penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;/&gt; Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 331&lt;/ref&gt; Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.&lt;ref name=CoCC291/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400–1401}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |title=Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132 |work=vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |archive-date=16 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that &quot;a certain ''communion in sacris'', and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1399}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments of initiation===
{{Main|Sacraments of initiation}}

====Baptism====
[[File:Baptême Cathédrale de Troyes 290308.jpg|left|thumb|Baptism of [[Augustine of Hippo]] as represented in a sculptural group in [[Troyes Cathedral]] (1549), [[France]]]]
As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1275}}&lt;/ref&gt; It washes away all sins, both [[original sin]] and personal actual sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1263}}&lt;/ref&gt; It makes a person a member of the church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1267}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is [[infant baptism|conferred even on children]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1282}}&lt;/ref&gt; who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1250}}&lt;/ref&gt; If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lazowski|first=Philip|year=2004|title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|url={{googlebooks|HIhIPIYLQ6QC|page=157|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-88125-811-0|page=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1272}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize (&quot;to do what the Church does when she baptizes&quot;) and that they use the [[Trinitarian formula#Use in baptism|Trinitarian baptismal formula]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Confirmation====
{{Main|Confirmation in the Catholic Church}}
The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1285}}&lt;/ref&gt; When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,&lt;ref name=&quot;cann883&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM|title=Canon 883|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Intratext.com|date=4 May 2007|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.&lt;ref name=&quot;cceo695&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJB.HTM|title=''CCEO'', Canon 695|publisher=Intratext.com (English translation)|date=1990|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.&lt;ref name=&quot;cann891&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Canon 891|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|archive-date=28 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with [[chrism]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church|title=Compendium of the CCC, 267|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a mixture of [[olive oil]] and some perfumed substance, usually [[Oleoresin|balsam]], blessed by a bishop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|title=Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the [[age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]] means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1310}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Eucharist====
{{Main|Eucharist in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:BentoXVI-51-11052007 (frag).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] celebrates the Eucharist at the [[canonization]] of [[Frei Galvão]] in [[São Paulo]], Brazil on 11 May 2007.]]
For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as &quot;the source and summit of the Christian life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1324}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as [[First Communion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601|title=Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion|publisher=Catholicculture.org|access-date=25 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Eucharistic celebration, also called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine liturgy]], includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the [[altar]] and [[consecration#Eucharist|consecrated]] by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called [[transubstantiation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist|first=Joseph|last=Pohle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the [[#Roman Rite of Mass|side bar]] in the &quot;Worship and liturgy&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[words of consecration]] reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the [[Last Supper]], where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1365–1372|quote=Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;ccc1392&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1392–1395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Convento de San Francisco - Ciudad de México - Creyente.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Catholic believer prays in a church in [[Mexico]].]]

===Sacraments of healing===
The two sacraments of healing are the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] and [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]].

====Penance====
{{Main|Sacrament of Penance}}
The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 296 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 297 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and [[absolution]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 302–303 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serious sins ([[mortal sin]]s) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of [[venial sin]]s also is recommended.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 304–306 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the &quot;[[seal of confession]]&quot;, absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 309 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Anointing of the sick====
{{Main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Extreme Unction Rogier Van der Weyden.jpg|left|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece]] [[triptych]] painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. [[Rogier van der Weyden]], c.&amp;nbsp;1445.]]
While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 316 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 319 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The sacrament is also referred to as ''Unction'', and in the past as ''Extreme Unction'', and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the [[last rites]], together with Penance and [[Viaticum]] (Eucharist).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Extreme Unction | first = Patrick | last = Toner }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments at the service of communion===
According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of [[Koinonia|communion]] directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1534}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments &quot;consecrate to specific mission or [[vocation]] among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]]. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1535}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Holy Orders====
{{Main|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Priesterweihe in Schwyz 2.jpg|thumb|right|Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.]]
The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).&lt;ref name=&quot;cann10081009&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Canon 1008–1009 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va}} (As modified by the 2009 [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html motu proprio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html|date=16 June 2011}} ''[[Omnium in mentem]]'')&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1536}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the [[Clergy#Catholicism|clergy]]. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm Karl Keating, &quot;What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy&quot;]. ''ewtn.com''. Retrieved on 27 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Niebuhr |first=Gustav |title=Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html |access-date=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1031&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM Canon 1031] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM |date=21 February 2008 }} Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1037&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM Canon 1037] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM |date=18 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; (see [[Clerical marriage]]). But after becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see [[Clerical celibacy]]) unless he is formally laicized.

All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm |author=Committee on the Diaconate |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date=9 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM Canon 42] Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM Canon 375] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM |date=19 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which [[ordination|ordains]] someone into the clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneFaith114&quot;&gt;Barry, p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;

====Matrimony====
{{Anchor|Sacrament of marriage}}
{{Main|Marriage in the Catholic Church}}
{{See also|Catholic teachings on sexual morality}}
[[File:Jf9694Wedding San Nicolas Church Tolentine Marriage Pampangafvf 02.JPG|right|thumb|Wedding mass in the [[Philippines]]]]
The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601,1614|quote=The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gantley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doors&quot;/&gt;||group=&quot;note&quot;}} The church recognizes certain [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Conditions for a valid marriage of Catholics|conditions]], such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Canonical form|canonical form]], that Catholics must follow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1631}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an [[annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]]. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1629}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Liturgy==
{{Main|Catholic liturgy}}
[[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]]
Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–1209}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], &lt;!--Exact Quote from an Unofficial Tw0ranslation--&gt;&quot;a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''&quot;.&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCEO28&quot;&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM &quot;''CCEO'', Canon 28 §&amp;nbsp;1&quot;]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: &quot;''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''.&quot; (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–1364|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its most widely used form is that of the [[Roman Rite]] as promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] in 1969 (see [[Missale Romanum]]) and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (see [[Liturgiam Authenticam]]). In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases.

===Western rites===
{{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}&lt;!--sidebar anchor--&gt;
{{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}}
The Roman Rite is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Mass of Paul VI|Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&amp;T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]]. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar.

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the [[1962 Roman Missal]] as an &quot;extraordinary form&quot; (''forma extraordinaria'') of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an ''usus antiquior'' (&quot;older use&quot;), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 July 2007 |title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-date=29 September 2010}} &quot;The last version of the ''Missale Romanum'' prior to the [[Second Vatican Council|Council]], which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a ''forma extraordinaria'' of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted.&quot;—Pope Benedict XVI&lt;/ref&gt; An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form (&quot;the ''forma ordinaria''&quot; and &quot;the ''forma extraordinaria''&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Universae Ecclesiae&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|title=Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio|work=vatican.va|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the [[Second Vatican Council]] opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]] and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.&lt;ref name=Kreeft326/&gt; Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1604, [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1634, [[Pope Pius X]] in 1911, [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/tridentinemass_1.shtml|title=BBC Religions: What is the Tridentine Mass?|date=23 June 2009|access-date=27 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; but [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s 2007 [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in [[liturgical Latin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Summorum Pontificum|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|date=7 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2015|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.&lt;ref name=MPTC/&gt;

&lt;!-- Removing due to a plethora of images in section: [[File:FN Ailingen Pfarrkirche Prozessionskreuz.jpg|thumbnail|left|A processional crucifix, used in the ritual procession at the beginning of Mass.]]--&gt;
Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church&quot;|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called &quot;Divine Worship&quot; or, less formally, &quot;Ordinariate Use&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Latest News – Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican_Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the &quot;Anglican Use&quot; variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[Pastoral Provision|pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.&lt;/ref&gt; an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders.

In the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and those of some religious institutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Eastern rites===
{{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}}
[[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[India]], one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]]
The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See &quot;Eastern Catholic Churches&quot;; In part: &lt;!--quote--&gt;&quot;The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites&quot;&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the [[Byzantine Rite]], in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the [[Alexandrian Rite]]; the [[West Syrian Rite|Syriac Rite]]; the [[Armenian Rite]]; the [[Maronite Rite]] and the [[Chaldean Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the &quot;accurate observance&quot; of their liturgical tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–385 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg|date=23 October 2013}}
* [[Anti-Catholicism]]
* [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Catholic Church by country]]
* [[Catholic spirituality]]
* [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Glossary of the Catholic Church]]
* [[List of Catholic religious institutes]]
* [[Lists of Catholics]]
* [[Role of Christianity in civilization]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
'''NOTE:''' ''CCC'' stands for ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''[[Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|Compendium of the CCC]]'' are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' are labelled &quot;''CCEO'', Canon xxx&quot;, to distinguish from canons of the 1983 ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', which are labelled &quot;Canon xxx&quot;.

{{Reflist|20em|

&lt;!--Begin list references--&gt;
|refs=
&lt;ref name=note1cite1&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]] not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=note1cite2&gt;{{cite news|title=Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church ''Dominus Iesus'' § 17|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect ''Koinonia'' with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true [[particular churches]]. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]]; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <text bytes="83316" sha1="gc30tuyuuh2o5hibp9ivupz0kleyxcb" xml:space="preserve">===Enlightenment and modern period===
{{Main|Age of Enlightenment}}
{{Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar}}
[[File:São Miguel das Missões (Brazil).jpg|thumb|left|Ruins of the [[Jesuit Reduction]] at [[São Miguel das Missões]] in Brazil]]
From the 17th century onward, the Enlightenment questioned the power and influence of the Catholic Church over Western society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollard8&quot;&gt;Pollard, pp. 7–8&lt;/ref&gt; In the 18th century, writers such as [[Voltaire]] and the ''[[Encyclopédistes]]'' wrote biting critiques of both religion and the Catholic Church. One target of their criticism was the 1685 [[revocation of the Edict of Nantes]] by King [[Louis XIV of France]], which ended a century-long policy of religious toleration of Protestant Huguenots. As the papacy resisted pushes for [[Gallicanism]], the [[French Revolution]] of 1789 shifted power to the state, caused the destruction of churches, the establishment of a [[Cult of Reason]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=283–285}} and the martyrdom of [[Martyrs of Compiègne|nuns]] during the ''[[Reign of Terror]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Sixteen Blessed Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1798, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] invaded the [[Italian Peninsula]], imprisoning [[Pope Pius VI]], who died in captivity. Napoleon later re-established the Catholic Church in France through the [[Concordat of 1801]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins176&quot;&gt;Collins, p. 176&lt;/ref&gt; The end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] brought Catholic revival and the return of the [[Papal States]].&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, pp. 214–216&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1854, [[Pope Pius IX]], with the support of the overwhelming majority of Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted from 1851 to 1853, proclaimed the [[Immaculate Conception]] as a [[dogma in the Catholic Church]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|title=John Paul II, General Audience|publisher=Vatican.va|date=24 March 1993|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|archive-date=10 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1870, the [[First Vatican Council]] affirmed the doctrine of [[papal infallibility]] when exercised in specifically defined pronouncements,&lt;ref name=&quot;Leith&quot;&gt;Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (1963), p. 143&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy232&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 232&lt;/ref&gt; striking a blow to the rival position of [[Conciliar Church|conciliarism]]. Controversy over this and other issues resulted in a breakaway movement called the [[Old Catholic Church#Impact of the First Vatican Council: second stage|Old Catholic Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Fahlbusch&quot;&gt;Fahlbusch, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001), p. 729&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Italian unification]] of the 1860s incorporated the Papal States, including Rome itself from 1870, into the [[Kingdom of Italy]], thus ending the papacy's [[temporal power (papal)|temporal power]]. In response, Pope Pius IX excommunicated [[Victor Emmanuel II|King Victor Emmanuel II]], refused payment for the land, and rejected the Italian [[Law of Guarantees]], which granted him special privileges. To avoid placing himself in visible subjection to the Italian authorities, he remained a &quot;[[prisoner in the Vatican]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|year=2006|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|url={{googlebooks|y_4eaFsFdI4C|pg=PT155|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-547-34716-5|page=PT155}}&lt;/ref&gt; This stand-off, which was spoken of as the ''[[Roman Question]]'', was resolved by the 1929 [[Lateran Treaties]], whereby the Holy See acknowledged Italian sovereignty over the former Papal States in return for payment and Italy's recognition of papal sovereignty over Vatican City as a new sovereign and independent state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter='Utterly Faithless Specimens': Italians in the Catholic Church in America|first=Peter R.|last=D'Agostino|editor-last=Connell|editor-first=William J.|editor2-last=Gardaphé|editor2-first=Fred|title=Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|chapter-url={{googlebooks|qp_GAAAAQBAJ|page=33|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-230-11532-3|pages=33–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catholic missionaries generally supported, and sought to facilitate, the European imperial powers' [[Scramble for Africa|conquest of Africa]] during the late nineteenth century. According to the historian of religion [[Adrian Hastings]], Catholic missionaries were generally unwilling to defend African rights or encourage Africans to see themselves as equals to Europeans, in contrast to Protestant missionaries, who were more willing to oppose colonial injustices.&lt;ref&gt;Adrian Hastings, ''The Church in Africa, 1450 – 1950'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, 394 – 490&lt;/ref&gt;

===20th century===
&lt;!--Following paragraph includes text copied from the article on the [[Terrible Triangle]] --&gt;{{Main|Catholic Church in the 20th century}}
During the 20th century, the church's global reach continued to grow, despite the rise of anti-Catholic authoritarian regimes and the collapse of European Empires, accompanied by a general decline in religious observance in the West. Under Popes [[Benedict XV]], and [[Pius XII]], the [[Holy See]] sought to maintain public neutrality through the World Wars, acting as peace broker and delivering aid to the victims of the conflicts. In the 1960s, [[Pope John XXIII]] convened the [[Second Vatican Council]], which ushered in radical change to church ritual and practice, and in the later 20th century, the long reign of [[Pope John Paul II]] contributed to the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, and a new public and international role for the papacy.&lt;ref&gt;Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;communist&quot; /&gt;

; World War One

Pope [[Pius X]] (1903–1914) renewed the independence of papal office by abolishing the veto of Catholic powers in papal elections, and his successors [[Benedict XV]] (1914–1922) and [[Pius XI]] (1922–1939) concluded the modern independence of the Vatican State within Italy.&lt;ref&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p. 239, p.241&lt;/ref&gt; Benedict XV was elected at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. He attempted to mediate between the powers and established a Vatican relief office, to assist victims of the war and reunite families.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popes p.240&quot;&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p.240&lt;/ref&gt; He offered numerous appeals for peace. His &quot;Dès le début&quot; initiative of 1 August 1917 was rejected by the warring parties.&lt;ref&gt;John Pollard &quot;Papal Diplomacy and The Great War&quot; (2014).&lt;/ref&gt;

; Interwar years

A number of [[anti-clerical]] governments emerged in the 20th century. The 1926 [[Calles Law]] separating church and state in Mexico led to the [[Cristero War]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chadwick264&quot;&gt;Chadwick, Owen, pp. 264–265&lt;/ref&gt; in which more than 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated,&lt;ref name=&quot;Scheina&quot;&gt;Scheina, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; churches desecrated, services mocked, nuns raped, and captured priests shot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chadwick264&quot;/&gt; Following the 1917 [[October Revolution]], persecution of the church and Catholics in the [[Soviet Union]] continued into the 1930s, with the execution and exiling of clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of religious implements, and closure of churches.&lt;ref&gt;Riasanovsky 617&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riasanovsky 634&quot;&gt;Riasanovsky 634&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1936–39 [[Spanish Civil War]], the Catholic hierarchy allied with [[Francisco Franco|Franco's]] [[Spanish State|Nationalists]] against the [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] government,&lt;ref&gt;Payne, p. 13&lt;/ref&gt; citing as justification [[Red Terror (Spain)|Republican violence]] against the church.&lt;ref&gt;Alonso, pp. 395–396&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Blood of Spain'', Ronald Fraser p. 415, collective letter of bishops of Spain, addressed to the bishops of the world. {{ISBN|0-7126-6014-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pope Pius XI]] referred to these three countries as a &quot;terrible triangle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Fontenelle, Mrg R (1939), ''Seine Heiligkeit Pius XI'', p. 164. Alsactia, France&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;divinired&quot;&gt;[[Encyclical]] ''[[Divini Redemptoris]]'', §&amp;nbsp;18 (AAS 29 [1937], 74). 1937. ''Libreria Editrice Vaticana'' ([https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html English translation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124153/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html|date=9 September 2015}})&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|While, since the 1960s, Pope Pius XII has been accused of not having done enough to shelter Jews from the [[Holocaust]], his defenders claim he secretly encouraged individual Catholic resistance groups,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Riebling |first1=Mark |title=Church of Spies |date=2015 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02229-8 |page=(flyleaf) &quot;[Pius XII] sent birthday cards to Hitler - while secretly plotting to kill him.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Burleigh |first1=Michael |title=Sacred Causes |date=2007 |publisher=Harper Perennial |page=252 &quot; 'They deplore the fact that the Pope does not speak,' Pius told the Jesuit rector of the Gregorian university in December 1942. 'But the Pope cannot speak. If he spoke, things would be worse.'&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lapide |first1=Pinchas |title=Three Popes and the Jews |date=1967 |publisher=Hawthorne Books |pages=214–15 &quot;Rabbi André Ungar of Temple Emanuel, N.J.,... says, 'The Vatican itself gave permission, and perhaps encouragement for Jewish rescue work; the Vatican provided large sums of money, and on occasion the facilities of its diplomatic privileges to save Jews from the Nazis.'&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as that led by priest [[Heinrich Maier]]. Maier helped the allies fight against the V-2, which was produced by [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] prisoners.]]

The interwar [[Pope Pius XI]] modernized the papacy by appearing in St Peter's Square, founding [[Vatican Radio]] and the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Papal Academy of Sciences]], appointing 40 indigenous bishops and concluding fifteen concordats, including the [[Lateran Treaty]] with Italy which founded the [[Vatican City State]].&lt;ref&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p.241-2&lt;/ref&gt; After violations of the 1933 [[Reichskonkordat]] between the church and [[Nazi Germany]], Pius XI issued the 1937 encyclical ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]'', which publicly condemned the [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany|Nazis' persecution of the church]] and their ideology of [[Modern Paganism|neopaganism]] and [[Supremacism|racial superiority]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes182&quot;&gt;Rhodes, pp. 182–183&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes197&quot;&gt;Rhodes, p. 197&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes204&quot;&gt;Rhodes, pp. 204–205&lt;/ref&gt;

; World War Two

His successor [[Pope Pius XII]] led the Catholic Church through the [[Second World War]] and early [[Cold War]]. Like his predecessors, Pius XII sought to publicly maintain Vatican neutrality in the War, and established aid networks to help victims, but he secretly [[Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance|assisted the anti-Hitler resistance]] and shared intelligence with the Allies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popes p.240&quot;/&gt; His first encyclical ''[[Summi Pontificatus]]'' (1939) expressed dismay at the [[1939 Invasion of Poland]] and reiterated Catholic teaching against [[racism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cook983&quot;&gt;Cook, p. 983&lt;/ref&gt; He expressed concern against race killings [[Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address|on Vatican Radio]], and intervened diplomatically to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries from 1942 to 1944. But the Pope's insistence on public neutrality and diplomatic language has become a source of much criticism and debate.&lt;ref&gt;[https://spectator.org/46578_hitlers-pope/ Hitler's Pope?]; Martin Gilbert; The American Spectator; 18 August 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews.&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-4299-0036-2, p 299&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli historian [[Pinchas Lapide]] estimated that [[Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust|Catholic rescue of Jews]] amounted to somewhere between 700,000 and 860,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lapomarda |first=Vincent A. |title=The Jesuits and the Third Reich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mO7AAAACAAJ&amp;pg=PA3 |year=2005 |publisher=E. Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-6265-6 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany|Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church]] was at its most intense [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland|in Poland]], and [[Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany|Catholic resistance to Nazism]] took various forms. Some 2,579 Catholic clergy were sent to the [[Priest Barracks of Dachau|Priest Barracks]] of [[Dachau Concentration Camp]], including 400 Germans.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton &amp; Company; London; pp. 210–11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berben, Paul (1975). Dachau, 1933–1945: the official history. Norfolk Press. ISBN 978-0-85211-009-6, pp276-277&lt;/ref&gt; Thousands of priests, nuns and brothers were imprisoned, taken to a concentration camp, tortured and murdered, including Saints [[Maximilian Kolbe]] and [[Edith Stein]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/non_jews_persecution.asp |title=Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Germany |publisher=Yad Vashem |access-date=28 October 2010 |archive-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129015947/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/non_jews_persecution.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Erika Weinzierl: Kirchlicher Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus. In: Themen der Zeitgeschichte und der Gegenwart. Vienna 2004, {{ISBN|3-8258-7549-0}}, pp 76.&lt;/ref&gt; Catholics fought on both sides in the conflict. Catholic clergy played a leading role in the government of the fascist [[Slovak State]], which collaborated with the Nazis, copied their anti-Semitic policies, and helped them carry out the Holocaust in Slovakia. [[Jozef Tiso]], the President of the Slovak State and a Catholic priest, supported his government's deportation of Slovakian Jews to extermination camps.&lt;ref&gt;James Ward, ''Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia'', Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013, 202 – 245&lt;/ref&gt; The Vatican protested against these Jewish deportations in Slovakia and in other Nazi puppet regimes including [[Vichy France]], Croatia, [[Bulgaria]], Italy and Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;Martin Gilbert; ''The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy''; Collins; London; 1986; pp. 202, 203, 206–207, 212–214, 451, 466.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Mazower; ''Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe''; Penguin; 2008; {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9681-4}}; p.395&lt;/ref&gt;

The Catholic resistance group around the priest [[Heinrich Maier]] passed on plans and production facilities for [[V-1 flying bomb]]s, [[V-2 rocket]]s, [[Tiger tank]]s, [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] and other aircraft to the Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Much of the information was important to [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]] and [[Operation Crossbow]], both critical operations to [[Operation Overlord]]. He and his group informed the American [[Office of Strategic Services]] early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. Maier supported the war against the Nazis on the principle &quot;every bomb that falls on armaments factories shortens the war and spares the civilian population.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Paul Vecsei &quot;Der Priester, der unter das Fallbeil kam&quot; In: Wiener Zeitung 13 March 2021; Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: ''Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.'' Vienna 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-902494-83-2}}, pp. 299–305; Hans Schafranek: ''Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.'' Vienna 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-7076-0622-5}}, pp. 161–248; Fritz Molden: ''Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945''. Vienna 1988, p. 122; Peter Broucek &quot;Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945&quot; (2008), p. 163; Hansjakob Stehle &quot;Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)&quot; In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996; Christoph Thurner &quot;The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group&quot; (2017), pp 35; Bernhard Kreutner &quot;Gefangener 2959: Das Leben des Heinrich Maier – Mann Gottes und unbeugsamer Widerstandskämpfer&quot; (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Members of the Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the Canadian [[Royal 22e Regiment|Royal 22&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; Regiment]] in audience with [[Pope Pius XII]], following the [[Liberation of Rome]] in 1944 during [[World War II]]]]

Around 1943, [[Adolf Hitler]] planned the kidnapping of the Pope and his internment in Germany. He gave SS General Wolff a corresponding order to prepare for the action.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/pius-xii-wie-adolf-hitler-den-papst-entfuehren-lassen-wollte-a-1101877.html|title=Pius XII: Wie Adolf Hitler den Papst entführen lassen wollte|first=Katja|last=Iken|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=7 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/welt/379790_Hitler-plante-Entfuehrung-Pius-XII..html|title=Hitler plante Entführung Pius' XII. – &quot;Streng geheime&quot; Berichte faschistischer Parteigrößen entdeckt|first=Wiener Zeitung|last=Online|website=Weltpolitik Nachrichten – Wiener Zeitung Online|date=9 September 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; While [[Pope Pius XII]] has been credited with helping to [[Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust|save hundreds of thousands of Jews]] during the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=192}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Deák&quot;&gt;Deák, p. 182&lt;/ref&gt; the church has also been accused of having encouraged centuries of [[Christianity and antisemitism|antisemitism]] by its teachings&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Eakin|first=Emily|title=New Accusations Of a Vatican Role In Anti-Semitism; Battle Lines Were Drawn After Beatification of Pope Pius IX|work=The New York Times|date=1 September 2001|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/01/arts/new-accusations-vatican-role-anti-semitism-battle-lines-were-drawn-after.html|access-date=9 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities.&lt;ref&gt;Phayer (2000), pp. 50–57&lt;/ref&gt; Many Nazi criminals escaped overseas after the Second World War, also because they had powerful supporters from the Vatican.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Welle|first=Deutsche|title=The ratlines: What did the Vatican know about Nazi escape routes?|date=1 March 2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-ratlines-what-did-the-vatican-know-about-nazi-escape-routes/a-52555068|access-date=7 February 2021|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article124863191/Fluchthilfe-fuer-Nazis-vom-Vatikan-und-US-Agenten.html|title=Rattenlinien: Fluchthilfe für Nazis – vom Vatikan und US-Agenten|first=Manuel|last=Opitz|newspaper=Die Welt|date=15 February 2014|via=www.welt.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000114377607/ns-fluchthelfer-der-braune-bischof-und-die-rattenlinie|title=NS-Fluchthelfer: Der &quot;braune Bischof&quot; und die Rattenlinie|website=[[Der Standard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The judgment of Pius XII is made more difficult by the sources, because the church archives for his tenure as nuncio, cardinal secretary of state and pope are in part closed or not yet processed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/judgment-day-vatican-ready-to-open-its-holocaust-files-to-the-world-drp9dgpc6|title=Judgment day: Vatican ready to open its Holocaust files to the world|first=Philip Willan|last=Rome|work=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|dismembered Yugoslavia]], the church favored the Nazi-installed Croatian Catholic fascist [[Ustaše]] regime due to its anti-communist ideology and for the potential to reinstate Catholic influence in the region following the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]].&lt;ref name=Phayer2000p32&gt;Phayer (2000), p. 32&lt;/ref&gt; It did not however formally recognize the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).&lt;ref name=Phayer2000p32/&gt; Despite being informed of the regime's [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide against Orthodox Serbs]], [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Jews]] and other non-Croats, the church did not publicly speak out against it, preferring to exert pressure through diplomacy.&lt;ref&gt;Phayer (2000), p. 39&lt;/ref&gt; In assessing the Vatican's position, historian [[Jozo Tomasevich]] writes that &quot;it seems the Catholic Church fully supported the [Ustaše] regime and its policies.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|year=2001|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|publisher=Stanford University Press|url={{googlebooks|fqUSGevFe5MC|page=555|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1|page=555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Early Cold War

During the [[post-war]] period, communist governments in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] severely restricted religious freedoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;communist&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Pope Stared Down Communism in Homeland – and Won|publisher=CBC News|date=April 2005|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|access-date=31 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223141702/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|archive-date=23 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although some priests and religious people collaborated with communist regimes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Craig|title=In Poland, New Wave of Charges Against Clerics|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/10/world/europe/10poland.html|access-date=23 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; many others were imprisoned, deported, or executed. The church was an important player in the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, particularly in the [[Polish People's Republic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/14023|title=Untold story of 1989|publisher=The Tablet|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1949, the Communist victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=356–358}} The new government also created the [[Patriotic Church]] and appointed its bishops. These appointments were initially rejected by Rome before many of them were accepted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7005927.stm|title=China installs Pope-backed bishop|publisher=BBC News|date=21 September 2007|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1960s during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the Chinese Communists closed all religious establishments. When Chinese churches eventually reopened, they remained under the control of the Patriotic Church. Many Catholic priests continued to be sent to prison for refusing to renounce allegiance to Rome.&lt;ref&gt;Chadwick, p. 259&lt;/ref&gt;

====Second Vatican Council====
{{Main|Second Vatican Council|History of the Catholic Church since 1962|Spirit of Vatican II}}
[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|right|thumb|Bishops listen during the Second Vatican Council.]]
The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the [[Council of Trent]], four centuries before.&lt;ref&gt;The Second Vatican Council Celebrating Its Achievements and the Future p. 86&lt;/ref&gt; Initiated by [[Pope John XXIII]], this ecumenical council modernized the practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the [[vernacular]] (local language) and encouraging &quot;fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |title=Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium |publisher=Vatican.va |date=4 December 1963 |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |archive-date=21 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It intended to engage the church more closely with the present world (''[[aggiornamento]]''), which was described by its advocates as an &quot;opening of the windows&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy272&quot;&gt;Duffy, pp. 270–276&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to the church's approach to [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|ecumenism]],&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 272, 274&lt;/ref&gt; and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially [[Judaism]], in its document ''[[Nostra aetate]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOSTRA AETATE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Pope Paul VI|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|title=''Nostra aetate'': Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions|date=28 October 1965|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220214550/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|archive-date=20 December 2008|quote=According to Section 4: &quot;True, the Jewish authorities and those who followed their lead pressed for the death of Christ; still, what happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today. Although the Church is the new people of God, the Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God, as if this followed from the Holy Scriptures.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the &quot;[[Spirit of Vatican II]]&quot; such as Swiss theologian [[Hans Küng]] said that Vatican II had &quot;not gone far enough&quot; to change church policies.&lt;ref&gt;Bauckham, p. 373&lt;/ref&gt; [[Traditionalist Catholics]], such as [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]], however, strongly criticized the council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led &quot;to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments&quot;, among other issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=O'Neel|first=Brian|url=http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|title=Holier Than Thou: How Rejection of Vatican II Led Lefebvre into Schism|journal=This Rock|volume=14|issue=4|location=San Diego|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=3 April 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510014807/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|archive-date=10 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Several teachings of the Catholic Church came under increased scrutiny both concurrent with and following the council; among those teachings was the church's teaching regarding the immorality of [[Birth control|contraception]]. The recent introduction of [[hormonal contraception]] (including &quot;the pill&quot;), which were believed by some to be morally different from previous methods, prompted John XXIII to form a committee to advise him of the moral and theological issues with the new method.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=May|first=John F.|year=2012|title=World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact|publisher=Springer|url={{googlebooks|UCQRxtm3Z34C|page=202|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-94-007-2837-0|pages=202–203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kinkel|first=R. John|year=2014|title=Papal Paralysis: How the Vatican Dealt with the AIDS Crisis|publisher=Lexington|url={{googlebooks|O9dkAgAAQBAJ|page=2|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-7391-7684-9|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pope Paul VI]] later expanded the committee's scope to freely examine all methods, and the committee's unreleased final report was rumoured to suggest permitting at least some methods of contraception. Paul did not agree with the arguments presented, and eventually issued ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', saying that it upheld the constant teaching of the church against contraception. It expressly included hormonal methods as prohibited.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;While ruling contraception to be prohibited, Pope Paul VI did, however, consider natural family planning methods to be morally permissible if used with just cause.&lt;/ref&gt; This document generated a largely negative response from many Catholics.{{From whom?|date=September 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HV_then_now&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/germain-grisez-on-humanae-vitae-then-and-now|title=Germain Grisez on &quot;Humanae Vitae&quot;, Then and Now: The Dust Still Hasn't Settled, But There Are Signs of Hope|publisher=Zenit: The World Seen from Rome|date=14 July 2003|access-date=16 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--&quot;Paul was determined not to ask anything of married couples that God does not require of them&quot;,--&gt;

====John Paul II====
{{Main|Pope John Paul II}}
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan Meeting with Pope John Paul Ii at The Papal Library Vatican Pontifical Palace During Visit to The Vatican - DPLA - 5f33de6fe59d61cb712405563ab04adc.jpg|thumb|left|Pope John Paul II is credited as a major influence to the end of the [[Cold War]] and the [[fall of communism]]. Here with U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] and his wife, [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]], in 1982.]]
In 1978, Pope John Paul II, formerly [[Archbishop of Kraków]] in the [[Polish People's Republic]], became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. His 26 1/2-year [[pontificate]] was one of the longest in history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/April-02.html;jsessionid=08931E713115A304B13BB1A6FA315A63.public1|title=2 April – This Day in History|publisher=History.co.uk|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], the president of the [[Soviet Union]], credited the Polish pope with hastening the fall of communism in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Peter and Margaret Hebblethwaite and Peter Stanford|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism|title=Obituary: Pope John Paul II|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2005|access-date=28 October 2010|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

John Paul II sought to evangelize an increasingly [[Secularism|secular world]]. He instituted [[World Youth Day]] as a &quot;worldwide encounter with the pope&quot; for young people; it is now held every two to three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid11.com/en/what-is-wyd|title=WYD 2011 Madrid – Official Site – What is WYD?|publisher=Madrid11.com|date=15 June 2011|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622081042/http://www.madrid11.com/en/what-is-wyd|archive-date=22 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He travelled more than any other pope, visiting 129 countries,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|year=2006|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|location=London|publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson|page=234|isbn=978-0-500-28608-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; and used television and radio as means of spreading the church's teachings. He also emphasized the [[Dignity of labour|dignity of work]] and natural rights of labourers to have [[Living wage|fair wages]] and safe conditions in ''[[Laborem exercens]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Laborem exercens|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=15 May 1981|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He emphasized several church teachings, including moral exhortations against [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], and against widespread use of the [[death penalty]], in ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Evangelium Vitae|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=25 March 1995|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- The following sentence is needed for neutral coverage of several notable controversies, as well as to summarize significant content within the article. Please do not remove without a discussion on the talk page. --&gt;
From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been [[Criticism of the Catholic Church|criticized]] for its doctrines on [[Catholic teachings on sexual morality|sexuality]], its inability to [[Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women|ordain women]], and its handling of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse cases]].
&lt;!-- end restoration --&gt;

In 1992, the Vatican acknowledged its error in persecuting [[Galileo]] 359 years earlier for proving the Earth revolved around the Sun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html|title=After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 October 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/11/01/vatican-finds-galileo-not-guilty/1092b119-440e-4fb6-b990-cc7f8a662f0d/|title=Vatican Finds Galileo 'Not Guilty'|first=William D.|last=Montalbano|date=1 November 1992|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21st century===
In 2005, following the death of John Paul II, [[Pope Benedict XVI]], head of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] under John Paul II, was elected. He was known for upholding traditional [[Christian values]] against [[secularization]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; and for increasing use of the [[Tridentine Mass]] as found in the [[Roman Missal]] of 1962, which he titled the &quot;Extraordinary Form&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece &quot;Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church&quot;] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, the 50th anniversary of Vatican II, an assembly of the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] discussed re-evangelising [[lapsed Catholic]]s in the [[Developed country|developed world]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary&quot;&gt;{{Citation |contribution=Summary of the synod assemblies |date=9 March 2005 | contribution-url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES |title=Synodal Information |place=Rome, IT |publisher=The Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citing the frailties of advanced age, Benedict [[Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI|resigned]] in 2013, becoming the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His resignation has caused controversy among a minority of Catholics{{who|date=June 2021}} who say Benedict did not fully resign the papacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Former pope Benedict says 'fanatical' Catholics still won't believe he's not the pope|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/02/former-pope-benedict-fanatical-catholics-wont-believe-resignation|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Pope Francis====
{{Main|Pope Francis}}
Pope Francis, the current pope of the Catholic Church, succeeded Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 as the first pope from the [[Americas]], the first from the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the first Pope from outside Europe since the Syrian [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]], who reigned in the 8th century. Pope Francis has been noted for his [[humility]], emphasis on God's mercy, concern for the [[poverty|poor]] and the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]], as well as his commitment to [[interfaith dialogue]]. Media commentators Rachel Donadio of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' and Brandon Ambrosino of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' credit Pope Francis with having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pope Francis is recognized{{by whom|date=June 2021}} for his efforts &quot;to further close the nearly 1,000-year estrangement with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Churches]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;orthodox&quot;&gt;Ritter, Karl, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/pope-francis-jews_n_2883560.html &quot;Pope Francis reaches out to Jews&quot;], huffingtonpost.com, 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; His installation was attended by [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;patriarch&quot;&gt;Demacopoulos, George E., [https://web.archive.org/web/20171018142627/http://www.archons.org/news/detail.asp?id=619 &quot;The extraordinary historical significance of His Holiness' presence at Pope Francis' installation as Bishop of Rome&quot;], Archon News (Order of St. Andrew the Apostle), 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; the first time since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054 that the Eastern Orthodox [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] has attended a papal installation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Our Eastern Brothers|first=Alton J.|last=Pelowski|journal=Columbia|date=May 2013|pages=20–23|url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144237/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 February 2016, Pope Francis and [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]], head of the largest Eastern Orthodox church, met in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], issuing [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|a joint declaration]] calling for restored Christian unity between the two churches. This was reported as the first such high-level meeting between the two churches since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085|title=Unity call as Pope Francis holds historic talks with Russian Orthodox Patriarch|publisher=BBC|date=12 February 2016|access-date=13 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2014, the [[Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops]] addressed the church's ministry towards families and marriages and to Catholics in &quot;irregular&quot; relationships, such as those who [[divorce]]d and remarried outside of the church without a [[declaration of nullity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://world.time.com/2013/10/08/pope-francis-calls-extraordinary-synod-on-family-and-marriage/|last=Dias|first=Elizabeth|title=Pope Francis Calls Extraordinary Synod on Family and Marriage|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2014/10/24/the-media-synod-has-eclipsed-the-real-one/|first=Fr. D. Vincent|last=Twomey|title=The &quot;media synod&quot; has eclipsed the real one|work=Catholic Herald|date=24 October 2014|access-date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; While welcomed by some, it was criticized by some for perceived ambiguity, provoking controversies among individual representatives of differing perspectives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Echeverria|first=Eduardo|url=http://www.crisismagazine.com/2014/synods-interim-report-ambiguity-misinterpretation|title=The Synod's Interim Report: Ambiguity and Misinterpretation|magazine=Crisis Magazine|date=17 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017 during a visit in [[Egypt]], Pope Francis reestablished mutual recognition of baptism with the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetrumpet.com/15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism|title=Catholics and Copts Recognise Shared Baptism|work=The Philadelphia Trumpet|date=3 May 2017|last1=Miille|first1=Andrew|access-date=22 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Pope Francis issued the apostolic letter ''[[Traditionis Custodes]]'', which reversed some of permissions his predecessor had afforded to celebration of the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite and emphasized Pope Francis's preference for the Ordinary Form.&lt;ref name=MPTC&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-07/pope-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes-1962-roman-missal-liturgy.html|title=New norms regarding use of 1962 Roman Missal: Bishops given greater responsibility|work=Vatican News|location=[[Vatican City]]|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 April 2022, during a meeting between a delegation of [[First Nations in Canada|Canadian First Nations]] representatives and Pope Francis at the Vatican, the pope apologized for the conduct of some members of the Roman Catholic Church in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCPopeApology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Stefanovich |first1=Olivia |date=1 April 2022 |title=Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegates for 'deplorable' abuses at residential schools |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pope-francis-responds-indigenous-delegations-final-meeting-1.6404344 |website=CBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sacraments==
{{Anchor|Celebration of the sacraments|Doctrine of the sacraments}}
{{Main|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Mass at Lourdes.jpg|thumb|left|Mass at the Grotto at [[Lourdes]], [[France]]. The [[chalice]] is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.]]
The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several [[ecumenical council]]s, most recently the Council of Trent.&lt;ref name=&quot;1113_14&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1113–1114,1117}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); [[Council of Florence]] (1439); as well as the [[Council of Trent]] (1547)&lt;ref name=1113_14/&gt;|}} These are [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], the [[Eucharist]], [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]] (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the &quot;[[Last Rites]]&quot;), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Catholic marriage|Holy Matrimony]]. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''[[ex opere operato]]'').&lt;ref&gt;Kreeft, pp. 298–299&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the &quot;sacraments of Christian initiation&quot;, &quot;sacraments of healing&quot; and &quot;sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful&quot;. These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1210–1211}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the ''Catechism'':

{{Blockquote|In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the &quot;communion of the Holy Spirit&quot; who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1097}}&lt;/ref&gt;|}}

According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sacraments}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the [[Canon Law]]s for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoCC291&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=''CoCC'' 291 |publisher=Vatican.va |quote=To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;CCC, 1399&quot;/&gt;--&gt; Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is [[real presence#Catholic and Orthodox|present]] in the Eucharist,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft326&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 326&lt;/ref&gt; those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the [[sacrament of Reconciliation]] (Penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;/&gt; Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 331&lt;/ref&gt; Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.&lt;ref name=CoCC291/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400–1401}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |title=Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132 |work=vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |archive-date=16 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that &quot;a certain ''communion in sacris'', and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1399}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments of initiation===
{{Main|Sacraments of initiation}}

====Baptism====
[[File:Baptême Cathédrale de Troyes 290308.jpg|left|thumb|Baptism of [[Augustine of Hippo]] as represented in a sculptural group in [[Troyes Cathedral]] (1549), [[France]]]]
As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1275}}&lt;/ref&gt; It washes away all sins, both [[original sin]] and personal actual sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1263}}&lt;/ref&gt; It makes a person a member of the church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1267}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is [[infant baptism|conferred even on children]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1282}}&lt;/ref&gt; who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1250}}&lt;/ref&gt; If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lazowski|first=Philip|year=2004|title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|url={{googlebooks|HIhIPIYLQ6QC|page=157|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-88125-811-0|page=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1272}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize (&quot;to do what the Church does when she baptizes&quot;) and that they use the [[Trinitarian formula#Use in baptism|Trinitarian baptismal formula]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Confirmation====
{{Main|Confirmation in the Catholic Church}}
The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1285}}&lt;/ref&gt; When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,&lt;ref name=&quot;cann883&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM|title=Canon 883|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Intratext.com|date=4 May 2007|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.&lt;ref name=&quot;cceo695&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJB.HTM|title=''CCEO'', Canon 695|publisher=Intratext.com (English translation)|date=1990|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.&lt;ref name=&quot;cann891&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Canon 891|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|archive-date=28 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with [[chrism]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church|title=Compendium of the CCC, 267|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a mixture of [[olive oil]] and some perfumed substance, usually [[Oleoresin|balsam]], blessed by a bishop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|title=Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the [[age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]] means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1310}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Eucharist====
{{Main|Eucharist in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:BentoXVI-51-11052007 (frag).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] celebrates the Eucharist at the [[canonization]] of [[Frei Galvão]] in [[São Paulo]], Brazil on 11 May 2007.]]
For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as &quot;the source and summit of the Christian life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1324}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as [[First Communion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601|title=Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion|publisher=Catholicculture.org|access-date=25 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Eucharistic celebration, also called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine liturgy]], includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the [[altar]] and [[consecration#Eucharist|consecrated]] by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called [[transubstantiation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist|first=Joseph|last=Pohle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the [[#Roman Rite of Mass|side bar]] in the &quot;Worship and liturgy&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[words of consecration]] reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the [[Last Supper]], where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1365–1372|quote=Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;ccc1392&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1392–1395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Convento de San Francisco - Ciudad de México - Creyente.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Catholic believer prays in a church in [[Mexico]].]]

===Sacraments of healing===
The two sacraments of healing are the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] and [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]].

====Penance====
{{Main|Sacrament of Penance}}
The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 296 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 297 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and [[absolution]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 302–303 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serious sins ([[mortal sin]]s) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of [[venial sin]]s also is recommended.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 304–306 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the &quot;[[seal of confession]]&quot;, absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 309 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Anointing of the sick====
{{Main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Extreme Unction Rogier Van der Weyden.jpg|left|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece]] [[triptych]] painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. [[Rogier van der Weyden]], c.&amp;nbsp;1445.]]
While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 316 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 319 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The sacrament is also referred to as ''Unction'', and in the past as ''Extreme Unction'', and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the [[last rites]], together with Penance and [[Viaticum]] (Eucharist).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Extreme Unction | first = Patrick | last = Toner }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments at the service of communion===
According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of [[Koinonia|communion]] directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1534}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments &quot;consecrate to specific mission or [[vocation]] among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]]. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1535}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Holy Orders====
{{Main|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Priesterweihe in Schwyz 2.jpg|thumb|right|Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.]]
The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).&lt;ref name=&quot;cann10081009&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Canon 1008–1009 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va}} (As modified by the 2009 [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html motu proprio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html|date=16 June 2011}} ''[[Omnium in mentem]]'')&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1536}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the [[Clergy#Catholicism|clergy]]. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm Karl Keating, &quot;What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy&quot;]. ''ewtn.com''. Retrieved on 27 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Niebuhr |first=Gustav |title=Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html |access-date=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1031&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM Canon 1031] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM |date=21 February 2008 }} Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1037&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM Canon 1037] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM |date=18 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; (see [[Clerical marriage]]). But after becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see [[Clerical celibacy]]) unless he is formally laicized.

All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm |author=Committee on the Diaconate |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date=9 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM Canon 42] Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM Canon 375] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM |date=19 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which [[ordination|ordains]] someone into the clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneFaith114&quot;&gt;Barry, p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;

====Matrimony====
{{Anchor|Sacrament of marriage}}
{{Main|Marriage in the Catholic Church}}
{{See also|Catholic teachings on sexual morality}}
[[File:Jf9694Wedding San Nicolas Church Tolentine Marriage Pampangafvf 02.JPG|right|thumb|Wedding mass in the [[Philippines]]]]
The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601,1614|quote=The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gantley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doors&quot;/&gt;||group=&quot;note&quot;}} The church recognizes certain [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Conditions for a valid marriage of Catholics|conditions]], such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Canonical form|canonical form]], that Catholics must follow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1631}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an [[annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]]. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1629}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Liturgy==
{{Main|Catholic liturgy}}
[[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]]
Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–1209}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], &lt;!--Exact Quote from an Unofficial Tw0ranslation--&gt;&quot;a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''&quot;.&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCEO28&quot;&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM &quot;''CCEO'', Canon 28 §&amp;nbsp;1&quot;]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: &quot;''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''.&quot; (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–1364|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its most widely used form is that of the [[Roman Rite]] as promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] in 1969 (see [[Missale Romanum]]) and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (see [[Liturgiam Authenticam]]). In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases.

===Western rites===
{{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}&lt;!--sidebar anchor--&gt;
{{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}}
The Roman Rite is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Mass of Paul VI|Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&amp;T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]]. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar.

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the [[1962 Roman Missal]] as an &quot;extraordinary form&quot; (''forma extraordinaria'') of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an ''usus antiquior'' (&quot;older use&quot;), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 July 2007 |title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-date=29 September 2010}} &quot;The last version of the ''Missale Romanum'' prior to the [[Second Vatican Council|Council]], which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a ''forma extraordinaria'' of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted.&quot;—Pope Benedict XVI&lt;/ref&gt; An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form (&quot;the ''forma ordinaria''&quot; and &quot;the ''forma extraordinaria''&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Universae Ecclesiae&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|title=Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio|work=vatican.va|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the [[Second Vatican Council]] opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]] and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.&lt;ref name=Kreeft326/&gt; Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1604, [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1634, [[Pope Pius X]] in 1911, [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/tridentinemass_1.shtml|title=BBC Religions: What is the Tridentine Mass?|date=23 June 2009|access-date=27 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; but [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s 2007 [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in [[liturgical Latin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Summorum Pontificum|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|date=7 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2015|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.&lt;ref name=MPTC/&gt;

&lt;!-- Removing due to a plethora of images in section: [[File:FN Ailingen Pfarrkirche Prozessionskreuz.jpg|thumbnail|left|A processional crucifix, used in the ritual procession at the beginning of Mass.]]--&gt;
Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church&quot;|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called &quot;Divine Worship&quot; or, less formally, &quot;Ordinariate Use&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Latest News – Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican_Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the &quot;Anglican Use&quot; variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[Pastoral Provision|pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.&lt;/ref&gt; an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders.

In the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and those of some religious institutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Eastern rites===
{{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}}
[[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[India]], one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]]
The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See &quot;Eastern Catholic Churches&quot;; In part: &lt;!--quote--&gt;&quot;The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites&quot;&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the [[Byzantine Rite]], in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the [[Alexandrian Rite]]; the [[West Syrian Rite|Syriac Rite]]; the [[Armenian Rite]]; the [[Maronite Rite]] and the [[Chaldean Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the &quot;accurate observance&quot; of their liturgical tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–385 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg|date=23 October 2013}}
* [[Anti-Catholicism]]
* [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Catholic Church by country]]
* [[Catholic spirituality]]
* [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Glossary of the Catholic Church]]
* [[List of Catholic religious institutes]]
* [[Lists of Catholics]]
* [[Role of Christianity in civilization]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
'''NOTE:''' ''CCC'' stands for ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''[[Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|Compendium of the CCC]]'' are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' are labelled &quot;''CCEO'', Canon xxx&quot;, to distinguish from canons of the 1983 ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', which are labelled &quot;Canon xxx&quot;.

{{Reflist|20em|

&lt;!--Begin list references--&gt;
|refs=
&lt;ref name=note1cite1&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]] not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=note1cite2&gt;{{cite news|title=Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church ''Dominus Iesus'' § 17|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect ''Koinonia'' with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true [[particular churches]]. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]]; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--End List references--&gt;
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      <text bytes="78418" sha1="nmxhgeymee04e56266vpstrrus7kxz6" xml:space="preserve">===20th century===
&lt;!--Following paragraph includes text copied from the article on the [[Terrible Triangle]] --&gt;{{Main|Catholic Church in the 20th century}}
During the 20th century, the church's global reach continued to grow, despite the rise of anti-Catholic authoritarian regimes and the collapse of European Empires, accompanied by a general decline in religious observance in the West. Under Popes [[Benedict XV]], and [[Pius XII]], the [[Holy See]] sought to maintain public neutrality through the World Wars, acting as peace broker and delivering aid to the victims of the conflicts. In the 1960s, [[Pope John XXIII]] convened the [[Second Vatican Council]], which ushered in radical change to church ritual and practice, and in the later 20th century, the long reign of [[Pope John Paul II]] contributed to the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, and a new public and international role for the papacy.&lt;ref&gt;Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;communist&quot; /&gt;

; World War One

Pope [[Pius X]] (1903–1914) renewed the independence of papal office by abolishing the veto of Catholic powers in papal elections, and his successors [[Benedict XV]] (1914–1922) and [[Pius XI]] (1922–1939) concluded the modern independence of the Vatican State within Italy.&lt;ref&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p. 239, p.241&lt;/ref&gt; Benedict XV was elected at the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. He attempted to mediate between the powers and established a Vatican relief office, to assist victims of the war and reunite families.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popes p.240&quot;&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p.240&lt;/ref&gt; He offered numerous appeals for peace. His &quot;Dès le début&quot; initiative of 1 August 1917 was rejected by the warring parties.&lt;ref&gt;John Pollard &quot;Papal Diplomacy and The Great War&quot; (2014).&lt;/ref&gt;

; Interwar years

A number of [[anti-clerical]] governments emerged in the 20th century. The 1926 [[Calles Law]] separating church and state in Mexico led to the [[Cristero War]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Chadwick264&quot;&gt;Chadwick, Owen, pp. 264–265&lt;/ref&gt; in which more than 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated,&lt;ref name=&quot;Scheina&quot;&gt;Scheina, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; churches desecrated, services mocked, nuns raped, and captured priests shot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chadwick264&quot;/&gt; Following the 1917 [[October Revolution]], persecution of the church and Catholics in the [[Soviet Union]] continued into the 1930s, with the execution and exiling of clerics, monks and laymen, the confiscation of religious implements, and closure of churches.&lt;ref&gt;Riasanovsky 617&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Riasanovsky 634&quot;&gt;Riasanovsky 634&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1936–39 [[Spanish Civil War]], the Catholic hierarchy allied with [[Francisco Franco|Franco's]] [[Spanish State|Nationalists]] against the [[Popular Front (Spain)|Popular Front]] government,&lt;ref&gt;Payne, p. 13&lt;/ref&gt; citing as justification [[Red Terror (Spain)|Republican violence]] against the church.&lt;ref&gt;Alonso, pp. 395–396&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Blood of Spain'', Ronald Fraser p. 415, collective letter of bishops of Spain, addressed to the bishops of the world. {{ISBN|0-7126-6014-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pope Pius XI]] referred to these three countries as a &quot;terrible triangle&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Fontenelle, Mrg R (1939), ''Seine Heiligkeit Pius XI'', p. 164. Alsactia, France&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;divinired&quot;&gt;[[Encyclical]] ''[[Divini Redemptoris]]'', §&amp;nbsp;18 (AAS 29 [1937], 74). 1937. ''Libreria Editrice Vaticana'' ([https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html English translation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909124153/http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19031937_divini-redemptoris.html|date=9 September 2015}})&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|While, since the 1960s, Pope Pius XII has been accused of not having done enough to shelter Jews from the [[Holocaust]], his defenders claim he secretly encouraged individual Catholic resistance groups,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Riebling |first1=Mark |title=Church of Spies |date=2015 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02229-8 |page=(flyleaf) &quot;[Pius XII] sent birthday cards to Hitler - while secretly plotting to kill him.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Burleigh |first1=Michael |title=Sacred Causes |date=2007 |publisher=Harper Perennial |page=252 &quot; 'They deplore the fact that the Pope does not speak,' Pius told the Jesuit rector of the Gregorian university in December 1942. 'But the Pope cannot speak. If he spoke, things would be worse.'&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lapide |first1=Pinchas |title=Three Popes and the Jews |date=1967 |publisher=Hawthorne Books |pages=214–15 &quot;Rabbi André Ungar of Temple Emanuel, N.J.,... says, 'The Vatican itself gave permission, and perhaps encouragement for Jewish rescue work; the Vatican provided large sums of money, and on occasion the facilities of its diplomatic privileges to save Jews from the Nazis.'&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; such as that led by priest [[Heinrich Maier]]. Maier helped the allies fight against the V-2, which was produced by [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]] prisoners.]]

The interwar [[Pope Pius XI]] modernized the papacy by appearing in St Peter's Square, founding [[Vatican Radio]] and the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Papal Academy of Sciences]], appointing 40 indigenous bishops and concluding fifteen concordats, including the [[Lateran Treaty]] with Italy which founded the [[Vatican City State]].&lt;ref&gt;''Lives of the Popes''; Michael J Walsh, Universal International; 1998; p.241-2&lt;/ref&gt; After violations of the 1933 [[Reichskonkordat]] between the church and [[Nazi Germany]], Pius XI issued the 1937 encyclical ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]'', which publicly condemned the [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany|Nazis' persecution of the church]] and their ideology of [[Modern Paganism|neopaganism]] and [[Supremacism|racial superiority]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes182&quot;&gt;Rhodes, pp. 182–183&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes197&quot;&gt;Rhodes, p. 197&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhodes204&quot;&gt;Rhodes, pp. 204–205&lt;/ref&gt;

; World War Two

His successor [[Pope Pius XII]] led the Catholic Church through the [[Second World War]] and early [[Cold War]]. Like his predecessors, Pius XII sought to publicly maintain Vatican neutrality in the War, and established aid networks to help victims, but he secretly [[Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance|assisted the anti-Hitler resistance]] and shared intelligence with the Allies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Popes p.240&quot;/&gt; His first encyclical ''[[Summi Pontificatus]]'' (1939) expressed dismay at the [[1939 Invasion of Poland]] and reiterated Catholic teaching against [[racism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cook983&quot;&gt;Cook, p. 983&lt;/ref&gt; He expressed concern against race killings [[Pope Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address|on Vatican Radio]], and intervened diplomatically to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries from 1942 to 1944. But the Pope's insistence on public neutrality and diplomatic language has become a source of much criticism and debate.&lt;ref&gt;[https://spectator.org/46578_hitlers-pope/ Hitler's Pope?]; Martin Gilbert; The American Spectator; 18 August 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews.&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-4299-0036-2, p 299&lt;/ref&gt; Israeli historian [[Pinchas Lapide]] estimated that [[Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust|Catholic rescue of Jews]] amounted to somewhere between 700,000 and 860,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lapomarda |first=Vincent A. |title=The Jesuits and the Third Reich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mO7AAAACAAJ&amp;pg=PA3 |year=2005 |publisher=E. Mellen Press |isbn=978-0-7734-6265-6 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany|Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church]] was at its most intense [[Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland|in Poland]], and [[Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany|Catholic resistance to Nazism]] took various forms. Some 2,579 Catholic clergy were sent to the [[Priest Barracks of Dachau|Priest Barracks]] of [[Dachau Concentration Camp]], including 400 Germans.&lt;ref&gt;Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; W.W. Norton &amp; Company; London; pp. 210–11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berben, Paul (1975). Dachau, 1933–1945: the official history. Norfolk Press. ISBN 978-0-85211-009-6, pp276-277&lt;/ref&gt; Thousands of priests, nuns and brothers were imprisoned, taken to a concentration camp, tortured and murdered, including Saints [[Maximilian Kolbe]] and [[Edith Stein]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/non_jews_persecution.asp |title=Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Germany |publisher=Yad Vashem |access-date=28 October 2010 |archive-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129015947/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/about/01/non_jews_persecution.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Erika Weinzierl: Kirchlicher Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus. In: Themen der Zeitgeschichte und der Gegenwart. Vienna 2004, {{ISBN|3-8258-7549-0}}, pp 76.&lt;/ref&gt; Catholics fought on both sides in the conflict. Catholic clergy played a leading role in the government of the fascist [[Slovak State]], which collaborated with the Nazis, copied their anti-Semitic policies, and helped them carry out the Holocaust in Slovakia. [[Jozef Tiso]], the President of the Slovak State and a Catholic priest, supported his government's deportation of Slovakian Jews to extermination camps.&lt;ref&gt;James Ward, ''Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia'', Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013, 202 – 245&lt;/ref&gt; The Vatican protested against these Jewish deportations in Slovakia and in other Nazi puppet regimes including [[Vichy France]], Croatia, [[Bulgaria]], Italy and Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;Martin Gilbert; ''The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy''; Collins; London; 1986; pp. 202, 203, 206–207, 212–214, 451, 466.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Mazower; ''Hitler's Empire – Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe''; Penguin; 2008; {{ISBN|978-0-7139-9681-4}}; p.395&lt;/ref&gt;

The Catholic resistance group around the priest [[Heinrich Maier]] passed on plans and production facilities for [[V-1 flying bomb]]s, [[V-2 rocket]]s, [[Tiger tank]]s, [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] and other aircraft to the Allies, with which they could target German production facilities. Much of the information was important to [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]] and [[Operation Crossbow]], both critical operations to [[Operation Overlord]]. He and his group informed the American [[Office of Strategic Services]] early on about the mass murder of Jews in Auschwitz. Maier supported the war against the Nazis on the principle &quot;every bomb that falls on armaments factories shortens the war and spares the civilian population.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Paul Vecsei &quot;Der Priester, der unter das Fallbeil kam&quot; In: Wiener Zeitung 13 March 2021; Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer: ''Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.'' Vienna 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-902494-83-2}}, pp. 299–305; Hans Schafranek: ''Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.'' Vienna 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-7076-0622-5}}, pp. 161–248; Fritz Molden: ''Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945''. Vienna 1988, p. 122; Peter Broucek &quot;Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945&quot; (2008), p. 163; Hansjakob Stehle &quot;Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)&quot; In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996; Christoph Thurner &quot;The CASSIA Spy Ring in World War II Austria: A History of the OSS's Maier-Messner Group&quot; (2017), pp 35; Bernhard Kreutner &quot;Gefangener 2959: Das Leben des Heinrich Maier – Mann Gottes und unbeugsamer Widerstandskämpfer&quot; (2021).&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Members of the Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the Canadian [[Royal 22e Regiment|Royal 22&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt; Regiment]] in audience with [[Pope Pius XII]], following the [[Liberation of Rome]] in 1944 during [[World War II]]]]

Around 1943, [[Adolf Hitler]] planned the kidnapping of the Pope and his internment in Germany. He gave SS General Wolff a corresponding order to prepare for the action.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/pius-xii-wie-adolf-hitler-den-papst-entfuehren-lassen-wollte-a-1101877.html|title=Pius XII: Wie Adolf Hitler den Papst entführen lassen wollte|first=Katja|last=Iken|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=7 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/welt/379790_Hitler-plante-Entfuehrung-Pius-XII..html|title=Hitler plante Entführung Pius' XII. – &quot;Streng geheime&quot; Berichte faschistischer Parteigrößen entdeckt|first=Wiener Zeitung|last=Online|website=Weltpolitik Nachrichten – Wiener Zeitung Online|date=9 September 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; While [[Pope Pius XII]] has been credited with helping to [[Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust|save hundreds of thousands of Jews]] during the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=192}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Deák&quot;&gt;Deák, p. 182&lt;/ref&gt; the church has also been accused of having encouraged centuries of [[Christianity and antisemitism|antisemitism]] by its teachings&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Eakin|first=Emily|title=New Accusations Of a Vatican Role In Anti-Semitism; Battle Lines Were Drawn After Beatification of Pope Pius IX|work=The New York Times|date=1 September 2001|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/01/arts/new-accusations-vatican-role-anti-semitism-battle-lines-were-drawn-after.html|access-date=9 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and not doing enough to stop Nazi atrocities.&lt;ref&gt;Phayer (2000), pp. 50–57&lt;/ref&gt; Many Nazi criminals escaped overseas after the Second World War, also because they had powerful supporters from the Vatican.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Welle|first=Deutsche|title=The ratlines: What did the Vatican know about Nazi escape routes?|date=1 March 2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-ratlines-what-did-the-vatican-know-about-nazi-escape-routes/a-52555068|access-date=7 February 2021|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/geschichte/zweiter-weltkrieg/article124863191/Fluchthilfe-fuer-Nazis-vom-Vatikan-und-US-Agenten.html|title=Rattenlinien: Fluchthilfe für Nazis – vom Vatikan und US-Agenten|first=Manuel|last=Opitz|newspaper=Die Welt|date=15 February 2014|via=www.welt.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000114377607/ns-fluchthelfer-der-braune-bischof-und-die-rattenlinie|title=NS-Fluchthelfer: Der &quot;braune Bischof&quot; und die Rattenlinie|website=[[Der Standard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The judgment of Pius XII is made more difficult by the sources, because the church archives for his tenure as nuncio, cardinal secretary of state and pope are in part closed or not yet processed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/judgment-day-vatican-ready-to-open-its-holocaust-files-to-the-world-drp9dgpc6|title=Judgment day: Vatican ready to open its Holocaust files to the world|first=Philip Willan|last=Rome|work=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|dismembered Yugoslavia]], the church favored the Nazi-installed Croatian Catholic fascist [[Ustaše]] regime due to its anti-communist ideology and for the potential to reinstate Catholic influence in the region following the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]].&lt;ref name=Phayer2000p32&gt;Phayer (2000), p. 32&lt;/ref&gt; It did not however formally recognize the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH).&lt;ref name=Phayer2000p32/&gt; Despite being informed of the regime's [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide against Orthodox Serbs]], [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Jews]] and other non-Croats, the church did not publicly speak out against it, preferring to exert pressure through diplomacy.&lt;ref&gt;Phayer (2000), p. 39&lt;/ref&gt; In assessing the Vatican's position, historian [[Jozo Tomasevich]] writes that &quot;it seems the Catholic Church fully supported the [Ustaše] regime and its policies.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Tomasevich|first=Jozo|year=2001|title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration|publisher=Stanford University Press|url={{googlebooks|fqUSGevFe5MC|page=555|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8047-7924-1|page=555}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Early Cold War

During the [[post-war]] period, communist governments in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] severely restricted religious freedoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;communist&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Pope Stared Down Communism in Homeland – and Won|publisher=CBC News|date=April 2005|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|access-date=31 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223141702/http://www.cbc.ca/news/obit/pope/communism_homeland.html|archive-date=23 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although some priests and religious people collaborated with communist regimes,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Craig|title=In Poland, New Wave of Charges Against Clerics|work=The New York Times|date=10 January 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/10/world/europe/10poland.html|access-date=23 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; many others were imprisoned, deported, or executed. The church was an important player in the [[fall of communism]] in Europe, particularly in the [[Polish People's Republic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/14023|title=Untold story of 1989|publisher=The Tablet|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1949, the Communist victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=356–358}} The new government also created the [[Patriotic Church]] and appointed its bishops. These appointments were initially rejected by Rome before many of them were accepted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7005927.stm|title=China installs Pope-backed bishop|publisher=BBC News|date=21 September 2007|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1960s during the [[Cultural Revolution]], the Chinese Communists closed all religious establishments. When Chinese churches eventually reopened, they remained under the control of the Patriotic Church. Many Catholic priests continued to be sent to prison for refusing to renounce allegiance to Rome.&lt;ref&gt;Chadwick, p. 259&lt;/ref&gt;

====Second Vatican Council====
{{Main|Second Vatican Council|History of the Catholic Church since 1962|Spirit of Vatican II}}
[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|right|thumb|Bishops listen during the Second Vatican Council.]]
The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the [[Council of Trent]], four centuries before.&lt;ref&gt;The Second Vatican Council Celebrating Its Achievements and the Future p. 86&lt;/ref&gt; Initiated by [[Pope John XXIII]], this ecumenical council modernized the practices of the Catholic Church, allowing the Mass to be said in the [[vernacular]] (local language) and encouraging &quot;fully conscious, and active participation in liturgical celebrations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |title=Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium |publisher=Vatican.va |date=4 December 1963 |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html |archive-date=21 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It intended to engage the church more closely with the present world (''[[aggiornamento]]''), which was described by its advocates as an &quot;opening of the windows&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy272&quot;&gt;Duffy, pp. 270–276&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to changes in the liturgy, it led to changes to the church's approach to [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|ecumenism]],&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 272, 274&lt;/ref&gt; and a call to improved relations with non-Christian religions, especially [[Judaism]], in its document ''[[Nostra aetate]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOSTRA AETATE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Pope Paul VI|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|title=''Nostra aetate'': Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions|date=28 October 1965|access-date=16 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220214550/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html|archive-date=20 December 2008|quote=According to Section 4: &quot;True, the Jewish authorities and those who followed their lead pressed for the death of Christ; still, what happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today. Although the Church is the new people of God, the Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God, as if this followed from the Holy Scriptures.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The council, however, generated significant controversy in implementing its reforms: proponents of the &quot;[[Spirit of Vatican II]]&quot; such as Swiss theologian [[Hans Küng]] said that Vatican II had &quot;not gone far enough&quot; to change church policies.&lt;ref&gt;Bauckham, p. 373&lt;/ref&gt; [[Traditionalist Catholics]], such as [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]], however, strongly criticized the council, arguing that its liturgical reforms led &quot;to the destruction of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass and the sacraments&quot;, among other issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=O'Neel|first=Brian|url=http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|title=Holier Than Thou: How Rejection of Vatican II Led Lefebvre into Schism|journal=This Rock|volume=14|issue=4|location=San Diego|publisher=Catholic Answers|date=3 April 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510014807/http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/2003/0304fea2.asp|archive-date=10 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Several teachings of the Catholic Church came under increased scrutiny both concurrent with and following the council; among those teachings was the church's teaching regarding the immorality of [[Birth control|contraception]]. The recent introduction of [[hormonal contraception]] (including &quot;the pill&quot;), which were believed by some to be morally different from previous methods, prompted John XXIII to form a committee to advise him of the moral and theological issues with the new method.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=May|first=John F.|year=2012|title=World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact|publisher=Springer|url={{googlebooks|UCQRxtm3Z34C|page=202|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-94-007-2837-0|pages=202–203}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kinkel|first=R. John|year=2014|title=Papal Paralysis: How the Vatican Dealt with the AIDS Crisis|publisher=Lexington|url={{googlebooks|O9dkAgAAQBAJ|page=2|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-7391-7684-9|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pope Paul VI]] later expanded the committee's scope to freely examine all methods, and the committee's unreleased final report was rumoured to suggest permitting at least some methods of contraception. Paul did not agree with the arguments presented, and eventually issued ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', saying that it upheld the constant teaching of the church against contraception. It expressly included hormonal methods as prohibited.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;While ruling contraception to be prohibited, Pope Paul VI did, however, consider natural family planning methods to be morally permissible if used with just cause.&lt;/ref&gt; This document generated a largely negative response from many Catholics.{{From whom?|date=September 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HV_then_now&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/germain-grisez-on-humanae-vitae-then-and-now|title=Germain Grisez on &quot;Humanae Vitae&quot;, Then and Now: The Dust Still Hasn't Settled, But There Are Signs of Hope|publisher=Zenit: The World Seen from Rome|date=14 July 2003|access-date=16 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--&quot;Paul was determined not to ask anything of married couples that God does not require of them&quot;,--&gt;

====John Paul II====
{{Main|Pope John Paul II}}
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan Meeting with Pope John Paul Ii at The Papal Library Vatican Pontifical Palace During Visit to The Vatican - DPLA - 5f33de6fe59d61cb712405563ab04adc.jpg|thumb|left|Pope John Paul II is credited as a major influence to the end of the [[Cold War]] and the [[fall of communism]]. Here with U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] and his wife, [[Nancy Reagan|Nancy]], in 1982.]]
In 1978, Pope John Paul II, formerly [[Archbishop of Kraków]] in the [[Polish People's Republic]], became the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. His 26 1/2-year [[pontificate]] was one of the longest in history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/April-02.html;jsessionid=08931E713115A304B13BB1A6FA315A63.public1|title=2 April – This Day in History|publisher=History.co.uk|access-date=28 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], the president of the [[Soviet Union]], credited the Polish pope with hastening the fall of communism in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Peter and Margaret Hebblethwaite and Peter Stanford|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism|title=Obituary: Pope John Paul II|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2005|access-date=28 October 2010|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

John Paul II sought to evangelize an increasingly [[Secularism|secular world]]. He instituted [[World Youth Day]] as a &quot;worldwide encounter with the pope&quot; for young people; it is now held every two to three years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.madrid11.com/en/what-is-wyd|title=WYD 2011 Madrid – Official Site – What is WYD?|publisher=Madrid11.com|date=15 June 2011|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622081042/http://www.madrid11.com/en/what-is-wyd|archive-date=22 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He travelled more than any other pope, visiting 129 countries,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Maxwell-Stuart|first=P.G.|year=2006|title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle|location=London|publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson|page=234|isbn=978-0-500-28608-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; and used television and radio as means of spreading the church's teachings. He also emphasized the [[Dignity of labour|dignity of work]] and natural rights of labourers to have [[Living wage|fair wages]] and safe conditions in ''[[Laborem exercens]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Laborem exercens|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=15 May 1981|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He emphasized several church teachings, including moral exhortations against [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], and against widespread use of the [[death penalty]], in ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Paul II|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|title=Evangelium Vitae|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|date=25 March 1995|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027122758/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- The following sentence is needed for neutral coverage of several notable controversies, as well as to summarize significant content within the article. Please do not remove without a discussion on the talk page. --&gt;
From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been [[Criticism of the Catholic Church|criticized]] for its doctrines on [[Catholic teachings on sexual morality|sexuality]], its inability to [[Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women|ordain women]], and its handling of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse cases]].
&lt;!-- end restoration --&gt;

In 1992, the Vatican acknowledged its error in persecuting [[Galileo]] 359 years earlier for proving the Earth revolved around the Sun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html|title=After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves|first=Alan|last=Cowell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 October 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/11/01/vatican-finds-galileo-not-guilty/1092b119-440e-4fb6-b990-cc7f8a662f0d/|title=Vatican Finds Galileo 'Not Guilty'|first=William D.|last=Montalbano|date=1 November 1992|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21st century===
In 2005, following the death of John Paul II, [[Pope Benedict XVI]], head of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] under John Paul II, was elected. He was known for upholding traditional [[Christian values]] against [[secularization]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; and for increasing use of the [[Tridentine Mass]] as found in the [[Roman Missal]] of 1962, which he titled the &quot;Extraordinary Form&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece &quot;Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church&quot;] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, the 50th anniversary of Vatican II, an assembly of the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] discussed re-evangelising [[lapsed Catholic]]s in the [[Developed country|developed world]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary&quot;&gt;{{Citation |contribution=Summary of the synod assemblies |date=9 March 2005 | contribution-url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES |title=Synodal Information |place=Rome, IT |publisher=The Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citing the frailties of advanced age, Benedict [[Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI|resigned]] in 2013, becoming the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His resignation has caused controversy among a minority of Catholics{{who|date=June 2021}} who say Benedict did not fully resign the papacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Former pope Benedict says 'fanatical' Catholics still won't believe he's not the pope|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/02/former-pope-benedict-fanatical-catholics-wont-believe-resignation|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Pope Francis====
{{Main|Pope Francis}}
Pope Francis, the current pope of the Catholic Church, succeeded Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 as the first pope from the [[Americas]], the first from the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the first Pope from outside Europe since the Syrian [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]], who reigned in the 8th century. Pope Francis has been noted for his [[humility]], emphasis on God's mercy, concern for the [[poverty|poor]] and the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]], as well as his commitment to [[interfaith dialogue]]. Media commentators Rachel Donadio of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' and Brandon Ambrosino of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' credit Pope Francis with having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pope Francis is recognized{{by whom|date=June 2021}} for his efforts &quot;to further close the nearly 1,000-year estrangement with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Churches]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;orthodox&quot;&gt;Ritter, Karl, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/pope-francis-jews_n_2883560.html &quot;Pope Francis reaches out to Jews&quot;], huffingtonpost.com, 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; His installation was attended by [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;patriarch&quot;&gt;Demacopoulos, George E., [https://web.archive.org/web/20171018142627/http://www.archons.org/news/detail.asp?id=619 &quot;The extraordinary historical significance of His Holiness' presence at Pope Francis' installation as Bishop of Rome&quot;], Archon News (Order of St. Andrew the Apostle), 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; the first time since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054 that the Eastern Orthodox [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] has attended a papal installation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Our Eastern Brothers|first=Alton J.|last=Pelowski|journal=Columbia|date=May 2013|pages=20–23|url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144237/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 February 2016, Pope Francis and [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]], head of the largest Eastern Orthodox church, met in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], issuing [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|a joint declaration]] calling for restored Christian unity between the two churches. This was reported as the first such high-level meeting between the two churches since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085|title=Unity call as Pope Francis holds historic talks with Russian Orthodox Patriarch|publisher=BBC|date=12 February 2016|access-date=13 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2014, the [[Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops]] addressed the church's ministry towards families and marriages and to Catholics in &quot;irregular&quot; relationships, such as those who [[divorce]]d and remarried outside of the church without a [[declaration of nullity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://world.time.com/2013/10/08/pope-francis-calls-extraordinary-synod-on-family-and-marriage/|last=Dias|first=Elizabeth|title=Pope Francis Calls Extraordinary Synod on Family and Marriage|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2014/10/24/the-media-synod-has-eclipsed-the-real-one/|first=Fr. D. Vincent|last=Twomey|title=The &quot;media synod&quot; has eclipsed the real one|work=Catholic Herald|date=24 October 2014|access-date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; While welcomed by some, it was criticized by some for perceived ambiguity, provoking controversies among individual representatives of differing perspectives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Echeverria|first=Eduardo|url=http://www.crisismagazine.com/2014/synods-interim-report-ambiguity-misinterpretation|title=The Synod's Interim Report: Ambiguity and Misinterpretation|magazine=Crisis Magazine|date=17 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017 during a visit in [[Egypt]], Pope Francis reestablished mutual recognition of baptism with the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetrumpet.com/15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism|title=Catholics and Copts Recognise Shared Baptism|work=The Philadelphia Trumpet|date=3 May 2017|last1=Miille|first1=Andrew|access-date=22 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Pope Francis issued the apostolic letter ''[[Traditionis Custodes]]'', which reversed some of permissions his predecessor had afforded to celebration of the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite and emphasized Pope Francis's preference for the Ordinary Form.&lt;ref name=MPTC&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-07/pope-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes-1962-roman-missal-liturgy.html|title=New norms regarding use of 1962 Roman Missal: Bishops given greater responsibility|work=Vatican News|location=[[Vatican City]]|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 April 2022, during a meeting between a delegation of [[First Nations in Canada|Canadian First Nations]] representatives and Pope Francis at the Vatican, the pope apologized for the conduct of some members of the Roman Catholic Church in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCPopeApology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Stefanovich |first1=Olivia |date=1 April 2022 |title=Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegates for 'deplorable' abuses at residential schools |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pope-francis-responds-indigenous-delegations-final-meeting-1.6404344 |website=CBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sacraments==
{{Anchor|Celebration of the sacraments|Doctrine of the sacraments}}
{{Main|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Mass at Lourdes.jpg|thumb|left|Mass at the Grotto at [[Lourdes]], [[France]]. The [[chalice]] is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.]]
The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several [[ecumenical council]]s, most recently the Council of Trent.&lt;ref name=&quot;1113_14&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1113–1114,1117}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); [[Council of Florence]] (1439); as well as the [[Council of Trent]] (1547)&lt;ref name=1113_14/&gt;|}} These are [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], the [[Eucharist]], [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]] (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the &quot;[[Last Rites]]&quot;), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Catholic marriage|Holy Matrimony]]. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''[[ex opere operato]]'').&lt;ref&gt;Kreeft, pp. 298–299&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the &quot;sacraments of Christian initiation&quot;, &quot;sacraments of healing&quot; and &quot;sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful&quot;. These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1210–1211}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the ''Catechism'':

{{Blockquote|In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the &quot;communion of the Holy Spirit&quot; who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1097}}&lt;/ref&gt;|}}

According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sacraments}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the [[Canon Law]]s for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoCC291&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=''CoCC'' 291 |publisher=Vatican.va |quote=To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;CCC, 1399&quot;/&gt;--&gt; Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is [[real presence#Catholic and Orthodox|present]] in the Eucharist,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft326&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 326&lt;/ref&gt; those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the [[sacrament of Reconciliation]] (Penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;/&gt; Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 331&lt;/ref&gt; Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.&lt;ref name=CoCC291/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400–1401}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |title=Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132 |work=vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |archive-date=16 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that &quot;a certain ''communion in sacris'', and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1399}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments of initiation===
{{Main|Sacraments of initiation}}

====Baptism====
[[File:Baptême Cathédrale de Troyes 290308.jpg|left|thumb|Baptism of [[Augustine of Hippo]] as represented in a sculptural group in [[Troyes Cathedral]] (1549), [[France]]]]
As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1275}}&lt;/ref&gt; It washes away all sins, both [[original sin]] and personal actual sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1263}}&lt;/ref&gt; It makes a person a member of the church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1267}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is [[infant baptism|conferred even on children]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1282}}&lt;/ref&gt; who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1250}}&lt;/ref&gt; If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lazowski|first=Philip|year=2004|title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|url={{googlebooks|HIhIPIYLQ6QC|page=157|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-88125-811-0|page=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1272}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize (&quot;to do what the Church does when she baptizes&quot;) and that they use the [[Trinitarian formula#Use in baptism|Trinitarian baptismal formula]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Confirmation====
{{Main|Confirmation in the Catholic Church}}
The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1285}}&lt;/ref&gt; When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,&lt;ref name=&quot;cann883&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM|title=Canon 883|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Intratext.com|date=4 May 2007|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.&lt;ref name=&quot;cceo695&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJB.HTM|title=''CCEO'', Canon 695|publisher=Intratext.com (English translation)|date=1990|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.&lt;ref name=&quot;cann891&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Canon 891|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|archive-date=28 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with [[chrism]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church|title=Compendium of the CCC, 267|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a mixture of [[olive oil]] and some perfumed substance, usually [[Oleoresin|balsam]], blessed by a bishop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|title=Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the [[age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]] means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1310}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Eucharist====
{{Main|Eucharist in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:BentoXVI-51-11052007 (frag).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] celebrates the Eucharist at the [[canonization]] of [[Frei Galvão]] in [[São Paulo]], Brazil on 11 May 2007.]]
For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as &quot;the source and summit of the Christian life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1324}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as [[First Communion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601|title=Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion|publisher=Catholicculture.org|access-date=25 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Eucharistic celebration, also called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine liturgy]], includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the [[altar]] and [[consecration#Eucharist|consecrated]] by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called [[transubstantiation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist|first=Joseph|last=Pohle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the [[#Roman Rite of Mass|side bar]] in the &quot;Worship and liturgy&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[words of consecration]] reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the [[Last Supper]], where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1365–1372|quote=Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;ccc1392&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1392–1395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Convento de San Francisco - Ciudad de México - Creyente.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Catholic believer prays in a church in [[Mexico]].]]

===Sacraments of healing===
The two sacraments of healing are the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] and [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]].

====Penance====
{{Main|Sacrament of Penance}}
The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 296 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 297 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and [[absolution]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 302–303 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serious sins ([[mortal sin]]s) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of [[venial sin]]s also is recommended.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 304–306 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the &quot;[[seal of confession]]&quot;, absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 309 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Anointing of the sick====
{{Main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Extreme Unction Rogier Van der Weyden.jpg|left|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece]] [[triptych]] painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. [[Rogier van der Weyden]], c.&amp;nbsp;1445.]]
While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 316 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 319 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The sacrament is also referred to as ''Unction'', and in the past as ''Extreme Unction'', and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the [[last rites]], together with Penance and [[Viaticum]] (Eucharist).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Extreme Unction | first = Patrick | last = Toner }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments at the service of communion===
According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of [[Koinonia|communion]] directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1534}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments &quot;consecrate to specific mission or [[vocation]] among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]]. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1535}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Holy Orders====
{{Main|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Priesterweihe in Schwyz 2.jpg|thumb|right|Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.]]
The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).&lt;ref name=&quot;cann10081009&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Canon 1008–1009 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va}} (As modified by the 2009 [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html motu proprio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html|date=16 June 2011}} ''[[Omnium in mentem]]'')&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1536}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the [[Clergy#Catholicism|clergy]]. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm Karl Keating, &quot;What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy&quot;]. ''ewtn.com''. Retrieved on 27 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Niebuhr |first=Gustav |title=Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html |access-date=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1031&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM Canon 1031] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM |date=21 February 2008 }} Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1037&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM Canon 1037] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM |date=18 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; (see [[Clerical marriage]]). But after becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see [[Clerical celibacy]]) unless he is formally laicized.

All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm |author=Committee on the Diaconate |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date=9 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM Canon 42] Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM Canon 375] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM |date=19 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which [[ordination|ordains]] someone into the clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneFaith114&quot;&gt;Barry, p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;

====Matrimony====
{{Anchor|Sacrament of marriage}}
{{Main|Marriage in the Catholic Church}}
{{See also|Catholic teachings on sexual morality}}
[[File:Jf9694Wedding San Nicolas Church Tolentine Marriage Pampangafvf 02.JPG|right|thumb|Wedding mass in the [[Philippines]]]]
The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601,1614|quote=The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gantley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doors&quot;/&gt;||group=&quot;note&quot;}} The church recognizes certain [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Conditions for a valid marriage of Catholics|conditions]], such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Canonical form|canonical form]], that Catholics must follow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1631}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an [[annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]]. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1629}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Liturgy==
{{Main|Catholic liturgy}}
[[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]]
Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–1209}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], &lt;!--Exact Quote from an Unofficial Tw0ranslation--&gt;&quot;a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''&quot;.&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCEO28&quot;&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM &quot;''CCEO'', Canon 28 §&amp;nbsp;1&quot;]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: &quot;''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''.&quot; (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–1364|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its most widely used form is that of the [[Roman Rite]] as promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] in 1969 (see [[Missale Romanum]]) and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (see [[Liturgiam Authenticam]]). In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases.

===Western rites===
{{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}&lt;!--sidebar anchor--&gt;
{{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}}
The Roman Rite is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Mass of Paul VI|Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&amp;T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]]. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar.

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the [[1962 Roman Missal]] as an &quot;extraordinary form&quot; (''forma extraordinaria'') of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an ''usus antiquior'' (&quot;older use&quot;), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 July 2007 |title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-date=29 September 2010}} &quot;The last version of the ''Missale Romanum'' prior to the [[Second Vatican Council|Council]], which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a ''forma extraordinaria'' of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted.&quot;—Pope Benedict XVI&lt;/ref&gt; An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form (&quot;the ''forma ordinaria''&quot; and &quot;the ''forma extraordinaria''&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Universae Ecclesiae&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|title=Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio|work=vatican.va|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the [[Second Vatican Council]] opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]] and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.&lt;ref name=Kreeft326/&gt; Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1604, [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1634, [[Pope Pius X]] in 1911, [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/tridentinemass_1.shtml|title=BBC Religions: What is the Tridentine Mass?|date=23 June 2009|access-date=27 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; but [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s 2007 [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in [[liturgical Latin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Summorum Pontificum|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|date=7 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2015|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.&lt;ref name=MPTC/&gt;

&lt;!-- Removing due to a plethora of images in section: [[File:FN Ailingen Pfarrkirche Prozessionskreuz.jpg|thumbnail|left|A processional crucifix, used in the ritual procession at the beginning of Mass.]]--&gt;
Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church&quot;|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called &quot;Divine Worship&quot; or, less formally, &quot;Ordinariate Use&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Latest News – Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican_Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the &quot;Anglican Use&quot; variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[Pastoral Provision|pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.&lt;/ref&gt; an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders.

In the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and those of some religious institutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Eastern rites===
{{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}}
[[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[India]], one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]]
The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See &quot;Eastern Catholic Churches&quot;; In part: &lt;!--quote--&gt;&quot;The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites&quot;&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the [[Byzantine Rite]], in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the [[Alexandrian Rite]]; the [[West Syrian Rite|Syriac Rite]]; the [[Armenian Rite]]; the [[Maronite Rite]] and the [[Chaldean Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the &quot;accurate observance&quot; of their liturgical tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–385 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg|date=23 October 2013}}
* [[Anti-Catholicism]]
* [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Catholic Church by country]]
* [[Catholic spirituality]]
* [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Glossary of the Catholic Church]]
* [[List of Catholic religious institutes]]
* [[Lists of Catholics]]
* [[Role of Christianity in civilization]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
'''NOTE:''' ''CCC'' stands for ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''[[Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|Compendium of the CCC]]'' are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' are labelled &quot;''CCEO'', Canon xxx&quot;, to distinguish from canons of the 1983 ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', which are labelled &quot;Canon xxx&quot;.

{{Reflist|20em|

&lt;!--Begin list references--&gt;
|refs=
&lt;ref name=note1cite1&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]] not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=note1cite2&gt;{{cite news|title=Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church ''Dominus Iesus'' § 17|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect ''Koinonia'' with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true [[particular churches]]. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]]; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--End List references--&gt;
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      <text bytes="49350" sha1="fit5k637hj95bbb9whmpkmgmnxcrdcq" xml:space="preserve">===21st century===
In 2005, following the death of John Paul II, [[Pope Benedict XVI]], head of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] under John Paul II, was elected. He was known for upholding traditional [[Christian values]] against [[secularization]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; and for increasing use of the [[Tridentine Mass]] as found in the [[Roman Missal]] of 1962, which he titled the &quot;Extraordinary Form&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece &quot;Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church&quot;] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012, the 50th anniversary of Vatican II, an assembly of the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] discussed re-evangelising [[lapsed Catholic]]s in the [[Developed country|developed world]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary&quot;&gt;{{Citation |contribution=Summary of the synod assemblies |date=9 March 2005 | contribution-url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES |title=Synodal Information |place=Rome, IT |publisher=The Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt; Citing the frailties of advanced age, Benedict [[Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI|resigned]] in 2013, becoming the first pope to do so in nearly 600 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; His resignation has caused controversy among a minority of Catholics{{who|date=June 2021}} who say Benedict did not fully resign the papacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Former pope Benedict says 'fanatical' Catholics still won't believe he's not the pope|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/02/former-pope-benedict-fanatical-catholics-wont-believe-resignation|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Pope Francis====
{{Main|Pope Francis}}
Pope Francis, the current pope of the Catholic Church, succeeded Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 as the first pope from the [[Americas]], the first from the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and the first Pope from outside Europe since the Syrian [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]], who reigned in the 8th century. Pope Francis has been noted for his [[humility]], emphasis on God's mercy, concern for the [[poverty|poor]] and the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]], as well as his commitment to [[interfaith dialogue]]. Media commentators Rachel Donadio of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' and Brandon Ambrosino of ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' credit Pope Francis with having a less formal approach to the papacy than his predecessors.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pope Francis is recognized{{by whom|date=June 2021}} for his efforts &quot;to further close the nearly 1,000-year estrangement with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Churches]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;orthodox&quot;&gt;Ritter, Karl, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/15/pope-francis-jews_n_2883560.html &quot;Pope Francis reaches out to Jews&quot;], huffingtonpost.com, 16 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; His installation was attended by [[Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;patriarch&quot;&gt;Demacopoulos, George E., [https://web.archive.org/web/20171018142627/http://www.archons.org/news/detail.asp?id=619 &quot;The extraordinary historical significance of His Holiness' presence at Pope Francis' installation as Bishop of Rome&quot;], Archon News (Order of St. Andrew the Apostle), 19 March 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; the first time since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054 that the Eastern Orthodox [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] has attended a papal installation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Our Eastern Brothers|first=Alton J.|last=Pelowski|journal=Columbia|date=May 2013|pages=20–23|url=http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|access-date=17 March 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525144237/http://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2013_05_eastern.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 February 2016, Pope Francis and [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]], head of the largest Eastern Orthodox church, met in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], issuing [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|a joint declaration]] calling for restored Christian unity between the two churches. This was reported as the first such high-level meeting between the two churches since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] of 1054.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-35565085|title=Unity call as Pope Francis holds historic talks with Russian Orthodox Patriarch|publisher=BBC|date=12 February 2016|access-date=13 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2014, the [[Third Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops]] addressed the church's ministry towards families and marriages and to Catholics in &quot;irregular&quot; relationships, such as those who [[divorce]]d and remarried outside of the church without a [[declaration of nullity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://world.time.com/2013/10/08/pope-francis-calls-extraordinary-synod-on-family-and-marriage/|last=Dias|first=Elizabeth|title=Pope Francis Calls Extraordinary Synod on Family and Marriage|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2014/10/24/the-media-synod-has-eclipsed-the-real-one/|first=Fr. D. Vincent|last=Twomey|title=The &quot;media synod&quot; has eclipsed the real one|work=Catholic Herald|date=24 October 2014|access-date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; While welcomed by some, it was criticized by some for perceived ambiguity, provoking controversies among individual representatives of differing perspectives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Echeverria|first=Eduardo|url=http://www.crisismagazine.com/2014/synods-interim-report-ambiguity-misinterpretation|title=The Synod's Interim Report: Ambiguity and Misinterpretation|magazine=Crisis Magazine|date=17 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017 during a visit in [[Egypt]], Pope Francis reestablished mutual recognition of baptism with the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetrumpet.com/15756-catholics-and-copts-seek-shared-baptism|title=Catholics and Copts Recognise Shared Baptism|work=The Philadelphia Trumpet|date=3 May 2017|last1=Miille|first1=Andrew|access-date=22 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2021, Pope Francis issued the apostolic letter ''[[Traditionis Custodes]]'', which reversed some of permissions his predecessor had afforded to celebration of the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite and emphasized Pope Francis's preference for the Ordinary Form.&lt;ref name=MPTC&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-07/pope-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes-1962-roman-missal-liturgy.html|title=New norms regarding use of 1962 Roman Missal: Bishops given greater responsibility|work=Vatican News|location=[[Vatican City]]|date=16 July 2021|access-date=16 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 April 2022, during a meeting between a delegation of [[First Nations in Canada|Canadian First Nations]] representatives and Pope Francis at the Vatican, the pope apologized for the conduct of some members of the Roman Catholic Church in the [[Canadian Indian residential school system]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCPopeApology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Stefanovich |first1=Olivia |date=1 April 2022 |title=Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous delegates for 'deplorable' abuses at residential schools |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/pope-francis-responds-indigenous-delegations-final-meeting-1.6404344 |website=CBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sacraments==
{{Anchor|Celebration of the sacraments|Doctrine of the sacraments}}
{{Main|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Mass at Lourdes.jpg|thumb|left|Mass at the Grotto at [[Lourdes]], [[France]]. The [[chalice]] is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.]]
The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several [[ecumenical council]]s, most recently the Council of Trent.&lt;ref name=&quot;1113_14&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1113–1114,1117}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); [[Council of Florence]] (1439); as well as the [[Council of Trent]] (1547)&lt;ref name=1113_14/&gt;|}} These are [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], the [[Eucharist]], [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]] (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the &quot;[[Last Rites]]&quot;), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Catholic marriage|Holy Matrimony]]. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''[[ex opere operato]]'').&lt;ref&gt;Kreeft, pp. 298–299&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the &quot;sacraments of Christian initiation&quot;, &quot;sacraments of healing&quot; and &quot;sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful&quot;. These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1210–1211}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the ''Catechism'':

{{Blockquote|In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the &quot;communion of the Holy Spirit&quot; who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1097}}&lt;/ref&gt;|}}

According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sacraments}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the [[Canon Law]]s for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoCC291&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=''CoCC'' 291 |publisher=Vatican.va |quote=To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;CCC, 1399&quot;/&gt;--&gt; Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is [[real presence#Catholic and Orthodox|present]] in the Eucharist,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft326&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 326&lt;/ref&gt; those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the [[sacrament of Reconciliation]] (Penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;/&gt; Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 331&lt;/ref&gt; Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.&lt;ref name=CoCC291/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400–1401}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |title=Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132 |work=vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |archive-date=16 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that &quot;a certain ''communion in sacris'', and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1399}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments of initiation===
{{Main|Sacraments of initiation}}

====Baptism====
[[File:Baptême Cathédrale de Troyes 290308.jpg|left|thumb|Baptism of [[Augustine of Hippo]] as represented in a sculptural group in [[Troyes Cathedral]] (1549), [[France]]]]
As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1275}}&lt;/ref&gt; It washes away all sins, both [[original sin]] and personal actual sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1263}}&lt;/ref&gt; It makes a person a member of the church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1267}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is [[infant baptism|conferred even on children]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1282}}&lt;/ref&gt; who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1250}}&lt;/ref&gt; If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lazowski|first=Philip|year=2004|title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|url={{googlebooks|HIhIPIYLQ6QC|page=157|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-88125-811-0|page=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1272}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize (&quot;to do what the Church does when she baptizes&quot;) and that they use the [[Trinitarian formula#Use in baptism|Trinitarian baptismal formula]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Confirmation====
{{Main|Confirmation in the Catholic Church}}
The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1285}}&lt;/ref&gt; When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,&lt;ref name=&quot;cann883&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM|title=Canon 883|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Intratext.com|date=4 May 2007|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.&lt;ref name=&quot;cceo695&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJB.HTM|title=''CCEO'', Canon 695|publisher=Intratext.com (English translation)|date=1990|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.&lt;ref name=&quot;cann891&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Canon 891|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|archive-date=28 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with [[chrism]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church|title=Compendium of the CCC, 267|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a mixture of [[olive oil]] and some perfumed substance, usually [[Oleoresin|balsam]], blessed by a bishop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|title=Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the [[age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]] means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1310}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Eucharist====
{{Main|Eucharist in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:BentoXVI-51-11052007 (frag).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] celebrates the Eucharist at the [[canonization]] of [[Frei Galvão]] in [[São Paulo]], Brazil on 11 May 2007.]]
For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as &quot;the source and summit of the Christian life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1324}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as [[First Communion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601|title=Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion|publisher=Catholicculture.org|access-date=25 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Eucharistic celebration, also called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine liturgy]], includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the [[altar]] and [[consecration#Eucharist|consecrated]] by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called [[transubstantiation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist|first=Joseph|last=Pohle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the [[#Roman Rite of Mass|side bar]] in the &quot;Worship and liturgy&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[words of consecration]] reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the [[Last Supper]], where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1365–1372|quote=Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;ccc1392&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1392–1395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Convento de San Francisco - Ciudad de México - Creyente.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Catholic believer prays in a church in [[Mexico]].]]

===Sacraments of healing===
The two sacraments of healing are the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] and [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]].

====Penance====
{{Main|Sacrament of Penance}}
The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 296 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 297 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and [[absolution]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 302–303 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serious sins ([[mortal sin]]s) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of [[venial sin]]s also is recommended.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 304–306 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the &quot;[[seal of confession]]&quot;, absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 309 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Anointing of the sick====
{{Main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Extreme Unction Rogier Van der Weyden.jpg|left|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece]] [[triptych]] painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. [[Rogier van der Weyden]], c.&amp;nbsp;1445.]]
While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 316 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 319 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The sacrament is also referred to as ''Unction'', and in the past as ''Extreme Unction'', and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the [[last rites]], together with Penance and [[Viaticum]] (Eucharist).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Extreme Unction | first = Patrick | last = Toner }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments at the service of communion===
According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of [[Koinonia|communion]] directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1534}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments &quot;consecrate to specific mission or [[vocation]] among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]]. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1535}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Holy Orders====
{{Main|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Priesterweihe in Schwyz 2.jpg|thumb|right|Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.]]
The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).&lt;ref name=&quot;cann10081009&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Canon 1008–1009 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va}} (As modified by the 2009 [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html motu proprio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html|date=16 June 2011}} ''[[Omnium in mentem]]'')&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1536}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the [[Clergy#Catholicism|clergy]]. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm Karl Keating, &quot;What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy&quot;]. ''ewtn.com''. Retrieved on 27 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Niebuhr |first=Gustav |title=Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html |access-date=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1031&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM Canon 1031] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM |date=21 February 2008 }} Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1037&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM Canon 1037] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM |date=18 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; (see [[Clerical marriage]]). But after becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see [[Clerical celibacy]]) unless he is formally laicized.

All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm |author=Committee on the Diaconate |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date=9 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM Canon 42] Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM Canon 375] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM |date=19 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which [[ordination|ordains]] someone into the clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneFaith114&quot;&gt;Barry, p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;

====Matrimony====
{{Anchor|Sacrament of marriage}}
{{Main|Marriage in the Catholic Church}}
{{See also|Catholic teachings on sexual morality}}
[[File:Jf9694Wedding San Nicolas Church Tolentine Marriage Pampangafvf 02.JPG|right|thumb|Wedding mass in the [[Philippines]]]]
The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601,1614|quote=The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gantley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doors&quot;/&gt;||group=&quot;note&quot;}} The church recognizes certain [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Conditions for a valid marriage of Catholics|conditions]], such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Canonical form|canonical form]], that Catholics must follow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1631}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an [[annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]]. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1629}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Liturgy==
{{Main|Catholic liturgy}}
[[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]]
Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–1209}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], &lt;!--Exact Quote from an Unofficial Tw0ranslation--&gt;&quot;a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''&quot;.&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCEO28&quot;&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM &quot;''CCEO'', Canon 28 §&amp;nbsp;1&quot;]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: &quot;''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''.&quot; (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–1364|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its most widely used form is that of the [[Roman Rite]] as promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] in 1969 (see [[Missale Romanum]]) and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (see [[Liturgiam Authenticam]]). In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases.

===Western rites===
{{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}&lt;!--sidebar anchor--&gt;
{{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}}
The Roman Rite is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Mass of Paul VI|Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&amp;T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]]. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar.

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the [[1962 Roman Missal]] as an &quot;extraordinary form&quot; (''forma extraordinaria'') of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an ''usus antiquior'' (&quot;older use&quot;), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 July 2007 |title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-date=29 September 2010}} &quot;The last version of the ''Missale Romanum'' prior to the [[Second Vatican Council|Council]], which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a ''forma extraordinaria'' of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted.&quot;—Pope Benedict XVI&lt;/ref&gt; An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form (&quot;the ''forma ordinaria''&quot; and &quot;the ''forma extraordinaria''&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Universae Ecclesiae&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|title=Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio|work=vatican.va|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the [[Second Vatican Council]] opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]] and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.&lt;ref name=Kreeft326/&gt; Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1604, [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1634, [[Pope Pius X]] in 1911, [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/tridentinemass_1.shtml|title=BBC Religions: What is the Tridentine Mass?|date=23 June 2009|access-date=27 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; but [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s 2007 [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in [[liturgical Latin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Summorum Pontificum|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|date=7 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2015|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.&lt;ref name=MPTC/&gt;

&lt;!-- Removing due to a plethora of images in section: [[File:FN Ailingen Pfarrkirche Prozessionskreuz.jpg|thumbnail|left|A processional crucifix, used in the ritual procession at the beginning of Mass.]]--&gt;
Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church&quot;|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called &quot;Divine Worship&quot; or, less formally, &quot;Ordinariate Use&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Latest News – Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican_Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the &quot;Anglican Use&quot; variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[Pastoral Provision|pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.&lt;/ref&gt; an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders.

In the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and those of some religious institutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Eastern rites===
{{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}}
[[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[India]], one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]]
The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See &quot;Eastern Catholic Churches&quot;; In part: &lt;!--quote--&gt;&quot;The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites&quot;&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the [[Byzantine Rite]], in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the [[Alexandrian Rite]]; the [[West Syrian Rite|Syriac Rite]]; the [[Armenian Rite]]; the [[Maronite Rite]] and the [[Chaldean Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the &quot;accurate observance&quot; of their liturgical tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–385 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg|date=23 October 2013}}
* [[Anti-Catholicism]]
* [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Catholic Church by country]]
* [[Catholic spirituality]]
* [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Glossary of the Catholic Church]]
* [[List of Catholic religious institutes]]
* [[Lists of Catholics]]
* [[Role of Christianity in civilization]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
'''NOTE:''' ''CCC'' stands for ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''[[Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|Compendium of the CCC]]'' are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' are labelled &quot;''CCEO'', Canon xxx&quot;, to distinguish from canons of the 1983 ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', which are labelled &quot;Canon xxx&quot;.

{{Reflist|20em|

&lt;!--Begin list references--&gt;
|refs=
&lt;ref name=note1cite1&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]] not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=note1cite2&gt;{{cite news|title=Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church ''Dominus Iesus'' § 17|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect ''Koinonia'' with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true [[particular churches]]. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]]; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <text bytes="40370" sha1="gtd1pfl831c35yhipjr5mn6m4gly1xt" xml:space="preserve">==Sacraments==
{{Anchor|Celebration of the sacraments|Doctrine of the sacraments}}
{{Main|Sacraments of the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Mass at Lourdes.jpg|thumb|left|Mass at the Grotto at [[Lourdes]], [[France]]. The [[chalice]] is displayed to the people immediately after the consecration of the wine.]]
The Catholic Church teaches that it was entrusted with seven sacraments that were instituted by Christ. The number and nature of the sacraments were defined by several [[ecumenical council]]s, most recently the Council of Trent.&lt;ref name=&quot;1113_14&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1113–1114,1117}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|Other councils that addressed the sacraments include the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274); [[Council of Florence]] (1439); as well as the [[Council of Trent]] (1547)&lt;ref name=1113_14/&gt;|}} These are [[Baptism]], [[Confirmation]], the [[Eucharist]], [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Penance]], [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]] (formerly called Extreme Unction, one of the &quot;[[Last Rites]]&quot;), [[Holy Orders]] and [[Catholic marriage|Holy Matrimony]]. Sacraments are visible rituals that Catholics see as signs of God's presence and effective channels of God's [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]] to all those who receive them with the proper disposition (''[[ex opere operato]]'').&lt;ref&gt;Kreeft, pp. 298–299&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' categorizes the sacraments into three groups, the &quot;sacraments of Christian initiation&quot;, &quot;sacraments of healing&quot; and &quot;sacraments at the service of communion and the mission of the faithful&quot;. These groups broadly reflect the stages of people's natural and spiritual lives which each sacrament is intended to serve.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1210–1211}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgies of the sacraments are central to the church's mission. According to the ''Catechism'':

{{Blockquote|In the liturgy of the New Covenant every liturgical action, especially the celebration of the Eucharist and the sacraments, is an encounter between Christ and the Church. The liturgical assembly derives its unity from the &quot;communion of the Holy Spirit&quot; who gathers the children of God into the one Body of Christ. This assembly transcends racial, cultural, social—indeed, all human affinities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1097}}&lt;/ref&gt;|}}

According to church doctrine, the sacraments of the church require the proper form, matter, and intent to be validly celebrated.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Sacraments}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the [[Canon Law]]s for both the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches govern who may licitly celebrate certain sacraments, as well as strict rules about who may receive the sacraments.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoCC291&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=''CoCC'' 291 |publisher=Vatican.va |quote=To receive Holy Communion one must be fully incorporated into the Catholic Church and be in the state of grace, that is, not conscious of being in mortal sin. Anyone who is conscious of having committed a grave sin must first receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before going to Communion. Also important for those receiving Holy Communion are a spirit of recollection and prayer, observance of the fast prescribed by the Church, and an appropriate disposition of the body (gestures and dress) as a sign of respect for Christ.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--&lt;ref name=&quot;CCC, 1399&quot;/&gt;--&gt; Notably, because the church teaches that Christ is [[real presence#Catholic and Orthodox|present]] in the Eucharist,&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft326&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 326&lt;/ref&gt; those who are conscious of being in a state of mortal sin are forbidden to receive the sacrament until they have received absolution through the [[sacrament of Reconciliation]] (Penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;/&gt; Catholics are normally obliged to abstain from eating for at least an hour before receiving the sacrament.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft331&quot;&gt;Kreeft, p. 331&lt;/ref&gt; Non-Catholics are ordinarily prohibited from receiving the Eucharist as well.&lt;ref name=CoCC291/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400–1401}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Catholics, even if they were in danger of death and unable to approach a Catholic minister, may not ask for the sacraments of the Eucharist, penance or anointing of the sick from someone, such as a Protestant minister, who is not known to be validly ordained in line with Catholic teaching on ordination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |title=Principles and Norms on Ecumenism – 132 |work=vatican.va |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816040600/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930325_directory_en.html |archive-date=16 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1400}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, even in grave and pressing need, Catholic ministers may not administer these sacraments to those who do not manifest Catholic faith in the sacrament. In relation to the churches of Eastern Christianity not in communion with the Holy See, the Catholic Church is less restrictive, declaring that &quot;a certain ''communion in sacris'', and so in the Eucharist, given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1399}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments of initiation===
{{Main|Sacraments of initiation}}

====Baptism====
[[File:Baptême Cathédrale de Troyes 290308.jpg|left|thumb|Baptism of [[Augustine of Hippo]] as represented in a sculptural group in [[Troyes Cathedral]] (1549), [[France]]]]
As viewed by the Catholic Church, Baptism is the first of three sacraments of initiation as a Christian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1275}}&lt;/ref&gt; It washes away all sins, both [[original sin]] and personal actual sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1263}}&lt;/ref&gt; It makes a person a member of the church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1267}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a gratuitous gift of God that requires no merit on the part of the person who is baptized, it is [[infant baptism|conferred even on children]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1282}}&lt;/ref&gt; who, though they have no personal sins, need it on account of original sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1250}}&lt;/ref&gt; If a new-born child is in a danger of death, anyone—be it a doctor, a nurse, or a parent—may baptize the child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lazowski|first=Philip|year=2004|title=Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith: What Christians and Jews Should Know About Each Other|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|url={{googlebooks|HIhIPIYLQ6QC|page=157|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-88125-811-0|page=157}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baptism marks a person permanently and cannot be repeated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1272}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Catholic Church recognizes as valid baptisms conferred even by people who are not Catholics or Christians, provided that they intend to baptize (&quot;to do what the Church does when she baptizes&quot;) and that they use the [[Trinitarian formula#Use in baptism|Trinitarian baptismal formula]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Confirmation====
{{Main|Confirmation in the Catholic Church}}
The Catholic Church sees the sacrament of confirmation as required to complete the grace given in baptism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1285}}&lt;/ref&gt; When adults are baptized, confirmation is normally given immediately afterwards,&lt;ref name=&quot;cann883&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM|title=Canon 883|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Intratext.com|date=4 May 2007|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a practice followed even with newly baptized infants in the Eastern Catholic Churches.&lt;ref name=&quot;cceo695&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJB.HTM|title=''CCEO'', Canon 695|publisher=Intratext.com (English translation)|date=1990|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the West confirmation of children is delayed until they are old enough to understand or at the bishop's discretion.&lt;ref name=&quot;cann891&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|title=Canon 891|website=1983 Code of Canon Law|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184246/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P33.HTM|archive-date=28 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Western Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the sacrament is called ''confirmation'', because it confirms and strengthens the grace of baptism; in the Eastern Churches, it is called ''chrismation'', because the essential rite is the anointing of the person with [[chrism]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Seven%20Sacraments%20of%20the%20Church|title=Compendium of the CCC, 267|publisher=Vatican.va|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; a mixture of [[olive oil]] and some perfumed substance, usually [[Oleoresin|balsam]], blessed by a bishop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chrism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/florence.htm#3|title=Council of Florence: Bull of union with the Armenians|publisher=Ewtn.com|access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who receive confirmation must be in a state of grace, which for those who have reached the [[age of reason (canon law)|age of reason]] means that they should first be cleansed spiritually by the sacrament of Penance; they should also have the intention of receiving the sacrament, and be prepared to show in their lives that they are Christians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1310}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Eucharist====
{{Main|Eucharist in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:BentoXVI-51-11052007 (frag).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] celebrates the Eucharist at the [[canonization]] of [[Frei Galvão]] in [[São Paulo]], Brazil on 11 May 2007.]]
For Catholics, the Eucharist is the sacrament which completes Christian initiation. It is described as &quot;the source and summit of the Christian life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1324}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ceremony in which a Catholic first receives the Eucharist is known as [[First Communion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/activities/view.cfm?id=601|title=Catholic Activity: Preparing for First Holy Communion|publisher=Catholicculture.org|access-date=25 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Eucharistic celebration, also called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] or [[Divine liturgy]], includes prayers and scriptural readings, as well as an offering of bread and wine, which are brought to the [[altar]] and [[consecration#Eucharist|consecrated]] by the priest to become the body and the blood of Jesus Christ, a change called [[transubstantiation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist|first=Joseph|last=Pohle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;For an outline of the Eucharistic liturgy in the Roman Rite, see the [[#Roman Rite of Mass|side bar]] in the &quot;Worship and liturgy&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[words of consecration]] reflect the words spoken by Jesus during the [[Last Supper]], where Christ offered his body and blood to his Apostles the night before his crucifixion. The sacrament re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1365–1372|quote=Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice, thus, in the ritual text of the Mass, the priest asks of the congregation present, 'Pray, brothers and sisters, that this my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to God, the Almighty Father.' The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: 'This is my body which is given for you' and 'This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood.' [Lk 22:19–20] In the Eucharist, Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he 'poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.' [Mt 26:28]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and perpetuates it. Christ's death and resurrection give grace through the sacrament that unites the faithful with Christ and one another, remits venial sin, and aids against committing moral sin (though mortal sin itself is forgiven through the sacrament of penance).&lt;ref name=&quot;ccc1392&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1392–1395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Convento de San Francisco - Ciudad de México - Creyente.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A Catholic believer prays in a church in [[Mexico]].]]

===Sacraments of healing===
The two sacraments of healing are the [[Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)|Sacrament of Penance]] and [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|Anointing of the Sick]].

====Penance====
{{Main|Sacrament of Penance}}
The Sacrament of Penance (also called Reconciliation, Forgiveness, Confession, and Conversion&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 296 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;) exists for the conversion of those who, after baptism, separate themselves from Christ by sin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 297 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Essential to this sacrament are acts both by the sinner (examination of conscience, contrition with a determination not to sin again, confession to a priest, and performance of some act to repair the damage caused by sin) and by the priest (determination of the act of reparation to be performed and [[absolution]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 302–303 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serious sins ([[mortal sin]]s) should be confessed at least once a year and always before receiving Holy Communion, while confession of [[venial sin]]s also is recommended.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 304–306 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The priest is bound under the severest penalties to maintain the &quot;[[seal of confession]]&quot;, absolute secrecy about any sins revealed to him in confession.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 309 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Anointing of the sick====
{{Main|Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Extreme Unction Rogier Van der Weyden.jpg|left|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Seven Sacraments Altarpiece]] [[triptych]] painting of Extreme Unction (Anointing of the Sick) with oil being administered by a priest during last rites. [[Rogier van der Weyden]], c.&amp;nbsp;1445.]]
While chrism is used only for the three sacraments that cannot be repeated, a different oil is used by a priest or bishop to bless a Catholic who, because of illness or old age, has begun to be in danger of death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 316 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; This sacrament, known as Anointing of the Sick, is believed to give comfort, peace, courage and, if the sick person is unable to make a confession, even forgiveness of sins.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html#The%20Sacraments%20of%20Healing |title=''Compendium of the CCC'', 319 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=30 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The sacrament is also referred to as ''Unction'', and in the past as ''Extreme Unction'', and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the [[last rites]], together with Penance and [[Viaticum]] (Eucharist).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913| wstitle = Extreme Unction | first = Patrick | last = Toner }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sacraments at the service of communion===
According to the Catechism, there are two sacraments of [[Koinonia|communion]] directed towards the salvation of others: priesthood and marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1534}}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the general vocation to be a Christian, these two sacraments &quot;consecrate to specific mission or [[vocation]] among the people of God. Men receive the holy orders to feed the Church by the word and [[Grace (Christianity)|grace]]. Spouses marry so that their love may be fortified to fulfil duties of their state&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1535}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Holy Orders====
{{Main|Holy orders in the Catholic Church}}
[[File:Priesterweihe in Schwyz 2.jpg|thumb|right|Priests lay their hands on the ordinands during the rite of ordination.]]
The sacrament of Holy Orders consecrates and deputes some Christians to serve the whole body as members of three degrees or orders: episcopate (bishops), presbyterate (priests) and diaconate (deacons).&lt;ref name=&quot;cann10081009&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Canon 1008–1009 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302172900/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3N.HTM |archive-date=2 March 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=1983 Code of Canon Law |publisher=Vatican.va}} (As modified by the 2009 [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html motu proprio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616013341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20091026_codex-iuris-canonici_en.html|date=16 June 2011}} ''[[Omnium in mentem]]'')&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1536}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church has defined rules on who may be ordained into the [[Clergy#Catholicism|clergy]]. In the Latin Church, the priesthood is generally restricted to celibate men, and the episcopate is always restricted to celibate men.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/WCRB.htm Karl Keating, &quot;What Catholics Really Believe: Setting the Record Straight: Chapter 46: Priestly Celibacy&quot;]. ''ewtn.com''. Retrieved on 27 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Men who are already married may be ordained in certain Eastern Catholic churches in most countries,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Niebuhr |first=Gustav |title=Bishop's Quiet Action Allows Priest Both Flock And Family |work=The New York Times |date=16 February 1997 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/us/bishop-s-quiet-action-allows-priest-both-flock-and-family.html |access-date=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the personal ordinariates and may become deacons even in the Western Church&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1031&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM Canon 1031] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221173442/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Q.HTM |date=21 February 2008 }} Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCL1037&quot;&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM Canon 1037] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218110036/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3R.HTM |date=18 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; (see [[Clerical marriage]]). But after becoming a Catholic priest, a man may not marry (see [[Clerical celibacy]]) unless he is formally laicized.

All clergy, whether deacons, priests or bishops, may preach, teach, baptize, witness marriages and conduct funeral liturgies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons |url=http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/diaconate/faqs.cfm |author=Committee on the Diaconate |publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |access-date=9 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops and priests can administer the sacraments of the Eucharist, Reconciliation (Penance) and Anointing of the Sick.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P16.HTM Canon 42] Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM Canon 375] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219141242/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P1D.HTM |date=19 February 2008 }}, Catholic Church Canon Law. Retrieved 9 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders, which [[ordination|ordains]] someone into the clergy.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneFaith114&quot;&gt;Barry, p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt;

====Matrimony====
{{Anchor|Sacrament of marriage}}
{{Main|Marriage in the Catholic Church}}
{{See also|Catholic teachings on sexual morality}}
[[File:Jf9694Wedding San Nicolas Church Tolentine Marriage Pampangafvf 02.JPG|right|thumb|Wedding mass in the [[Philippines]]]]
The Catholic Church teaches that marriage is a social and spiritual bond between a man and a woman, ordered towards the good of the spouses and procreation of children; according to Catholic teachings on sexual morality, it is the only appropriate context for sexual activity. A Catholic marriage, or any marriage between baptized individuals of any Christian denomination, is viewed as a sacrament. A sacramental marriage, once consummated, cannot be dissolved except by death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1601,1614|quote=The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|Marriages involving unbaptized individuals are considered valid, but not sacramental. While sacramental marriages are insoluble, non-sacramental marriages may be dissolved under certain situations, such as a desire to marry a Catholic, under [[Pauline privilege|Pauline]] or [[Petrine privilege]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gantley&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Doors&quot;/&gt;||group=&quot;note&quot;}} The church recognizes certain [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Conditions for a valid marriage of Catholics|conditions]], such as freedom of consent, as required for any marriage to be valid; In addition, the church sets specific rules and norms, known as [[Marriage (Catholic Church)#Canonical form|canonical form]], that Catholics must follow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1631}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The church does not recognize divorce as ending a valid marriage and allows state-recognized divorce only as a means of protecting the property and well-being of the spouses and any children. However, consideration of particular cases by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal can lead to declaration of the invalidity of a marriage, a declaration usually referred to as an [[annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]]. Remarriage following a divorce is not permitted unless the prior marriage was declared invalid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1629}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Liturgy==
{{Main|Catholic liturgy}}
[[File:Thebible33.jpg|thumb|left|Catholic religious objects – [[Bible|Holy Bible]], [[crucifix]] and [[rosary]]]]
Among the 24 autonomous (''[[sui iuris]]'') churches, numerous liturgical and other traditions exist, called rites, which reflect historical and cultural diversity rather than differences in belief.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1200–1209}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the definition of the [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]], &lt;!--Exact Quote from an Unofficial Tw0ranslation--&gt;&quot;a rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual, and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each Church ''sui iuris''&quot;.&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CCEO28&quot;&gt;[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM &quot;''CCEO'', Canon 28 §&amp;nbsp;1&quot;]. Vatican.va ([https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html official text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604154301/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-1_lt.html |date=4 June 2011 }}). Intratext.com (English translation). 1990. Excerpt: &quot;''Ritus est patrimonium liturgicum, theologicum, spirituale et disciplinare cultura ac rerum adiunctis historiae populorum distinctum, quod modo fidei vivendae uniuscuiusque Ecclesiae sui iuris proprio exprimitur''.&quot; (A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each ''sui iuris'' Church's own way of living the faith).&lt;/ref&gt;

The liturgy of the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]], called the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] in the West and [[Divine Liturgy]] or other names in the East, is the principal liturgy of the Catholic Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText – 1362–1364|work=vatican.va|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101045530/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P41.HTM|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is because it is considered the propitiatory sacrifice of Christ himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its most widely used form is that of the [[Roman Rite]] as promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] in 1969 (see [[Missale Romanum]]) and revised by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2002 (see [[Liturgiam Authenticam]]). In certain circumstances, the [[1962 Roman Missal|1962 form]] of the Roman Rite remains authorized in the Latin Church. Eastern Catholic Churches have their own rites. The liturgies of the Eucharist and the other sacraments vary from rite to rite, reflecting different theological emphases.

===Western rites===
{{Main|Roman Rite|Latin liturgical rites}}&lt;!--sidebar anchor--&gt;
{{Anchor|Roman Rite of Mass}}{{Roman Rite of Mass}}
The Roman Rite is the most common [[Catholic liturgical rites|rite of worship]] used by the Catholic Church, with the [[Mass of Paul VI|Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite]] form of the Mass. Its use is found worldwide, originating in Rome and spreading throughout Europe, influencing and eventually supplanting local rites.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dobszay|first=Laszlo|date=2010|title=The Restoration and Organic Development of the Roman Rite|chapter=3|location=New York|publisher=T&amp;T Clark International|chapter-url={{googlebooks|FYpD7C7__TYC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-567-03385-7|pages=3–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present ordinary form of Mass in the Roman Rite, found in the post-1969 editions of the [[Roman Missal]], is usually celebrated in the local [[vernacular]] language, using an officially approved translation from the original text in [[Latin]]. An outline of its major liturgical elements can be found in the sidebar.

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed the licitness of continued use of the [[1962 Roman Missal]] as an &quot;extraordinary form&quot; (''forma extraordinaria'') of the Roman Rite, speaking of it also as an ''usus antiquior'' (&quot;older use&quot;), and issuing new more permissive norms for its employment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 July 2007 |title=Letter of Pope Benedict XVI to bishops |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929015429/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi_en.html |archive-date=29 September 2010}} &quot;The last version of the ''Missale Romanum'' prior to the [[Second Vatican Council|Council]], which was published with the authority of Pope John XXIII in 1962 and used during the Council, will now be able to be used as a Forma extraordinaria of the liturgical celebration. [...] As for the use of the 1962 Missal as a ''forma extraordinaria'' of the liturgy of the Mass, I would like to draw attention to the fact that this Missal was never juridically abrogated and, consequently, in principle, was always permitted.&quot;—Pope Benedict XVI&lt;/ref&gt; An instruction issued four years later spoke of the two forms or usages of the Roman Rite approved by the pope as the ordinary form and the extraordinary form (&quot;the ''forma ordinaria''&quot; and &quot;the ''forma extraordinaria''&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Universae Ecclesiae&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|title=Instruction on the application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI given Motu Proprio|work=vatican.va|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223094426/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, published a few months before the [[Second Vatican Council]] opened, was the last that presented the Mass as standardized in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] at the request of the [[Council of Trent]] and that is therefore known as the Tridentine Mass.&lt;ref name=Kreeft326/&gt; Pope Pius V's Roman Missal was subjected to minor revisions by [[Pope Clement VIII]] in 1604, [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1634, [[Pope Pius X]] in 1911, [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1955, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in 1962. Each successive edition was the ordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass until superseded by a later edition. When the 1962 edition was superseded by that of Paul VI, promulgated in 1969, its continued use at first required permission from bishops;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/tridentinemass_1.shtml|title=BBC Religions: What is the Tridentine Mass?|date=23 June 2009|access-date=27 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; but [[Pope Benedict XVI]]'s 2007 [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' allowed free use of it for Mass celebrated without a congregation and authorized parish priests to permit, under certain conditions, its use even at public Masses. Except for the scriptural readings, which Pope Benedict allowed to be proclaimed in the vernacular language, it is celebrated exclusively in [[liturgical Latin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Summorum Pontificum|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|date=7 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2015|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041117/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum_en.html|archive-date=1 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These permissions were largely removed by Pope Francis in 2021, who issued the ''motu proprio'' ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to emphasize the Ordinary Form as promulgated by Popes Paul VI and John Paul II.&lt;ref name=MPTC/&gt;

&lt;!-- Removing due to a plethora of images in section: [[File:FN Ailingen Pfarrkirche Prozessionskreuz.jpg|thumbnail|left|A processional crucifix, used in the ritual procession at the beginning of Mass.]]--&gt;
Since 2014, clergy in the small [[personal ordinariate]]s set up for groups of former Anglicans under the terms of the 2009 document ''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Apostolic Constitution of Pope Benedict XVI|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|title=''&quot;Anglicanorum Coetibus'': Providing for Personal Ordinariates for Anglicans Entering into Full Communion with the Catholic Church&quot;|publisher=vatican.va|date=4 November 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027053023/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus_en.html|archive-date=27 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; are permitted to use a variation of the Roman Rite called &quot;Divine Worship&quot; or, less formally, &quot;Ordinariate Use&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ordinariate.org.uk/news/OrdinariateNews.php?New-Liturgical-Book-for-the-Personal-Ordinariates-195|title=Latest News – Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham|work=ordinariate.org.uk|access-date=12 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; which incorporates elements of the [[Christian liturgy#Anglican_Communion|Anglican liturgy]] and traditions,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The Divine Worship variant of the Roman Rite differs from the &quot;Anglican Use&quot; variant, which was introduced in 1980 for the few United States parishes established in accordance with a [[Pastoral Provision|pastoral provision]] for former members of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] (the American branch of the Anglican Communion). Both uses adapted Anglican liturgical traditions for use within the Catholic Church.&lt;/ref&gt; an accommodation protested by Anglican leaders.

In the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]], with around five million Catholics the largest in Europe,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10827|title=News Headlines|website=www.catholicculture.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mass is celebrated according to the [[Ambrosian Rite]]. Other [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin Church rites]] include the [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mozarabic Rite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10611a.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and those of some religious institutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Catholic Liturgics/Early Western Liturgics|url=http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null#Worship|publisher=Liturgica.com|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521124654/http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLEarly.jsp?hostname=null|archive-date=21 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; These liturgical rites have an antiquity of at least 200 years before 1570, the date of Pope Pius V's ''[[Quo primum]]'', and were thus allowed to continue.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Quo primum|url=http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi05qp.htm|publisher=New Advent|access-date=29 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Eastern rites===
{{Main|Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Eastern rites}}
[[File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Syrian Rite]] [[wedding crowning]] celebrated by a bishop of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[India]], one of the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches in [[full communion]] with the pope and the Catholic Church]]
The Eastern Catholic Churches share common patrimony and liturgical rites as their counterparts, including [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other [[Eastern Christian]] churches who are no longer in communion with the Holy See. These include churches that historically developed in Russia, Caucasus, the Balkans, North Eastern Africa, India and the Middle East. The Eastern Catholic Churches are groups of faithful who have either never been out of communion with the Holy See or who have restored communion with it at the cost of breaking communion with their associates of the same tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite CE1913 | wstitle = Eastern Churches | first = Adrian | last = Fortescue }} See &quot;Eastern Catholic Churches&quot;; In part: &lt;!--quote--&gt;&quot;The definition of an Eastern-Rite Catholic is: A Christian of any Eastern Catholic churches in union with the pope: i.e. a Catholic who belongs not to the Roman, but to an Eastern rite. They differ from other Eastern Christians in that they are in communion with Rome, and from Latins in that they have other rites&quot;&lt;!--end quote--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches include the [[Byzantine Rite]], in its Antiochian, Greek and Slavonic varieties; the [[Alexandrian Rite]]; the [[West Syrian Rite|Syriac Rite]]; the [[Armenian Rite]]; the [[Maronite Rite]] and the [[Chaldean Rite]]. Eastern Catholic Churches have the autonomy to set the particulars of their liturgical forms and worship, within certain limits to protect the &quot;accurate observance&quot; of their liturgical tradition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=''CCEO'', Canon 40 |publisher=Intratext.com (English translation) |date=1990 |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the past some of the rites used by the Eastern Catholic Churches were subject to a degree of [[liturgical Latinization]]. However, in recent years Eastern Catholic Churches have returned to traditional Eastern practices in accord with the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] decree ''[[Orientalium Ecclesiarum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last=Parry|editor-first=Ken |editor2=David Melling|display-editors=etal |title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity |pages=357–385 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=1999 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-631-23203-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each church has its own [[liturgical calendar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Eastern Rite Catholicism |url=http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |publisher=Catholic Conference of Kentucky |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410005013/http://ccky.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Eastern-Rite-Catholicism.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Catholic Church Spoken Version.ogg|date=23 October 2013}}
* [[Anti-Catholicism]]
* [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Catholic Church by country]]
* [[Catholic spirituality]]
* [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Glossary of the Catholic Church]]
* [[List of Catholic religious institutes]]
* [[Lists of Catholics]]
* [[Role of Christianity in civilization]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=note}}

==References==
'''NOTE:''' ''CCC'' stands for ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. The number following ''CCC'' is the paragraph number, of which there are 2865. The numbers cited in the ''[[Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church|Compendium of the CCC]]'' are question numbers, of which there are 598. Canon law citations from the 1990 ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' are labelled &quot;''CCEO'', Canon xxx&quot;, to distinguish from canons of the 1983 ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law|Code of Canon Law]]'', which are labelled &quot;Canon xxx&quot;.

{{Reflist|20em|

&lt;!--Begin list references--&gt;
|refs=
&lt;ref name=note1cite1&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine of the Church|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=It is possible, according to Catholic doctrine, to affirm correctly that the Church of Christ is present and operative in the churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]] not yet fully in communion with the Catholic Church, on account of the elements of sanctification and truth that are present in them.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813100622/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|archive-date=13 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=note1cite2&gt;{{cite news|title=Declaration on the Unicity and Salvific Universality of Jesus Christ and the Church ''Dominus Iesus'' § 17|publisher=Vatican.va|quote=Therefore, there exists a single Church of Christ, which subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the Successor of Peter and by the Bishops in communion with him. The Churches which, while not existing in perfect ''Koinonia'' with the Catholic Church, remain united to her by means of the closest bonds, that is, by apostolic succession and a valid Eucharist, are true [[particular churches]]. Therefore, the Church of Christ is present and operative also in these Churches, even though they lack full communion with the Catholic Church since they do not accept the Catholic doctrine of the Primacy, which, according to the will of God, the Bishop of Rome objectively has and exercises over the entire Church. ... 'The Christian faithful are therefore not permitted to imagine that the Church of Christ is nothing more than a collection—divided, yet in some way one—of Churches and [[Ecclesial community|ecclesial communities]]; nor are they free to hold that today the Church of Christ nowhere really exists, and must be considered only as a goal which all Churches and ecclesial communities must strive to reach.'}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--End List references--&gt;
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| title = [[Chikhristu]]
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| list1title = {{hlist |[[Yesu mu Cikristu|Yesu]] |[[Khristu (nyimbo)|Khristu]]}}
| list1 =
* [[Kubabika kwa Yesu|Kubabika]]
* [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|Ubatizo]]
* [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
* [[Kukhomeka kwa Yesu pa mphinjika|Kukhomeka pa mphinjika]]
* [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka]]
* [[Kupokera kwa Yesu kuchanya|Kupokera kuchanya]]
| list2name = foundations
| list2title = {{hlist |[[Baibolo]]|Foundations}}
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* [[Testamenti la Kale]]
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* [[Mndandanda wa mabuku gha Baibolo|Mndandanda wa mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Chikhristu|Tchalitchi]]
* [[Chikhulupiriro]]
* [[Pangano Liphya]]
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* [[Chiuta mu Chikhristu|Chiuta]]
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** [[Chiuta Dada (Chikhristu)|Dada]]
** [[Mwana wa Chiuta (Chikhristu)|Mwana]]
** [[Mzimu Mutuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu Mutuŵa]]
&lt;!--Mwakuyana na zilembo:--&gt;
* [[Kuvikilira Chikhristu|Kuŵikapo ukaboni wa chikhulupiriro]]
* [[Ubatizo]]
* [[Masambiro ghakukhwaskana na Khristu|Masambiro gha Khristu]]
* [[Mbiri ya masambiro gha Chikhristu|Mbiri ya masambiro gha visopa]]
* [[Ntchito ya Chikhristu|Ntchito]]
* [[Chiponosko mu Chikhristu|Chiponosko]]
* [[Chikhristu cha wose|Chiponosko cha wose]]
| list4name = history
| list4title = {{hlist |[[History of Christianity|History]] |[[Christian tradition|Tradition]]}}
| list4 =
* [[Ŵapositole mu Testamenti Lasono|Ŵapositole]]
* [[Muphepa Petrosi|Petrosi]]
* [[Paulo Mupositole|Paulo]]
* [[Mariya nyina wa Yesu|Mariya]]
* [[Mbiri ya Chikhristu chakwamba|Chikhristu chakwamba]]
* [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi]]
* [[Konstantino Mukuru|Konstantino]]
* [[Msonkhano wa matchalitchi ghose|Misonkhano]]
* [[Augustine wa Hippo|Augustine]]
* [[Ignatius wa ku Antiokeya|Ignatius]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Tchalitchi la Kumafumilo na Kumadzulo]]
* [[Nkhondo za pa Mtanda]]
* [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]]
* [[Kusintha kwa Chikhristu]]
* [[Martin Luther|Luther]]
| list5name = groupings
| list5title = {{hlist |[[Christian denomination|Denomination]]s |Groups}}
| list5 = {{#invoke:sidebar|sidebar|child=yes|navbar=off
  |headingstyle=padding-bottom:0; |contentclass=hlist |contentstyle=padding-top:0;
  | heading1 = [[Western Christianity|Western]]
  | content1 = &lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Tchalitchi la Chilatini|Katolika wa ku Western]]
* [[Chikhristu cha Katolika chakujiyimira|Katolika wakujiyimira]]
* [[Chipulotesitanti|Mupulotesitanti]]
** [[Adventism|Wa Adventist]]
** [[Anabaptism|Wa Anabaptist]]
** [[Anglicanism|Wa Anglican]]
** [[Ŵabaptisti|Wa Baptist]]
** [[Evangelicalism|Wa Evangelical]]
** [[Gulu la Utukumu|Wa Utukumu]]
** [[Lutheranism|Wa Lutheran]]
** [[Methodism|Wa Methodist]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Moravia|Wa Moravia]]
** [[Pentecostalism|Wa Pentecostal]]
** [[Ŵa Quaker|Wa Quaker]]
** [[Calvinism|Wa Calvinist]]
  | heading2 = [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]]
  | content2 =
* [[Machatolika gha Kumafumilo|Katolika wa Kumafumilo]]
* [[Chikhristu cha Orthodox cha Kumafumilo|Orthodox wa Kumafumilo]]
* [[Chikhristu cha Chipulotesitanti cha Kumafumilo|Chipulotesitanti wa Kumafumilo]]
* [[Machatolika gha Orthodox gha Kumafumilo|Orthodox wa Kumafumilo (Oriental)]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Kumafumilo|Tchalitchi la Kumafumilo (Nestorian)]]
  | heading3 = [[Restorationism|Restorationist]]
  | content3 =
* [[Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova|Kaboni wa Yehova]]
* [[Gulu la Ŵasiku ŵa Mazuŵa ghaumaliro|Wa Mazuŵa ghaumaliro]]
* [[Iglesia ni Cristo|Iglesia ni Cristo]]
}}
| list6name = Related
| list6title = Related topics
| list6 =
&lt;!--Alphabetical:--&gt;
* [[Criticism of Christianity|Criticism]]
* [[Christian culture|Culture]]
* [[Ecumenism]]
* [[Glossary of Christianity|Glossary]]
* [[Index of Christianity-related articles|Index]]
* [[Christian liturgy|Liturgy]]
* [[Christianity and other religions|Other religions]]
* [[Outline of Christianity|Outline]]
* [[Christian prayer|Prayer]]
* [[Sermon]]
* [[Christian symbolism|Symbolism]]
* [[Christian worship|Worship]]

| belowclass = hlist
| below =
* [[Glossary of Christianity|Glossary]]
* [[Index of Christianity-related articles|Index]]
* [[Outline of Christianity|Outline]]

*{{#ifexpr:({{#ifeq:{{{portalicon|}}}|ichthys |1 |0}} or {{{no-cross|0}}}) &lt;!--(i.e. if |portalicon=ichthys or |no-cross=[something])--&gt;
           | [[File:Ichthus.svg|20px|class=noviewer notpageimage|Ichthus]]
           | [[File:P christianity.svg|20px|class=noviewer notpageimage|Christian cross]]
          }}&amp;nbsp;[[Portal:Christianity|Christianity portal]]

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{caution |{{large|'''Warning''': Before changing, adding or removing any links, please '''[[Template talk:Christianity sidebar/Archive 4#Adding new article links, only Top-importance Christianity articles|read the discussion here]]'''. Consensus has determined that article links should correspond to those on the '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Christianity/Core topics work group/Topic list|core topic list]]''', as a '''[[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines#Centralized talk pages|centralized]]''' talk page.}}}}
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Please add categories, usage notes, etc to the /doc subpage, not here!
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Catholic Church footer</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>118041</id>
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        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
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      <text bytes="14375" sha1="d6t9elzr7n4xen268vskw0ihngssgv3" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name       = Catholic Church footer
| title      = [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| basestyle  = background-color:gold
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass  = hlist wraplinks
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| above =
* [[Index of Catholic Church articles|Index]]
* [[Outline of the Catholic Church|Outline]]
* [[Glossary of the Catholic Church|Glossary]]
* [[Lists of Catholics]]

| group1      = [[History of the Catholic Church|History]]&lt;br/&gt;([[Timeline of the Catholic Church|Timeline]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church|Ecclesiastical]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Legal history of the Catholic Church|Legal]])
| list1       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
|groupwidth= 12em
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = [[Early Christianity|Early Church]] 
| list1       =
* [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]]
** [[Ministry of Jesus|Ministry]]
** [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]
** [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]
** [[Great Commission]]
* [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]]
** [[Apostolic succession|Succession]]
** [[Primacy of Peter|Petrine primacy]]
* [[Church Fathers|Church fathers]]
** [[Apostolic Fathers|Apostolic fathers]]
* [[History of the papacy]]
** [[History of papal primacy|Primacy]]

| group2      = [[Great Church]]
| list2      =
* [[Ante-Nicene period|Ante-Nicene Period]]
* [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|Constantine]]
* [[First seven ecumenical councils]]
** [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea I]]
** [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]]
* [[Christianity in late antiquity|Late antiquity]]
* [[Development of the Christian biblical canon|Biblical canon]]
* [[Christian monasticism|Monasticism]]

| group3      = [[Christianity in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]
| list3      =
* [[Early Muslim conquests|Islamic conquests]]
* [[Pope Gregory I]]
* [[Papal States]]
* [[East–West Schism|Schism (1054)]]
* [[Investiture Controversy]]
* [[Crusades]]
* [[Western Schism|Schism (1378)]]
* [[Inquisition]]
* [[Medieval university|Universities]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]]

| group4      = [[Christianity in the modern era|Modern era]]
| list4      =
* [[Catholic–Protestant relations|Protestantism]]
** [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]]
** [[Counter-Reformation|Catholic Reformation]]
*** [[Council of Trent|Trent]]
* [[Thirty Years' War]]
* [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]
* [[Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution|French Revolution]]
* [[Catholic Church and Nazi Germany|Nazism]]
* [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]]
* [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|Communism]]
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|Sexual abuse scandal]]
* [[Catholic Church and Islam|Islam]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church|COVID-19 pandemic]]
}}

| group2     = [[Catholic theology|Theology]]&lt;br/&gt;([[Catholic Bible|Bible]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Catholic tradition|Tradition]];&lt;br/&gt;''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church|Catechism]]'')
| list2       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
|groupwidth= 12em
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = General
| list1       = 
* [[God in Christianity|God]]
** [[Trinity]]
** [[Kingship and kingdom of God|Kingdom]]
* [[Catholic theology of the body|Body and soul]]
* [[Divine grace]]
* [[Dogma in the Catholic Church|Dogma]]
* [[Nicene Creed]]
* [[Original sin]]
* [[List of Catholic saints|Saints]]
* [[Salvation]]
* [[Sermon on the Mount]]
* [[Ten Commandments in Catholic theology|Ten Commandments]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* Official Bible
**[[Sixtine Vulgate]]
**[[Sixto-Clementine Vulgate]]
**''[[Nova Vulgata]]''
* [[Christian worship|Worship]]  

| group4    = [[Catholic ecclesiology|Ecclesiology]]
| list4     = 
* ''[[Communitas perfecta]]''
* [[Catholic ecumenical councils|Councils]]
* [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|Ecumenism]]
* [[Four Marks of the Church|Four marks]]
** [[One true church]]
** [[Catholicity|Catholic]]
* [[Infallibility of the Church|Infallibility]]
* ''[[Mystici Corporis Christi]]''
* [[People of God]]
* [[Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant|Three states]]
* ''[[Subsistit in]]''
* [[Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law|In canon law]]

| group5      = [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|Sacraments]]
| list5       = 
* [[Baptism (Catholic Church)|Baptism]]
* [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|Confirmation]]
* [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]]
* [[Sacrament of Penance|Penance]] 
* [[Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church|Anointing of the Sick]]
**[[Last rites]]
* [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|Holy orders]]
* [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|Matrimony]]

| group6    = [[Catholic Mariology|Mariology]]
| list6     = 
* [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]
* [[History of Catholic Mariology|History]]
* [[Immaculate Conception]]
* [[Mariology of the popes]]
* [[Mariology of the saints]]
* [[Theotokos|Mother of God]]
* [[Perpetual virginity of Mary|Perpetual virginity]]
* [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Veneration]]
* See also:
* [[Josephology]]
}}

| group3      = [[Christian philosophy|Philosophy]]
| list3       = 
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Catholic moral theology|Moral theology]]
* [[Personalism (Catholic)|Personalism]]
* [[Catholic social teaching|Social teaching]]
* [[List of Catholic philosophers and theologians|Philosophers]]
* [[Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law|Philosophy of canon law]]
* See also:
* [[Science and the Catholic Church|Science]]
** [[Evolution and the Catholic Church|Evolution]]
* [[Separation of church and state]]
** [[Relations between the Catholic Church and the state|Relations]]
** [[Catholic Church and politics|Politics]]

| group4      = [[Saint (Catholic)|Saints]]
| list4       = 
* [[Holy Family]]
** [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]]
** [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]]
* [[Patriarch]]s
* [[Prophets of Christianity|Prophets]]
* [[Archangel]]s
* [[Christian martyrs|Martyrs]]
* [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]]
* [[Four Evangelists|Evangelists]]
* [[Confessor of the Faith|Confessors]] 
* [[Disciple (Christianity)|Disciples]]
* [[Virgin (title)|Virgins]]

| group5      = Organisation&lt;br/&gt;([[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Hierarchy]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Canon law of the Catholic Church|Canon law]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Catholic laity|Laity]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Order of precedence in the Catholic Church|Precedence]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Catholic Church by country|By country]])
| list5       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
|groupwidth= 12em
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = [[Holy See]]&lt;br/&gt;([[List of popes]])
| list1       = 
* [[Pope]] {{incumbent pope}}
* [[Catholic ecumenical councils|Ecumenical councils]]
* [[College of Cardinals|College]] of [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinals]]
** [[List of living cardinals|List]]
** [[Council of Cardinal Advisers|Advisers]]
* [[Roman Curia]]
** [[Dicastery|Dicasteries]]
* [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church|Synod of Bishops]]
* [[Properties of the Holy See|Properties]]

| group2      = [[Vatican City|Vatican City]]
| list2       =
* [[Index of Vatican City-related articles|Index]]
* [[Outline of Vatican City|Outline]]
* [[Apostolic Palace]]
* [[Lateran Treaty]]
* [[Roman Rota]]
* [[St. Peter's Basilica]]
* [[Swiss Guard]]
* [[Vatican Museums]]

| group3      = [[Ecclesiastical polity|Polity]] ([[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|Holy orders]])
| list3       = 
* [[List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)|Diocese]]  
** [[Episcopal conference]]
** [[Eparchy#Church hierarchy|Eparchy]]
* [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|Bishop]]
** [[Patriarch]]
** [[Major archbishop|Major]]
** [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]]
** [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]
** [[Archbishop]]
** [[Diocesan bishop|Diocesan]]
** [[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor]]
** [[Auxiliary bishop|Auxiliary]]
** [[Titular bishop|Titular]]
** [[Pope Emeritus|Emeritus]]
* [[Parish in the Catholic Church|Parish]]
* [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Priest]]
* [[Deacon]]

| group4    = [[Consecrated life|Consecrated life]]
| list4       = 
* [[Religious (Western Christianity)|Religious]]:
* [[Superior (hierarchy)|Superior]]
** [[Abbot]], [[Abbess]]
** [[Superior general|General]]
** [[Provincial superior|Provincial]]
** [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|Prior, Prioress]]
* [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]]
* [[Brother (Christian)|Brother]]
** [[Friar]]
** [[Monk]]
* [[Religious sister (Catholic)|Sister]]
** [[Catholic nun|Nun]]
* [[Hermit]]
* [[Novitiate|Novice]]
** [[Master of novices|Master]]
** [[Oblate]]
** [[Postulant]]

| group5      = [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|Particular churches]]&lt;br/&gt;[[sui iuris]]
| list5       = 
* [[Latin Church]]
* [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
** [[Albanian Greek Catholic Church|Albanian]]
** [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian]]
** [[Belarusian Greek Catholic Church|Belarusian]]
** [[Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church|Bulgarian]]
** [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]]
** [[Coptic Catholic Church|Coptic]]
** [[Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia|Croatian and Serbian]]
** [[Eritrean Catholic Church|Eritrean]]
** [[Ethiopian Catholic Church|Ethiopian]]
** [[Catholic Church in Georgia|Georgian]]
** [[Greek Byzantine Catholic Church|Greek]]
** [[Hungarian Greek Catholic Church|Hungarian]]
** [[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church|Italo-Albanian]]
** [[Macedonian Greek Catholic Church|Macedonian]]
** [[Maronite Church|Maronite]]
** [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]]
** [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Romanian]]
** [[Russian Greek Catholic Church|Russian]]
** [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian]]
** [[Slovak Greek Catholic Church|Slovak]]
** [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac]]
** [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar]]
** [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara]]
** [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian]]

| group6    = [[Catholic liturgy]]
| list6       = 
* [[Eastern Catholic liturgy]]
** [[Alexandrian Rite|Alexandrian]]
** [[Antiochene Rite|Antiochian]]
** [[Armenian Rite|Armenian]]
** [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine]]
** [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]]
** [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]]
*** [[Malankara Rite|Malankara]]
* [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin]]
** [[Ambrosian Rite|Ambrosian]]
** [[Rite of Braga|Braga]]
** [[Mozarabic Rite|Mozarabic]]
** [[Roman Rite|Roman]]
*** [[Mass of Paul VI|Paul VI]]
*** [[Tridentine Mass|Tridentine]]
*** [[Anglican Use|Anglican]]
*** [[Zaire Use|Zaire]]
}}

| group6      = [[Catholic culture|Culture]]
| list6       = 
* [[Catholic art|Art]]
** [[Marian art in the Catholic Church|Marian]]
* [[List of Catholic artists|Artists]]
* [[List of Catholic authors|Authors]]
* [[Lists of Catholic church buildings|Church buildings]]
** [[Altarpiece]]s
* [[Folk Catholicism|Folk]]
* [[Vatican Library|Library]]
* [[Vatican Museums|Museums]]
* [[:Category:Catholic music|Music]]
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See|Distinctions]]
* [[Role of Christianity in civilization|Role in civilisation]]
* See also:
* [[Criticism of the Catholic Church]]
* [[Anti-Catholicism]]

| group7      = [[:Category:Catholic media|Media]]
| list7       = 
* [[Holy See Press Office]] 
* [[Vatican Media]]
** [[Vatican News]]
** [[Vatican Television Center]]
** [[Vatican Radio]]
* Vatican Polyglot Press
* ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]''
* ''[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]''
* ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]''

| group8      = [[Catholic religious order|Religious orders]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Religious institute|institutes]], [[Society of apostolic life|societies]]
| list8       = 
* [[Assumptionists]]
* [[Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Annonciades]]
* [[Augustinians]]
* [[Order of Saint Basil the Great|Basilians]]
* [[Benedictines]]
* [[Bethlehemites]]
* [[Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Blue nuns]]
* [[Camaldolese]]s
* [[Camillians]]
* [[Carmelites]]
* [[Carthusians]]
* [[Cistercians]]
* [[Poor Clares|Clarisses]]
* [[Conceptionists]]
* [[Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross|Crosiers]]
* [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]
* [[Franciscans]]
* [[Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd|Good Shepherd Sisters]]
* [[Hieronymites]]
* [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]
* [[Legionaries of Christ|Legionaries]]
* [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy|Mercedarians]]
* [[Minim (religious order)|Minims]]
* [[Olivetans]]
* [[Oratory of Saint Philip Neri|Oratorians]]
* [[Piarists]]
* [[Premonstratensians]]
* [[Order of the Most Holy Redeemer|Redemptorists]]
* [[Servite Order|Servites]]
* [[Theatines]]
* [[Trappists]]
* [[Trinitarian Order|Trinitarians]]
* [[Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary|Visitandines]]

| group9      = [[Association of the Christian faithful|Associations&lt;br/&gt;of the faithful]]
| list9       = 
* [[Confraternity|Confraternities]]
** [[Catholic lay organisations|Lay]]
** [[Catholic Marian movements and societies|Marian]]
** [[Catholic youth work|Youth]]
** [[World Movement of Christian Workers|Workers]]
* [[Third order]]s
** [[Third Order of Saint Dominic|Saint Dominic]]
** [[Lay Carmelites]]
*** [[Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites|Discalced]]
** [[Third Order of Saint Francis|Saint Francis]]
*** [[Secular Franciscan Order|Secular]]
* [[Military_order_(religious_society)#International|Military orders]]
* [[Fimcap]]
* [[Catholic Action]]
* [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal|Charismatic Renewal]]
* [[Communion and Liberation]]
* [[Community of Sant'Egidio|Sant'Egidio]]
* [[Focolare Movement|Focolare]]
* [[International Alliance of Catholic Knights]]
* [[International Catholic Conference of Scouting|Scouting]]
* [[Legion of Mary]]
* [[Neocatechumenal Way]]
* [[Opus Dei]]
* [[Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement|Schoenstatt]]

| group10      = [[Catholic charities|Charities]]
| list10       = 
* [[Aid to the Church in Need]]
* [[Caritas Internationalis|Caritas]]
* [[Catholic Charities USA]]
* [[Catholic Home Missions|Home Missions]]
* [[Catholic Relief Services|Relief Services]]
* [[CIDSE]]
* [[Pax Christi]]
* [[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul]]&lt;br/&gt;
* See also:
* [[Catholic Church and health care|Health care]]
* [[Catholic school|Schools]]
* [[Catholic higher education|Universities]]

| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Catholic Church|size=tiny}}
* {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Catholic Church|Category]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --&gt;
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| name       = Kachitini ka kuumaliro ka Tchalitchi la Katolika
| title      = [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| basestyle  = background-color:gold
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass  = hlist wraplinks
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| above =
* [[Mndandanda wa nkhani za Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mndandanda]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ndondomeko]]
* [[Mazina na mazgu gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mazgu gha kufotokozera]]
* [[Mndandanda wa Ŵakatolika]]

| group1      = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mbiri]]&lt;br/&gt;([[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Nyengo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mbiri ya mpingo ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mpingo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mbiri ya malango ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Malango]])
| list1       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
|groupwidth= 12em
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = [[Chikhristu cha mu nyengo yakwamba|Tchalitchi lakwamba]] 
| list1       =
* [[Yesu mu Chikhristu|Yesu]]
** [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
** [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|Kupayikika]]
** [[Dango Likuru]]
* [[Ŵapositole mu Chipangano Chiphya|Ŵapositole]]
** [[Kusunjilira kwa upositole|Kusunjilira]]
** [[Ukoleri wa Petrosi|Ukoleri wa Petrosi]]
* [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi|Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi]]
** [[Ŵadada ŵa upositole|Ŵadada ŵa upositole]]
* [[Mbiri ya upapa]]
** [[Mbiri ya ukulu wa papa|Ukulu]]
| group2      = [[Tchalitchi Likuru]]
| list2      =
* [[Nyengo ya Ante-Nicene|Nyengo ya Ante-Nicene]]
* [[Constantine Mukuru na Chikhristu|Constantine]]
* [[Mabungwe ghakwamba ghankhondi na ghaŵiri gha mipingo ya Chikhristu|Mabungwe ghakwamba gha mipingo]]
** [[Bungwe lakwamba la ku Nicaea|Nicaea I]]
** [[Bungwe la ku Chalcedon|Chalcedon]]
* [[Chikhristu mu nyengo yakumaliro ya kale|Nyengo yakumaliro ya kale]]
* [[Kukura kwa mabuku gha Baibolo gha Chikhristu|Mndandanda wa Baibolo]]
* [[Umoyo wa ŵamonke mu Chikhristu|Umoyo wa ŵamonke]]

| group3      = [[Chikhristu mu Nyengo ya Pakati|Nyengo ya Pakati]]
| list3      =
* [[Kuwukira kwa Ŵasilamu kwakwamba|Kuwukira kwa Ŵasilamu]]
* [[Papa Gregory I]]
* [[Maboma gha Apapa]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Kumafumilo na Kumadzulo|Kupatukana (1054)]]
* [[Mphindano ya Uthemba na Usembe]]
* [[Nkhondo za Chipembezo]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Kumadzulo|Kupatukana (1378)]]
* [[Khoti la kafukufuku wa chipembezo]]
* [[Mayunivesite gha mu nyengo ya pakati]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Nyengo ya Kuvumbuka kwa Charu|Nyengo ya kuvumbuka kwa charu]]

| group4      = [[Chikhristu mu nyengo ya sono|Nyengo ya sono]]
| list4      =
* [[Ubale wa Ŵakatolika na Ŵaprotesitanti|Uprotesitanti]]
** [[Kusintha kwa chipembezo kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]
** [[Kusintha kwa Katolika kwakususka|Kusintha kwa Katolika]]
*** [[Bungwe la Trent|Trent]]
* [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Ghatatu]]
* [[Nyengo ya Kuwala kwa maghanoghano|Nyengo ya Kuwala]]
* [[Kufumiskika kwa Chikhristu mu France mu nyengo ya Chiwukirano cha France|Chiwukirano cha France]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Germany ya Nazi|Nazi]]
* [[Bungwe lachiŵiri la Vatican|Vatican II]]
* [[Ubale wa Holy See na Soviet Union|Chikomyunizimu]]
* [[Milandu ya nkhaza za kugonana mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mphindano ya nkhaza za kugonana]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Chisilamu|Chisilamu]]
* [[Ivyo mliri wa COVID-19 ukachitira Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mliri wa COVID-19]]
}}

| group2     = [[Theology ya Katolika|Theology]]&lt;br/&gt;([[Baibolo la Katolika|Baibolo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mbumba ya Katolika|Mbumba]];&lt;br/&gt;''[[Katekisimu ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Katekisimu]]'')
| list2       = 
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
|groupwidth= 12em
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = Vyose
| list1       = 
* [[Chiuta mu Chikhristu|Chiuta]]
** [[Utatu]]
** [[Ufumu wa Chiuta|Ufumu]]
* [[Theology ya thupi ya Katolika|Thupi na mzimu]]
* [[Nkhongono ya Chiuta|Nkhongono ya Chiuta]]
* [[Chiphambano cha chigomezgo mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Chigomezgo]]
* [[Chiphangano cha ku Nicaea|Chiphangano cha Nicaea]]
* [[Uheni wakwambilira]]
* [[Mndandanda wa ŵatuŵa ŵa Katolika|Ŵatuŵa]]
* [[Chiponosko]]
* [[Upharazgi pa Phiri]]
* [[Malango Khumi mu theology ya Katolika|Malango Khumi]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* Baibolo lakuzomerezgeka
**[[Vulgate ya Sixtine]]
**[[Vulgate ya Sixto-Clementine]]
**''[[Nova Vulgata]]''
* [[Kusopa kwa Chikhristu|Kusopa]]

| group4    = [[Ecclesiology ya Katolika|Ivyo Tchalitchi likugomezga]]
| list4     = 
* ''[[Communitas perfecta]]''
* [[Mabungwe gha mipingo ya Katolika|Mabungwe]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na umodzi wa mipingo|Umodzi wa mipingo]]
* [[Mankhondi ghanayi gha Tchalitchi|Mankhondi ghanayi]]
** [[Tchalitchi limoza launenesko]]
** [[Katolika]]
* [[Kuleka kwananga kwa Tchalitchi|Kuleka kwananga]]
* ''[[Mystici Corporis Christi]]''
* [[Ŵanthu ŵa Chiuta]]
* [[Mipingo yitatu: wakuchita nkhondo, wakulapa, na wakupokera mphumphu|Mikhaliro yitatu]]
* ''[[Subsistit in]]''
* [[Philosophy, theology, na fundo zikuru za malango gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mu malango gha tchalitchi]]

| group5      = [[Masakramenti gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Masakramenti]]
| list5       = 
* [[Ubatizo mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ubatizo]]
* [[Chisimikizgo mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Chisimikizgo]]
* [[Eukaristi mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Eukaristi]]
* [[Sakramenti la Kulapa|Kulapa]]
* [[Kupaka mafuta kwa ŵalwari mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kupaka mafuta kwa ŵalwari]]
**[[Maluso ghaumaliro]]
* [[Usembe mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Usembe]]
* [[Nthengwa mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Nthengwa]]

| group6    = [[Mariology ya Katolika|Mariology]]
| list6     = 
* [[Kukwera kwa Mariya kuchanya|Kukwera kwa Mariya]]
* [[Mbiri ya Mariology ya Katolika|Mbiri]]
* [[Kubabika kwa Yesu kwambura kwananga|Kubabika kwambura kwananga]]
* [[Mariology ya mapapa]]
* [[Mariology ya ŵatuŵa]]
* [[Theotokos|Nyina wa Chiuta]]
* [[Ubwinda wa Mariya wa nyengo zose|Ubwinda wa nyengo zose]]
* [[Kumuchindika Mariya mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kumuchindika]]
* Wonani so:
* [[Josephology]]
}}
| group3      = [[Filosofi ya Chikhristu|Filosofi]]
| list3       = 
* [[Dango la chilengedwe]]
* [[Theology ya makhaliro ya Katolika|Theology ya makhaliro]]
* [[Personalism (Katolika)|Personalism]]
* [[Masambiro gha Katolika pa nkhani za ŵanthu na chikaya|Masambiro gha chikaya]]
* [[Mndandanda wa ŵafilosofi na ŵasambizgi ŵa Katolika|Ŵafilosofi]]
* [[Filosofi, theology, na fundo zikuru za malango gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Filosofi ya malango gha tchalitchi]]
* Wonani so:
* [[Sayansi na Tchalitchi la Katolika|Sayansi]]
** [[Kusintha kwa vinthu (evolution) na Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kusintha kwa vinthu]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa tchalitchi na boma]]
** [[Ubale pakati pa Tchalitchi la Katolika na boma|Ubale]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na ndyali|Ndyali]]

| group4      = [[Mtu mutuŵa (Katolika)|Ŵatuŵa]]
| list4       = 
* [[Mbumba Yakupatulika]]
** [[Mariya, nyina wa Yesu|Mariya]]
** [[Yosefe Mutuŵa|Yosefe]]
* [[Patriarch]]
* [[Ntchimi za Chikhristu|Ntchimi]]
* [[Mungelo mukuru]]
* [[Ŵakufwa chifukwa cha chipulikano mu Chikhristu|Ŵakufwa chifukwa cha chipulikano]]
* [[Ŵadokotala ŵa Tchalitchi|Ŵasambizgi ŵa Tchalitchi]]
* [[Ŵalembi ŵa mabuku ghanayi gha Makani Ghawemi|Ŵalembi ŵa Makani Ghawemi]]
* [[Confessor wa chipulikano]]
* [[Musambiri (Chikhristu)|Ŵasambiri]]
* [[Mwali (zina laulemu)|Ŵamwali]]

| group5      = Gulu la Tchalitchi&lt;br/&gt;([[Ulongozgi wa Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ulongozgi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Malango gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Malango gha Tchalitchi]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ŵanthu ŵa Katolika awo mba wamba|Ŵanthu ŵamba]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Mndandanda wa udindo mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Udindo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tchalitchi la Katolika mu vyaru|Mu vyaru]])
| list5       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
|groupwidth= 12em
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = [[Holy See|Holy See]]&lt;br/&gt;([[Mndandanda wa mapapa]])
| list1       = 
* [[Papa]] {{incumbent pope}}
* [[Mabungwe gha mipingo ya Katolika|Mabungwe gha mipingo]]
* [[Koleji ya makadinali|Koleji ya]] [[Kadinali (Tchalitchi la Katolika)|Makadinali]]
** [[Mndandanda wa makadinali ŵamoyo|Mndandanda]]
** [[Bungwe la ŵakupeleka ulongozgi kwa Kadinali|Ŵakupeleka ulongozgi]]
* [[Roman Curia]]
** [[Dicastery|Ma Dicastery]]
* [[Sinodi ya Ŵasambiri mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Sinodi ya Ŵasambiri]]
* [[Katundu wa Holy See|Katundu]]
| group2      = [[Vatican City|Mzinda wa Vatican]]
| list2       =
* [[Mndandanda wa nkhani zakukhwaskana na Mzinda wa Vatican|Mndandanda]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya Mzinda wa Vatican|Ndondomeko]]
* [[Nyumba ya Atumwi]]
* [[Pangano la Lateran]]
* [[Roman Rota]]
* [[Basilica ya Mt. Petrosi]]
* [[Mulinda wa Switzerland]]
* [[Nyumba zakuwonerapo za Vatican]]

| group3      = [[Ndondomeko ya ulongozgi wa Tchalitchi|Ulongozgi]] ([[Usembe mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Usembe]])
| list3       = 
* [[Mabishopu gha Katolika|Diyosisi]]
** [[Bungwe la mabishopu]]
** [[Eparchy#Church hierarchy|Eparchy]]
* [[Bishopu mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Bishopu]]
** [[Patriarch]]
** [[Archepiskopo mukuru]]
** [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]]
** [[Bishopu wa chigaŵa]]
** [[Archepiskopo]]
** [[Bishopu wa diyosisi]]
** [[Bishopu wakovwira]]
** [[Bishopu wakovwira]]
** [[Bishopu wa zina pera]]
** [[Papa wakale]]
* [[Parishi mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Parishi]]
* [[Usembe mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Musofi]]
* [[Dikoni]]

| group4    = [[Umoyo wakupatulika|Umoyo wakupatulika]]
| list4       = 
* [[Ŵanthu ŵa chipembezo (Chikhristu cha ku Western)|Ŵanthu ŵa chipembezo]]:
* [[Mulongozgi (mu ndondomeko)|Mulongozgi]]
** [[Abbot]], [[Abbess]]
** [[Mulongozgi mukuru]]
** [[Mulongozgi wa chigaŵa]]
** [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|Prior, Prioress]]
* [[Grand Master (order)|Mulongozgi Mukuru wa gulu]]
* [[Mubali (Chikhristu)|Mubali]]
** [[Friar]]
** [[Monke]]
* [[Mwanakazi wa chipembezo (Katolika)|Mudumbu]]
** [[Nuni wa Katolika|Nuni]]
* [[Munthu wakukhala yekha]]
* [[Novice|Wakwamba kuluta ku chipulikano]]
** [[Mulongozgi wa ŵakwamba]]
** [[Oblate]]
** [[Postulant]]

| group5      = [[Mipingo yapadera ya Katolika na mitheto ya liturgy|Mipingo yapadera]]&lt;br/&gt;[[sui iuris]]
| list5       = 
* [[Tchalitchi la Latin]]
* [[Mipingo ya Katolika ya Kumafumilo gha Dazi]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Albania|Albania]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Armenia|Armenia]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Belarus|Belarus]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chaldayo|Chaldayo]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Coptic|Coptic]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Croatia na Serbia|Croatia na Serbia]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Eritrea|Eritrea]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika mu Georgia|Georgia]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Byzantine|Chigiriki]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Hungary|Hungary]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Italo-Albania|Italo-Albania]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Macedonia|Macedonia]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Maronite|Maronite]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Chigiriki la Melkite|Melkite]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Romania|Romania]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Russia|Russia]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Ruthenian|Ruthenian]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Slovakia|Slovakia]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Syriac|Syriac]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Syro-Malabar|Syro-Malabar]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Syro-Malankara|Syro-Malankara]]
** [[Tchalitchi la Katolika la Chigiriki la Ukraine|Ukraine]]
| group6    = [[Liturgy ya Katolika]]
| list6       = 
* [[Liturgy ya Katolika ya Kumafumilo gha Dazi]]
** [[Mwambo wa ku Alexandria|Alexandria]]
** [[Mwambo wa ku Antioch|Antioch]]
** [[Mwambo wa ku Armenia|Armenia]]
** [[Mwambo wa Byzantine|Byzantine]]
** [[Mwambo wa East Syriac|East Syriac]]
** [[Mwambo wa West Syriac|West Syriac]]
*** [[Mwambo wa Malankara|Malankara]]
* [[Mitheto ya liturgy ya Latin|Latin]]
** [[Mwambo wa Ambrosian|Ambrosian]]
** [[Mwambo wa Braga|Braga]]
** [[Mwambo wa Mozarabic|Mozarabic]]
** [[Mwambo wa Roman|Roman]]
*** [[Misa ya Paul VI|Paul VI]]
*** [[Misa ya Tridentine|Tridentine]]
*** [[Ntchito ya Anglican|Anglican]]
*** [[Ntchito ya Zaire|Zaire]]

}}

| group6      = [[Mbumba ya Katolika|Mbumba]]
| list6       = 
* [[Luso lwa Katolika|Luso]]
** [[Luso lwa Mariya mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Luso lwa Mariya]]
* [[Mndandanda wa ŵaluso ŵa Katolika|Ŵaluso]]
* [[Mndandanda wa ŵalemba ŵa Katolika|Ŵalemba]]
* [[Mndandanda wa nyumba za tchalitchi la Katolika|Nyumba za tchalitchi]]
** [[Malo gha pa guwa]]
* [[Chikatolika cha ŵanthu|Chikhalidwe cha ŵanthu]]
* [[Nyumba ya mabuku ya Vatican|Nyumba ya mabuku]]
* [[Nyumba zakuwonerako za Vatican|Nyumba zakuwonerako]]
* [[:Category:Music ya Katolika|Sumu]]
* [[Maulemu, mphumphu, na mendulo za Holy See|Maulemu]]
* [[Udindo wa Chikhristu mu chitukuko|Udindo mu chitukuko]]
* Wonani so:
* [[Kususkika kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
* [[Kususkana na Chikatolika]]

| group7      = [[:Category:Vyakuwoneska vya Katolika|Vyakuŵika pa wailesi na manyuzi]]
| list7       = 
* [[Ofesi ya manyuzi ya Holy See]]
* [[Vyakuwoneska vya Vatican]]
** [[Manyuzi gha Vatican]]
** [[Malo gha TV ya Vatican]]
** [[Wailesi ya Vatican]]
* Nyumba yakupharazga ya Vatican ya viyowoyero vinandi
* ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]''
* ''[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]''
* ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]''

| group8      = [[Magulu gha chipembezo gha Katolika|Magulu gha chipembezo]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Institute ya chipembezo|ma institute]], [[Magulu gha umoyo wa upositole|magulu]]
| list8       = 
* [[Assumptionists]]
* [[Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary|Annonciades]]
* [[Augustinians]]
* [[Order of Saint Basil the Great|Basilians]]
* [[Benedictines]]
* [[Bethlehemites]]
* [[Order of the Most Holy Annunciation|Blue nuns]]
* [[Camaldolese]]
* [[Camillians]]
* [[Carmelites]]
* [[Carthusians]]
* [[Cistercians]]
* [[Poor Clares|Clarisses]]
* [[Conceptionists]]
* [[Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross|Crosiers]]
* [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]
* [[Franciscans]]
* [[Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd|Ŵadumbu ŵa Good Shepherd]]
* [[Hieronymites]]
* [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]
* [[Legionaries of Christ|Legionaries]]
* [[Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy|Mercedarians]]
* [[Minim (religious order)|Minims]]
* [[Olivetans]]
* [[Oratory of Saint Philip Neri|Oratorians]]
* [[Piarists]]
* [[Premonstratensians]]
* [[Order of the Most Holy Redeemer|Redemptorists]]
* [[Servite Order|Servites]]
* [[Theatines]]
* [[Trappists]]
* [[Trinitarian Order|Trinitarians]]
* [[Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary|Visitandines]]

| group9      = [[Bungwe la ŵakugomezgeka|Mabungwe&lt;br/&gt;gha ŵakugomezgeka]]
| list9       = 
* [[Confraternity|Mabungwe gha ubwezi wa chipembezo]]
** [[Mabungwe gha ŵanthu wamba gha Katolika|Ŵanthu wamba]]
** [[Mabungwe gha Mariya gha Katolika|Mariya]]
** [[Ntchito ya ŵawukirano ya Katolika|Ŵawukirano]]
** [[World Movement of Christian Workers|Ŵantchito]]
* [[Third order]]s
** [[Third Order of Saint Dominic|Saint Dominic]]
** [[Lay Carmelites]]
*** [[Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites|Discalced]]
** [[Third Order of Saint Francis|Saint Francis]]
*** [[Secular Franciscan Order|Secular]]
* [[Military orders|Magulu gha nkhondo gha chipembezo]]
* [[Fimcap]]
* [[Catholic Action]]
* [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal|Kusinthika kwa Charismatic]]
* [[Communion and Liberation]]
* [[Community of Sant'Egidio|Sant'Egidio]]
* [[Focolare Movement|Focolare]]
* [[International Alliance of Catholic Knights|Mgwirizano wa ŵankhondo ŵa Katolika]]
* [[International Catholic Conference of Scouting|Scouting]]
* [[Legion of Mary]]
* [[Neocatechumenal Way]]
* [[Opus Dei]]
* [[Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement|Schoenstatt]]
| group10      = [[Charities gha Katolika|Mabungwe gha chitemwa]]
| list10       = 
* [[Aid to the Church in Need|Chovwiro ku Tchalitchi ilo likusuzgika]]
* [[Caritas Internationalis|Caritas]]
* [[Catholic Charities USA|Mabungwe gha Chitemwa gha Katolika USA]]
* [[Catholic Home Missions|Mishoni za ku nyumba za Katolika]]
* [[Catholic Relief Services|Ntchito za chovwiro cha Katolika]]
* [[CIDSE]]
* [[Pax Christi]]
* [[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul|Gulu la Saint Vincent de Paul]]&lt;br/&gt;
* Wonani so:
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na chisamaliro cha umoyo|Chisamaliro cha umoyo]]
* [[Sukulu ya Katolika|Masukulu]]
* [[Maphunziro ghapachanya gha Katolika|Mayunivesite]]

| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Tchalitchi la Katolika|size=tiny}}
* {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Tchalitchi la Katolika|Gulu la Tchalitchi la Katolika]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
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  <page>
    <title>Tchalitchi la Katolika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>118039</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T12:05:18Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="102478" sha1="ki8xf8hhol36dpuqf2z60t49909uwmp" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Largest Christian church, led by the Pope}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
|icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
|icon_width = 25px
|icon_alt = Emblem of the Holy See
|name = Tchalitchi la Katolika
|native_name = Ecclesia Catholica
|native_name_lang = la
|image = Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg
|imagewidth = 300px
|alt = Saint Peter's Basilica 
|caption = Tchalitchi la St. Peter, ilo ni tchalitchi likuru chomene pa charu chose
|abbreviation =
|main_classification = Ŵakatolika
|type =
|scripture = [[Baibolo la Katolika|Baibolo]]
|theology = [[Cisambizgo ca Katolika]]
|polity = [[Ndondomeko za boma la bishopu]]&lt;ref name=Episcopal_Polity&gt;{{cite book|title=Notes of the Episcopal Polity of the Holy Catholic Church|last=Marshall|first=Thomas William|year=1844|location=London|publisher=Levey, Rossen and Franklin|id={{ASIN|1163912190|country=uk}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|governance = Malo Ghatuŵa na Curia ya Ŵaroma
|leader_title = [[Papa]]
|leader_name = {{incumbent pope}}
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 = 
|leader_title2= 
|leader_name2 = 
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|fellowships_type = [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na maluso ghake|Matchalitchi ghanyake&lt;br /&gt;''sui iuris'']]
|fellowships =Tchalitchi la Cilatini na 23 Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha Dazi
|fellowships_type1 =
|fellowships1 =
|division_type = Ma Diocese
|division = {{plainlist|
* Archdioceses: [[List of Catholic archdioceses|640]]
* Dioceses: [[List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)|2,851]]}}
|division_type1 = [[Parish in the Catholic Church|Parishes]]
|division1 = 221,700
|division_type2 =
|division2 =
|division_type3 =
|division3 =
|associations =
|area = [[Catholic Church by country|Worldwide]]
|language = [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] and [[native languages]]
|liturgy = [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Rites|Western and Eastern]]
|headquarters = [[Vatican City]]
|founder = {{Ubl | [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]], according to | [[Sacred tradition#In the Catholic and Orthodox churches|sacred tradition]]}}
|founded_date = [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]]
|founded_place = [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]], [[Roman Empire]]&lt;ref name=&quot;RCC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Stanford|first=Peter|title=Roman Catholic Church|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml|website=BBC Religions|publisher=BBC|access-date=1 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=18}}
|parent =
|merger =
|absorbed = 
|separations =
|merged_into =
|defunct =
|congregations_type =
|congregations =
|members = 1.378&amp;nbsp;billion (2021)&lt;ref name=&quot;AnnuarioPontificio&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2023-03/quo-052/pubblicati-l-annuario-pontificio-2023-e-l-annuarium-statisticum.html |title=Pubblicati l'Annuario Pontificio 2023 e l'Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae 2021 |date=3 March 2023 |work=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] |language=it |access-date=3 March 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ministers_type = [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Clergy]]
|ministers = {{plainlist|
* [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|Bishops]]: 5,340
* [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Priests]]: 407,872
* [[Deacon]]s: 49,176
* (2021)&lt;ref name=&quot;AnnuarioPontificio&quot;/&gt;
}}
|missionaries =
|churches =
|hospitals = [[Catholic Church and health care|5,500]]&lt;ref name=&quot;World Development p.40&quot;&gt;Calderisi, Robert. ''Earthly Mission – The Catholic Church and World Development''; TJ International Ltd; 2013; p.40&lt;/ref&gt;
|nursing_homes =
|aid =
|primary_schools = [[Catholic school|95,200]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Laudato Si|journal=Vermont Catholic|volume=8|issue=4, ''2016–2017, Winter''|pages=73|url=http://www.onlinedigeditions.com/publication/index.php?i=365491&amp;m=&amp;l=&amp;p=1&amp;pre=&amp;ver=html5#{%22page%22:74,%22issue_id%22:365491}|access-date=19 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|secondary_schools = 43,800
|tax_status =
|tertiary = 
|other_names = 
|publications =
|website = {{Official URL}}
|slogan =
|logo = 
|footnotes = 
}}
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'''Tchalitchi la Katolika''', ndilo tchalitchi likuru chomene pa charu chose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AnnuarioPontificio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism|title=Roman Catholicism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|last=Marty|first=Martin E.|date=29 April 2021|access-date=17 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likuŵa limoza la mawupu ghakale chomene pa charu chose, ndipo lili na udindo ukuru chomene pa nkhani ya mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Western.&lt;ref&gt;Mark A. Noll. ''The New Shape of World Christianity'' (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2009), 191.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Haynes |first=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5teCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22catholic+church%22+oldest+institution&amp;pg=PT75 |title=Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics |date=13 January 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-28746-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Alexander P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqCg8aqgus8C&amp;dq=%22catholic+church%22+oldest+institution&amp;pg=PA457 |title=India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0904-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O'CollinsPref&quot;&gt;[[Gerald O'Collins|O'Collins]], p. v (preface).&lt;/ref&gt; Tchalitchi ili lili na matchalitchi 24, kusazgapo Tchalitchi la Latin na 23 la Eastern Catholic, agho ghali na ma diocese na ma eparchy pafupifupi 3,5000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2005 |title=Statistics by Country, by Catholic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304155457/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |publisher=David M. Cheney}}&lt;/ref&gt;pa charu chose. Papa, uyo ni bishopu wa ku Roma, ndiyo ni muliska mulara wa mpingo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lumen gentium|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=11 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishopu wa ku Roma, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Holy See, ndiyo wakulamulira tchalitchi. Wupu uwo ukulamulira mu Rome uli na maofesi ghake mu msumba wa Vatican, uwo uli ku chigaŵa chichoko cha Rome, mu Italy.

Visambizgo vikuruvikuru vya Cikatolika vikusangika mu cisambizgo ca Cikatolika ca ku Nicaea. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti ni tchalitchi limoza, lituŵa, la Katolika na la ŵapositole ilo likakhazikiskika na Yesu Khristu mu mulimo wake ukuru,&lt;ref name=&quot;Catholic News Service&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Vatican congregation reaffirms truth, oneness of Catholic Church |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703923.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201403/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703923.htm |archive-date=10 July 2007 |access-date=17 March 2012 |publisher=Catholic News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=7}}{{refn|group=note|While the Catholic Church considers itself to be the authentic continuation of the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ, it teaches that other Christian churches and communities can be in an imperfect communion with the Catholic Church.&lt;!--See List Refs--&gt;&lt;ref name=note1cite1/&gt;&lt;ref name=note1cite2/&gt;&lt;!--/List Refs--&gt;}}  kuti mabishopu ghake ndigho ghakunjira mu malo gha ŵapositole ŵa Khristu, ndiposo kuti papa ndiyo wakunjira mu malo gha Petrosi Mutuŵa, uyo Yesu Khristu wakamupa mazaza.&lt;ref&gt;Holy Bible: Matthew {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:19|ESV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likuti likulondezga ivyo ŵapositole ŵakasambizganga, ndipo likusungilira unenesko wa mu Malemba na ivyo likusambizga'''.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;CCC_890&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|890}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku mafumiro gha dazi nga ni visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika, visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku mafumiro gha dazi, visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku Roma, na visambizgo vinyake vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku Latin, vikulongora kuti visambizgo vya cisopa na vyauzimu vikukolerana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|835|quote=The rich variety of ... theological and spiritual heritages proper to the local churches 'unified in a common effort shows all the more resplendently the catholicity of the undivided Church'.(cf. [[Second Vatican Council]], Dogmatic Constitution on the Church [[Lumen gentium]], 23)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunton2&quot;&gt;Colin Gunton. &quot;Christianity among the Religions in the Encyclopedia of Religion&quot;, Religious Studies, Vol. 24, number 1, page 14. In a review of an article from the Encyclopedia of Religion, Gunton writes: &quot;[T]he article [on Catholicism in the encyclopedia] rightly suggests caution, suggesting at the outset that Roman Catholicism is marked by several different doctrinal, theological and liturgical emphases.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Pa visungusungu vinkhondi na viŵiri, Ciphikiro Ciphya ndico nchakuzirwa comene, ndipo cikukondwelereka mu Misa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1327|quote=[T]he Eucharist is the sum and summary of our faith}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tchalitchi likusambizga kuti para wasembe wakupeleka cingwa na vinyo kuŵa sembe, vikuzgoka thupi na ndopa za Khristu. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchindikika ni Mariya, mama wa Ciuta, na Fumukazi ya Kuchanya.{{refn|name=marian_dogmas|{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/mary/general-information/the-four-marian-dogmas/|publisher=Catholic News Agency|title=The Four Marian Dogmas|access-date=25 March 2017}}|}} Visambizgo vya Cikatolika vikulongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kovwira ŵalwari, ŵakavu, na ŵakusuzgika. Tchalitchi la Katolika lili na masukulu ghanandi gha Katolika, maunivesite na makoleji, vipatala, na nyumba za ŵalanda pa charu chose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Geopolitics&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Agnew|first=John|title=Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church|journal=Geopolitics|date=12 February 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=39–61|doi=10.1080/14650040903420388|s2cid=144793259}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pali mawupu ghanandi agho ghakovwira ŵanthu.

Tchalitchi la Katolika lawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Western pa nkhani ya vinjeru, maluso, sumu, na sayansi. Ŵakatolika ŵakukhala pa caru cose capasi cifukwa ca umishonale, kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, na kuzgoka. Kwambira mu ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku Southern Hemisphere, chifukwa cha kusuzgika chomene ku Middle East na ku Europe. Tchalitchi la Katolika likakolerananga na tchalitchi la Eastern Orthodox m'paka mu 1054 apo pakachitika chisopa cha East-West Schism. Pambere ungano wa ku Efeso undachitike mu 431 C.E., ŵa Ekleziya ya kumafumiro gha dazi nawo ŵakaŵa mu umoza uwu, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵa Ekleziya ya Orthodox pambere ungano wa ku Chalcedon undachitike mu 451 C.E.; wose ŵakapambananga cifukwa ca kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya Khristu. Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi, agho ghali na ŵanthu pafupifupi 18 miliyoni, ghakwimira Ŵakhristu ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakawelera panji ŵakalutilira kukolerana na papa pa nyengo ya kugaŵikana uku panji pamanyuma pake. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1500, Ŵaprotesitanti nawo ŵakamba kugaluka. Kwambira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Tchalitchi la Katolika lakususkika cifukwa ca visambizgo vyake vyakukhwaskana na kugonana, kususka ŵanakazi, ndiposo umo likucitira na nkhani za kugonana na ŵaliska.

== Zina ==
{{Further|Chikatolika|Chikatolika cha Ŵaroma}}
[[File:Ignatius of Antiochie, poss. by Johann Apakass (17th c., Pushkin museum).jpg|thumb|left|Lizgu lakuti &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; (ilo likung'anamura &quot;Tchalitchi la pa Charu Chose&quot;) likalembeka kakwamba na mutuŵa Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke mu kalata yake ya ku Smyrna. ({{circa|110|lk=no}}&amp;nbsp;AD).&lt;ref&gt;John Meyendorff, ''Catholicity and the Church'', St Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-88141-006-3}}, p. 7&lt;/ref&gt; Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke ndiyo wakambiska kugwiliskira nchito lizgu lakuti &quot;Ukhristu&quot; ({{Lang-el|Χριστιανισμός|links=no}}) {{circa|100|lk=no}}&amp;nbsp;AD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last1 =Elwell | first1 =Walter | last2 =Comfort | first2 =Philip Wesley | year =2001 | title =Tyndale Bible Dictionary | publisher =Tyndale House Publishers | isbn =0-8423-7089-7|pages=266, 828}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died in Rome, with his [[relic]]s located in the [[Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano]].|253x253px]]
Mazgu ghakuti Katolika (kufuma ku Chigiriki: καθολικός, romanized: katholikos, lit. 'universal') ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pakulongosora vya tchalitchi mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E.&lt;ref&gt;MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt; Lizgu lakuti &quot;tchalitchi cha Katolika&quot; (mu Cigiriki καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία, ilo lili kulembeka kuti he katholike ekklesia) likamba kusangika mu kalata iyo St. Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke wakalembera ŵanthu ŵa ku Smyrna mu 110 C.E.{{refn|group=note|Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans ({{Circa|110 AD|lk=no}})}}, iyo yikati: &quot;Kose uko kuli bishopu, ŵanthu ŵaŵenge kwenekuko, nga umo kuliri Yesu, ndipo uko kuli mpingo wa [katholike]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathEnc1910_Catholic&quot;/&gt; Mu Catechetical Lectures (c. 350) ya Cyril wa ku Yerusalemu, zina lakuti &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; likagwiliskirika nchito kuti liŵe lapadera na magulu ghanyake agho ghakajichemanga &quot;tchalitchi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathEnc1910_Catholic&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Catholic |last=Thurston |first=Herbert |author-link=Herbert Thurston |place=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |date=1908 |access-date=17 August 2012|editor-first=Kevin |editor-last=Knight |editor-link=Knight |volume=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm |title=Cyril of Jerusalem, Lecture XVIII, 26 |publisher=Tertullian.org |date=6 August 2004 |access-date=17 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fundo yakuti &quot;Chisopa cha Katolika&quot; yikayowoyeka chomene mu dango la De fide Catolica ilo likapelekeka mu 380 na Theodosius I.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm |title=Edictum de fide catholica |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208135704/http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kufuma waka mu 1054 apo pakaŵa kuswa malango kwa East na West, tchalitchi la Eastern Church likamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti &quot;Orthodox&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy &quot;Eastern Orthodoxy&quot;], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' online.&lt;/ref&gt; Tchalitchi la ku Western ilo likukolerana na Papa nalo likucemeka kuti &quot;Chatoliki&quot;, ndipo likalutilira kucemeka nthena nanga ni apo pakaŵa kusintha kwa visopa mu ma 1500, apo awo ŵakaleka kuwungana ŵakamba kucemeka &quot;Ŵaprotesitanti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;catholic, adj. and n.&quot; [[Oxford English Dictionary]] Online. Oxford University Press, June 2014. Web. 7 August 2014. Excerpt: &quot;After the separation of East and West 'Catholic' was assumed as its descriptive epithet by the Western or Latin Church, as 'Orthodox' was by the Eastern or Greek. At the Reformation, the term 'Catholic' was claimed as its exclusive right by the body remaining under the Roman obedience, in opposition to the 'Protestant' or 'Reformed' National Churches. These, however, also retained the term, giving it, for the most part, a wider and more ideal or absolute sense, as the attribute of no single community, but only of the whole communion of the saved and saintly in all churches and ages. In England, it was claimed that the Church, even as Reformed, was the national branch of the 'Catholic Church' in its proper historical sense.&quot; Note: The full text of the OED definition of &quot;catholic&quot; can be consulted [[Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Roman Catholic Church/Archive 17|here]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McBrien&quot;&gt;McBrien, Richard (2008). ''The Church''. Harper Collins. p. xvii. Online version available [https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 Browseinside.harpercollins.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 |date=27 August 2009 }}. Quote: &quot;[T]he use of the adjective 'Catholic' as a modifier of 'Church' became divisive only after the East–West Schism... and the Protestant Reformation. ... In the former case, the Western Church claimed for itself the title ''Catholic'' Church, while the East appropriated the name ''Orthodox'' Church. In the latter case, those in communion with the Bishop of Rome retained the adjective &quot;Catholic&quot;, while the churches that broke with the Papacy were called ''Protestant''.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Apo &quot;Tchalitchi la Ŵaroma&quot; likuyowoyeka pakulongosora Diocese ya Roma kufuma apo Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawira m'ma 500 C.E. m'paka m'ma 1500 C.E., &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; likuyowoyeka pa mpingo wose wa Chingelezi kufuma apo Ŵaprotesitanti ŵakambiska chisopa cha Katolika m'ma 1500 C.E.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063 |title=Roman Catholic, n. and adj. |work=Oxford English Dictionary|access-date=24 October 2017|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kweniso, ŵanji ŵakuyowoya za Tchalitchi la Cilatini kuti &quot;Roman Catholic&quot; kupambanako na matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://catholicnewsherald.com/88-news/fp/5548-eastern-catholics-where-are-they-where-should-they-be|title=Eastern Catholics: Where are they? Where should they be?|work=[[Catholic News Herald]]|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte|Diocese of Charlotte]]|date=12 March 2020|access-date=19 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyengo zinyake mazgu ghakuti &quot;Roman Catholic&quot; ghakusangika mu mabuku agho ghakupharazgika na Tchalitchi la Katolika.

Zina lakuti &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; likuyowoya za tchalitchi lose. Zina lakuti &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; likusangikaso mu mabuku gha Vatican II (1962-1965), &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Documents of the II Vatican Council |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605190838/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/ |archive-date=5 June 2004 |access-date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Vatican.va. |quote=Note: The pope's signature appears in the Latin version.}}&lt;/ref&gt; First Vatican Council (1869-1870),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 June 1868 |title=Decrees of the First Vatican Council – Papal Encyclicals |url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Council of Trent (1545-1563),&lt;ref&gt;[https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html &quot;The Bull of Indiction of the Sacred Oecumenical and General Council of Trent under the Sovereign Pontiff, Paul III.&quot;] ''The Council of Trent: The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent''. Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth. London: Dolman, 1848. Retrieved from History.Hanover.edu, 12 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; na mabuku ghanyake ghanandi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13121a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Roman Catholic|website=www.newadvent.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/HOWNAME.HTM|title=Kenneth D. Whitehead|website=www.ewtn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbili==
[[File:Perugino - Entrega de las llaves a San Pedro (Capilla Sixtina, 1481-82).jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Painting a haloed Jesus Christ passing keys to a kneeling man.|This [[fresco]] (1481–82) by [[Pietro Perugino]] in the [[Sistine Chapel]] shows Jesus giving the [[Keys of Heaven|keys of heaven]] to [[Saint Peter]].]]
&lt;!--{{POV-section|date=October 2014}} (Addressed on talkpage archive:[[Talk:Catholic Church/Archive 53#History Section]])--&gt;

&lt;!--See corresponding sections in the body of the history section for sources--&gt;
Chisopa cha Cikhristu chili na visambizgo vya Yesu, uyo wakaŵako na kupharazga mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira mu cigaŵa ca Yudeya mu Ufumu wa Roma. Baibolo likusambizga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira awo Yesu Khristu wakaŵakhazikiska ndiwo ŵakalutilira na Tchalitchi la Katolika. Cikristu cikapharazgika mu caru cose ico cikateŵeteranga Ŵaroma, nangauli ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca kususkana na cisopa cautesi. Mu 313 C.E., Fumu Constantine yikazomerezga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵaunenesko ŵaŵe mu chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakanjira mu caru ca Romu mu vilimika vya m'ma 400 na 600 C.E., ŵanandi awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵa cisopa ca Arian, ŵakamba kusopa Cikatolika kuti ŵaŵe ŵabwezi ŵa papa na nyumba za ŵasofi.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 na 800 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Meditereniyani, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto kwa Europe. Kweniso chikachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Romu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Byzantine. Nkhondo izo zikaŵa na mazaza mu tchalitchi, chomenechomene mazaza gha bishopu wa ku Romu, zikafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, pakaŵa kugaŵikana mu mpingo. Ndipouli, matchalitchi gha ku mafumiro gha dazi ghacoko waka ghakaŵa kuti ghalutilira kukolerana na Roma, ndipo ghanyake ghakamba kukolerana na matchalitchi agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na kunthazi.

Ciraliro caumaliro, cithunzi ca Leonardo da Vinci ca kuumaliro wa 1490, ico cikulongora ciphikiro caumaliro ca Yesu na ŵapositole ŵake khumi na ŵaŵiri pambere wandapayikike. Ŵapositole ŵanandi ŵali kusungika mu Romu, kusazgapo mutuŵa Petrosi.

Ŵasembe ŵakwambilira mu vyaru vya ku Europe ŵakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na Roma ŵaleke kusuzgika. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, tchalitchi likamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Renaissance, tchalitchi likaŵawovwiranga. Ndipouli, mu virimika vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalongozganga visambizgo vya Ciphwitikizgo ŵakamba kususka cisopa, comenecomene awo ŵakalongozganga visopa. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain na Portugal ŵakamba kupharazga mu Africa, Asia, na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia.

Mu 1870, Wupu Wakwamba wa ku Vatican ukati papa wangabuda yayi, ndipo ufumu wa Italy ukatoranga msumba wa Roma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, maboma gha ku Mexico na Spain ghakatambuzga na kukoma ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa visopa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, tchalitchi likasuska muwuso wa Nazi, ndipo likavikilira Ŵayuda ŵanandi ku Ŵanazi. Nkhondo yikati yamara, wanangwa wa kusopa ukasuzgika comene mu vyaru vya Chikomyunizimu ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na Soviet Union.

Mu ma 1960, Wupu wa Vatican wachiŵiri ukapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa maluso gha tchalitchi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga chisopa ichi ŵakayowoya kuti &quot;ŵakajura mawindo&quot;. Nangauli tchalitchi likususkika comene, kweni nyengo zinandi likukhozgera panji kukhozga visambizgo vyautesi vyakukhwaskana na kugonana na ŵanalume.

===Nyengo ya ŵapositole na upapa===
[[File:DambachVille StEtienne 14.JPG|left|thumb|Jesus' commission to [[Saint Peter]]]]
Cipangano Ciphya, comenecomene mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi, ghakuyowoya za milimo na visambizgo vya Yesu, umo wakasankhira ŵapositole ŵake 12 na mulimo wake ukuru wa kuŵatuma, ndipo wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵalutilire kucita mulimo wake. Buku la Milimo la Ŵapositole likuyowoya umo mpingo wa Ŵakhristu ukambira na umo uthenga wawo ukathandazgikira mu ufumu wa Roma. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti uteŵeti wake ukambira pa Pentekoste, mazuŵa 50 pamanyuma pa zuŵa ilo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Khristu wakawuskika. Pa Pentekoste, ŵapositole ŵakagomezga kuti ŵakapokera mzimu utuŵa, uwo ukaŵawovwira kuti ŵambe kulongozga mpingo. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti mabishopu agho ghakulongozgeka na bishopu wa ku Romu ndigho ghakanjira mu malo gha ŵapositole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|880,883}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu buku la Mateyu, Khristu wakati Petrosi ni &quot;libwe&quot; ilo lizamuzengera mpingo wake. Tchalitchi la Katolika likuti bishopu wa ku Romu, uyo ni papa, ndiyo ni muhaliri wa Petrosi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakusanda vya Baibolo ŵakuti Petrosi ndiyo wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa Romu. Ŵanyake ŵakuti udindo wa upapa ukuyana yayi na fundo yakuti Petrosi wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Romu panji kuti wakaŵa ku Romu. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti mpingo wa Katolika ukaŵa na ŵaliska ŵanandi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., apo ŵaliska ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito zina lakuti &quot;bishopu wa Roma&quot;. Pa cifukwa ici, Oscar Cullmann, Henry Chadwick, na Bart D. Ehrman wakakayikanga usange Petrosi wakaŵa na udindo wa kuŵa papa. Raymond E. Brown wakayowoyaso kuti nchambura kwenelera kuyowoya za Petrosi nga ni bishopu wa ku Roma, kweni Ŵakhristu ŵa nyengo iyo ŵakamuwonanga kuti wakaŵa na &quot;milimo iyo yikamovwira comene kuti paŵe udindo wa papa mu mpingo&quot;. Brown wakati maudindo agha &quot;ghakawovwira comene kuti bishopu wa ku Roma, bishopu wa mu msumba uwo Petrosi wakafwira ndiposo uko Paulosi wakacitira ukaboni unenesko wa Khristu, waŵe wakulondezga Petrosi pa mulimo wa kupwelelera mpingo wa pa caru cose&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REB&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Raymond E.|year=2003|title=101 Questions and Answers on the Bible|url={{googlebooks|b8ubeFP6JUYC|page=132|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-4251-4|pages=132–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kale na Ufumu wa Roma===
Vinthu vikaŵa makora mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira vinthu viphya. Pakuti mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa misewu yinandi na maji ghanandi, chikaŵa chipusu kwenda, ndipo pakaŵa mtende (Pax Romana). Ufumu uwu ukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora mitheto ya Ŵagiriki.

Mwakupambana na visopa vinandi mu Ufumu wa Roma, Ŵakhristu ŵakeneranga kukana ŵachiuta ŵanyake wose. Cifukwa cakuti Ŵakhristu ŵakakananga kukolerana na viphikiro vyautesi, ŵakatondekanga kucita vinthu vinandi vya mu caru, ndipo ici cikapangiska ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu yayi, kusazgapo ŵalara ŵa boma, kopa kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakukwiyiska ŵachiuta na kunanga mtende wa ufumu. Cifukwa ca nthambuzgo izi, Ŵakhristu ŵakamba kujighanaghanira ŵekha m'paka apo Cikristu cikazomerezgekera mu vilimika vya m'ma 300 C.E.&lt;ref name=&quot;macculloch155and164&quot;&gt;MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', pp. 155–159, 164.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Basilica di San Pietro 1450.jpg|thumb|19th-century drawing by [[Henry William Brewer]] of [[Old Saint Peter's Basilica]], originally built in 318 by [[Emperor Constantine]]]]
Mu 313, Themba Constantine I likapeleka dango lakuti Chikhristu chiŵe chakuzomerezgeka, ndipo mu 330 Constantine wakasamuskira msumba ukuru wa ufumu ku Constantinople, uko sono ni Istanbul, Turkey. Mu 380, dango la ku Tesalonika likazgora Chikhristu cha ku Nicaea kuŵa tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Roma. Mu nyengo ya maungano ghaŵiri gha Ekumeniki, pakaŵa mipingo yinkhondi na yiŵiri, ndipo yikamba kulamulira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Fumu Justinian I ndiyo yikalamuliranga vinthu vya ku Roma, Constantinople, Antiyoke, Yerusalemu, na Alexandria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valliere2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Valliere|first=Paul|year= 2012|title=Conciliarism|url={{googlebooks|Qrt3Z7fyzlUC|page=92|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01574-6|page=92}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bartholomew2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Patriarch|first=Bartholomew|year=2008|title=Encountering the Mystery|url={{googlebooks|4_UB3_UpIcQC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-52561-9|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 451 C.E., pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Chalcedon, ŵaliska ŵa ku Constantinople ŵakakhozga cisambizgo cawo cakuti cisambizgo ici &quot;ncaciŵiri kwa bishopu wa ku Roma&quot;. Kwamba mu 350 C.E. m'paka mu 500 C.E., mabishopu panji kuti ŵapapa ŵa ku Romu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghanandi chifukwa ŵakakhozgeranga ŵalongozgi ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox. Themba Justinian, ilo mu vigaŵa ivyo likalamuliranga likakhazikiska muwuso wa ŵapositole, umo &quot;likakhazikiskiranga malango ghake ghakukhwaskana na kusopa na kulondezga malango, kweniso likalanguranga vigomezgo vya Tchalitchi&quot;, likakhazikiskaso mazaza ghake pa Roma na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likambiska nyengo ya ufumu wa Ŵapapa wa Byzantium (537-752 C.E.), apo ŵasembe ŵa ku Romu ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuzomerezgeka na themba ku Constantinople panji mwimiliri wake ku Ravenna kuti ŵaŵe ŵapositole.&lt;ref&gt;[[Eamon Duffy|Duffy, Eamon]]. 1997. ''Saints &amp; Sinners: A History of the Popes''. Yale University Press. pp. 66–67&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakanjira mu Ufumu wa Roma mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵakamba kugomezga cisopa ca Arian, ico Tchalitchi la Katolika likati nchambura kugomezgeka. Mphindano ya cisopa iyo yikaŵapo pakati pa mafumu gha ku Germany na ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Cikatolika yikamara mu 497 C.E. apo Clovis I, uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Ŵafrank, wakazgoka Mukatolika, ndipo wakajibatika ku ufumu wa papa na nyumba za cisopa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Visigoth mu Spain ŵakamulondezga mu 589, ndipo ŵa Lombard mu Italy mu ma 600 C.E.

Chikhristu cha ku Western, chomenechomene mu nyumba zake za ŵachiuta, chikawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵasungilire ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale. Kwizira mu dango lake, Benedict wa ku Nursia (c. 480-543), yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska chisopa cha ku Western monasticism, wakasintha chomene vinthu mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland ŵakamba kusambira chomene ndipo ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Ireland, nga ni Columbanus na Columba, ŵakathandazga Chikhristu na kukhazikiska nyumba za ŵachiuta mu vyaru vya ku Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cahill_Thomas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Cahill |first=Thomas |title=[[How the Irish Saved Civilization|How The Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe]] |date=1995 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |location=[[New York City]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nyengo zapakati na Kuwukaso===
[[File:Chartres Cath+Gare.JPG|left|upright=1.2|thumb|[[Chartres Cathedral]], completed 1220]]
Tchalitchi la Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru comene mu vyaru vya ŵazungu kufuma mu nyengo yakale mpaka mu nyengo yithu yino.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'CollinsPref&quot;/&gt; Mu msumba uwu ndimo mukaŵa vyakuvwara vyakucemeka Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist, na Baroque.&lt;ref&gt;Woods, pp. 115–27&lt;/ref&gt; Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Renaissance, nga ni Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Titian, Bernini na Caravaggio, ni viyelezgero vya ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika vinthu vyakupambanapambana.&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, p. 133.&lt;/ref&gt; Paul Legutko, wakulemba mdauko wa ku Yunivesite ya Stanford, wakayowoya kuti Chalichi la Katolika &quot;ndico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora, maghanoghano, sayansi, malango, na mawupu agho tikughacemera kuti civilisation ya ku Western&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Review of ''How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilisation''|first=Thomas Jr.|last=Woods|url=http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664|work=National Review Book Service|access-date=16 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822150152/http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/BookPage.asp?prod_cd=c6664|archive-date=22 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku Manjiliro gha dazi [[Vikhristu]], mayunivesite ghakwamba ku Europe ghakakhazikiska ŵamonke ŵa Tchalitchi la Katolika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions|first=Alexandra |last= Den Heijer| isbn=9789059724877| year =2011|publisher=Academische Uitgeverij Eburon| quote= Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Christian Education|first=Mark|last= A. Lamport |year= 2015| page =484|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield| isbn=9780810884939|quote= All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|first=Thomas |last=B M. Leonard|year= 2013| isbn=9781135205157| page = 1369|publisher=Routledge|quote= Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufuma mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000 kuya munthazi, masukulu ghanyake ghakale gha katedrale [[Yunivesite ya mu nyengo ya Ŵamitundu|ghakazgoka mayunivesite]] (wonani, mwaciyelezgero, [[Yunivesite ya Oxford]], [[Yunivesite ya Paris]] na [[Yunivesite ya Bologna]]). Pakwamba, masambiro ghapachanya ghakaŵa gha Ŵakhristu [[sukulu za katedrale]] panji [[sukulu za ŵasembe]] (''Scholae monasticae''), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na [[ŵasembe]] na [[ŵasembe]]. Ukaboni wa masukulu agha ukaŵapo mu vilimika vya m’ma 6th century&amp;nbsp;CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Riché, Pierre (1978): &quot;Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century&quot;, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|0-87249-376-8}}, pp.&amp;nbsp;126–127, 282–298&lt;/ref&gt; Mayunivesite ghaphya agha ghakasazgirako masambiro gha ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa, ŵaloya, ŵanchito ŵa boma, na madokota.&lt;ref&gt;Rudy, ''The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914'', p. 40&lt;/ref&gt; Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti yunivesite iyi ni sukulu iyo yikambira mu [[Mbiri ya Chikhristu|Mkhristu wa mu Nyengo Yapakati]].&lt;ref name=verger1999&gt;{{cite book |last=Verger |first=Jacques |date=1999 |author-link=:fr:Jacques Verger|title=Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles |edition=1st |language=fr |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes |isbn=978-2-86847-344-8 |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W |access-date=17 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verger, Jacques. &quot;The Universities and Scholasticism,&quot; in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüegg, Walter 1992, pp. XIX&quot;&gt;Rüegg, Walter: &quot;Foreword. The University as a European Institution&quot;, in: ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. XIX–XX&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuwukira kukuru kwa Ŵasilamu mu [[Chikhristu mu vilimika vya m’ma 700|pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 700]] kukayamba nkhondo yitali pakati pa [[Chikhristu na Chisilamu]] mu chigaŵa chose cha Meditereniyani. Mwaluŵiro [[Ufumu wa Byzantium]] ukataya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi [[ufumu wa ŵasekuru]]s vya [[Mulongozgi wa Orthodox wa Ŵagiriki wa ku Yerusalemu|Yerusalemu]], [[Mulongozgi wa Alexandria|Alexandria]] na [[Mulongozgi wa Antiokeya wakaŵa|Mulongozgi wa ku Antiokeya wa] Konstantinople|Konstantinople]], msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Chifukwa cha [[Kuthereska kwa Ŵasilamu kwakwamba|Kuwusa kwa Chisilamu pa Meditereniyani]], boma la Frank, ilo likaŵa pakatikati pa nyanja iyo, likakwaniska kusintha kuŵa nkhongono yakuwusa iyo yikapanga Western Europe mu Middle Ages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pirenne|first=Henri|year=1980|title=Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade|others=Frank D. Halsey (trans.)|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|orig-date=1925|url={{googlebooks|TKUN4UdfVaQC|page=27|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-691-00760-1|pages=27–32}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkhondo za [[Nkhondo ya Toulouse (721)|Toulouse]] na [[Nkhondo ya Poitiers (732)|Poitiers]] zikalekeska kuluta panthazi kwa Chisilamu ku Manjiliro gha dazi ndipo [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Constantinople (717–718)|kuzingilizgika kwa Constantinople]] iyo yikatondeka yikalekeska ku Mafumiro gha dazi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 20 panji 30, mu 751, Ufumu wa Byzantium ukataya msumba wa Ravenna uwo [[Exarchate of Ravenna|ukalamuliranga]] vigaŵa vichokovichoko vya Italy, kusazgapo Roma, ivyo vikazomerezga kuti viŵe na mazaza pa ŵa Lombard. Kuwa kwa Ravenna kukang’anamuranga kuti kukhozgeka na exarch uyo wakaŵakoso yayi kukapempheka yayi pa nyengo ya chisankho mu 752 cha [[Papa Stephen II]] ndiposo kuti ŵapapa ŵakachichizgika kupenja malo ghanyake kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza gha boma kuti ŵaŵavikilire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Jeffrey|year=2014|title=The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages|publisher=Routledge|url={{googlebooks|Zod9AwAAQBAJ|page=230|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-1-317-67817-5|page=230}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 754, pa pempho la mwaluŵiro la Papa Stephen, themba la Frank [[Pepin Mufupi]] likapoka Ŵalombard. Pamanyuma pake [[Kupeleka kwa Pepin|wakapeleka chawanangwa]] vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa vya exarchate kwa papa, ntheura wakambiska [[Vigaŵa vya Papa]]. Roma na Byzantine East ŵazamuŵa na nkhondo yinyake mu nyengo ya [[kugaŵikana kwa Photian]] mu vilimika vya m’ma 860, apo [[Photios I wa ku Constantinople | Nangauli kugaŵikana uku kukagowokerana, kweni nkhani izo zikaŵa kuti zindamazgike zingapangiska kuti ŵagaŵikaneso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Willston|year=1985|title=History of the Christian Church|publisher=Simon and Schuster|url={{googlebooks|bFw8PtQhpVoC|page=250|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-684-18417-3|pages=250–251}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000, kuyezgayezga kwa [[Hildebrand wa ku Sovana]] kukapangiska kuti paŵe [[Koleji ya Ŵakadinala]] kuti ŵasankhe ŵapapa ŵaphya, kwamba na [[Papa Alexander II]] mu [[Chisankho cha Papa, 1061|chisankho cha Papa cha 1061]]. Alexander Wachiŵiri wakati wafwa, Hildebrand wakasankhika kuti waŵe m’malo mwake, nga ni [[Papa Gregory VII]]. Nthowa yakwamba ya chisankho cha College of Cardinals iyo Gregory VII wakawovwira kukhazikiska yalutilira kugwira ntchito m’paka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000. Papa Gregory VII wakambiskaso [[Kusintha kwa Gregory]] pa nkhani ya kujiyimira paŵekha kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ku ŵamazaza ŵa caru. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Nkhondo ya Kuŵika Ndalama]] pakati pa tchalitchi na [[Fumu Yituŵa ya Roma]], iyo yikaŵa na mazaza ghakusankha mabishopu na ŵapapa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar107&quot;&gt;Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp. 107–11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy78&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 78, quote: &quot;By contrast, Paschal's successor [[Pope Eugene II|Eugenius II]] (824–7), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under [[Pope Sergius II|Sergius II]] (844–7) it was even agreed that the pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1095, [[Ufumu wa Byzantine|Byzantine]] themba [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I]] wakapempha [[Papa Urban II]] kuti wamovwire kulimbana na nkhondo za Ŵasilamu izo zikaŵa kuti zawukiraso ŵasilikari ŵawo. 8&lt;/ref&gt; ivyo vikapangiska kuti Urban wambe [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Mtanda]] iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti wawovwire Ufumu wa Byzantine na kuwezgerapo [[Charu Chatuŵa]] ku mazaza gha Ŵakhristu.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=140–141}} Mu [[Ubale] wa Chikhristu pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1900, 1111. tchalitchi lakwamba la Chigiriki na Tchalitchi la Chilatini vikaŵapatura mu [[East–West Schism]], chigaŵa chinyake chifukwa cha kugaŵikana pa [[papa]] mazaza. [[Nkhondo Yachinayi ya Mtanda]] na kupoka Constantinople na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ŵakalongora kuti ŵakaswa malango ghaumaliro. Mu nyengo iyi, matchalitchi ghakuru gha chigothi ku France ghakaŵa ghakumanyikwa chomene.

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1200 [[magulu ghakupemphapempha]] ghakakhazikiska [[Francis wa ku Assisi]] ​​na [[Dominic Mutuŵa|Dominic de Guzmán]]. ''Studia conventualia'' na ''[[sukulu yikuru|studia yikuru]]'' ya malango ghakupemphapempha ŵakawovwira chomene pa kusintha kwa [[sukulu ya katedrale]] iyo yikakhozgekanga na tchalitchi na sukulu za pa nyumba ya ufumu, nga ni ya [[Charlemagne]] ku [[Aachen]], ku mayunivesite gha [[Aachen]], kuŵa gha pro.&lt;ref&gt;Woods, pp. 44–48&lt;/ref&gt; [[Masambiro|Masambiro]] ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa na ŵafilosofe nga ni wasembe wa ku Dominican [[Thomas Aquinas]] ŵakasambiranga na kusambizga pa masambiro agha. Aquinas ''Summa Theologica'' yikaŵa chinthu chakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya vinjeru pakusazga chiharo cha [[filosofe yakale ya ku Greece|ŵafilosofe ŵakale ŵa ku Greece]] nga ni Plato na Aristotle na ivyo vikaŵa mu chivumbuzi cha Ŵakhristu.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=158–159}}

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona nkhondo pakati pa tchalitchi na boma. Kuti ŵaleke kukhazikika mu Roma, [[Papa Clement V|Clement V]] mu 1309 wakazgoka wakwamba pa ŵapapa ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wakukhora wa [[Avignon]] kumwera kwa France mu nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti [[Upapa wa Avignon]]. Upapa wa Avignon ukamara mu 1376 apo papa wakawelera ku Roma, kweni mu 1378 ukalondezgeka na [[Kugaŵikana kwa Kumanjiliro gha dazi|Kugaŵikana kwa Kumanjiliro gha dazi]] uko kukatora vyaka 38, ndipo awo ŵakatenge ŵaŵe ŵapapa ku Roma, Avignon na (pamanyuma pa 1409) Pisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;McManners232&quot;/&gt; Nkhani iyi yikamazgika chomene mu 1415–17 pa [[Council of Constance]], ndipo awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na boma ku Roma na Pisa ŵakazomera kuleka ntchito ndipo uyo wakakhumbanga boma wachitatu wakafumiskikapo na ŵakadinala, awo ŵakachita chisankho chiphya na zina lakuti [[Papa Martin V|Martin V]] papa.&lt;ref name=&quot;McManners240&quot;&gt;McManners, p. 240&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lightmatter Sistine Chapel ceiling.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Nyengo ya Renaissance yikaŵa nyengo ya golide ya [[luso lwa Ŵakatolika]]. Pa cithuzithuzi: [[Siling’i ya Nyumba ya Kusopa ya Sistine]] iyo yikapenteka na [[Michelangelo]].]]
Mu 1438, [[Council of Florence]] yikawungana, iyo yikaŵa na kudumbiskana kwakukhora uko kukaŵika mtima pa kupulikiska mphambano za visopa pakati pa Mafumiro gha dazi na Kumanjiliro gha dazi, na cigomezgo cakuti matchalitchi gha Katolika na gha Orthodox ghazamukoleranaso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Geanakoplos|first=Deno John|year=1989|title=Constantinople and the West|location=Madison, WI|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-11880-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matchalitchi ghanandi gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakakoleranaso, ndipo ghakapanga chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Collinge|first=William J.|year=2012|title=Historical Dictionary of Catholicism|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url={{googlebooks|LR0Nyt3bi_MC|page=169|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8108-5755-1|page=169}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bungwe ==
[[File:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg|thumb|&quot;Nizamukupani makiyi gha ufumu wa kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho muzamukaka pa charu chapasi chizamukakika kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho muzamufwatura pa charu chapasi chizamufwatuka kuchanya.&quot; Yesu kwa Petrosi mu [[Uthenga Uwemi wa Mateyu]], Matthew 16:19.]]

Mpingo wa Katolika ukulondezga ndondomeko ya episcopal polity, iyo yikulongozgeka na mabishopu awo ŵapokera sakramenti ya Holy Orders awo ŵakupika mazaza ghakulongozga mukati mwa mpingo.[186][187] Pali vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵaliska: episcopate, iyo yili na mabishopu agho ghali na mazaza pa malo agho ghakuchemeka diocese panji eparchy; presbyterate, iyo yili na ŵasembe awo ŵakuŵikika na mabishopu ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito mu madayosisi gha mu chigaŵa panji mu mabungwe gha visopa; na udikoni, uwo uli na ŵadikoni awo ŵakovwira mabishopu na ŵasembe pa milimo yakupambanapambana ya uteŵeti. Paumaliro uyo wakulongozga Mpingo wose wa Katolika ni bishopu wa ku Roma, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti papa (mu Chilatini: papa, lit. 'dada'), uyo mazaza ghake ghakuchemeka Mpando Mutuŵa (Sancta Sedes mu Chilatini).[188] Pakuyana waka na kapangikiro ka dayosizi pali mabungwe ghakupambanapambana gha visopa agho ghakugwira ntchito mwakujiyimira paŵekha, kanandi ghakulongozgeka na mazaza gha papa pera, nangauli nyengo zinyake ghakulongozgeka na bishopu wa malo agha. Mabungwe ghanandi gha visopa ghakuŵa na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera kweni ghanyake ghakuŵa na wose ŵaŵiri. Kweniso, ŵantu ŵambura kusopa ŵakuwovwira pa milimo yinandi ya cisopo pa nyengo ya kusopa.

=== Mpando Wakupatulika, upapa, Curia ya Roma, na Koleji ya Ŵakadinali ===
Ŵalongozgi ŵa Tchalitchi la Katolika ŵakulongozgeka na papa—sono ni Papa Francis, uyo wakasankhika pa 13 March 2013 na msonkhano wa ŵapapa.[118] Ofesi ya papa yikumanyikwa kuti papacy. Tchalitchi la Katolika likuyowoya kuti Khristu wakambiska upapa apo wakapeleka makiyi gha Kuchanya kwa Petrosi Mutuŵa. Mazaza ghake gha tchalitchi ghakuchemeka Holy See, panji Mpando wa Ŵapositole (kung'anamura Mpando wa mpositole Petrosi).[119][120] Ŵanthu awo ŵakuteŵetera papa mwaluŵiro ni Roman Curia, wupu ukuru uwo ukulaŵilira bizinesi ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya Tchalitchi la Katolika.

Papa nayo ni muwusi wa Vatican City,[121] msumba-boma lichoko ilo lili mu msumba wa Roma, uwo ni gulu lakupambana na Holy See. Ni nga ni mutu wa Holy See, nga ni mutu wa Vatican City State yayi, apo papa wakupokelera ŵamishonale ŵa vyaru na kuŵatumira ŵamishonale ŵake ŵa boma.[122] Mpando Wakupatulika ukupelekaso malango, kukongozga na mendulo, nga ni malango gha chivalry agho ghakafuma mu nyengo ya Middle Ages.

Nangauli tchalitchi lakumanyikwa la Saint Peter lili mu msumba wa Vatican, pachanya pa malo ghakumanyikwa gha dindi la Saint Peter, tchalitchi likuru la papa la Dayosizi ya Roma ni Archbasilica ya Saint John Lateran, iyo yili mukati mwa msumba wa Roma, nangauli yili na mwaŵi wa kuzomerezgeka na Holy.

Malo gha kadinala ni udindo wa ntchindi uwo ŵapapa ŵakupeleka ku ŵaliska ŵanyake, nga mbalongozgi ŵa mu Roman Curia, mabishopu agho ghakuteŵetera mu misumba yikuruyikuru na ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa visopa. Kuti ŵamupe ulongozgi na wovwiri pa kulamulira, papa wangaluta ku College of Cardinal.[123]

Pamanyuma pa nyifwa panji kuleka kwa papa,[wonani 3] ŵabali ŵa College of Cardinals awo ŵali pasi pa vyaka 80 ŵakuchita nga ni koleji ya visankho, ŵakukumana mu msonkhano wa papa kuti ŵasankhe uyo wazamuŵalondezga.[125] Nangauli conclave yingasankha mwanalume waliyose wa Katolika kuŵa papa, kufuma mu 1389 ŵakasankhika waka makadinala.[126]

=== Dango la Canon ===
Catholic canon law (Chilatini: jus canonicum) ni ndondomeko ya malango na fundo za malango izo zikupangika na kukhozgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma la Katolika kuti ŵalongozge bungwe lake la kuwaro na boma ndiposo kuti ŵalongozge na kulongozga milimo ya Ŵakatolika ku mulimo wa tchalitchi. Lamulo la canon la Tchalitchi la Latin ndilo likaŵa lakwamba la mazuŵa ghano la malango gha ku Manjiliro gha dazi,[115] ndipo ndilo dongosolo lakale chomene ilo likulutilira kugwira ntchito ku Manjiliro gha dazi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first1=Edward N. |last1=Peters |author1-link=Edward N. Peters |url=http://canonlaw.info |title=CanonLaw.info Home Page |access-date=11 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Raymond |last1=Wacks |author1-link=Raymond Wacks |title=Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |page=13 |isbn=978-0198745624}}&lt;/ref&gt; apo mitheto yakupambanapambana ya malango gha Katolika ya Kummaŵa yikulamulira matchalitchi 23 gha ku Eastern Catholic particular sui iuris.

Malango ghawemi gha tchalitchi, ghakukhazikika mwachindunji panji mwambura kumanyikwa pa dango la Chiuta ilo likusintha yayi panji dango la chilengiwa, ghakupokera mazaza ghakuzomerezgeka pa nkhani ya malango gha pa charu chose kufuma ku kupharazgika na wakupanga malango mulara—Pontiff Mukuru—uyo wali na mazaza ghose ghakuŵika malango, ghakulongozga munthu, na ghakweruzga mu]. mazaza kufuma ku kupharazgika na wakupanga malango uyo wali pasi pa wakupanga malango mulara, kwali ni wakupanga malango wambura kumanyikwa panji wakupeleka malango. Nkhani yeneco ya mu mabuku gha malango nja visambizgo panji nkharo pera yayi, kweni yikukhwaska vyose umo munthu waliri. Lili na vinthu vyose vyambura kumanyikwa vya ndondomeko ya malango yakukhwima: malango, makhoti, ŵaloya, ŵeruzgi, malango ghakumanyikwa makora gha Tchalitchi la Chilatini pamoza na malango gha Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, fundo zakulongosora malango, na penalties.

Malango gha mu Tchalitchi la Katolika ghakukhwaskana na umoyo na gulu la Tchalitchi ndipo ghakupambana na malango gha boma. Mu munda wake ukupereka nkhongono ku malango gha boma pera mwa kuŵika malango ghanyake mu nkhani nga nkhupwelelera ŵana ŵachoko. Mwakuyana waka, dango la boma lingapereka nkhongono mu munda wake ku dango la canon, kweni mwa kuŵika waka dango lakumanyikwa, nga umo vikuŵira na nthengwa za canon. Pasono, 1983 Code of Canon Law yikugwira ntchito ku Mpingo wa Chilatini. Malango ghakupambana gha 1990 gha Matchalitchi gha Kummaŵa (CCEO, pamanyuma pa vimanyikwiro vyakwamba vya Chilatini) ghakugwira ntchito ku Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa ghakujiyimira paŵekha.

=== Matchalitchi gha Chilatini na gha ku Mafumiro gha dazi ===
Mu vyaka chikwi vyakwamba vya mdauko wa Katolika, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya Chikhristu yikapangika mu vigaŵa vya Chikhristu vya Kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kummaŵa kwa Europe, Asia na Africa. Nangauli matchalitchi ghanandi gha ku mafumiro gha dazi ghakukoleranaso yayi na Tchalitchi la Katolika pamanyuma pa Kugaŵikana Kukuru kwa 1054 (na kugaŵikana kwakwamba kwa Nestorian na Chalcedonian Schism), matchalitchi 23 ghakujiyimira paŵekha gha mitheto ya kumafumiro gha dazi ghakutorapo mbali mu chiyanjano cha Katolika, icho chikumanyikwaso kuti &quot;church one:i'i's). Tchalitchi likuru chomene ndiposo lakumanyikwa chomene ni Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ilo ndilo pera ilo likulondezga mitheto ya ku Manjiliro gha dazi, ndipo lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 biliyoni pa charu chose. Pakuyowoya za ŵalondezgi ŵachoko chomene pakuyaniska na Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ni Matchalitchi 23 ghakujiyimira pawokha gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 17.3 miliyoni kufuma mu 2010.

Tchalitchi la Chilatini likulongozgeka na papa na mabishopu gha mu dayosizi agho wali kusankhika na iyo mwaluŵiro. Papa wakuchita mulimo wa ŵasekuru pa Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ilo likuwoneka kuti likapanga chigaŵa chakwamba ndiposo chikuru cha Chikhristu cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi, chiharo cha vigomezgo vinyake na mitheto iyo yikafuma ku Europe na kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, vinyake mwa ivyo vikahara na visopo vinandi vya Chikhristu ivyo vikulondezgapo kufuma kwawo ku Reformation.

Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakulondezga mitheto na uzimu wa Chikhristu cha kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo ni matchalitchi agho nyengo zose ghakulutilira kukolerana chomene na Tchalitchi la Katolika panji agho ghasankha kunjiraso mu ubwezi wose mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vikalondezgapo pa East–West Schism panji kugaŵikana kwakwambilira. Matchalitchi agha ni mitundu ya Ŵakhristu ŵa Katolika awo mitundu yawo ya kusopa yikulongora kuti ŵali na mdauko na mitheto yakupambanapambana m’malo mwa kupambana mu visambizgo. Kweni chifukwa chakuti papa wakazomerezga Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pa nkhani ya kukolerana kwa matchalitchi gha Eastern Orthodox na matchalitchi ghanyake gha kumafumiro gha dazi. Kuyana na mdauko, kucicizgika kuti ŵalondezgenge mitheto ya Cikhristu ca ku Manjiliro gha dazi iyo yikacitikanga na Tchalitchi la Latin ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kukapangiska kuti ŵanjirepo (kusintha Cilatini) pa mitheto yinyake ya Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Mafumiro gha dazi. Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Vatican Council, Orientalium Ecclesiarum, chikazengeka pa kusintha kwakumanyuma kuti chikhozgereso wanangwa wa Ŵakatolika ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mikhaliro yawo yakupambanapambana ya chisopa.

Mpingo sui iuris ukulongosoreka mu Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches nga ni &quot;gulu la ŵakugomezgeka ŵa Chikhristu awo ŵakukolerana na ŵalongozgi&quot; awo ŵakumanyikwa na papa mu udindo wake nga ni mulara wapacanya pa nkhani za visambizgo mukati mwa mpingo. Lizgu ili ni chinthu chiphya icho CCEO yikapanga kuti yilongore kuti Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha ku Mafumiro gha dazi ghakujiyimira paŵekha, agho ghakulutilira kukolerana chomene na papa, kweni ghali na ndondomeko ya boma na mitheto ya chisopa yakupambana na ya Tchalitchi la Latin. Nangauli mabuku gha Tchalitchi la Chilatini ghakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu ili mwakudunjika yayi, kweni ŵakuzomerezga kuti likuyana waka.

Matchalitchi ghanyake gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakulamulirika na patriarch uyo wakusankhika na sinodi ya mabishopu gha tchalitchi ilo, ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na archbishop mulara,[124] ghanyake ghali pasi pa metropolitan, ndipo ghanyake ghakupangika nga ni eparchies paŵekha. Mpingo uliwose uli na mazaza pa vigaŵa vya bungwe lake la mukati, mitheto ya chisopa, kalendara ya chisopa na vinyake vya uzimu wake, vikulondezga waka mazaza gha papa. Roman Curia ili na dipatimenti yinyake, Mpingo wa Matchalitchi gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, kuti yiŵe paubwezi nawo. Kanandi papa wakusankha yayi mabishopu panji ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa mu Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa, ndipo wakuchedweska ndondomeko yawo ya boma la mukati, kweni wanganjilirapo usange wakuwona kuti nchakwenelera.

=== Ma dayosizi, ma parishi, mabungwe, na mabungwe ===
Vyaru vinyake, vigaŵa, panji misumba yikuruyikuru yikuteŵetereka na matchalitchi ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa kuti ma dayosizi mu Tchalitchi la Chilatini, panji ma eparchies mu Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa, ndipo matchalitchi ghanyake ghakulaŵilirika na bishopu. Kufuma mu 2008, Mpingo Katolika uli na madayosisi 2,795. Mabishopu mu charu chinyake mba membala ŵa msonkhano wa ŵabishopu ŵa charu panji ŵa chigaŵa.

Ma dayosizi ghagaŵika mu ma parishi, ndipo lililose lili na wasembe yumoza panji ŵanandi, ŵadikoni, panji ŵateŵeti ŵa tchalitchi ŵambura kusambizgika. Ma Parish ndiwo ghakuchitiska chikondwelero cha zuŵa na zuŵa cha masakramenti na kupwelelera ŵaliska ŵa ŵanthu ŵambura kusopa. Kufuma mu 2016, pali ma parishi 221,700 pa charu chose.

Mu Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ŵanalume ŵa Katolika ŵangateŵetera nga mbadikoni panji ŵasembe mwa kupokera udindo wa sakramenti. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵangateŵetera nga mbateŵeti ŵapadera ŵa Mgonero Utuŵa, nga mbaŵazgi (ŵasambizgi), panji nga mbateŵeti ŵa pa jotchero. Kuyana na mdauko, ŵanyamata na ŵanalume ŵakazomerezgekanga waka kuteŵetera nga mbateŵeti ŵa pa jotchero; kweni kufuma mu 1990s, ŵasungwana na ŵanakazi nawo ŵazomerezgeka.

Ŵakatolika ŵakuŵikika, pamoza na ŵantu ŵambura kusopa, ŵanganjira mu umoyo wakupatulika panji paŵekha, nga ni hermit panji mwali wakupatulika, panji mwa kunjira mu wupu wa umoyo wakupatulika (wupu wa cisopo panji wupu wa ŵantu ŵambura kusopa) umo ŵangacitira malumbiro ghakukhozgera khumbo lawo la kulondezga vigaŵa vitatu vya chavertistigel na eselyun, . kupulikira. Viyelezgero vya mabungwe gha umoyo wakupatulika ni ŵa Benedictine, ŵa Carmelite, ŵa Dominican, ŵa Franciscan, ŵa Mishonale ŵa Chitemwa, Ŵasilikari ŵa Khristu na Ŵadumbu ŵa Lusungu.

&quot;Mabungwe gha chisopa&quot; ni lizgu la mazuŵa ghano ilo likukhwaska &quot;malango gha chisopa&quot; na &quot;mipingo ya chisopa,&quot; iyo nyengo yinyake yikaŵa yakupambana mu malango gha chisopa. Mazgu ghakuti &quot;ndondomeko ya chisopa&quot; na &quot;bungwe la chisopa&quot; ghakugwiriskirika nchito nga ni mazgu ghakuyana waka.

Kwizira mu vyakovwira vya Katolika na vinyake, Mpingo Wa Katolika ndiwo ukupeleka masambiro na wovwiri wa umoyo pa charu chose chapasi kwambura boma.

=== Kuŵa membala ===
Chikatolika ndicho chisopa chachiŵiri pa charu chose, chikuluska Chisilamu cha Sunni pera.[115] Ŵanthu ŵa mu tchalitchi, awo ŵakulongosoreka kuti mba Katolika ŵakubatizika, ŵakaŵa 1.345 biliyoni kuumaliro wa 2019, awo ni 18% ya ŵanthu ŵa pa charu chose. Brazil ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Katolika pa charu chose, ndipo pamanyuma pake pali Mexico, Philippines, na United States.[117] Ŵakatolika ŵakuyimira pafupifupi hafu ya Ŵakhristu wose.

Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa Ŵakatolika pa charu chose kukulutilira kusintha, na 18.7% ku Africa, 48.1% ku America, 11.0% ku Asia, 21.2% ku Europe, na 0.8% ku Oceania.

Ŵateŵeti ŵa Katolika ŵakusazgapo ŵaliska ŵakuŵikika, ŵateŵeti ŵa tchalitchi ŵambura kusambizgika, ŵamishonale, na ŵasambizgi ŵa katekisimu. Kweniso ku umaliro wa 2019, pakaŵa ŵaliska ŵakuŵikika 467,938, kusazgapo mabishopu 5,364, ŵasembe 414,336 (ŵa dayosizi na ŵa chisopa), na ŵadikoni 48,238 (ŵanyengo zose). Ŵateŵeti ŵambura kuŵikika ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa katekisimu 3,157,568, ŵamishonale ŵambura kusambizgika 367,679, na ŵateŵeti ŵambura kusambizgika ŵa matchalitchi 39,951.

Ŵakatolika awo ŵali kujipeleka ku umoyo wa cisopo panji wakupatulika m’malo mwa nthengwa panji kuŵa ŵambura kutora panji kutengwa, nga ni umoyo panji nchito ya ubwezi, ŵakusazgapo ŵanalume 54,559 ŵakusopa na ŵanakazi 705,529 ŵakusopa. Iwo ŵakuŵikika yayi, panji ŵakuwoneka kuti mbateŵeti pekha usange nawo ŵakuchitako chimoza mwa vigaŵa vya ŵateŵeti ŵambura kumanyikwa ivyo vili pachanya apa.

==Chisambizgo==
Chisambizgo cha Katolika chakura mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo chikulongora visambizgo vyakudunjika vya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, kulongosora kwakuzomerezgeka kwa vigomezgo vyakugaluka na vya orthodox na makhonsolo gha visopo vyose na mu ng’ombe za ŵapapa, ndiposo mphindano za vya chisopa na ŵasambiri. Mpingo ukugomezga kuti nyengo zose ukulongozgeka na Mzimu Mutuŵa apo ukumanya nkhani ziphya za chisopa ndipo ukuvikilirika kwambura kubudiska kuti uleke kugwa mu visambizgo vyambura kwenelera para ŵasankha mwakukhora pa nkhani yinyake.

Likusambizga kuti kuvumbulika kuli na mtundu umoza wakuyana, Chiuta, na nthowa ziŵiri zakupambanapambana zakupharazgira: Malemba Ghatuŵa na Mitheto Yakupatulika, ndipo ivi vikung’anamulika nadi na Magisterium. Malemba Ghakupatulika ghali na mabuku 73 gha Baibolo la Katolika, ndipo ghali na mabuku 46 gha Testamente Lakale na 27 gha Testamente Lasono. Sacred Tradition yili na visambizgo ivyo mpingo ukugomezga kuti vikapelekeka kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Malemba Ghakupatulika na Mwambo Wakupatulika vyose pamoza vikumanyikwa kuti &quot;kuŵika chipulikano&quot; (depositum fidei mu Chilatini). Ivi vikung'anamulikaso na Magisterium (kufuma ku magister, Chilatini &quot;msambizgi&quot;), mazaza ghakusambizga gha tchalitchi, agho ghakuchitika na papa na College of Bishops pamoza na papa, Bishopu wa Roma.[179] Chisambizgo cha Katolika chikulongosoreka mwakudumura mu Katekisimu wa Tchalitchi la Katolika, ilo likalembeka na Holy See.

=== Mtundu wa Chiuta ===
Ŵakatolika ŵakugomezga kuti Yesu Khristu ni &quot;Munthu Wachiŵiri&quot; wa Utatu, Chiuta Mwana. Mu chinthu icho chikumanyikwa kuti Kuzgoka Munthu, kwizira mu nkhongono ya Mzimu Mutuŵa, Chiuta wakakolerana na chilengiwa cha munthu kwizira mu kubabika kwa Khristu mu nthumbo ya Mariya Namwali Mutumbikika. Ntheura, Khristu wakupulikiskika kuti ni Ciuta wakukwana ndiposo munthu wakukwana, kusazgapo kuŵa na mzimu wa munthu. Ŵakusambizgika kuti mulimo wa Khristu pa charu chapasi ukaŵa wakupeleka ku ŵanthu visambizgo vyake na kupereka chiyelezgero chake kuti ŵalondezgenge nga umo vili kulembekera mu mabuku ghanayi gha Uthenga Uwemi. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Yesu wakakhala wambura kwananga apo wakaŵa pa charu chapasi, ndipo wakazomerezga kuti ŵamukome kwambura urunji mwa kupayikika pa khuni, nga ni sembe yake kuti waphemaniske ŵanthu na Chiuta; kugowokerana uku kukumanyikwa kuti Chisisi cha Paska. Lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti &quot;Khristu&quot; na la Chihebere lakuti &quot;Mesiya&quot; ghose ghakung'anamura &quot;wakuphakazgika&quot;, ghakung'anamura chigomezgo cha Ŵakhristu chakuti nyifwa na chiwuka cha Yesu ni kufiskika kwa mauchimi gha mesiya gha mu Testamente Lakale.

Mpingo Wa Katolika ukusambizga mwakusimikizga kuti &quot;Mzimu Mutuŵa wakufuma kwa Ŵadada na Mwana kwamuyirayira, kufuma ku fundo ziŵiri yayi kweni kufuma ku fundo yimoza&quot;. Iwo ukuyowoya kuti Ŵadada, nga ni &quot;fundo yambura fundo&quot;, ndiwo ŵakwamba kufuma ku Mzimu, kweniso kuti iyo, nga ni Ŵadada ŵa Mwana yumoza pera, wali na Mwana fundo yimoza iyo Mzimu wakufumiramo. Chigomezgo ichi chikulongosoreka mu fundo ya ''Filioque'' iyo yikasazgikira ku mtundu wa Chilatini wa Nicene Creed wa 381 kweni yikasazgikira yayi mu mtundu wa Chigiriki wa chigomezgo icho chikagwiriskirika nchito mu Chikhristu cha Kummaŵa.

=== Mtundu wa tchalitchi ===
Mpingo Katolika ukusambizga kuti ni &quot;tchalitchi limoza launenesko&quot;,[172][173] &quot;sakaramenti la chiponosko cha ŵanthu wose&quot;, na &quot;chisopa chimoza chaunenesko&quot;. Kuyana na Katekisimu, Mpingo Katolika ukulongosorekaso mu Chigomezgo cha Nicene kuti &quot;Mchalitchi umoza, utuŵa, wa Katolika, na wa ŵapositole&quot;. Vinthu ivi vyose pamoza vikumanyikwa kuti Vimanyikwiro Vinayi vya Mpingo. Mpingo ukusambizga kuti uyo wakambiska ni Yesu Khristu. Testamente Lasono likulemba vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene pakukhazikiska Tchalitchi la Katolika, kusazgapo milimo na visambizgo vya Yesu ndiposo kusankha ŵapositole kuŵa ŵakaboni ŵa uteŵeti wake, masuzgo ghake, na chiwuka chake. Mulimo Ukuru, wakati wawuka, wakaphalira ŵapositole kuti ŵalutilire mulimo wake. Kuza kwa Mzimu Mutuŵa pa ŵapositole, mu chinthu icho chikumanyikwa kuti Pentekoste, chikuwoneka nga ni kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa pa wumba wa Mpingo Katolika. Mpingo ukusambizga kuti mabishopu ghose ghakupatulika ghakwenelera ghali na mzere wakulondezgapo kufuma ku ŵapositole ŵa Khristu, uwo ukumanyikwa kuti mzere wa ŵapositole. Makamaka, Bishopu wa Roma (papa) wakuwoneka kuti ni uyo wakalondezgapo mpositole Simoni Petrosi, udindo uwo wakupokerapo udindo wake pa mpingo.

Chigomezgo cha Katolika chikuti mpingo &quot;ni kuŵapo kwa Yesu kwakulutilira pa charu chapasi&quot; ndipo ndilo pera ilo lili na nthowa zose za chiponosko. Kwizira mu suzgo (kusuzgika) kwa Khristu uko kukapangiska kuti wakomeke pa khuni nga umo vikulongosolekera mu Mauthenga Ghawemi, ŵakuti Khristu wakajipanga yekha kuŵa sembe kwa Chiuta Ŵadada kuti waphemaniske ŵanthu na Chiuta; Chiwuka cha Yesu chikumupangiska kuŵa mwana wakwamba kufuma ku ŵakufwa, wakwamba pakati pa ŵabali ŵanandi. Pakuphemana na Chiuta na kulondezga mazgu na milimo ya Khristu, munthu wanganjira mu Ufumu wa Chiuta. Mpingo ukuwona kuti liturgy yake na masakramenti ghake vikukhozga lusungu ilo likusangika kwizira mu sembe ya Khristu kuti likhozge ubwezi wa munthu na Khristu na kovwira pakuthereska kwananga.

=== Kweruzgika kwaumaliro ===
Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti, para munthu waliyose wafwa waka, mzimu wake uzamupokera cheruzgo chinyake kufuma kwa Chiuta, mwakuyana na zakwananga zawo na ubwezi wawo na Khristu. Chisambizgo ichi chikukhozgeraso zuŵa linyake ilo Khristu wazamukhalapo na kweruzga ŵanthu wose. Kweruzgika kwaumaliro uku, mwakuyana na chisambizgo cha tchalitchi, kuzamumara mdauko wa ŵanthu na kwamba kwa vyose viŵiri, kuchanya na charu chapasi viphya na viwemi ivyo vizamuwusika na Chiuta mu urunji.

Kuyana na umo munthu wakweruzgikira para wafwa, ŵakugomezga kuti mzimu unganjira mu chimoza mwa vigaŵa vitatu vya umoyo wa pamanyuma pa nyifwa:
* Kuchanya ni mkhaliro wa kukolerana kwambura kumara na kacitiro ka Ciuta ka Ciuta, ontologically yayi, kweni mwa lusungu. Ni umoyo wamuyirayira, umo mzimu ukughanaghanira Chiuta mu chimwemwe chambura kumara.
* Purgatory ni nyengo ya nyengo yichoko waka yakutozgera mizimu iyo, nangauli yili kuŵikika kucanya, yikupatukana yayi na kwananga ndipo ntheura yinganjira yayi kuchanya nyengo yeneyiyo.Mu Purigatoriyo, mzimu ukusuzgika, ndipo ukutozgeka na kufikapo. Mizimu iyo yili mu purigatoriyo yingawovwirika kuti yifike kuchanya na malurombo gha ŵakugomezgeka pa charu chapasi na kuŵeyelera kwa ŵatuŵa.
* Kuzengeka kwaumaliro: Paumaliro, awo ŵakulutilira kukhala mu mkhaliro wa kwananga kwakufwa ndipo ŵakulapa yayi pambere ŵandafwe ŵakujiŵika ku gehena, kupatukana na Ciuta kwamuyirayira.[178] Mpingo ukusambizga kuti palije uyo wakususkika ku gehena kwambura kuti wasankha mwakufwatuka kukana Chiuta. Palije uyo wali kuŵikika kale ku gehena ndipo palije uyo wangamanya mwakusimikizga uyo wali kuzengeka mulandu ku gehena. Chikatolika chikusambizga kuti kwizira mu lusungu lwa Chiuta munthu wangalapa nyengo yiliyose pambere wandafwe, kuŵalirika na unenesko wa chipulikano cha Chikatolika, ndipo ntheura wangasanga chiponosko. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa chisopa ŵa Katolika ŵakughanaghana kuti mizimu ya ŵana ŵachoko awo ŵandabatizike na awo mbakhristu yayi awo ŵalije kwananga kwa nyifwa kweni ŵakufwa mu kwananga kwakwamba ŵakuŵikika ku limbo, nangauli ichi nchisambizgo cha boma cha tchalitchi yayi.
Nangauli Mpingo Wakatolika ukusambizga kuti ndiyo pera ndiyo yili na nthowa zose za chiponosko, yikuzomerezgaso kuti Mzimu Mutuŵa wangagwiliskira ntchito mitundu ya Ŵakhristu iyo yili kupatukana na iyo kuti &quot;yikhuŵirizge ku umoza wa Katolika&quot; na &quot;kutemwa na kulongozgera ku Mpingo wa Katolika this and paravation to peoples&quot;,[184] muli vinthu vinyake vya chisambizgo chakwenelera, nangauli vikusazgana na viheni. Likusambizga kuti waliyose uyo wakuponoskeka wakuponoskeka kwizira mu Mpingo Katolika kweni ŵanthu ŵangaponoskeka kuwaro kwa nthowa zambura kumanyikwa izo zikumanyikwa kuti ubatizo wa khumbo, ndiposo na kukomeka pambere ŵandabatizike, uko kukumanyikwa kuti ubatizo wa ndopa, ndiposo para mikhaliro ya kuleka kumanya kwambura kuthereskeka yilipo, nangauli invincible is not a ignorance of me5.

=== Ŵatuŵa na kujipeleka ===
Mutuŵa (uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti hallow) ni munthu uyo wakumanyikwa kuti wali na msinkhu wapadera wa utuŵa panji wakuyana panji pafupi na Chiuta, apo kuzgoka mutuŵa ni chinthu icho tchalitchi la Chikhristu likupharazga kuti munthu uyo wafwa wakaŵa mutuŵa, pa kupharazga uko munthu wakusazgikika mu &quot;canon of sagn&quot;, panji list. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba awo ŵakachindikika nga mbatuŵa ŵakaŵa awo ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo. Nthano zakusopa zakukhwaskana na nyifwa zawo zikawonekanga kuti zikukhozgera unenesko wa cipulikano cawo mwa Khristu. Kweni mu vilimika vya m’ma 400 C.E., “ŵakuzomera”—ŵanthu awo ŵakazomera cipulikano cawo mwa kufwa yayi kweni na mazgu na umoyo—ŵakamba kucindikika pakweru.

Mu Tchalitchi la Katolika, mu matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Chilatini na gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, mulimo wa kuŵika munthu kuŵa mutuŵa ukusungikira ku Mpando wa Ŵapositole ndipo ukuchitika pa umaliro wa ndondomeko yitali iyo yikukhumbikwira ukaboni ukuru wakuti munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵikika munthu mutuŵa wakakhala na kufwa mu nthowa ya ciyerezgero ndiposo yituŵa mwakuti ngwakwenelera kumanyikwa kuti ni saint. Kuzomerezga kwa tchalitchi kuti munthu ni mutuŵa kukung’anamura kuti munthu uyo sono wali Kuchanya ndipo wangachemeka pakweru na kuzunulika mu chisopa cha tchalitchi, kusazgapo mu Litany of the Saints. Kuŵikika pa malo ghatuŵa kukuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵamusopenge mutuŵa mu liturgy ya Rite ya Ŵaroma; kuti ŵazomerezgeke kusopa waka pa malo ghawo, beatification pera ndiyo yikukhumbikwa.

Kusopa ni &quot;mikhaliro ya kuwaro ya kusopa&quot; iyo ni chigaŵa cha liturgy yakuzomerezgeka ya Tchalitchi la Katolika yayi kweni ni chigaŵa cha mikhaliro yauzimu yakumanyikwa ya Ŵakatolika. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo mikhaliro yakupambanapambana yakukhwaskana na kusopa ŵatuŵa, comenecomene kusopa Namwali Mariya. Vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pakusopa ni Masiteshoni gha Mtanda, Mtima Wakupatulika wa [[Yesu Khristu|Yesu]], Nkhope Yituŵa ya Yesu, ma scapulars ghakupambanapambana, ma novena ku ŵatuŵa ŵakupambanapambana, maulendo gha pa chisopa na kusopa ku Sakramenti Lakutumbikika, na kusopa vikozgo vya mutuŵa. Mabishopu gha pa Second Vatican Council ghakakumbuska Ŵakatolika kuti &quot;kusopa kukwenera kulembeka mwakuti kuŵe kwakukolerana na nyengo za chisopa, kukolerana na chisopa chakupatulika, mu nthowa yinyake chikufumiramo, ndipo chikulongozga ŵanthu ku chisopa ichi, chifukwa, nadi, chisopa mwa mtundu wake chikuluska chomene.&quot;

=== Namwali Mariya ===
[[File:Murillo-inmaculada del coro-sevilla-mba.JPG|alt=|thumb|Namwali Mariya Mutumbikika wakuchindikika chomene mu Tchalitchi la Katolika, ŵakumupharazga kuti ni Mama wa Chiuta, wambura kwananga kwakwambilira ndiposo wakuŵeyelera.]]
Mariology wa Katolika wakuyowoya za visambizgo na visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa Mariya, nyina wa Yesu, ndiposo umo ŵakugomezgeka ŵakuchindikira Mariya. Mariya wakuchindikika chomene, wakupharazgika kuti ni Mama wa Chiuta (Chigiriki: Θεοτόκος, Chiroma: Theotokos, lit. 'Wakunyamura Chiuta'), ndipo wakugomezga kuti wakakhala mwaliri umoyo wake wose. Visambizgo vinyake ni visambizgo vya Immaculate Conception (kutora nthumbo yake kwambura banga la kwananga kwakwamba) na Kukwezgeka kwa Mariya (kuti thupi lake likatoleka mwaluŵiro kucanya pa umaliro wa umoyo wake). Visambizgo vyose ivi vikalongosoreka kuti ni visambizgo vyambura kubudiska, na Papa Pius IX mu 1854 na Papa Pius XII mu 1950 mwakuyana, kweni pamanyuma pakuti ŵadumbiskana na mabishopu gha Katolika pa charu chose kuti ŵakhorweske kuti ichi nchigomezgo cha Katolika. Kweni mu matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵakulutilira kukondwelera chiphikiro cha Kukwezgeka kwa Chiuta pasi pa zina lakuti Dormition of the Mother of God pa zuŵa limoza.Chisambizgo chakuti Mariya wakafwa pambere ŵandamuwone kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa chikwamba pambere fundo yakuti wakafwa yayi. St John Damascene wakalemba kuti &quot;St Juvenal, Bishopu wa Yerusalemu, pa ungano wa Chalcedon (451), wakamanyiska Themba Marcian na Pulcheria, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa na thupi la Mama wa Chiuta, kuti Mariya wakafwa pamaso pa Ŵapositole wose, kweni kuti dindi lake likasangika pa upon wa St Thomas, apo likajulika; Ŵapositole ŵakadumura kuti thupi likatoleka kucanya.&quot;

Kusopa kwa Mariya nchigaŵa ca kusopa kwa Katolika kweni nkhwakupambana na kusopa Ciuta. Ntchito zikusazgapo malurombo na luso lwa Marian, sumu, na vyakuzengazenga. Viphikiro vinandi vya chisopa cha Marian vikukondwelereka mu chaka chose cha Mpingo ndipo wakuchindikika na maudindo ghanandi nga ni Fumukazi ya Kuchanya. Papa Paul VI wakamuchema kuti Mama wa Mpingo chifukwa, pakubaba Khristu, wakuwoneka kuti ni mama wauzimu wa chiŵaro chilichose cha Thupi la Khristu. Chifukwa cha mulimo wake ukuru mu umoyo wa Yesu, malurombo na kujipeleka nga ni Hail Mary, Rosary, Salve Regina na Memorare ni mikhaliro ya Katolika yakumanyikwa chomene. Ulendo wa ku malo ghakuwonekerapo gha Marian ghanandi agho ghakukhozgeka na tchalitchi, nga ni Lourdes, Fátima, na Guadalupe, nawo ni visopa vyakumanyikwa vya Katolika.

===Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu===  
{{Main|Mpingo wa Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu}}

[[Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu]], iyo yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, yikapangiska kuti mazaza gha ndyali na chikhalidwe gha ku Western Europe ghafalikire pa charu chose. Chifukwa cha udindo ukuru uwo vyaru vya [[Spain]] na [[Portugal]], ivyo vikaŵa vya Chikatolika chomene, vikachita mu kulamulira vyaru vinyake (Western colonialism), Chikatolika chikafalikira ku [[Americas]], [[Asia]], na [[Oceania]] kwizira mu ŵakwendakwenda, ŵakuthereska vyaru (conquistadors), na ŵamishonale. Chikafalikiraso kwizira mu kusintha kwa vyaru na ŵanthu mwakugwiriska ntchito ndondomeko za ndyali na chikhalidwe za ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni. [[Papa Alexander VI]] wakapeleka [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] na [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] wanangwa wa kulamulira malo ghanandi agho ghakasangika sonosono,&lt;ref name=&quot;Koschorke13&quot;&gt;Koschorke, pp. 13, 283&lt;/ref&gt; ndipo ndondomeko ya ''[[Patronato real|patronato]]'' yikapangiska kuti ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma, m'malo mwa Vatican, ndiwo ŵaŵenge na mazaza ghakusankha ŵasembe na ŵalara ŵa mpingo mu vyaru viphya.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings (1994), p. 72&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1521, wakwendakwenda wa ku Portugal [[Ferdinand Magellan]] wakapembuzga ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa Chikatolika mu [[Spanish East Indies|Philippines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Koschorke21&quot;&gt;Koschorke, p. 21&lt;/ref&gt; Kumalo ghanyake, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Portugal pamoza na Mjesuiti wa ku Spain [[Francis Xavier]] ŵakapharazga uthenga uwemi ku India, China, na Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koschorke3&quot;&gt;Koschorke, pp. 3, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Ulamuliro wa ŵaFrance mu [[Americas]], uwo ukamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ukapangiska kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵa Chikatolika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kuŵa Ŵakatolika ŵakakanizgika kukhazikika mu [[Quebec]].&lt;ref&gt;Lyons (2013), p. 17&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti na Kusintha kwa Mpingo wa Katolika (Counter-Reformation)===
{{Main|Protestant Reformation|Counter-Reformation}}
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Mu 1415, [[Jan Hus]] wakawotcheka pa moto chifukwa chakuti wakasuskikanga kuti wakasambizganga visambizgo vyautesi (heresy), kweni ivyo wakachitanga pakukhumbanga kusintha mpingo vikakhozga [[Martin Luther]], mmonke wa [[Order of Saint Augustine|gulu la Augustine]] ku Germany wa mazuŵa ghano. Mu 1517, Luther [[History of Lutheranism#The start of the Reformation|wakatuma]] ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' zake ku mabishopu ghanandi.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}} Mu mabuku agha wakasuska visambizgo vinyake vikuru vya Chikatolika na kuguliska [[indulgence]]s. Pamanyuma pa [[Leipzig Debate]], ichi chikapangiska kuti wafumiskike mu Mpingo wa Katolika (excommunication) mu 1521.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar184&quot;&gt;Vidmar, p. 184.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku [[Switzerland]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]], na ŵakusintha ŵanyake ŵa Chiprotesitanti ŵakalutilira kususka visambizgo vya Chikatolika. Kususka uku ndiko kukambiska Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti (Reformation), uko kukapangiska kuti paŵe visopo vinandi vya [[Protestantism|Chiprotesitanti]].{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=223–224}} Kukasoŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasunganga visambizgo vya Chiprotesitanti mwakubisika mukati mwa Mpingo wa Katolika ([[crypto-protestantism|crypto-Protestantism]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fernández|first=Luis Martínez|title=Crypto-Protestants and Pseudo-Catholics in the Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Caribbean|journal=Journal of Ecclesiastical History|volume=51|issue=2|pages=347–365|year=2000|doi=10.1017/S0022046900004255|s2cid=162296826}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, [[Henry VIII]] wakalomba [[Pope Clement VII]] kuti wapereke [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|chilango chakukanizga nthengwa]] yake na [[Catherine of Aragon]]. Apo papa wakakana, Henry VIII wakapangiska kuti [[Acts of Supremacy]] zipasikike, ndipo wakajizgora yekha kuŵa [[Supreme Head of the Church of England|Mulongozgi Mukuru wa Mpingo wa England]]. Ichi chikambiska [[English Reformation]] ndipo pamanyuma pake chikapangiska kuti [[Anglicanism]] yikure.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=235–237}}

Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti kukapangiska nkhondo pakati pa [[Schmalkaldic League]] ya Ŵaprotesitanti na Themba la Ufumu Watuŵa wa Roma, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], pamoza na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa Chikatolika. Nkhondo yakwamba ya vyaka 9 yikamara mu 1555 na [[Peace of Augsburg]], kweni mphindano zikalutilira ndipo zikambiska nkhondo yikuru chomene ya [[Thirty Years' War]], iyo yikamba mu 1618.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar233&quot;/&gt;

Ku France, pakati pa 1562 na 1598 pakaŵa nkhondo zakuchemeka [[French Wars of Religion]] pakati pa [[Huguenot]]s (Ŵacalvinist ŵa ku France) na ŵankhondo ŵa [[Catholic League (French)|French Catholic League]], awo ŵakawovwirikanga na mapapa ghakupambanapambana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy177&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 177–178&lt;/ref&gt; Nkhondo izi zikamaliska apo [[Pope Clement VIII]] wakazomerezga, nangauli mwakusuzgika, kuti Themba [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] lipharazge [[Edict of Nantes]] mu 1598, ilo likapeleka wanangwa wa chisopa na kuzomerezga Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku France kukhala mwamtende.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar233&quot;&gt;Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 233&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy177&quot;/&gt;

[[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) ndiyo yikaŵa nkhongono yikuru ya [[Counter-Reformation]], kusintha uko Mpingo wa Katolika ukachita pakuzgora Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti. Pa nkhani ya chisambizgo, yikakhozgeraso visambizgo vikuru vya Chikatolika nga ni [[transubstantiation]] na kuti munthu wapokere chiponosko kwizira mu chipulikano, chitemwa, na chigomezgo.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=242–244}}

Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, Chikatolika chikafalikira chomene pa charu chose, chomenechomene kwizira mu ŵamishonale na [[imperialism]]. Ndipouli, nkhongono yake pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe yikamba kuchepa chifukwa cha kukura kwa [[religious scepticism]] pa nyengo ya [[Enlightenment]] na pamanyuma pake.&lt;ref&gt;Maxwell, Melvin. ''Bible Truth or Church Tradition'', p. 70&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nyengo ya Ungweru na Nyengo Yasono===
{{Main|Nyengo ya Ungweru}}
{{Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar}}
[[File:São Miguel das Missões (Brazil).jpg|thumb|left|Vikaya vya [[Jesuit Reduction|misumba ya Ayeswiti]] ku [[São Miguel das Missões]] ku Brazil]]

Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, [[Nyengo ya Ungweru]] yikamba kufumba na kususka nkhongono na mazaza gha [[Mpingo wa Katolika]] pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollard8&quot;&gt;Pollard, pp. 7–8&lt;/ref&gt; Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵalembi nga ni [[Voltaire]] na [[Encyclopédistes]] ŵakalemba mazgu ghakususkira chomene chisopa na [[Mpingo wa Katolika]]. Chimoza mwa vinthu ivyo ŵakasuskanga chikaŵa [[revocation of the Edict of Nantes|kufumiskikapo kwa Edict of Nantes]] mu 1685 na Fumu [[Louis XIV of France]], ico chikamalizga ndondomeko ya vyaka pafupifupi 100 ya kuzomerezga [[Huguenot]] ŵa Chiprotesitanti kusopa mwawanangwa. Apo upapa ukakananga [[Gallicanism]], [[French Revolution|Chiwukirano cha ku France]] cha 1789 chikapeleka mazaza ku boma, chikaparanya matchalitchi ghanandi, chikambiska [[Cult of Reason]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=283–285}} ndipo ŵasungwana ŵanyake ŵa chisopa ([[Martyrs of Compiègne|ŵanakazi ŵa ku Compiègne]]) ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo pa nyengo ya ''[[Reign of Terror]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Sixteen Blessed Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1798, Jenerale wa [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]], wakanjira mu [[Italian Peninsula]], ndipo wakakora [[Papa Pius VI]], uyo wakafwira mu jele. Pamanyuma pake Napoleon wakawuskaso [[Mpingo wa Katolika]] ku France kwizira mu [[Concordat of 1801]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins176&quot;&gt;Collins, p. 176&lt;/ref&gt; Kumara kwa [[Napoleonic Wars]] kukawovwira kuti Mpingo wa Katolika uwuskeso nkhongono zake ndipo [[Papal States]] zikaweleraso.&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, pp. 214–216&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1854, [[Papa Pius IX]], na wovwiri wa mabishopu ghanandi gha Katolika awo wakaŵafumbapo pakati pa 1851 na 1853, wakapharazga [[Immaculate Conception]] kuŵa [[dogma in the Catholic Church|chisambizgo chakwimikika cha Mpingo wa Katolika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|title=John Paul II, General Audience|publisher=Vatican.va|date=24 March 1993|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|archive-date=10 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1870, [[First Vatican Council|Msonkhano Wakwamba wa Vatican]] ukakhozga chisambizgo cha [[papal infallibility|kusabudiska kwa papa]] para wakupharazga chisambizgo cha chipulikano mwakuzomerezgeka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leith&quot;&gt;Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (1963), p. 143&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy232&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 232&lt;/ref&gt; Ivi vikakanizga maghanoghano gha [[Conciliar Church|conciliarism]]. Kususkana pa nkhani iyi na zinyake kukapangiska gulu linyake kupatukana na Mpingo wa Katolika na kupanga [[Old Catholic Church|Mpingo Wakale wa Katolika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fahlbusch&quot;&gt;Fahlbusch, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001), p. 729&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kukolerana kwa Italy]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1860 kukasazgapo [[Papal States]], kusazgapo Roma mu 1870, mu [[Kingdom of Italy|Ufumu wa Italy]], ndipo ivi vikamalizga mazaza gha papa pa vyaru. Pakuzgora, [[Papa Pius IX]] wakamuchimbizga mu mpingo [[Victor Emmanuel II|Fumu Victor Emmanuel II]], wakakana kupokera malipiro gha charu, ndipo wakakana [[Dango la Law of Guarantees]] ilo likamupa wanangwa wapadera. Kuti waleke kuwoneka nga wali pasi pa boma la Italy, wakakhala nga ni &quot;[[mukaidi wa ku Vatican]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|year=2006|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|url={{googlebooks|y_4eaFsFdI4C|pg=PT155|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-547-34716-5|page=PT155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suzgo ili, ilo likachemekanga kuti [[Roman Question|Soka la Roma]], likamara mu 1929 apo pakachitika [[Lateran Treaties|Mapangano gha Lateran]]. Pa nyengo iyi, Holy See yikazomera kuti Italy ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa Papal States zakale, ndipo Italy yikazomera kuti Vatican City ni boma lakujiyimira palokha pasi pa mazaza gha papa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter='Utterly Faithless Specimens': Italians in the Catholic Church in America|first=Peter R.|last=D'Agostino|editor-last=Connell|editor-first=William J.|editor2-last=Gardaphé|editor2-first=Fred|title=Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|chapter-url={{googlebooks|qp_GAAAAQBAJ|page=33|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-230-11532-3|pages=33–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika kanandi ŵakawovwiranga ndipo ŵakakhozgeranga kuwukira kwa maboma gha ku Europe pa [[kupoka Africa]] muumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Kuyana na mulembi wa mdauko wa visopa [[Adrian Hastings]], ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika kanandi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa panji kuŵawovwira kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbakuyana waka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ivi vikaŵa vyakusiyana na ŵamishonale ŵa Chiprotesitanti, awo kanandi ŵakasuskanga ukali na urunji uheni wa maboma gha ukoloni.&lt;ref&gt;Adrian Hastings, ''The Church in Africa, 1450 – 1950'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, 394–490&lt;/ref&gt;

===Vyaka vya m'ma 20===
{{Main|Mpingo wa Katolika mu vyaka vya m'ma 20}}
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 20, kufika kwa mpingo pa charu chose kukalutilira kukukura, nangauli maboma ghaulamuliro agho ghakasuskanga Chikatolika ghakakwera ndipo ma ufumu gha ku Europe ghakawa. Pamoza na ivi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku vyaru vya ku mpoto kwa charu ŵakaleka kulondezga chisopa nga kale. Mu nyengo ya ŵapapa [[Benedict XV]] na [[Pius XII]], [[Mpando Mutuŵa]] ukayezga kulutilira kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi pa nkhondo za pa charu, uku ukuchita ntchito ya kuphalizgira mtende na kovwira awo ŵakasuzgika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu ma 1960, [[Papa John XXIII]] wakachema [[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]], uwo ukaleta kusintha kukuru mu mwambo na machitiro gha mpingo. Mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha vyaka vya m'ma 20, nyengo yitali ya ulamuliro wa [[Papa John Paul II]] yikawovwira ku [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]] mu Europe, ndipo yikapeleka papa udindo uphya wa pa charu chose.

; Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose

Papa [[Pius X]] (1903–1914) wakakhazikiska so kujiyimira kwa ofesi ya papa mwa kufumiska veto ya maboma gha Chikatolika pa kusankha papa. Ŵalondezgi ŵake [[Benedict XV]] (1914–1922) na [[Pius XI]] (1922–1939) ŵakakhozga kujiyimira kwa boma la Vatican mu Italy. Benedict XV wakasankhika pa nyengo iyo [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose]] yikambanga. Wakaŵa wakuyesga kuphalizgira pakati pa ŵankhondo na kukhazikiska ofesi ya wovwiri ya Vatican kuti yovwire awo ŵakasuzgika na nkhondo na kuweleska mbumba pamoza. Wakapeleka maudindo ghanandi gha mtende, kweni ndondomeko yake ya “Dès le début” ya 1 Ogasiti 1917 yikakanika na vyaru vyankhondo.

; Vyaka vya pakati pa nkhondo

Maboma ghanandi agho ghakasuskanga mpingo ghakafuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 20. Mu Mexico, [[Dango la Calles]] la 1926 ilo likapatula mpingo na boma likapangiska [[Nkhondo ya Cristero]], umo ŵasembe ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵakachimbizgika panji kukomeka, matchalitchi ghakachitirika nkhaza, mautumiki ghakasekeka, masisitere ghakachitikirika nkhaza ndipo ŵasembe ŵakakakika na kuwomberwa. Pamanyuma pa [[Revolution ya Okutobala]] ya 1917, kusuzgika kwa mpingo na Akatolika mu [[Soviet Union]] kukalutilira mpaka mu ma 1930, uku ŵasembe, ŵamonke na ŵanthu wamba ŵakukomeka panji kuchimbizgika, vinthu vya chisopa kutoreka na matchalitchi kujara. Mu [[Nkhondo ya ku Spain]] ya 1936–1939, ŵalongozgi ŵa Katolika ŵakakolerana na ŵa [[Nationalist]] ŵa [[Francisco Franco]] kulimbana na boma la [[Popular Front]], ŵakuti nkhaza izo ŵa Republic ŵakachitanga pa mpingo ndizo zikaŵachitiska. [[Papa Pius XI]] wakachema vyaru ivi kuti “katatu yakofya”.

[[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|Nangauli kufuma mu ma 1960 [[Papa Pius XII]] wakasuskika kuti wakachita yayi vyakukwana kovwira Ŵayuda ku [[Holocaust]], ŵakumuvikilira ŵakuti wakaŵa wakovwira mwakubisika magulu gha Akatolika agho ghakalimbana na Nazi, nga ni gulu ilo likalongozgekanga na wasembe [[Heinrich Maier]]. Maier wakawovwira ŵa Allies kulimbana na ma rocket gha V-2 agho ghakapangikanga na ŵakayidi ŵa ma camp gha Nazi.]]

Papa [[Pius XI]] wa nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo wakasintha machitiro gha upapa mwa kuwoneka mu St Peter’s Square, kukhazikiska [[Vatican Radio]] na [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]], kusankha ŵabishopu 40 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake na kupanga mapangano 15, kusazgapo [[Lateran Treaty]] na Italy iyo yikakhazikiska [[Boma la Vatican City]]. Pamanyuma pa kuswa kwa [[Reichskonkordat]] ya 1933 pakati pa mpingo na [[Nazi Germany]], Pius XI wakafumiska kalata ya papa ya 1937 yakuti ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]'', iyo yikasuska poyera kusuzgika kwa mpingo na Ŵa Nazi kweniso fundo zawo za [[kupulikira visopa vya ŵakale]] na [[kusankha mtundu umoza kuti ngwapachanya]].

; Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose

Wakulondezgapo wake [[Papa Pius XII]] wakalongozga Mpingo wa Katolika pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]] na kuyambika kwa [[Cold War]]. Nga umo ŵapapa ŵa kale ŵakachitiranga, Pius XII wakayezga kulutilira kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi poyera pa nkhondo, ndipo wakakhazikiska njira za wovwiri kuti zovwire awo ŵakasuzgika, kweni mwakubisika wakawovwira [[kulimbana na Hitler]] ndipo wakapelekanga uthenga kwa ŵa Allies. Kalata yake yakwamba ya papa, ''[[Summi Pontificatus]]'' (1939), yikalongora chitima pa [[kuwukira Poland mu 1939]] ndipo yikakumbuska chisambizgo cha Chikatolika chakususka [[kusankhana mtundu]]. Wakalongora nkhawa pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu pa [[Vatican Radio]], ndipo wakachitapo kanthu mwa dipulomasiyo kuti wayezge kulekeska kusamuskika kwa Ŵayuda mu vyaru vinyake kufuma mu 1942 mpaka 1944. Ndipouli, kulutilira kwake kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi poyera na kuyowoya mwachenjezgo kwapangiska kususkika kukuru na kukambirana. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Germany, ŵasembe ŵakachita ntchito yikuru pakuvikilira Ŵayuda. Mwakulemba mdauko wa ku Israel [[Pinchas Lapide]] wakayezgera kuti Akatolika ŵakavikilira pakati pa Ŵayuda 700,000 na 860,000.

Kusuzgika kwa Mpingo wa Katolika na Ŵa Nazi kukaŵa kukuru chomene mu Poland, ndipo [[kulimbana kwa Akatolika na Nazi Germany]] kukachitika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Ŵasembe ŵa Katolika 2,579 ŵakatumika ku [[Dachau Concentration Camp]], kusazgapo ŵa Germany 400. Ŵasembe, masisitere na ŵabale ŵanandi ŵakakakika, kutorereka ku ma camp gha kusuzgirako ŵanthu, kutambuzgika na kukomeka, kusazgapo ŵatuŵa [[Maximilian Kolbe]] na [[Edith Stein]]. Akatolika ŵakalwa ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya nkhondo. Ŵasembe ŵa Katolika ŵakaŵa na udindo ukuru mu boma la fascist la [[Slovakia]] ilo likakolerananga na Ŵa Nazi, kukopera malango ghawo ghakususka Ŵayuda na kuŵawovwira kuchita Holocaust mu Slovakia. [[Jozef Tiso]], pulezidenti wa boma la Slovakia na wasembe wa Katolika, wakovwiranga kutumizga Ŵayuda ŵa Slovakia ku ma camp gha kukomekera ŵanthu. Vatican yikasuska kutumizgika uku ku Slovakia na mu maboma ghanyake gha Nazi nga ni [[Vichy France]], Croatia, [[Bulgaria]], Italy na Hungary.

Gulu la Akatolika lakulimbana na Nazi ilo likalongozgekanga na wasembe [[Heinrich Maier]] likapelekanga ku ŵa Allies mapulani na malo ghakupangirako ma bomba gha [[V-1 flying bomb]], ma rocket gha [[V-2]], [[Tiger tank]], [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] na ndege zinyake, kuti ŵa Allies ŵalase mafakitale gha Germany. Uthenga unandi ukaŵa wakuzirwa ku [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]] na [[Operation Crossbow]], ntchito zikuru zakunozgekera [[Operation Overlord]]. Maier wakovwiranga nkhondo yakulimbana na Ŵa Nazi chifukwa wakaŵa na fundo yakuti “bomba lililose ilo likugwa pa mafakitale gha vilwero likufupikiska nkhondo ndipo likuponoska ŵanthu wamba”.

[[File:Members of the Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII.jpg|thumb|right|Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Canada ŵa [[Royal 22e Regiment]] pa nyengo yakukumana na [[Papa Pius XII]] pamanyuma pa [[Kuwomboreka kwa Rome]] mu 1944 pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]]]]

Pafupifupi mu 1943, [[Adolf Hitler]] wakanozga kutora papa na kumukakilira ku Germany. Wakapeleka dango ku General Wolff wa SS kuti wanozge ntchito iyi. Nangauli [[Papa Pius XII]] wakulumbika kuti wakawovwira kuponoska Ŵayuda masauzandi ghanandi pa nyengo ya [[Holocaust]], mpingo wakasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusambizga kwake kwa nyengo yitali uko ŵanyake ŵakuti kukalimbikiska [[kususka Ŵayuda]], kweniso chifukwa chakuchita yayi vyakukwana kulekeska nkhaza za Ŵa Nazi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Nazi awo ŵakachita milandu ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose chifukwa ŵakaŵa na ŵakuvikilirira ŵankhongono kufuma ku Vatican. Kusankha umo Pius XII wakeneranga kuweruzgikira kukusuzga chifukwa ma archive gha mpingo gha nyengo yake nga ni nuncio, mlembi mukuru wa boma na papa ghali kujara panji ghandaŵikike makora.

Mu [[Yugoslavia]] iyo yikabwanganduka, mpingo ukatemwanga boma la fascist la Katolika la ku Croatia la [[Ustaše]] ilo likakhazikiskika na Ŵa Nazi chifukwa cha kususka chikomyunizimu na chifukwa cha chigomezgo chakuti mphamvu ya Chikatolika yingaweleraso mu chigaŵa ichi pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa [[Austria-Hungary]]. Ndipouli, mpingo ukaŵa usindandikazomerezge mwalamulo [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH). Nangauli wakamanya za [[kukomeka kwa Aserbia Ŵa Orthodox mu Independent State of Croatia]], [[Holocaust mu Independent State of Croatia]] na kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵambura kuŵa A-Croatia, mpingo ukaŵa usindayowoyepo poyera kususka, ndipo ukatemwanga kugwiliskira ntchito dipulomasiyo. Polemba za malo gha Vatican pa nkhani iyi, mdauko [[Jozo Tomasevich]] wakalemba kuti “vikuwoneka kuti Mpingo wa Katolika wakawovwiranga chomene boma la Ustaše na ndondomeko zake.”

; Kuyambika kwa Cold War

Pamanyuma pa nkhondo, maboma gha chikomyunizimu mu [[Central Europe]] na [[Eastern Europe]] ghakakanizga chomene wanangwa wa chisopa. Nangauli ŵasembe na ŵanthu ŵa umoyo wa chisopa ŵanyake ŵakakolerananga na maboma agha, ŵanandi ŵakakakika, kuchimbizgika panji kukomeka. Mpingo ukaŵa na udindo ukuru pa [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]] mu Europe, chomenechomene mu [[Polish People’s Republic]].

Mu 1949, kupambana kwa ŵa Communist mu [[Nkhondo ya ku China]] kukapangiska kuchimbizgika kwa ŵamishonale wose ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Boma liphya likakhazikiskaso [[Patriotic Church]] ndipo likasankhanga ŵabishopu lake. Pakwamba, kusankhika uku kukakanika na Rome, kweni pamanyuma ŵanandi ŵakazomerezgeka. Mu ma 1960, pa nyengo ya [[Cultural Revolution]], ŵa Communist ŵa ku China ŵakajara malo ghose gha chisopa. Matchalitchi gha ku China ghakati ghanjira so, ghakalutilira kuŵa pasi pa ulamuliro wa Patriotic Church. Ŵasembe ŵanandi ŵa Katolika ŵakalutilira kutumizgika ku jele chifukwa chakukana kukanira kugomezgeka kwawo ku Rome.

====[[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]]====
{{Main|Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican|Mbiri ya Mpingo wa Katolika kufuma mu 1962|Mzimu wa Vatican II}}
[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|right|thumb|Ŵabishopu ŵakupulika pa nyengo ya Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican.]]
[[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]] (1962–1965) ukaleta kusintha kukuru chomene mu machitiro gha Chikatolika kufuma pa nyengo ya [[Msonkhano wa Trent]], vyaka 400 ivyo vikajumpha. Wakwambiskika na [[Papa John XXIII]], msonkhano uwu ukasintha machitiro gha Mpingo wa Katolika, kuŵikapo chilolezgo chakuti misa yichitikenge mu [[chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu]], na kukhozga “kunjilirapo mwakumanya na mwakugwira ntchito” pa mauthenga gha liturugiya. Cholinga chake chikaŵa chakuti mpingo uŵe pafupi chomene na charu cha sono (''aggiornamento''), ndipo ŵakawovwira ŵakati ichi chikaŵa “kujura mawindo” gha mpingo.

Kusazgapo kusintha kwa liturugiya, msonkhano uwu ukapangiska kusintha kwa umo mpingo ukawonera [[ecumenism]], kweniso ukachema kuti paŵe ubwezi uwemi na visopa vinyake ivyo vili vyachikhristu yayi, chomenechomene [[Chiyuda]], mu chikalata chake ''[[Nostra aetate]]''. Ndipouli, msonkhano uwu ukabwereska mkangano ukuru pa kugwiliskira ntchito kusintha uku. Ŵakukhozga “[[Mzimu wa Vatican II]]” nga ni wakusambira vya chisopa wa ku Switzerland [[Hans Küng]] ŵakati Vatican II “yikafika kutali yayi” pa kusintha ndondomeko za mpingo. Kweni [[Akatolika ŵa chikhalidwe]] nga ni [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]] ŵakasuska chomene msonkhano uwu, ŵakuti kusintha kwa liturugiya “kwakabwangandura Sembe Yituŵa ya Misa na masakramenti”, kusazgapo vinthu vinyake.

Visambizgo vinyake vya Mpingo wa Katolika vikamba kufufuzgika chomene pa nyengo ya msonkhano uwu na pamanyuma pake. Chimoza mwa visambizgo ivi chikaŵa chakukhwaskana na ubudi wa [[kuvimbikira kubaba]]. Kuŵapo kwa [[kuvimbikira kubaba kwa mahomoni]] (nga ni “mapilisi”), uko ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti kukapambana na nthowa zakale, kukapangiska John XXIII kukhazikiska komiti kuti yimuphalire nkhani za makhaliro na chisambizgo cha chisopa pa nthowa yiphya iyi. Pamanyuma pake [[Papa Paul VI]] wakasazgirapo komiti iyi udindo wakufufuza nthowa zose mwakufwatuka, ndipo lipoti laumaliro ilo likafuma yayi likamanyikwanga kuti likasimikizganga kuzomerezga nthowa zinyake za kuvimbikira kubaba. Paul VI wakazomerezgana yayi na fundo izo zikapelekeka, ndipo wakafumiska kalata ya papa ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', iyo yikati yikakhozga chisambizgo chakukhazikika cha mpingo chakususka kuvimbikira kubaba. Kalata iyi yikaphalira mwakudunjika kuti nthowa za mahomoni nazo zili kuletsedwa. Ichi chikapangiska kuyankha kwakususkika chomene na Akatolika ŵanandi.

====[[Papa John Paul II]]====
{{Main|Papa John Paul II}}
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan Meeting with Pope John Paul Ii at The Papal Library Vatican Pontifical Palace During Visit to The Vatican - DPLA - 5f33de6fe59d61cb712405563ab04adc.jpg|thumb|left|[[Papa John Paul II]] wakuwoneka nga ni munthu wakovwira chomene pa kumara kwa [[Cold War]] na [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]]. Pano wali na pulezidenti wa United States [[Ronald Reagan]] na muwoli wake [[Nancy Reagan]] mu 1982.]]
Mu 1978, [[Papa John Paul II]], uyo wakaŵa [[Archbishop wa Kraków]] mu [[Polish People’s Republic]], wakazgoka papa wakwamba wambura kuŵa wa ku Italy mu vyaka 455. Nyengo yake ya upapa ya vyaka 26 na hafu yikaŵa yimoza mwa zitali chomene mu mdauko. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], pulezidenti wa [[Soviet Union]], wakati papa wa ku Poland wakovwira kufulumizgiska kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu mu Europe.

John Paul II wakayezga kupharazga uthenga wa chisopa ku charu icho chikamba kuŵa [[chakuleka chisopa]]. Wakakhazikiska [[World Youth Day]] nga ni “kukumana kwa ŵawukirano ŵa pa charu chose na papa”, ndipo sono kukuchitika vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu vyose. Wakaluta ku vyaru 129, kujumpha papa waliyose, ndipo wakagwiliskira ntchito wayilesi na televizioni pakuthandazga visambizgo vya mpingo. Wakasindika chomene [[ulemu wa ntchito]] na wanangwa wa ŵantchito kuŵa na [[malipiro ghakukwana]] na malo ghakuvikilirika gha ntchito mu kalata yake ya papa ''[[Laborem exercens]]''. Wakasindika visambizgo vinandi vya mpingo, kusazgapo kuchenjezga pa makhaliro ghaheni gha [[kubapa]], [[kufwa mwakovwira munthu]], na kugwiliskira ntchito chomene [[chilango cha nyifwa]], mu kalata yake ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''.

Kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 20, Mpingo wa Katolika wasuskika chifukwa cha visambizgo vyake pa [[mikhaliro ya kugonana]], chifukwa cha kutondeka kwake [[kusankha ŵanakazi kuŵa ŵasembe]], na chifukwa cha umo wachitira na [[milandu ya nkhaza za kugonana mu Mpingo wa Katolika]].

Mu 1992, Vatican yikazomera kuti yikanangiska pakusuzga [[Galileo]] vyaka 359 ivyo vikajumpha chifukwa chakulongora kuti charu chikuzingilira zuŵa.

===Mwaka wa m'ma 21===
Mu 2005, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Yohane Paulo II, [[Papa Benedict XVI]], uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Mpingo wa Chisopa cha Chikhristu|Mpingo wa Chisopa cha Chikhristu wa Chisambizgo cha Chipulikano]] pasi pa Yohane Paulo II, wakasankhika kuŵa papa. Wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kusungilira [[mikhaliro ya Chikhristu]] ya kale kwimikana na [[kusazgika kwa chisopa mu umoyo wa ŵanthu]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; ndiposo chifukwa cha kusazomerezga chomene kugwiliskira ntchito [[Misa ya Tridentine]] iyo yikusangika mu [[Buku la Misa la ku Roma]] la 1962, iyo wakayichema &quot;Mawonekedwe Ghanthazi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece &quot;Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church&quot;] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2012, pa chikumbusko cha vyaka 50 kufuma ku [[Vatican II]], ungano wa [[Msonkhano wa Ŵabishopu (Chikatolika)|Msonkhano wa Ŵabishopu]] ukadumbiskana vya kupharazga upya makani gha chisopa kwa [[Ŵakatolika awo ŵali kuleka kulondezga chisopa]] mu charu [[charu chakutukuka|chakutukuka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary&quot;&gt;{{Citation |contribution=Summary of the synod assemblies |date=9 March 2005 | contribution-url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES |title=Synodal Information |place=Rome, IT |publisher=The Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakuyowoya vya kufoka chifukwa cha uchekuru, Benedict wakalekera udindo wa upapa mu 2013, ndipo wakaŵa papa wakwamba kuchita nthena mu vyaka pafupifupi 600.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kulekeŵa kwake kukapangiska mphindano pakati pa Ŵakatolika ŵachoko awo ŵakuti Benedict wakalekera yayi nadi udindo wa upapa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Former pope Benedict says 'fanatical' Catholics still won't believe he's not the pope|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/02/former-pope-benedict-fanatical-catholics-wont-believe-resignation|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Papa Francis====
{{Main|Papa Francis}}

Papa Francis, uyo sono ndiyo papa wa Mpingo wa Katolika, wakalondezgana na Papa Benedict XVI mu 2013 ndipo wakaŵa papa wakwamba kufuma ku [[Amerika]], wakwamba kufuma ku [[Chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu chapasi]], kweniso papa wakwamba kufuma kuwaro kwa Europe kufuma pa nyengo ya Msyriya [[Papa Gregory III|Gregory III]], uyo wakawusa mu vyaka vya m'ma 8.

Papa Francis wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha [[kujiyuyura kwake]], kugomezgapo lusungu lwa Chiuta, kupwelelera ŵanthu [[umpoveri|ŵakavu]] na [[chilengedwe]], kweniso kujipereka kwake ku [[mazgu gha pakati pa visopa vyakupambanapambana]].

Ŵakulemba vya vyakusanguluska na vya ndyali Rachel Donadio wa mu ''[[The Atlantic]]'' na Brandon Ambrosino wa mu ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' ŵakayowoya kuti Papa Francis wali na nthowa yakupulikikwa mwambura mwambo chomene ya kulongozga upapa kuluska ŵapapa awo ŵakamwambiranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|b=Catholicism}}
* {{URL|https://www.vatican.va|Vatican.va}} Holy See official website
* {{YouTube|u=vatican|The Vatican}}

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[[Category:Tchalitchi la Katolika| ]]&lt;!-- Leave the empty space as is standard --&gt;</text>
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{{Good article}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
|icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
|icon_width = 25px
|icon_alt = Emblem of the Holy See
|name = Tchalitchi la Katolika
|native_name = Ecclesia Catholica
|native_name_lang = la
|image = Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg
|imagewidth = 300px
|alt = Saint Peter's Basilica 
|caption = Tchalitchi la St. Peter, ilo ni tchalitchi likuru chomene pa charu chose
|abbreviation =
|main_classification = Ŵakatolika
|type =
|scripture = [[Baibolo la Katolika|Baibolo]]
|theology = [[Cisambizgo ca Katolika]]
|polity = [[Ndondomeko za boma la bishopu]]&lt;ref name=Episcopal_Polity&gt;{{cite book|title=Notes of the Episcopal Polity of the Holy Catholic Church|last=Marshall|first=Thomas William|year=1844|location=London|publisher=Levey, Rossen and Franklin|id={{ASIN|1163912190|country=uk}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|governance = Malo Ghatuŵa na Curia ya Ŵaroma
|leader_title = [[Papa]]
|leader_name = {{incumbent pope}}
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|leader_name1 = 
|leader_title2= 
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|fellowships_type = [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na maluso ghake|Matchalitchi ghanyake&lt;br /&gt;''sui iuris'']]
|fellowships =Tchalitchi la Cilatini na 23 Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha Dazi
|fellowships_type1 =
|fellowships1 =
|division_type = Ma Diocese
|division = {{plainlist|
* Archdioceses: [[List of Catholic archdioceses|640]]
* Dioceses: [[List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)|2,851]]}}
|division_type1 = [[Parish in the Catholic Church|Parishes]]
|division1 = 221,700
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|language = [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] and [[native languages]]
|liturgy = [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Rites|Western and Eastern]]
|headquarters = [[Vatican City]]
|founder = {{Ubl | [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]], according to | [[Sacred tradition#In the Catholic and Orthodox churches|sacred tradition]]}}
|founded_date = [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]]
|founded_place = [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]], [[Roman Empire]]&lt;ref name=&quot;RCC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Stanford|first=Peter|title=Roman Catholic Church|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml|website=BBC Religions|publisher=BBC|access-date=1 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=18}}
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|ministers_type = [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Clergy]]
|ministers = {{plainlist|
* [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|Bishops]]: 5,340
* [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Priests]]: 407,872
* [[Deacon]]s: 49,176
* (2021)&lt;ref name=&quot;AnnuarioPontificio&quot;/&gt;
}}
|missionaries =
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|hospitals = [[Catholic Church and health care|5,500]]&lt;ref name=&quot;World Development p.40&quot;&gt;Calderisi, Robert. ''Earthly Mission – The Catholic Church and World Development''; TJ International Ltd; 2013; p.40&lt;/ref&gt;
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'''Tchalitchi la Katolika''', ndilo tchalitchi likuru chomene pa charu chose.&lt;ref name=&quot;AnnuarioPontificio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism|title=Roman Catholicism|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|last=Marty|first=Martin E.|date=29 April 2021|access-date=17 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likuŵa limoza la mawupu ghakale chomene pa charu chose, ndipo lili na udindo ukuru chomene pa nkhani ya mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Western.&lt;ref&gt;Mark A. Noll. ''The New Shape of World Christianity'' (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2009), 191.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Haynes |first=Jeffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i5teCwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22catholic+church%22+oldest+institution&amp;pg=PT75 |title=Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics |date=13 January 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-28746-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Varghese |first=Alexander P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqCg8aqgus8C&amp;dq=%22catholic+church%22+oldest+institution&amp;pg=PA457 |title=India : History, Religion, Vision And Contribution To The World |date=2008 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0904-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O'CollinsPref&quot;&gt;[[Gerald O'Collins|O'Collins]], p. v (preface).&lt;/ref&gt; Tchalitchi ili lili na matchalitchi 24, kusazgapo Tchalitchi la Latin na 23 la Eastern Catholic, agho ghali na ma diocese na ma eparchy pafupifupi 3,5000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2005 |title=Statistics by Country, by Catholic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304155457/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |publisher=David M. Cheney}}&lt;/ref&gt;pa charu chose. Papa, uyo ni bishopu wa ku Roma, ndiyo ni muliska mulara wa mpingo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lumen gentium|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=11 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishopu wa ku Roma, uyo wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Holy See, ndiyo wakulamulira tchalitchi. Wupu uwo ukulamulira mu Rome uli na maofesi ghake mu msumba wa Vatican, uwo uli ku chigaŵa chichoko cha Rome, mu Italy.

Visambizgo vikuruvikuru vya Cikatolika vikusangika mu cisambizgo ca Cikatolika ca ku Nicaea. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti ni tchalitchi limoza, lituŵa, la Katolika na la ŵapositole ilo likakhazikiskika na Yesu Khristu mu mulimo wake ukuru,&lt;ref name=&quot;Catholic News Service&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Vatican congregation reaffirms truth, oneness of Catholic Church |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703923.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070710201403/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0703923.htm |archive-date=10 July 2007 |access-date=17 March 2012 |publisher=Catholic News Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=7}}{{refn|group=note|While the Catholic Church considers itself to be the authentic continuation of the Christian community founded by Jesus Christ, it teaches that other Christian churches and communities can be in an imperfect communion with the Catholic Church.&lt;!--See List Refs--&gt;&lt;ref name=note1cite1/&gt;&lt;ref name=note1cite2/&gt;&lt;!--/List Refs--&gt;}}  kuti mabishopu ghake ndigho ghakunjira mu malo gha ŵapositole ŵa Khristu, ndiposo kuti papa ndiyo wakunjira mu malo gha Petrosi Mutuŵa, uyo Yesu Khristu wakamupa mazaza.&lt;ref&gt;Holy Bible: Matthew {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:19|ESV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likuti likulondezga ivyo ŵapositole ŵakasambizganga, ndipo likusungilira unenesko wa mu Malemba na ivyo likusambizga'''.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;CCC_890&quot;&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|890}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku mafumiro gha dazi nga ni visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika, visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku mafumiro gha dazi, visambizgo vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku Roma, na visambizgo vinyake vya cisopa ca Katolika ca ku Latin, vikulongora kuti visambizgo vya cisopa na vyauzimu vikukolerana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|835|quote=The rich variety of ... theological and spiritual heritages proper to the local churches 'unified in a common effort shows all the more resplendently the catholicity of the undivided Church'.(cf. [[Second Vatican Council]], Dogmatic Constitution on the Church [[Lumen gentium]], 23)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunton2&quot;&gt;Colin Gunton. &quot;Christianity among the Religions in the Encyclopedia of Religion&quot;, Religious Studies, Vol. 24, number 1, page 14. In a review of an article from the Encyclopedia of Religion, Gunton writes: &quot;[T]he article [on Catholicism in the encyclopedia] rightly suggests caution, suggesting at the outset that Roman Catholicism is marked by several different doctrinal, theological and liturgical emphases.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Pa visungusungu vinkhondi na viŵiri, Ciphikiro Ciphya ndico nchakuzirwa comene, ndipo cikukondwelereka mu Misa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|1322–1327|quote=[T]he Eucharist is the sum and summary of our faith}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tchalitchi likusambizga kuti para wasembe wakupeleka cingwa na vinyo kuŵa sembe, vikuzgoka thupi na ndopa za Khristu. Ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchindikika ni Mariya, mama wa Ciuta, na Fumukazi ya Kuchanya.{{refn|name=marian_dogmas|{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/mary/general-information/the-four-marian-dogmas/|publisher=Catholic News Agency|title=The Four Marian Dogmas|access-date=25 March 2017}}|}} Visambizgo vya Cikatolika vikulongora kuti nchakuzirwa comene kovwira ŵalwari, ŵakavu, na ŵakusuzgika. Tchalitchi la Katolika lili na masukulu ghanandi gha Katolika, maunivesite na makoleji, vipatala, na nyumba za ŵalanda pa charu chose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Geopolitics&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Agnew|first=John|title=Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church|journal=Geopolitics|date=12 February 2010|volume=15|issue=1|pages=39–61|doi=10.1080/14650040903420388|s2cid=144793259}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pali mawupu ghanandi agho ghakovwira ŵanthu.

Tchalitchi la Katolika lawovwira chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Western pa nkhani ya vinjeru, maluso, sumu, na sayansi. Ŵakatolika ŵakukhala pa caru cose capasi cifukwa ca umishonale, kusamira ku vyaru vinyake, na kuzgoka. Kwambira mu ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku Southern Hemisphere, chifukwa cha kusuzgika chomene ku Middle East na ku Europe. Tchalitchi la Katolika likakolerananga na tchalitchi la Eastern Orthodox m'paka mu 1054 apo pakachitika chisopa cha East-West Schism. Pambere ungano wa ku Efeso undachitike mu 431 C.E., ŵa Ekleziya ya kumafumiro gha dazi nawo ŵakaŵa mu umoza uwu, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵa Ekleziya ya Orthodox pambere ungano wa ku Chalcedon undachitike mu 451 C.E.; wose ŵakapambananga cifukwa ca kupambana maghanoghano pa nkhani ya Khristu. Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi, agho ghali na ŵanthu pafupifupi 18 miliyoni, ghakwimira Ŵakhristu ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakawelera panji ŵakalutilira kukolerana na papa pa nyengo ya kugaŵikana uku panji pamanyuma pake. Mu vilimika vya m'ma 1500, Ŵaprotesitanti nawo ŵakamba kugaluka. Kwambira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, Tchalitchi la Katolika lakususkika cifukwa ca visambizgo vyake vyakukhwaskana na kugonana, kususka ŵanakazi, ndiposo umo likucitira na nkhani za kugonana na ŵaliska.

== Zina ==
{{Further|Chikatolika|Chikatolika cha Ŵaroma}}
[[File:Ignatius of Antiochie, poss. by Johann Apakass (17th c., Pushkin museum).jpg|thumb|left|Lizgu lakuti &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; (ilo likung'anamura &quot;Tchalitchi la pa Charu Chose&quot;) likalembeka kakwamba na mutuŵa Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke mu kalata yake ya ku Smyrna. ({{circa|110|lk=no}}&amp;nbsp;AD).&lt;ref&gt;John Meyendorff, ''Catholicity and the Church'', St Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-88141-006-3}}, p. 7&lt;/ref&gt; Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke ndiyo wakambiska kugwiliskira nchito lizgu lakuti &quot;Ukhristu&quot; ({{Lang-el|Χριστιανισμός|links=no}}) {{circa|100|lk=no}}&amp;nbsp;AD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last1 =Elwell | first1 =Walter | last2 =Comfort | first2 =Philip Wesley | year =2001 | title =Tyndale Bible Dictionary | publisher =Tyndale House Publishers | isbn =0-8423-7089-7|pages=266, 828}}&lt;/ref&gt; He died in Rome, with his [[relic]]s located in the [[Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano]].|253x253px]]
Mazgu ghakuti Katolika (kufuma ku Chigiriki: καθολικός, romanized: katholikos, lit. 'universal') ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pakulongosora vya tchalitchi mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E.&lt;ref&gt;MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', p. 127.&lt;/ref&gt; Lizgu lakuti &quot;tchalitchi cha Katolika&quot; (mu Cigiriki καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία, ilo lili kulembeka kuti he katholike ekklesia) likamba kusangika mu kalata iyo St. Ignatius wa ku Antiyoke wakalembera ŵanthu ŵa ku Smyrna mu 110 C.E.{{refn|group=note|Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans ({{Circa|110 AD|lk=no}})}}, iyo yikati: &quot;Kose uko kuli bishopu, ŵanthu ŵaŵenge kwenekuko, nga umo kuliri Yesu, ndipo uko kuli mpingo wa [katholike]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathEnc1910_Catholic&quot;/&gt; Mu Catechetical Lectures (c. 350) ya Cyril wa ku Yerusalemu, zina lakuti &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; likagwiliskirika nchito kuti liŵe lapadera na magulu ghanyake agho ghakajichemanga &quot;tchalitchi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathEnc1910_Catholic&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03449a.htm |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |title=Catholic |last=Thurston |first=Herbert |author-link=Herbert Thurston |place=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |date=1908 |access-date=17 August 2012|editor-first=Kevin |editor-last=Knight |editor-link=Knight |volume=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers2/NPNF2-07/Npnf2-07-23.htm |title=Cyril of Jerusalem, Lecture XVIII, 26 |publisher=Tertullian.org |date=6 August 2004 |access-date=17 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fundo yakuti &quot;Chisopa cha Katolika&quot; yikayowoyeka chomene mu dango la De fide Catolica ilo likapelekeka mu 380 na Theodosius I.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm |title=Edictum de fide catholica |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208135704/http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/Thessalonique.htm }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kufuma waka mu 1054 apo pakaŵa kuswa malango kwa East na West, tchalitchi la Eastern Church likamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti &quot;Orthodox&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eastern-Orthodoxy &quot;Eastern Orthodoxy&quot;], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' online.&lt;/ref&gt; Tchalitchi la ku Western ilo likukolerana na Papa nalo likucemeka kuti &quot;Chatoliki&quot;, ndipo likalutilira kucemeka nthena nanga ni apo pakaŵa kusintha kwa visopa mu ma 1500, apo awo ŵakaleka kuwungana ŵakamba kucemeka &quot;Ŵaprotesitanti&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;catholic, adj. and n.&quot; [[Oxford English Dictionary]] Online. Oxford University Press, June 2014. Web. 7 August 2014. Excerpt: &quot;After the separation of East and West 'Catholic' was assumed as its descriptive epithet by the Western or Latin Church, as 'Orthodox' was by the Eastern or Greek. At the Reformation, the term 'Catholic' was claimed as its exclusive right by the body remaining under the Roman obedience, in opposition to the 'Protestant' or 'Reformed' National Churches. These, however, also retained the term, giving it, for the most part, a wider and more ideal or absolute sense, as the attribute of no single community, but only of the whole communion of the saved and saintly in all churches and ages. In England, it was claimed that the Church, even as Reformed, was the national branch of the 'Catholic Church' in its proper historical sense.&quot; Note: The full text of the OED definition of &quot;catholic&quot; can be consulted [[Wikipedia talk:Requests for mediation/Roman Catholic Church/Archive 17|here]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McBrien&quot;&gt;McBrien, Richard (2008). ''The Church''. Harper Collins. p. xvii. Online version available [https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 Browseinside.harpercollins.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 |date=27 August 2009 }}. Quote: &quot;[T]he use of the adjective 'Catholic' as a modifier of 'Church' became divisive only after the East–West Schism... and the Protestant Reformation. ... In the former case, the Western Church claimed for itself the title ''Catholic'' Church, while the East appropriated the name ''Orthodox'' Church. In the latter case, those in communion with the Bishop of Rome retained the adjective &quot;Catholic&quot;, while the churches that broke with the Papacy were called ''Protestant''.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Apo &quot;Tchalitchi la Ŵaroma&quot; likuyowoyeka pakulongosora Diocese ya Roma kufuma apo Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukawira m'ma 500 C.E. m'paka m'ma 1500 C.E., &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; likuyowoyeka pa mpingo wose wa Chingelezi kufuma apo Ŵaprotesitanti ŵakambiska chisopa cha Katolika m'ma 1500 C.E.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/167063 |title=Roman Catholic, n. and adj. |work=Oxford English Dictionary|access-date=24 October 2017|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kweniso, ŵanji ŵakuyowoya za Tchalitchi la Cilatini kuti &quot;Roman Catholic&quot; kupambanako na matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://catholicnewsherald.com/88-news/fp/5548-eastern-catholics-where-are-they-where-should-they-be|title=Eastern Catholics: Where are they? Where should they be?|work=[[Catholic News Herald]]|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte|Diocese of Charlotte]]|date=12 March 2020|access-date=19 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyengo zinyake mazgu ghakuti &quot;Roman Catholic&quot; ghakusangika mu mabuku agho ghakupharazgika na Tchalitchi la Katolika.

Zina lakuti &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; likuyowoya za tchalitchi lose. Zina lakuti &quot;Tchalitchi la Katolika&quot; likusangikaso mu mabuku gha Vatican II (1962-1965), &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Documents of the II Vatican Council |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605190838/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/ |archive-date=5 June 2004 |access-date=4 May 2009 |publisher=Vatican.va. |quote=Note: The pope's signature appears in the Latin version.}}&lt;/ref&gt; First Vatican Council (1869-1870),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 June 1868 |title=Decrees of the First Vatican Council – Papal Encyclicals |url=http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Council of Trent (1545-1563),&lt;ref&gt;[https://history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/trentall.html &quot;The Bull of Indiction of the Sacred Oecumenical and General Council of Trent under the Sovereign Pontiff, Paul III.&quot;] ''The Council of Trent: The Canons and Decrees of the Sacred and Oecumenical Council of Trent''. Ed. and trans. J. Waterworth. London: Dolman, 1848. Retrieved from History.Hanover.edu, 12 September 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; na mabuku ghanyake ghanandi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13121a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Roman Catholic|website=www.newadvent.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/HOWNAME.HTM|title=Kenneth D. Whitehead|website=www.ewtn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbili==
[[File:Perugino - Entrega de las llaves a San Pedro (Capilla Sixtina, 1481-82).jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Painting a haloed Jesus Christ passing keys to a kneeling man.|This [[fresco]] (1481–82) by [[Pietro Perugino]] in the [[Sistine Chapel]] shows Jesus giving the [[Keys of Heaven|keys of heaven]] to [[Saint Peter]].]]
&lt;!--{{POV-section|date=October 2014}} (Addressed on talkpage archive:[[Talk:Catholic Church/Archive 53#History Section]])--&gt;

&lt;!--See corresponding sections in the body of the history section for sources--&gt;
Chisopa cha Cikhristu chili na visambizgo vya Yesu, uyo wakaŵako na kupharazga mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira mu cigaŵa ca Yudeya mu Ufumu wa Roma. Baibolo likusambizga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira awo Yesu Khristu wakaŵakhazikiska ndiwo ŵakalutilira na Tchalitchi la Katolika. Cikristu cikapharazgika mu caru cose ico cikateŵeteranga Ŵaroma, nangauli ŵakasuzgikanga cifukwa ca kususkana na cisopa cautesi. Mu 313 C.E., Fumu Constantine yikazomerezga kuti Ŵakhristu ŵaunenesko ŵaŵe mu chisopa chawo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakanjira mu caru ca Romu mu vilimika vya m'ma 400 na 600 C.E., ŵanandi awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵa cisopa ca Arian, ŵakamba kusopa Cikatolika kuti ŵaŵe ŵabwezi ŵa papa na nyumba za ŵasofi.

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 na 800 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Meditereniyani, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mpoto kwa Europe. Kweniso chikachitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Romu ŵaleke kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Byzantine. Nkhondo izo zikaŵa na mazaza mu tchalitchi, chomenechomene mazaza gha bishopu wa ku Romu, zikafika paheni chomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, pakaŵa kugaŵikana mu mpingo. Ndipouli, matchalitchi gha ku mafumiro gha dazi ghacoko waka ghakaŵa kuti ghalutilira kukolerana na Roma, ndipo ghanyake ghakamba kukolerana na matchalitchi agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na kunthazi.

Ciraliro caumaliro, cithunzi ca Leonardo da Vinci ca kuumaliro wa 1490, ico cikulongora ciphikiro caumaliro ca Yesu na ŵapositole ŵake khumi na ŵaŵiri pambere wandapayikike. Ŵapositole ŵanandi ŵali kusungika mu Romu, kusazgapo mutuŵa Petrosi.

Ŵasembe ŵakwambilira mu vyaru vya ku Europe ŵakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece na Roma ŵaleke kusuzgika. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, tchalitchi likamba kulamulira ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Renaissance, tchalitchi likaŵawovwiranga. Ndipouli, mu virimika vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakalongozganga visambizgo vya Ciphwitikizgo ŵakamba kususka cisopa, comenecomene awo ŵakalongozganga visopa. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain na Portugal ŵakamba kupharazga mu Africa, Asia, na ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia.

Mu 1870, Wupu Wakwamba wa ku Vatican ukati papa wangabuda yayi, ndipo ufumu wa Italy ukatoranga msumba wa Roma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, maboma gha ku Mexico na Spain ghakatambuzga na kukoma ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa visopa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, tchalitchi likasuska muwuso wa Nazi, ndipo likavikilira Ŵayuda ŵanandi ku Ŵanazi. Nkhondo yikati yamara, wanangwa wa kusopa ukasuzgika comene mu vyaru vya Chikomyunizimu ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na Soviet Union.

Mu ma 1960, Wupu wa Vatican wachiŵiri ukapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa maluso gha tchalitchi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga chisopa ichi ŵakayowoya kuti &quot;ŵakajura mawindo&quot;. Nangauli tchalitchi likususkika comene, kweni nyengo zinandi likukhozgera panji kukhozga visambizgo vyautesi vyakukhwaskana na kugonana na ŵanalume.

===Nyengo ya ŵapositole na upapa===
[[File:DambachVille StEtienne 14.JPG|left|thumb|Jesus' commission to [[Saint Peter]]]]
Cipangano Ciphya, comenecomene mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi, ghakuyowoya za milimo na visambizgo vya Yesu, umo wakasankhira ŵapositole ŵake 12 na mulimo wake ukuru wa kuŵatuma, ndipo wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵalutilire kucita mulimo wake. Buku la Milimo la Ŵapositole likuyowoya umo mpingo wa Ŵakhristu ukambira na umo uthenga wawo ukathandazgikira mu ufumu wa Roma. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti uteŵeti wake ukambira pa Pentekoste, mazuŵa 50 pamanyuma pa zuŵa ilo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Khristu wakawuskika. Pa Pentekoste, ŵapositole ŵakagomezga kuti ŵakapokera mzimu utuŵa, uwo ukaŵawovwira kuti ŵambe kulongozga mpingo. Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti mabishopu agho ghakulongozgeka na bishopu wa ku Romu ndigho ghakanjira mu malo gha ŵapositole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite CCC|2.1|880,883}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu buku la Mateyu, Khristu wakati Petrosi ni &quot;libwe&quot; ilo lizamuzengera mpingo wake. Tchalitchi la Katolika likuti bishopu wa ku Romu, uyo ni papa, ndiyo ni muhaliri wa Petrosi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakusanda vya Baibolo ŵakuti Petrosi ndiyo wakaŵa bishopu wakwamba wa Romu. Ŵanyake ŵakuti udindo wa upapa ukuyana yayi na fundo yakuti Petrosi wakaŵa bishopu wa ku Romu panji kuti wakaŵa ku Romu. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti mpingo wa Katolika ukaŵa na ŵaliska ŵanandi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., apo ŵaliska ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito zina lakuti &quot;bishopu wa Roma&quot;. Pa cifukwa ici, Oscar Cullmann, Henry Chadwick, na Bart D. Ehrman wakakayikanga usange Petrosi wakaŵa na udindo wa kuŵa papa. Raymond E. Brown wakayowoyaso kuti nchambura kwenelera kuyowoya za Petrosi nga ni bishopu wa ku Roma, kweni Ŵakhristu ŵa nyengo iyo ŵakamuwonanga kuti wakaŵa na &quot;milimo iyo yikamovwira comene kuti paŵe udindo wa papa mu mpingo&quot;. Brown wakati maudindo agha &quot;ghakawovwira comene kuti bishopu wa ku Roma, bishopu wa mu msumba uwo Petrosi wakafwira ndiposo uko Paulosi wakacitira ukaboni unenesko wa Khristu, waŵe wakulondezga Petrosi pa mulimo wa kupwelelera mpingo wa pa caru cose&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;REB&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Raymond E.|year=2003|title=101 Questions and Answers on the Bible|url={{googlebooks|b8ubeFP6JUYC|page=132|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-4251-4|pages=132–134}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kale na Ufumu wa Roma===
Vinthu vikaŵa makora mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kusambira vinthu viphya. Pakuti mu ufumu uwu mukaŵa misewu yinandi na maji ghanandi, chikaŵa chipusu kwenda, ndipo pakaŵa mtende (Pax Romana). Ufumu uwu ukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora mitheto ya Ŵagiriki.

Mwakupambana na visopa vinandi mu Ufumu wa Roma, Ŵakhristu ŵakeneranga kukana ŵachiuta ŵanyake wose. Cifukwa cakuti Ŵakhristu ŵakakananga kukolerana na viphikiro vyautesi, ŵakatondekanga kucita vinthu vinandi vya mu caru, ndipo ici cikapangiska ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu yayi, kusazgapo ŵalara ŵa boma, kopa kuti Ŵakhristu ŵakukwiyiska ŵachiuta na kunanga mtende wa ufumu. Cifukwa ca nthambuzgo izi, Ŵakhristu ŵakamba kujighanaghanira ŵekha m'paka apo Cikristu cikazomerezgekera mu vilimika vya m'ma 300 C.E.&lt;ref name=&quot;macculloch155and164&quot;&gt;MacCulloch, ''Christianity'', pp. 155–159, 164.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Basilica di San Pietro 1450.jpg|thumb|19th-century drawing by [[Henry William Brewer]] of [[Old Saint Peter's Basilica]], originally built in 318 by [[Emperor Constantine]]]]
Mu 313, Themba Constantine I likapeleka dango lakuti Chikhristu chiŵe chakuzomerezgeka, ndipo mu 330 Constantine wakasamuskira msumba ukuru wa ufumu ku Constantinople, uko sono ni Istanbul, Turkey. Mu 380, dango la ku Tesalonika likazgora Chikhristu cha ku Nicaea kuŵa tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Roma. Mu nyengo ya maungano ghaŵiri gha Ekumeniki, pakaŵa mipingo yinkhondi na yiŵiri, ndipo yikamba kulamulira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Fumu Justinian I ndiyo yikalamuliranga vinthu vya ku Roma, Constantinople, Antiyoke, Yerusalemu, na Alexandria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valliere2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Valliere|first=Paul|year= 2012|title=Conciliarism|url={{googlebooks|Qrt3Z7fyzlUC|page=92|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01574-6|page=92}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bartholomew2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Patriarch|first=Bartholomew|year=2008|title=Encountering the Mystery|url={{googlebooks|4_UB3_UpIcQC|page=3|plainurl=y}}|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-385-52561-9|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 451 C.E., pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Chalcedon, ŵaliska ŵa ku Constantinople ŵakakhozga cisambizgo cawo cakuti cisambizgo ici &quot;ncaciŵiri kwa bishopu wa ku Roma&quot;. Kwamba mu 350 C.E. m'paka mu 500 C.E., mabishopu panji kuti ŵapapa ŵa ku Romu ŵakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza ghanandi chifukwa ŵakakhozgeranga ŵalongozgi ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox. Themba Justinian, ilo mu vigaŵa ivyo likalamuliranga likakhazikiska muwuso wa ŵapositole, umo &quot;likakhazikiskiranga malango ghake ghakukhwaskana na kusopa na kulondezga malango, kweniso likalanguranga vigomezgo vya Tchalitchi&quot;, likakhazikiskaso mazaza ghake pa Roma na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likambiska nyengo ya ufumu wa Ŵapapa wa Byzantium (537-752 C.E.), apo ŵasembe ŵa ku Romu ŵakakhumbikwiranga kuzomerezgeka na themba ku Constantinople panji mwimiliri wake ku Ravenna kuti ŵaŵe ŵapositole.&lt;ref&gt;[[Eamon Duffy|Duffy, Eamon]]. 1997. ''Saints &amp; Sinners: A History of the Popes''. Yale University Press. pp. 66–67&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakanjira mu Ufumu wa Roma mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵakamba kugomezga cisopa ca Arian, ico Tchalitchi la Katolika likati nchambura kugomezgeka. Mphindano ya cisopa iyo yikaŵapo pakati pa mafumu gha ku Germany na ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Cikatolika yikamara mu 497 C.E. apo Clovis I, uyo wakaŵa fumu ya Ŵafrank, wakazgoka Mukatolika, ndipo wakajibatika ku ufumu wa papa na nyumba za cisopa. Ŵasilikari ŵa Visigoth mu Spain ŵakamulondezga mu 589, ndipo ŵa Lombard mu Italy mu ma 600 C.E.

Chikhristu cha ku Western, chomenechomene mu nyumba zake za ŵachiuta, chikawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵasungilire ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale. Kwizira mu dango lake, Benedict wa ku Nursia (c. 480-543), yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska chisopa cha ku Western monasticism, wakasintha chomene vinthu mu vyaru vya ku Europe. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland ŵakamba kusambira chomene ndipo ŵamishonale ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Ireland, nga ni Columbanus na Columba, ŵakathandazga Chikhristu na kukhazikiska nyumba za ŵachiuta mu vyaru vya ku Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cahill_Thomas&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Cahill |first=Thomas |title=[[How the Irish Saved Civilization|How The Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe]] |date=1995 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |location=[[New York City]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nyengo zapakati na Kuwukaso===
[[File:Chartres Cath+Gare.JPG|left|upright=1.2|thumb|[[Chartres Cathedral]], completed 1220]]
Tchalitchi la Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru comene mu vyaru vya ŵazungu kufuma mu nyengo yakale mpaka mu nyengo yithu yino.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'CollinsPref&quot;/&gt; Mu msumba uwu ndimo mukaŵa vyakuvwara vyakucemeka Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist, na Baroque.&lt;ref&gt;Woods, pp. 115–27&lt;/ref&gt; Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Renaissance, nga ni Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Titian, Bernini na Caravaggio, ni viyelezgero vya ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgika vinthu vyakupambanapambana.&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, p. 133.&lt;/ref&gt; Paul Legutko, wakulemba mdauko wa ku Yunivesite ya Stanford, wakayowoya kuti Chalichi la Katolika &quot;ndico cikupangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora, maghanoghano, sayansi, malango, na mawupu agho tikughacemera kuti civilisation ya ku Western&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Review of ''How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilisation''|first=Thomas Jr.|last=Woods|url=http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/bookpage.asp?prod_cd=c6664|work=National Review Book Service|access-date=16 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822150152/http://www.nrbookservice.com/products/BookPage.asp?prod_cd=c6664|archive-date=22 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku Manjiliro gha dazi [[Vikhristu]], mayunivesite ghakwamba ku Europe ghakakhazikiska ŵamonke ŵa Tchalitchi la Katolika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions|first=Alexandra |last= Den Heijer| isbn=9789059724877| year =2011|publisher=Academische Uitgeverij Eburon| quote= Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Christian Education|first=Mark|last= A. Lamport |year= 2015| page =484|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield| isbn=9780810884939|quote= All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World|first=Thomas |last=B M. Leonard|year= 2013| isbn=9781135205157| page = 1369|publisher=Routledge|quote= Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufuma mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000 kuya munthazi, masukulu ghanyake ghakale gha katedrale [[Yunivesite ya mu nyengo ya Ŵamitundu|ghakazgoka mayunivesite]] (wonani, mwaciyelezgero, [[Yunivesite ya Oxford]], [[Yunivesite ya Paris]] na [[Yunivesite ya Bologna]]). Pakwamba, masambiro ghapachanya ghakaŵa gha Ŵakhristu [[sukulu za katedrale]] panji [[sukulu za ŵasembe]] (''Scholae monasticae''), awo ŵakalongozgekanga na [[ŵasembe]] na [[ŵasembe]]. Ukaboni wa masukulu agha ukaŵapo mu vilimika vya m’ma 6th century&amp;nbsp;CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;Riché, Pierre (1978): &quot;Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century&quot;, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|0-87249-376-8}}, pp.&amp;nbsp;126–127, 282–298&lt;/ref&gt; Mayunivesite ghaphya agha ghakasazgirako masambiro gha ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa, ŵaloya, ŵanchito ŵa boma, na madokota.&lt;ref&gt;Rudy, ''The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914'', p. 40&lt;/ref&gt; Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti yunivesite iyi ni sukulu iyo yikambira mu [[Mbiri ya Chikhristu|Mkhristu wa mu Nyengo Yapakati]].&lt;ref name=verger1999&gt;{{cite book |last=Verger |first=Jacques |date=1999 |author-link=:fr:Jacques Verger|title=Culture, enseignement et société en Occident aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles |edition=1st |language=fr |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes in Rennes |isbn=978-2-86847-344-8 |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL822497W |access-date=17 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Verger, Jacques. &quot;The Universities and Scholasticism,&quot; in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rüegg, Walter 1992, pp. XIX&quot;&gt;Rüegg, Walter: &quot;Foreword. The University as a European Institution&quot;, in: ''A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. XIX–XX&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuwukira kukuru kwa Ŵasilamu mu [[Chikhristu mu vilimika vya m’ma 700|pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 700]] kukayamba nkhondo yitali pakati pa [[Chikhristu na Chisilamu]] mu chigaŵa chose cha Meditereniyani. Mwaluŵiro [[Ufumu wa Byzantium]] ukataya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi [[ufumu wa ŵasekuru]]s vya [[Mulongozgi wa Orthodox wa Ŵagiriki wa ku Yerusalemu|Yerusalemu]], [[Mulongozgi wa Alexandria|Alexandria]] na [[Mulongozgi wa Antiokeya wakaŵa|Mulongozgi wa ku Antiokeya wa] Konstantinople|Konstantinople]], msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu. Chifukwa cha [[Kuthereska kwa Ŵasilamu kwakwamba|Kuwusa kwa Chisilamu pa Meditereniyani]], boma la Frank, ilo likaŵa pakatikati pa nyanja iyo, likakwaniska kusintha kuŵa nkhongono yakuwusa iyo yikapanga Western Europe mu Middle Ages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pirenne|first=Henri|year=1980|title=Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade|others=Frank D. Halsey (trans.)|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|orig-date=1925|url={{googlebooks|TKUN4UdfVaQC|page=27|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-691-00760-1|pages=27–32}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkhondo za [[Nkhondo ya Toulouse (721)|Toulouse]] na [[Nkhondo ya Poitiers (732)|Poitiers]] zikalekeska kuluta panthazi kwa Chisilamu ku Manjiliro gha dazi ndipo [[Kuzingilizgika kwa Constantinople (717–718)|kuzingilizgika kwa Constantinople]] iyo yikatondeka yikalekeska ku Mafumiro gha dazi. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 20 panji 30, mu 751, Ufumu wa Byzantium ukataya msumba wa Ravenna uwo [[Exarchate of Ravenna|ukalamuliranga]] vigaŵa vichokovichoko vya Italy, kusazgapo Roma, ivyo vikazomerezga kuti viŵe na mazaza pa ŵa Lombard. Kuwa kwa Ravenna kukang’anamuranga kuti kukhozgeka na exarch uyo wakaŵakoso yayi kukapempheka yayi pa nyengo ya chisankho mu 752 cha [[Papa Stephen II]] ndiposo kuti ŵapapa ŵakachichizgika kupenja malo ghanyake kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza gha boma kuti ŵaŵavikilire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Jeffrey|year=2014|title=The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages|publisher=Routledge|url={{googlebooks|Zod9AwAAQBAJ|page=230|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-1-317-67817-5|page=230}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 754, pa pempho la mwaluŵiro la Papa Stephen, themba la Frank [[Pepin Mufupi]] likapoka Ŵalombard. Pamanyuma pake [[Kupeleka kwa Pepin|wakapeleka chawanangwa]] vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa vya exarchate kwa papa, ntheura wakambiska [[Vigaŵa vya Papa]]. Roma na Byzantine East ŵazamuŵa na nkhondo yinyake mu nyengo ya [[kugaŵikana kwa Photian]] mu vilimika vya m’ma 860, apo [[Photios I wa ku Constantinople | Nangauli kugaŵikana uku kukagowokerana, kweni nkhani izo zikaŵa kuti zindamazgike zingapangiska kuti ŵagaŵikaneso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Willston|year=1985|title=History of the Christian Church|publisher=Simon and Schuster|url={{googlebooks|bFw8PtQhpVoC|page=250|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-684-18417-3|pages=250–251}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1000, kuyezgayezga kwa [[Hildebrand wa ku Sovana]] kukapangiska kuti paŵe [[Koleji ya Ŵakadinala]] kuti ŵasankhe ŵapapa ŵaphya, kwamba na [[Papa Alexander II]] mu [[Chisankho cha Papa, 1061|chisankho cha Papa cha 1061]]. Alexander Wachiŵiri wakati wafwa, Hildebrand wakasankhika kuti waŵe m’malo mwake, nga ni [[Papa Gregory VII]]. Nthowa yakwamba ya chisankho cha College of Cardinals iyo Gregory VII wakawovwira kukhazikiska yalutilira kugwira ntchito m’paka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000. Papa Gregory VII wakambiskaso [[Kusintha kwa Gregory]] pa nkhani ya kujiyimira paŵekha kwa ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ku ŵamazaza ŵa caru. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Nkhondo ya Kuŵika Ndalama]] pakati pa tchalitchi na [[Fumu Yituŵa ya Roma]], iyo yikaŵa na mazaza ghakusankha mabishopu na ŵapapa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar107&quot;&gt;Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), pp. 107–11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy78&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 78, quote: &quot;By contrast, Paschal's successor [[Pope Eugene II|Eugenius II]] (824–7), elected with imperial influence, gave away most of these papal gains. He acknowledged the Emperor's sovereignty in the papal state, and he accepted a constitution imposed by Lothair which established imperial supervision of the administration of Rome, imposed an oath to the Emperor on all citizens, and required the pope–elect to swear fealty before he could be consecrated. Under [[Pope Sergius II|Sergius II]] (844–7) it was even agreed that the pope could not be consecrated without an imperial mandate and that the ceremony must be in the presence of his representative, a revival of some of the more galling restrictions of Byzantine rule.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1095, [[Ufumu wa Byzantine|Byzantine]] themba [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I]] wakapempha [[Papa Urban II]] kuti wamovwire kulimbana na nkhondo za Ŵasilamu izo zikaŵa kuti zawukiraso ŵasilikari ŵawo. 8&lt;/ref&gt; ivyo vikapangiska kuti Urban wambe [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Mtanda]] iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti wawovwire Ufumu wa Byzantine na kuwezgerapo [[Charu Chatuŵa]] ku mazaza gha Ŵakhristu.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=140–141}} Mu [[Ubale] wa Chikhristu pakati pa vilimika vya m’ma 1900, 1111. tchalitchi lakwamba la Chigiriki na Tchalitchi la Chilatini vikaŵapatura mu [[East–West Schism]], chigaŵa chinyake chifukwa cha kugaŵikana pa [[papa]] mazaza. [[Nkhondo Yachinayi ya Mtanda]] na kupoka Constantinople na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ŵakalongora kuti ŵakaswa malango ghaumaliro. Mu nyengo iyi, matchalitchi ghakuru gha chigothi ku France ghakaŵa ghakumanyikwa chomene.

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1200 [[magulu ghakupemphapempha]] ghakakhazikiska [[Francis wa ku Assisi]] ​​na [[Dominic Mutuŵa|Dominic de Guzmán]]. ''Studia conventualia'' na ''[[sukulu yikuru|studia yikuru]]'' ya malango ghakupemphapempha ŵakawovwira chomene pa kusintha kwa [[sukulu ya katedrale]] iyo yikakhozgekanga na tchalitchi na sukulu za pa nyumba ya ufumu, nga ni ya [[Charlemagne]] ku [[Aachen]], ku mayunivesite gha [[Aachen]], kuŵa gha pro.&lt;ref&gt;Woods, pp. 44–48&lt;/ref&gt; [[Masambiro|Masambiro]] ŵasambizgi ŵa visopa na ŵafilosofe nga ni wasembe wa ku Dominican [[Thomas Aquinas]] ŵakasambiranga na kusambizga pa masambiro agha. Aquinas ''Summa Theologica'' yikaŵa chinthu chakuzirwa chomene pa nkhani ya vinjeru pakusazga chiharo cha [[filosofe yakale ya ku Greece|ŵafilosofe ŵakale ŵa ku Greece]] nga ni Plato na Aristotle na ivyo vikaŵa mu chivumbuzi cha Ŵakhristu.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=158–159}}

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1300, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona nkhondo pakati pa tchalitchi na boma. Kuti ŵaleke kukhazikika mu Roma, [[Papa Clement V|Clement V]] mu 1309 wakazgoka wakwamba pa ŵapapa ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba wakukhora wa [[Avignon]] kumwera kwa France mu nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti [[Upapa wa Avignon]]. Upapa wa Avignon ukamara mu 1376 apo papa wakawelera ku Roma, kweni mu 1378 ukalondezgeka na [[Kugaŵikana kwa Kumanjiliro gha dazi|Kugaŵikana kwa Kumanjiliro gha dazi]] uko kukatora vyaka 38, ndipo awo ŵakatenge ŵaŵe ŵapapa ku Roma, Avignon na (pamanyuma pa 1409) Pisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;McManners232&quot;/&gt; Nkhani iyi yikamazgika chomene mu 1415–17 pa [[Council of Constance]], ndipo awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na boma ku Roma na Pisa ŵakazomera kuleka ntchito ndipo uyo wakakhumbanga boma wachitatu wakafumiskikapo na ŵakadinala, awo ŵakachita chisankho chiphya na zina lakuti [[Papa Martin V|Martin V]] papa.&lt;ref name=&quot;McManners240&quot;&gt;McManners, p. 240&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Lightmatter Sistine Chapel ceiling.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Nyengo ya Renaissance yikaŵa nyengo ya golide ya [[luso lwa Ŵakatolika]]. Pa cithuzithuzi: [[Siling’i ya Nyumba ya Kusopa ya Sistine]] iyo yikapenteka na [[Michelangelo]].]]
Mu 1438, [[Council of Florence]] yikawungana, iyo yikaŵa na kudumbiskana kwakukhora uko kukaŵika mtima pa kupulikiska mphambano za visopa pakati pa Mafumiro gha dazi na Kumanjiliro gha dazi, na cigomezgo cakuti matchalitchi gha Katolika na gha Orthodox ghazamukoleranaso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Geanakoplos|first=Deno John|year=1989|title=Constantinople and the West|location=Madison, WI|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-11880-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matchalitchi ghanandi gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakakoleranaso, ndipo ghakapanga chigaŵa chikuru cha [[Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Collinge|first=William J.|year=2012|title=Historical Dictionary of Catholicism|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url={{googlebooks|LR0Nyt3bi_MC|page=169|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-8108-5755-1|page=169}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bungwe ==
[[File:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg|thumb|&quot;Nizamukupani makiyi gha ufumu wa kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho muzamukaka pa charu chapasi chizamukakika kuchanya, ndipo chilichose icho muzamufwatura pa charu chapasi chizamufwatuka kuchanya.&quot; Yesu kwa Petrosi mu [[Uthenga Uwemi wa Mateyu]], Matthew 16:19.]]

Mpingo wa Katolika ukulondezga ndondomeko ya episcopal polity, iyo yikulongozgeka na mabishopu awo ŵapokera sakramenti ya Holy Orders awo ŵakupika mazaza ghakulongozga mukati mwa mpingo.[186][187] Pali vigaŵa vitatu vya ŵaliska: episcopate, iyo yili na mabishopu agho ghali na mazaza pa malo agho ghakuchemeka diocese panji eparchy; presbyterate, iyo yili na ŵasembe awo ŵakuŵikika na mabishopu ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito mu madayosisi gha mu chigaŵa panji mu mabungwe gha visopa; na udikoni, uwo uli na ŵadikoni awo ŵakovwira mabishopu na ŵasembe pa milimo yakupambanapambana ya uteŵeti. Paumaliro uyo wakulongozga Mpingo wose wa Katolika ni bishopu wa ku Roma, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti papa (mu Chilatini: papa, lit. 'dada'), uyo mazaza ghake ghakuchemeka Mpando Mutuŵa (Sancta Sedes mu Chilatini).[188] Pakuyana waka na kapangikiro ka dayosizi pali mabungwe ghakupambanapambana gha visopa agho ghakugwira ntchito mwakujiyimira paŵekha, kanandi ghakulongozgeka na mazaza gha papa pera, nangauli nyengo zinyake ghakulongozgeka na bishopu wa malo agha. Mabungwe ghanandi gha visopa ghakuŵa na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera kweni ghanyake ghakuŵa na wose ŵaŵiri. Kweniso, ŵantu ŵambura kusopa ŵakuwovwira pa milimo yinandi ya cisopo pa nyengo ya kusopa.

=== Mpando Wakupatulika, upapa, Curia ya Roma, na Koleji ya Ŵakadinali ===
Ŵalongozgi ŵa Tchalitchi la Katolika ŵakulongozgeka na papa—sono ni Papa Francis, uyo wakasankhika pa 13 March 2013 na msonkhano wa ŵapapa.[118] Ofesi ya papa yikumanyikwa kuti papacy. Tchalitchi la Katolika likuyowoya kuti Khristu wakambiska upapa apo wakapeleka makiyi gha Kuchanya kwa Petrosi Mutuŵa. Mazaza ghake gha tchalitchi ghakuchemeka Holy See, panji Mpando wa Ŵapositole (kung'anamura Mpando wa mpositole Petrosi).[119][120] Ŵanthu awo ŵakuteŵetera papa mwaluŵiro ni Roman Curia, wupu ukuru uwo ukulaŵilira bizinesi ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya Tchalitchi la Katolika.

Papa nayo ni muwusi wa Vatican City,[121] msumba-boma lichoko ilo lili mu msumba wa Roma, uwo ni gulu lakupambana na Holy See. Ni nga ni mutu wa Holy See, nga ni mutu wa Vatican City State yayi, apo papa wakupokelera ŵamishonale ŵa vyaru na kuŵatumira ŵamishonale ŵake ŵa boma.[122] Mpando Wakupatulika ukupelekaso malango, kukongozga na mendulo, nga ni malango gha chivalry agho ghakafuma mu nyengo ya Middle Ages.

Nangauli tchalitchi lakumanyikwa la Saint Peter lili mu msumba wa Vatican, pachanya pa malo ghakumanyikwa gha dindi la Saint Peter, tchalitchi likuru la papa la Dayosizi ya Roma ni Archbasilica ya Saint John Lateran, iyo yili mukati mwa msumba wa Roma, nangauli yili na mwaŵi wa kuzomerezgeka na Holy.

Malo gha kadinala ni udindo wa ntchindi uwo ŵapapa ŵakupeleka ku ŵaliska ŵanyake, nga mbalongozgi ŵa mu Roman Curia, mabishopu agho ghakuteŵetera mu misumba yikuruyikuru na ŵasambizgi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa visopa. Kuti ŵamupe ulongozgi na wovwiri pa kulamulira, papa wangaluta ku College of Cardinal.[123]

Pamanyuma pa nyifwa panji kuleka kwa papa,[wonani 3] ŵabali ŵa College of Cardinals awo ŵali pasi pa vyaka 80 ŵakuchita nga ni koleji ya visankho, ŵakukumana mu msonkhano wa papa kuti ŵasankhe uyo wazamuŵalondezga.[125] Nangauli conclave yingasankha mwanalume waliyose wa Katolika kuŵa papa, kufuma mu 1389 ŵakasankhika waka makadinala.[126]

=== Dango la Canon ===
Catholic canon law (Chilatini: jus canonicum) ni ndondomeko ya malango na fundo za malango izo zikupangika na kukhozgeka na ŵalara ŵa boma la Katolika kuti ŵalongozge bungwe lake la kuwaro na boma ndiposo kuti ŵalongozge na kulongozga milimo ya Ŵakatolika ku mulimo wa tchalitchi. Lamulo la canon la Tchalitchi la Latin ndilo likaŵa lakwamba la mazuŵa ghano la malango gha ku Manjiliro gha dazi,[115] ndipo ndilo dongosolo lakale chomene ilo likulutilira kugwira ntchito ku Manjiliro gha dazi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first1=Edward N. |last1=Peters |author1-link=Edward N. Peters |url=http://canonlaw.info |title=CanonLaw.info Home Page |access-date=11 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Raymond |last1=Wacks |author1-link=Raymond Wacks |title=Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |page=13 |isbn=978-0198745624}}&lt;/ref&gt; apo mitheto yakupambanapambana ya malango gha Katolika ya Kummaŵa yikulamulira matchalitchi 23 gha ku Eastern Catholic particular sui iuris.

Malango ghawemi gha tchalitchi, ghakukhazikika mwachindunji panji mwambura kumanyikwa pa dango la Chiuta ilo likusintha yayi panji dango la chilengiwa, ghakupokera mazaza ghakuzomerezgeka pa nkhani ya malango gha pa charu chose kufuma ku kupharazgika na wakupanga malango mulara—Pontiff Mukuru—uyo wali na mazaza ghose ghakuŵika malango, ghakulongozga munthu, na ghakweruzga mu]. mazaza kufuma ku kupharazgika na wakupanga malango uyo wali pasi pa wakupanga malango mulara, kwali ni wakupanga malango wambura kumanyikwa panji wakupeleka malango. Nkhani yeneco ya mu mabuku gha malango nja visambizgo panji nkharo pera yayi, kweni yikukhwaska vyose umo munthu waliri. Lili na vinthu vyose vyambura kumanyikwa vya ndondomeko ya malango yakukhwima: malango, makhoti, ŵaloya, ŵeruzgi, malango ghakumanyikwa makora gha Tchalitchi la Chilatini pamoza na malango gha Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, fundo zakulongosora malango, na penalties.

Malango gha mu Tchalitchi la Katolika ghakukhwaskana na umoyo na gulu la Tchalitchi ndipo ghakupambana na malango gha boma. Mu munda wake ukupereka nkhongono ku malango gha boma pera mwa kuŵika malango ghanyake mu nkhani nga nkhupwelelera ŵana ŵachoko. Mwakuyana waka, dango la boma lingapereka nkhongono mu munda wake ku dango la canon, kweni mwa kuŵika waka dango lakumanyikwa, nga umo vikuŵira na nthengwa za canon. Pasono, 1983 Code of Canon Law yikugwira ntchito ku Mpingo wa Chilatini. Malango ghakupambana gha 1990 gha Matchalitchi gha Kummaŵa (CCEO, pamanyuma pa vimanyikwiro vyakwamba vya Chilatini) ghakugwira ntchito ku Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa ghakujiyimira paŵekha.

=== Matchalitchi gha Chilatini na gha ku Mafumiro gha dazi ===
Mu vyaka chikwi vyakwamba vya mdauko wa Katolika, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya Chikhristu yikapangika mu vigaŵa vya Chikhristu vya Kumanjiliro gha dazi na Kummaŵa kwa Europe, Asia na Africa. Nangauli matchalitchi ghanandi gha ku mafumiro gha dazi ghakukoleranaso yayi na Tchalitchi la Katolika pamanyuma pa Kugaŵikana Kukuru kwa 1054 (na kugaŵikana kwakwamba kwa Nestorian na Chalcedonian Schism), matchalitchi 23 ghakujiyimira paŵekha gha mitheto ya kumafumiro gha dazi ghakutorapo mbali mu chiyanjano cha Katolika, icho chikumanyikwaso kuti &quot;church one:i'i's). Tchalitchi likuru chomene ndiposo lakumanyikwa chomene ni Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ilo ndilo pera ilo likulondezga mitheto ya ku Manjiliro gha dazi, ndipo lili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 biliyoni pa charu chose. Pakuyowoya za ŵalondezgi ŵachoko chomene pakuyaniska na Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ni Matchalitchi 23 ghakujiyimira pawokha gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 17.3 miliyoni kufuma mu 2010.

Tchalitchi la Chilatini likulongozgeka na papa na mabishopu gha mu dayosizi agho wali kusankhika na iyo mwaluŵiro. Papa wakuchita mulimo wa ŵasekuru pa Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ilo likuwoneka kuti likapanga chigaŵa chakwamba ndiposo chikuru cha Chikhristu cha Kumanjiliro gha dazi, chiharo cha vigomezgo vinyake na mitheto iyo yikafuma ku Europe na kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, vinyake mwa ivyo vikahara na visopo vinandi vya Chikhristu ivyo vikulondezgapo kufuma kwawo ku Reformation.

Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakulondezga mitheto na uzimu wa Chikhristu cha kumafumiro gha dazi ndipo ni matchalitchi agho nyengo zose ghakulutilira kukolerana chomene na Tchalitchi la Katolika panji agho ghasankha kunjiraso mu ubwezi wose mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vikalondezgapo pa East–West Schism panji kugaŵikana kwakwambilira. Matchalitchi agha ni mitundu ya Ŵakhristu ŵa Katolika awo mitundu yawo ya kusopa yikulongora kuti ŵali na mdauko na mitheto yakupambanapambana m’malo mwa kupambana mu visambizgo. Kweni chifukwa chakuti papa wakazomerezga Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pa nkhani ya kukolerana kwa matchalitchi gha Eastern Orthodox na matchalitchi ghanyake gha kumafumiro gha dazi. Kuyana na mdauko, kucicizgika kuti ŵalondezgenge mitheto ya Cikhristu ca ku Manjiliro gha dazi iyo yikacitikanga na Tchalitchi la Latin ilo likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, kukapangiska kuti ŵanjirepo (kusintha Cilatini) pa mitheto yinyake ya Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Mafumiro gha dazi. Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Vatican Council, Orientalium Ecclesiarum, chikazengeka pa kusintha kwakumanyuma kuti chikhozgereso wanangwa wa Ŵakatolika ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mikhaliro yawo yakupambanapambana ya chisopa.

Mpingo sui iuris ukulongosoreka mu Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches nga ni &quot;gulu la ŵakugomezgeka ŵa Chikhristu awo ŵakukolerana na ŵalongozgi&quot; awo ŵakumanyikwa na papa mu udindo wake nga ni mulara wapacanya pa nkhani za visambizgo mukati mwa mpingo. Lizgu ili ni chinthu chiphya icho CCEO yikapanga kuti yilongore kuti Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha ku Mafumiro gha dazi ghakujiyimira paŵekha, agho ghakulutilira kukolerana chomene na papa, kweni ghali na ndondomeko ya boma na mitheto ya chisopa yakupambana na ya Tchalitchi la Latin. Nangauli mabuku gha Tchalitchi la Chilatini ghakugwiliskira ntchito lizgu ili mwakudunjika yayi, kweni ŵakuzomerezga kuti likuyana waka.

Matchalitchi ghanyake gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi ghakulamulirika na patriarch uyo wakusankhika na sinodi ya mabishopu gha tchalitchi ilo, ghanyake ghakulongozgeka na archbishop mulara,[124] ghanyake ghali pasi pa metropolitan, ndipo ghanyake ghakupangika nga ni eparchies paŵekha. Mpingo uliwose uli na mazaza pa vigaŵa vya bungwe lake la mukati, mitheto ya chisopa, kalendara ya chisopa na vinyake vya uzimu wake, vikulondezga waka mazaza gha papa. Roman Curia ili na dipatimenti yinyake, Mpingo wa Matchalitchi gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, kuti yiŵe paubwezi nawo. Kanandi papa wakusankha yayi mabishopu panji ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa mu Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa, ndipo wakuchedweska ndondomeko yawo ya boma la mukati, kweni wanganjilirapo usange wakuwona kuti nchakwenelera.

=== Ma dayosizi, ma parishi, mabungwe, na mabungwe ===
Vyaru vinyake, vigaŵa, panji misumba yikuruyikuru yikuteŵetereka na matchalitchi ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa kuti ma dayosizi mu Tchalitchi la Chilatini, panji ma eparchies mu Matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Kummaŵa, ndipo matchalitchi ghanyake ghakulaŵilirika na bishopu. Kufuma mu 2008, Mpingo Katolika uli na madayosisi 2,795. Mabishopu mu charu chinyake mba membala ŵa msonkhano wa ŵabishopu ŵa charu panji ŵa chigaŵa.

Ma dayosizi ghagaŵika mu ma parishi, ndipo lililose lili na wasembe yumoza panji ŵanandi, ŵadikoni, panji ŵateŵeti ŵa tchalitchi ŵambura kusambizgika. Ma Parish ndiwo ghakuchitiska chikondwelero cha zuŵa na zuŵa cha masakramenti na kupwelelera ŵaliska ŵa ŵanthu ŵambura kusopa. Kufuma mu 2016, pali ma parishi 221,700 pa charu chose.

Mu Tchalitchi la Chilatini, ŵanalume ŵa Katolika ŵangateŵetera nga mbadikoni panji ŵasembe mwa kupokera udindo wa sakramenti. Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵangateŵetera nga mbateŵeti ŵapadera ŵa Mgonero Utuŵa, nga mbaŵazgi (ŵasambizgi), panji nga mbateŵeti ŵa pa jotchero. Kuyana na mdauko, ŵanyamata na ŵanalume ŵakazomerezgekanga waka kuteŵetera nga mbateŵeti ŵa pa jotchero; kweni kufuma mu 1990s, ŵasungwana na ŵanakazi nawo ŵazomerezgeka.

Ŵakatolika ŵakuŵikika, pamoza na ŵantu ŵambura kusopa, ŵanganjira mu umoyo wakupatulika panji paŵekha, nga ni hermit panji mwali wakupatulika, panji mwa kunjira mu wupu wa umoyo wakupatulika (wupu wa cisopo panji wupu wa ŵantu ŵambura kusopa) umo ŵangacitira malumbiro ghakukhozgera khumbo lawo la kulondezga vigaŵa vitatu vya chavertistigel na eselyun, . kupulikira. Viyelezgero vya mabungwe gha umoyo wakupatulika ni ŵa Benedictine, ŵa Carmelite, ŵa Dominican, ŵa Franciscan, ŵa Mishonale ŵa Chitemwa, Ŵasilikari ŵa Khristu na Ŵadumbu ŵa Lusungu.

&quot;Mabungwe gha chisopa&quot; ni lizgu la mazuŵa ghano ilo likukhwaska &quot;malango gha chisopa&quot; na &quot;mipingo ya chisopa,&quot; iyo nyengo yinyake yikaŵa yakupambana mu malango gha chisopa. Mazgu ghakuti &quot;ndondomeko ya chisopa&quot; na &quot;bungwe la chisopa&quot; ghakugwiriskirika nchito nga ni mazgu ghakuyana waka.

Kwizira mu vyakovwira vya Katolika na vinyake, Mpingo Wa Katolika ndiwo ukupeleka masambiro na wovwiri wa umoyo pa charu chose chapasi kwambura boma.

=== Kuŵa membala ===
Chikatolika ndicho chisopa chachiŵiri pa charu chose, chikuluska Chisilamu cha Sunni pera.[115] Ŵanthu ŵa mu tchalitchi, awo ŵakulongosoreka kuti mba Katolika ŵakubatizika, ŵakaŵa 1.345 biliyoni kuumaliro wa 2019, awo ni 18% ya ŵanthu ŵa pa charu chose. Brazil ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Katolika pa charu chose, ndipo pamanyuma pake pali Mexico, Philippines, na United States.[117] Ŵakatolika ŵakuyimira pafupifupi hafu ya Ŵakhristu wose.

Kugaŵika kwa malo kwa Ŵakatolika pa charu chose kukulutilira kusintha, na 18.7% ku Africa, 48.1% ku America, 11.0% ku Asia, 21.2% ku Europe, na 0.8% ku Oceania.

Ŵateŵeti ŵa Katolika ŵakusazgapo ŵaliska ŵakuŵikika, ŵateŵeti ŵa tchalitchi ŵambura kusambizgika, ŵamishonale, na ŵasambizgi ŵa katekisimu. Kweniso ku umaliro wa 2019, pakaŵa ŵaliska ŵakuŵikika 467,938, kusazgapo mabishopu 5,364, ŵasembe 414,336 (ŵa dayosizi na ŵa chisopa), na ŵadikoni 48,238 (ŵanyengo zose). Ŵateŵeti ŵambura kuŵikika ŵakaŵa ŵasambizgi ŵa katekisimu 3,157,568, ŵamishonale ŵambura kusambizgika 367,679, na ŵateŵeti ŵambura kusambizgika ŵa matchalitchi 39,951.

Ŵakatolika awo ŵali kujipeleka ku umoyo wa cisopo panji wakupatulika m’malo mwa nthengwa panji kuŵa ŵambura kutora panji kutengwa, nga ni umoyo panji nchito ya ubwezi, ŵakusazgapo ŵanalume 54,559 ŵakusopa na ŵanakazi 705,529 ŵakusopa. Iwo ŵakuŵikika yayi, panji ŵakuwoneka kuti mbateŵeti pekha usange nawo ŵakuchitako chimoza mwa vigaŵa vya ŵateŵeti ŵambura kumanyikwa ivyo vili pachanya apa.

==Chisambizgo==
Chisambizgo cha Katolika chakura mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo chikulongora visambizgo vyakudunjika vya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, kulongosora kwakuzomerezgeka kwa vigomezgo vyakugaluka na vya orthodox na makhonsolo gha visopo vyose na mu ng’ombe za ŵapapa, ndiposo mphindano za vya chisopa na ŵasambiri. Mpingo ukugomezga kuti nyengo zose ukulongozgeka na Mzimu Mutuŵa apo ukumanya nkhani ziphya za chisopa ndipo ukuvikilirika kwambura kubudiska kuti uleke kugwa mu visambizgo vyambura kwenelera para ŵasankha mwakukhora pa nkhani yinyake.

Likusambizga kuti kuvumbulika kuli na mtundu umoza wakuyana, Chiuta, na nthowa ziŵiri zakupambanapambana zakupharazgira: Malemba Ghatuŵa na Mitheto Yakupatulika, ndipo ivi vikung’anamulika nadi na Magisterium. Malemba Ghakupatulika ghali na mabuku 73 gha Baibolo la Katolika, ndipo ghali na mabuku 46 gha Testamente Lakale na 27 gha Testamente Lasono. Sacred Tradition yili na visambizgo ivyo mpingo ukugomezga kuti vikapelekeka kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵapositole. Malemba Ghakupatulika na Mwambo Wakupatulika vyose pamoza vikumanyikwa kuti &quot;kuŵika chipulikano&quot; (depositum fidei mu Chilatini). Ivi vikung'anamulikaso na Magisterium (kufuma ku magister, Chilatini &quot;msambizgi&quot;), mazaza ghakusambizga gha tchalitchi, agho ghakuchitika na papa na College of Bishops pamoza na papa, Bishopu wa Roma.[179] Chisambizgo cha Katolika chikulongosoreka mwakudumura mu Katekisimu wa Tchalitchi la Katolika, ilo likalembeka na Holy See.

=== Mtundu wa Chiuta ===
Ŵakatolika ŵakugomezga kuti Yesu Khristu ni &quot;Munthu Wachiŵiri&quot; wa Utatu, Chiuta Mwana. Mu chinthu icho chikumanyikwa kuti Kuzgoka Munthu, kwizira mu nkhongono ya Mzimu Mutuŵa, Chiuta wakakolerana na chilengiwa cha munthu kwizira mu kubabika kwa Khristu mu nthumbo ya Mariya Namwali Mutumbikika. Ntheura, Khristu wakupulikiskika kuti ni Ciuta wakukwana ndiposo munthu wakukwana, kusazgapo kuŵa na mzimu wa munthu. Ŵakusambizgika kuti mulimo wa Khristu pa charu chapasi ukaŵa wakupeleka ku ŵanthu visambizgo vyake na kupereka chiyelezgero chake kuti ŵalondezgenge nga umo vili kulembekera mu mabuku ghanayi gha Uthenga Uwemi. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Yesu wakakhala wambura kwananga apo wakaŵa pa charu chapasi, ndipo wakazomerezga kuti ŵamukome kwambura urunji mwa kupayikika pa khuni, nga ni sembe yake kuti waphemaniske ŵanthu na Chiuta; kugowokerana uku kukumanyikwa kuti Chisisi cha Paska. Lizgu la Chigiriki lakuti &quot;Khristu&quot; na la Chihebere lakuti &quot;Mesiya&quot; ghose ghakung'anamura &quot;wakuphakazgika&quot;, ghakung'anamura chigomezgo cha Ŵakhristu chakuti nyifwa na chiwuka cha Yesu ni kufiskika kwa mauchimi gha mesiya gha mu Testamente Lakale.

Mpingo Wa Katolika ukusambizga mwakusimikizga kuti &quot;Mzimu Mutuŵa wakufuma kwa Ŵadada na Mwana kwamuyirayira, kufuma ku fundo ziŵiri yayi kweni kufuma ku fundo yimoza&quot;. Iwo ukuyowoya kuti Ŵadada, nga ni &quot;fundo yambura fundo&quot;, ndiwo ŵakwamba kufuma ku Mzimu, kweniso kuti iyo, nga ni Ŵadada ŵa Mwana yumoza pera, wali na Mwana fundo yimoza iyo Mzimu wakufumiramo. Chigomezgo ichi chikulongosoreka mu fundo ya ''Filioque'' iyo yikasazgikira ku mtundu wa Chilatini wa Nicene Creed wa 381 kweni yikasazgikira yayi mu mtundu wa Chigiriki wa chigomezgo icho chikagwiriskirika nchito mu Chikhristu cha Kummaŵa.

=== Mtundu wa tchalitchi ===
Mpingo Katolika ukusambizga kuti ni &quot;tchalitchi limoza launenesko&quot;,[172][173] &quot;sakaramenti la chiponosko cha ŵanthu wose&quot;, na &quot;chisopa chimoza chaunenesko&quot;. Kuyana na Katekisimu, Mpingo Katolika ukulongosorekaso mu Chigomezgo cha Nicene kuti &quot;Mchalitchi umoza, utuŵa, wa Katolika, na wa ŵapositole&quot;. Vinthu ivi vyose pamoza vikumanyikwa kuti Vimanyikwiro Vinayi vya Mpingo. Mpingo ukusambizga kuti uyo wakambiska ni Yesu Khristu. Testamente Lasono likulemba vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti vikaŵa vyakuzirwa chomene pakukhazikiska Tchalitchi la Katolika, kusazgapo milimo na visambizgo vya Yesu ndiposo kusankha ŵapositole kuŵa ŵakaboni ŵa uteŵeti wake, masuzgo ghake, na chiwuka chake. Mulimo Ukuru, wakati wawuka, wakaphalira ŵapositole kuti ŵalutilire mulimo wake. Kuza kwa Mzimu Mutuŵa pa ŵapositole, mu chinthu icho chikumanyikwa kuti Pentekoste, chikuwoneka nga ni kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa pa wumba wa Mpingo Katolika. Mpingo ukusambizga kuti mabishopu ghose ghakupatulika ghakwenelera ghali na mzere wakulondezgapo kufuma ku ŵapositole ŵa Khristu, uwo ukumanyikwa kuti mzere wa ŵapositole. Makamaka, Bishopu wa Roma (papa) wakuwoneka kuti ni uyo wakalondezgapo mpositole Simoni Petrosi, udindo uwo wakupokerapo udindo wake pa mpingo.

Chigomezgo cha Katolika chikuti mpingo &quot;ni kuŵapo kwa Yesu kwakulutilira pa charu chapasi&quot; ndipo ndilo pera ilo lili na nthowa zose za chiponosko. Kwizira mu suzgo (kusuzgika) kwa Khristu uko kukapangiska kuti wakomeke pa khuni nga umo vikulongosolekera mu Mauthenga Ghawemi, ŵakuti Khristu wakajipanga yekha kuŵa sembe kwa Chiuta Ŵadada kuti waphemaniske ŵanthu na Chiuta; Chiwuka cha Yesu chikumupangiska kuŵa mwana wakwamba kufuma ku ŵakufwa, wakwamba pakati pa ŵabali ŵanandi. Pakuphemana na Chiuta na kulondezga mazgu na milimo ya Khristu, munthu wanganjira mu Ufumu wa Chiuta. Mpingo ukuwona kuti liturgy yake na masakramenti ghake vikukhozga lusungu ilo likusangika kwizira mu sembe ya Khristu kuti likhozge ubwezi wa munthu na Khristu na kovwira pakuthereska kwananga.

=== Kweruzgika kwaumaliro ===
Tchalitchi la Katolika likusambizga kuti, para munthu waliyose wafwa waka, mzimu wake uzamupokera cheruzgo chinyake kufuma kwa Chiuta, mwakuyana na zakwananga zawo na ubwezi wawo na Khristu. Chisambizgo ichi chikukhozgeraso zuŵa linyake ilo Khristu wazamukhalapo na kweruzga ŵanthu wose. Kweruzgika kwaumaliro uku, mwakuyana na chisambizgo cha tchalitchi, kuzamumara mdauko wa ŵanthu na kwamba kwa vyose viŵiri, kuchanya na charu chapasi viphya na viwemi ivyo vizamuwusika na Chiuta mu urunji.

Kuyana na umo munthu wakweruzgikira para wafwa, ŵakugomezga kuti mzimu unganjira mu chimoza mwa vigaŵa vitatu vya umoyo wa pamanyuma pa nyifwa:
* Kuchanya ni mkhaliro wa kukolerana kwambura kumara na kacitiro ka Ciuta ka Ciuta, ontologically yayi, kweni mwa lusungu. Ni umoyo wamuyirayira, umo mzimu ukughanaghanira Chiuta mu chimwemwe chambura kumara.
* Purgatory ni nyengo ya nyengo yichoko waka yakutozgera mizimu iyo, nangauli yili kuŵikika kucanya, yikupatukana yayi na kwananga ndipo ntheura yinganjira yayi kuchanya nyengo yeneyiyo.Mu Purigatoriyo, mzimu ukusuzgika, ndipo ukutozgeka na kufikapo. Mizimu iyo yili mu purigatoriyo yingawovwirika kuti yifike kuchanya na malurombo gha ŵakugomezgeka pa charu chapasi na kuŵeyelera kwa ŵatuŵa.
* Kuzengeka kwaumaliro: Paumaliro, awo ŵakulutilira kukhala mu mkhaliro wa kwananga kwakufwa ndipo ŵakulapa yayi pambere ŵandafwe ŵakujiŵika ku gehena, kupatukana na Ciuta kwamuyirayira.[178] Mpingo ukusambizga kuti palije uyo wakususkika ku gehena kwambura kuti wasankha mwakufwatuka kukana Chiuta. Palije uyo wali kuŵikika kale ku gehena ndipo palije uyo wangamanya mwakusimikizga uyo wali kuzengeka mulandu ku gehena. Chikatolika chikusambizga kuti kwizira mu lusungu lwa Chiuta munthu wangalapa nyengo yiliyose pambere wandafwe, kuŵalirika na unenesko wa chipulikano cha Chikatolika, ndipo ntheura wangasanga chiponosko. Ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵa chisopa ŵa Katolika ŵakughanaghana kuti mizimu ya ŵana ŵachoko awo ŵandabatizike na awo mbakhristu yayi awo ŵalije kwananga kwa nyifwa kweni ŵakufwa mu kwananga kwakwamba ŵakuŵikika ku limbo, nangauli ichi nchisambizgo cha boma cha tchalitchi yayi.
Nangauli Mpingo Wakatolika ukusambizga kuti ndiyo pera ndiyo yili na nthowa zose za chiponosko, yikuzomerezgaso kuti Mzimu Mutuŵa wangagwiliskira ntchito mitundu ya Ŵakhristu iyo yili kupatukana na iyo kuti &quot;yikhuŵirizge ku umoza wa Katolika&quot; na &quot;kutemwa na kulongozgera ku Mpingo wa Katolika this and paravation to peoples&quot;,[184] muli vinthu vinyake vya chisambizgo chakwenelera, nangauli vikusazgana na viheni. Likusambizga kuti waliyose uyo wakuponoskeka wakuponoskeka kwizira mu Mpingo Katolika kweni ŵanthu ŵangaponoskeka kuwaro kwa nthowa zambura kumanyikwa izo zikumanyikwa kuti ubatizo wa khumbo, ndiposo na kukomeka pambere ŵandabatizike, uko kukumanyikwa kuti ubatizo wa ndopa, ndiposo para mikhaliro ya kuleka kumanya kwambura kuthereskeka yilipo, nangauli invincible is not a ignorance of me5.

=== Ŵatuŵa na kujipeleka ===
Mutuŵa (uyo wakumanyikwaso kuti hallow) ni munthu uyo wakumanyikwa kuti wali na msinkhu wapadera wa utuŵa panji wakuyana panji pafupi na Chiuta, apo kuzgoka mutuŵa ni chinthu icho tchalitchi la Chikhristu likupharazga kuti munthu uyo wafwa wakaŵa mutuŵa, pa kupharazga uko munthu wakusazgikika mu &quot;canon of sagn&quot;, panji list. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba awo ŵakachindikika nga mbatuŵa ŵakaŵa awo ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo. Nthano zakusopa zakukhwaskana na nyifwa zawo zikawonekanga kuti zikukhozgera unenesko wa cipulikano cawo mwa Khristu. Kweni mu vilimika vya m’ma 400 C.E., “ŵakuzomera”—ŵanthu awo ŵakazomera cipulikano cawo mwa kufwa yayi kweni na mazgu na umoyo—ŵakamba kucindikika pakweru.

Mu Tchalitchi la Katolika, mu matchalitchi gha Katolika gha Chilatini na gha Kumafumiro gha dazi, mulimo wa kuŵika munthu kuŵa mutuŵa ukusungikira ku Mpando wa Ŵapositole ndipo ukuchitika pa umaliro wa ndondomeko yitali iyo yikukhumbikwira ukaboni ukuru wakuti munthu uyo wakukhumba kuŵikika munthu mutuŵa wakakhala na kufwa mu nthowa ya ciyerezgero ndiposo yituŵa mwakuti ngwakwenelera kumanyikwa kuti ni saint. Kuzomerezga kwa tchalitchi kuti munthu ni mutuŵa kukung’anamura kuti munthu uyo sono wali Kuchanya ndipo wangachemeka pakweru na kuzunulika mu chisopa cha tchalitchi, kusazgapo mu Litany of the Saints. Kuŵikika pa malo ghatuŵa kukuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵamusopenge mutuŵa mu liturgy ya Rite ya Ŵaroma; kuti ŵazomerezgeke kusopa waka pa malo ghawo, beatification pera ndiyo yikukhumbikwa.

Kusopa ni &quot;mikhaliro ya kuwaro ya kusopa&quot; iyo ni chigaŵa cha liturgy yakuzomerezgeka ya Tchalitchi la Katolika yayi kweni ni chigaŵa cha mikhaliro yauzimu yakumanyikwa ya Ŵakatolika. Vinthu ivi vikusazgapo mikhaliro yakupambanapambana yakukhwaskana na kusopa ŵatuŵa, comenecomene kusopa Namwali Mariya. Vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pakusopa ni Masiteshoni gha Mtanda, Mtima Wakupatulika wa [[Yesu Khristu|Yesu]], Nkhope Yituŵa ya Yesu, ma scapulars ghakupambanapambana, ma novena ku ŵatuŵa ŵakupambanapambana, maulendo gha pa chisopa na kusopa ku Sakramenti Lakutumbikika, na kusopa vikozgo vya mutuŵa. Mabishopu gha pa Second Vatican Council ghakakumbuska Ŵakatolika kuti &quot;kusopa kukwenera kulembeka mwakuti kuŵe kwakukolerana na nyengo za chisopa, kukolerana na chisopa chakupatulika, mu nthowa yinyake chikufumiramo, ndipo chikulongozga ŵanthu ku chisopa ichi, chifukwa, nadi, chisopa mwa mtundu wake chikuluska chomene.&quot;

=== Namwali Mariya ===
[[File:Murillo-inmaculada del coro-sevilla-mba.JPG|alt=|thumb|Namwali Mariya Mutumbikika wakuchindikika chomene mu Tchalitchi la Katolika, ŵakumupharazga kuti ni Mama wa Chiuta, wambura kwananga kwakwambilira ndiposo wakuŵeyelera.]]
Mariology wa Katolika wakuyowoya za visambizgo na visambizgo vyakukhwaskana na umoyo wa Mariya, nyina wa Yesu, ndiposo umo ŵakugomezgeka ŵakuchindikira Mariya. Mariya wakuchindikika chomene, wakupharazgika kuti ni Mama wa Chiuta (Chigiriki: Θεοτόκος, Chiroma: Theotokos, lit. 'Wakunyamura Chiuta'), ndipo wakugomezga kuti wakakhala mwaliri umoyo wake wose. Visambizgo vinyake ni visambizgo vya Immaculate Conception (kutora nthumbo yake kwambura banga la kwananga kwakwamba) na Kukwezgeka kwa Mariya (kuti thupi lake likatoleka mwaluŵiro kucanya pa umaliro wa umoyo wake). Visambizgo vyose ivi vikalongosoreka kuti ni visambizgo vyambura kubudiska, na Papa Pius IX mu 1854 na Papa Pius XII mu 1950 mwakuyana, kweni pamanyuma pakuti ŵadumbiskana na mabishopu gha Katolika pa charu chose kuti ŵakhorweske kuti ichi nchigomezgo cha Katolika. Kweni mu matchalitchi gha Katolika gha kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵakulutilira kukondwelera chiphikiro cha Kukwezgeka kwa Chiuta pasi pa zina lakuti Dormition of the Mother of God pa zuŵa limoza.Chisambizgo chakuti Mariya wakafwa pambere ŵandamuwone kuti ni munthu wakuzirwa chikwamba pambere fundo yakuti wakafwa yayi. St John Damascene wakalemba kuti &quot;St Juvenal, Bishopu wa Yerusalemu, pa ungano wa Chalcedon (451), wakamanyiska Themba Marcian na Pulcheria, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa na thupi la Mama wa Chiuta, kuti Mariya wakafwa pamaso pa Ŵapositole wose, kweni kuti dindi lake likasangika pa upon wa St Thomas, apo likajulika; Ŵapositole ŵakadumura kuti thupi likatoleka kucanya.&quot;

Kusopa kwa Mariya nchigaŵa ca kusopa kwa Katolika kweni nkhwakupambana na kusopa Ciuta. Ntchito zikusazgapo malurombo na luso lwa Marian, sumu, na vyakuzengazenga. Viphikiro vinandi vya chisopa cha Marian vikukondwelereka mu chaka chose cha Mpingo ndipo wakuchindikika na maudindo ghanandi nga ni Fumukazi ya Kuchanya. Papa Paul VI wakamuchema kuti Mama wa Mpingo chifukwa, pakubaba Khristu, wakuwoneka kuti ni mama wauzimu wa chiŵaro chilichose cha Thupi la Khristu. Chifukwa cha mulimo wake ukuru mu umoyo wa Yesu, malurombo na kujipeleka nga ni Hail Mary, Rosary, Salve Regina na Memorare ni mikhaliro ya Katolika yakumanyikwa chomene. Ulendo wa ku malo ghakuwonekerapo gha Marian ghanandi agho ghakukhozgeka na tchalitchi, nga ni Lourdes, Fátima, na Guadalupe, nawo ni visopa vyakumanyikwa vya Katolika.

===Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu===  
{{Main|Mpingo wa Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu}}

[[Nyengo ya Kusanga Charu]], iyo yikamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, yikapangiska kuti mazaza gha ndyali na chikhalidwe gha ku Western Europe ghafalikire pa charu chose. Chifukwa cha udindo ukuru uwo vyaru vya [[Spain]] na [[Portugal]], ivyo vikaŵa vya Chikatolika chomene, vikachita mu kulamulira vyaru vinyake (Western colonialism), Chikatolika chikafalikira ku [[Americas]], [[Asia]], na [[Oceania]] kwizira mu ŵakwendakwenda, ŵakuthereska vyaru (conquistadors), na ŵamishonale. Chikafalikiraso kwizira mu kusintha kwa vyaru na ŵanthu mwakugwiriska ntchito ndondomeko za ndyali na chikhalidwe za ulamuliro wa ŵakoloni. [[Papa Alexander VI]] wakapeleka [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] na [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] wanangwa wa kulamulira malo ghanandi agho ghakasangika sonosono,&lt;ref name=&quot;Koschorke13&quot;&gt;Koschorke, pp. 13, 283&lt;/ref&gt; ndipo ndondomeko ya ''[[Patronato real|patronato]]'' yikapangiska kuti ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma, m'malo mwa Vatican, ndiwo ŵaŵenge na mazaza ghakusankha ŵasembe na ŵalara ŵa mpingo mu vyaru viphya.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings (1994), p. 72&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1521, wakwendakwenda wa ku Portugal [[Ferdinand Magellan]] wakapembuzga ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa Chikatolika mu [[Spanish East Indies|Philippines]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Koschorke21&quot;&gt;Koschorke, p. 21&lt;/ref&gt; Kumalo ghanyake, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Portugal pamoza na Mjesuiti wa ku Spain [[Francis Xavier]] ŵakapharazga uthenga uwemi ku India, China, na Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koschorke3&quot;&gt;Koschorke, pp. 3, 17&lt;/ref&gt; Ulamuliro wa ŵaFrance mu [[Americas]], uwo ukamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ukapangiska kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵa Chikatolika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kuŵa Ŵakatolika ŵakakanizgika kukhazikika mu [[Quebec]].&lt;ref&gt;Lyons (2013), p. 17&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti na Kusintha kwa Mpingo wa Katolika (Counter-Reformation)===
{{Main|Protestant Reformation|Counter-Reformation}}
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Mu 1415, [[Jan Hus]] wakawotcheka pa moto chifukwa chakuti wakasuskikanga kuti wakasambizganga visambizgo vyautesi (heresy), kweni ivyo wakachitanga pakukhumbanga kusintha mpingo vikakhozga [[Martin Luther]], mmonke wa [[Order of Saint Augustine|gulu la Augustine]] ku Germany wa mazuŵa ghano. Mu 1517, Luther [[History of Lutheranism#The start of the Reformation|wakatuma]] ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' zake ku mabishopu ghanandi.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}} Mu mabuku agha wakasuska visambizgo vinyake vikuru vya Chikatolika na kuguliska [[indulgence]]s. Pamanyuma pa [[Leipzig Debate]], ichi chikapangiska kuti wafumiskike mu Mpingo wa Katolika (excommunication) mu 1521.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=215}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar184&quot;&gt;Vidmar, p. 184.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku [[Switzerland]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]], na ŵakusintha ŵanyake ŵa Chiprotesitanti ŵakalutilira kususka visambizgo vya Chikatolika. Kususka uku ndiko kukambiska Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti (Reformation), uko kukapangiska kuti paŵe visopo vinandi vya [[Protestantism|Chiprotesitanti]].{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=223–224}} Kukasoŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasunganga visambizgo vya Chiprotesitanti mwakubisika mukati mwa Mpingo wa Katolika ([[crypto-protestantism|crypto-Protestantism]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fernández|first=Luis Martínez|title=Crypto-Protestants and Pseudo-Catholics in the Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Caribbean|journal=Journal of Ecclesiastical History|volume=51|issue=2|pages=347–365|year=2000|doi=10.1017/S0022046900004255|s2cid=162296826}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, [[Henry VIII]] wakalomba [[Pope Clement VII]] kuti wapereke [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|chilango chakukanizga nthengwa]] yake na [[Catherine of Aragon]]. Apo papa wakakana, Henry VIII wakapangiska kuti [[Acts of Supremacy]] zipasikike, ndipo wakajizgora yekha kuŵa [[Supreme Head of the Church of England|Mulongozgi Mukuru wa Mpingo wa England]]. Ichi chikambiska [[English Reformation]] ndipo pamanyuma pake chikapangiska kuti [[Anglicanism]] yikure.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=235–237}}

Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti kukapangiska nkhondo pakati pa [[Schmalkaldic League]] ya Ŵaprotesitanti na Themba la Ufumu Watuŵa wa Roma, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], pamoza na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵa Chikatolika. Nkhondo yakwamba ya vyaka 9 yikamara mu 1555 na [[Peace of Augsburg]], kweni mphindano zikalutilira ndipo zikambiska nkhondo yikuru chomene ya [[Thirty Years' War]], iyo yikamba mu 1618.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar233&quot;/&gt;

Ku France, pakati pa 1562 na 1598 pakaŵa nkhondo zakuchemeka [[French Wars of Religion]] pakati pa [[Huguenot]]s (Ŵacalvinist ŵa ku France) na ŵankhondo ŵa [[Catholic League (French)|French Catholic League]], awo ŵakawovwirikanga na mapapa ghakupambanapambana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy177&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), pp. 177–178&lt;/ref&gt; Nkhondo izi zikamaliska apo [[Pope Clement VIII]] wakazomerezga, nangauli mwakusuzgika, kuti Themba [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] lipharazge [[Edict of Nantes]] mu 1598, ilo likapeleka wanangwa wa chisopa na kuzomerezga Ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku France kukhala mwamtende.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vidmar233&quot;&gt;Vidmar, ''The Catholic Church Through the Ages'' (2005), p. 233&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy177&quot;/&gt;

[[Council of Trent]] (1545–1563) ndiyo yikaŵa nkhongono yikuru ya [[Counter-Reformation]], kusintha uko Mpingo wa Katolika ukachita pakuzgora Kusintha kwa Chiprotesitanti. Pa nkhani ya chisambizgo, yikakhozgeraso visambizgo vikuru vya Chikatolika nga ni [[transubstantiation]] na kuti munthu wapokere chiponosko kwizira mu chipulikano, chitemwa, na chigomezgo.{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=242–244}}

Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, Chikatolika chikafalikira chomene pa charu chose, chomenechomene kwizira mu ŵamishonale na [[imperialism]]. Ndipouli, nkhongono yake pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe yikamba kuchepa chifukwa cha kukura kwa [[religious scepticism]] pa nyengo ya [[Enlightenment]] na pamanyuma pake.&lt;ref&gt;Maxwell, Melvin. ''Bible Truth or Church Tradition'', p. 70&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nyengo ya Ungweru na Nyengo Yasono===
{{Main|Nyengo ya Ungweru}}
{{Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar}}
[[File:São Miguel das Missões (Brazil).jpg|thumb|left|Vikaya vya [[Jesuit Reduction|misumba ya Ayeswiti]] ku [[São Miguel das Missões]] ku Brazil]]

Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, [[Nyengo ya Ungweru]] yikamba kufumba na kususka nkhongono na mazaza gha [[Mpingo wa Katolika]] pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollard8&quot;&gt;Pollard, pp. 7–8&lt;/ref&gt; Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵalembi nga ni [[Voltaire]] na [[Encyclopédistes]] ŵakalemba mazgu ghakususkira chomene chisopa na [[Mpingo wa Katolika]]. Chimoza mwa vinthu ivyo ŵakasuskanga chikaŵa [[revocation of the Edict of Nantes|kufumiskikapo kwa Edict of Nantes]] mu 1685 na Fumu [[Louis XIV of France]], ico chikamalizga ndondomeko ya vyaka pafupifupi 100 ya kuzomerezga [[Huguenot]] ŵa Chiprotesitanti kusopa mwawanangwa. Apo upapa ukakananga [[Gallicanism]], [[French Revolution|Chiwukirano cha ku France]] cha 1789 chikapeleka mazaza ku boma, chikaparanya matchalitchi ghanandi, chikambiska [[Cult of Reason]],{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|pp=283–285}} ndipo ŵasungwana ŵanyake ŵa chisopa ([[Martyrs of Compiègne|ŵanakazi ŵa ku Compiègne]]) ŵakakomeka chifukwa cha chipulikano chawo pa nyengo ya ''[[Reign of Terror]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=The Sixteen Blessed Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1798, Jenerale wa [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]], wakanjira mu [[Italian Peninsula]], ndipo wakakora [[Papa Pius VI]], uyo wakafwira mu jele. Pamanyuma pake Napoleon wakawuskaso [[Mpingo wa Katolika]] ku France kwizira mu [[Concordat of 1801]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins176&quot;&gt;Collins, p. 176&lt;/ref&gt; Kumara kwa [[Napoleonic Wars]] kukawovwira kuti Mpingo wa Katolika uwuskeso nkhongono zake ndipo [[Papal States]] zikaweleraso.&lt;ref&gt;Duffy, pp. 214–216&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1854, [[Papa Pius IX]], na wovwiri wa mabishopu ghanandi gha Katolika awo wakaŵafumbapo pakati pa 1851 na 1853, wakapharazga [[Immaculate Conception]] kuŵa [[dogma in the Catholic Church|chisambizgo chakwimikika cha Mpingo wa Katolika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|title=John Paul II, General Audience|publisher=Vatican.va|date=24 March 1993|access-date=30 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html|archive-date=10 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1870, [[First Vatican Council|Msonkhano Wakwamba wa Vatican]] ukakhozga chisambizgo cha [[papal infallibility|kusabudiska kwa papa]] para wakupharazga chisambizgo cha chipulikano mwakuzomerezgeka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leith&quot;&gt;Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (1963), p. 143&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duffy232&quot;&gt;Duffy, ''Saints and Sinners'' (1997), p. 232&lt;/ref&gt; Ivi vikakanizga maghanoghano gha [[Conciliar Church|conciliarism]]. Kususkana pa nkhani iyi na zinyake kukapangiska gulu linyake kupatukana na Mpingo wa Katolika na kupanga [[Old Catholic Church|Mpingo Wakale wa Katolika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fahlbusch&quot;&gt;Fahlbusch, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001), p. 729&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kukolerana kwa Italy]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1860 kukasazgapo [[Papal States]], kusazgapo Roma mu 1870, mu [[Kingdom of Italy|Ufumu wa Italy]], ndipo ivi vikamalizga mazaza gha papa pa vyaru. Pakuzgora, [[Papa Pius IX]] wakamuchimbizga mu mpingo [[Victor Emmanuel II|Fumu Victor Emmanuel II]], wakakana kupokera malipiro gha charu, ndipo wakakana [[Dango la Law of Guarantees]] ilo likamupa wanangwa wapadera. Kuti waleke kuwoneka nga wali pasi pa boma la Italy, wakakhala nga ni &quot;[[mukaidi wa ku Vatican]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|year=2006|title=Prisoner of the Vatican|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|url={{googlebooks|y_4eaFsFdI4C|pg=PT155|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-547-34716-5|page=PT155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suzgo ili, ilo likachemekanga kuti [[Roman Question|Soka la Roma]], likamara mu 1929 apo pakachitika [[Lateran Treaties|Mapangano gha Lateran]]. Pa nyengo iyi, Holy See yikazomera kuti Italy ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa Papal States zakale, ndipo Italy yikazomera kuti Vatican City ni boma lakujiyimira palokha pasi pa mazaza gha papa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|chapter='Utterly Faithless Specimens': Italians in the Catholic Church in America|first=Peter R.|last=D'Agostino|editor-last=Connell|editor-first=William J.|editor2-last=Gardaphé|editor2-first=Fred|title=Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|chapter-url={{googlebooks|qp_GAAAAQBAJ|page=33|plainurl=y}}|isbn=978-0-230-11532-3|pages=33–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika kanandi ŵakawovwiranga ndipo ŵakakhozgeranga kuwukira kwa maboma gha ku Europe pa [[kupoka Africa]] muumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Kuyana na mulembi wa mdauko wa visopa [[Adrian Hastings]], ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika kanandi ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa panji kuŵawovwira kuti ŵajiwonenge kuti mbakuyana waka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Ivi vikaŵa vyakusiyana na ŵamishonale ŵa Chiprotesitanti, awo kanandi ŵakasuskanga ukali na urunji uheni wa maboma gha ukoloni.&lt;ref&gt;Adrian Hastings, ''The Church in Africa, 1450 – 1950'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, 394–490&lt;/ref&gt;

===Vyaka vya m'ma 20===
{{Main|Mpingo wa Katolika mu vyaka vya m'ma 20}}
Mu vyaka vya m'ma 20, kufika kwa mpingo pa charu chose kukalutilira kukukura, nangauli maboma ghaulamuliro agho ghakasuskanga Chikatolika ghakakwera ndipo ma ufumu gha ku Europe ghakawa. Pamoza na ivi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku vyaru vya ku mpoto kwa charu ŵakaleka kulondezga chisopa nga kale. Mu nyengo ya ŵapapa [[Benedict XV]] na [[Pius XII]], [[Mpando Mutuŵa]] ukayezga kulutilira kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi pa nkhondo za pa charu, uku ukuchita ntchito ya kuphalizgira mtende na kovwira awo ŵakasuzgika chifukwa cha nkhondo. Mu ma 1960, [[Papa John XXIII]] wakachema [[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]], uwo ukaleta kusintha kukuru mu mwambo na machitiro gha mpingo. Mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha vyaka vya m'ma 20, nyengo yitali ya ulamuliro wa [[Papa John Paul II]] yikawovwira ku [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]] mu Europe, ndipo yikapeleka papa udindo uphya wa pa charu chose.

; Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose

Papa [[Pius X]] (1903–1914) wakakhazikiska so kujiyimira kwa ofesi ya papa mwa kufumiska veto ya maboma gha Chikatolika pa kusankha papa. Ŵalondezgi ŵake [[Benedict XV]] (1914–1922) na [[Pius XI]] (1922–1939) ŵakakhozga kujiyimira kwa boma la Vatican mu Italy. Benedict XV wakasankhika pa nyengo iyo [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose]] yikambanga. Wakaŵa wakuyesga kuphalizgira pakati pa ŵankhondo na kukhazikiska ofesi ya wovwiri ya Vatican kuti yovwire awo ŵakasuzgika na nkhondo na kuweleska mbumba pamoza. Wakapeleka maudindo ghanandi gha mtende, kweni ndondomeko yake ya “Dès le début” ya 1 Ogasiti 1917 yikakanika na vyaru vyankhondo.

; Vyaka vya pakati pa nkhondo

Maboma ghanandi agho ghakasuskanga mpingo ghakafuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 20. Mu Mexico, [[Dango la Calles]] la 1926 ilo likapatula mpingo na boma likapangiska [[Nkhondo ya Cristero]], umo ŵasembe ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵakachimbizgika panji kukomeka, matchalitchi ghakachitirika nkhaza, mautumiki ghakasekeka, masisitere ghakachitikirika nkhaza ndipo ŵasembe ŵakakakika na kuwomberwa. Pamanyuma pa [[Revolution ya Okutobala]] ya 1917, kusuzgika kwa mpingo na Akatolika mu [[Soviet Union]] kukalutilira mpaka mu ma 1930, uku ŵasembe, ŵamonke na ŵanthu wamba ŵakukomeka panji kuchimbizgika, vinthu vya chisopa kutoreka na matchalitchi kujara. Mu [[Nkhondo ya ku Spain]] ya 1936–1939, ŵalongozgi ŵa Katolika ŵakakolerana na ŵa [[Nationalist]] ŵa [[Francisco Franco]] kulimbana na boma la [[Popular Front]], ŵakuti nkhaza izo ŵa Republic ŵakachitanga pa mpingo ndizo zikaŵachitiska. [[Papa Pius XI]] wakachema vyaru ivi kuti “katatu yakofya”.

[[File:V-2 Rocket On Meillerwagen.jpg|thumb|Nangauli kufuma mu ma 1960 [[Papa Pius XII]] wakasuskika kuti wakachita yayi vyakukwana kovwira Ŵayuda ku [[Holocaust]], ŵakumuvikilira ŵakuti wakaŵa wakovwira mwakubisika magulu gha Akatolika agho ghakalimbana na Nazi, nga ni gulu ilo likalongozgekanga na wasembe [[Heinrich Maier]]. Maier wakawovwira ŵa Allies kulimbana na ma rocket gha V-2 agho ghakapangikanga na ŵakayidi ŵa ma camp gha Nazi.]]

Papa [[Pius XI]] wa nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo wakasintha machitiro gha upapa mwa kuwoneka mu St Peter’s Square, kukhazikiska [[Vatican Radio]] na [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]], kusankha ŵabishopu 40 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake na kupanga mapangano 15, kusazgapo [[Lateran Treaty]] na Italy iyo yikakhazikiska [[Boma la Vatican City]]. Pamanyuma pa kuswa kwa [[Reichskonkordat]] ya 1933 pakati pa mpingo na [[Nazi Germany]], Pius XI wakafumiska kalata ya papa ya 1937 yakuti ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]'', iyo yikasuska poyera kusuzgika kwa mpingo na Ŵa Nazi kweniso fundo zawo za [[kupulikira visopa vya ŵakale]] na [[kusankha mtundu umoza kuti ngwapachanya]].

; Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose

Wakulondezgapo wake [[Papa Pius XII]] wakalongozga Mpingo wa Katolika pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]] na kuyambika kwa [[Cold War]]. Nga umo ŵapapa ŵa kale ŵakachitiranga, Pius XII wakayezga kulutilira kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi poyera pa nkhondo, ndipo wakakhazikiska njira za wovwiri kuti zovwire awo ŵakasuzgika, kweni mwakubisika wakawovwira [[kulimbana na Hitler]] ndipo wakapelekanga uthenga kwa ŵa Allies. Kalata yake yakwamba ya papa, ''[[Summi Pontificatus]]'' (1939), yikalongora chitima pa [[kuwukira Poland mu 1939]] ndipo yikakumbuska chisambizgo cha Chikatolika chakususka [[kusankhana mtundu]]. Wakalongora nkhawa pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu pa [[Vatican Radio]], ndipo wakachitapo kanthu mwa dipulomasiyo kuti wayezge kulekeska kusamuskika kwa Ŵayuda mu vyaru vinyake kufuma mu 1942 mpaka 1944. Ndipouli, kulutilira kwake kuŵa wakusankhapo yayi poyera na kuyowoya mwachenjezgo kwapangiska kususkika kukuru na kukambirana. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, mu vyaru vyose ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Germany, ŵasembe ŵakachita ntchito yikuru pakuvikilira Ŵayuda. Mwakulemba mdauko wa ku Israel [[Pinchas Lapide]] wakayezgera kuti Akatolika ŵakavikilira pakati pa Ŵayuda 700,000 na 860,000.

Kusuzgika kwa Mpingo wa Katolika na Ŵa Nazi kukaŵa kukuru chomene mu Poland, ndipo [[kulimbana kwa Akatolika na Nazi Germany]] kukachitika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Ŵasembe ŵa Katolika 2,579 ŵakatumika ku [[Dachau Concentration Camp]], kusazgapo ŵa Germany 400. Ŵasembe, masisitere na ŵabale ŵanandi ŵakakakika, kutorereka ku ma camp gha kusuzgirako ŵanthu, kutambuzgika na kukomeka, kusazgapo ŵatuŵa [[Maximilian Kolbe]] na [[Edith Stein]]. Akatolika ŵakalwa ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri vya nkhondo. Ŵasembe ŵa Katolika ŵakaŵa na udindo ukuru mu boma la fascist la [[Slovakia]] ilo likakolerananga na Ŵa Nazi, kukopera malango ghawo ghakususka Ŵayuda na kuŵawovwira kuchita Holocaust mu Slovakia. [[Jozef Tiso]], pulezidenti wa boma la Slovakia na wasembe wa Katolika, wakovwiranga kutumizga Ŵayuda ŵa Slovakia ku ma camp gha kukomekera ŵanthu. Vatican yikasuska kutumizgika uku ku Slovakia na mu maboma ghanyake gha Nazi nga ni [[Vichy France]], Croatia, [[Bulgaria]], Italy na Hungary.

Gulu la Akatolika lakulimbana na Nazi ilo likalongozgekanga na wasembe [[Heinrich Maier]] likapelekanga ku ŵa Allies mapulani na malo ghakupangirako ma bomba gha [[V-1 flying bomb]], ma rocket gha [[V-2]], [[Tiger tank]], [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet]] na ndege zinyake, kuti ŵa Allies ŵalase mafakitale gha Germany. Uthenga unandi ukaŵa wakuzirwa ku [[Operation Hydra (1943)|Operation Hydra]] na [[Operation Crossbow]], ntchito zikuru zakunozgekera [[Operation Overlord]]. Maier wakovwiranga nkhondo yakulimbana na Ŵa Nazi chifukwa wakaŵa na fundo yakuti “bomba lililose ilo likugwa pa mafakitale gha vilwero likufupikiska nkhondo ndipo likuponoska ŵanthu wamba”.

[[File:Members of the Royal 22e Regiment in audience with Pope Pius XII.jpg|thumb|right|Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Canada ŵa [[Royal 22e Regiment]] pa nyengo yakukumana na [[Papa Pius XII]] pamanyuma pa [[Kuwomboreka kwa Rome]] mu 1944 pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]]]]

Pafupifupi mu 1943, [[Adolf Hitler]] wakanozga kutora papa na kumukakilira ku Germany. Wakapeleka dango ku General Wolff wa SS kuti wanozge ntchito iyi. Nangauli [[Papa Pius XII]] wakulumbika kuti wakawovwira kuponoska Ŵayuda masauzandi ghanandi pa nyengo ya [[Holocaust]], mpingo wakasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusambizga kwake kwa nyengo yitali uko ŵanyake ŵakuti kukalimbikiska [[kususka Ŵayuda]], kweniso chifukwa chakuchita yayi vyakukwana kulekeska nkhaza za Ŵa Nazi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Nazi awo ŵakachita milandu ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose chifukwa ŵakaŵa na ŵakuvikilirira ŵankhongono kufuma ku Vatican. Kusankha umo Pius XII wakeneranga kuweruzgikira kukusuzga chifukwa ma archive gha mpingo gha nyengo yake nga ni nuncio, mlembi mukuru wa boma na papa ghali kujara panji ghandaŵikike makora.

Mu [[Yugoslavia]] iyo yikabwanganduka, mpingo ukatemwanga boma la fascist la Katolika la ku Croatia la [[Ustaše]] ilo likakhazikiskika na Ŵa Nazi chifukwa cha kususka chikomyunizimu na chifukwa cha chigomezgo chakuti mphamvu ya Chikatolika yingaweleraso mu chigaŵa ichi pamanyuma pa kuwa kwa [[Austria-Hungary]]. Ndipouli, mpingo ukaŵa usindandikazomerezge mwalamulo [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH). Nangauli wakamanya za [[kukomeka kwa Aserbia Ŵa Orthodox mu Independent State of Croatia]], [[Holocaust mu Independent State of Croatia]] na kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵambura kuŵa A-Croatia, mpingo ukaŵa usindayowoyepo poyera kususka, ndipo ukatemwanga kugwiliskira ntchito dipulomasiyo. Polemba za malo gha Vatican pa nkhani iyi, mdauko [[Jozo Tomasevich]] wakalemba kuti “vikuwoneka kuti Mpingo wa Katolika wakawovwiranga chomene boma la Ustaše na ndondomeko zake.”

; Kuyambika kwa Cold War

Pamanyuma pa nkhondo, maboma gha chikomyunizimu mu [[Central Europe]] na [[Eastern Europe]] ghakakanizga chomene wanangwa wa chisopa. Nangauli ŵasembe na ŵanthu ŵa umoyo wa chisopa ŵanyake ŵakakolerananga na maboma agha, ŵanandi ŵakakakika, kuchimbizgika panji kukomeka. Mpingo ukaŵa na udindo ukuru pa [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]] mu Europe, chomenechomene mu [[Polish People’s Republic]].

Mu 1949, kupambana kwa ŵa Communist mu [[Nkhondo ya ku China]] kukapangiska kuchimbizgika kwa ŵamishonale wose ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Boma liphya likakhazikiskaso [[Patriotic Church]] ndipo likasankhanga ŵabishopu lake. Pakwamba, kusankhika uku kukakanika na Rome, kweni pamanyuma ŵanandi ŵakazomerezgeka. Mu ma 1960, pa nyengo ya [[Cultural Revolution]], ŵa Communist ŵa ku China ŵakajara malo ghose gha chisopa. Matchalitchi gha ku China ghakati ghanjira so, ghakalutilira kuŵa pasi pa ulamuliro wa Patriotic Church. Ŵasembe ŵanandi ŵa Katolika ŵakalutilira kutumizgika ku jele chifukwa chakukana kukanira kugomezgeka kwawo ku Rome.

====[[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]]====
{{Main|Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican|Mbiri ya Mpingo wa Katolika kufuma mu 1962|Mzimu wa Vatican II}}
[[File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 003.jpg|right|thumb|Ŵabishopu ŵakupulika pa nyengo ya Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican.]]
[[Msonkhano Wachiŵiri wa Vatican]] (1962–1965) ukaleta kusintha kukuru chomene mu machitiro gha Chikatolika kufuma pa nyengo ya [[Msonkhano wa Trent]], vyaka 400 ivyo vikajumpha. Wakwambiskika na [[Papa John XXIII]], msonkhano uwu ukasintha machitiro gha Mpingo wa Katolika, kuŵikapo chilolezgo chakuti misa yichitikenge mu [[chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu]], na kukhozga “kunjilirapo mwakumanya na mwakugwira ntchito” pa mauthenga gha liturugiya. Cholinga chake chikaŵa chakuti mpingo uŵe pafupi chomene na charu cha sono (''aggiornamento''), ndipo ŵakawovwira ŵakati ichi chikaŵa “kujura mawindo” gha mpingo.

Kusazgapo kusintha kwa liturugiya, msonkhano uwu ukapangiska kusintha kwa umo mpingo ukawonera [[ecumenism]], kweniso ukachema kuti paŵe ubwezi uwemi na visopa vinyake ivyo vili vyachikhristu yayi, chomenechomene [[Chiyuda]], mu chikalata chake ''[[Nostra aetate]]''. Ndipouli, msonkhano uwu ukabwereska mkangano ukuru pa kugwiliskira ntchito kusintha uku. Ŵakukhozga “[[Mzimu wa Vatican II]]” nga ni wakusambira vya chisopa wa ku Switzerland [[Hans Küng]] ŵakati Vatican II “yikafika kutali yayi” pa kusintha ndondomeko za mpingo. Kweni [[Akatolika ŵa chikhalidwe]] nga ni [[Archbishop]] [[Marcel Lefebvre]] ŵakasuska chomene msonkhano uwu, ŵakuti kusintha kwa liturugiya “kwakabwangandura Sembe Yituŵa ya Misa na masakramenti”, kusazgapo vinthu vinyake.

Visambizgo vinyake vya Mpingo wa Katolika vikamba kufufuzgika chomene pa nyengo ya msonkhano uwu na pamanyuma pake. Chimoza mwa visambizgo ivi chikaŵa chakukhwaskana na ubudi wa [[kuvimbikira kubaba]]. Kuŵapo kwa [[kuvimbikira kubaba kwa mahomoni]] (nga ni “mapilisi”), uko ŵanyake ŵakawonanga kuti kukapambana na nthowa zakale, kukapangiska John XXIII kukhazikiska komiti kuti yimuphalire nkhani za makhaliro na chisambizgo cha chisopa pa nthowa yiphya iyi. Pamanyuma pake [[Papa Paul VI]] wakasazgirapo komiti iyi udindo wakufufuza nthowa zose mwakufwatuka, ndipo lipoti laumaliro ilo likafuma yayi likamanyikwanga kuti likasimikizganga kuzomerezga nthowa zinyake za kuvimbikira kubaba. Paul VI wakazomerezgana yayi na fundo izo zikapelekeka, ndipo wakafumiska kalata ya papa ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', iyo yikati yikakhozga chisambizgo chakukhazikika cha mpingo chakususka kuvimbikira kubaba. Kalata iyi yikaphalira mwakudunjika kuti nthowa za mahomoni nazo zili kuletsedwa. Ichi chikapangiska kuyankha kwakususkika chomene na Akatolika ŵanandi.

====[[Papa John Paul II]]====
{{Main|Papa John Paul II}}
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan Meeting with Pope John Paul Ii at The Papal Library Vatican Pontifical Palace During Visit to The Vatican - DPLA - 5f33de6fe59d61cb712405563ab04adc.jpg|thumb|left|[[Papa John Paul II]] wakuwoneka nga ni munthu wakovwira chomene pa kumara kwa [[Cold War]] na [[kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu]]. Pano wali na pulezidenti wa United States [[Ronald Reagan]] na muwoli wake [[Nancy Reagan]] mu 1982.]]
Mu 1978, [[Papa John Paul II]], uyo wakaŵa [[Archbishop wa Kraków]] mu [[Polish People’s Republic]], wakazgoka papa wakwamba wambura kuŵa wa ku Italy mu vyaka 455. Nyengo yake ya upapa ya vyaka 26 na hafu yikaŵa yimoza mwa zitali chomene mu mdauko. [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], pulezidenti wa [[Soviet Union]], wakati papa wa ku Poland wakovwira kufulumizgiska kuwa kwa chikomyunizimu mu Europe.

John Paul II wakayezga kupharazga uthenga wa chisopa ku charu icho chikamba kuŵa [[chakuleka chisopa]]. Wakakhazikiska [[World Youth Day]] nga ni “kukumana kwa ŵawukirano ŵa pa charu chose na papa”, ndipo sono kukuchitika vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu vyose. Wakaluta ku vyaru 129, kujumpha papa waliyose, ndipo wakagwiliskira ntchito wayilesi na televizioni pakuthandazga visambizgo vya mpingo. Wakasindika chomene [[ulemu wa ntchito]] na wanangwa wa ŵantchito kuŵa na [[malipiro ghakukwana]] na malo ghakuvikilirika gha ntchito mu kalata yake ya papa ''[[Laborem exercens]]''. Wakasindika visambizgo vinandi vya mpingo, kusazgapo kuchenjezga pa makhaliro ghaheni gha [[kubapa]], [[kufwa mwakovwira munthu]], na kugwiliskira ntchito chomene [[chilango cha nyifwa]], mu kalata yake ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''.

Kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 20, Mpingo wa Katolika wasuskika chifukwa cha visambizgo vyake pa [[mikhaliro ya kugonana]], chifukwa cha kutondeka kwake [[kusankha ŵanakazi kuŵa ŵasembe]], na chifukwa cha umo wachitira na [[milandu ya nkhaza za kugonana mu Mpingo wa Katolika]].

Mu 1992, Vatican yikazomera kuti yikanangiska pakusuzga [[Galileo]] vyaka 359 ivyo vikajumpha chifukwa chakulongora kuti charu chikuzingilira zuŵa.

===Mwaka wa m'ma 21===
Mu 2005, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Yohane Paulo II, [[Papa Benedict XVI]], uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Mpingo wa Chisopa cha Chikhristu|Mpingo wa Chisopa cha Chikhristu wa Chisambizgo cha Chipulikano]] pasi pa Yohane Paulo II, wakasankhika kuŵa papa. Wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kusungilira [[mikhaliro ya Chikhristu]] ya kale kwimikana na [[kusazgika kwa chisopa mu umoyo wa ŵanthu]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635185276,00.html |title=Benedict's encyclical offers hope for world |work=Deseret News |first=Jerry Earl |last=Johnston |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092429/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635185276%2C00.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235713/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/635185276/Benedicts-encyclical-offers-hope-for-world.html WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt; ndiposo chifukwa cha kusazomerezga chomene kugwiliskira ntchito [[Misa ya Tridentine]] iyo yikusangika mu [[Buku la Misa la ku Roma]] la 1962, iyo wakayichema &quot;Mawonekedwe Ghanthazi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gledhill, Ruth [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece &quot;Pope set to bring back Latin Mass that divided the Church&quot;] ''The Times'' 11 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2010 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040153/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article667813.ece WebCitation archive]&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2012, pa chikumbusko cha vyaka 50 kufuma ku [[Vatican II]], ungano wa [[Msonkhano wa Ŵabishopu (Chikatolika)|Msonkhano wa Ŵabishopu]] ukadumbiskana vya kupharazga upya makani gha chisopa kwa [[Ŵakatolika awo ŵali kuleka kulondezga chisopa]] mu charu [[charu chakutukuka|chakutukuka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Summary&quot;&gt;{{Citation |contribution=Summary of the synod assemblies |date=9 March 2005 | contribution-url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/synod/documents/rc_synod_20050309_documentation-profile_en.html#V._SUMMARY_OF_THE_SYNOD_ASSEMBLIES |title=Synodal Information |place=Rome, IT |publisher=The Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakuyowoya vya kufoka chifukwa cha uchekuru, Benedict wakalekera udindo wa upapa mu 2013, ndipo wakaŵa papa wakwamba kuchita nthena mu vyaka pafupifupi 600.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/12/world/europe/pope-benedict-resignation/ |first1=Laura |last1=Smith-Spark |first2=Hada |last2=Messia |title=Pope's resignation was not forced by health issues, spokesman says |work=CNN |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=30 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kulekeŵa kwake kukapangiska mphindano pakati pa Ŵakatolika ŵachoko awo ŵakuti Benedict wakalekera yayi nadi udindo wa upapa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Former pope Benedict says 'fanatical' Catholics still won't believe he's not the pope|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/02/former-pope-benedict-fanatical-catholics-wont-believe-resignation|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Papa Francis====
{{Main|Papa Francis}}

Papa Francis, uyo sono ndiyo papa wa Mpingo wa Katolika, wakalondezgana na Papa Benedict XVI mu 2013 ndipo wakaŵa papa wakwamba kufuma ku [[Amerika]], wakwamba kufuma ku [[Chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu chapasi]], kweniso papa wakwamba kufuma kuwaro kwa Europe kufuma pa nyengo ya Msyriya [[Papa Gregory III|Gregory III]], uyo wakawusa mu vyaka vya m'ma 8.

Papa Francis wakumanyikwa chifukwa cha [[kujiyuyura kwake]], kugomezgapo lusungu lwa Chiuta, kupwelelera ŵanthu [[umpoveri|ŵakavu]] na [[chilengedwe]], kweniso kujipereka kwake ku [[mazgu gha pakati pa visopa vyakupambanapambana]].

Ŵakulemba vya vyakusanguluska na vya ndyali Rachel Donadio wa mu ''[[The Atlantic]]'' na Brandon Ambrosino wa mu ''[[Vox Media|Vox]]'' ŵakayowoya kuti Papa Francis wali na nthowa yakupulikikwa mwambura mwambo chomene ya kulongozga upapa kuluska ŵapapa awo ŵakamwambiranga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|date=27 October 2019|title=Pope Francis, the Revolutionary, Takes On the Traditionalists|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/10/pope-francis-revolutionary-culture-war/600877/|access-date=19 June 2021|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ambrosino|first=Brandon|date=13 July 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Pope Francis|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/7/13/17570124/who-is-pope-francis|access-date=19 June 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|b=Catholicism}}
* {{URL|https://www.vatican.va|Vatican.va}} Holy See official website
* {{YouTube|u=vatican|The Vatican}}

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      <text bytes="300706" sha1="elwk3z2tqaqh39kpuhlta1r31fwdhv9" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|palije}}
&lt;!-- Chigaŵa ichi cha malongosolekero ghafupi chili mwadala kuti chiŵe &quot;palije&quot; - chonde wonani WP:SDNONE pambere mundasinthenge! --&gt;
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2026}}
Ichi ntchandanda wa [[political endorsement|vyakukhozgera ŵandyali]] ivyo vikapelekeka na [[Donald Trump]], pulezidenti wa nambara 45 na 47 wa [[United States|Charu cha United States]], pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti kweniso pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa pulezidenti, na pakati pa maulamuliro ghake ghaŵiri. &lt;!-- MUNGASAZGIRAKO VYAKUKHOZGERA VINTHU VYAŴALIŴOSE YAYI KWAMBURA SOURCE NDIPO MUPALIRENDENGE NDANDANDA WA MAZINA KUTOLERA KU A KU Z! --&gt;

{{Donald Trump series|expanded=Views and ideology}}

== Vyacharu chamukati ==
(''[[Italic type|Malembo ghakupendekeka]]'' ghakulongora [[incumbent|ŵandyali awo ŵali mu udindo sono]])

=== Pambere wandazgoke pulezidenti ===

==== 2008 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Udindo
!Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka
!Vyakafuma
|-
|{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2008 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]]
|[[Hillary Clinton]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shabad |first=Rebecca |date=Dec 29, 2015 |title=Trump in 2008: Hillary Clinton would make a &quot;great&quot; president |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-in-2008-hillary-clinton-would-make-a-great-president/ |publisher=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho cha chipani
|-
|{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2008 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]]
|[[John McCain]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Mike|date=Sep 17, 2008 |title=Trump endorses McCain on Larry King |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2008/09/trump-endorses-mccain-on-larry-king-013558 |work=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru
|}

==== 2012 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Udindo
!Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka
!Vyakafuma
|-
|{{flagicon|United States of America}} [[2012 United States presidential election|Pulezidenti]]
|[[Mitt Romney]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Preston |first1=Mark |last2=Silverleib |first2=Alan |date=Feb 3, 2012 |title=Trump endorses Romney |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/02/politics/campaign-wrap |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru
|}

==== 2016 Chisankho cha Senate ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Boma
!Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka
!Vyakafuma
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]]
|''[[John McCain]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Flores |first=Reena|date=Aug 5, 2016 |title=Donald Trump endorses Ryan, McCain, Ayotte ahead of primary races |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-paul-ryan-endorsement/ |publisher=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]]
|''[[Marco Rubio]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=736016335197458434 |date=May 26, 2016 |title=Poll data shows that @marcorubio does by far the best in holding onto his Senate seat in Florida. Important to keep the MAJORITY. Run Marco!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2016 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
|[[John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)|John Kennedy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=805127720749383680 |date=Dec 3, 2016 |title=Our great VPE, @mike_pence, is in Louisiana campaigning for John Kennedy for US Senate. John will be a tremendous help to us in Washington.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|-
|{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2016 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
|''[[Kelly Ayotte]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru
|}
==== 2016 Chisankho cha Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Chigaŵa
!Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka
!Vyakafuma
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 49th congressional district|CA-49]]
|''[[Darrell Issa]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=793524189240188928 |date=November 1, 2016 |title=.@DarrellIssa is a very good man. Help him win his congressional seat in California.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]]
|''[[Paul Ryan]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|}

=== Nyengo yake yakwamba nga pulezidenti ===

==== 2017 Chisankho cha ŵalongozgi ŵa maboma ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Boma
!Munthu uyo wakakhozgeka
!Vyakafuma
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2017 Virginia gubernatorial election|Virginia]]
|[[Ed Gillespie]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=916120435762266114 |date=Oct 5, 2017 |title=Ralph Northam,who is running for Governor of Virginia,is fighting for the violent MS-13 killer gangs &amp; sanctuary cities. Vote Ed Gillespie!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Wakathereskeka pa chisankho chikuru
|}
==== 2017 Senate elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama|Alabama (special)]]
|''[[Luther Strange]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=910635327672512512 |date=Sep 20, 2017 |title=Alabama is sooo lucky to have a candidate like &quot;Big&quot; Luther Strange. Smart, tough on crime, borders &amp; trade, loves Vets &amp; Military. Tuesday!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|[[Roy Moore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump|number=937641904338063361 |date=Dec 4, 2017 |title=Democrats refusal to give even one vote for massive Tax Cuts is why we need Republican Roy Moore to win in Alabama. We need his vote on stopping crime, illegal immigration, Border Wall, Military, Pro Life, V.A., Judges 2nd Amendment and more. No to Jones, a Pelosi/Schumer Puppet!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== 2017 House elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Chigaŵa
!Munthu uyo wakapika
!Ivyo vikachitika
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2017 Georgia's 6th congressional district special election|GA-06 (chisankho chapadera)]]
|[[Karen Handel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=876901304207069185
|date=Jun 19, 2017 |title=....because he doesn't even live there! He wants to raise taxes and kill healthcare. On Tuesday, #VoteKarenHandel.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2017 Kansas's 4th congressional district special election|KS-04 (chisankho chapadera)]]
|[[Ron Estes]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=851781714028494849 |date=Apr 11, 2017 |title=Ron Estes is running TODAY for Congress in the Great State of Kansas. A wonderful guy, I need his help on Healthcare &amp; Tax Cuts (Reform).}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2017 Montana's at-large congressional district special election|MT-AL (chisankho chapadera)]]
|[[Greg Gianforte]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 May 2017 |title= First on CNN: Trump records robocall for Montana special election |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/24/politics/trump-robocall-montana-special-election-ryan-zinke/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2017 South Carolina's 5th congressional district special election|SC-05 (chisankho chapadera)]]
|[[Ralph Norman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=876899176562524160 |date=June 19, 2017 |title=Ralph Norman, who is running for Congress in SC's 5th District, will be a fantastic help to me in cutting taxes, and....}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Wakasankhika'''
|}
==== 2018 gubernatorial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2018 Alaska gubernatorial election|Alaska]]
|[[Mike Dunleavy (politician)|Mike Dunleavy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1055555764901822466 |title=.@MikeDunleavyGov will make a fantastic Governor of Alaska. Mike is for Energy and Jobs, is tough on Crime, loves our Vets and our Great Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2018 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]]
|''[[Doug Ducey]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1034128943480299521 |date=Aug 27, 2018 |title=Governor Doug Ducey of Arizona is doing a great job. It would be really nice to show your support tomorrow by voting for him in Tuesdays Primary. Doug is strong on Crime, the Border, and our Second Amendment. Loves our Military &amp; our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2018 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]]
|''[[Asa Hutchinson]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=998704493335334912 |date=May 21, 2018 |title=.@AsaHutchinson, the great Governor of Arkansas, is in a primary tomorrow. He has done an incredible job with a focus on lower taxes, border security, and crime prevention. Asa loves our military and our veterans. I fully endorse Asa for Governor!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[2018 California gubernatorial election|California]]
|[[John H. Cox]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=997597940444221440 |date=May 18, 2018 |title=California finally deserves a great Governor, one who understands borders, crime and lowering taxes. John Cox is the man - he'll be the best Governor you've ever had. I fully endorse John Cox for Governor and look forward to working with him to Make California Great Again!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[2018 Colorado gubernatorial election|Colorado]]
|[[Walker Stapleton]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 10, 2018 |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1050004777034309633 |title=Walker Stapleton is running as the highly respected Republican Candidate for Governor of the Great State of Colorado. His credentials and talents are impeccable. He has my complete and total Endorsement!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Connecticut }} [[2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election|Connecticut]]
|[[Bob Stefanowski]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1029724286121074689 |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=It is about time that Connecticut had a real and talented Governor. Bob Stefanowski is the person needed to do the job. Tough on crime, Bob is also a big cutter of Taxes. He will win in November and make a Great Governor, a major difference maker. Bob has my total Endorsement!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2018 Florida gubernatorial election|Florida]]
|[[Ron DeSantis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 22, 2018 |title=Congressman Ron DeSantis, a top student at Yale and Harvard Law School, is running for Governor of the Great State of Florida. Ron is strong on Borders, tough on Crime &amp; big on Cutting Taxes - Loves our Military &amp; our Vets. He will be a Great Governor &amp; has my full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010129956222001153}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2018 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]]
|[[Brian Kemp]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 21, 2018 |title=Brian Kemp, who is running for Governor of Georgia and has my full endorsement, is campaigning tonight with VP @mike_pence. Brian is very strong on Crime and Borders, LOVES our Military, Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He will be a GREAT Governor! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020808378594054144}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2018 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]]
|[[Kris Kobach]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 6, 2018 |title=Kris Kobach, a strong and early supporter of mine, is running for Governor of the Great State of Kansas. He is a fantastic guy who loves his State and our Country - he will be a GREAT Governor and has my full &amp; total Endorsement! Strong on Crime, Border &amp; Military. VOTE TUESDAY! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1026495277824401408}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2018 Michigan gubernatorial election|Michigan]]
|[[Bill Schuette]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 17, 2017 |title=Attorney General Bill Schuette will be a fantastic Governor for the great State of Michigan. I am bringing back your jobs and Bill will help |user=realDonalTrump |number=909381488445190145}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election|Minnesota]]
|[[Jeff Johnson (Minnesota politician)|Jeff Johnson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Jeff Johnson of Minnesota had a big night in winning the Republican nomination for Governor against a very strong and well known opponent! Thanks for all of the support you showed me. You have my complete and total Endorsement. You will win in November! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029717542842052608}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2018 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]]
|[[Adam Laxalt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2018 |title=I strongly endorse Adam Laxalt for Governor of Nevada. Adam is smart, works hard, and knows how to win. He will be a great Governor. Also, will fight hard to lower your taxes and is tough on crime! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006619872367804416}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]]
|[[Mike DeWine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 30, 2018 |title=@MikeDeWine will be a great Governor for the People of Ohio. He is an outstanding man who loves his State – and always produces big.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057325714721124355}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]]
|[[Kevin Stitt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 30, 2018 |title=Kevin Stitt ran a great winning campaign against a very tough opponent in Oklahoma. Kevin is a very successful businessman who will be a fantastic Governor. He is strong on Crime &amp; Borders, the 2nd Amendment, &amp; loves our Military &amp; Vets. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1035233203609657344}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2018 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]]
|''[[Henry McMaster]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 9, 2018 |title=Henry McMaster loves the people of South Carolina and was with me from the beginning. He is strong on Crime and Borders, great for our Military and our Vets. He is doing a fantastic job as your Governor, and has my full endorsement, a special guy. Vote on Tuesday! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1005548570332631040}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2018 South Dakota gubernatorial election|South Dakota]]
|[[Kristi Noem]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akhtar |first=Monica |date=September 7, 2018 |title=Trump endorses Noem in South Dakota |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/trump-endorses-noem-in-south-dakota/2018/09/07/1b0b5e5a-b2f2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_video.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2018 Tennessee gubernatorial election|Tennessee]]
|[[Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)|Bill Lee]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 3, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Bill Lee of Tennessee on his big primary win for Governor last night. He ran a great campaign and now will finish off the job in November. Bill has my total and enthusiastic Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1025386253892694016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]]
|''[[Greg Abbott]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 27, 2018 |title=I want to encourage all of my many Texas friends to vote in the primary for Governor Greg Abbott, Senator Ted Cruz, Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick, and Attorney General Ken Paxton. They are helping me to Make America Great Again! Vote early or on March 6th. |user=realDonalTrump |number=968549117625602054}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]]
|''[[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Scott Walker is very special and will have another great win in November. He has done a fantastic job as Governor of Wisconsin and will always have my full support and Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029716105420595200}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election|Wyoming]]
|[[Foster Friess]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 21, 2018|title=To the incredible people of the Great State of Wyoming: Go VOTE TODAY for Foster Friess - He will be a fantastic Governor! Strong on Crime, Borders &amp; 2nd Amendment. Loves our Military &amp; our Vets. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1031917972099612673}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|}

==== 2018 Senate elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]]
|[[Martha McSally]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 29, 2018 |title=Martha McSally is an extraordinary woman. She was a very talented fighter jet pilot and is now a highly respected member of Congress. She is Strong on Crime, the Border and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Loves our Military and our Vets. Has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1034785759377727490}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]]
|[[Rick Scott]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 27, 2018 |title=Rick Scott of Florida is doing a fantastic job as Governor. Jobs are pouring into the State and its economic health is better than ever before. He is strong on Crime, Borders, and loves our Military and Vets. Vote for Rick on Tuesday! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1034128239579549696}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Indiana|Indiana]]
|[[Mike Braun]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 30, 2018 |title=Will be going to Evansville, Indiana, tonight for a big crowd rally with Mike Braun, a very successful businessman who is campaigning to be Indiana's next U.S. Senator. He is strong on Crime &amp; Borders, the 2nd Amendment, and loves our Military &amp; Vets. Will be a big night! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1035162684633825286}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]]
|[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2018 |title=.@JohnJamesMI, who is running in the Republican Primary in the great state of Michigan, is SPECTACULAR! Vote on August 7th. Rarely have I seen a candidate with such great potential. West Point graduate, successful businessman and an African American leader... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1022872574634729472}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2018 United States Senate special election in Minnesota|Minnesota (special)]]
|[[Karin Housley]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 4, 2018 |title=Just made my second stop in Minnesota for a MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN rally. We need to elect @KarinHousley to the U.S. Senate, and we need the strong leadership of @TomEmmer, @Jason2CD, @JimHagedornMN and @PeteStauber in the U.S. House! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047984297607618565}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2018 United States Senate special election in Mississippi|Mississippi (special)]]
|''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 25, 2018 |title=Mississippi, Vote for @cindyhydesmith on Tuesday. Respected by all. We need her in Washington!. Thanks! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1066786854643662848}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
|''[[Roger Wicker]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Senator @RogerWicker of Mississippi has done everything necessary to Make America Great Again! Get out and vote for Roger, he has my total support! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003997350791188482}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]]
|[[Josh Hawley]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 13, 2018 |title=Senator Claire McCaskill of the GREAT State of Missouri flew around in a luxurious private jet during her RV tour of the state. RV's are not for her. People are really upset, so phony! Josh Hawley should win big, and has my full endorsement. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006992524366503941}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]]
|[[Matt Rosendale]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 7, 2018 |title=Matt Rosendale will be a Great Senator from a Great State, Montana! He is a fighter who will be tough on Crime and the Border, fight hard for our 2nd Amendment and loves our Military and our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1038022020691161088}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
|''[[Deb Fischer]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 15, 2018 |title=Nebraska - make sure you get out to the polls and VOTE for Deb Fischer today! |user=realDonalTrump |number=996442654568341505}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]]
|''[[Dean Heller]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2018 |title=Get out and VOTE for @DeanHeller! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058758825300365312}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2018 United States Senate election in New Jersey|New Jersey]]
|[[Bob Hugin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Bob Hugin, successful all of his life, would be a Great Senator from New Jersey. He has my complete and total Endorsement! Get out and Vote for Bob. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059870147845017601}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]]
|[[Kevin Cramer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 13, 2018 |title=Congratulations to @KevinCramer on his huge win in North Dakota. We need Kevin in the Senate, and I strongly endorse him. Heidi voted NO on our Tax Cuts, and always will vote no when we need her. Kevin is strong on Crime &amp; Borders, big on Cutting Taxes! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1007002252467458048}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]]
|[[Jim Renacci]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 24, 2018 |title=.@JimRenacci has worked so hard on Tax Reductions, Illegal Immigration, the Border and Crime. I need Jim very badly to help our agenda and to keep MAKING AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! He will be a fantastic Senator for the Great State of Ohio, and has my full endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=988856839893897222}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
|[[Lou Barletta]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 11, 2018 |title=Rep. Lou Barletta, a Great Republican from Pennsylvania who was one of my very earliest supporters, will make a FANTASTIC Senator. He is strong &amp; smart, loves Pennsylvania &amp; loves our Country! Voted for Tax Cuts, unlike Bob Casey, who listened to Tax Hikers Pelosi and Schumer! |user=realDonalTrump |number=962784821389996033}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
|[[Marsha Blackburn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 19, 2018 |title=.@MarshaBlackburn is a wonderful woman who has always been there when we have needed her. Great on the Military, Border Security and Crime. Loves and works hard for the people of Tennessee. She has my full endorsement and I will be there to campaign with her! |user=realDonalTrump |number=987038167730552832}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]]
|''[[Ted Cruz]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]]
|[[Mitt Romney]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 19, 2018 |title=.@MittRomney has announced he is running for the Senate from the wonderful State of Utah. He will make a great Senator and worthy successor to @OrrinHatch, and has my full support and endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=965773283554668544}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2018 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]]
|[[Evan Jenkins (politician)|Evan Jenkins]] ''(co-endorsement with Morrisey)''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 7, 2018 |title=To the great people of West Virginia we have, together, a really great chance to keep making a big difference. Problem is, Don Blankenship, currently running for Senate, can't win the General Election in your State...No way! Remember Alabama. Vote Rep. Jenkins or A.G. Morrisey! |user=realDonalTrump |number=993443781281271808}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|[[Patrick Morrisey]] ''(co-endorsement with Jenkins)''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]
|[[Leah Vukmir]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Leah Vukmir of Wisconsin on your great win last night. You beat a very tough and good competitor and will make a fantastic Senator after winning in November against someone who has done very little. You have my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029712857724792832}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2018 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]]
|''[[John Barrasso]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 31, 2018 |title=.@SenJohnBarrasso has a Primary on August 21st. He doesn't need any help because he is absolutely outstanding in every way, but I hope the great people of Wyoming will go out and show their support anyway. John is absolutely top of the line &amp; has my Complete &amp; Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1024342307624103937}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2018 House elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!District
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 2nd congressional district|AL-02]]
|''[[Martha Roby]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 22, 2018 |title=Congresswoman Martha Roby of Alabama has been a consistent and reliable vote for our Make America Great Again Agenda. She is in a Republican Primary run-off against a recent Nancy Pelosi voting Democrat. I fully endorse Martha for Alabama 2nd Congressional District! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010126805850902528|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]]
|''[[Debbie Lesko]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 24, 2018 |title=Arizona, please get out today and vote @DebbieLesko for Congress in #AZ08. Strong on Border, Immigration and Crime. Great on the Military. Time is ticking down - get out and VOTE today. We need Debbie in Congress! |user=realDonalTrump |number=988840512571441152|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 8th congressional district|CA-08]]
|''[[Paul Cook (politician)|Paul Cook]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 4, 2018 |title=Paul Cook is a decorated Marine Corps Veteran who loves and supports our Military and Vets. He is Strong on Crime, the Border, and supported Tax Cuts for the people of California. Paul has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1037081791599915008|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 21st congressional district|CA-21]]
|''[[Devin Nunes]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Vote for Congressman Devin Nunes, a true American Patriot the likes of which we rarely see in our modern day world....he truly loves our country and deserves everyone's support! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003995933540044800|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 23rd congressional district|CA-23]]
|''[[Kevin McCarthy]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2018 |title=Get the vote out in California today for Rep. Kevin McCarthy and all of the great GOP candidates for Congress. Keep our country out of the hands of High Tax, High Crime Nancy Pelosi. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1003987298072002565|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 48th congressional district|CA-48]]
|''[[Dana Rohrabacher]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 5, 2018 |title=Dana Rohrabacher has been a great Congressman for his District and for the people of Cal. He works hard and is respected by all - he produces! Dems are desperate to replace Dana by spending vast sums to elect a super liberal who is weak on Crime and bad for our Military &amp; Vets! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059317426653933568|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 49th congressional district|CA-49]]
|[[Diane Harkey]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 20, 2018 |title=.@DianeHarkey is an extraordinary woman of great accomplishment &amp; potential. She is running as a very popular Republican for the Congressional seat of my friend Darrell Issa-with his complete support. Diane is strong on crime, loves our Military &amp; Vets-has my total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1031719084680007680|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 1st congressional district|FL-01]]
|''[[Matt Gaetz]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 13, 2018 |title=Congressman Matt Gaetz of Florida is one of the finest and most talented people in Congress. Strong on Crime, the Border, Illegal Immigration, the 2nd Amendment, our great Military &amp; Vets, Matt worked tirelessly on helping to get our Massive Tax Cuts. He has my Full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1017650505043140609|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 2nd congressional district|FL-02]]
|''[[Neal Dunn]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 17, 2018 |title=Congressman Neal Dunn (@DunnCampaign) of Florida has done an outstanding job at everything having to do with #MAGA. Now working hard on hurricane relief and rebuild. Strong on Crime, strong on Borders, loves our Military and our Vets. Neal has my highest Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1052644447853453312|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]]
|''[[Ted Yoho]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 9, 2018 |title=Congressman Ted Yoho of Florida is doing a fantastic job and has my complete and total Endorsement! Tough on Crime and Borders, Ted was really helpful on Tax Cuts. Vote all the way for Ted in the upcoming Primary - he will never let you down! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1027600571530969088|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 6th congressional district|FL-06]]
|[[Mike Waltz]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Florida, very important - get out and vote for Florida Congressional Candidate Michael Waltz (R). He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059896399595225089|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 15th congressional district|FL-15]]
|[[Ross Spano]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 24, 2018 |title=A vote for Ross Spano in FL-15 is a vote for more jobs and bigger paychecks for Florida families! It's also a vote for a leader who will stand up for our AMERICA FIRST agenda! Vote Spano on Nov. 6th! |url=https://www.facebook.com/DonaldTrump/videos/vote-ross-spano/255101881871360/ |via=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 14th congressional district|IL-14]]
|''[[Randy Hultgren]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Congressman Randy Hultgren (R) of Illinois is doing a great job. Get out and Vote for Randy - Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059897349005283334|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 1st congressional district|IA-01]]
|''[[Rod Blum]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=Congressman @RodBlum of Iowa got a desperately needed Flood Wall for Cedar Rapids that was almost impossible to get. He makes a BIG difference for Iowa! Border, Military, Vets etc. We need Rod in D.C. He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057106631652196354|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 3rd congressional district|KS-03]]
|''[[Kevin Yoder]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 18, 2018 |title=Thank you to Congressman Kevin Yoder! He secured $5 BILLION for Border Security. Now we need Congress to support. Kevin has been strong on Crime, the Border, the 2nd Amendment, and he loves our Military and Vets. @RepKevinYoder has my full and total endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1019695583853010944|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 6th congressional district|KY-06]]
|''[[Andy Barr]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 13, 2018 |title=Heading to the Great State of Kentucky - Big Rally for Congressman Andy Barr - Fantastic guy, need his vote for MAGA! Strong on Crime, Tax Cuts, Military, Vets &amp; 2nd A. His opponent will NEVER vote for us, only for Pelosi. Andy has my Strongest Endorsement!!! See you in Kentucky. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1051168800324931584|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]]
|''[[Clay Higgins]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 24, 2018 |title=.@RepClayHiggins has been a great help to me on Cutting Taxes, creating great new healthcare programs at low cost, fighting for Border Security, our Military and are Vets. He is tough on Crime and has my full Endorsement. The Great State of Louisiana, we want Clay! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1011053439575576576|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]]
|''[[Bruce Poliquin]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@BrucePoliquin from Maine is a great Congressman. He is in a tough fight against a very liberal Nancy Pelosi Democrat. Bruce has helped bring JOBS back to his State and totally protects your Great Second Amendment. We need to keep Bruce in Washington. He has my Full Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055559438977900544|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 11th congressional district|MI-11]]
|Lena Epstein&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Epstein all the way in Michigan House 11. She is a wonderful person and, at the same time, a real fighter. Has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059880322500833281|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|MN-01]]
|[[Jim Hagedorn]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 4, 2018 |title=Just made my second stop in Minnesota for a MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN rally. We need to elect @KarinHousley to the U.S. Senate, and we need the strong leadership of @TomEmmer, @Jason2CD, @JimHagedornMN and @PeteStauber in the U.S. House! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047984297607618565|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 2nd congressional district|MN-02]]
|''[[Jason Lewis (Minnesota politician)|Jason Lewis]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 3rd congressional district|MN-03]]
|''[[Erik Paulsen]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2018 |title=Congressman Erik Paulsen of the Great State of Minnesota has done a fantastic job in cutting Taxes and Job Killing Regulations. Hard working and very smart. Keep Erik in Congress. He has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1054588738641178624|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|MN-06]]
|''[[Tom Emmer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|MN-07]]
|Dave Hughes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 8, 2018 |title=Dave Hughes is running for Congress in the Great State of Minnesota. He will help us accomplish our America First policies, is strong on Crime, the Border, our 2nd Amendmen, Trade, Military and Vets. Running against Pelosi Liberal Puppet Petterson. Dave has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1038437927506923521|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|MN-08]]
|[[Pete Stauber]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=.@PeteStauber won big last night in Minnesota. A big star in Hockey, he will be an even bigger star in politics. It all begins with a win in November. Pete has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029722249232826368|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's at-large congressional district|MT-AL]]
|''[[Greg Gianforte]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2018 |title=If Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi gain the majority, they will try to raise your taxes, restore job-killing regulations, shut down your coal mines and timber mills, take away your healthcare, impose socialism, and ERASE your borders. VOTE for @MattForMontana and @GregForMontana! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058820790546821120|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 3rd congressional district|NV-03]]
|[[Danny Tarkanian]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 15, 2018 |title=.@DannyTarkanian of Nevada is a great friend who supports the Trump Agenda. He is Strong on Crime, the Border and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Danny Loves our Military and our Vets. He has my total and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1041068591527993344|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 11th congressional district|NJ-11]]
|[[Jay Webber]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 20, 2018 |title=.@JayWebberNJ is running for Congress in the 11th District of New Jersey. He is outstanding in every way. Strong on Borders, loves our Military and our Vets. Big Crime fighter. Jay has my Full and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1042828275121369088|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 1st congressional district|NY-01]]
|''[[Lee Zeldin]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 26, 2018 |title=Congressman Lee Zeldin is doing a fantastic job in D.C. Tough and smart, he loves our Country and will always be there to do the right thing. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1045003711104331776|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 2nd congressional district|NY-02]]
|''[[Peter King (American politician)|Peter King]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 6, 2018 |title=Congressman Peter King of New York is a hardworking gem. Loves his Country and his State. Get out and VOTE for Peter! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059833982777544705|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 11th congressional district|NY-11]]
|''[[Dan Donovan (politician)|Dan Donovan]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 30, 2018 |title=There is no one better to represent the people of N.Y. and Staten Island (a place I know very well) than @RepDanDonovan, who is strong on Borders &amp; Crime, loves our Military &amp; our Vets, voted for Tax Cuts and is helping me to Make America Great Again. Dan has my full endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1001973090107248641|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 19th congressional district|NY-19]]
|''[[John Faso]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2018 |title=Congressman John Faso of New York has worked hard and smart. Strong on Crime, Borders and our 2nd Amendment, John is respected by all. Vote for John. He has my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1054759617165754372|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 22nd congressional district|NY-22]]
|''[[Claudia Tenney]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 5, 2018 |title=I need @claudiatenney of #NY22 to be re-elected in order to get our big plans moving. Her opponent would be a disaster. Nobody works harder than Claudia, and she is a producer. I look forward to working together with her - she has my Strongest Endorsement! Vote Claudia! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1059460759179198470|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 23rd congressional district|NY-23]]
|''[[Tom Reed (politician)|Tom Reed]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 3, 2018 |title=Thank you to Congressman Tom Reed of New York for your wonderful comments on our great new Trade Deal with Mexico and Canada, the USMCA. I have long ago given you my Full Endorsement, and for good reason. Keep up the Great Work! @Varneyco |user=realDonalTrump |number=1047486972976095233|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 9th congressional district|NC-09]]
|[[Mark Harris (North Carolina politician)|Mark Harris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 26, 2018 |title=Fantastic evening in Charlotte, North Carolina with great PATRIOTS. Get out and VOTE for @buddforcongress and @MarkHarrisNC9! http://Vote.GOP #MAGARally replay: facebook.com/DonaldTrump/videos/1841987799204126/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055987125701742592|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 13th congressional district|NC-13]]
|''[[Ted Budd]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2018 Ohio's 12th congressional district special election|OH-12 (special)]]
|[[Troy Balderson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 21, 2018 |title=Troy Balderson of Ohio is running for Congress against a Nancy Pelosi Liberal who is WEAK on Crime &amp; Borders. Troy is the total opposite, and loves our Military, Vets &amp; 2nd Amendment. EARLY VOTING just started with Election Day on August 7th. Troy has my Full &amp; Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020811550771294211}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 12th congressional district|OH-12]]
|''[[Troy Balderson]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@Troy_Balderson of Ohio is doing a great job as your Congressman, already very respected in Washington. Get out and VOTE for Troy - we need him – great guy – has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055548549595873280}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district|PA-08]]
|John Chrin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@JohnChrin of Pennsylvania is fantastic. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He is a powerful vote for #MAGA and loves the Great State of Pennsylvania. Please get out and vote for John, he has my Total and very Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055548456469778432}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district|PA-10]]
|''[[Scott Perry]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2018 |title=Scott Perry of Pennsylvania is fantastic. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the Second Amendment. Scott has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058553398172237824}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district|PA-11]]
|''[[Lloyd Smucker]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2018 |title=.@LloydSmuckerPA is doing a great job for the people of Pennsylvania. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. Lloyd has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1055555312864952321}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district|PA-17]]
|''[[Keith Rothfus]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 23, 2018 |title=.@VP Pence is heading to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where we have both strongly endorsed one of the finest men around, Congressman Keith @RothfusForPA. He is running against #LambTheSham, who is telling... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1010522933498806278}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2018 Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district special election|PA-18 (special)]]
|[[Rick Saccone]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jan 18, 2018 |title=Will be going to Pennsylvania today in order to give my total support to RICK SACCONE, running for Congress in a Special Election (March 13). Rick is a great guy. We need more Republicans to continue our already successful agenda! |user=realDonalTrump |number=953973568035086336}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|SC-01]]
|[[Katie Arrington]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2018 |title=Mark Sanford has been very unhelpful to me in my campaign to MAGA. He is MIA and nothing but trouble. He is better off in Argentina. I fully endorse Katie Arrington for Congress in SC, a state I love. She is tough on crime and will continue our fight to lower taxes. VOTE Katie! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1006630395067039744}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 8th congressional district|TN-08]]
|''[[David Kustoff]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2018 |title=Congressman David Kustoff has been a champion for the Trump Agenda - I greatly appreciate his support. David is strong on crime and borders, loves our Military, Vets and Second Amendment. Get out and vote for David on Thursday, August 2nd. He has my full and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1022936690267176971}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 8th congressional district|TX-08]]
|''[[Kevin Brady]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 30, 2018 |title=Congressman Kevin Brady of Texas is so popular in his District, and far beyond, that he doesn't need any help - but I am giving it to him anyway. He is a great guy and the absolute &quot;King&quot; of Cutting Taxes. Highly respected by all, he loves his State &amp; Country. Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057247021919297536}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|TX-32]]
|''[[Pete Sessions]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 15, 2018 |title=Congressman Pete Sessions of Texas is doing a great job. He is a fighter who will be tough on Crime and the Border, fight hard for our Second Amendment and loves our Military and our Vets. He has my full and complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1041065107969777664}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 5th congressional district|VA-05]]
|[[Denver Riggleman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=.@Denver4VA of the 5th District in Virginia is a popular guy who really knows how to get the job done! Really big help with Tax Cuts, the Military and our great Vets. He has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057106123260678144}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 7th congressional district|VA-07]]
|''[[Dave Brat]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 18, 2018 |title=Congressman @DaveBratVA7th is one of the hardest working, and smartest, people in Washington. He is strong on the Border, Crime, the Military, our Vets and the 2nd Amendment. He is a powerful vote for MAGA and loves the Great State of Virginia. Dave has my Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1052914382986973184}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 5th congressional district|WA-05]]
|''[[Cathy McMorris Rodgers]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 29, 2018 |title=Congresswoman @cathymcmorris of Washington State is an incredible leader who is respected by everyone in Congress. We need her badly in D.C. to keep building on #MAGA. She has my Strong Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1057108130662899713}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 3rd congressional district|WV-03]]
|[[Carol Miller (politician)|Carol Miller]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2018 |title=I need the people of West Virginia to send a message to Chuck Schumer, Maxine Waters, Nancy Pelosi and the Radical Democrats by voting for Carol Miller and Patrick Morrisey! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1058498592208494592}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]]
|[[Bryan Steil]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 15, 2018 |title=Congratulations to Bryan Steil on a wonderful win last night. You will be replacing a great guy in Paul Ryan, and your win in November will make the entire State of Wisconsin very proud. You have my complete and total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1029717928130818048}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2018 state executive elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2018 Georgia Secretary of State election|Georgia]]
|[[Georgia Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]
|[[Brad Raffensperger]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=July 21, 2018 |title=Brad Raffensperger will be a fantastic Secretary of State for Georgia - will work closely with @BrianKempGA. It is really important that you get out and vote for Brad - early voting.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1020808378594054144}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Commissioner of the General Land Office|Texas]]
|[[Texas General Land Office#Texas Land Commissioner|Land Commissioner]]
|''[[George P. Bush]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 27, 2018 |title=Texas LC George P. Bush backed me when it wasn't the politically correct thing to do, and I back him now. Also, AC Sid Miller has been with me from the beginning, he is &quot;Trump's Man in Texas.&quot; Also support Comptroller Glenn Hegar, and Railroad Commissioner Christi Craddick. |user=realDonalTrump |number=968620661349470209}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Railroad Commissioner|Texas]]
|[[Railroad Commission of Texas#Commissioners|Railroad Commissioner]]
|''[[Christi Craddick]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Comptroller of Public Accounts|Texas]]
|[[Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts#List of Texas comptrollers|Comptroller of Public Accounts]]
|''[[Glenn Hegar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas elections#Commissioner of Agriculture|Texas]]
|[[Texas Department of Agriculture#Commissioners of the Texas Department of Agriculture|Commissioner of Agriculture]]
|''[[Sid Miller (politician)|Sid Miller]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas lieutenant gubernatorial election|Texas]]
|[[Lieutenant Governor of Texas|Lieutenant Governor]]
|''[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Dan Patrick]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2018 Texas Attorney General election|Texas]]
|[[Texas Attorney General|Attorney General]]
|''[[Ken Paxton]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2019 Speaker of the House of Representatives election ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|Speaker]]
|[[Nancy Pelosi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 7, 2018 |title=In all fairness, Nancy Pelosi deserves to be chosen Speaker of the House by the Democrats. If they give her a hard time, perhaps we will add some Republican votes. She has earned this great honor! |user=DonaldTrump |number=1060162807960870913}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]])
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2019 gubernatorial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election|Kentucky]]
|''[[Matt Bevin]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 15, 2019 |title=Governor @MattBevin has done a wonderful job for the people of Kentucky! He continues to protect your very important Second Amendment. Matt is Strong on Crime and the Border, he Loves our Great Vets and Military. Matt has my Complete and Total Endorsement, and always has! | |user=realDonaldTrump |number=1184129465070297090}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2019 Louisiana gubernatorial election|Louisiana]]
|[[Eddie Rispone]] ''(co-endorsement with Abraham)''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 1, 2019 |title=REPUBLICANS of Louisiana, it is really important for you to go out and vote on October 12th for either Eddie Rispone or Ralph Abraham (both Great), which will lead to a runoff against.... |url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179157911374897166}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff
|-
|[[Ralph Abraham (politician)|Ralph Abraham]] ''(co-endorsement with Rispone)''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2019 Mississippi gubernatorial election|Mississippi]]
|[[Tate Reeves]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 2, 2019 |title=Mississippi, there is a VERY important election for Governor on November 5th. I need you to Get Out and Vote for our Great Republican nominee, @TateReeves. Tate is strong on Crime, tough on Illegal Immigration, and will protect your Second Amendment.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1179538517992595458}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2019 House elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!District
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2019 North Carolina's 3rd congressional district special election|NC-03 (special)]]
|[[Greg Murphy (politician)|Greg Murphy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 4, 2019 |title=State Rep Greg Murphy is running for Congress in North Carolina, District 3. We really need Greg in Washington. He is great w/ the Military, our Vets, &amp; your 2A. Strong on Crime and the Border, has had my Total Endorsement for a long time. Please vote for Greg on September 10th! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1169366511439552512}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2019 North Carolina's 9th congressional district special election|NC-09 (special)]]
|[[Dan Bishop]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 16, 2019 |title=Congratulations to Dan Bishop on his big Republican Primary victory in the 9th Congressional District of North Carolina. Dan is strong on Crime, Loves our Military, Vets, 2A, and great Healthcare. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #MAGA |user=realDonalTrump |number=1129067332725297152}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2019 Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district special election|PA-12 (special)]]
|[[Fred Keller (politician)|Fred Keller]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 20, 2019 |title=Fred Keller of the Great State of Pennsylvania has been an outstanding State Representative. Now he is running as the Republican Nominee for Congress, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement. He will do a fantastic job - I look forward to seeing everyone tonight! #MAGA |user=realDonalTrump |number=1130535532868571137}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2019 state court elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2019 Pennsylvania elections#Judge of the Superior Court|Pennsylvania]]
|Superior Court Judge
|[[Megan McCarthy King]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 20, 2019 |title=Megan King, who is running for Superior Court Judge in the Pennsylvania election, has my Full and Total Endorsement. She is tough on crime and fully understands all aspects of the law. Vote for Megan tomorrow (Tuesday). |user=realDonalTrump |number=1130655064631238658}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2019 state executive elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2019 Kentucky Attorney General election|Kentucky]]
|[[Attorney General of Kentucky|Attorney General]]
|[[Daniel Cameron (American politician)|Daniel Cameron]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 29, 2019 |title=The Republican Party has a new STAR, his name is Daniel Cameron (@djaycameron), and he is running for Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1155938087886700544}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2019 state legislative elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2019 Virginia Senate election#District 13|Virginia]]
|State Senator
|[[Geary Higgins]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 4, 2019 |title=Great Republican Geary Higgins has my complete and total Endorsement for Virginia Senate, 13th District. He is strong on Crime, the Border, our Military, Cutting Taxes, and protecting your 2nd Amendment. Dem John Bell will take your guns &amp; raise your taxes. Vote for Geary Higgins |user=realDonalTrump |number=1191218806468820994}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== 2020 Senate elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]]
|[[Tommy Tuberville]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 10, 2020 |title=....(which is under siege), is strong on Crime and the Border, and truly LOVES our Military and our Vets. He will be a great Senator for the people of Alabama. Coach Tommy Tuberville, a winner, has my Complete and Total Endorsement. I love Alabama! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1237557412048986120}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]]
|''[[Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)|Dan Sullivan]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 17, 2019 |title=Senator Dan Sullivan is doing a great job for the people of Alaska while supporting our #MAGA Agenda. He fights hard everyday to support our Veterans and the Military. Dan is Strong on the #2A and is 100% pro-jobs. I give Dan Sullivan my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1207053956142292994}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2020 United States Senate special election in Arizona|Arizona (special)]]
|''[[Martha McSally]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 25, 2019 |title=....Martha is strong on Crime and Borders, the 2nd Amendment, and loves our Military and Vets. She has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1143601087238172672}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Colorado|Colorado]]
|''[[Cory Gardner]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 29, 2020 |title=Senator @CoryGardner from Colorado is a GREAT Senator who always fights for the people of his state. He protects your #2A, loves our Vets and Military, and cares deeply about our BEAUTIFUL public lands. Cory has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #COSEN |user=realDonalTrump |number=1277683493179400193}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2020–21 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]]
|''[[David Perdue]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 11, 2020 |title=We need our Great David Perdue (@PerdueSenate) in the Senate to Drain the Swamp &amp; Make America Great Again! His Radical Liberal opponent, Jon Ossoff (who we beat in 2017), supports LAWLESS Sanctuary Cities, wants to raise your taxes, &amp; weaken our Great Military. He is a puppet... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271163756144279552}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia|Georgia (special)]]
|''[[Kelly Loeffler]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 16, 2020 |title=I strongly stand with Kelly &amp; David. They are both great and MUST WIN! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1328330303103000577}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]]
|''[[Jim Risch]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 16, 2019 |title=Senator Jim Risch of the Great State of Idaho has been an incredible supporter of our Agenda! He is tough on Crime, Strong on Borders, and will continue to fight for our Second Amendment. Jim will never let you down. He has my Full and Complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1162414717505277952}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]]
|''[[Joni Ernst]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 11, 2020 |title=...Unlike her Radical Liberal opponent, Theresa Greenfield, and Theresa's failed record in real estate, Joni stands for Iowa. Vote for Joni Ernst on November 3rd, a big day for us all! #IASEN |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271166412019527680}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]]
|[[Roger Marshall]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 5, 2020 |title=A great race run by Roger against a very tough and smart opponent. Roger loves Kansas and will represent it incredibly well. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement. Will be a Big Win on November 3rd. This is not the opponent the Democrats wanted! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1290952940602130437}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]]
|''[[Mitch McConnell]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 19, 2020 |title=Senator Mitch McConnell (@Team_Mitch) always delivers for the people of Kentucky, who will hopefully re-elect their powerful Senate Majority Leader. Mitch has helped us Make America Great Again, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #KYSEN secure.winred.com/mitchmcconnell/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1274074948743630853}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
|''[[Bill Cassidy]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 2, 2020 |title=THANK YOU @BillCassidy for all of your support with our #MAGA Agenda. You are doing an outstanding job representing the people of Louisiana &amp; the U.S.A. You have my Complete and Total Endorsement! #KAG2020 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1234566159774756864}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]]
|[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 18, 2020 |title=John James will be a GREAT Senator for Michigan! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1251549076786733056}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Minnesota|Minnesota]]
|[[Jason Lewis (Minnesota politician)|Jason Lewis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 10, 2020 |title=Jason Lewis (@LewisForMN) will be an incredible Senator for the State of Minnesota! He is a proven leader who will help us Lower your Taxes, Protect our Communities and Defend your Second Amendment… |user=realDonalTrump |number=1292880641311334400}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
|''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 21, 2020 |title=Senator @CindyHydeSmith delivers for Mississippi! She helped us Cut your Taxes, Secure our Border, and Defend the Second Amendment. Cindy's opponent, Mike Espy, is a Corrupt Politician who will Raise your Taxes and Open your Borders! Vote for Cindy! #MSSEN secure.winred.com/cindy-hyde-smith/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1319017749931319297}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]]
|''[[Steve Daines]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 5, 2020 |title=True. Steve is a GREAT SENATOR. Need him badly in Washington. Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1268879488223522816}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
|''[[Ben Sasse]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2019 |title=Senator Ben Sasse has done a wonderful job representing the people of Nebraska. He is great with our Vets, the Military, and your very important Second Amendment. Strong on Crime and the Border, Ben has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1171595113673347072}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2020 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
|Bryant &quot;Corky&quot; Messner&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 12, 2020 |title=Corky Messner (@CorkyForSenate) will be a fantastic Senator for New Hampshire! A West Point graduate, he served our Country in the Army with distinction. Strong on Jobs, Crime, Vets, Military and the Second Amendment... |user=realDonalTrump |number=1271482304716845057}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2020 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]]
|''[[Thom Tillis]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 25, 2019 |title=Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina has really stepped up to the plate. Thom is tough on Crime, Strong on the Border and fights hard against Illegal Immigration. He loves our Military, our Vets and our great Second Amendment. I give Thom my Full and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1143645216907378695}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]
|''[[Jim Inhofe]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 9, 2020 |title=THANK YOU, Jim, for your incredible support of our #MAGA Agenda! You are a tremendous Senator for the people of the Great State of Oklahoma and you have my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1237130072571731968}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2020 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]]
|''[[Lindsey Graham]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 7, 2020 |title=Senator @LindseyGrahamSC is a good friend and strong voice for the people of South Carolina. He's helped us confirm GREAT Judges, rebuild the Military, and keep our Country SAFE. Strong on Life and our Vets. Lindsey has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/team-graham/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1269703029588209665}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2020 United States Senate election in South Dakota|South Dakota]]
|''[[Mike Rounds]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 2, 2020 |title=Senator Mike Rounds (@RoundsforSenate) continues to deliver for South Dakota! Mike is working hard for our incredible Farmers and he is strong on Trade, Military, our Vets, and the Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #SDSen secure.winred.com/rounds/home |user=realDonalTrump |number=1267809766627315712}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
|[[Bill Hagerty]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 12, 2019 |title=Tennessee loving Bill Hagerty, who was my Tennessee Victoy Chair and is now the very outstanding Ambassador to Japan, will be running for the U.S. Senate. He is strong on crime, borders &amp; our 2nd A. Loves our Military &amp; our Vets. Has my Complete &amp; Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1149779387077791749}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]]
|''[[John Cornyn]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 21, 2019 |title=Senator John Cornyn has done an outstanding job for the people of Texas. He is strong on Crime, the Border, the Second Amendment and loves our Military and Vets. John has my complete and total endorsement. MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1098676390780719104}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2020 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]]
|''[[Shelley Moore Capito]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 1, 2020 |title=....Together we will Fight for Small Businesses and Protect American Energy workers! Shelley has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1256313938247127041}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2020 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]]
|[[Cynthia Lummis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 13, 2020 |title=...She will be a great Senator, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/lummis-for-wyoming/senate_red?sc=winred-directory |user=realDonalTrump |number=1294051967933841415}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2020 House elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!District
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 1st congressional district|AL-01]]
|[[Jerry Carl]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 23, 2020 |title=We need Jerry Carl (@CarlForAlabama) in Congress for the People of Alabama! He Loves our Veterans, Stands for Law &amp; Order, and is Strong on Jobs and the Second Amendment. Jerry has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AL01 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1308870438542508032}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 2nd congressional district|AL-02]]
|[[Barry Moore (American politician)|Barry Moore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 23, 2020 |title=Barry Moore (@RepBarryMoore) will be a terrific Congressman for Alabama! An early supporter of our #MAGA agenda, he is Strong on Jobs, Life, the Wall, Law &amp; Order and the Second Amendment. Barry has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AL02 secure.winred.com/barrymoore/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1308870520281104385}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]]
|''[[Mo Brooks]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 14, 2020 |title=.@MoInTheHouse Brooks is running for Congress in the Great State of Alabama. He is a huge supporter of the #MAGA Agenda. Mo fully supports Securing our Border w/the WALL, he Loves our Military &amp; Vets, &amp; is Strong on the #2A. Mo has my Complete Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1228438881969885184}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]]
|''[[Don Young]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 13, 2020 |title=.@DonYoungAK really produces for Alaska. He is an incredible Congressman who loves his State and works tirelessly for it. Strong on Public Lands, Energy, and our Second Amendment. He will never let you down, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1294052825845182464}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 1st congressional district|AZ-01]]
|Tiffany Shedd&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 10, 2020 |title=We need Tiffany Shedd (@Tiffany_Shedd) in Congress to fight for the people of Arizona! She will be a tremendous ally and advocate for Arizona's Farmers, the Second Amendment and the Border. Tiffany has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #AZ01 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1315091499823099909}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 4th congressional district|AZ-04]]
|''[[Paul Gosar]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 3, 2020 |title=Congressman @DrPaulGosar is a tremendous supporter of our #MAGA agenda! He is Strong on the Wall, Law Enforcement and the Second Amendment, and he always puts America First! Paul has my Complete and Total Endorsement. #AZ04 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1279161110336278531}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]]
|''[[Debbie Lesko]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 8, 2020 |title=Total and complete Endorsement for Debbie Lesko! @RepDLesko Love Arizona. |user=realDonalTrump |number=1226231262928678915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 4th congressional district|CA-04]]
|''[[Tom McClintock]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 14, 2020 |title=.@TomMcClintock is a strong Conservative Leader who will always fight for the people of California. He fully supports our #MAGA Agenda, will continue to Secure Our Border, Loves our Military &amp; Vets, &amp; is Strong on the #2A. Tom has my Complete Endorsement! secure.winred.com/mcclintock/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1228442887081295873}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 8th congressional district|CA-08]]
|[[Jay Obernolte]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 12, 2020 |title=.@JayObernolte of California is running for Congress in 2020. Jay will help me to continue securing the Southern Border, he Loves our GREAT Law Enforcement Officers, Military, Vets, and he will protect your #2A. Jay has my Complete and Total Endorsement! secure.winred.com/JayObernolte/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1227702453052813312}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[2020 California's 25th congressional district special election|CA-25]]
|[[Mike Garcia (politician)|Mike Garcia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 20, 2020 |title=...He is Strong on Crime, the Border, and Second Amendment. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement! Turn your Ballots in now and track them, watching for dishonesty. Report to Law Enforcement. secure.winred.com/mikegarcia/donate/ |user=realDonalTrump |number=1252417321685053440}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 43rd congressional district|CA-43]]
|Joe Collins&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 12, 2020 |title=Maxine Waters has long been considered &quot;the most corrupt person in Congress&quot;. Only habit keeps her there. Vote for Joe E. Collins lll and get this long time CROOK, Maxine Waters, out of office!!! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1315659219287314433}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 50th congressional district|CA-50]]
|''[[Darrell Issa]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 2, 2020 |title=Darrell always has had my full support and complete and total Endorsement. We need him badly in Washington! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1278830576141729792}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]]
|[[Lauren Boebert]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2020 |title=.@LaurenBoebert is a tremendous fighter for the people of Colorado! A Rising Star, Lauren is Strong on the Second Amendment, Jobs, Energy, Healthcare and our incredible Military &amp; Vets. Lauren has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #CO03 secure.winred.com/lauren-boebert-for-congress/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1304166640112881664}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]]
|''[[Scott Tipton]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 20, 2019 |title=Congressman @ScottRTipton is a great supporter of the #MAGA Agenda! He fights for your #2A rights and the Border Wall. Scott is working hard for Colorado and has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1208129708690464771}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]]
|''[[Ken Buck]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 21, 2020 |title=Congressman Ken Buck (@BuckForColorado) is a champion for the incredible People of Colorado! He is Strong on Law &amp; Order, Low Taxes, Border Security, our Military &amp; Vets, and he will always defend your Second Amendment. Ken has my Complete and Total Endorsement! #CO04 |user=realDonalTrump |number=1319017831766368259}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]]
|[[Kat Cammack]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 10, 2020 |title=.@Kat_Cammack will be an incredible Congresswoman and leader for Florida! A Successful Businesswoman, she strongly supports our Brave First Responders &amp; Law Enforcement, Life and the Second Amendment! Kat has my Complete and Total Endorsement #FL03 secure.winred.com/katcammack/donate |user=realDonalTrump |number=1304166604972924929}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 4th congressional district|FL-04]]
|''[[Bill Posey]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 23, 2020 |title=Congressman Bill Posey is a tremendous fighter for the Great State of Florida. He is a big supporter of our #MAGA Agenda – Strong on Crime, the Second Amendment, and Loves our Veterans and Law Enforcement. Bill has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |user=realDonalTrump |number=1253467417482801154}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|}

=== Between presidential terms ===

==== 2022 gubernatorial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2022 Alaska gubernatorial election|Alaska]]
|''[[Mike Dunleavy (politician)|Mike Dunleavy]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Dec 28, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump:&quot;Mike Dunleavy has been a strong and consistent Conservative since his time in the Alaska State Senate. I was proud to endorse his first run for Governor, and I am proud to support his reelection, too. From his handling of the virus, support... |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1475950916985630728}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]]
|[[Kari Lake]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 28, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Kari Lake for Governor of Arizona |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1442973485395968005}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2022 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]]
|[[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= Huckabee Sanders |first=Sarah |date=Jan 25, 2021 |title=Thank you President Trump for your endorsement and for always believing in me. As governor I will defend our freedom and lead with heart |url=https://x.com/SarahHuckabee/status/1353919930333327360}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2022 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]]
|[[David Perdue]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Dec 6, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of David Perdue for Governor of Georgia |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1468014176719314948}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2022 Idaho gubernatorial election|Idaho]]
|[[Janice McGeachin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Nov 9, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Janice McGeachin for Governor of Idaho |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1458221166867501060}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[2022 Illinois gubernatorial election|Illinois]]
|[[Darren Bailey]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=Jun 25, 2022 |title=Former President Trump Endorses Darren Bailey in Race for Illinois Governor |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/former-president-trump-endorses-darren-bailey-in-race-for-illinois-governor/2866296/ |publisher=NBC Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general 
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2022 Iowa gubernatorial election|Iowa]]
|''[[Kim Reynolds]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 4, 2022 |title=Kim Reynolds is a strong leader and fantastic Governor for the incredible people of Iowa!&quot; Trump's statement read. &quot;Kim Reynolds is an America First Conservative, and she has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-k3xzvqrxbz0 |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2022 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]]
|[[Derek Schmidt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |last=Harrington |first=Liz |user=realLizUSA |number=1458221166867501060 |date=November 9, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Derek Schmidt for Governor of Kansas}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Maryland}} [[2022 Maryland gubernatorial election|Maryland]]
|[[Dan Cox]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Nov 22, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Dan Cox for Governor of Maryland |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1462906941257269259}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} [[2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|Massachusetts]]
|[[Geoff Diehl]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Oct 5, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Geoff Diehl against &quot;RINO&quot; Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1445536859073908738}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2022 Michigan gubernatorial election|Michigan]]
|[[Tudor Dixon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 22, 2022 |title=Tudor Dixon MUST defeat Gretchen Whitmer in November! I have talked to Tudor about the race and her choice of a running mate, Shane Hernandez. Since then, I have checked and found him to be an outstanding person. In fact, he was named Michigan's most Conservative legislator, and is strongly committed to Election Integrity. The MAGA movement should support the ticket! This is who Tudor wants and therefore, Shane is who I want as your next Lieutenant Governor… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108869239755629273 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election|Minnesota]]
|[[Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)|Scott Jensen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2022 |title=Minnesota finally has a chance to have a great Governor. His name is Dr. Scott Jensen, the Republican Gubernatorial Candidate, and he will bring Minnesota back from the brink. Strong on both fighting Crime and delivering Solid and Sensible Education, the results will be quickly seen - and there won't be any more fiery takeovers of police precincts. Minnesota will be Great Again. Dr. Scott Jensen has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109232524594099405 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2022 Nebraska gubernatorial election|Nebraska]]
|[[Charles Herbster]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Nebraska, go out and vote today for Charles W. Herbster. He will be a great Governor! |url=https://truthsocial.com/users/realDonaldTrump/statuses/108277388770242605 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2022 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]]
|[[Joe Lombardo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 27, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Joe Lombardo for Governor of Nevada |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1519477479974522880}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[2022 New Mexico gubernatorial election|New Mexico]]
|Mark Ronchetti&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 31, 2022 |title=New Mexico has an absolutely terrible Governor, Michelle Lujan Grisham. She is WEAK on Crime, bad on the Border where illegal aliens are pouring into our Country at record numbers, &amp; has almost no support from Law Enforcement, which fully understands what a disaster she has been. Also, Drugs &amp; Human Trafficking are OUT OF CONTROL. The good news is that Republican Nominee Mark Ronchetti is outstanding. He will be tough &amp; smart on Crime, the Border &amp; everything else. Mark as my Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109261470831895118 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[2022 New York gubernatorial election|New York]]
|[[Lee Zeldin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 16, 2022 |title=I have watched and known Congressman Lee Zeldin for many years. He is a great and brilliant lawyer who was a &quot;must see&quot; for others in Congress when they had a complex legal problem that was holding up legislation. Lee was strong on the Border, Crime, our great Military &amp; Vets (like few others!), and fought hard to protect our 2nd Amendment, and succeeded. Lee Zeldin is a WINNER who GOT THINGS DONE. He will be a GREAT Governor of New York, and has my Complete &amp; Total Endorsement. GOOD LUCK LEE! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109177903368464493 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2022 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]]
|''[[Mike DeWine]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= DeWine |first=Mike |date=Sep 7, 2022 |title=Lt. Governor @JonHusted and I are grateful for President Trump's support! Thank you. #WinningForOH |url=https://x.com/MikeDeWine/status/1567651155504775169}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]]
|''[[Kevin Stitt]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 14, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Governor Kevin Stitt |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1503475090666754055}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2022 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|Pennsylvania]]
|[[Doug Mastriano]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 16, 2022 |title=Doug Mastriano will be a GREAT Governor for Pennsylvania. I know him well and he is a fantastic guy who will fight totally out of control Violent Crime (his opponent is pathetic on fighting Crime), Strengthen our Borders, Protect Life, Defend our Second Amendment, and help our Military and our Vets. Doug is a fighter like few others, and has been with me right from the beginning. He will NEVER let you down. Doug Mastriano, an outstanding WARRIOR &amp; PATRIOT, has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109192353202698867 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2022 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]]
|''[[Henry McMaster]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McMaster |first=Henry |date=Mar 8, 2021 |title=My re-election campaign has been endorsed by President Donald J. Trump, and I am incredibly grateful. Now, I'm asking for your endorsement. Please make a donation today! #MAGA secure.winred.com/mcmaster-evette-2022/djt-endorsement-s/thank-you/preview |url=https://x.com/henrymcmaster/status/1369047979949232129}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2022 South Dakota gubernatorial election|South Dakota]]
|''[[Kristi Noem]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Feb 8, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Governor Kristi Noem |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1491149829468160001}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2022 Tennessee gubernatorial election|Tennessee]]
|''[[Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)|Bill Lee]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Aug 13, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Tennessee Governor Bill Lee |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1426256022230945792}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2022 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]]
|''[[Greg Abbott]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abbott |first=Greg |date=Jun 30, 2021 |title=President Trump: &quot;Thank you Greg. What a great partner you've been for 4 years… I gave him a complete &amp; total endorsement… You have done a great job &amp; it's an honor to be with you.&quot; Thank you, President Trump. TX is grateful for our shared commitment to secure the border. |url=https://x.com/GregAbbott_TX/status/1410375871005966340}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]]
|Tim Michels&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 9, 2022 |title=Congratulations to Tim Michels on his win against a wonderful and highly-competitive opponent, Rebecca Kleefisch. I know both sides will come together and defeat one of the worst Governors in the Country, Tony Evers. |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108796564343503982 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== 2022 Senate elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]]
|&lt;s&gt;[[Mo Brooks]]&lt;/s&gt; ''(rescinded endorsement)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Jul 10, 2021 |title=&quot;I see that the RINO Sen from Ala, close friend of Old Crow Mitch McConnell, Richard Shelby, is pushing hard to have his &quot;assistant&quot; fight the great Mo Brooks for his Senate seat. She is not in any way qualified and is certainly not what our Country needs...Vote for Mo Brooks!&quot; |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1413991469380247556}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 23, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump: &quot;Mo Brooks of Alabama made a horrible mistake recently when he went &quot;woke&quot; and stated, referring to the 2020 Presidential Election Scam, &quot;Put that behind you, put that behind you,&quot; despite the fact that the Election was rife with fraud and… |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1506604116662964232}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|[[Katie Britt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Britt |first=Katie |date=Jun 10, 2022 |title=President Trump knows that Alabamians are sick and tired of failed, do-nothing career politicians. In the Senate, I will fight to defend Alabama's values, advance the America First agenda, and preserve the American Dream for generations to come. #alsen |url=https://x.com/KatieBrittforAL/status/1535451426238906368}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]]
|Kelly Tshibaka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 9, 2022 |title=On my way to Alaska to get rid of the horrible Alaska-Hating Lisa Murkowski. Speech honoring Kelly Tshibaka and Sarah Palin—big crowd (Alaska record-setting!) in Anchorage. See you soon! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108619667749492625 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]]
|[[Blake Masters]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 29, 2022 |title=Blake Masters yes, all the way! Will be a BIG WIN FOR ARIZONA! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108730475995354829 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Arkansas|Arkansas]]
|''[[John Boozman]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boozman |first=John |date=Mar 8, 2021 |title=I'm grateful to have Pres. Trump's endorsement for my re-election to the Senate. We worked together to lower taxes, roll back regulations, secure our border, defend our Second Amendment rights and Protect Life. #arpx |url=https://x.com/Boozman4AR/status/1369088471785218049}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Connecticut|Connecticut]]
|[[Leora Levy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 4, 2022 |title=Endorsement of Leora Levy… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108767642231474063 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]]
|''[[Marco Rubio]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 9, 2021 |title=It is my honor to give U.S. Senator Marco Rubio my Complete and Total Endorsement. Marco has been a tireless advocate for the people of Florida, fighting to cut taxes, supporting our Second Amendment, our Military and our Vets, a strong national defense, and all of the forgotten men and women of America. Together, we worked closely with the Cuban and Venezuelan communities, and have made great progress. He also ruled that 'President Trump was in no way involved with Russia,' as he presided over the Senate Intelligence Committee on the FAKE Russia, Russia, Russia Hoax. Marco will never let the great people of Florida, or our Country, down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]]
|[[Herschel Walker]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 5, 2022 |title=To the Great State of Georgia, Get Out and Vote for the WONDERFUL Herschel Walker TOMORROW. Herschel was a fantastic Athlete, and he will be an even greater United States Senator! To all MAGA Voters, that is, people that want to Make America Great Again and Put America First, tomorrow is a big day. Vote for Herschel! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109464232232767808 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]]
|''[[Mike Crapo]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Mike Crapo has been a tremendous Senator for the Great State of Idaho, and a true champion for all Americans. Mike has been a strong leader on the issues that matter most to the Forgotten Men and Women of our Country, including fighting to secure our Border, unleashing American Energy Independence, and protecting our Second Amendment Rights. Mike has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he has my full support in the General Election. A wonderful man who will never let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]]
|''[[Chuck Grassley]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=RSBN |date=Oct 9, 2021 |title=President Trump has given @ChuckGrassley his &quot;complete and total endorsement for reelection!&quot; #SaveAmericaRally #GrassleyWorks |url=https://x.com/rsbnetwork/status/1447019548230696961?s=46}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]]
|''[[Jerry Moran]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 25, 2021 |title=Senator Jerry Moran is doing a terrific job for the wonderful people of Kansas. Strong on Military, Vets, the Border, and our Second Amendment, Jerry has my Complete and Total Endorsement for his re-election in 2022! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]]
|''[[Rand Paul]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 1, 2022 |title=Senator Rand Paul has been a great friend and ally to our America First Agenda, and has been a tremendous help in our efforts to Make America Great Again. He has been a Fighter for the Great People of Kentucky, and a Champion for our Military and our Veterans. Rand has a proven record of fighting against the Radical Left Democrats and their Socialist Agenda, and he will continue to be a strong voice against the Biden Border Crisis, the Weaponization of the Federal Government, and the Corrupt and Incompetent Biden Administration. Rand Paul has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he will not let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
|''[[John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)|John Kennedy]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 14, 2021 |title=Senator John Kennedy is a fantastic Senator, and a true Champion for the Great People of Louisiana. He has been a tireless advocate for our Farmers and Ranchers, our Energy Workers, and all Americans who want to Make America Great Again. John has fought hard against the Radical Left Democrats and their Socialist Agenda, and he will continue to be a strong voice for our Military, our Veterans, and our Second Amendment Rights. John Kennedy has my Complete and Total Endorsement for re-election, and he will not let you down! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]]
|[[Eric Schmitt]] ''(co-endorsement with Greitens)''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 1, 2022 |title=President Trump on Truth Social |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/108749916238646651 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|[[Eric Greitens]] ''(co-endorsement with Schmitt)''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]]
|[[Adam Laxalt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Aug 20, 2021 |title= NEW! President Trump announces endorsement of Adam Laxalt for Senate in Nevada |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1428903233578315777}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2020 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
|[[Don Bolduc]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 31, 2022 |title=General Don Bolduc has run a great campaign to be the U.S. Senator from the beautiful State of New Hampshire. He was a strong and proud &quot;Election Denier,&quot; a big reason that he won the Nomination, but he then disavowed. He has since come back, at least on busing, but that is only a small part of N.H. Election Fraud. Nevertheless, Don Bolduc has asked for my Endorsement, and he's got it, Complete &amp; Total. His opponent is a disaster on Crime, the Border, Inflation, &amp; all else. Vote for Don Bolduc! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109261581904146889 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2022 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]]
|[[Ted Budd]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Jan 25, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump: &quot;Ted Budd, who I endorsed many months ago for the U.S. Senate, is now leading the pack in North Carolina. He is the true America First fighter who stands strong for the Second Amendment, fights for our great Military and Law Enforcement, and... |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1485950430228135936}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2022 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]]
|''[[John Hoeven]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Mar 18, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Senator John Hoeven |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1504961111300444165}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]]
|[[JD Vance]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 28, 2022 |title=ICYMI: &quot;Exclusive: Trump-Endorsed J.D. Vance Takes Commanding Lead in New Poll&quot; breitbart.com/politics/2022/04/28/exclusive-trump-endorsed-j-d-vance-takes-commanding-lead-in-new-poll/ |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1519793342766358528}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]
|''[[James Lankford]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 27, 2022 |title=Senator James Lankford ran a strong Campaign against highly credible opponents who fought hard but, ultimately, were unsuccessful. James was strongly committed to America First, and everything it stood for, and likewise strongly committed to me, as President. Sometimes we didn't exactly agree on everything, but we do now. He is a very good man with a fabulous wife and family, loves the great State of Oklahoma, and is working very hard on trying to Save our Country from the disaster that it is in. Interestingly, I won Oklahoma—77 of 77 Counties both times—so I have a serious obligation to do things right! James Lankford is Strong on the Border, Tough on Crime, and Very Smart on the Economy. He is fighting to Stop Inflation, Defend our under siege Second Amendment, and Restore American Energy Independence, just as we had it during the Trump Administration where we would soon be, in fact, Energy Dominant. Sadly, that went up in dust with the Biden Administration — but James will help us get it back. It is my great honor to give James Lankford my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2022 United States Senate special election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma (special)]]
|[[Markwayne Mullin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 17, 2022 |title=breitbart.com/politics/2022/07/16/exclusive-trump-endorsed-senate-candidate-rep-markwayne-mullin-red-wave-real-its-coming/ |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/108664329648361311 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
|&lt;s&gt;[[Sean Parnell (spokesperson)|Sean Parnell]]&lt;/s&gt; ''(withdrew candidacy)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 1, 2021 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces endorsement of Sean Parnell for U.S. Senate  |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1433160563346059268}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parnell |first=Sean |date=Nov 22, 2021 |title=Statement from Sean Parnell |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=448754716608737&amp;id=100044226379595&amp;set=a.407273740756835 |via=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|[[Mehmet Oz]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Apr 9, 2022 |title=NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Dr. Oz |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1512933127878025221}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2022 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]]
|''[[Tim Scott]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 27, 2022 |title=It is my great honor to give Senator Tim Scott of South Carolina my complete and total endorsement. He is both an outstanding senator and person who works tirelessly for the people of his great state, and the USA. Strong on the military, law enforcement, loves our vets, protects our Second Amendment and our borders. Tim will continue to do an OUTSTANDING job for our country! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]]
|''[[Mike Lee]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 2, 2022 |title=The Great People of Utah have a gem in Mike Lee. He will never let you down, whereas his opponent, McMuffin, will only let you down. Mike has long had my Complete and Total Endorsement, and even more strongly now! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109275109307282759 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Vermont}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Vermont|Vermont]]
|Gerald Malloy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 3, 2022 |title=Gerald Malloy is a Brave Veteran and American Patriot running to be the next U.S. Senator from the Great State of Vermont! Gerald will work very hard to Reduce Crime, Stop Inflation, Secure our Border, Protect our under siege Second Amendment, and Restore American Energy Independence, and even Dominance. His opponent, Radical Left Democrat Peter Welch, does not represent the values of the Great People of Vermont. Gerald Malloy has my Complete and Total Endorsement – WIN! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2022 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]
|''[[Ron Johnson]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 6, 2021 |title=Even though he has not yet announced that he is running, and I certainly hope he does, I am giving my Complete and Total Endorsement to Senator Ron Johnson of Wisconsin. He is brave, he is bold, and he loves our Country, our Military, and our Vets. Ron is very tough on the Border and Illegal Immigration, and never gives in to the Radical Left Democrats and their lunacy. Ron Johnson will continue to fight to Save America, and I strongly encourage him to run! |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news |website=DonaldJTrump.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2022 House elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!District
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 3rd congressional district|MI-03]]
|[[John Gibbs (government official)|John Gibbs]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dale |first=Daniel |title=Fact check: Trump-backed Michigan congressional candidate John Gibbs falsely claims 2020 election had 'mathematically impossible' anomalies |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/30/politics/fact-check-john-gibbs-michigan-mathematically-impossible/index.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |publisher=CNN|date=30 June 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 2, 2022
|Challenger (G)
|{{Icon|no}} Lost election
|-
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 3rd congressional district|WA-03]]
|[[Joe Kent]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hounshell |first=Blake |date=2022-07-25 |title=A Trump-Backed Veteran Ran Hard to the Right, Only to Be Outflanked |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/us/politics/joe-kent-house-trump.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 2, 2022
|Challenger (G)
|{{Icon|no}} Lost election
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district|WY-AL]]
|[[Harriet Hageman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goldmacher |first=Shane |date=2021-09-09 |title=Trump endorses a Cheney challenger, aiming to unseat a chief detractor. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/09/us/politics/trump-liz-cheney-harriet-hageman.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 16, 2022
|Challenger (G)
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 10th congressional district|NY-10]]
|[[Dan Goldman]] ''(Democrat)''&lt;ref name=&quot;democrat-endorsements&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vakil |first=Caroline |date=2022-08-17 |title=Trump gives backhanded endorsements to Democrats Dan Goldman, Carolyn Maloney in NY primaries |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3605847-trump-gives-back-handed-endorsements-to-democrats-dan-goldman-carolyn-maloney-in-ny-primaries/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 23, 2022
|Open seat
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 12th congressional district|NY-12]]
|''[[Carolyn Maloney]]'' ''(Democrat)''&lt;ref name=&quot;democrat-endorsements&quot;/&gt;
|August 23, 2022
|Challenger/Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|}

==== 2022 state executive elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona Attorney General election|Arizona]]
|[[Arizona Attorney General|Attorney General]]
|[[Abraham Hamadeh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 14, 2022 |title=Endorsement of Abraham Hamadeh |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news/news-mxajfuhsrg2137 |website=[[DonaldJTrump.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2022 Arizona Secretary of State election|Arizona]]
|[[Secretary of State of Arizona|Secretary of State]]
|[[Mark Finchem]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harrington |first=Liz |date=Sep 13, 2021 |title= NEW! President Donald J. Trump announces his endorsement of Mark Finchem for Arizona Secretary of State |url=https://x.com/realLizUSA/status/1437488757029081093}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== Other elections ====
* [[2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election]]: endorsed [[Sarah Palin]] (advanced to general election from nonpartisan blanket primary but lost general election).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2022 |title=Trump endorses Palin in Alaska House special election |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/03/trump-endorses-palin-in-alaska-house-special-election-00022627 |access-date=April 3, 2022 |work=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 election to [[Arizona's 7th legislative district]]: endorsed [[Wendy Rogers (politician)|Wendy Rogers]] (won primary).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/laurieroberts/2021/11/30/wendy-rogers-and-anthony-kern-get-trump-seal-endorsement/8808827002/ | title=Trump backing Wendy Rogers and Anthony Kern makes them the future of the GOP (Doesn't it?) }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 election to [[Miami-Dade County's 6th District]]: endorsed [[Kevin Marino Cabrera]] (won primary and general).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article261148442.html Donald Trump dives into Miami-Dade politics with a county commission endorsement]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2023 Speaker of the House of Representatives elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Election
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[January 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|January election]]
|[[Kevin McCarthy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jan 4, 2023 |title=Some really good conversations took place last night, and it's now time for all of our GREAT Republican House Members to VOTE FOR KEVIN, CLOSE THE DEAL, TAKE THE VICTORY, &amp; WATCH CRAZY NANCY PELOSI FLY BACK HOME TO A VERY BROKEN CALIFORNIA,THE ONLY SPEAKER IN U.S. HISTORY TO HAVE LOST THE &quot;HOUSE&quot; TWICE! REPUBLICANS, DO NOT TURN A GREAT TRIUMPH INTO A GIANT &amp; EMBARRASSING DEFEAT. IT'S TIME TO CELEBRATE, YOU DESERVE IT. Kevin McCarthy will do a good job, and maybe even a GREAT JOB - JUST WATCH! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109630978268932397 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|rowspan=2|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[October 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|October election]]
|[[Jim Jordan]]{{efn|Until the House Republican Conference unselected him.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 6, 2023 |title=Congressman Jim Jordan has been a STAR long before making his very successful journey to Washington, D.C., representing Ohio's 4th Congressional District. Respected by all, he is now Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. As President, I had the honor of presenting Jim with our Country's highest civilian award, The Presidential Medal of Freedom. So much is learned from sports, and Jim was a master! While attending Graham High School, he won State Championships all four years, a rarity, and compiled an amazing 156-1 record. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Jim became a two-time NCAA Division l Wrestling Champion. He won his 1985-86 NCAA Championship Matches in his weight class. Jim has a masters degree in Education from Ohio State University &amp; a Law Degree from Capital University. He is STRONG on Crime, Borders, our Military/Vets, &amp; 2nd Amendment. Jim, his wife, Polly, &amp; family are outstanding - He will be a GREAT Speaker of the House, &amp; has my Complete &amp; Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111186121976324259 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Unselected by the [[House Republican Conference]]
|-
|[[Mike Johnson]]{{efn|After the House Republican Conference unselected Jim Jordan.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 25, 2023 |title=Congratulations to Congressional Republicans! Yesterday was a big and very important day. It gave us a quick and easy way forward with 5 candidates who are beyond reproach, and represent the absolute best there is in the Republican Party. Even the Fake News Media is impressed with what took place yesterday and, more importantly, with the Candidates themselves. Congratulations to Reps. Byron Donalds (Florida), Charles J. &quot;Chuck&quot; Fleischmann (Tennessee), Mark Green (Tennessee), &amp; Roger Williams (Texas), &amp; the ultimate winner of yesterday's vote, by a significant margin, Mike Johnson (Louisiana). I am not going to make an Endorsement in this race, because I COULD NEVER GO AGAINST ANY OF THESE FINE AND VERY TALENTED MEN, all of whom have supported me, in both mind and spirit, from the very beginning of our GREAT 2016 Victory. In 2024, we will have an even bigger, &amp; more important, WIN! My strong SUGGESTION is to go with the leading candidate, Mike Johnson, &amp; GET IT DONE, FAST! LOVE, DJT |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111295424273340966 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2023 gubernatorial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2023 Kentucky gubernatorial election|Kentucky]]
|[[Daniel Cameron (American politician)|Daniel Cameron]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cameron |first=Daniel |date=Jun 16, 2022 |title=Thank you President Trump! |url=https://x.com/DanielCameronKY/status/1537580069517938688}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana gubernatorial election|Louisiana]]
|[[Jeff Landry]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 29, 2023 |title=Jeff Landry has my Complete and Total Endorsement for Governor of Louisiana. Now is the time for everyone to unite behind him to ensure he has a tremendous Victory! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/110976057612222715 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2023 Mississippi gubernatorial election|Mississippi]]
|''[[Tate Reeves]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 1, 2023 |title=To all my friends in Mississippi – you have a choice to make. Your great Governor, Tate Reeves, is under attack. The radical left maniacs who are attacking me are also after him… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111335994521658174 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2023 state executive elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]]
|[[Attorney general of Louisiana|Attorney General]]
|[[Liz Murrill]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Finn |first=James |date=2023-11-16 |title=See Donald Trump's picks for Louisiana attorney general, treasurer, secretary of state |url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/national_politics/see-donald-trumps-endorsements-in-louisiana-statewide-races/article_fd435852-84ae-11ee-b44e-2b2bdffacfde.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=NOLA.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|October 14, 2023
|Open
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]]
|[[Treasurer of Louisiana|Treasurer]]
|[[John Fleming (Louisiana politician)|John Fleming]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|October 14, 2023
|Open
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2023 Louisiana elections|Louisiana]]
|[[Secretary of State of Louisiana|Secretary of State]]
|[[Nancy Landry]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|October 14, 2023
|Open
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2024 gubernatorial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 Indiana gubernatorial election|Indiana]]
|[[Mike Braun]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Nov 1, 2023 |title=Highly respected Senator Mike Braun is running for Governor of Indiana, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020. In the Senate, Mike is working hard to Support our Law Enforcement, Secure our Borders, and Stop the Woke Fascist Mob trying to destroy our Country. Mike is an America First Conservative who knows how to Grow the Economy, Fight Inflation, and Champion &quot;Hoosier&quot; Values. I was proud to endorse Mike when he ran for the Senate in 2018, and I am proud to do so again — Mike Braun has my Complete and Total Endorsement to be the next Governor of the Great State of Indiana! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111337465637582727 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2024 Missouri gubernatorial election|Missouri]]
|[[Mike Kehoe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 27, 2024 |title=I love the State of Missouri for every reason in the book, including the fact that it is &quot;loaded up&quot; with truly GREAT people. I also like Endorsing Candidates for Office if I think they're good, and usually there is a differentiation, usually a big one, where it is not that difficult to do. But Missouri has three great people running for Governor - Jay Ashcroft, Mike Kehoe, and Bill Eigel. All have had excellent careers, and have been with me from the beginning. They are MAGA and America First all the way! I can't hurt two of them by Endorsing one so, therefore, I'm going to Endorse, for Governor of the Great State of Missouri, Jay Ashcroft, Mike Kehoe, and Bill Eigel. Choose any one of them - You can't go wrong! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112861271255683848 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2024 North Carolina gubernatorial election|North Carolina]]
|[[Mark Robinson (American politician)|Mark Robinson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 23, 2023 |title=THANK YOU LT. GOV. MARK ROBINSON! WE WILL NOT LET NORTH CAROLINA DOWN. MAGA!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/110594579783535047 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2024 North Dakota gubernatorial election|North Dakota]]
|[[Kelly Armstrong]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Congressman Kelly Armstrong is running for Governor of North Dakota, a State that I love, and WON BIG in 2016 and 2020. In Congress, Kelly strongly defended me through two SHAM Impeachments, and is 100% MAGA. As your next Governor, Kelly will work tirelessly to grow the Economy, stop Inflation, cut Taxes and Regulations, secure our Border, protect North Dakota from Federal Overreach, defend our always under siege Second Amendment, strengthen our Military/Vets, and put our Incredible Farmers, Ranchers, and Energy Producers FIRST. Kelly Armstrong has my Complete and Total Endorsement to be the next Governor of the Great State of North Dakota - HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112531260144624029 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2024 West Virginia gubernatorial election|West Virginia]]
|[[Patrick Morrisey]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 21, 2024 |title=Highly Respected Attorney General Patrick Morrisey ran against two very talented and popular opponents for Governor of West Virginia, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020. Patrick has been a wonderful Attorney General, and will now be an incredible Governor who will fight tirelessly to stop Inflation, grow the Economy, restore Energy DOMINANCE, secure our Border, strengthen our Military/Vets, and protect and defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Now is the time for all Republicans to unite behind Patrick Morrisey to ensure he has a tremendous Victory in November! Patrick will work closely with me to enact America First Policies, and is a FANTASTIC person to replace my friend and future U.S. Senator, Jim Justice. Patrick Morrisey has my Complete and Total Endorsement - HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112477080295803405 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2024 lieutenant gubernatorial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 Indiana gubernatorial election#Lieutenant governor selection|Indiana]]
|[[Julie McGuire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Niki |date=June 13, 2024 |title=Trump endorses GOP lieutenant governor candidate in Indiana |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-endorses-gop-lieutenant-governor-candidate-in-indiana/ |via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''{{Icon|no}}''' Lost convention
|}

==== 2024 Senate elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Arizona|Arizona]]
|[[Kari Lake]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jul 26, 2024 |title=Kari Lake will be an incredible Senator for the Great State of Arizona. She will fight tirelessly to Secure the Border, Stop Migrant Crime, End Inflation, Grow the Economy, Support our Great Military/Vets, and Strongly Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Kari Lake is a spectacular woman, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement — She will not let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112855095485231691 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Florida|Florida]]
|''[[Rick Scott]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 5, 2023 |title=I am proud to give my Complete and Total Endorsement to U.S. Senator Rick Scott of Florida in his bid for Re-Election. I have known Rick for a long time, as both a businessman and great Governor of FLORIDA, and there are few like him! Strong on the Border, Crime, our Great Military/Vets, our Second Amendment, and the only person who has been willing to take on the very destructive Super RINO, Mitch McConnell. Everyone in Florida should help Senator Rick Scott have a big win next year! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111529649299840132 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Indiana|Indiana]]
|[[Jim Banks]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 1, 2023 |title=Jim Banks is running for the United States Senate from the Great State of Indiana. I know Jim well, have seen him tested at the highest and most difficult levels, and WIN! Strong on the Border, Crime, our Military and our Vets, Jim will fight for low taxes and regulations, Sanity in Government, and our under siege 2nd Amendment. Jim Banks is respected by all, will never let you down, and has my Complete &amp; Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/109789201422857786 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Maryland}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Maryland|Maryland]]
|[[Larry Hogan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Cai |first=Sophia |date=Jun 13, 2024 |title=Trump endorses Larry Hogan in tight Maryland Senate race |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/06/13/trump-larry-hogan-endorsement-maryland-senate |website=Axios}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]]
|[[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 11, 2024 |title=Highly respected former Congressman Mike Rogers is running for the United States Senate from the Great State of Michigan. Mike has served his Country during a career loaded up with accolades and wins, from the Army to Congress, and now, hopefully, the U.S. Senate. Mike will work closely with me to enact our America First Policies. He will tirelessly fight to Secure the Border, Stop Inflation, Grow the Economy, Strengthen our Military / Veteran Support, and Protect and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Mike Rogers will be a Great and Powerful Senator for Michigan, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement. HE KNOWS HOW TO WIN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112078629652415384 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
|''[[Roger Wicker]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 29, 2024 |title=Senator Roger Wicker is a fantastic Senator for the Great State of Mississippi. As the Ranking Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Roger is working hard to Strengthen our Military, Defend our Country, and Support our Veterans. Roger is a Champion of Conservative Values, who fights to Uphold the Constitution, and Protect our Second Amendment. I was honored to receive Roger's Endorsement last year, and Senator Roger Wicker has my Complete and Total Endorsement for Re-Election. Vote Trump and Wicker on March 12th! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112016533287782692 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Missouri|Missouri]]
|''[[Josh Hawley]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator Josh Hawley is a tremendous Senator for the Great State of Missouri. In 2018 I helped Josh Hawley win a highly competitive Senate race in Missouri, a state that I know and love. An America First Conservative and a True Fighter for our movement to Make America Great Again, Josh is working hard to Secure our Elections, Stop Illegal Immigration, Grow the Economy, Cut Taxes, Strengthen our Military, Support our Veterans, and Uphold the Rule of Law. Josh Hawley has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509298845267871 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]]
|[[Tim Sheehy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Feb 9, 2024 |title=I LOVE MONTANA! Tim Sheehy is an American Hero and highly successful Businessman from the Great State of Montana. He is strongly supported by our incredible Chairman of the NRSC, Steve Daines, and many other patriotic Senators and Republicans who have endorsed our Campaign to, MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN! I also respect Matt Rosendale, and was very happy to Endorse him in the past - and will Endorse him again in the future should he decide to change course and run for his Congressional Seat. But in this instance, Tim is the candidate who is currently best-positioned to DEFEAT Lazy Jon Tester, and Regain the Republican Majority in the United States Senate. Tim is a Political Outsider, Strong on the Border, the Military/Vets, and our constantly under siege Second Amendment. He will stand tall in the fight against the Radical Left Democrats, who are Destroying our Country. Also, he is far more likely to Defeat Lazy Jon. America First Patriot Tim Sheehy has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111903231780270558 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
|''[[Deb Fischer]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Sep 9, 2024 |title=Senator Deb Fischer is doing a fantastic job in the United States Senate. Her Radical Left Opponent, Dan Osborn, would be absolutely TERRIBLE for the Great People of Nebraska. Dan is a &quot;Bernie Sanders Democrat&quot; who does not stand for Nebraska Values, and never will. He even supports Federal Benefits like Social Security for Illegal Aliens! This is a slap in the face to Nebraska Seniors. Deb Fischer, on the other hand, will always put NEBRASKA and AMERICA FIRST. As a key Member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Deb is fighting to Protect our Country against the Marxists, Communists, and Lunatics on the Radical Left. Deb is working hard to Grow the Economy, Secure the Border, Stop Migrant Crime, Support our Great Military/Vets, Champion our Incredible Farmers and Ranchers, and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Deb Fischer has my Complete and Total Endorsement — SHE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113110575417000422 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska (special)]]
|''[[Pete Ricketts]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 11, 2024 |title=Senator Pete Ricketts is a Strong Advocate for the Great People of Nebraska, a State I love and won by large margins in 2016 and 2020! Pete is doing an outstanding job in the U.S. Senate, where he is fighting tirelessly to stop the disastrous Policies of Lyin' Kamala Harris and Crooked Joe Biden. Pete is a True Patriot, who is working hard to Create Jobs, Lower Inflation, Champion American Energy DOMINANCE, Uphold the Rule of Law, Secure our Border, Support our Amazing Farmers and Ranchers, and Defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Pete Ricketts has my Complete and Total Endorsement — HE WILL NOT LET YOU DOWN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113291341023269855 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Nevada|Nevada]]
|[[Sam Brown (military)|Sam Brown]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Jun 9, 2024 |title=Sam Brown is a FEARLESS AMERICAN PATRIOT, a Purple Heart Recipient, who has proven he has the &quot;PURE GRIT&quot; and COURAGE to take on our Enemies, both Foreign and Domestic. Sam is now running for U.S. Senate in the Great State of Nevada, primarily because he knows that Crooked Joe Biden and the Radical Left are A THREAT TO DEMOCRACY. Our Country can no longer stand with this Corrupt and Incompetent &quot;President&quot; calling the shots. As your next Senator, Sam will fight tirelessly to secure our Border, end Migrant Crime, stop Inflation, grow our Economy, STRONGLY SUPPORT OUR GREAT MILITARY/VETS, protect our always under siege Second Amendment, and restore PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112589851588761769 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2024 United States Senate election in New Jersey|New Jersey]]
|Christine Serrano Glassner&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet &lt;!-- |last=Trump |first=Donald --&gt; |user=christine4nj |number=1789444772819505516 |date=May 11, 2024 |title=I'm extremely proud to be endorsed by President Trump! We can and will flip New Jersey red. Together we will work to change New Jersey and America for the better! |url=https://x.com/christine4nj/status/1789444772819505516|via=Twitter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[2024 United States Senate election in New York|New York]]
|Mike Sapraicone&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 2, 2024 |title=Congratulations to Mike Sapraicone on running against one of the worst Senators in the U.S. Senate, Kirsten Gillibrand. All you have to do is go back and look at her failed Presidential run, an embarrassment to all New Yorkers, after which I assumed she would never be able to even think about running for Office again. People's memories, however, are short, and here we go! Mike is a strong and successful person, and I look forward to working with him to take New York State away from the people who have destroyed it with hundreds of thousands of Migrants flowing in, and ruining our Schools, Hospitals, Parks, and increasing Crime many fold. Good luck to Mike - He has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112029505593758948 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[2024 United States Senate election in North Dakota|North Dakota]]
|''[[Kevin Cramer]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Mar 11, 2024 |title=Senator Kevin Cramer is doing a fantastic job representing the incredible people of North Dakota in the United States Senate. During my Administration, Kevin worked closely with me to create Space Force, which continues to Protect and Defend our Great Country. Kevin has been with me from the very beginning, helping advance our America First Agenda. In the Senate, he is working hard to Secure the Border, Grow the Economy, Cut your Taxes, Eliminate Needless Regulations, Support our Veterans, and Fight for our Constitutional Rights, including our under siege Second Amendment. Kevin Cramer has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112078462360004556 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]]
|[[Bernie Moreno]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Dec 19, 2023 |title=It's time for the entire Republican Party to UNITE around Bernie's campaign for Senate, so that we can have a BIG victory in what will be the most important Election in American History. Bernie is the Father of wonderful Emily, the wife of outstanding young Ohio Congressman, Max Miller. Bernie is Strong on the Border, Crime, Cutting Taxes, Election Integrity, the Military / Vets, and will always protect our under siege 2nd Amendment. Bernie Moreno will be an outstanding United States Senator, and has my Complete and Total Endorsement—He will never let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111609405146073221 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
|[[Dave McCormick]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 23, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris' sinking Campaign has become so TOXIC, that Democrat Senators in four different States are using me in their advertisements, and stating that they are with President Trump on Tariffs, and numerous other things. While it is a great compliment, it is not fair to those Republican Senate Candidates, Bernie Moreno, Dave McCormick, Eric Hovde, and Sam Brown, who are with me all the time. These Democrats have voted with Crooked Joe Biden almost 100% of the time. They only pretend to be on my side when Elections roll around. OHIO, PENNSYLVANIA, WISCONSIN, NEVADA: VOTE FOR BERNIE MORENO, DAVE MCCORMICK, ERIC HOVDE, AND SAM BROWN - THEY ARE THE ONES WHO ARE WITH US! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113358155534960871 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
|''[[Marsha Blackburn]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator Marsha Blackburn is doing a terrific job representing the incredible people of Tennessee in the United States Senate! Marsha has been with me from the very beginning, helping advance our America First Agenda. In the Senate, she is working hard to Secure the Border, Grow the Economy, Cut your Taxes, Eliminate Needless Regulations, Support our Veterans, and Fight for our Constitutional Rights, including our always under siege Second Amendment. Marsha Blackburn has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509274904589263 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]]
|''[[Ted Cruz]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 15, 2024 |title=While I have Endorsed Ted, on numerous occasions, verbally, because of the Importance of the Race, and Ted's Importance to the future of our Country, I thought the Endorsement should be memorialized in writing. Senator Ted Cruz is doing a tremendous job representing the Great People of Texas, a State I love and WON BIG in 2016 and 2020, and, based on the Polls, will win even bigger in November. To the people of Texas, I greatly appreciate your support, and, as you know, I HAVE NEVER LET YOU DOWN!… |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/113309551464797724 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Utah}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Utah|Utah]]
|[[Trent Staggs]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Apr 27, 2024 |title=Trent Staggs is 100% MAGA, and is running to fill The Mitt Romney, a Total Loser, Seat as the next Senator from the Great State of Utah! A Highly Successful Entrepreneur, who has served brilliantly as Mayor of Riverton for the past six years, Trent knows how to Create Jobs, Stop Inflation, Grow the Economy, and Secure the Border. As your next Senator, Trent will help us Unleash American Energy, Support our Military/Vets, and Protect our always under siege Second Amendment. Trent Staggs has my Complete and Total Endorsement - He will be a GREAT Senator, and never let you down! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112343373057495427 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Virginia|Virginia]]
|[[Hung Cao]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Hung Cao is a highly respected retired Navy Captain running to represent the Great People of Virginia in the United States Senate. A Combat Veteran and Highly Decorated Special Operations Officer, Hung Cao will be a tireless fighter to stop Inflation, grow our Economy, secure our Border, strongly support our Incredible Military/Vets, and defend our always under siege Second Amendment. Hung Cao has my Complete and Total Endorsement - HE WILL NEVER LET YOU DOWN, AND WE WILL, AT THE SAME TIME, GET RID OF THE WORST PRESIDENT IN THE HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY, CROOKED JOE BIDEN! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112510755568541501 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2024 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]]
|[[Jim Justice]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Oct 18, 2024 |title=Big Jim Justice, the Governor of the Great State of West Virginia (I LOVE WEST VIRGINIA!), is BIG in every way, but especially in his wonderful HEART❤ ! Strong on the Border, our Great Military &amp; Vets, CLEAN COAL &amp; Energy Dominance, the Economy, Stopping Inflation, &amp; Protecting our 2nd Amendment, Big Jim will be a Great UNITED STATES SENATOR, and has my Complete &amp; Total Endorsement. HE WILL NEVER LET YOU DOWN!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/111258179235782329 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]
|Eric Hovde&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=Aug 11, 2024 |title=Eric Hovde is running strong for the U.S. Senate in Wisconsin. He has my Complete and Total Endorsement, and has, right from the beginning. Go Eric!!! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112943539377699454 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2024 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]]
|''[[John Barrasso]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trump |first=Donald |date=May 26, 2024 |title=Senator John Barrasso is an incredible advocate for the great people of Wyoming. John works hard to stop the disastrous policies of Crooked Joe Biden and to secure our border. John is a True Patriot who fights to Create Jobs, Lower Inflation, Promote American Energy, Uphold the Rule of Law, and Support our amazing Farmers and Ranchers. John Barrasso has my Complete and Total Endorsement! |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/112509333535728345 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2024 House elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!District
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 3rd congressional district|AL-03]]
|''[[Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)|Mike Rogers]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Bradley |title=Dale Strong receives Trump's endorsement — 'Dale was with us from the… |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/dale-strong-receives-trump-endorsement-dale-was-with-us-from-the-beginning |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=1819 News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 4th congressional district|AL-04]]
|''[[Robert Aderholt]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}} Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]]
|''[[Dale Strong]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 6th congressional district|AL-06]]
|''[[Gary Palmer (politician)|Gary Palmer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 20th congressional district|CA-20]]
|[[Vince Fong]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Former President Donald Trump endorses Vince Fong for California's 20th District seat |url=https://abc30.com/vince-fong-california-20th-assembly-donald-trump-political-endorsement/14449484/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |publisher=ABC30 Fresno |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Open seat
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 5th congressional district|NC-05]]
|''[[Virginia Foxx]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ken |date=2024-02-01 |title=President Donald J. Trump Endorses Virginia Foxx in 2024 Primary Election |url=https://www.hcpress.com/front-page/president-donald-j-trump-endorses-virginia-foxx-in-2024-primary-election.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=High Country Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
|'''{{Icon|aa}} Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 6th congressional district|NC-06]]
|[[Addison McDowell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Ex-President Trump endorses new candidate McDowell for central North Carolina congressional seat |url=https://apnews.com/article/north-carolina-congress-election-donald-trump-endorsement-b75aa28ecc72a3568fb3169036e184f8 |access-date=2023-12-14 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Open seat
| '''{{Icon|aa}} Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 14th congressional district|NC-14]]
|[[Tim Moore (North Carolina politician)|Tim Moore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2024-02-20 |title=Trump endorses Speaker Tim Moore in congressional bid |url=https://www.wral.com/story/trump-endorses-speaker-tim-moore-in-congressional-bid/21292764/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |publisher=WRAL |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Open seat
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[TX-03]]
|''[[Keith Self]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Brad |date=2024-02-12 |title=Here's a List of Donald Trump's 2024 Texas Endorsements |url=https://thetexan.news/elections/2024/here-s-a-list-of-donald-trump-s-2024-texas-endorsements/article_d62bcf9e-c773-11ee-a894-4b9583d1a835.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Texan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 4th congressional district|TX-04]]
|''[[Pat Fallon]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 5th congressional district|TX-05]]
|''[[Lance Gooden]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 11th congressional district|TX-11]]
|''[[August Pfluger]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 13th congressional district|TX-13]]
|''[[Ronny Jackson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 14th congressional district|TX-14]]
|''[[Randy Weber]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 15th congressional district|TX-15]]
|''[[Monica De La Cruz]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 17th congressional district|TX-17]]
|''[[Pete Sessions]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 19th congressional district|TX-19]]
|''[[Jodey Arrington]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 22nd congressional district|TX-22]]
|''[[Troy Nehls]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 24th congressional district|TX-24]]
|''[[Beth Van Duyne]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 25th congressional district|TX-25]]
|''[[Roger Williams (Texas politician)|Roger Williams]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 26th congressional district|TX-26]]
|[[Brandon Gill]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Wolf, Stephen |date=December 4, 2023 |title=Daily Kos Elections Live Digest: 12/4 |work=[[Daily Kos]] |url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/12/4/2209144/-Daily-Kos-Elections-Live-Digest-12-4#update-1701728297000 |access-date=December 4, 2023 |quote=TX-26: Donald Trump has endorsed far-right media website founder Brandon Gill}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Open seat
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 31st congressional district|TX-31]]
|''[[John Carter (Texas politician)|John Carter]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 34th congressional district|TX-34]]
|[[Mayra Flores]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Challenger
| {{Icon|no}} Lost election
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 36th congressional district|TX-36]]
|''[[Brian Babin]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 38th congressional district|TX-38]]
|''[[Wesley Hunt]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 4th congressional district|MS-04]]
|''[[Mike Ezell]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Mike Ezell latest to pick up Trump endorsement with congressional primary looming - SuperTalk Mississippi |url=https://www.supertalk.fm/mike-ezell-latest-to-pick-up-trump-endorsement-with-congressional-primary-looming/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 12, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 1st congressional district|MT-01]]
|''[[Ryan Zinke]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Buffington |first1=Posie |title=Former Pres. Trump endorses Zinke for re-election in Montana's District 1 congressional race |url=https://www.montanarightnow.com/montana/former-pres-trump-endorses-zinke-for-re-election-in-montanas-district-1-congressional-race/article_19237e0a-e880-11ee-b72a-bb7f847d9024.html |access-date=March 22, 2024 |work=[[NonStop Local]] |date=March 22, 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 4, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 2nd congressional district|MT-02]]
|[[Troy Downing]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Gorman, Reese |date=April 12, 2024 |work=[[NBC|NBC Montana]] |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/local/trump-endorses-troy-downing-for-montanas-2nd-congressional-district |access-date=June 3, 2024 |title=Trump endorses Downing for U.S. House race}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 4, 2024
|Open seat
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]]
|[[Austin Theriault]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schilke |first=Rachel |date=2024-03-27 |title=Trump endorses former NASCAR driver in Maine contest to unseat Jared Golden - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/2942058/trump-endorses-former-nascar-driver-unseat-jared-golden/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 11, 2024
|Challenger
|{{Icon|no}} Lost election
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 1st congressional district|SC-01]]
|''[[Nancy Mace]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ALAFRIZ |first=OLIVIA |date=2024-03-09 |title=Trump endorses South Carolina Republican Nancy Mace |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/09/trump-endorses-south-carolina-republican-nancy-mace-00146142 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 11, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 4th congressional district|SC-04]]
|''[[William Timmons (politician)|William Timmons]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=SC4: William Timmons Endorsed By Donald Trump - FITSNews |url=https://www.fitsnews.com/2024/02/29/sc4-william-timmons-endorsed-by-donald-trump/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 11, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 2nd congressional district|VA-02]]
|''[[Jen Kiggans]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509236487249242 |access-date=2024-10-30 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 18, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]]
|''[[Lauren Boebert]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Robert |date=2024-03-03 |title=Trump endorses Lauren Boebert in contested GOP primary - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/2900221/trump-endorses-boebert-contested-gop-primary/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 25, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 4th congressional district|NY-04]]
|''[[Anthony D'Esposito]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herzlich |first=Taylor |date=2024-05-27 |title=Trump endorses Rep. D'Esposito in NY-04 re-election race - Featured |url=https://theisland360.com/featured/trump-endorses-rep-desposito-in-ny-04-re-election-race/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=The Island 360 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 25, 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Lost election
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 22nd congressional district|NY-22]]
|''[[Brandon Williams (politician)|Brandon Williams]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manore |first=Alexis |date=2024-05-28 |title=Donald Trump endorses Brandon Williams for Congress |url=https://www.romesentinel.com/news/donald-trump-brandon-williams-ny22/article_edd70908-1cf8-11ef-b12f-e3621b94289e.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=[[Rome Sentinel]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 25, 2024
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Lost election
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 24th congressional district|NY-24]]
|''[[Claudia Tenney]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Stephen |date=2024-03-28 |title=Rep. Claudia Tenney receives endorsement of Donald J. Trump for re-election bid in 2024 |website=Newzjunky |url=https://www.newzjunky.com/rep-claudia-tenney-receives-endorsement-of-president-donald-j-trump-for-re-election-in-2024/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 25, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]]
|[[Abraham Hamadeh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Alfred |first=Mark |date=2023-12-09 |title=Trump Turns on MAGA Sycophant Blake Masters |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/donaldtrump-turns-on-maga-sycophant-blake-masters-with-abe-hamadeh-endorsement |access-date=2023-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|July 30, 2024
|Open seat
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 5th congressional district|TN-05]]
|''[[Andy Ogles]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Housler |first=Kaitlin |date=2023-05-12 |title=Donald Trump Endorses Tennessee U.S. Congressman Andy Ogles for Re-Election |url=https://tennesseestar.com/news/donald-trump-endorses-tennessee-u-s-congressman-andy-ogles-for-re-election/khousler/2023/05/12/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Tennessee Star |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 1, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 7th congressional district|TN-07]]
|''[[Mark Green (Tennessee politician)|Mark Green]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Olmsted |first=Edith |date=2024-02-29 |title=House Republican Reverses Retirement After Trump Endorsement |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/rep-mark-green-decides-not-to-retire-after-trump-promises-to-endorse-him |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 1, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]]
|[[Nancy Dahlstrom]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=Suzanne |date=2024-06-17 |title=Trump endorses Dahlstrom for Congress |url=https://mustreadalaska.com/trump-endorses-dahlstrom-for-congress/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Must Read Alaska |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |August 20, 2024
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Challenger
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|[[Nick Begich III|Nick Begich]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Downing |first=Suzanne |date=2024-09-18 |title=Breaking: Donald Trump endorses Nick Begich for Congress |url=https://mustreadalaska.com/breaking-donald-trump-endorses-nick-begich-for-congress/ |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Must Read Alaska |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 7th congressional district|FL-07]]
|''[[Cory Mills]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Trump |first1=Donald |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509310575961624 |via=Truth Social |access-date=28 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 20, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 11th congressional district|FL-11]]
|''[[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Daniel Webster]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bakich |first=Jackson |date=2023-12-01 |title=Webster Lands Official Trump Seal of Endorsement over Sabatini |url=https://floridianpress.com/2023/12/webster-lands-official-trump-seal-of-endorsement-over-sabatini/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204145918/https://floridianpress.com/2023/12/webster-lands-official-trump-seal-of-endorsement-over-sabatini/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=The Floridian |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 20, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 22nd congressional district|FL-22]]
|Dan Franzese&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112911985701345199 |access-date=2024-11-21 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 20, 2024
|Challenger
|{{Icon|no}} Lost election
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming's at-large congressional district|WY-AL]]
|''[[Harriet Hageman]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509331814214912 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 20, 2024
|Incumbent
| '''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district|LA-01]]
|''[[Steve Scalise]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509339275728338 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|November 5, 2024
|Incumbent
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]]
|''[[Clay Higgins]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ken |date=2024-02-01 |title=President Donald J. Trump Endorses Virginia Foxx in 2024 Primary Election |url=https://www.hcpress.com/front-page/president-donald-j-trump-endorses-virginia-foxx-in-2024-primary-election.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=High Country Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|November 5, 2024
|Incumbent
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 4th congressional district|LA-04]]
|''[[Mike Johnson]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112509341407109396 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|November 5, 2024
|Incumbent
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 5th congressional district|LA-05]]
|''[[Julia Letlow]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/111971849283205295 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|November 5, 2024
|Incumbent
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2024 state executive elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2024 North Carolina Attorney General election|North Carolina]]
| [[North Carolina Attorney General|Attorney General]]
|[[Dan Bishop]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2024-03-02 |title=Donald Trump endorses Mark Robinson in bid for North Carolina governor |url=https://www.wral.com/story/trump-endorses-robinson-in-bid-for-nc-governor/21310079/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |publisher=WRAL |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 5, 2024
|Open seat
|{{Icon|no}} Lost election
|}

==== 2024 state legislative elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|Barry Wernick&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|{{Icon|no}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Caroline Fairly]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|''[[John T. Smithee]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Don McLaughlin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|Stormy Bradley&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|{{Icon|no}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|Liz Case&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|{{Icon|no}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Mike Olcott]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Helen Kerwin]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Hillary Hickland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Wesley Virdell]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Alan Schoolcraft]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|''[[Gary Gates (politician)|Gary Gates]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|David Covey&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|{{Icon|no}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Janis Holt]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|''[[Steve Toth]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Brent Money]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|[[Brent Hagenbuch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|Texas State Senator
|'''{{Icon|aa}}'''
|}

==== 2025 Speaker of the House of Representatives election ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Election
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[2025 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|2025]]
|''[[Mike Johnson]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Trump endorses Mike Johnson to stay on as House Speaker despite government funding turmoil |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-mike-johnson-house-speaker-gop-government-funding-8f4eef7f2b83d4c2d5db7fbce69f9368 |access-date=2025-01-02 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

=== Second term as president ===

==== 2025 state judicial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2025 Wisconsin Supreme Court election|Wisconsin]]
|[[Brad Schimel]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=January 22, 2026 |author=Vakil, Caroline |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/5208831-donald-trump-brad-schimel-wisconsin-supreme-court-race/ |date=March 22, 2025 |title=Trump endorses Schimel in high-stakes Wisconsin Supreme Court race}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|April 1, 2025
|Open
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== 2025 House special elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Election
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{Flagicon|Florida}}[[2025 Florida's 1st congressional district special election|FL-01]]
|[[Jimmy Patronis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Sangal |first1=Aditi |first2=Antoinette |last2=Radford |first3=Maureen |last3=Chowdhury |date=2024-11-25 |title=November 25, 2024 - Presidential transition news |publisher=CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-transition-news-11-25-24#cm3x87d7h000z3b6nbs3akecr |access-date=2025-02-04 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|Florida}}[[2025 Florida's 6th congressional district special election|FL-06]]
|[[Randy Fine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gancarski |first=A.G. |date=November 23, 2024 |title=Donald Trump backs Randy Fine as replacement for Mike Waltz in CD 6 |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/709287-trump-fine-cd6/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123213518/https://floridapolitics.com/archives/709287-trump-fine-cd6/ |archive-date=November 23, 2024 |access-date=February 4, 2025 |website=Florida Politics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|Tennessee}}[[2025 Tennessee's 7th congressional district special election|TN-07]]
|[[Matt Van Epps]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rau |first=Nate |date=2025-10-03 |title=On eve of election, Trump backs Matt Van Epps in District 7 race |url= https://www.axios.com/local/nashville/2025/10/03/on-eve-of-election-trump-backs-matt-van-epps-in-district-7-race |access-date=2025-10-03 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2025 gubernatorial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[2025 New Jersey gubernatorial election|New Jersey]]
|[[Jack Ciattarelli]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Trump endorses Jack Ciattarelli in New Jersey governor's race |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/trump-endorses-jack-ciattarelli-new-jersey-governors-race-rcna206404 |access-date=2025-05-15 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 10, 2025
|Open
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2025 Virginia gubernatorial election|Virginia]]
|[[Winsome Earle-Sears]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lance |first=David |date=Oct 20, 2025 |title=Winsome Earle-Sears receives support from President Trump in Va. Gov. campaign |url=https://www.wavy.com/news/politics/virginia-governors-race/winsome-earle-sears-receives-endorsement-from-president-trump-in-va-gov-campaign/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 17, 2025
|Open
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== 2025 state executive elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[2025 Virginia Attorney General election|Virginia]]
| [[Attorney General of Virginia|Attorney General]]
|''[[Jason Miyares]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |access-date=2024-10-05 |title=Trump calls on Democratic attorney general nominee Jay Jones to drop out of race |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5539522-trump-calls-for-jones-exit-virginia-ag-race/ |website=The Hill |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 28, 2025
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== 2025 mayoral elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|New York City}} [[2025 New York City mayoral election|New York City]]
|[[Andrew Cuomo]] (Fight and Deliver party)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/11/03/nyregion/nyc-mayor-election-news/bfd49be5-e505-5a37-bb8e-629f35d8647a|title=Live Updates: Mayoral Candidates Make Urgent Appeals to N.Y.C. Voters in Race's Final Stretch|last=Gold|first=Michael|date=November 3, 2025|access-date=January 22, 2026|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 24, 2025
|Challenger
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|-
|{{flagicon|Miami}} [[2025 Miami mayoral election|Miami]]
|[[Emilio T. Gonzalez]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://breakingthenews.net/Article/Trump-endorses-Emilio-Gonzales-for-Miami-mayor/65195195 |title=Trump endorses Emilio Gonzales for Miami mayor |date=November 16, 2025 |access-date=January 22, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|November 4, 2025
|Open
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== 2025 county executive elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Nassau County, New York}} [[2025 Nassau County Executive election|Nassau County]]
|''[[Bruce Blakeman]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump endorsed his re-election, Bruce Blakeman: Thank you President! During my term, Nassau has become the safest county in the US |url=https://www.balkanweb.com/en/Trump-endorsed-his-re-election-Bruce-Blakeman--thank-you-President--during-my-term-Nassau-has-become-the-safest-county-in-the-US./#gsc.tab=0 |website=BW}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|November 4, 2025
|Incumbent
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|}

==== 2025-26 state legislative elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2025–26 Texas's 9th Senate district special election|TX SD-09]]
|''[[Leigh Wambsganss]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2025/11/04/texas-senate-district-9-special-election-tarrant-county/ |title=Texas Senate District 9 special election pits Republicans against Democrat in Tarrant County |date=November 4, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[The Texas Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|November 4, 2025
|Open
|{{Icon|no}} Lost runoff
|}

==== 2026 House special elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Election
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{Flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}}[[2026 Georgia's 14th congressional district special election|GA-14]]
|[[Clay Fuller]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brams |first1=Sophie |title=Trump endorses Clay Fuller to succeed Greene |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5723741-trump-endorses-clay-fuller-to-succeed-greene/ |website=The Hill |access-date=5 February 2026 |date=4 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|California}}[[2026 California's 1st congressional district special election|CA-01]]
|[[James Gallagher (California politician)|James Gallagher]]&lt;ref name=&quot;the-downballot.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-republicans-have-their|title=Morning Digest: Republicans have their first shot at a special election flip on Saturday|last1=Nir|last2=Singer|first1=David|first2=Jeff|date=February 6, 2026|access-date=February 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Elected'''
|-
|}

==== 2026 gubernatorial elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 Alabama gubernatorial election|Alabama]]
|[[Tommy Tuberville]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Darrington |first1=Patrick |title=Trump officially endorses Sen. Tommy Tuberville to be Alabama's next governor |url=https://www.al.com/news/2026/01/trump-officially-endorses-sen-tommy-tuberville-to-be-alabamas-next-governor.html |access-date=January 22, 2026 |work=Alabama News |date=January 22, 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[2026 Arizona gubernatorial election|Arizona]]
|&lt;s&gt;[[Karrin Taylor Robson]]&lt;/s&gt; ''(withdrew)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecentersquare.com/arizona/article_4867afd8-c093-11ef-9720-c72e70b03336.html|title=Trump endorses Robson in 2026 Arizona gubernatorial race|last=Arcand|first=Cameron|date=December 22, 2024|access-date=December 22, 2024|website=[[The Center Square]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|July 21, 2026
|rowspan=2|Challenger
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|[[Andy Biggs]] ''(co-endorsement with Robson)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Govindarao |first=Sejal |date=2025-04-22 |title=Trump adds second endorsement of Andy Biggs for Arizona governor race |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-endorsement-arizona-governor-596a7c7bc1129119b1c8e401bae987ad |access-date=2025-08-08 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2026 Arkansas gubernatorial election|Arkansas]]
|''[[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Trump endorses dozens ahead of Tuesday elections — but doesn't name Earle-Sears |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/03/trump-endorses-republicans-earle-sears-00633218 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Politico |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[2026 California gubernatorial election|California]]
|[[Steve Hilton]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Will |first1=Anthony |title=Trump Endorses Steve Hilton for California Governor, Slams Newsom's Leadership |url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/trump-endorses-steve-hilton-california-governor-slams-newsoms-leadership-1865540 |website=International Business Times |access-date=6 April 2026 |language=en |date=6 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida gubernatorial election|Florida]]
|[[Byron Donalds]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Byron Donalds in his likely run for Florida governor in 2026 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-backs-rep-byron-donalds-likely-run-florida-governor-2026-rcna192534 |access-date=February 20, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=February 20, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2026 Georgia gubernatorial election|Georgia]]
|[[Burt Jones]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Bluestein |first=Greg |title=Trump endorses Burt Jones in Georgia governor's race |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/2025/08/trump-endorses-burt-jones-in-georgia-governors-race/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |language=English |issn=1539-7459}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 Idaho gubernatorial election|Idaho]]
|''[[Brad Little]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Governor Little receives official endorsement from Trump |url=https://idahonews.com/news/local/governor-little-receives-official-endorsement-from-trump |access-date=June 11, 2025 |date=June 11, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2026 Iowa gubernatorial election|Iowa]]
|[[Randy Feenstra]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Pfannenstiel|first=Brianne|date=May 29, 2026|title=Donald Trump endorses Randy Feenstra for governor in Iowa primary |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/05/29/trump-endorses-feenstra-iowa-governor-primary/90316451007/?gnt-cfr=1&amp;gca-cat=p&amp;gca-uir=false&amp;gca-epti=z116029p118550c118550u115129e110550v116029&amp;gca-ft=7&amp;gca-ds=sophi|website=[[The Des Moines Register]]|access-date=May 29, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2026 Kansas gubernatorial election|Kansas]]
|[[Ty Masterson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=Aja |title=President Trump, Sen. Marshall endorse Ty Masterson for Kansas Governor |url=https://www.wibw.com/2026/05/24/president-trump-endorses-ty-masterson-kansas-governor/ |website=WIBW |access-date=25 May 2026 |language=en |date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2026 Michigan gubernatorial election|Alabama]]
|[[John James (Michigan politician)|John James]]{{citation needed|date=June 2026}}
|August 4, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 Nebraska gubernatorial election|Nebraska]]
|''[[Jim Pillen]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olberding |first=Matt |title=Trump endorses Pillen in his run for reelection |url=https://nebraskapublicmedia.org/en/news/news-articles/trump-endorses-pillen-in-his-run-for-reelection/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |publisher=Nebraska Public Media |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada gubernatorial election|Nevada]]
|''[[Joe Lombardo]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robison |first1=Mark |title=President Trump endorses Lombardo in Nevada governor's race |url=https://www.rgj.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/11/06/president-trump-endorses-lombardo-in-nevada-governors-race/87130472007/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Reno Gazette Journal]] |date=November 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[2026 New York gubernatorial election|New York]]
|[[Bruce Blakeman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=Trump endorses in New York governor race the day after Stefanik drops out |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/12/20/trump-new-york-governor-endorsement-bruce-blakeman-00702013 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Politico |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Challenger
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2026 Ohio gubernatorial election|Ohio]]
|[[Vivek Ramaswamy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pelzer |first1=Jeremy |title=Vivek Ramaswamy launches 2026 Ohio governor campaign, picks up Trump endorsement |url=https://www.cleveland.com/news/2025/02/vivek-ramaswamy-launches-2026-ohio-governor-campaign-picks-up-trump-endorsement.html |website=[[The Plain Dealer]] |access-date=February 24, 2025|date=February 24, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]]
|[[Mike Mazzei]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=April |title=President Donald Trump endorses and Oklahoma gubernatorial candidate |url=https://krmg.com/2026/05/29/president-donald-trump-endorses-and-oklahoma-gubernatorial-candidate/ |access-date=May 29, 2026 |work=[[KRMG-FM]] |date=May 29, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to Runoff
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[2026 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|Pennsylvania]]
|&lt;s&gt;[[Dan Meuser]]&lt;/s&gt; ''(declined to run)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Samuels|first=Brett|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5326615-trump-says-he-would-back-gop-rep-meuser-for-pennsylvania-governor-bid/|title=Trump says he would back GOP Rep. Meuser for Pennsylvania governor bid|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=May 30, 2025|accessdate=June 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Toth |first1=Matthew |title='My focus needs to remain on doing my job': Rep. Meuser won't run for Pa governor in 2026 |url=https://www.ldnews.com/story/news/local/2025/07/09/congressman-dan-meuser-says-he-wont-run-for-pa-governor-in-2026/84516461007/ |access-date=July 9, 2025 |work=[[Lebanon Daily News]] |date=July 9, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|May 19, 2026
|rowspan=2|Challenger
|{{Icon|no}} Declined
|-
|[[Stacy Garrity]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump endorses Stacy Garrity in her bid to oust Gov. Josh Shapiro |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/news/politics-state/2026/01/27/stacy-garrity-donald-trump-pennsylvania-josh-shapiro/stories/202601270093 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=28 January 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 South Carolina gubernatorial election|South Carolina]]
|[[Pamela Evette]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Nick |title=Friday night bombshell: Donald Trump endorses Pamela Evette for governor of South Carolina |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/donald-trump-pamela-evette-endorsement-governor/article_821d67be-33be-46c4-b90c-5f78f8cd1653.html |website=[[The Post and Courier]] |access-date=May 29, 2026 |language=en |date=May 29, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|June 9, 2026
|rowspan=2|Open Seat
|{{Icon|no}} Lost Primary
|-
|[[Alan Wilson (politician)|Alan Wilson]] ''(co-endorsement with Evette in the Runoff)''{{citation needed|date=June 2026}}
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas gubernatorial election|Texas]]
|''[[Greg Abbott]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Sneha |date=2025-11-12 |title=Donald Trump endorses Texas Gov. Greg Abbott for reelection |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2025/11/11/texas-governor-2026-elections-greg-abbott-donald-trump-endorsement/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Texas Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[2026 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|Wisconsin]]
|[[Tom Tiffany]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Opoien |first1=Jessie |title=Donald Trump endorses Tom Tiffany in Wisconsin governor race |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2026/01/27/donald-triump-endorses-tom-tiffany-in-wisconsin-governor-race/88388133007/ |website=Journal Sentinel |access-date=28 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2026 Wyoming gubernatorial election|Wyoming]]
|[[Megan Degenfelder]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zahn |first=Noah |date=2026-01-12 |title=Degenfelder announces bid for governor after Trump endorsement |url=https://www.wyomingnews.com/news/local_news/degenfelder-announces-bid-for-governor-after-trump-endorsement/article_f5ec3cdb-7271-4c54-b1b1-a9ee8e6b17fd.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Wyoming News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|}

==== 2026 state executive elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Office
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 Alabama lieutenant gubernatorial election|Alabama]]
|[[Lieutenant Governor of Alabama|Lieutenant Governor]]
|[[John Wahl]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://1819news.com/news/item/trump-endorses-algop-chair-wahl-as-possible-candidate-for-lieutenant-governor|title=Trump endorses ALGOP chair Wahl as possible candidate for lieutenant governor|last=Taylor|first=Caleb|work=1819 News|date=January 22, 2026|access-date=January 22, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Open
|{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to Runoff
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Attorney General election|Florida]]
|[[Attorney General of Florida|Attorney General]]
|''[[James Uthmeier]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Trump backs DeSantis-allied Uthmeier for Florida attorney general |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/10/08/trump-uthmeier-desantis-florida-ag-00597957 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Politico |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Chief Financial Officer election|Florida]]
|[[Chief Financial Officer of Florida|Chief Financial Officer]]
|&lt;s&gt;[[Joe Gruters]]&lt;/s&gt; ''(Withdrew)''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rohrer |first=Gray |date=2025-04-01 |title=Who will be Florida's next CFO? DeSantis faces key decision |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/local/state/2025/04/01/desantis-cfo-decision-patronis-gruters-ingoglia/82759721007/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=[[Tallahassee Democrat]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Russell |first1=Ty |title=RNC Chair Gruters to remain in Florida senate but bow out of CFO race |url=https://www.wfla.com/news/florida/rnc-chair-gruters-to-remain-in-florida-senate-but-bow-out-of-cfo-race/ |publisher=[[WFLA-TV]] |access-date=2 September 2025 |date=28 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Challenger
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Commissioner of Agriculture election|Florida]]
|[[Florida Commissioner of Agriculture|Commissioner of Agriculture]]
|''[[Wilton Simpson]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Leonard |first=Kimberly |date=October 23, 2025 |title=Simpson gets the pre-endorsement |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/florida-playbook/2025/10/23/simpson-gets-the-pre-endorsement-00619524 |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=October 24, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 Idaho lieutenant gubernatorial election|Idaho]]
|[[Lieutenant Governor of Idaho|Lieutenant Governor]]
|''[[Scott Bedke]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nitzberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nitzberg |first=Alex |date=April 14, 2026 |title=Trump endorses neighboring state lieutenant governors for re-election |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-neighboring-state-lieutenant-governors-re-election |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=April 14, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 Nebraska Attorney General election|Nebraska]]
|[[Attorney General of Nebraska|Attorney General]]
|''[[Mike Hilgers]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mike Hilgers for Attorney General of Nebraska |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116382124929663354 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada lieutenant gubernatorial election|Nevada]]
|[[Lieutenant Governor of Nevada|Lieutenant Governor]]
|''[[Stavros Anthony]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nitzberg&quot;/&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[2026 Nevada Attorney General election|Nevada]]
|[[Attorney General of Nevada|Attorney General]]
|[[Adriana Guzmán Fralick]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Seeman |first1=Matthew |title=Trump endorses Nevada attorney general candidate in GOP primary race |url=https://news3lv.com/news/local/trump-endorses-republican-candidate-adriana-guzman-fralick-nevada-attorney-general-primary-election-politics-danny-tarkanian |website=KSNV |access-date=June 5, 2026 |language=en |date=June 3, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 Oklahoma lieutenant gubernatorial election|Oklahoma]]
|[[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma|Lieutenant Governor]]
|[[T. W. Shannon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tortorello |first1=Rarchar |title=Trump Endorsement Reshapes Oklahoma Lieutenant Governor Primary |url=https://www.citynewsokc.com/business/trump-endorsement-reshapes-oklahoma-lieutenant-governor-primary/article_1eff80c7-8307-4eca-a9dd-f462b7338466.html |website=Oklahoma City Sentinel |access-date=25 March 2026 |language=en |date=24 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 South Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture election|South Carolina]]
|[[South Carolina Department of Agriculture|Agriculture Commissioner]]
|Cody Simpson&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Adcox |first1=Seanna |title=McMaster and Trump endorse 3rd potential candidate for SC agriculture commissioner|url=https://scdailygazette.com/2026/02/05/mcmaster-and-trump-endorse-3rd-potential-candidate-for-agriculture-commissioner/ |website=SC Daily Gazette |access-date=4 April 2026 |date=5 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas lieutenant gubernatorial election|Texas]]
|[[Lieutenant Governor of Texas|Lieutenant Governor]]
|''[[Dan Patrick (politician)|Dan Patrick]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.kvue.com/article/news/politics/texas-dan-patrick-reelection-lieutenant-governor/269-3337d337-9158-4e15-983d-737465f662ea|title=Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick announces re-election bid|last1=Eubank|last2=Carolan|first1=Britney|first2=Sam|date=April 11, 2025|access-date=April 11, 2025|publisher=[[KVUE]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts election|Texas]]
|[[Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts|Comptroller]]
|[[Don Huffines]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Huffines&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Yu |first=Issac |date=February 27, 2026 |title=Trump endorses against Abbott's picks for Texas Ag Commissioner and Comptroller ahead of GOP primary |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/politics/election/2026/article/trump-sid-miller-don-huffines-abbott-21946633.php |publisher=[[Houston Chronicle]] |access-date=February 28, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas elections|Texas]]
|[[Texas General Land Office|General Land Commissioner]]
|''[[Dawn Buckingham]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Huffines&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Commissioner of Agriculture election|Texas]]
|[[Texas Department of Agriculture|Agriculture Commissioner]]
|''[[Sid Miller (politician)|Sid Miller]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Huffines&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|}

==== 2026 Senate elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Alabama|Alabama]]
|[[Barry Moore (American politician)|Barry Moore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who is Barry Moore? Trump's choice for Alabama's next US Senator; US President reveals key reasons behind his support for US Congressman|url=https://m.economictimes.com/us/news/who-is-barry-moore-trumps-choice-for-alabamas-next-us-senator-us-president-reveals-key-reasons-behind-his-support-for-us-congressman/articleshow/126639467.cms|access-date=2026-01-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Alaska|Alaska]]
|[[Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)|''Dan Sullivan'']]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Alaska U.S. Sen. Dan Sullivan |url=https://www.adn.com/politics/2025/07/21/trump-endorses-alaska-us-sen-dan-sullivan/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Anchorage Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Arkansas|Arkansas]]
|''[[Tom Cotton]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Trump endorses Senator Tom Cotton's re-election bid |url=https://www.thv11.com/article/news/local/trump-endorses-tom-cotton-re-election-as-senator/91-fe400e4e-8f5c-4ad8-aeb4-c57409b8d0ee |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=thv11.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 United States Senate special election in Florida|Florida]]
|''[[Ashley Moody]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/748780-donald-trump-endorses-ashley-moody-early/|title=Donald Trump endorses Ashley Moody's return to U.S. Senate|last=Gancarski|first=A.G.|date=July 25, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|website=[[Florida Politics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Georgia|Georgia]]
|[[Mike Collins (politician)|Mike Collins]]{{citation needed|date=June 2026}}
|May 19, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Idaho|Idaho]]
|''[[Jim Risch]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Ratliff|first1=Seth|title=President Trump endorses Senator Risch well ahead of mid-term elections|url=https://localnews8.com/news/top-stories/2025/03/20/president-trump-endorses-senator-risch-well-ahead-of-mid-term-elections/|date=March 20, 2025|access-date=September 13, 2025|publisher=[[KIFI-TV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Iowa|Iowa]]
|[[Ashley Hinson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Rep. Ashley Hinson's campaign for Iowa's U.S. Senate seat |url=https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/trump-endorses-rep-ashley-hinsons-campaign-for-iowas-u-s-senate-seat/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Kansas|Kansas]]
|''[[Roger Marshall]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Trump endorses Kansas politicians Roger Marshall, Derek Schmidt, Tracey Mann|url=https://www.cjonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/07/22/donald-trump-endorses-kansas-gop-congressmen-for-reelection-in-2026/85307235007/?gnt-cfr=1&amp;gca-cat=p&amp;gca-uir=false&amp;gca-epti=z118570p115750c115750e002000v118570&amp;gca-ft=160&amp;gca-ds=sophi&amp;gnt-djm=1 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=cjonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Kentucky|Kentucky]]
|[[Andy Barr]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Rep. Andy Barr gets coveted Trump endorsement in Kentucky Senate race to replace McConnell |url=https://apnews.com/article/mcconnell-trump-barr-kentucky-senate-22cff179110a64691947a79f13e00c22 |website=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=May 1, 2026 |language=en |date=May 1, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
|[[Julia Letlow]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2026 |title=Trump Backs a Potential Primary Challenger to Bill Cassidy, a G.O.P. Senator |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/18/us/politics/trump-bill-cassidy-julia-letlow-primary-challenge-endorsement.html |access-date=January 18, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 27, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Michigan|Michigan]]
|[[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shelton |first=Shajaka |date=July 24, 2025 |title=Trump endorses Rogers for U.S. Senate |url=https://www.wlns.com/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-rogers-for-u-s-senate/ |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[WLNS-TV|WLNS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
|''[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title= Hyde-Smith draws GOP challenger as Democrats target her Mississippi U.S. Senate seat|url= https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/05/09/hyde-smith-draws-gop-challenger-as-democrats-target-her-mississippi-u-s-senate-seat/|access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Magnolia Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 10, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Montana|Montana]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Steve Daines]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (withdrew)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Blair |title=Daines gets Trump's endorsement as he readies 2026 Senate reelection bid |url=https://helenair.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/article_a8313a29-db4d-4506-957d-677f4882100e.html |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[Independent Record]] |date=April 23, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|[[Kurt Alme]]&lt;ref name=Bloomberg1&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump Endorses Alme for Montana Senate as Daines Steps Aside |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-05/trump-endorses-alme-for-montana-senate-as-daines-steps-aside |website=Bloomberg |access-date=5 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
|''[[Pete Ricketts]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Salinas |first1=Juan |title= Nebraska's Dan Osborn statistically tied with U.S. Sen. Pete Ricketts in poll |url= https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2025/04/10/nebraskas-dan-osborn-statistically-tied-with-u-s-sen-pete-ricketts-in-poll/ |website=[[Nebraska Examiner]] |date=April 10, 2025 |access-date=September 13, 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[2026 United States Senate election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
|[[John E. Sununu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |title=Trump backs John Sununu in New Hampshire Senate race |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/5717664-trump-endorses-sununu-nh-senate/ |website=The Hill |date=February 1, 2026 |access-date=February 1, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|September 8, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2026 United States Senate election in North Carolina|North Carolina]]
|[[Michael Whatley]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=RNC chair Michael Whatley to run for Senate in North Carolina with Trump's support |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/07/24/whatley-senate-north-carolina-trump-00473419 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Ohio|Ohio]]
|''[[Jon Husted]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Lydia |title=Trump endorses Husted for 2026 Senate race |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/cincinnati/news/2025/04/09/trump-endorses-husted-for-2026-senate-race |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[Spectrum News]] |date=April 9, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Markwayne Mullin]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (resigned to become [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|DHS Secretary]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Krehbiel |first1=Randy |title=Political notebook: Strong income tax receipts keep state revenue on track |url=https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/article_1e973cb9-33a2-46c9-bdf3-a9ffb024a44e.html |access-date=May 20, 2025 |work=Tulsa World |date=May 18, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Resigned
|-
|[[Kevin Hern]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Onstot |first1=Evan |title=Trump endorses Kevin Hern for Oklahoma Senate seat |url=https://www.koco.com/article/trump-endorses-kevin-hern-oklahoma-senate-seat/70740280 |website=KOCO |access-date=14 March 2026 |language=en |date=14 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[2026 United States Senate election in South Carolina|South Carolina]]
|''[[Lindsey Graham]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=[[WCIV]] |access-date=September 13, 2025 |author=Kayanja, Ian |title=President Trump endorses Lindsey Graham as senator eyes 2026 reelection bid |url=https://abcnews4.com/news/local/trump-endorses-sen-lindsey-graham-as-senator-eyes-2026-reelection-bid-donald-trump-lindsey-graham-reelection-wciv-abc-news-4-03-26-2025 |date=March 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[2026 United States Senate election in South Dakota|South Dakota]]
|''[[Mike Rounds]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rounds wins Trump endorsement after playing deal-making role in rescinding public media funds |url=https://southdakotasearchlight.com/briefs/rounds-wins-trump-endorsement-after-playing-deal-making-role-in-rescinding-public-media-funds/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=South Dakota Searchlight |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
|''[[Bill Hagerty]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Bill Hagerty for Senate |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231344319625636 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 6, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Texas|Texas]]
|[[Ken Paxton]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Goldmacher |first1=Shane |title=Trump Endorses Paxton in Final Week of G.O.P. Senate Runoff in Texas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/19/us/politics/trump-paxton-endorsement-cornyn-texas-senate.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=May 19, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 26, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[2026 United States Senate election in West Virginia|West Virginia]]
|''[[Shelley Moore Capito]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump endorses Capito | website=[[The Guardian.com]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2025/may/16/donald-trump-gulf-tax-bill-medicaid-us-politics-live-updates?CMP=share_btn_url&amp;page=with%3Ablock-682756e28f0835109b839df2#block-682756e28f0835109b839df2 |date=May 15, 2025 |access-date=September 14, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[2026 United States Senate election in Wyoming|Wyoming]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Cynthia Lummis]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (declined to run)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stingray |first1=River |title=Trump endorses Lummis for second term far ahead of 2026 election |url=https://buckrail.com/trump-endorses-lummis-for-second-term-far-ahead-of-2026-election/ |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=Buckrail |date=March 27, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mestas |first=Denise |date=December 19, 2025 |title=Lummis Announces Decision To Not Seek Re-Election in 2026 |url=https://www.wyomingnewsnow.tv/news/lummis-announces-decision-to-not-seek-re-election-in-2026/article_5c48a0b7-4d04-49cd-8ffd-9fc06138d339.html |access-date=January 23, 2026 |website=Wyoming News Now}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Declined
|-
|[[Harriet Hageman]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Steinhauser |first1=Paul |title=Trump ally who ousted Cheney launches Senate bid keep GOP seat in Republican hands |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/scoop-trump-ally-harriet-hageman-who-ousted-cheney-launches-senate-bid-keep-gop-seat-republican-hands |work=[[Fox News]] |date=December 23, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|TBA
|}

==== 2026 House elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 3rd congressional district|AL-03]]
|[[Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)|''Mike Rogers'']]&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Daniel |title='He will never let you down!' — Trump endorses Aderholt, Strong, Palmer, Rogers for reelection |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/he-will-never-let-you-down-trump-endorses-aderholt-strong-palmer-rogers-for-reelection |access-date=January 23, 2026 |work=[[1819 News]] |date=November 3, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 4th congressional district|AL-04]]
|''[[Robert Aderholt]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 5th congressional district|AL-05]]
|''[[Dale Strong]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama's 6th congressional district|AL-06]]
|''[[Gary Palmer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Alabama&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska's at-large congressional district|AK-AL]]
|[[Nick Begich III|''Nick Begich'']]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=James |title=Trump backs Begich for reelection to Alaska's U.S. House seat in 2026 |url=https://alaskabeacon.com/briefs/trump-backs-begich-for-reelection-to-alaskas-u-s-house-seat-in-2026/ |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=Alaska Beacon |date=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 1st congressional district|AZ-01]]
|&lt;s&gt;[[Gina Swoboda]]&lt;/s&gt; ''(withdrew)''&lt;ref name=DualEndorsement/&gt;
|rowspan=2|July 21, 2026
|rowspan=2|Open Seat
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|[[Jay Feely]] ''(co-endorsement with Swoboda)''&lt;ref name=&quot;DualEndorsement&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gersony |first1=Laura |title=Trump issues rare dual endorsement in Arizona swing district |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2026/01/06/trump-issues-dual-endorsement-jay-feely-gina-swoboda-congress/87853100007/ |website=AZ Central |access-date=23 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 2nd congressional district|AZ-02]]
|''[[Eli Crane]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Eli Crane: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and Sector Funds |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-eli-crane-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks-and-sector-funds#google_vignette |website=TipRanks Financial |access-date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|July 21, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 5th congressional district|AZ-05]]
|[[Mark Lamb (sheriff)|Mark Lamb]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= President Trump Endorses Former Pinal County Sheriff Mark Lamb For Congress |url= https://azfreenews.com/2025/11/president-trump-endorses-former-pinal-county-sheriff-mark-lamb-for-congress/ |access-date= January 23, 2026 |work= |date= November 5, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|July 21, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 6th congressional district|AZ-06]]
|''[[Juan Ciscomani]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nintzel |first1=Jim |title=Trump endorses Ciscomani; Az Dems have party problems|url= https://www.tucsonsentinel.com/local/report/042925_political_roundup/trump-endorses-ciscomani-az-dems-have-party-problems/ |work=Tucson Senteniel |date=April 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|July 21, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 8th congressional district|AZ-08]]
|''[[Abraham Hamadeh]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nitzberg |first1=Alex |title= Trump endorses House freshman for reelection less than six months into the lawmaker's congressional tenure |url= https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-house-freshman-reelection-less-than-six-months-lawmakers-congressional-tenure |work=[[Fox News]] |date=June 16, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|July 21, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona's 9th congressional district|AZ-09]]
|''[[Paul Gosar]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Gosar: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and Sector Funds |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-gosar-potential-stock-market-impacts-on-energy-and-manufacturing-sectors#google_vignette |website=TipRanks Financial |access-date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|July 21, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 1st congressional district|AR-01]]
|''[[Rick Crawford (politician)|Rick Crawford]]''&lt;ref name=Arkansaw&gt;{{Cite web |title=- President Trump endorses Arkansas congressmen in reelection bids |url=https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/local/president-trump-endorses-arkansas-congressmen-reelection-bids/527-e20394ee-aa92-4db0-b5f5-57080c02467b}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 2nd congressional district|AR-02]]
|''[[French Hill (politician)|French Hill]]''&lt;ref name=Arkansaw/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 3rd congressional district|AR-03]]
|''[[Steve Womack]]''&lt;ref name=Arkansaw/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas's 4th congressional district|AR-04]]
|''[[Bruce Westerman]]''&lt;ref name=Arkansaw/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 5th congressional district|CA-05]]
|''[[Tom McClintock]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 13th congressional district|CA-13]]
|[[Kevin Lincoln (politician)|Kevin Lincoln]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=December 25, 2025 |title=Trump wades into House races, putting endorsement force to the test |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5662512-trump-midterm-endorsements-impact/ |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 20th congressional district|CA-20]]
|''[[Vince Fong]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Vince Fong for House of Representatives|url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115375108797044323 |access-date=January 23, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 23rd congressional district|CA-23]]
|''[[Jay Obernolte]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|California}} [[California's 48th congressional district|CA-48]]
|&lt;s&gt;''[[Darrell Issa]]''&lt;/s&gt; (withdrew)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-darrell-issa-potential-tailwinds-for-u-s-energy-defense-and-industrial-stocks|title=Trump's Endorsement of Darrell Issa: Potential Tailwinds for U.S. Energy, Defense, and Industrial Stocks|date=January 23, 2026|access-date=February 17, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|[[Jim Desmond]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ATEAPRIL&quot;/&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Advanced to General
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|CO-03]]
|''[[Jeff Hurd]]'' (re-endorsed)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Luning |first1=Ernest |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Jeff Hurd's bid for reelection in Colorado's 3rd CD |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2025/10/28/donald-trump-endorses-republican-jeff-hurds-bid-for-reelection-in-colorados-3rd-cd/ |access-date=November 8, 2025 |work=[[Colorado Politics]] |date=October 28, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|June 30, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|&lt;s&gt;Hope Scheppelman&lt;/s&gt; ''(withdrew)''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brams |first1=Sophie |title=Trump pulls endorsement of Hurd over tariffs vote |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5749448-hurd-loses-trump-backing/ |access-date=February 21, 2026 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=February 21, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Challenger
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 4th congressional district|CO-04]]
|''[[Lauren Boebert]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luning |first=Ernest |date=2025-07-24 |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Lauren Boebert's 2026 reelection bid in Colorado's deep red 4th CD |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/elections/2026/donald-trump-endorses-republican-lauren-boeberts-2026-reelection-bid-in-colorados-deep-red-4th-cd/article_2c9c1325-536e-4ee6-93bc-cc1a2fdf2d96.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Colorado Politics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 30, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 5th congressional district|CO-05]]
|''[[Jeff Crank]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Luning |first=Ernest |date=2025-08-20 |title=Donald Trump endorses Colorado Republican Jeff Crank's bid for reelection |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/2025/08/20/donald-trump-endorses-colorado-republican-jeff-cranks-bid-for-reelection/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Colorado Politics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 30, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado's 8th congressional district|CO-08]]
|''[[Gabe Evans]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Luning  |first1=Ernest |title=Donald Trump endorses Republican Gabe Evans in Colorado's tossup 8th Congressional District |url=https://www.coloradopolitics.com/elections/2026/donald-trump-endorses-republican-gabe-evans-in-colorados-tossup-8th-congressional-district/article_4b5aa753-3dd8-4910-b3d0-a1ca419d2919.html |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[Colorado Politics]] |date=April 28, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 30, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 1st congressional district|FL-01]]
|''[[Jimmy Patronis]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Jimmy Patronis snags Donald Trump endorsement |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762317-jimmy-patronis-snags-donald-trump-endorsement/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 2nd congressional district|FL-02]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Neal Dunn]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (declined to run)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Anna Paulina Luna in her likely run for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/04/03/congress/trump-proxy-voting-support-00271110 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Declined
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 3rd congressional district|FL-03]]
|''[[Kat Cammack]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ogles |first1=Jacob |title=Kat Cammack secures valuable Donald Trump endorsement for third term |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/760947-kat-cammack-secures-valuable-donald-trump-endorsement-for-third-term/ |access-date=October 16, 2025 |work=[[Florida Politics]] |date=October 16, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 4th congressional district|FL-04]]
|''[[Aaron Bean]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenMore&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gancarski |first1=A. G. |title=Donald Trump endorses seven more Congressional incumbents in Florida |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/779269-donald-trump-endorses-seven-more-congressional-incumbents/ |website=Florida Politics |access-date=11 February 2026 |date=11 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 5th congressional district|FL-05]]
|''[[John Rutherford (Florida politician)|John Rutherford]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenMore&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 6th congressional district|FL-06]]
|''[[Randy Fine]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Donald Trump backs 'MAGA Warrior' Randy Fine ahead of contested primary in CD 6 |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762299-donald-trump-backs-maga-warrior-randy-fine-ahead-of-contested-primary-in-cd-6/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 7th congressional district|FL-07]]
|''[[Cory Mills]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenMore&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 8th congressional district|FL-08]]
|''[[Mike Haridopolos]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Donald Trump endorses 'America First Patriot' Mike Haridopolos for re-election |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762300-donald-trump-endorses-mike-haridopolos-re-election/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025 |quote=Haridopolos is actively campaigning for another term.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 11th congressional district|FL-11]]
|&lt;s&gt;''[[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Daniel Webster]]''&lt;/s&gt; (withdrew)&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenMore&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 12th congressional district|FL-12]]
|''[[Gus Bilirakis]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 13th congressional district|FL-13]]
|''[[Anna Paulina Luna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dixon |first1=Matt |title=Trump backs Rep. Anna Paulina Luna in her likely run for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/04/03/congress/trump-proxy-voting-support-00271110 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 3, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 15th congressional district|FL-15]]
|''[[Laurel Lee]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 16th congressional district|FL-16]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Vern Buchanan]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (declined to run)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/florida-playbook/2026/01/28/another-retirement-more-jockeying-00751657|title=Another retirement, more jockeying|last1=Leonard|last2=Williams|first1=Kimberly|first2=Kylie|date=January 28, 2026|access-date=January 28, 2026|website=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Declined
|-
|Sydney Gruters&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-24 |title=Trump urges Sydney Gruters to run in Florida race to replace Buchanan |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/03/24/trump-sydney-gruters-replace-vern-buchanan-00842378 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 17th congressional district|FL-17]]
|''[[Greg Steube]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Greg Steube secures another Donald Trump endorsement |url=https://floridapolitics.com/archives/762302-greg-steube-secures-another-donald-trump-endorsement/ |website=Florida Politics |date=October 25, 2025 |access-date=October 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 18th congressional district|FL-18]]
|''[[Scott Franklin (politician)|Scott Franklin]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 21st congressional district|FL-21]]
|''[[Brian Mast]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenMore&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 26th congressional district|FL-26]]
|''[[Mario Díaz-Balart]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 27th congressional district|FL-27]]
|''[[Maria Elvira Salazar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenMore&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida's 28th congressional district|FL-28]]
|''[[Carlos A. Giménez|Carlos Giménez]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;SevenMore&quot;/&gt;
|August 18, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 1st congressional district|GA-01]]
|Jim Kingston&lt;ref name=&quot;ATEAPRIL&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 3rd congressional district|GA-03]]
|''[[Brian Jack]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/how-trumps-endorsement-of-brian-jack-could-nudge-agriculture-energy-and-defense-stocks |title=How Trump's Endorsement of Brian Jack Could Nudge Agriculture, Energy, and Defense Stocks |date=January 23, 2026|access-date=April 4, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 7th congressional district|GA-07]]
|''[[Rich McCormick]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 8th congressional district|GA-08]]
|''[[Austin Scott]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 9th congressional district|GA-09]]
|''[[Andrew Clyde]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 10th congressional district|GA-10]]
|[[Houston Gaines]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ATEAPRIL&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 11th congressional district|GA-11]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Barry Loudermilk]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (withdrew)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Barry Loudermilk for House |url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114876638674610838 |access-date=September 14, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 12th congressional district|GA-12]]
|''[[Rick Allen (politician)|Rick Allen]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia's 14th congressional district|GA-14]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Marjorie Taylor Greene]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (endorsement rescinded,&lt;br&gt;resigned)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-withdraws-support-marjorie-taylor-greene-2025-11-15/|title=Trump withdraws support for Marjorie Taylor Greene|date=November 14, 2025|access-date=November 14, 2025|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Resigned
|-
|[[Clay Fuller]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Clay Fuller for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116596785594736554 |access-date=May 20, 2026 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho's 1st congressional district|ID-01]]
|''[[Russ Fulcher]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho's 2nd congressional district|ID-02]]
|''[[Mike Simpson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 12th congressional district|IL-12]]
|''[[Mike Bost]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mike Bost launches re-election campaign with Trump's endorsement |url=https://newschannel20.com/news/local/mike-bost-launches-re-election-campaign-with-trumps-endorsement |date=May 9, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|publisher=[[WICS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 17, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 15th congressional district|IL-15]]
|[[Mary Miller (politician)|''Mary Miller'']]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mary Miller for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057223325978530 |access-date=September 15, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 17, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois's 16th congressional district|IL-16]]
|''[[Darin LaHood]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|March 17, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 2nd congressional district|IN-02]]
|''[[Rudy Yakym]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 3rd congressional district|IN-03]]
|''[[Marlin Stutzman]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 4th congressional district|IN-04]]
|''[[Jim Baird (politician)|Jim Baird]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Firesoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Ryan |title=Trump endorses Spartz, other Indiana members of Congress for re-election. Here's who else |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2026/01/23/trump-indiana-congress-representatives-for-re-election-truth-social-spartz-baird-houchins-shreve/88326534007/ |website=The Indianapolis Star |access-date=24 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 5th congressional district|IN-05]]
|''[[Victoria Spartz]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Firesoff&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 6th congressional district|IN-06]]
|''[[Jefferson Shreve]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Firesoff&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 8th congressional district|IN-08]]
|''[[Mark Messmer]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Langhorne|first1=Thomas B.|title=Messmer makes it official: He will seek re-election to Congress|url=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/politics/2025/08/05/messmer-makes-it-official-he-will-seek-re-election-to-congress/85528535007/?gnt-cfr=1&amp;gca-cat=p&amp;gca-uir=true&amp;gca-epti=z115130p000550c000550e004000v115130b0051xxd005165&amp;gca-ft=178&amp;gca-ds=sophi&amp;gnt-djm=1|date=August 5, 2025|access-date=September 15, 2025|publisher=[[KIFI-TV]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana's 9th congressional district|IN-09]]
|''[[Erin Houchin]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Firesoff&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 1st congressional district|IA-01]]
|''[[Mariannette Miller-Meeks]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Opsahl |first=Robin |date=2025-11-03 |title=President Donald Trump endorses U.S. Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks |url=https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2025/11/03/president-donald-trump-endorses-u-s-rep-mariannette-miller-meeks/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Iowa Capital Dispatch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 2nd congressional district|IA-02]]
|[[Joe Mitchell (politician)|Joe Mitchell]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump endorsement reshapes Iowa's 2nd District race |url=https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/trump-speaker-mike-johnson-endorse-joe-mitchell-for-congress-as-iowa-gop-primary-field-narrows/ |website=The Gazette |access-date=28 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 3rd congressional district|IA-03]]
|''[[Zach Nunn]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;TrumpBooker&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Trump backs Iowa Congressman in 2026, Sen. Cory Booker endorses Dem running in same race |url=https://cbs2iowa.com/news/local/trump-backs-nunn-booker-endorses-konfrst-as-iowas-3rd-congressional-race-heats-up-ach-nunn-republican-jennifer-sarah-trone-garriott-president-donald-booker-us-senator-reprehensive-washington-dc-vote-2026-election-truth-social-twitter-x-congress-democrats |access-date=September 16, 2025 |work=[[KGAN]] |date=May 9, 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa's 4th congressional district|IA-04]]
|Chris McGowan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pfannenstiel |first1=Brianne |title=Donald Trump endorses Chris McGowan in Iowa's 4th District primary |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/02/05/donald-trump-endorses-chris-mcgowan-in-iowas-4th-district-primary/88519517007/ |access-date=February 5, 2026 |work=[[The Des Moines Register]] |date=February 5, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 1st congressional district|KS-01]]
|''[[Tracey Mann]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;''
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 2nd congressional district|KS-02]]
|''[[Derek Schmidt]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;''
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas's 4th congressional district|KS-04]]
|''[[Ron Estes]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Ron Estes for House |url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057228167480219 |access-date=September 20, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 1st congressional district|KY-01]]
|''[[James Comer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 2nd congressional district|KY-02]]
|''[[Brett Guthrie]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 4th congressional district|KY-04]]
|[[Ed Gallrein]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kashinsky |first1=Lisa |last2=Hill |first2=Meredith Lee |title=Trump endorses Massie challenger not yet in the primary race |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/10/17/massie-kentucky-trump-endorsement-00614778 |website=[[Politico]] |date=October 17, 2025 |access-date=October 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 5th congressional district|KY-05]]
|''[[Hal Rogers]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mueller |first1=Caroline |title=Congressman Hal Rogers announces re-election bid |url=https://www.wymt.com/2025/11/07/congressman-hal-rogers-announces-re-election-bid/ |publisher=[[WYMT-TV]] |date=November 7, 2025 |access-date=November 19, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky's 6th congressional district|KY-06]]
|[[Ralph Alvarado]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Horsley |first=McKenna |title= Trump causes political earthquake in KY, backing Barr, Alvarado in U.S. Senate, House races |url= https://kentuckylantern.com/2026/05/01/trump-causes-political-earthquake-in-ky-backing-barr-alvarado-in-u-s-senate-house-races/ |website=Kentucky Lantern |access-date=May 2, 2026 |language=en |date=May 1, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district|LA-01]]
|''[[Steve Scalise]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Firesoff&quot;/&gt;
|July 15, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|LA-03]]
|''[[Clay Higgins]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|July 15, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 4th congressional district|LA-04]]
|''[[Mike Johnson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Firesoff&quot;/&gt;
|July 15, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana's 5th congressional district|LA-05]]
|[[Blake Miguez]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hilburn |first1=Greg |title=Trump endorses Blake Miguez for Louisiana's 5th District, shaking up race |url=https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2026/02/04/trump-endorses-blake-miguez-for-louisianas-5th-congressional-district/88518646007/ |website=The Times |access-date=5 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|July 15, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]]
|[[Paul LePage]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=Democratic candidate responds to Pres. Trump's endorsement of Paul LePage |url=https://wgme.com/news/local/democratic-candidate-responds-to-president-donald-trump-endorsement-of-paul-lepage-matt-dunlap-jared-golden-jordan-wood |access-date=2025-12-26 |publisher=WGME |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 1st congressional district|MI-01]]
|''[[Jack Bergman]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Sargent |first1=Bud |title=Bergman re-election endorsed by president |url=https://www.miningjournal.net/news/front-page-news/2025/11/bergman-re-election-endorsed-by-president/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The Mining Journal]] |date=November 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 2nd congressional district|MI-02]]
|''[[John Moolenaar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 4th congressional district|MI-04]]
|''[[Bill Huizenga]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Solis |first=Ben |date=2025-07-25 |title=Trump endorses Michigan's Rogers in U.S. Senate race, gives nod to Huizenga for backing out |url=https://michiganadvance.com/briefs/trump-endorses-michigans-rogers-in-u-s-senate-race-gives-nod-to-huizenga-for-backing-out/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Michigan Advance |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 5th congressional district|MI-05]]
|''[[Tim Walberg]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Tim Walberg for congress |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114480047403137321 |access-date=September 22, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 7th congressional district|MI-07]]
|''[[Tom Barrett (Michigan politician)|Tom Barrett]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= President Trump endorses Congressman Tom Barrett for re-election |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2025/05/09/president-trump-endorses-congressman-tom-barrett-for-re-election/ |access-date=September 22, 2025 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=9 May 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan's 9th congressional district|MI-09]]
|''[[Lisa McClain]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|MN-01]]
|''[[Brad Finstad]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Minnesota&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kramer |first1=Ethan |title=Trump endorses four Minnesota Republican House members for re-election in 2026 |url=https://www.valleynewslive.com/2025/11/04/trump-endorses-four-minnesota-republican-house-members-re-election-2026/ |website=Valley News |access-date=4 December 2025 |language=en |date=4 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 6th congressional district|MN-06]]
|''[[Tom Emmer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Minnesota&quot;/&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 7th congressional district|MN-07]]
|''[[Michelle Fischbach]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Minnesota&quot;/&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota's 8th congressional district|MN-08]]
|''[[Pete Stauber]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Minnesota&quot;/&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 1st congressional district|MS-01]]
|''[[Trent Kelly]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;MS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title= Trump endorses Congressman Kelly and Guest ahead of 2026 midterms|url= https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/11/03/trump-endorses-congressmen-kelly-and-guest-ahead-of-2026-midterms/|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Magnolia Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 10, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 3rd congressional district|MS-03]]
|''[[Michael Guest (politician)|Michael Guest]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;MS&quot;/&gt;
|March 10, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi's 4th congressional district|MS-04]]
|''[[Mike Ezell]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Corder |first1=Frank |title=Trump endorses Ezell's midterm re-election bid |url=https://magnoliatribune.com/2025/10/27/trump-endorses-ezells-midterm-re-election-bid/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |work=Magnolia Tribune |date=October 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 10, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 2nd congressional district|MO-02]]
|''[[Ann Wagner]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Donald Trump Endorses Congresswoman Ann Wagner for Re-Election in Missouri's Second Congressional District: &quot;She Will Not Let You Down&quot; |url=https://themissouritimes.com/press-release-president-donald-trump-endorses-congresswoman-ann-wagner-for-re-election-in-missouris-second-congressional-district-she-will-not-let-you-down/ |access-date=September 29, 2025 |date=2025-07-22 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 3rd congressional district|MO-03]]
|''[[Bob Onder]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 4th congressional district|MO-04]]
|''[[Mark Alford]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Mark Alford for Congress |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231344319625636 |access-date=September 29, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 7th congressional district|MO-07]]
|''[[Eric Burlison]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri's 8th congressional district|MO-08]]
|''[[Jason Smith (American politician)|Jason Smith]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 1st congressional district|MT-01]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Ryan Zinke]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (declined to run)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Drew |first1=Micah |title=Trump endorses Reps. Zinke, Downing for re-election |url=https://missoulacurrent.com/trump-zinke-downing/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Daily Montanan]] |publisher=Missoula Current |date=November 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Declined
|-
|Aaron Flint&lt;ref name=Trump1&gt;{{cite web |last1=Eavis |first1=Victoria |title=Trump endorses Aaron Flint in Montana's western congressional primary race |url=https://helenair.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/elections/article_badcdd88-1fef-45d5-bce7-be6b7abed695.html |website=The Independent Record |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en |date=3 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana's 2nd congressional district|MT-02]]
|''[[Troy Downing]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;BBB&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Nitzberg |first=Alex |title= Trump endorses House Republican who failed to vote on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act |url= https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-endorses-house-republican-who-failed-vote-one-big-beautiful-bill-act.amp |work=[[Fox News]] |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=May 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 1st congressional district|NE-01]]
|''[[Mike Flood (politician)|Mike Flood]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nebraska&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Fischer |first1=Mark |title=President Donald Trump endorses two Nebraska congressmen for re-election |url=https://www.klkntv.com/president-donald-trump-endorses-two-nebraska-congressmen-for-re-election/ |access-date=November 6, 2025 |work=[[KLKN]] |date=November 3, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 2nd congressional district|NE-02]]
|Brinker Harding&lt;ref name=&quot;ATEAPRIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Whedon |first1=Ben |title=Trump makes string of endorsements in key House races |url=https://justthenews.com/politics-policy/trump-makes-string-endorsements-key-house-races |website=Just The News |access-date=2026-04-14 |language=en |date=April 14, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska's 3rd congressional district|NE-03]]
|''[[Adrian Smith (politician)|Adrian Smith]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Nebraska&quot;/&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 1st congressional district|NV-01]]
|[[Carrie A. Buck|Carrie Buck]]&lt;ref name =&quot;Racker&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Racker |first1=Mini |title=Trump endorses GOP candidates in 2 swingy Nevada House seats |url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/trump-endorses-gop-candidates-in-2-swingy-nevada-house-seats |website=[[The Nevada Independent]] |date=April 14, 2026 |access-date=April 14, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 2nd congressional district|NV-02]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Mark Amodei]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (withdrew)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Torres-Cortez |first1=Ricardo |title=Trump endorses re-election bids from Lombardo, Amodei |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/politics-and-government/nevada/trump-endorses-re-election-bids-from-lombardo-amodei-3533963/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date=November 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=2|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|David Flippo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Racker|first=Mini|date=May 29, 2026|title=President Trump endorses in Nevada's most competitive GOP primary race
|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/president-trump-endorses-in-nevadas-most-competitive-gop-primary-race|website=Nevada Independent|access-date=May 29, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada's 3rd congressional district|NV-03]]
|[[Martin O'Donnell]]&lt;ref name =&quot;Racker&quot;/&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 2nd congressional district|NJ-02]]
|''[[Jeff Van Drew]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4460164/trump-endorsement-tracker-gop-2026-election-primaries/|title=Trump endorsement tracker: Here's who the president has picked in GOP midterm election primaries|last=Carter|first=Claire|date=February 17, 2026|access-date=March 31, 2026|website=[[Washington Examiner]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 4th congressional district|NJ-04]]
|''[[Chris Smith (New Jersey politician)|Chris Smith]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fox |first1=Joey |title=Brick Republican will challenge Chris Smith in NJ-4 GOP primary |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/brick-republican-will-challenge-chris-smith-in-nj-4-gop-primary/ |website=New Jersey Globe |access-date=January 21, 2026 |date=January 20, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey's 7th congressional district|NJ-07]]
|''[[Thomas Kean Jr.]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Fox |first=Joey |title= In a first, Trump gives Tom Kean Jr. his 'complete and total endorsement' |url= https://newjerseyglobe.com/congress/in-a-first-trump-gives-tom-kean-jr-his-complete-and-total-endorsement/ |work=New Jersey Globe |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=May 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico's 2nd congressional district|NM-02]]
|Greg Cunningham&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses Greg Cunningham for Congress |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/04/14/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-greg-cunningham-for-congress/ |access-date=April 14, 2026 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=14 April 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 1st congressional district|NY-01]]
|''[[Nick LaLota]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 2nd congressional district|NY-02]]
|''[[Andrew Garbarino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BBB&quot; /&gt;''
|June 23, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 3rd congressional district|NY-03]]
|[[Mike LiPetri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;the-downballot.com&quot;/&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 17th congressional district|NY-17]]
|''[[Mike Lawler]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McKenna |first=Chris |title=Trump sends signal on NY governor race by backing Lawler for House re-election instead |url=https://www.lohud.com/story/news/politics/2025/05/07/ny-17-president-trump-backs-mike-lawler-for-house-reelection-not-for-ny-governor/83491582007/ |access-date=September 29, 2025 |website=The Journal News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 19th congressional district|NY-19]]
|[[Peter Oberacker]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trump, Johnson Endorse Oberacker for Congress |url=https://www.allotsego.com/trump-johnson-endorse-oberacker-for-congress/ |website=All Otsego |access-date=5 February 2026 |language=en |date=5 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 21st congressional district|NY-21]]
|Anthony Constantino&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Parsnow |first=Luke |title=Trump endorses Anthony Constantino in NY-21 race, bucking GOP party elders' choice |url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/politics/2026/04/21/trump-backs-anthony-constantino-in-ny-21-race |access-date=April 21, 2026 |date=April 21, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 23rd congressional district|NY-23]]
|''[[Nick Langworthy]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news||last= Larson |first= Greg |date=October 25, 2025 |title= Langworthy Receives Trump's Endorsement for Re-Election in 2026 |url= https://www.chautauquatoday.com/news/details.cfm?id=365824 |access-date= January 24, 2026 |work=Chautauqua Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York's 24th congressional district|NY-24]]
|''[[Claudia Tenney]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 1st congressional district|NC-01]]
|[[Laurie Buckhout]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses Laurie Buckhout for Congress |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/03/12/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-laurie-buckhout-for-congress/ |access-date=March 12, 2026 |publisher=[[NRCC]] |date=12 March 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 3rd congressional district|NC-03]]
|''[[Greg Murphy (politician)|Greg Murphy]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://votehub.com/2026-endorsements|title=2026 Endorsement Tracker|access-date=January 27, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 5th congressional district|NC-05]]
|''[[Virginia Foxx]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Rebecca |title=Rep. Virginia Foxx announces run for reelection in 2026 in North Carolina's 5th Congressional District |url=https://www.wxii12.com/article/rep-virginia-foxx-announces-run-reelection-2026/64736881 |access-date=October 1, 2025 |website=The Journal News |date=11 May 2025 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 6th congressional district|NC-06]]
|''[[Addison McDowell]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 7th congressional district|NC-07]]
|''[[David Rouzer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 8th congressional district|NC-08]]
|''[[Mark Harris (North Carolina politician)|Mark Harris]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Mark Harris: Potential Boost for Energy Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-mark-harris-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 9th congressional district|NC-09]]
|''[[Richard Hudson (American politician)|Richard Hudson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 10th congressional district|NC-10]]
|''[[Pat Harrigan]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Trump's Endorsement of Pat Harrigan: Potential Boost for Energy and Industrial Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-pat-harrigan-potential-boost-for-energy-and-industrial-stocks#google_vignette |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 11th congressional district|NC-11]]
|''[[Chuck Edwards]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hensley |first1=Dean |title=Republican Congressman Chuck Edwards gets President Trump's endorsement on social media |url=https://wlos.com/news/local/republican-congressman-chuck-edwards-gets-trumps-endorsement-on-social-media-president-donald-j-truth-x-henderson-buncombe-polk-rutherford-county-democratic-opposition-twitter |access-date=November 30, 2025 |work=[[WLOS]] |date=October 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 13th congressional district|NC-13]]
|''[[Brad Knott]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina's 14th congressional district|NC-14]]
|''[[Tim Moore (North Carolina politician)|Tim Moore]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[North Dakota's at-large congressional district|ND-AL]]
|''[[Julie Fedorchak]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Port |first=Rob |date=2025-08-19 |title=Port: Trump drops early endorsement of Fedorchak's reelection |url=https://www.inforum.com/opinion/columns/port-trump-drops-early-endorsement-of-fedorchaks-reelection |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=InForum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 1st congressional district|OH-01]]
|Eric Conroy&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 2nd congressional district|OH-02]]
|''[[David Taylor (Ohio politician)|David Taylor]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses David Taylor for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057224448370906 |access-date=October 5, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 4th congressional district|OH-04]]
|''[[Jim Jordan]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Whedon |first1=Ben |title=Trump endorses 27 Republicans for reelection 2026 |url=https://justthenews.com/politics-policy/trump-endorses-27-republicans-reelection-2026 |website=Just The News |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=December 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 5th congressional district|OH-05]]
|''[[Bob Latta]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 6th congressional district|OH-06]]
|''[[Michael Rulli]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 7th congressional district|OH-07]]
|''[[Max Miller (politician)|Max Miller]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Max Miller: Potential Boost for Energy and Defense Stocks |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-max-miller-potential-boost-for-energy-and-defense-stocks |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 8th congressional district|OH-08]]
|''[[Warren Davidson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 9th congressional district|OH-09]]
|[[Derek Merrin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Tom |title=Trump endorses Merrin for Congress |url=https://sanduskyregister.com/news/996166/trump-endorses-merrin-for-congress/ |website=Sandusky Register |access-date=May 23, 2026 |language=en |date=May 22, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 10th congressional district|OH-10]]
|''[[Mike Turner]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 12th congressional district|OH-12]]
|''[[Troy Balderson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 14th congressional district|OH-14]]
|''[[David Joyce (politician)|David Joyce]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio's 15th congressional district|OH-15]]
|''[[Mike Carey (politician)|Mike Carey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|May 5, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=3|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 1st congressional district|OK-01]]
|&lt;s&gt;''[[Kevin Hern]]''&lt;/s&gt; (withdrew to run for the [[2026 United States Senate election in Oklahoma|senate]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Kevin Hern: Potential Impacts on Key U.S. Stocks and Sectors |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-kevin-hern-potential-impacts-on-key-u-s-stocks-and-sectors |access-date=October 5, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|rowspan=3|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|&lt;s&gt;''Jackson Lahmeyer''&lt;/s&gt; (endorsement rescinded)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/05/07/oklahoma-elections-2026-trump-endorses-jackson-lahmeyer-ok-house-district-1/89983141007/|title=Donald Trump endorses Jackson Lahmeyer in key Oklahoma primary race|last=Gladden|first=Alex|date=May 7, 2026|access-date=May 7, 2026|website=[[The Oklahoman]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew before Runoff
|-
|Mark Tedford&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wagner |first1=Bayliss |title=Trump Rescinds Endorsement of Right-Wing Pastor After Texting Scandal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/17/us/politics/trump-lahmeyer-house-texting-scandal-tedford.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=June 19, 2026 |date=June 17, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district|OK-02]]
|''[[Josh Brecheen]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 3rd congressional district|OK-03]]
|[[Frank Lucas (Oklahoma politician)|''Frank Lucas'']]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Frank Lucas for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/115057223325978530 |access-date=October 25, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 4th congressional district|OK-04]]
|''[[Tom Cole]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma's 5th congressional district|OK-05]]
|''[[Stephanie Bice]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses Stephanie Bice for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114876634662612316|access-date=October 25, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Oregon's 2nd congressional district|OR-02]]
|''[[Cliff Bentz]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thorson |first1=Berit |title=Oregon Rep. Bentz prepares for reelection campaign |url=https://eastoregonian.com/2025/11/25/oregon-rep-bentz-prepares-for-reelection-campaign/ |website=East Oregonian |access-date=26 November 2025 |language=en |date=26 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 7th congressional district|PA-07]]
|''[[Ryan Mackenzie]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;TrumpBresnahan&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district|PA-08]]
|''[[Rob Bresnahan]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;TrumpBresnahan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Delfino |first1=Jessica |title=Bresnahan endorsed by Trump after Social Security 'concerns' letter |url=https://www.thetimes-tribune.com/2025/05/09/bresnahan-endorsed-by-trump-after-concerns-letter/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The Scranton Times-Tribune]] |date=May 9, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district|PA-09]]
|''[[Dan Meuser]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennsylvania&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Fallon |title=A year ahead of 2026 midterms, Trump backs Scott Perry, Rob Bresnahan, and other Pennsylvania Republicans |url=https://www.inquirer.com/politics/pennsylvania/trump-pennsylvania-2026-midterm-endorsements-20251103.html |access-date=December 31, 2025 |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=November 3, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district|PA-10]]
|''[[Scott Perry]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Mark |title=Could we see Janelle Stelson take on Rep. Scott Perry again in 2026? |url=https://www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/politics/elections/2025/03/28/could-we-see-janelle-stelson-take-on-rep-scott-perry-in-2026/82707531007/ |access-date=November 2, 2025 |work=[[The York Dispatch]] |date=March 28, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district|PA-11]]
|''[[Lloyd Smucker]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennsylvania&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district|PA-13]]
|''[[John Joyce (American politician)|John Joyce]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joyce announces bid for re-election |url=https://www.lewistownsentinel.com/news/local-news/2025/09/joyce-announces-bid-for-re-election/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=lewistownsentinel.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district|PA-14]]
|''[[Guy Reschenthaler]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;BBB&quot; /&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 15th congressional district|PA-15]]
|''[[Glenn Thompson (politician)|Glenn Thompson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennsylvania&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania's 16th congressional district|PA-16]]
|''[[Mike Kelly (Pennsylvania politician)|Mike Kelly]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennsylvania&quot;/&gt;
|May 19, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 2nd congressional district|SC-02]]
|''[[Joe Wilson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 3rd congressional district|SC-03]]
|''[[Sheri Biggs]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump's Endorsement of Sheri Biggs: Potential Impacts on Key U.S. Stocks and Sectors |url= https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-sheri-biggs-potential-boost-for-energy-and-defense-stocks-2#google_vignette |access-date=December 29, 2025 |website=TipRanks |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 4th congressional district|SC-04]]
|''[[William Timmons]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina's 7th congressional district|SC-07]]
|''[[Russell Fry]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 9, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[South Dakota's at-large congressional district|SD-AL]]
|[[Marty Jackley]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dakota War College |date=March 12, 2026 |title=Trump endorses Marty Jackley for Congress |url=https://dakotawarcollege.com/trump-endorses-marty-jackley-for-congress/ |access-date=March 12, 2026 |website=Dakota War College}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 2, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 1st congressional district|TN-01]]
|''[[Diana Harshbarger]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Murry |title=Trump endorses Diana Harshbarger for re-election |url=https://www.wjhl.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-diana-harshbarger-for-re-election/ |access-date=December 18, 2025 |work=[[WJHL]] |date=November 4, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 6, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 2nd congressional district|TN-02]]
|''[[Tim Burchett]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Craik |first1=David |title=Trump's Endorsement of Burchett: A Potential Boost for Energy Stocks and ETFs |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-burchett-a-potential-boost-for-energy-stocks-and-etfs |website=TipRanks Premium |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 6, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 3rd congressional district|TN-03]]
|''[[Chuck Fleischmann]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{#invoke:cite|news |last1=Gilliland |first1=Lew |title=Trump endorses Fleischmann for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2025/nov/03/trump-endorses-fleischmann-for-reelection-in-2026/ |access-date=November 7, 2025 |work=[[Chattanooga Times Free Press]] |date=November 3, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 6, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 4th congressional district|TN-04]]
|''[[Scott DesJarlais]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |title=Trump's Endorsement of DesJarlais: Potential Boost for Industrial and Energy ETFs |url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-desjarlais-potential-boost-for-industrial-and-energy-etfs |website=TipRanks |date=November 3, 2025 |access-date=April 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 6, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 5th congressional district|TN-05]]
|''[[Andy Ogles]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rau |first1=Nate |title=President Trump endorses TN Rep. Andy Ogles |url=https://www.axios.com/local/nashville/2025/10/27/president-trump-endorses-rep-andy-ogles |website=Axios |access-date=6 January 2026 |language=en |date=27 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 6, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 7th congressional district|TN-07]]
|''[[Matt Van Epps]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1= |first1=|title=Trump endorses Matt Van Epps for re-election |url=https://trumpstruth.org/statuses/34261 |access-date=December 18, 2025 |date=December 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 6, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee's 8th congressional district|TN-08]]
|''[[David Kustoff]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=November 4, 2025|title=David Kustoff announces re-election campaign for U.S. Congress |url=https://www.actionnews5.com/2025/11/04/david-kustoff-announces-re-election-campaign-us-congress/# |location=[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |publisher=[[WMC-TV]] |access-date=April 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 6, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 1st congressional district|TX-01]]
|''[[Nathaniel Moran]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Garcia |first1=Michael |title=Trump endorses East Texas Rep. Moran for reelection in 2026 |url=https://www.ketk.com/news/your-local-election-hq/trump-endorses-east-texas-rep-moran-for-reelection-in-2026/ |publisher=KETK |access-date=December 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 3rd congressional district|TX-03]]
|''[[Keith Self]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 4th congressional district|TX-04]]
|''[[Pat Fallon]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Holds Out&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4364124/trump-holds-out-key-texas-senate-endorsement/|title=Trump holds out on giving Cornyn key Texas Senate endorsement|last=Green|first=Lauren|date=December 30, 2025|access-date=January 3, 2026|website=[[Washington Examiner]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 5th congressional district|TX-05]]
|''[[Lance Gooden]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 6th congressional district|TX-06]]
|''[[Jake Ellzey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 8th congressional district|TX-08]]
|Jessica Steinmann&lt;ref name=&quot;2/17 Downballot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-2-live-crews-luther|title=Morning Digest: 2 Live Crew's Luther Campbell challenges Democratic congresswoman in South Florida|last1=Singer|last2=Nir|first1=Jeff|first2=David|date=February 17, 2026|access-date=February 17, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 9th congressional district|TX-09]]
|[[Alex Mealer]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2/17 Downballot&quot;/&gt;
|May 26, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 10th congressional district|TX-10]]
|Chris Gober&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=McCaig |first1=Mark |title=Trump's Latest Endorsements Include Three Texas Candidates |url=https://www.thetexasvoice.com/trumps-latest-endorsements-include-three-texas-candidates/ |website=The Texas Voice |access-date=January 3, 2026 |date=December 19, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 11th congressional district|TX-11]]
|''[[August Pfluger]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 12th congressional district|TX-12]]
|''[[Craig Goldman]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Holds Out&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 13th congressional district|TX-13]]
|''[[Ronny Jackson]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 14th congressional district|TX-14]]
|''[[Randy Weber]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Holds Out&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 15th congressional district|TX-15]]
|''[[Monica De La Cruz]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 17th congressional district|TX-17]]
|''[[Pete Sessions]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Holds Out&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 19th congressional district|TX-19]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Jodey Arrington]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (withdrew)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kinnard |first1=Meg |last2=Sweedler |first2=Maya |title=Tracking the retirement announcements of members of Congress |url=https://apnews.com/article/house-retirements-midterms-f638d386d4d1342e3a9671642dd883f6 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=December 9, 2025 |language=en |date=December 8, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Withdrew
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 21st congressional district|TX-21]]
|[[Mark Teixeira]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/yankees/2026/02/trump-hails-ex-yankees-slugger-as-total-winner-in-endoresment-for-the-house.html|title=Trump hails ex-Yankees slugger as 'TOTAL WINNER' in endoresment for the House|last=Gómez|first=Manny|date=February 5, 2026|access-date=February 5, 2026|website=[[NJ.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 22nd congressional district|TX-22]]
|''&lt;s&gt;[[Troy Nehls]]&lt;/s&gt;'' (declined to run)&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|rowspan=2|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Declined
|-
|Trever Nehls&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5634396-nehls-retiring-twin-brother/|title=Trump endorses retiring Troy Nehls's identical twin for his House seat|last=Suter|first=Tara|date=December 4, 2025|access-date=December 4, 2025|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 23rd congressional district|TX-23]]
|&lt;s&gt;''[[Tony Gonzales]]''&lt;/s&gt; (withdrew before Runoff, resigned)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Esquivel |first1=Erika |title=Trump endorses Congressman Tony Gonzales for re-election in Texas |url=https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/trump-endorses-congressman-tony-gonzales-for-re-election-in-texas |access-date=December 18, 2025 |work=[[KFOX-TV]] |date=December 18, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Resigned
|-
|[[Brandon Herrera]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Sarah |title=Trump backs Herrera for Texas House seat after Gonzales drops bid |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/5780189-trump-endorses-brandon-herrera/ |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=March 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 26, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 24th congressional district|TX-24]]
|''[[Beth Van Duyne]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Holds Out&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 25th congressional district|TX-25]]
|''[[Roger Williams (Texas politician)|Roger Williams]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Holds Out&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 26th congressional district|TX-26]]
|''[[Brandon Gill]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 27th congressional district|TX-27]]
|''[[Michael Cloud]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 28th congressional district|TX-28]]
|Tano Tijerina&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Coronell Uribe |first1=Raquel |title= Trump endorses candidate running against a lawmaker he pardoned |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2026-election/trump-endorses-tano-tijerina-running-against-democrat-henry-cuellar-rcna252686 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=January 6, 2026 |date=January 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 31st congressional district|TX-31]]
|''[[John Carter (Texas politician)|John Carter]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bahr |first1=Joseph |title=John Carter gets President Trump's endorsement|url=https://kdhnews.com/centerforpolitics/john-carter-gets-president-trump-s-endorsement/article_58701a72-5905-42e4-8a0d-b6494ba3ac9a.html/ |access-date=December 5, 2025 |work= KHD New |date=December 5, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|TX-32]]
|Jace Yarbrough&lt;ref name=&quot;the-downballot.com&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 34th congressional district|TX-34]]
|Eric Flores&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 35th congressional district|TX-35]]
|Carlos De La Cruz&lt;ref name=&quot;2/17 Downballot&quot;/&gt;
|May 26, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 36th congressional district|TX-36]]
|''[[Brian Babin]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;JTN&quot;/&gt;
|March 3, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas's 38th congressional district|TX-38]]
|Jon Bonck&lt;ref name=&quot;2/17 Downballot&quot;/&gt;
|May 26, 2026
|Open Seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 2nd congressional district|UT-02]]
|''[[Blake Moore]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 3rd congressional district|UT-03]]
|''[[Celeste Maloy]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah's 4th congressional district|UT-04]]
|''[[Mike Kennedy]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|June 23, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 1st congressional district|VA-01]]
|''[[Rob Wittman]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Claire |title=Trump endorsement tracker: Here's who the president has picked in GOP midterm election primaries |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/congressional/4460164/trump-endorsement-tracker-gop-2026-election-primaries/ |website=Washington Examiner |date=February 17, 2026 |access-date=February 20, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 2nd congressional district|VA-02]]
|''[[Jen Kiggans]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Delfino |first1=Jessica |title=Bresnahan endorsed by Trump after Social Security 'concerns' letter |url=https://www.thetimes-tribune.com/2025/05/09/bresnahan-endorsed-by-trump-after-concerns-letter/ |access-date=January 21, 2026 |work=[[The Scranton Times-Tribune]] |date=May 9, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 5th congressional district|VA-05]]
|''[[John McGuire (Virginia politician)|John McGuire]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump endorses John McGuire for House of Representatives|url= https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114231401205332854 |access-date=January 22, 2025 |via=Truth Social |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 6th congressional district|VA-06]]
|''[[Ben Cline]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia2026&quot;/&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia's 9th congressional district|VA-09]]
|''[[Morgan Griffith]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia2026&quot;/&gt;
|June 16, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 3rd congressional district|WA-03]]
|[[John Braun]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Trump Endorses John Braun for Congress |date=April 14, 2026 |url=https://www.nrcc.org/2026/04/14/%F0%9F%9A%A8-president-trump-endorses-john-braun-for-congress/ |work=[[NRCC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Challenger
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 4th congressional district|WA-04]]
|Amanda McKinney&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nir |first=David |last2=Singer |first2=Jeff |title=Morning Digest: Here's how Republican Rep. Doug LaMalfa's seat will be filled |url=https://www.the-downballot.com/p/morning-digest-heres-how-republican |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Downballot |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington's 5th congressional district|WA-05]]
|''[[Michael Baumgartner]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tipranks.com/news/catalyst/trumps-endorsement-of-baumgartner-potential-stock-market-impacts|title=Trump's Endorsement of Baumgartner: Potential Stock Market Impacts - TipRanks.com|website=TipRanks Financial}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 4, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 1st congressional district|WV-01]]
|''[[Carol Miller (politician)|Carol Miller]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leith |first=Micah |date=2025-08-19 |title=Miller officially launches re-election campaign, touts Trump endorsement |url=https://woay.com/miller-officially-launches-re-election-campaign-touts-trump-endorsement/,%20https://woay.com/miller-officially-launches-re-election-campaign-touts-trump-endorsement/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia's 2nd congressional district|WV-02]]
|''[[Riley Moore]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congressman Riley Moore files for re-election in West Virginia |url=https://www.wtrf.com/top-stories/congressman-riley-moore-files-for-re-election-in-west-virginia/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|May 12, 2026
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 1st congressional district|WI-01]]
|''[[Bryan Steil]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;BBB&quot; /&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district|WI-03]]
|''[[Derrick Van Orden]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Van Orden campaign: President Donald Trump endorses Congressman Van Orden for re-election |url=https://www.wispolitics.com/2025/van-orden-campaign-president-donald-trump-endorses-congressman-van-orden-for-re-election/ |website=WisPolitics |access-date=17 November 2025 |date=29 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 5th congressional district|WI-05]]
|''[[Scott Fitzgerald (politician)|Scott Fitzgerald]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 6th congressional district|WI-06]]
|''[[Glenn Grothman]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Votehub Tracker&quot;/&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 7th congressional district|WI-07]]
|Michael Alfonso&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Styf |first1=Jon |title=Trump endorses Tiffany for Wisconsin governor, Alfonso for Congress |url=https://www.thecentersquare.com/wisconsin/article_4f76c73f-aae1-4fd9-b595-21af41afd309.html |website=The Center Square |access-date=28 January 2026 |language=en |date=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin's 8th congressional district|WI-08]]
|''[[Tony Wied]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wied campaign: President Donald J. Trump gives Congressman Tony Wied his &quot;Complete and Total Endorsement” for re-election in 2026 |url=https://www.wispolitics.com/2025/wied-campaign-president-donald-j-trump-gives-congressman-tony-wied-his-complete-and-total-endorsement-for-re-election-in-2026/ |website=WisPolitics |access-date=17 November 2025 |date=3 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|August 11, 2026
|Incumbent
|TBA
|}

==== 2026 state legislative special elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Primary date
!Seat status
!Result
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida House of Representatives election|FL HD-87]]
|Jon Maples&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Washington |first=Wayne |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/01/14/maples-gregory-emerge-from-primaries-to-square-off-district-87-race/88177845007/?gnt-cfr=1&amp;gca-cat=p&amp;gca-uir=false&amp;gca-epti=z116438p117250c117250e009450v116438&amp;gca-ft=242&amp;gca-ds=sophi&amp;gnt-djm=1 |title=Maples, Gregory win District 87 primaries, move to special election |date=January 14, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026 |website=[[The Palm Beach Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|January 14, 2026
|Open
|{{Icon|no}} Lost general
|}

==== 2026 state legislative elections ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!State
!Candidate
!Office
!Seat status
!Primary result
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]]
|[[Rick Roth]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia2026&quot;/&gt;
|Florida State Senator
|Open Seat
|TBD
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]]
|''[[Ileana Garcia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia2026&quot;/&gt;
|Florida State Senator
|Incumbent
|TBD
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida Senate election|Florida]]
|''[[Ana Maria Rodriguez (politician)|Ana Maria Rodriguez]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia2026&quot;/&gt;
|Florida State Senator
|Incumbent
|TBD
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[2026 Florida House of Representatives election|Florida]]
|''[[Meg Weinberger]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Kopylov |first=Frank |title=Trump endorses 'MAGA Meg' Weinberger for reelection to Florida House |url=https://flvoicenews.com/trump-endorses-maga-meg-weinberger-for-reelection-to-florida-house/|work=Florida's Voice |date=May 6, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Florida State Representative
|Incumbent
|TBD
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|Trevor De Vries&lt;ref name=TrumpHill&gt;{{cite web |last=Vakil|first=Caroline|title=Trump announces slate of Indiana endorsements ahead of May primary |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5820541-trump-endorses-indiana-republicans/|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=April 7, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|Brian Schmutzler&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Tyler Johnson (politician)|Tyler Johnson]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Liz Brown (politician)|Liz Brown]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE&gt;{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Tom |title=Trump endorses Sen. Liz Brown, other Republicans who supported Indiana redistricting |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-endorses-sen-liz-brown-other-republicans-who-supported-indiana-redistricting/|work=[[States Newsroom|Indiana Capital Chronicle]] |date=March 24, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|TBD
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|Blake Fiechter&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Rowley |first=Dick |title=President Trump endorses Bluffton councilman for Indiana State Senate race |url=https://www.wane.com/news/your-local-election-hq/president-trump-endorses-bluffton-councilman-for-indiana-state-senate-race/|work=[[WANE-TV]] |date=January 22, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|Tracey Powell&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Knox|first=Brady|title=Trump backs challenger to Indiana state senator who voted against redistricting|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/campaigns/state/4434813/trump-endorsement-indiana-state-senator-redistricting/|work=[[Washington Examiner]] |date=January 26, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Ron Alting]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|Paula Copenhaver &lt;ref name=ISS_Hill&gt;{{cite web |last=Vakil |first=Caroline |title=Trump endorses challengers to Indiana Republicans who opposed redistricting|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/5710240-indiana-gop-senators-redistricting-trump/|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=January 28, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Challenger
|TBD
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Mike Gaskill]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Scott Alexander (Indiana politician)|Scott Alexander]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Jeff Raatz]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|Brenda Wilson&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hanson |first=Austin |title=President Trump endorses candidate running against Indiana senator who voted no on redistricting|url=https://fox59.com/news/president-trump-endorses-candidate-running-against-indiana-senator-who-voted-no-on-redistricting/|work=[[WXIN|Fox 59]] |date=January 27, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Challenger
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|[[Jeff Ellington]]&lt;ref name=ISS_Hill/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Open seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|[[Michelle Davis (politician)|Michelle Davis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Davies |first=Tom |title=Trump posts endorsement of Republican challenger to Indiana redistricting foe |url=https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/briefs/trump-posts-endorsement-of-republican-challenger-to-indiana-redistricting-foe/|work=[[States Newsroom|Indiana Capital Chronicle]] |date=January 26, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Challenger
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Randy Maxwell]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Chris Garten]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Gary Byrne (politician)|Gary Byrne]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Daryl Schmitt]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana Senate election|Indiana]]
|''[[Jim Tomes]]''&lt;ref name=ISSE/&gt;
|Indiana State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Jim Pressel]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Craig Snow]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Jeff Thompson (Indiana politician)|Jeff Thompson]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Heath VanNatter]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Beau Baird]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Bruce Borders]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Bob Heaton]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Tony Isa]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Ben Smaltz]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[2026 Indiana House of Representatives election|Indiana]]
|''[[Martin Carbaugh]]''&lt;ref name =&quot;TrumpHill&quot;/&gt;
|Indiana State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[2026 North Carolina Senate election|North Carolina]]
|''[[Phil Berger (politician)|Phil Berger]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Battaglia |first=Danielle |date=December 15, 2025 |title=Trump makes endorsement in Berger-Page race. How much does it matter? |url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article313622632.html |access-date=December 16, 2025 |website=[[Raleigh News &amp; Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|North Carolina State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|no}} Lost primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[2026 Tennessee House of Representatives election|Tennessee]]
|Kenny Cody&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wakerell-Cruz |first=Roberto |date=May 21, 2026 |title=BREAKING: President Trump endorses Human Events' Kenny Cody for Tennessee House — 'MAGA Warrior' |url=https://thepostmillennial.com/breaking-president-trump-endorses-human-events-kenny-cody-for-tennessee-house-maga-warrior |access-date=May 24, 2026 |website=[[The Post Millennial]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Tennessee State Representative
|Open Seat
|TBA
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Senate election|Texas]]
|''[[Kevin Sparks]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cuviello |first=Michael |title=Texas Senator Kevin Sparks launches reelection bid with Trump endorsement |url=https://www.amarillo.com/story/news/2025/08/21/sen-kevin-sparks-seeks-reelection-to-texas-senate-with-trump-backing/85745327007/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Amarillo Globe-News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Texas State Senator
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas Senate election|Texas]]
|[[David Cook (Texas politician)|David Cook]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Witherspoon |first=Tommy |date=2025-08-19 |title=Hewitt attorney Jon Ker drops out of state senate race after Trump endorses opponent |url=https://www.kwtx.com/2025/08/19/hewitt-attorney-jon-ker-drops-out-state-senate-race-after-trump-endorses-opponent/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |publisher=KWTX |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Texas State Senator
|Open seat
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]]
|''[[Brian Harrison (Texas politician)|Brian Harrison]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Harrison announces for reelection to Texas house with &quot;complete and total endorsement&quot; from President Trump |url=https://www.waxahachiesun.com/news/local/harrison-announces-for-reelection-to-texas-house-with-complete-and-total-endorsement-from-president-trump/article_0b82c501-61bd-4c79-b719-f895cc0c092c.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Waxahachie Sun |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]]
|''[[Angelia Orr]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia2026&quot;/&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]]
|''[[Jeff Leach (politician)|Jeff Leach]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 24, 2025 |title=Jeff Leach launches re-election campaign for Texas House seat|url= https://princetonherald.com/2025/07/24/jeff-leach-launches-re-election-campaign-for-texas-house-seat/ |access-date= 2026-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]]
|''[[Tom Craddick]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Price|first=Tamlyn|url=https://www.firstalert7.com/2025/07/10/president-trump-endorses-state-rep-tom-craddick-re-election-texas-house/|title=President Trump endorses State Rep. Tom Craddick for re-election to Texas House|publisher=FirstAlert7 CBS|date=July 10, 2025|access-date=August 21, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]]
|''[[Dustin Burrows]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=U.S. President Trump endorses Texas House Speaker Rep. Burrows of Lubbock for re-election |url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/politics/government/2025/07/10/u-s-president-donald-trump-backs-texas-house-speaker-rep-dustin-burrows-of-lubbock-for-re-election/84527740007/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Lubbock Avalanche-Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[2026 Texas House of Representatives election|Texas]]
|''[[Candy Noble]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia2026&quot;/&gt;
|Texas State Representative
|Incumbent
|{{Icon|aa}} Won Primary
|}

==International==

===Argentina===
==== 2027 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[President of Argentina]]
|[[Javier Milei]]&lt;BR&gt;([[La Libertad Avanza]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/115254544745193117 |access-date=2025-09-23 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|[[2027 Argentine general election|TBA]]
|}

===Armenia===
==== 2026 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Prime Minister of Armenia]]
|[[Nikol Pashinyan]]&lt;br&gt;([[Civil Contract (Armenia)|Civil Contract]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/116648998520896910 |access-date=2026-05-28 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2026 Armenian parliamentary election|Elected prime minister]]'''
|}

===Brazil===
==== 2022 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[President of Brazil]]
|[[Jair Bolsonaro]]&lt;br&gt;([[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-endorses-bolsonaro-brazilian-president-9-criminal-charges-recommended-2021-10|title=Trump lauds 'great friend' Jair Bolsonaro, as the Brazilian president has 9 criminal charges recommended against him|website=[[Business Insider]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last1=Oshin | first1=Olafimihan |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/americas/578626-trump-issues-endorsement-for-bolsonaro/|title=Trump issues endorsement for Bolsonaro| work=The Hill |date=26 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|{{Icon|no}} Lost [[2022 Brazilian general election|election]]
|}

=== Colombia ===

==== 2026 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[President of Colombia]]
|[[Abelardo de la Espriella]]&lt;br&gt;([[Defenders of the Homeland (Colombia)|Defenders of the Homeland]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Correal |first=Annie |date=2026-06-03 |title=Trump Endorses Abelardo De La Espriella, Right-Wing Presidential Candidate in Colombia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/02/world/americas/trump-endorses-colombia-de-la-espriella.html |access-date=2026-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2026 Colombian presidential election|Elected President]]'''
|}

=== Honduras ===

==== 2025 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{Flag icon|Honduras}} [[President of Honduras]]
|[[Nasry Asfura]]&lt;br&gt;([[National Party of Honduras|National Party]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andrada |first=Trisha Kae |date=2025-11-29 |title=Trump Says He Will Pardon Honduran Ex-President Juan Orlando Hernández and Backs Tito Asfura Ahead of Election |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/trump-says-he-will-pardon-honduran-ex-president-juan-orlando-hernandez-backs-tito-asfura-ahead-1758898 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''[[2025 Honduran general election|Elected president]]'''
|}

===Hungary===
==== 2022 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]
|[[Viktor Orbán]]&lt;BR&gt;([[Fidesz]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/03/trump-endorses-viktor-orban-hungary-526383|title=Trump endorses Hungary's Orbán for reelection|website=[[Politico]]| date=January 3, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/us/politics/trump-endorses-viktor-orban-hungary.html|title=Trump Endorses Viktor Orban, Hungary's Far-Right Prime Minister|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 January 2022|last1=Goldmacher|first1=Shane}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' [[Fidesz]] won the [[2022 Hungarian general election|election]] with a [[supermajority]] of seats and '''Orbán remained Prime Minister'''
|}

==== 2026 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Prime Minister of Hungary]]
|[[Viktor Orbán]]&lt;BR&gt;([[Fidesz]]) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Europe's right-wing elite (and Netanyahu) endorse Orbán in Hungary election race|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-right-wing-elite-netanyahu-endorse-orban-hungary-election/|website=Politico Europe |access-date=2026-01-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|no}} Lost [[2026 Hungarian parliamentary election|election]]
|}

===Iraq===
==== 2026 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Prime Minister of Iraq]]
|[[Ali al-Zaidi]]&lt;br&gt;([[Coordination Framework]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/the-u-s-tied-his-bank-to-iran-proxies-now-hes-trumps-choice-to-run-iraq-ea6117ae?eafs_enabled=false|title=The U.S. Tied His Bank to Iran Proxies. Now He’s Trump’s Choice to Run Iraq.|website=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=May 10, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' The office is selected by Iraq's parliamentary process rather than by direct popular election following the aftermath of the [[2025 Iraqi parliamentary election]].
|}

===Israel===
==== 2013 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Prime Minister of Israel]]
|[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]&lt;br&gt;([[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/donald-trump-endorses-netanyahu-for-pm/|title=Donald Trump endorses Netanyahu for PM|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=January 15, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' [[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]] won a plurality of seats in the [[2013 Israeli legislative election|election]] and formed a [[coalition government]] alongside other parties, with '''Netanyahu chosen as Prime Minister'''
|}

==== 2019 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Prime Minister of Israel]]
|[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]&lt;br&gt;([[Likud]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/trump-endorses-netanyahu-campaign-billboard-featuring-himself-1.6910695|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205154900/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/trump-endorses-netanyahu-campaign-billboard-featuring-himself-1.6910695|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 5, 2019|title=Trump Takes to Instagram to Endorse Netanyahu Campaign Billboard – Featuring Himself|newspaper=Haaretz}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{Icon|aa}}/{{Icon|no}} [[Likud]] won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of seats, but no party obtained an outright [[majority]], resulting in an [[hung Parliament]] and in the calling of a [[snap election]], which was held in [[September 2019 Israeli legislative election|September 2019]]; Netanyahu remained in office as [[caretaker government|caretaker]] Prime Minister 
|}

=== Italy ===
==== 2022 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Prime Minister of Italy]]
| [[Giuseppe Conte]]&lt;br&gt;([[Five Star Movement]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilmessaggero.it/politica/trump_conte_elezioni_endorsement_repubblicani_cinque_stelle-6911423.html|title=Donald Trump tifa per Conte: &quot;Come sta andando il mio ragazzo Giuseppe&quot;. Ecco cosa c'è dietro l'endorsement|date=September 6, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2022/09/05/news/trump_conte_salvini_elezioni_italia-364337667/|title=A cena con Trump, che ignora Salvini e fa un endorsement per Conte: 'Come sta andando il mio Giuseppe?'|work=La Repubblica|language=it|date=5 September 2022|access-date=26 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{Icon|no}}''' The Five Star Movement won a minority of seats in the [[2022 Italian general election|election]] and became part of the [[parliamentary opposition|opposition]] 
|}

===Japan===
==== 2026 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
|[[Sanae Takaichi]]&lt;BR&gt;([[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/116019257556623305 |access-date=2026-02-05 |via=Truth Social}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{icon|aa}} [[2026 Japanese general election|Elected]]'''
|}

===Poland===
====2025====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Position
!Candidate
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[President of Poland]]
| [[Karol Nawrocki]]&lt;br&gt;([[Law and Justice]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/trump-meets-polish-nationalist-candidate-ahead-presidential-election-2025-05-02/|title= Trump meets Polish nationalist candidate ahead of presidential election |date=2025-05-02|access-date=2025-05-02|work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''{{icon|aa}} [[2025 Polish presidential election|Elected]]'''
|}

===UK===
==== 2016 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Referendum
!Option
!Results
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]]
|[[Brexit|&quot;Leave the European Union&quot;]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/05/donald-trump-brexit-uk-leaving-european-union|title=Donald Trump backs Brexit, saying UK would be 'better off' without EU|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|'''{{Icon|aa}}''' '''Won'''
|}

==== 2019 ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Election
!Position
!Candidate
!Result
|-
|{{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[2019 Conservative Party leadership election]]
|[[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] 
|[[Boris Johnson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=2019-07-19 |title=Donald Trump offers his backing to Boris Johnson to become PM |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jul/19/donald-trump-offers-his-backing-to-boris-johnson-to-become-pm |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''{{icon|aa}} [[2019 Conservative Party leadership election|Elected]]'''
|-
|{{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[2019 United Kingdom general election]]
|[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
|Boris Johnson&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.the-independent.com/tv/news/trump-endorses-boris-election-politics-interference-b2635534.html |title=Donald Trump endorses Boris Johnson in 2019 general election, resurfaced clip shows |date=2024-10-25 |language=en |access-date=2025-12-02 |via=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;
([[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]])
|'''{{icon|aa}} [[2019 United Kingdom general election|Elected]] with an outright majority'''
|}

==Ukaboni==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Mazu ghakulongosora==
{{Notelist}}

==Malo ghakuwalo==
* {{Ballotpedia|Endorsements_by_Donald_Trump|Vyakukhozgera vya Donald Trump}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20210621045706/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news Chigaŵa cha nkhani pa DonaldJTrump.com]
{{Donald Trump}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyakukhozgera vya Donald Trump}}
[[Category:Uteŵeti wa ndyali wa Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Vyakukhozgera vya ndyali|Trump, Donald]]
[[Category:Maŵanaŵaniro gha ndyali gha ŵapurezidenti ŵa United States|Trump, Donald]]
[[Category:Trumpism]]</text>
      <sha1>elwk3z2tqaqh39kpuhlta1r31fwdhv9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kuŵa na vyakurya mu Malawi</title>
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      <text bytes="71574" sha1="sfc6jlberqe2jnvgp3wsbcbmahtghd8" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|palije}}

&lt;!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.--&gt;
[[File:Malawi-map-blank.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Malawi.|Mapu ya Malawi.]] 
[[Malawi|Malawi]] ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na chitukuko chakukwana yayi pa charu chose. Mu [[Ndemanga ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Index]] ya chaka cha 2010, Malawi yikaŵa pa malo 170 pa vyaru 187.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number52&quot;&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2013 |title=Human Development Report 2013 |author=United Nations |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chalo ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 16 miliyoni, ndipo 53% ŵawo ŵakukhala pasi pa [[Mphaka wa ukavu|mphaka wa ukavu]] wa charu. Pafupifupi 90% ŵakukhala na ndalama zakujumpha yayi madola gha ku America ghaŵiri pa zuŵa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number53&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=FINCA Malawi |url=https://finca.org/where-we-work/africa/malawi/?wp-nocache=true |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Wupu wa Mitundu Yakwiza wa Kusungilira Ŵana|Wupu wa Ŵana wa United Nations]] (UNICEF) ukayowoya kuti mu Malawi muli ŵana 46,000 awo ŵakusuzgika chomene na [[kusowa chakurya chakukwana|kusowa chakurya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|title=High stakes for Malawi's children as malnutrition rises|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|date=2005-10-14|access-date=2007-12-13|archive-date=2021-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023749/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2023, UNICEF yikachenjezga kuti ŵana ŵakujumpha 500,000 mu Malawi ŵakaŵa pa ngozi ya kusowa chakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mazuŵa ghano, mapulogiramu ghanandi ghakuŵikika mu Malawi kuti ghakumane na masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kusintha kwa vyakuchita vya chuma na ulimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Lindsay C. |last2=Mkwambisi |first2=David D. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Dyer |first4=Jen C. |date=April 2010 |title=Adaptation to climate change and desertification: Perspectives from national policy and autonomous practice in Malawi |journal=Climate and Development |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.3763/cdev.2010.0042 |issn=1756-5529 |s2cid=153677852}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbiri na ivyo vikachitika pakwamba==
Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵalondezga kwamba kwa suzgo la chakurya mu Malawi kufika mu vyaka vya 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru mu kumwera kwa [[Africa]] chikachepeska chomene vyakurya vya chimanga mu Malawi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene. Chimanga ndicho chikupanga pafupifupi 54% ya chakurya cha ma calories agho Ŵamalawi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito zuŵa lililose.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on &quot;Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options&quot; Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso mbuto ziwemi za chimanga na fetereza uyo boma likapeleka, ŵanthu ŵakakura yayi mu vyakurya chifukwa cha umo ŵakachitira mu nyengo ya njara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot;&gt;Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. &amp; Ngugi, D. &quot;The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi.&quot; 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Chigumula mu Malawi. Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengedwe.]]

Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachoko kweniso kugawa fetereza pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number12&quot;&gt;&quot;Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF.&quot; July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukaboni wa vimbundi na kusanga phindu mwakwenelera yayi mu ADMARC ukapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisuzge ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwambura kwenelera.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Peneapo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] likakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pambere apa, nyengo za chilala na chigumula zikalutilira kusuzga Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number5&quot;&gt;&quot;Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi.&quot; ActionAid. October 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

Chuma cha Malawi chikugomezga chomene pa [[Ulimi|ulimi]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakulima ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuchuluka kwa chilala na chigumula kufuma mu 1990 kukakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakukwana zakuzizipizgira masoka agha panji kubwelera mwaluŵiro, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi ya kusuzgika chomene na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza. Mzere wa ukavu na njara ukalutilira kukura.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

Kufuma ku vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga wovwiri pa ulimi wa chimanga chakusazgika luso. Kweni apo boma likalekezga pulogalamu iyi chifukwa cha mtengo wake ukuru, ulimi wa chimanga ukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakweraso.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

Mu 2002, pakaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]] mu Malawi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakufwa ŵakayananga pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Number16&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pafupifupi 85% ya ndalama zakwizira mu mbumba za Ŵamalawi zikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi. Chimanga, tirigu na mbatata vikaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalimanga na kurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number15&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. &amp; Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntheura, apo [[Wupu wa Ndalama wa Charu Chose|IMF]] ukayowoya kuti zokolola za chimanga mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu charu muŵe kusoŵa kwa matani 273,000 gha chimanga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number12&quot; /&gt;

Mu February 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa suzgo la chakurya ndipo likapharazga kuti chikaŵa nyengo ya soka la chalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number12&quot; /&gt;

Zakurya ivyo vikavunwa mu hafu yakwamba ya 2002 vikawovwira kuchepeska njara yikuru, kweni mu 2005, chilala chinyake chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number54&quot;&gt;{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |access-date=2022-05-14 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |isbn=9781315529899|chapter-url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pa Okutobala 15, 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Mulongozgi wa Malawi|Mulongozgi]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga [[nyengo ya soka|soka la chalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4345246.stm |access-date=2007-12-13 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kufuma apo Malawi yikamba kubwelera kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, kweni sono yikusangana na suzgo linyake la kusoŵa chakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number20&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9780801466380 |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |isbn=9780801466380 |editor-last=Pinstrup-Andersen |editor-first=Per |doi=10.7591/9780801466380 |editor2-last=Cheng |editor2-first=Fuzhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakaŵaso masuzgo gha chakurya mu 2012 na 2015. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la 2002 vikapambananga yayi, kweni pa nyengo iyi vikakhwaskika chomene na chilala chikuru na vyigumula.

Mu 2012, suzgo la chakurya likachitika chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikakhwaska zokolola za chimanga, kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa [[Kwacha ya Malawi|kwacha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malawi {{!}} WFP {{!}} United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=www.wfp.org |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030856/https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2015, chilara chikuru chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya, ndipo mulongozgi wa Malawi wakapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa nyengo ya soka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |url=https://www.dw.com/en/malawi-declares-national-disaster-over-food-crisis/a-19183292 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Deutsche Welle (DW)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Ulimi wa ku Malawi ukukhwaskika na masoka gha chilengedwe nga ni vigumula.]]

Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la chitukuko cha ulimi na malonda|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number12&quot;&gt;&quot;Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF.&quot; July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.&lt;/ref&gt;

Vimbundi na vyakuchita vya kujipenja phindu mu ADMARC vikapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisangwe likupoka ndalama za ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwakubendera.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt; Apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuti lisange ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|World Bank]], ADMARC likazgoka kampani iyo yikaŵa na chigaŵa cha ŵanthu wamba ndipo likamazga chithandizo cha manyowa mu 1988/1989.&lt;ref name=Number32 /&gt; Kusowa kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto kwa ŵalimi ŵachoko nako kukawovwira kuti suzgo la chakurya la 1992 liŵe likuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number33&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire |first=Thandika |url=http://www.oit.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---sro-harare/documents/publication/wcms_228921.pdf |title=Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9 |publisher=International Labour Organization |year=1999 |location=Harare}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwambira nyengo iyi, chilangalanga na vigumula vikulutilira kukhuŵazga Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number5&quot;&gt;&quot;Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi.&quot; ActionAid. October 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chakwera chomene kuluska masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

Chuma cha Malawi chikukhazikika chomene pa ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakuvuna ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyajumphapo kuti ŵasange ndalama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chiŵelengero chikuru cha chilangalanga na vigumula kufuma mu 1990 chakhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nkhongono zakusintha panji kuwezgerapo ivyo ŵakataya chifukwa cha masoka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi yakukumana na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

Kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga chithandizo cha manyowa na mbuto za chimanga cha mtundu uphya. Kweni apo pulogiramu iyi yikamara chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wake, kupanga chimanga kukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakwera so.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

==Njara ya mu 2002 ku Malawi==
Mu 2002, ku Malawi kukaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]]. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambanapambana, kufuma pa 300 m'paka 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Number16&quot;/&gt;

==Vyakuchitiska suzgo la chakurya==

===Vyandulo vya ndyali===
Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi yapeleka wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalongozgekanga na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Number35&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |access-date=2014-03-30 |website=Global Edge |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi yikaŵa na ndyali ya chipani chimoza, ndipo Banda ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]], chipani chimoza pera icho chikaŵapo pa nyengo iyo.&lt;ref name=Number35 /&gt;

Ntheura Banda wakaŵa na mazaza nga ni muwusi wankhongono chomene, ndipo pa nyengo ya muwuso wake pakaŵa kuphwanya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.&lt;ref name=Number35 /&gt;

Mu 1993 pera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi yiŵe na ndyali ya vyipani vinandi. Pa nyengo iyi Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]] ŵakathereskeka pa mavoti.&lt;ref name=Number35 /&gt;

Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango ya chipani chimoza, kweniso makhoti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number34&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105646/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1998, pasi pa muwuso wa demokilasi wa [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[Bungwe la National Food Reserve Agency|Bungwe la chakurya chakusungika cha charu]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga kuti ghawovwire pa nyengo ya masoka.

NFRA, ilo likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na komiti ya ŵalongozgi ŵakusankhika na boma la Malawi, likalamuliranga vyakusungika vya chimanga kweniso ndalama na malonda ghakunjira na kufuma mu charu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number36&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kweni mwaluŵiro NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli yakukwana 1 biliyoni ya [[Malawi kwacha|kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiwongolero chikuru cha ngongoli cha 56%. Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske chimanga chakusungika chifukwa mu 2000 pakaŵa chimanga chinandi. Pakawonekanga kuti pakukhumbikwanga yayi kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena ndipo chimanga chinyake chikaŵa kwamba kunangika.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Kulongozga uku kukaliso chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa 2000 uyo wakapemphika na [[European Commission|Bungwe la European Commission]]. Kafukufuku uyu wakayowoya kuti matani 30,000 m'paka 60,000 gha chimanga ghakaŵa ghakukwana pa nyengo ya soka lakukhuŵazga chigaŵa chimoza pera.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

NFRA likalondezga languro la IMF ndipo likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chakusungika ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], ndipo malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakakhira kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoyanga kuti languro la IMF lakuti chimanga chiguliskike ndilo likaŵa chimoza mwa ivyo vikapangiska njara ya 2002.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt; Kweni IMF na [[ActionAid]] ŵakazomera kuti chimanga icho chikaŵa chakale ndipo chikaŵa chakudura kuchisunga, ntheura pa nyengo iyo languro ili likawonekanga lakwenelera.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt;

Apo njara yikakura chomene mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa kuti ghamara ndipo boma likaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuti lingagwiliskira ntchito.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Suzgo likakulirakulira chifukwa boma likanozga yayi kuwezgerapo chimanga chakusungika apo chikagwiliskikanga ntchito.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Kweniso ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakanjilirapo ndipo ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma mu malo ghakusungirako, pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo chakurya chikaŵa chakusowa.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt;

== Mbiri na vyakuyambirira ==
Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵakulongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya ku Malawi likamba mu 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru ku kumwera kwa Africa chikapangiska kuti vyakurya vya [[chimanga]] viŵe vichoko chomene ku Malawi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |journal=Water Resources Management |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mtengo wa chimanga, icho chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo chikaŵa pafupifupi 54% ya mphamvu ya vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakalyanga,&lt;ref name=&quot;Number1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on &quot;Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options&quot; Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}&lt;/ref&gt; ukakwera chomene; mtengo wa chimanga ukakhala pafupifupi wakukwana kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number2&quot;/&gt;

Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso ndondomeko ya boma ya kovwira ŵalimi na mbuto za chimanga za mtundu uphya na manyowa, ŵanthu ŵakalyanga vyakurya vinandi yayi chifukwa cha umo ŵakajizolerezgera mu nyengo ya njara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot;&gt;Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. &amp; Ngugi, D. &quot;The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi.&quot; 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Madambo ku Malawi.|Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengiwa nga ni kusefukira kwa maji.]]

Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la vya ulimi na malonda|Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation]] (ADMARC) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso kugawira manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number12&quot;&gt;&quot;Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF.&quot; July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kupuluska ndarama na vinthu vya boma mukati mwa bungwe ili kukapangiska kuti ADMARC yileme kuŵa yakovwira ŵalimi ndipo yikapangiska mitengo ya vyakurya kuŵa yambura kulongosoka.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt; Apo mitengo ya fodya yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikamba kusuzgika chomene ndipo yikaŵa pafupi kumara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuti liŵeze ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|International Monetary Fund]] na mabungwe gha charu chose, ADMARC likazgoka kampani ya payekha mwa chigaŵa ndipo likaleka kovwira na manyowa mu vyaka vya 1988/1989.&lt;ref name=Number32 /&gt; Kuleka kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto ku ŵalimi ŵachoko kukapangiska kuti suzgo la vyakurya mu 1992 liŵe likuru chomene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number33&quot;/&gt;

Kwambira nyengo iyo, Malawi wakumana nyengo na nyengo na chilangalanga kweniso kusefukira kwa maji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number5&quot;&gt;&quot;Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi.&quot; ActionAid. October 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, kukaŵa masoka gha nyengo ghakukwana 33, apo pakati pa 1970 na 1989 kukaŵa masoka 7 pera.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuphalira pa ivyo ŵalima kuti ŵarye kweniso kuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number6&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusintha nthowa zawo za ulimi ndipo ŵakaŵa pangozi ya njara.

Mu 2002, kukaŵa [[njara]] yikuru ku Malawi iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasuzgike chomene. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambana, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakaŵa pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na malipoti gha [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la vya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Report]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Number16&quot;/&gt;

Pa nyengo iyi, pafupifupi 85% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakasanganga ndalama zawo chomene kufuma ku ulimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number15&quot;/&gt; [[Chimanga]] chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene mu charu ichi. Ntheura apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusanga chakurya chakukwana.

Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likati zokolola za chimanga zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe mphaka ya matani 273,000 gha chimanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number12&quot; /&gt; Mu Febuluwale 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti charu ichi chikaŵa mu suzgo la vyakurya ndipo likati pali [[suzgo la chivikiliro cha charu|soka la chigaŵa cha charu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Number12&quot; /&gt;

Mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha 2002, mvula yikawovwira ndipo vyakurya vikamba kuŵako, kuchepeska njara yikuru. Kweni mu 2005, chilangalanga chinyake chikapangiska kuti Malawi wakumaneso na suzgo la vyakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number54&quot;/&gt;

Pa 15 Okutobala 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga kuti mu Malawi mukaŵa [[suzgo la vyakurya|soka la pa charu chose]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nangauli Malawi wakachira kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, charu ichi chikalutilira kukumana na masuzgo gha vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kuthemba chomene ulimi wa chimanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number20&quot;/&gt;

Mu vyaka vya 2012 na 2015, kukaŵaso masuzgo ghanyake gha vyakurya. Masuzgo agha ghakafuma ku vinthu vyakuyana na vya 2002, kweni ghakasazgikako chifukwa cha chilangalanga chikuru na kusefukira kwa maji.

Mu 2012, kusowa kwa vula kukapangiska kuti zokolola za chimanga zichepe, apo kutsika kwa mtengo wa ndalama ya Malawi ([[kwacha]]) kukapangiska kuti mitengo ya vyakurya yikwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;

Mu 2015, chilangalanga chikuru chikati chachitika, chikazakasazgika na kusefukira kwa maji. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa Malawi walengezge kuti charu chili mu suzgo la vyachilengiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

== Vyakupangiska suzgo la vyakurya ==

=== Ndale ===

Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi wapokera wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalamulirika na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Number35&quot;/&gt; Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi wakaŵa na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Banda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani cha [[Malawi Congress Party]], icho chikaŵa chipani chekha pa nyengo iyo.&lt;ref name=Number35 /&gt;

Chifukwa cha nkhongono zake, Banda wakalamuliranga nga ni mulongozgi wankhongono chomene, ndipo mu nyengo ya muwuso wake mukaŵa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.&lt;ref name=Number35 /&gt;

Mu 1993, ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi usinthe kuŵa charu cha vyipani vinandi, ndipo Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party]] ŵakafumiskika mu mazaza.&lt;ref name=Number35 /&gt; Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango yimoza, na makhoti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number34&quot;/&gt;

Mu 1998, mu nyengo ya pulezidenti [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[National Food Reserve Agency]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga cha chivikiliro mu nyengo ya masoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number36&quot;/&gt;

NFRA likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakimikika na boma la Malawi. Bungwe ili likalamuliranga chomene malo ghakusungirako chimanga kweniso ndarama, kugula na kuguliska vyakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number36&quot; /&gt;

Kweni NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli ya pafupifupi 1 biliyoni ya [[kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiŵelengero chikuru cha chiwongolero cha ngongoli (56%).&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt; Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga kuti lisunge nga ni chakurya cha nyengo ya soka.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske malo ghakusungirako chimanga chifukwa zokolola za 2000 zikaŵa zinandi ndipo pakaŵavya chifukwa cha kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2000 na kulamulika na [[European Commission]] wakalongora kuti chimanga chakukwana matani 30,000 mpaka 60,000 ndicho chikakhumbikwanga kuti chivikilire charu pa nyengo ya soka.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF, NFRA likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chake ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], kuchepeska malo ghakusungirako kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakatenge suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likasazgikapo chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF wakuti chimanga ichi chigulisike.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt; Kweni IMF na mabungwe ghanyake ghakazomerezga kuti kusunga chimanga chinandi kukawonanga ndalama zinandi ndipo chimanga chikaŵa chakale, ntheura ulongozgi uwu ukaŵa wakupulikikwa pa nyengo iyo.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt;

Apo njara yikafika pachanya mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa ghawaka ndipo boma likaŵavya vyakusungira vyakukwana. Suzgo ili likakura chifukwa boma likaleka kunozgekera mwakukwana kuti lizuzgenso malo ghakusungirako chimanga.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Kweniso, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma ku malo ghakusungirako boma ndipo pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo vyakurya vikamba kusowa.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt;

Boma likamba kupenja chimanga kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi kweniso vyakutali, kweni chikatora nyengo kuti chifike ku Malawi chifukwa cha masuzgo gha mayendedwe, misewu yambura kwenelera, madoko ghakuzura, na magalimoto agho ghakatondekanga kufika luŵiro.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt;

Vyaru vinyake vyakupereka wovwiri navyo vikachedwa kovwira chifukwa vikasuzgika na nkhani za katangale mu boma la Malawi kweniso chifukwa cha mphindano zakukhwaskana na ulongozgi wa IMF.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt;

=== Vyakupangiska vya chuma ===

Mu 2009, [[United Nations|Bungwe la vyaru vyose]] likati pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakakhalanga mu mizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number30&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2011-02-22 |title=Urban/rural division of countries for the year 2010, World Urbanization Prospects |website=GeoHive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu charu ichi mukaŵavya nchito zinandi zakukhwaskana na mafakitale panji mauteŵeti.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt;

Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasanganga nchito mu minda yikuru ya [[fodya]], mu matawuni, panji kusamira ku vyaru vyapafupi kuti ŵakagwire nchito za malipiro ghachoko.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt; Kweni mipata ya nchito yikaŵa yichoko.

Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi. Mu vyaka vya 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga chigaŵa chikuru cha ndalama izo charu chikapezanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number37&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kadzamira, Z.D., Kalinga, O.J., Mitchell, J.C., Ingham, K., Phiri, K.M. |date=2021-10-29 |title=Malawi |website=Britannica Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ndalama zose za charu (GDP) chikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku malonda gha ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene kufuma ku [[fodya]], shuga, tiyi, na kotoni.&lt;ref name=Number37 /&gt;

Bungwe la [[Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation|ADMARC]] likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likalamuliranga chigaŵa chinyake cha msika wa chimanga ndipo likawovwiranga pa mitengo ya vyakurya.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt;

Kafukufuku wa [[Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy]] wakalongora kuti mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene kufuma pa 4 MK pa kilogalamu yimoza mu Juni 2001 kufika pa ma MK 40 panji kujumpha mu Janyuwale 2002.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt;

Nangauli mtengo wa vyakurya ukakwera, malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakhalilira waka pa 20 MK pa zuŵa.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt; Ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵatondeke kugura chakurya.

Kufwatuka kwa msika, chomenechomene kuchepa kwa mazaza gha ADMARC, kukapangiska kuti kuŵe kusuzga kulondezga na kulamulira msika wa chimanga.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt; Mtengo wa chimanga ukamba kutoleka na msika pera, ndipo NFRA likaŵavya nkhongono zinandi zakusinthira vinthu mu msika.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt;

Ndondomeko za ulimi za Malawi zikaŵaso na masuzgo chifukwa charu ichi chikagomezganga chomene pa chimanga pera. Maukaboni ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵalime vyakurya vyakupambana ghakatondeka chomene.&lt;ref name=Number12 /&gt;

Ntheura, apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira mu 2001, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika chifukwa ŵakatondeka kulima chakurya chawo panji kusanga ndalama zakugulira chakurya.

[[Fodya]] ukaŵa chinthu chikuru icho Malawi wakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake, kweni malonda gha fodya ghakamba kuchepa kufuma mu ma 1980. Ndalama izo zikafumanga mu fodya zikakhira na pafupifupi hafu, ndipo ivi vikachepeska nkhongono zakugulira vinthu za ŵalimi ŵachoko.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt;

Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kuwezga ngongoli izo ŵakaŵa nazo ku mabungwe gha ndalama na ku boma.&lt;ref name=Number15 /&gt; Chifukwa cha ichi, mu 2001/2002 ŵakatondeka kusanga ngongoli zakugulira mbuto na manyowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=FAO/WFP Crop and food supply assessment mission |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries |year=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nthowa zinyake zakukhozgera ulimi, nga ni kusazgirako vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kunozga vyakuthilira maji, kusunga vyakurya, kuzenga misewu, na kupereka ngongoli ku ŵalimi, zikaŵa zakovwira chomene ŵalimi ŵakurya mu minda yikuru kuluska ŵalimi ŵachoko.&lt;ref name=Number37 /&gt;

=== Vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu na umoyo ===

[[File:Malawi AIDS Orphans.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Ŵana ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ku Malawi.|Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana awo ŵakataya ŵapapi chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya ukavu na njara.]]

Ukavu uli palipose mu Malawi. Mwakuyana na [[Bungwe la Banki ya Charu|World Bank]], pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala pasi pa mphaka ya ukavu ya madola gha US$2 pa zuŵa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number17&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malawi Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malawi/overview |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi ndiwo ŵakasuzgika chomene mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya chifukwa ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira chakurya para vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima vyatondeka.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt;

Lipoti la [[ActionAid]] la mu 2002 likayowoya kuti kufuma apo demokilase yikakhazikikira mu Malawi mu 1994, chigomezgo cha kovwirana pakati pa ŵanthu chikamba kuchepa.&lt;ref name=Number1 /&gt;

Mu nyengo ya chilangalanga cha 1991/1992, mbumba zikovwirana na kupereka chakurya panji nchito ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga. Kweni mu suzgo la vyakurya la 2001/2002, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kuŵa na mtima wa &quot;munthu waliyose wajipulumuske yekha&quot;, kuyana na lipoti la ActionAid.&lt;ref name=Number1 /&gt;

[[HIV/AIDS ku Malawi|HIV/AIDS]] nayo yikaŵa suzgo likuru ilo likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe pangozi mu nyengo ya njara. Mu 2012, boma la Malawi likati nthenda iyi yikakhwaskanga pafupifupi 17% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni na 9% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number55&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Government of Malawi |date=2012-03-31 |title=2012 Global AIDS Response Report: Malawi Country Report for 2010 and 2011 |journal=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV AIDS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbumba izo zikaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS zikaŵa na vyakulima vichoko chifukwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakatondekanga kugwira ntchito mu minda.

Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanyake mu mbumba ŵakeneranga kuŵapwelelera, ndipo ndalama zinyake zikagwiranga ntchito pa munkhwala na malaro. Ichi chikapangiska kuti mbumba zinandi ziŵe zakuzizipizga yayi para chakurya chasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number18&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Meera Kaul |title=Impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in the central region of Malawi |publisher=CARE International in Malawi |year=2002 |location=Malawi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu nyengo ya njara ya 2002, pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakafwira mu vipatala ŵakaŵa chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number31&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HIV &amp; AIDS in Malawi |website=Avert}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ku matenda na kusoŵa chakurya chakukwana. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikati 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kukura chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakupereŵera thupi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number13&quot;&gt;UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwambira mu 1992 apo suzgo la vyakurya likamba, umoyo wa ŵana pa nkhani ya chakurya ukasintha viŵi yayi.&lt;ref name=Number13 /&gt;

Mu nyengo ya kusowa kwa chakurya mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu Malawi. [[UNICEF]] yikati miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ukhondo, maji ghambura kuŵa ghawemi, kweniso chifukwa chakuti njara yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakutondeka kulimbana na matenda.&lt;ref name=Number13 /&gt;

Kafukufuku wa [[Save the Children]] UK mu 2002 wakalongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana na ŵalara ŵaŵe na kutupa kwa mawoko na malundi chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number21&quot;&gt;Kamowa, Olex M. &quot;Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe.&quot; Save the Children (UK). February 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya vinthu ivyo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakalyanga yayi, nga ni misisi yinyake, vikoti vya chimanga, vikhuni vyakuphwanyika, na vipasi vyakusangika mu muthondo. Ivi vikapangiska matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakuŵinya.&lt;ref name=Number21 /&gt;

Mu chigaŵa cha [[Nsanje District|Nsanje]], ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kurya vimiti vya maji ivyo vikuchemeka nyika. Nangauli pakwamba vikaŵa chakurya cha nyengo, sono ŵakamba kuvigwiliskira ntchito nga ni chakurya chikuru, kweni kurya vinandi kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na matenda gha mu nthumbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number51&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen |journal=The Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9502 |pages=1994–1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vyakukhwaskana na chilengiwa ===

Dongo la ku Malawi lili na suzgo chifukwa ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira manyowa mu nyengo yakale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hardy |first=Jeffrey S. |date=1998-05-01 |title=Malawi: Soil Fertility Issues and Options |publisher=Cornell University Press |volume=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pali nthowa zicoko waka zakuwezgera nkhongono za dongo. Malawi ngwakavu chomene kuti wambe kunjizga vinthu vinandi vya ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵawezgere vyakurya mu dongo, ndipo malo ghakulimapo ngakusuzga kusunga malo ghakuru ghakupumulira dongo.&lt;ref name=Number4 /&gt;

Ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kugura manyowa chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama.&lt;ref name=Number16 /&gt; Chifukwa cha ichi, unandi wa vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima ukakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa kwa nkhongono ya dongo kweniso kuchepa kwa malo ghakulimapo.

Ŵalimi ŵachoko ku Malawi ŵakakumanaso na kuchepa kwa vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Para nyengo ya vula yikusintha na kutentha kukukwera, nyengo yakulimapo yikuchepa ndipo ŵalimi ŵakukhumbikwira kugura mbuto zakudura za mtundu uphya kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyakukwana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number5&quot; /&gt;

Ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵakasintha nyengo iyo ŵakalimiranga chimanga. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kulima mu Disembala m’malo mwa Novembala, apo ŵanyake ŵakalima mwaluŵiro kuti ŵayezge kukumana na kusintha kwa nyengo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number5&quot; /&gt;

Kuchuluka kwa nyengo za chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji kukapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya kusoŵa chakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number5&quot; /&gt;

Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 na 2001/2002, vula yikaŵa yambura kwenelera. Pakachitikanga nyengo zakumira na kusefukira kwa maji, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kukura makora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Masina |first=Lameck |date=2013-01-22 |title=Washed Away: Malawi's Food Security Hit By Natural Disasters |website=Global Policy Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵalimi ŵanandi, kuti ŵayezge kujivikilira ku nyengo yambura kumanyikwa, ŵakamba kuvuna vyakurya vyawo pambere nyengo yakuvunira yindafike. Kweni ichi chikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivyo vikapelekekanga viŵe vichoko chomene mu 2001/2002.&lt;ref name=Number8 /&gt;

Kusintha kwa nyengo kukapangiska kuti nthowa zakuyowoyera vya zokolola zamunthazi ziŵe zambura kugomezgeka. Mautolero agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito vifukwa vya nyengo na kuwona vyakurya ghakatondeka kumanya mwakwenelera kukhira kwa vyakurya mu nyengo iyi.&lt;ref name=Number8 /&gt;

Mwachiyerezgero, ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga vya vyakurya ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kuchepa kwa chimanga kuzamuwelerapo chifukwa cha vyakurya vinyake nga ni misisi na vyakurya vya pasi. Kweni mu nyengo ya 2001/2002, vyakurya vyose vikatondeka.&lt;ref name=Number8 /&gt;

Chifukwa cha ichi, boma likaŵavya kunozgeka kwakukwana apo suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likafika.&lt;ref name=Number8 /&gt;

== Wovwiri na nthowa zakuzenga ==
Boma la Malawi likakhazikiska ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵalimi iyo yikuchemeka [[Farm Input Subsidy Programme]] (FISP) mu 2005. Mu ndondomeko iyi, boma likapelekanga manyowa na mbuto pa mtengo wakuchepa ku ŵalimi awo ŵakaŵa mu suzgo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number7&quot; /&gt; Manyowa gha mu FISP ghakaguliskikanga pa madola gha US$7 pa thumba la makilogalamu 50, apo mtengo wa msika ukaŵa pafupifupi madola gha US$27 pa thumba lenelili.&lt;ref name=Number7 /&gt; Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Michigan State University]] wakalongora kuti nangauli vula yambura kwenelera yikatondeska ndondomeko iyi mu nyengo ya 2005/2006, nyengo yiwemi mu 2007 yikawovwira kuti ndondomeko iyi yichite makora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jayne, T.S., Chapoto, A., Minde I.J., Donovan, C. |date=2008 |title=Grain Marketing Policy at the Crossroads: Challenges for Eastern and Southern Africa |journal=International Development Working Papers |publisher=Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chifukwa cha FISP, Malawi wakasanga zokolola zikuru za chimanga mu 2007. Charu ichi chikavuna matani pafupifupi 3.4 miliyoni gha chimanga, ndipo chikaŵa na chakukwana chakujumpha chomene chomwe chikakwana matani 1.4 miliyoni.&lt;ref name=Number7 /&gt; Chifukwa cha chimanga chinandi ichi, Malawi wakamba kuguliska chimanga ku vyaru vinyake kweniso kupereka wovwiri ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na suzgo la vyakurya. [[Zimbabwe]] wakapokera matani 40,000 gha chimanga kufuma ku Malawi, ndipo [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] waliyose wakapokera matani 5,000 gha chimanga.&lt;ref name=Number7 /&gt;

Mabungwe gha pa charu chose na gha mu Malawi, kusazgapo [[World Food Programme|WFP]], [[European Union|EU]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], na [[USAID]], ghakapeleka wovwiri wa vyakurya ku Malawi pamanyuma pakuti boma lapharazga soka mu 2002. Mu 2005, WFP yikati wovwiri wake wa vyakurya ukaŵa kovwira pafupifupi 11% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi.&lt;ref name=Number20 /&gt;

==Vyakukhala vyakunyuma (Long-term effects)==

===Umoyo===

Suzgo la vyakurya lapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi na matenda. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi nyengo yitali, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakutepeta chomene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number13&quot;&gt;UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030933/http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufuma mu 1992, apo misisi ya suzgo la vyakurya yikambiranga, umoyo wa kadyero ka ŵana undasintha.&lt;ref name=Number13 /&gt;

Mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, mu nyengo izo kusoŵa vyakurya kukaŵa kukuru, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu charu chose. [[UNICEF]] yikamanya kuti miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha ukhondo wambura kwenelera na maji ghambura kuvikilirika, ivyo vikakolerana na suzgo la vyakurya ndipo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakupokera matenda.&lt;ref name=Number13 /&gt; Mwakuyana waka, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Save the Children|Save The Children]] UK mu February 2002 wakawona kuti suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu chifukwa likapangiska kuvimba kwa mawoko na malundi mu ŵana na ŵalara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number21&quot;&gt;Kamowa, Olex M. &quot;Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe.&quot; Save the Children (UK). February 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusoŵa vyakurya kwapangiska nyifwa zinandi chifukwa cha njara; unandi wake weneko ukumanyikwa yayi.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt; Zinyake mwa nyifwa izi zikasazgirako suzgo la [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, kweniso kukapangika unandi wa ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi. [[UNICEF]] yikuyowoya kuti 17% ya ŵana ŵalije ŵapapi ŵamoyo chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.&lt;ref name=Number13 /&gt;

Pa nyengo iyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, kufuma mu Epulero m’paka Meyi 2002, [[WHO]] yikachita kuwunika umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Malawi. Yikawona kuti pakati pa Okutobala 2001 na Malichi 2002, pakaŵa nyifwa zakukwana 1.9 pa ŵanthu 10,000 zuŵa lililose. Kukaŵa muliri wa kolera uwo ukaŵa na milandu 33,150 yakumanyikwa na nyifwa 981, mwakuyana na chiŵelengero cha nyifwa cha 3%. Kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku malo gha chipatala chikakhira na 25% mu nyengo yeneyiyo. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongora kuti malo gha chipatala ghakaŵa na masuzgo chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito, munkhwala, kweniso mauthenga na mayendedwe ghambura kwenelera. Apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵika pakwamba kusanga vyakurya, kupenja wovwiri wa umoyo na kuluta ku malo gha chipatala ghambura kunozgeka kukamba kuchepa.&lt;ref name=Number50&gt;WHO 2002&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya misisi yambura kuŵa yakwenelera, mphangwe za chimanga, fumbi la mathabwa, na vipambi vyakuphikika, ndipo ŵakamba kutora matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakurya vyakuphambanapambana.&lt;ref name=Number21 /&gt; Lipoti mu magazini ya [[The Lancet]] likawona kuti mbumba zinandi, nanga zikaŵa zasambazi, mu [[Nsanje]] chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Malawi, zikaŵa kurya mizi ya chomera cha maji icho chikachemekanga nyika. Mizi iyi iyo pakwamba yikaŵa chakurya chakulyera waka, yikazgoka chakurya chikuru ndipo para munthu wangarya vinandi yingapangiska kutaya nthumbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number51&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67799-9 | title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen | year=2005 | last1=Tenthani | first1=Raphael | journal=The Lancet | volume=366 | issue=9502 | pages=1994–1995 | pmid=16353311 | s2cid=28688185 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pa nyengo yinyake, mwana mukuru wa mbumba ya ŵanthu 10 wakasanga mphonje zakupha za chomera cha mbatata zakuthengo. Awiske ŵakapeleka mphonje izi ku ŵana na anyina chifukwa ŵakaŵavya chakurya chinyake; ŵenecho ŵakarya yayi chifukwa ŵakaŵika njara ya ŵana na muwoli wawo panthazi pa njara yawo. Anyina na ŵana ŵawo 8 ŵakafwa yumoza yumoza chifukwa cha kusanza na kupokera chiphe cha vyakurya.&lt;ref name=Number51 /&gt;

===Ndondomeko za boma===

Ndondomeko ya boma ya kuvikilira vyakurya, iyo yikuchemeka FISP, yikawovwira kusazgirako ulimi. Nga umo vyayowoyekera kale, kupanga chimanga kukajumpha ivyo charu chikakhumbanga pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska FISP. Pakati pa 2005 na 2011, [[GDP|GDP ya Malawi]] yikakuranga mwakukwana 11.7% chaka chilichose, ndipo ŵakumanya vinthu ŵanandi ŵakayaniska kukura kwa GDP ya ulimi na FISP. Kweni kafukufuku wa sonosono wakulongora kuti FISP ni ndondomeko iyo yingakhalapo yayi nyengo yitali: apo mbumba izo zikukhumbikwira wovwiri zikuchuluka, uwemi wa fetereza na mbuto izo zikuperekeka ukakhira kufuma pa makilogalamu 85 pa mulimi mu 2005/2006 kufika pa makilogalamu 60 pa mulimi mu 2012/2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number25&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thurlow, James |first=Pauw, Karl |date=2014 |title=Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program: Where do we go from here? Policy Note 18 |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/massppn18.pdf |journal=Malawi Strategy Support Program |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndondomeko ziphya za kuvikilira vyakurya zikapangika mu 2002 na 2003. Ndondomeko ya Malawi ya [[Kuchepeska ukavu|kuchepeska ukavu]] yikaŵa chikalata cha ndondomeko icho chikakhumbikwanga kulongozga na kovwira pakupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ya boma. Pakatikati pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa kukura kwa chuma, ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa pa chuma, nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, na kayendeskero kawemi ka boma; mwa kupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ivyo vikukhozgera kukura kwa ulimi na kuŵika nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu, boma likate liŵe na nkhongono zakukhozgera kuŵa na vyakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number27&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sahley, C., Groelsema, Bob., Marchione, T., Nelson, D. |date=2005 |title=The Governance Dimensions of Food Security in Malawi |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnade034.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923152016/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE034.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2006 |journal=Is Food Security Achievable in Malawi? |location=Washington DC |publisher=USA Agency for International Development |volume=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unduna wa vyaulimi ukagwira ntchito pamoza na mabungwe gha ŵanthu, ma unduna ghanyake, makampani ghapadera, na ŵakupereka wovwiri kupanga Ndondomeko ya Vyakurya na Kadyero. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa na vilato vya: 1) kusazgirako vyakurya mwa kusazgirako vyakuvwilira vya maji na kuŵa na fetereza na malo, 2) kukhozga misika ya ku mizi, 3) kupanga malango gha umoyo na kadyero, na 4) kukhazikiska na kukhozga ndondomeko zakulimbana na masoka, malo ghakusungirako chimanga, na nthowa zakuwonera na kulongosora kupanga vyakurya.&lt;ref name=Number27 /&gt;

Pamasinda, Unduna wa Kupanga Chuma na Chitukuko ukapanga ndondomeko ya kukura kwa chuma iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na m'pata wakusanga vyakurya mwa kukhozgera malonda na ndalama zakunjira mu vyalo vya ku mizi mu Malawi, kuti ŵasange ndalama na ntchito.&lt;ref name=Number27 /&gt;

===Mitheto na chikaya===

Pa nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusintha umo ŵakakhaliranga kuti ŵasange chakurya. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kugwira ntchito zakwiza waka kuti ŵapokere vyakurya. Ŵanandi ŵakaguliska katundu wa mu nyumba na viŵeto pa mitengo yichoko kuti ŵagule chakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti chiŵe chakusuzga kwa iwo kuwelera ku umoyo wakukhazikika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vyakurya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number39&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Margolies, A., Kalagho, K., Kazembe, C. |date=2019 |title=Examining perceptions of food assistance on household food security and resilience in Malawi; Policy Note 32 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133065 |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute |location=Washington DC |volume= |doi=10.2499/p15738coll2.133065|s2cid=239189252|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku [[Zambia]] na vyalo vinyake vyapafupi kukapenja ntchito za malipiro ghachoko panji vyakurya.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

Suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaskaso masambiro. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵana awo ŵakaleka sukulu ŵakafika pa 25% chifukwa cha njara. Ŵanandi ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu kuti ŵagwire ntchito panji kupenja chakurya, apo ŵanyake ŵakatondeka kulipira ndalama za sukulu.&lt;ref name=Number39 /&gt; Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakadandawura kuti sukulu zikaluza mazaza pa ŵana chifukwa ŵangachichizga yayi ŵana kukhala, kusambira, panji kuchita ntchito za ku sukulu usange ŵali na njara na kudwala.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt; [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti mu vigaŵa ivyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, hafu m’paka vitatu mwa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu.&lt;ref name=Number51 /&gt; Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵana ku sukulu, [[UNICEF]] na [[WFP]] vikamba mapulogiramu ghakupereka vyakurya ku ŵana ku sukulu na wovwiri unyake ku ŵasambizgi na ŵantchito. [[UNICEF]] yikati pulogiramu iyi yikapangiska &quot;kusintha kukuru&quot; mu kuluta ku sukulu, ndipo mu malo ghanyake nyumba za sukulu zikazura na ŵana awo ŵakapenjanga chakurya.&lt;ref name=Number51 /&gt;

Makhaliro gha chikaya chose ghakasinthaso kuheni, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ku ŵazengezgani, kusida ŵana, kulimbana chifukwa cha chakurya, na kusinthana kugonana kuti ŵasange chakurya.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt; Kwiba vyakurya na ndalama kukachuluka chomene. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵakukora ŵankhungu ŵakaŵatombozganga na kuŵapweteka nga ni chilango.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt;

Ŵachekuru, ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi, na ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, chifukwa chikaŵa chakusuzga kwa iwo kujiwovwira, ndipo ŵakaŵa vilato vikuru vya kwiba na nkhaza.&lt;ref name=Number5 /&gt; Mu 2005, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakakomekanga pa msika wa [[ADMARC]] apo ŵakaguranga chimanga chawo cha makilogalamu 25 icho ŵakapika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Number40&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Effect of the Food Crisis on Women and Their Families |url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/46209.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mtengo wa [[ntchito ya kugonana]] ukakhira kufuma pa MK1000 kufika pa MK200, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana awo ŵakachitanga vinthu ivi kuti ŵasange ndalama ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru.&lt;ref name=Number40 /&gt; Mbumba na nthengwa nazo zikasinthika chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya: ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakachichizgika kutengwa ŵachali ŵachoko chifukwa mbumba zawo zikatenge zingakwaniska yayi kuŵapwelelera mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.&lt;ref name=Number39 /&gt; Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakutorana ŵanyake ŵakamba kuleka kugomezgeka mu nthengwa kuti ŵasange ndalama na chakurya, ndipo ichi nacho chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.&lt;ref name=Number39 /&gt;

==Suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu 2012–2013==

Malawi yikasanganaso na suzgo linyake la vyakurya mu 2012 na 2013. Kuyana na MVAC National [[Chivikiliro cha vyakurya|Food Security]] Forecast, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni mu [[Malawi]] ŵakaŵa pangozi ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu vyaka vya 2013 na 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ichi chikaŵa 9.5% ya ŵanthu mu vigaŵa 21 vya charu, ndipo chigaŵa cha kumpoto ndicho chikasangana na suzgo likuru chomene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Vifukwa vya chuma, ndale, na ulimi vikawovwirapo pa suzgo ili.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Ku chigaŵa cha chuma na ndale, Joyce Banda wakamba kulamulira mu Epulero 2012, ndipo wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa pulezidenti wa Malawi. Mu Meyi wa chaka chenicho, [[Malawian kwacha|kwacha]] yikachepeska mtengo wake na 49% ndipo yikayamba kutaya nkhongono chomene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], kuchepa kwa mtengo kwa ndalama iyi pamoza na kukwera kwa mitengo ya vinthu (inflation) kwa 12.4% mu mwezi wenewura kukapangiska mitengo ya vinthu vyakuzirwa na mauteŵeti kukwera chomene mu charu chose.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Kweniso, Centre for Social Concern yikafumiska lipoti ilo likalongora kuti mtengo wa umoyo ukakwera na kujumpha 50% kufuma mu 2011 kufika mu 2012.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

Ku chigaŵa cha ulimi, kupanga chimanga kukakhira na 40% mu vigaŵa vinandi chifukwa cha vula yichoko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Kupanga chimanga kochepa uku pamoza na kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ŵanthu kugura vinthu, vikapangiska kuti mu 2012 ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni yimoza ŵakhumbikwirenge wovwiri kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyawo vyakuzirwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Ndipouli, umo Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee yikawoneranga mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa pangozi chikeneranga kukwera na 21% chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kukwera kwa mitengo pamoza na kuchepa kwa kupanga chimanga vikapangiska kuti mitengo ya [[chimanga]] mu 2012 yiŵe yakwera na 40% kuluska mtengo wapakati wa vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Chifukwa cha kukwera chomene kwa khumbo la chakurya, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakaguliskanga chimanga pa mitengo yapachanya chomene, ndipo ŵakapelekanga ku misika yinyake chimanga icho chikeneranga kupelekeka ku ŵanthu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Madalitso |date=2013-09-30 |title=No maize in Malawi's Admarc depots |url=http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=BNL Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vinthu ivyo vikabisika na malo ghakupelekera vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga vikawa vichoko chomene panji vikamara. Ichi chikakhwaska chomene chivikiliro cha vyakurya mu Malawi chifukwa chimanga ntchakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo ndicho chikulimika na kuryeka chomene mu charu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|Mulongozgi wa machenjezo ghakwamba gha njara]] wakafumiska uthenga wakuti suzgo likuru la vyakurya lingachitika mu Malawi kufika mu Julayi 2012 ndipo lingatora myezi 9.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Kweniso, kuyana na kafukufuku mu [[The Journal of Modern African Studies]], vinthu vyakhalako kufuma ku masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale vikaŵa vikuwoneka mu 2012. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la vyakurya la 2002, nga ni kutondeka kwa chitukuko na misika, navyo vikawovwirapo pa suzgo la 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Dorward|first1=Andrew|last2=Kydd|first2=Jonathan|date=2004|title=The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=42|issue=3|pages=343–361|issn=0022-278X|jstor=3876336|doi=10.1017/S0022278X04000229|s2cid=54763363|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ivi vikasazgapo kusazgikiska kwa malonda gha vyakurya mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, kufumiskapo wovwiri wa ŵalimi, na kuleka kulamulira misika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Ng’ambi|first1=F.|last2=Owusu|first2=K.|date=2002|title=Structural damage: the causes and consequences of Malawi's food crisis|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB2013202812|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kweniso, masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale ghali na ndalama zikuru za nyengo yitali chifukwa kusoŵa makora vyakurya mu thupi kukupangiska kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ntchito chifukwa cha [[Kukura kwambura kwenelera|kuŵa wakutepeta]]. Kuyana na kafukufuku, pafupifupi 60% ya ŵalara mu charu ŵakusuzgika na kukura kwambura kwenelera chifukwa cha njara iyo ŵakaŵa nayo apo ŵakaŵa ŵana, ndipo ichi chikukwana pafupifupi ŵanthu 4.5 miliyoni mu Malawi awo ŵali na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-study-reveals-huge-impact-hunger-economy-malawi-0|title=New Study Reveals Huge Impact Of Hunger On Economy Of Malawi|website=www.wfp.org|access-date=2019-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nadi, kafukufuku wenewura wa [[World Food Programme]] wakawona kuti Malawi yikataya ndalama zakukwana MWK 16.5 biliyoni mu kupanga vinthu chifukwa cha kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Chaka cha 2015 cha njara ==

Nangauli mu 2014 kuŵa kwa vyakurya mu Malawi kukakwera, ŵalimi ŵakawelera mu suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya mu 2015. Mu 2014, komiti ya Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC) yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu 640,009 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakusuzgika kusanga chakurya, pakuyaniska na ŵanthu 1.46 miliyoni mu chaka cham'mbuyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuchepa kwa ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika na chakurya kukachitika chifukwa cha kusangika kwa vyakurya vinandi mu 2014 chifukwa cha vuna yiwemi, kweni ivi vikakhala kwa nyengo yichoko chifukwa mu 2015 Malawi yikakhwaskika na maji ghanandi chomene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Vikuyerekelezgeka kuti Malawi yikutaya ndalama zakukwana madola 12.5 miliyoni, panji 1% ya [[GDP|chuma cha charu chonse]], chaka chilichose chifukwa cha chilangalanga, ndipo madola 9 miliyoni panji 0.7% ya GDP chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa maji mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Besada|first1=Hany|last2=Werner|first2=Karolina|date=2015-01-02|title=An assessment of the effects of Africa's water crisis on food security and management|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=31|issue=1|pages=120–133|doi=10.1080/07900627.2014.905124|issn=0790-0627|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nadi, Malawi ni charu chachilendo yayi ku masuzgo gha nyengo, chifukwa pakati pa 1970 na 2006 pakaŵa masoka ghakujintha pa nyengo ghakujumpha 40.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

Mu 2015 kufika mu 2016, Malawi yikakumana na chilangalanga chikuru ndipo pamanyuma pakaŵa kusefukira kwa maji chifukwa cha [[El Niño|El Nino]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Malawi Food Crisis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/emergency-response/malawi-food-crisis|title=Malawi Food Crisis|website=Oxfam GB|access-date=2019-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vilangalanga ivi vikaŵa viheni chomene mu vyaka 35 ivyo vyajumpha, chifukwa pakaŵa nyengo ziŵiri zakulima zakutondeka ndipo ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuŵapa chakurya iwo na mbumba zawo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|title=Update on the food crisis in Malawi|website=Deki|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401043739/https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ivyo vikakhwaska ŵanthu chomene chifukwa 90% ya ŵanthu mu Malawi ŵakuthemba vyakurya ivyo vikulimika na vula kweniso ulimi kuti ŵakhale na umoyo. Ntheura pa 13 April 2016, [[Peter Mutharika|Mutharika]] pulezidenti wakapharazga kuti mu charu mwawa masoka ghakuru ndipo wakaŵika Malawi pa mulandu wa suzgo la chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

Chifukwa cha suzgo ili, mitengo ya [[chimanga]] yikakwera chomene ndipo mbumba zinandi zikakatondeka kugula. Kweniso maji ghakukwana pa ulimi ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaleke kuwelera ku umoyo wawo wa kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malawi Food Crisis&quot;/&gt; Mu February wa chaka chenechichi, mtengo wa chimanga ukaŵa kuti wakwera kale na 60% kuluska mtengo wa vyaka vitatu ivyo vyajumpha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Kuyana na [[Action Against Hunger]], ulimi wa chimanga ukachepa na 27% kufuma mu 2013 ndipo ukawa pasi na 20% pakuyaniska na umo ukaŵira mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/massive-food-crisis-threatens-500000-children-malawi|title=Massive food crisis threatens 500,000 children in Malawi – Malawi|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masuzgo agha ghakapangiska ŵanthu kuguliska katundu wawo kuti ŵagure chakurya cha mbumba zawo, ndipo charu chikanjira mu suzgo likuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], mwana yumoza pa ŵana 10 wakusuzgika na kukura makora kwa thupi chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa vyakurya na suzgo la chakurya ilo likapangika na kusintha kwa nyengo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/509722-malawi-facing-worst-food-crisis-decade-requires-81-million-relief-aid-un-agency|title=Malawi facing worst food crisis in decade, requires $81 million in relief aid – UN agency|date=2015-09-25|website=UN News|access-date=2019-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakaŵaso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangiska suzgo ili kuŵa likuru, nga nkhuŵavya ndondomeko zakukhora za nyengo yitali zakovwira ŵalimi mu Malawi kuti ŵalimbane na kusintha kwa nyengo mu ulimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.3390/su7021620 | doi-access=free | title=Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers' Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi | year=2015 | last1=Coulibaly | first1=Jeanne | last2=Gbetibouo | first2=Glwadys | last3=Kundhlande | first3=Godfrey | last4=Sileshi | first4=Gudeta | last5=Beedy | first5=Tracy | journal=Sustainability | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=1620–1636 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikupulikikwa kuti pakukhumbikwa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵalimi kusanga nthowa zakulimbana na kusintha kwa nyengo, nga ni ulimi wakukhalilira kweniso kusazgirako uwemi wa dongo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Kusowa kwa kunozgekera uku kukasazgikira pa masuzgo agho charu chikaŵa nagho kale. Kuyana na [[World Bank]], ŵanthu mu vyaru vyakukura makora yayi ŵakukhwaskika chomene na masoka gha chilengedwe chifukwa kutaya kwawo kukupimika kuyana na GDP yawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences|title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences {{!}} Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org|date=January 2008 |access-date=2019-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kweniso [[United Nations Development Programme]] yikulongosora kuti para charu chilije kunozgekera makora, masoka na ivyo vikuchitika pamanyuma vikuŵa viheni chomene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Malawi yikayezga kuchepeska vyakufumapo vya suzgo la chakurya mwa kugura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga. Mu 2015, Malawi yikagura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga ya nyengo ya ulimi wa 2015/2016 kufuma ku kampani ya African Risk Capacity (ACR).&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Reeves|first1=Jonathan|date=May 2017|title=The wrong model for resilience: How G7-backed drought insurance failed Malawi, and what we must learn from it|url=https://actionaid.org/publications/2017/wrong-model-resilience#downloads|journal=Action Aid}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inshuwalansi iyi yikagulira madola ghakukwana US$5 miliyoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt; Kweni wovwiri ukachedwa kufika ndipo ukafika ku ŵanthu ŵa Malawi mu 2017, ntheura ukatondeka kuchepeska kutaya kwachuma chifukwa cha suzgo ili.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt; Action Aid yikuyowoya kuti chilangalanga cha 2015 chikapangiska Malawi kutaya ndalama zakukwana US$395 miliyoni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt;

== Umo vinthu viliri sono ==

Nangauli Malawi yikambiska Ndondomeko ya Kovwira Ŵalimi na Vinthu vya Ulimi mu 2005, chandulo cha ndondomeko iyi chikalutilira kuthemba pa vula.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot;/&gt; Kweniso nthowa izo zikugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni manyowa gha kupanga na mbuto zakusinthika zikwambiska kunangika kwa dongo kweniso kuŵika ŵalimi mu vikatiko vya ngongoli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot; /&gt; Ndondomeko zinandi zili kuŵikika kuti zivwire ŵalimi pa nkhani ya ndalama na ngongoli, nga ni [[ntchito za ulongozgi wa ulimi]], mapulogiramu gha ntchito za boma, na kupokera ndalama kwambura vifukwa vyakupokera. Ndondomeko ya charu ya kusintha na kunozgekera nyengo nayo yikukhumba kuŵikapo nthowa zakukhozgera chomene ulimi kuti ulutilire kususkana na masuzgo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:62&quot; /&gt; Ivi vikukolerana na ndondomeko ya Malawi ya kusinthasintha vyakuchita, iyo yikuyowoya kuti masuzgo ghakuru ni ukavu, malo ghachoko gha kulimapo, kweniso kuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya chilengedwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kunozga nkhani za kusangika kwa chakurya, kusamalira vinthu vya chilengedwe, nkhongono zakutowa, tekinoloje, na ndalama kuti chitukuko chikure, kusintha kwa nyengo kuchepe, kweniso kukhozga mtende na chitetezo cha ŵanthu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;

Mu 2018, mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera kanandi waka, kufuma pa 100 Malawi Kwacha (US$0.14) pa kilogalamu kufika pa 140 Kwacha ($0.19) pa kilogalamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mwnation.com/maize-prices-40/|title=Maize prices up 40%|last1=Phiri|first1=Grace|date=2018-02-06|website=The Nation Online|access-date=2019-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ulimi wa chimanga mu Malawi ukachepa na 20% mu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Deblina |date=24 May 2018 |title=Malawi maize production down by 20 percent |url=http://www.africanfarming.net/crops/agriculture/malawi-maize-production-down-by-20-per-cent |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=African Farming and Food Processing |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khamula |first=Owen |date=2018-05-22 |title=Malawi maize production harvests down by 20 percent |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-maize-production-harvests-drops-by-20/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufika mu Seputembala 2018, boma la Malawi likakhazikiska mtengo wa chimanga pa 170 Kwacha ($0.23) pa kilogalamu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/govt-brings-down-maize-prices-in-admarc/|title=Govt brings down maize prices in Admarc|date=2018-09-20|website=Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2019-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pa 14 Malichi 2019, Fumu yikuru ya mu [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]] yikayowoya kuti yikwenjerwa kuti Karonga yingakumana na kusoŵa kwa chimanga chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chikatora nyengo yitali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903140491.html|title=Malawi: Karonga At Risk of Hunger Due to Prolonged Dry Spell|last1=Mhone|first1=Sithembile|date=2019-03-14|work=Nyasa Times (Leeds)|access-date=2019-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Malichi 2019, Malawi yikakhwaskika na [[Cyclone Idai|Chimphepo cha Idai]]. Pamanyuma pa kusefukira kwa maji kwakofya uko kukachitika chifukwa cha chimphepo ichi, nduna ya vya ulimi yikayowoya kuti charu chingaŵa kuti chataya 20% ya chimanga icho chikeneranga kubalika mu nyengo iyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402094925/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2019|title=Malawi could lose 20 pct of maize crop in cyclone flooding – minister|last1=Winning|first1=Alexander|date=April 2, 2019|work=Reuters Africa|access-date=April 5, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mazgu ghakulongosora ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Njara mu Africa]]
[[Category:2005 mu Malawi|suzgo la vyakurya]]
[[Category:Chilala mu Africa]]
[[Category:Masoka gha chilengiwa mu Malawi]]
[[Category: 2002 chilala]]
[[Category:2002 mu Malaŵi]]
[[Category:Kuvikilirika kwa vyakurya kuyana na vyaru|Malawi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Literatura Mondo</title>
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      <text bytes="3496" sha1="8p53no4wc3hhb6gjqiyehpmhleskzq3" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Magazini yakale ya mu chiyowoyelo cha Esperanto}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:Literatura Mondo first (1922).JPG|180px|thumb|Chikopi cha mbele cha magazini yakwamba]]
'''''Literatura Mondo''''' ('Charu cha Mabuku') yikaŵa [[nyuzipepala]] ya mabuku ya [[Esperanto]] kweniso [[nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku]] mu [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] pakati pa 1922 na 1949. Yikazgoka malo ghakuzirwa gha icho chikachemekanga Sukulu ya Budapest ya mabuku gha Esperanto. Yikakhazikiskika na [[Tivadar Soros]], awiske ŵa [[Hungary|Muhungary]] uyo wakababikira ku Hungary, [[Americans|Mwenekaya wa America]], [[bilionea]], kweniso [[wakovwira ŵanthu]] [[George Soros]].

==Magazini==
Magazini ya ''Literatura Mondo'' yikafuma kakwamba mu Budapest mu 1922.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1=Roland Greene|editor2=Stephen Cushman|title=The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries|year=2016|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, NJ; Oxford|isbn=9781400880638
|page=179|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/55236}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusindikizga kukamara mu 1927 kweni kukambaso mu Janyuwale 1931. Pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], ''Literatura Mondo'' yikambaso kusindikizgika ndipo yikalutilira kwa vyaka vitatu, kufuma mu 1947 m'paka 1949. Mu 1950, ''Literatura Mondo'' yikaphalira ŵakulembeska ŵake kuti &quot;chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama, kusindikizga magazini sono nkhwamachitiko yayi. Mu chaka cha 1949 takafiska kusindikizga nambara zinkhondi na zinkhondi yayi, kweni zinayi pera.&quot;

Mulembi mukuru wa magazini kufuma mu Okutobala 1922 m'paka Seputembala 1924 wakaŵa Theodor Schwarz (kufuma mu 1936 wakamanyikwanga kuti [[Tivadar Soros]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Crusoes &quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CE7Dh03GWksC&amp;pg=PR10 | title=Crusoes in Siberia | author=Tivadar Soros | author-link=Tivadar Soros | year=2010 | pages=x-xi | isbn=978-1-59569-182-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''Teodoro Ŝvarc'' mu Esperanto). Pamanyuma pake pakiza [[Kálmán Kalocsay]], uyo wakawovwirikanga na [[Julio Baghy]], ndipo ŵakasintha magazini iyi mu nyengo zake zitatu zakusindikizgika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto: 1887–2007 | publisher=Mondial | author=Geoffrey Sutton | year=2008 | location=New York | isbn=978-1-59569-090-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku==

''Literatura Mondo'' yikasindikizgaso mabuku. Agha ghakasazgapo milimo yose ya [[Kálmán Kalocsay]], milimo yakwamba ya Stellan Engholm, mabuku ghakwamba gha [[Lajos Tárkony]], Johan Weinhengst, Eugene Aisberg na [[Hendrik Adamson]], kweniso ''[[Encyclopedia of Esperanto]]''.

==Ukaboni==
{{Reflist}}

==Vyakukolerana vya kuwaro==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171110034739/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/images/easteuro/large20218.html Chikopi cha magazini ya Epulero 1923, icho chili mu British Library]
*{{Commons-inline}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Literatura Mondo}}
[[Category:Vyakukhazikiskika vya 1922 ku Hungary]]
[[Category:Vyakumazgiskika vya 1949 ku Hungary]]
[[Category:Magazini za mabuku izo ziliko yayi izo zikasindikizgikanga ku Europe]]
[[Category:Magazini izo ziliko yayi izo zikasindikizgikanga ku Hungary]]
[[Category:Esperanto ku Hungary]]
[[Category:Magazini gha Esperanto]]
[[Category:Magazini gha mabuku agho ghakasindikizgikanga ku Hungary]]
[[Category:Magazini agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 1922]]
[[Category:Magazini agho ghakamazgiskika mu 1949]]
[[Category:Magazini agho ghakasindikizgikanga mu Budapest]]
[[Category:Magazini gha ndakatulo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Flexner Report</title>
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      <text bytes="46070" sha1="ja2jmhwtimfl1azomwomjvxl3qz1n48" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Lipoti la ku North America la 1910 pa masambiro gha vyaudokotala}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}
[[File:Carnegie Flexner Report.djvu|thumb|Tsamba lakwamba la ''Flexner Report'']]

'''''Flexner Report'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Citation | author=Flexner, Abraham | year=1910 | title=Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | series=Bulletin No. 4. | publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | location=New York City | pages=346 | oclc=9795002 | url=http://archive.carnegiefoundation.org/publications/pdfs/elibrary/Carnegie_Flexner_Report.pdf | access-date=August 22, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ni lipoti likuru la buku lakukhwaskana na masambiro gha vyaudokotala mu United States na Canada, ilo likalembeka na [[Abraham Flexner]] ndipo likafumiskika mu chaka cha 1910 pasi pa [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|Carnegie Foundation]]. Flexner wakalongosora umo masambiro gha vyaudokotala ghakaŵira ku North America pa nyengo iyo, ndipo wakapelekaso malongosolero ghakukwana gha masukulu ghaudokotala agho ghakaŵapo pa nyengo iyo. Wakalongora ivyo vikasoŵekanga, ndipo wakapeleka ulongozgi wa umo masambiro ghaudokotala ghangawovwilirika na kunozgekaso mu United States.

Nangauli lipoti ili likabweriska vinthu vinandi viwemi ku masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti likambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[Institutional racism|kusankhana mitundu na ŵanthu mwa ndondomeko]] kweniso kusankhana chifukwa cha jenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Laws |first=Terri |date=March 1, 2021 |title=How Should We Respond to Racist Legacies in Health Professions Education Originating in the Flexner Report? |url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/how-should-we-respond-racist-legacies-health-professions-education-originating-flexner-report/2021-03 |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=271–275 |doi=10.1001/amajethics.2021.271 |pmid=33818380 |s2cid=233028996 |issn=2376-6980|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wright-Mendoza |first=Jessie |date=May 3, 2019 |title=The 1910 Report That Disadvantaged Minority Doctors |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-1910-report-that-unintentionally-disadvantaged-minority-doctors/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=JSTOR Daily }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Gabrielle |date=November 17, 2020 |title=AAMC renames prestigious Abraham Flexner award in light of racist and sexist writings |url=https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/aamc-renames-prestigious-abraham-flexner-award-light-racist-and-sexist-writings |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=AAMC }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lipoti ili, ilo likamanyikwaso kuti ''Carnegie Foundation Bulletin Number Four'', likachemerezga kuti [[Medical school in the United States|masukulu ghaudokotala gha ku America]] ghaŵike milingo yakukwera pa kunjira na kumalizga masambiro, kweniso kulondezga mwakukhora fundo za sayansi pa kusambizga na kafukufuku. Lipoti ili likalongosoraso kuti pakakhumbikwanga kusintha na kuwunganya masukulu ghaudokotala kuti ghaŵe ghakovwira chomene. Masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala gha ku America ghakafikanga yayi pa mulingo uwo ''Flexner Report'' likakhumbanga, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti lipoti ili lafuma, pafupifupi hafu ya masukulu agha ghakabungana panji kujalika.

Masukulu agho ghasambizganga nthowa zinyake za munkhwala, nga ni [[electrotherapy]], ghakajalika. [[Homeopathy]], [[osteopathy]] yakale, [[eclectic medicine]], na [[Herbalism|physiomedicalism]] (mankhwala gha vyakumera agho ghakaŵavye ukaboni wa sayansi) vikayowoyeka kuti vikaŵa vyambura maziko gha sayansi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FlexnerChXexerpt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Flexner |first1=Abraham |title=Abraham Flexner's View of Homeopathic Schools: An Excerpt from the Flexner Report (1910) |url=https://www.homeowatch.org/history/flexner.html |website=HomeoWatch |date=January 22, 2005 |publisher=[[Quackwatch]] |access-date=June 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lipoti ili likamalizgaso kuti ku United States kukaŵa masukulu ghanandi chomene ghaudokotala, ndipo ŵadokotala ŵanandi chomene ŵakasambizgikanga. Chimoza mwa ivyo vikachitika chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report'' chikaŵa kujalika panji kubunganya masukulu gha yunivesite. Ichi chikapangiska kuti pa masukulu ghaudokotala gha ŵafipa paŵe ghaŵiri pera agho ghakakhalapo, ndipo mayunivesite ghanandi ghakaweleraso ku ndondomeko yakupokera ŵanalume pera kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵasambiri.

Mu Mutu 11, Flexner wakalongosora kuti kunozga masambiro ghaudokotala na kupanga ntchito yaudokotala kuŵa yakwenerera kukadalira chomene mabodi gha boma agho ghakupereka malaisensi ghaudokotala kuti ghachite ntchito yawo mwadango na mwaunenesko. Kweni wakawona kuti mabodi agha ghakatondekanga kufiska ntchito yawo, ghakachedweskanga kusintha, ndipo ghakalekeleranga munkhwala wambura milingo kulutilira, ivyo vikayikanga umoyo wa ŵanthu pa ngozi. Suzgo ili lichali kulutilira mpaka lero mu ntchito yaudokotala ku United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The doctors prescribing misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/post-reports/the-doctors-prescribing-misinformation/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=[www.washingtonpost.com](http://www.washingtonpost.com) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2023 |title=Report: Ranking of the Rate of State Medical Boards' Serious Disciplinary Actions, 2019-2021 |url=https://www.citizen.org/article/report-ranking-of-the-rate-of-state-medical-boards-serious-disciplinary-actions-2019-2021/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Public Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2021 |title=FSMB {{!}} FSMB: Spreading COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation May Put Medical License at Risk |url=https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729181246/https://www.fsmb.org/advocacy/news-releases/fsmb-spreading-covid-19-vaccine-misinformation-may-put-medical-license-at-risk/ |archive-date=July 29, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2021 |title=AMA adopts policy to combat disinformation by health care professionals |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-adopts-policy-combat-disinformation-health-care-professionals |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=Money, politics and patient safety: Abbott donors on Texas Medical Board {{!}} KXAN Austin |url=https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527175731/https://www.kxan.com/investigations/money-politics-and-patient-safety-abbott-donors-on-texas-medical-board/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Los Angeles Times Staff |date=January 14, 2022 |title=California Medical Board and troubled doctors: What you need to know |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-10/full-coverage-california-medical-board-and-troubled-doctors |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbiri yakwamba==
[[File:Picture of Abraham Flexner.jpg|thumb|Abraham Flexner]]

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vyaudokotala ku America vikaŵavya wovwiri wa ndalama panji kulamulirika na boma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Starr |first=Paul |date=1977 |title=Medicine, Economy and Society in Nineteenth-Century America |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786770 |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=588–607 |doi=10.1353/jsh/10.4.588 |jstor=3786770 |issn=0022-4529|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Malango gha vyilolezgo vya ntchito yaudokotala gha maboma ghakaŵapo ghachoko waka,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Truex |first=Eleanor Shanklin |date=April 2014 |title=Medical Licensing and Discipline in America: A History of the Federation of State Medical Boards |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=133–134 |doi=10.3163/1536-5050.102.2.019 |issn=1536-5050 |pmc=3988768}}&lt;/ref&gt; ndipo nangauli ghakaŵapo, ghakagwiriskikanga ntchito mwankhongono yayi. Pakaŵa masukulu ghanandi ghaudokotala, ndipo lililose likaŵa na mtundu wake wa masambiro kweniso umampha wake.

Mu 1904, [[American Medical Association]] (AMA) yikakhazikiska Council on Medical Education (CME),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/about-council-medical-education | title=About the Council on Medical Education | website=American Medical Association |access-date=February 20, 2017 | quote=Founded in 1904, the Council on Medical Education recommends educational policies to the AMA House of Delegates.}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakusintha masambiro ghaudokotala ku America. Pa ungano wake wakwamba wa chaka, CME yikazomerezga milingo yiŵiri: wakwamba ukaŵika masambiro ghakwambilira agho ghakakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke mu sukulu yaudokotala; wachiŵiri ukalongosora kuti masambiro ghaudokotala ghakaŵa gha vyaka viŵiri vya kusambira [[anatomy]] na [[physiology]] ya thupi la munthu, kulondezgana na vyaka viŵiri vya ntchito ya kuchipatala mu [[teaching hospital]]. Mu fundo yake yose, khonsolo iyi yikakhumbanga kunozga umampha wa ŵasambiri ŵaudokotala mwa kukopa ŵasambiri ŵakusambira chomene kweniso ŵakufuma mu mbumba zakusambira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America|last=Brown|first=E. Richard|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|year=1979|isbn=978-0-520-04269-8|location=United States of America|pages=150}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1908, pakukhumba kulutiska panthazi ndondomeko yake ya kusintha na kuchimbizga kujalika kwa masukulu agho ghakatondekanga kufiska milingo yake, CME yikapangana na [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] kuti yisande masambiro ghaudokotala gha ku America. [[Henry Pritchett]], pulezidenti wa Carnegie Foundation kweniso wakukhozga chomene kusintha kwa masukulu ghaudokotala, wakasankha [[Abraham Flexner]] kuti wachite kafukufuku uwu. Flexner wakaŵa dokotala yayi, musayansi yayi, ndipo wakaŵaso msambizgi waudokotala yayi. Wakaŵa na digiri ya [[Bachelor of Arts]] ndipo wakalongozganga [[for-profit school|sukulu ya malonda]] ku [[Louisville, Kentucky]].&lt;ref name=Goodman_143&gt;{{cite book|last1=Goodman|first1=John C.|last2=Musgrave|first2=Gerald L.|title=Patient power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis|year=1992|publisher=Cato Inst.|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-932790-92-7|url=http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|pages=142–148|archive-date=May 24, 2010|access-date=March 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524132721/http://www.ncpa.org/pdfs/sp_pp_Part_II.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakaluta ku masukulu ghose ghaudokotala 155 agho ghakaŵa kugwira ntchito pa nyengo iyo ku North America. Masukulu agha ghakasiyananga chomene pa mapulogiramu gha masambiro, nthowa za kuyezgera ŵasambiri, kweniso ivyo vikakhumbikwanga kuti munthu wapokerereke panji wamalizge masambiro. Pakufiska kafukufuku wake, wakalemba kuti:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Molly |last2=Irby |first2=David M. |last3=Sullivan |first3=William |last4=Ludmerer |first4=Kenneth M. |author-link4=Kenneth Ludmerer |title=American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=September 28, 2006 |volume=355 |issue=13 |pages=1339–1344 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra055445 |pmid=17005951}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{cquote
| quote = &quot;Each day students were subjected to interminable lectures and recitations. After a long morning of dissection or a series of quiz sections, they might sit wearily in the afternoon through three or four or even five lectures delivered in methodical fashion by part-time teachers. Evenings were given over to reading and preparation for recitations.&quot;
}}

Lipoti ili likamanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mazgu ghake ghankhongono ghakususka masukulu ghanyake. Mwachiyelezgero, Flexner wakalongosora masukulu ghaudokotala 14 gha ku Chicago kuti &quot;ngakukhozga soni ku Boma ilo malango ghake ghakuzomerezga kuti ghalutilire kuŵapo ... ngakufipiskira chomene ... ni suzgo likuru la charu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, masukulu ghanyake ghakatumbikika chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yiwemi, kusazgapo [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine|Western Reserve]] (sono ''Case'' Western Reserve), [[Michigan Medicine|Michigan]], [[Wake Forest School of Medicine|Wake Forest]], [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|McGill]], [[University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine|Toronto]], ndipo chomene [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins]], ilo likalongosoreka kuti ni &quot;chiyelezgero cha masambiro ghaudokotala.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Raffel MN, Raffel NK. ''The US Health System: Origins and Functions''. 4th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers; 1994:11.&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamanyuma pake, lipoti ili likabweriska vyakuchitika vinandi ivyo vikaghanaghanirikanga yayi, ndipo vinyake mwa ivyo vikabwera chifukwa cha lipoti ili vichali kuwoneka mu vyaudokotala vya ku America mpaka lero. Magulu gha ŵanthu nga ni ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵanakazi ghakasangana na mwaŵi uchoko chifukwa cha kufumiskika kwa ''Flexner Report''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kweniso, masukulu ghanandi gha [[alternative medicine]] na [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|osteopathic medicine]] ghakajalika chifukwa cha lipoti ili.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Vyakusintha ivyo vikakhumbikwanga ==

Kuti kovwire pa kusintha ndiposo kusintha maghanoghano gha madokotala na ŵasayansi ŵanyake, [[John D. Rockefeller]] wakapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku makoleji na vipatala, ndipo wakambiska bungwe la vyawanangwa lakucemeka [[General Education Board]] (GEB).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-general-education-board-1903-1964/|title=“Without Distinction of Race, Sex, or Creed”: The General Education Board, 1903-1964, Rockefeller Archive Center|website=resource.rockarch.org|access-date=May 27, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vikaŵa vyakusuzga yayi kusambira vya munkhwala pera yayi, kweniso kukhazikiska sukulu ya munkhwala. Apo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala ku United States ghakaŵa masukulu ghachoko gha ŵanthu ŵekha agho ghakasambizganga ntchito, ndipo ghakaŵa gha dokotala yumoza panji ŵanandi. Masukulu agha ghakaŵavya kukolerana na koleji panji yunivesite ndipo ghakendeskekanga kuti ghapange phindu. Digiri yikapelekekanga para munthu wasambira vyaka viŵiri pera, ndipo ntchito za mu [[Labotale]] na [[Kusekenura thupi]] zikaŵa zakusankha waka. Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa madokotala gha mu malo agho ŵakasambizganga nyengo yichoko waka. Pakaŵavya maprofesa ŵanandi ŵakugwira ntchito nyengo yose awo ŵakajipelekanga ku masambiro gha munkhwala. Masukulu gha munkhwala ghakapokeranga yayi ndalama za boma, ndipo ndalama zawo zikafumanga waka ku malipiro gha ŵasambiri. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakaŵa na malango ghachoko chomene panji ghakaŵavya pakuwoneseska ntchito ya udokotala. Madokotala gha ku America ghakasiyananga chomene pa kumanya kwawo vya [[Kayendeskero ka thupi la munthu]], ndipo lizgu lakuti [[Wudokotala wautesi|quack]] likagwiriskikanga ntchito kanandi.

Flexner wakasanda mwakupwelelera umo vinthu vikaŵiranga. Pakugwiliskira ntchito [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]] nga ni chiyelezgero cha sukulu yiwemi chomene ya munkhwala,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514010030/http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm UNMC's ''Flexner's Impact on American Medicine''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514010030/http://www.unmc.edu/Community/ruralmeded/flexner.htm |date=May 14, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wakapeleka ulongozgi uwu:&lt;ref name=Barzansky1992 /&gt;

# Kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha munkhwala (kufuma pa 155 kufika pa 31), kweniso kuchepeska unandi wa madokotala awo ŵakasambizgika makora yayi;
# Kusazgirako ivyo munthu wakwenera kuŵa navyo pambere wandanjire mu [[Masambiro ghakwambilira gha munkhwala]];
# Kusambizga madokotala kugwiliskira ntchito [[Nthowa ya sayansi]] ndiposo kuchiska ŵasambizgi ŵa munkhwala kuchita kafukufuku;
# Kupeleka masukulu gha munkhwala mazaza ghakwendeska masambiro gha kuchipatala mu vipatala;
# Kulemba ntchito ŵasambizgi ŵakusambizgika makora awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose pa masambiro gha munkhwala;
# Kusazgirako ndalama zakovwilira masukulu gha munkhwala;
# Kukhozga malango gha maboma gha vigaŵa pa kupereka layisensi ya udokotala.

Flexner wakalemba kuti wakawonanga Johns Hopkins nga ni &quot;sukulu yichoko kweni yakufikapo ya munkhwala, iyo yikaphatikizga mu nthowa yiphya yakukolerana na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga ku America, makhaliro ghawemi chomene gha masambiro gha munkhwala ku England, France na Germany.&quot; Kwa Flexner, Johns Hopkins wakaphatikizga miyezgo yapachanya ya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany, apo wakasunganga mwambo wa ku America wakuchindika chomene ŵalwari na madokotala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Pakukhumba kuti Johns Hopkins yiŵe chiyelezgero icho masukulu ghanyake ghose gha munkhwala ku United States ghawoneskerenge, Flexner wakafika pakuyowoya kuti masukulu ghanyake ghose ghakaŵa pasi pa &quot;malo ghakuwala ghekha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://soilandhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/0303critic/030312brown/brown4.htm|title=Brown: Chapter 4 - Reforming Medical Education: Who Will Rule Medicine?|last=Bonner|first=Thomas|date=February 1998|website=soilandhealth.org|access-date=March 1, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Padera pa [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Johns Hopkins]], Flexner wakawonaso kuti [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Harvard]], [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Yunivesite ya Michigan]], na [[Sukulu ya Munkhwala ya Perelman pa Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]] ghakaŵa masukulu ghawemi. Wakati masukulu agho ghakafikanga yayi pa miyezgo iyi ghakeneranga kusintha nthowa yawo yakusambizgira munkhwala panji kujara.

Flexner wakagomezgaso kuti kuti munthu wapokereke mu sukulu ya munkhwala wakeneranga kuŵa na satifiketi ya [[Sukulu ya Sekondale]] ndiposo vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku koleji panji yunivesite, chomenechomene mu [[Sayansi yakwamba]]. Apo wakachitanga kafukufuku wake, masukulu 16 pera pa 155 gha munkhwala ku United States na Canada ndigho ghakakhumbanga kuti awo ŵakulemba ŵaŵe kuti ŵamalizga vyaka viŵiri panji vyakuluska pa yunivesite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flexner_28&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Flexner|Pritchett|1910|pp=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kufika mu 1920, masukulu 92 pa 100 gha munkhwala ku United States ghakakhumbanga kale fundo iyi. Flexner wakayowoyaso kuti masambiro gha munkhwala ghakwenera kuŵa gha vyaka vinayi, ndipo ivyo vikusambizgika viŵe ivyo CME yikazomerezga mu 1905. Wakapangiska kuti masukulu gha munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵekha ghatsekeke panji ghasazgikemo mu mayunivesite agho ghakalipo. Wakayowoyaso kuti sukulu ya munkhwala yikwenera kuŵa yimoza mwa masukulu gha yunivesite yikuru chifukwa sukulu yakuyimira payekha yikeneranga kulipiska ndalama zinandi chomene kuti yikhalilire.

Chinthu chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimanya yayi ni ulongozgi wa Flexner wakuti masukulu gha munkhwala ghakwenera kulemba ntchito maprofesa ŵa vya kuchipatala awo ŵagwirenge ntchito nyengo yose. Pakachitikanga kafukufuku wake, wakawona kuti pakaŵa kusoŵa kwa maprofesa ŵakujipeleka ku ntchito nyengo yose. Wakati masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakakhumbikwiranga maprofesa ŵakujipeleka kuti ŵasambizge mibadwo yakulondezgapo ya madokotala. Ŵeneawo ŵapikenge maudindo agha ŵaŵenge &quot;ŵasambizgi ŵanadi ŵa yunivesite, ŵakugegeka ku ntchito zinyake zose kupatulako ntchito ya chawanangwa, chifukwa cha kusambizga.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Flexner wakalutilira kulimbikira fundo iyi kwa vyaka vinandi, nangauli ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵa munkhwala ŵakasuskanga.

Flexner wakaŵa mwana wa ŵanthu ŵakafuma ku Germany ndipo wakasambira na kwenda chomene ku Europe. Wakamanyanga makora kuti munthu wangachita yayi ntchito ya udokotala mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe kwambura kusambira pa yunivesite mu nthambi yapadera kwa nyengo yitali. Vinthu vinandi vya masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku Germany vikamukondweskanga Flexner, pamoza na ŵasambizgi na madokotala ŵanyake awo ŵakalutanga ku Germany, nga ni miyezgo ya charu yose ya ŵasambiri na mayunivesite, wanangwa wa masambiro, ndiposo kukhumbikwira kusambira mwapadera para munthu wamara digiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German influences on U.S. surgery and the founding of the ACS |url=https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/bulletin/2020/07/german-influences-on-u-s-surgery-and-the-founding-of-the-acs/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=ACS }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Duffy |first=Thomas P. |date=September 2011 |title=The Flexner Report ― 100 Years Later |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=269–276 |issn=0044-0086 |pmc=3178858 |pmid=21966046}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kweniso, madokotala ŵanandi awo ŵakalutanga ku Europe kukasambira para ŵamaliska digiri ŵakakondwanga na umo Germany yikajipelekera ku [[Kafukufuku]], kupanga vinthu viphya, ndiposo kusambizga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Mwantheura, Flexner wakakhumbanga kuti masambiro gha munkhwala gha ku America ghakolerane na umo vinthu vikachitikira mu vyaru vya ku Europe.

Pa nyengo yikuru, masukulu gha munkhwala ku Canada na United States ghakalondezga ulongozgi unandi wa Flexner. Ndipouli, ghakusazgirapo chomene sono kusambizga nkhani za [[Umoyo wa ŵanthu]].

=== Kukhozga malango gha boma pa nkhani ya malayisensi gha ŵakuchita vya munkhwala ===
Mutu 11 wa ''Flexner Report'', wakuti &quot;The State Boards,&quot; ukulongosora mwaukali chomene umo vinthu vikaŵira pa nkhani ya malango gha vya munkhwala mu nyengo iyo, chomenechomene pa kuleka kugwira ntchito makora na kusiyana kwa makhaliro gha mabodi gha vya munkhwala gha maboma gha vigaŵa. Flexner wakalongosora ntchito yakuzirwa iyo mabodi agha ghakeneranga kuchita pakusunga miyezo ya masambiro gha vya munkhwala, kweniso pa nkhani za malango na makhaliro, kweni wakayowoya kuti mabodi agha ghakafipiska ntchito iyi chomene.

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Mu 1906, sukulu yiheni chomene mu Chicago—sukulu iyo yikaŵavya chakwamba chakukhumbikwa kuti munthu wasambirepo, yikaŵavya masambiro gha mu ma laboratory, ndipo yikaŵavya ubwezi na vipatala—yikapanga mbiri yiwemi chomene pa mabodi gha boma kuluska sukulu yiliyose ya Chicago mu chaka icho. Sukulu iyi, iyo yili pafupifupi yakuyana waka na iyo yikaŵa kale, sono pera ndiyo yalengeka kuti &quot;yili mu malo ghawemi yayi&quot; na boma la Illinois. Kulikose mu Canada na United States, mabungwe ghambura ntchito ghakukana chizunguziro chifukwa ghakulongora kuti ghakachita makora pa mayeso gha mabodi gha boma.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ndondomeko yakukonzaso ya Flexner, iyo yikalata kuti yikwezge masambiro gha vya munkhwala mu United States, yikathemba chomene pa mabodi gha vya munkhwala gha boma kuti ghaŵe ŵalinda ŵakugomezgeka ŵa ntchito iyi. Wakakosera kuti mabodi gha boma ghakeneranga kuwona mwakukhwima kuti ŵekha awo ŵamalizga masambiro ghakwenelera na ghakuyana mu miyezo ndiwo ŵanjire mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala. Kwaku nkhani ya malango, mabodi gha boma ghakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza gha kupereka malayisensi kwa ŵakuchita vya munkhwala, ndipo ku nkhani ya makhaliro, ghakeneranga kusunga uchindami wa ntchito iyi mwa kukhazikiska na kulondezga miyezo iyi.

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Nkhongono iyo yikuzomerezga diploma pamoza na layisensi yake yikwenera kuŵa na nkhongono yakuvikilira ivyo yikupereka ku chinthu chilichose icho chingachizgora kuŵa chakuchepa mtengo panji kuphwanya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

Kweni, lipoti la Flexner likususka uheni wa vimbundi na kusoŵa kwa umo mabodi gha boma ghakuyana, ivyo vikazomerezga masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakaŵa pasi pa miyezo kulutilira kugwira ntchito. Kanandi mabodi agha ghakaŵa pasi pa nkhongono za ndyali m’malo mwa fundo za masambiro panji za ntchito, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti malango gha malayisensi ghalondezgeke mwakusiyana. Madera ghanyake ghakasunga miyezo yapachanya, kweni ghanyake ghakazomerezga pafupifupi munthu waliyose uyo wakaŵa na masambiro ghachoko waka kuti wachite vya munkhwala.

&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Mu maboma ghanandi, kusankhika kwa ŵanthu mu maudindo kukuwoneka nga ni mphotho za ndyali; kanandi ŵasambizgi ŵakuŵavya mwaŵi wakusankhika. Ntheura, vikuchitika kuti mabodi agha nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa ghambura nkhongono, ndipo panji ghakukhumba yayi kususkana na masukulu panji ghakuŵavya mazaza gha malango kuti ghachite nthena; nyengo zinyake ghakuŵa na mtima uwemi kweni ghakuŵavya luso; ndipo mu vinyake ghakuŵa ghambura kulopwa yayi nanga ni ghambura mtima uwemi, kweni ghakuŵa ghakuchenjera, ghankhongono, ndiposo ghakukolerana chomene na vyakukhumba vyawo na vyakupweteka vya ndyali.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

Flexner wakadandawura kuti ndondomeko yakupambana-pambana iyi ya malango yikapweteka mboniwoni yake ya ntchito ya vya munkhwala iyo yikaŵa yakukolerana, yasayansi, ndiposo yakulondezga makhaliro ghawemi mu United States yose. Ndondomeko yake yikathemba pa mabodi agha kuti ghachite nga ni ŵalinda ŵa makhaliro ghawemi kuti ŵavikilire umoyo na chivikiliro cha ŵanthu, kweni kuleka kwa mabodi agha kufiska ntchito yawo kukalongoreka kuti nkhani yikuru iyo yikatondeska kukwaniska kukonzaso kwakukwana.

==Ivyo lipoti ili likapangiska==
Vinthu vinandi mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala mu North America vikasinthika pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report''. Masambiro gha vya munkhwala ghakamba kulondezga chomene nthowa ya sayansi ndipo ghakakhazikika pa umo thupi la munthu likugwirira ntchito na [[biochemistry|sayansi ya makemikhali gha mu thupi]]. Kafukufuku wa vya munkhwala wakayamba kukolerana chomene na malango gha kafukufuku wa sayansi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beck2004&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Andrew H.|title=The Flexner report and the standardization of American medical education.|journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association|date=May 5, 2004|volume=291|issue=17|pages=2139–40|doi=10.1001/jama.291.17.2139|pmid=15126445|url=https://www.cosbyig.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Flexner-report.pdf|access-date=November 24, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Luso la ŵakuchita vya munkhwala pa avareji likakwera chomene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barzansky1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Barzansky|first=Barbara|title=Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century|year=1992|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0313259845|edition=1. publ.|author2=Gevitz, Norman |author-link2=Norman Gevitz }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kujalika kwa masukulu gha vya munkhwala===
Flexner wakakhumba kusintha vyakukhumbikwa pakupokera ŵasambiri mu masukulu gha vya munkhwala kweniso kukweza ubali wa masambiro gha vya munkhwala. Wakawona kuti masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala ghakaŵa na vyakukhumbikwa vyakukwana yayi pakupokera ŵasambiri ndiposo ghakaŵavya masambiro ghakukwana. Ntheura, Flexner wakakhumba kuchepeska unandi wa masukulu gha vya munkhwala mu United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Kant |last2=Rushefsky |first2=Mark E. |title=The Politics of Public Health in the United States |date=2004 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=9780765636454 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=symnYJlBtewC&amp;pg=PA90 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukulu zinandi za ku America izo zikaperekanga madigiri gha [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] panji [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|DO]] pa nyengo ya ''Report'' (1910) zikajara mu vyaka pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri panji makumi ghatatu. (Mu Canada, sukulu ya vya munkhwala pera ku [[University of Western Ontario|Western University]] ndiyo yikawoneka kuti yikaŵa yakukwana yayi, kweni yikajara yayi panji kusazgikana na sukulu yinyake pamanyuma pa ''Report''.) Mu 1904, pambere ''Report'' yindafike, mukaŵa mabungwe 160 agho ghakaperekanga MD ndipo ghakaŵa na ŵasambiri ŵakujumpha 28,000. Mu 1920, pamanyuma pa ''Report'', pakaŵa mabungwe 85 pera agho ghakaperekanga MD, ndipo ghakasambizganga ŵasambiri 13,800 pera. Mu 1935, pakaŵa masukulu gha vya munkhwala 66 pera agho ghakaŵa ghakugwira ntchito mu United States.

Pakati pa 1910 na 1935, kupitirira hafu ya masukulu ghose gha vya munkhwala gha ku America ghakasazgikana panji ghakajara. Kutsika kukuru uku kukaŵa chifukwa mu chigaŵa chinyake cha kukhazikiska ivyo ''Report'' yikayowoya kuti masukulu ghose gha [[For-profit education|&quot;proprietary&quot; schools|masukulu gha vyamalonda]] ghakeneranga kujara ndipo masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghakeneranga kulumikizgika na mayunivesite. Pa masukulu 66 agho ghakakhalapo mu 1935 ndipo ghakaperekanga madigiri gha MD, 57 ghakaŵa gha mayunivesite. Chinthu chakuzirwa icho chikapangiska kuti masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghakasazgike panji ghajare chikaŵa malango gha chalo chose na kulondezga miyezo ya masukulu gha vya munkhwala: mabodi ghose gha vya munkhwala gha boma ghakamba pachoko-pachoko kulondezga na kukhazikiska ivyo ''Report'' yikapempha. Chifukwa cha ''Flexner'' ''Report'', masukulu ghanyake ghakachimbizga ŵasambizgi ŵakukalamba chomene nga ni chigaŵa cha ndondomeko ya kusintha na kuphya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=McAlister|first=Vivian|author2=Claydon, Emily|title=The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report|journal=World Journal of Surgery|year=2012|pages=684–8|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/32172|doi=10.1007/s00268-011-1407-x|pmid=22270978|pmc=3279636|volume=36|issue=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ivyo vikapangiska pa udindo wa dokotala===
Mboniwoni ya masambiro gha vya munkhwala iyo yikulongosoreka mu ''Flexner Report'' yikapangiska masukulu gha vya munkhwala kuŵika mtima chomene pa matenda, kuleka kuŵa na chidwi chikuru pa ndondomeko ya vya chipharo panji umoyo wa ŵanthu wose padera pa matenda. [[Preventive healthcare|Kuvikilira matenda pambere ghandambe]] na [[population health|umoyo wa ŵanthu wose]] vikaŵa yayi nga ni mulimo wa madokotala, ndipo ichi chikagaŵa mazgu ghakuti &quot;umoyo&quot; mu vigaŵa viŵiri vyakupambana: [[Medicine|mankhwala gha sayansi]] na [[umoyo wa ŵanthu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ludmerer, Kenneth M. |url=https://archive.org/details/timetohealameric0000ludm |title=Time to heal: American medical education from the turn of the century |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-518136-0 |oclc=57282902 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ivyo vikapangiska pa madokotala na ŵalwari ŵa ku Africa-America===
''Flexner Report'' yikususkika chifukwa cha kwambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga [[systemic racism|sankho lakukhazikika mu ndondomeko za wupu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Listen: How one 1910 report curtailed Black medical education for over a century |url=https://www.statnews.com/2022/04/04/color-code-flexner-report-curtailed-black-medical-education/ |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=STAT }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cryts |first=Aine |date=June 15, 2021 |title=AMA Acknowledges Past Med Education Racism, Vows Better Future |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/953120 |access-date=May 1, 2022 |website=Medscape }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flexner wakakhozgera kuti masukulu gha vya munkhwala ghose gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake gha [[historically Black colleges and universities|ŵanthu ŵafipa mu mdauko]] ghajare padera pa ghaŵiri pera. Chifukwa cha ichi, pakaŵa pera [[Howard University College of Medicine]] na [[Meharry Medical College]] agho ghakalutilira kuŵa ghakujura, apo masukulu ghanyake ghankhondi ghakajara. Flexner wakalongora maghanoghano ghake ghakuti madokotala ŵa fipa ŵakeneranga kulapa ŵalwari ŵa fipa pera ndipo ŵakeneranga kuŵa na maudindo ghapasi kuluska madokotala ŵazungu. Flexner wakakhozga fundo yakuti ŵasambiri ŵa vya munkhwala ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakeneranga kusambizgika pa &quot;ukhondo kuluska opaleshoni&quot; ndipo ŵagwire ntchito nga ni &quot;ŵakuvikilira ukhondo,&quot; na mulimo ukuru wa kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵazungu ku matenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=January 22, 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} How tens of thousands of Black U.S. doctors simply vanished |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/22/uche-blackstock-legacy-black-doctors/ |access-date=April 23, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post }}&lt;/ref&gt; Flexner wakalemba mu ''Report'':&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

{{Blockquote|quote = &quot;Munthu wa fipa uyo wasambizgika makora vya ukhondo wazamuŵa wakovwira chomene; kweni munthu wa fipa uyo wandasambire makora kweni wavwara digiri ya M.D. ni wakofya.&quot;}}

Kweniso, pamoza na kulondezga kwake [[germ theory of disease|chiphunzitso cha tizirombo uto tukupangiska matenda]], Flexner wakayowoya kuti, usange ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa-America ŵandapokere masambiro ghakwenelera na wovwiri wakwenelera, ŵangaŵa chakofya ku umoyo wa ŵazungu ŵa pakati na ŵa pachanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;medicine.missouri.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Black Physicians and Black Hospitals|url=http://medicine.missouri.edu/ophthalmology/uploads/ch06.pdf|page=24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002104238/http://medicine.missouri.edu/ophthalmology/uploads/ch06.pdf|archive-date=October 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Flexner wakayowoya kuti madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakeneranga kusambizgika kuti ŵakanizge kufalikira kwa matenda pakati pa ŵa ku Africa-America kweniso kuvikilira ŵazungu kuti ŵaleke kutapukira na matenda agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

{{Blockquote|quote = &quot;Mulimo wa dokotala wa fipa uzamukhala wakukanizgika ku mtundu wake pera, uwo nawo uzamupokera chivikiliro chiwemi chomene kufuma ku madokotala ŵa fipa ŵawemi kuluska kufuma ku madokotala ŵazungu ŵambura luso. Kweni umoyo wa thupi wa munthu wa fipa ngwakuzirwa yayi kwa munthu wa fipa pera. Mamiliyoni khumi gha iwo ghakukhala pafupi na mamiliyoni makumi ghankhondi na limoza gha ŵazungu. Sikuti munthu wa fipa yekha ndiyo wakutambuzgika na mphutsi za hookworm na TB; iyo wakuphalira matenda agha kwa ŵazengezgani ŵake ŵazungu, nga umo munthu mzungu wambura mahara na wakukhumudwa nayo wangamutapurira. Kujivikilira kweniso uwemi wa mtima vikupereka ulongozgi wakuzirwa pa nkhani iyi; ''kujikhumbira kwawemi kukukolerana na lusungu''. Munthu wa fipa wakwenera kusambizgika chifukwa cha iyo pera yayi, kweni chifukwa cha ise. Iyo, mwakuyana na umo jiso la munthu lingawona, ni chigaŵa chakukhalilira mu mtundu uwu wa charu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;medicine.missouri.edu&quot;/&gt;}}

Ivyo Flexner wakasanga vikachepeskaso mwaŵi wa madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala. Nanga ni masukulu gha Howard na Meharry ghakasuzgika kuti ghalutilire kuŵa ghakujura pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', chifukwa ghakeneranga kukwaniska vyakukhumbikwa vya mabungwe nga ni masukulu gha vya munkhwala gha ŵazungu, ivyo vikulongora kupambana pa mwaŵi wakusanga wovwiri wa vya munkhwala pakati pa ŵazungu na ŵa ku Africa-America. Pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', ŵasambiri ŵa ku Africa-America ŵakasuzga mayunivesite mu makhoti, kupikisana na fundo iyo yikaŵa yakukhazikika mu [[Plessy v. Ferguson]]. Kweni ŵasambiri aŵa ŵakasangana na kukanizgika kufuma ku masukulu agho ghakalutilira kukhozgera [[racial segregation|kugaŵikana kwa mitundu]] mu masambiro gha vya munkhwala. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 15 kufuma pa [[Brown v. Board of Education]] mu 1954, ndipo apo [[Association of American Medical Colleges|AAMC]] yikamba kusimikizga mwaŵi wa masambiro gha vya munkhwala kwa ŵa ku Africa-America na ŵa mitundu yinyake mwa kukhozgera kusazgikana kwa masukulu gha vya munkhwala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Steinecke |first1=Ann |last2=Terrell |first2=Charles |date=February 2010 |title=Progress for Whose Future? The Impact of the Flexner Report on Medical Education for Racial and Ethnic Minority Physicians in the United States |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=236–245 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c885be |issn=1040-2446 |pmid=20107348 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kujalika kwa masukulu ghankhondi, kweniso unenesko wakuti ŵasambiri ŵa fipa ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi mu masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala gha ku U.S. kwa vyaka 50 pamanyuma pa ''Flexner Report'', vyawovwira pa unandi uchoko wa madokotala ŵa mitundu yakupambana awo ŵababika mu America, chifukwa masuzgo agha ghachali kuwoneka nanga ni pamanyuma pa vyaka vyakujumpha 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sullivan |first1=Louis W. |last2=Suez Mittman |first2=Ilana |date=February 2010 |title=The State of Diversity in the Health Professions a Century After Flexner |journal=Academic Medicine |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=246–253 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c88145 |pmid=20107349 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makumi gha masauzandi gha madokotala ŵa ku Africa-America ghakazimiririka chifukwa cha ''Flexner Report''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kuyana na [[Census|kalembera wa ŵanthu wa chalo]], madokotala ŵakufuma mu magulu gha ŵanthu ŵachoko, kusazgapo ŵa ku Africa-America, ŵachalutilira kuŵa ŵakuyimiririka pachoko mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Devin B. |last2=Gruppuso |first2=Philip A. |last3=McGee |first3=Heather A. |last4=Murillo |first4=Anarina L. |last5=Grover |first5=Atul |last6=Adashi |first6=Eli Y. |date=April 29, 2021 |title=Diversity of the National Medical Student Body — Four Decades of Inequities |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=384 |issue=17 |pages=1661–1668 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsr2028487 |pmid=33913645 |issn=0028-4793}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chifukwa cha malemba gha sankho gha mu ''Flexner Report'', AAMC yikasankha kusintha zina la chawanangwa chakuzirwa cha Abraham Flexner mu 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; David Acosta, M.D., mulara wa vya kusazgikana na kulondezga mwaŵi wa AAMC, wakayowoya kuti, &quot;Tikwenera yayi kusulako mdauko wa sankho mu vya munkhwala ndipo tikwenera kuchita chilichose icho tingakwaniska kuti tiwovwire pakunozga vinthu para mdauko uwu wasangika.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kweni maghanoghano ghakuti Flexner na ''Report'' yake vikapweteka masukulu gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵa fipa ghakususkika na [[Thomas N. Bonner]], uyo wakayowoya kuti Flexner wakagwira ntchito yakuvikilira masukulu ghaŵiri gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanthu ŵa fipa agho ghakasambizganga madokotala ghanandi gha fipa pa nyengo iyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Searching for Abraham|journal=Academic Medicine |date=February 1998 |volume=73 |issue=2 |url=https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/1998/02000/Searching_for_Abraham_Flexner.14.aspx|access-date=August 13, 2022 |last1=Bonner |first1=T. N. |pages=160–166 |doi=10.1097/00001888-199802000-00014 |pmid=9484189 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ivyo vikapangiska pa ŵanakazi===
''Flexner Report'' yikususkikaso chifukwa cha kwambiska ndondomeko izo zikakhozga sankho la kugonana,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; ivyo vikapangiska kuti &quot;ŵanakazi pafupi kumara mu gulu la madokotala pakati pa 1910 na 1970.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Barkin |first1=Shari L. |last2=Fuentes-Afflick |first2=Elena |last3=Brosco |first3=Jeffrey P. |last4=Tuchman |first4=Arleen M. |date=December 1, 2010 |title=Unintended Consequences of the Flexner Report: Women in Pediatrics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2050 |journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=1055–1057 |doi=10.1542/peds.2010-2050 |pmid=21059716 |issn=0031-4005|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pambere ''Flexner Report'' yindalembeke, mu chigaŵa cha pakati na kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mayunivesite ghakaŵa kwamba waka kujura na kusazgirako kupokera ŵanakazi nga ni chigaŵa cha masukulu gha ŵanakazi na masukulu gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pamoza, pamoza na kukhazikiska kwa [[co-education|masambiro gha ŵanalume na ŵanakazi pamoza]] pa [[Oberlin College]] mu 1833 kweniso masukulu ghapadera gha ŵanakazi pera nga ni [[Vassar College]] na [[Pembroke College (Brown University)|Pembroke College]]. Kweniso, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakajura masukulu ghawo gha vya munkhwala gha ŵanakazi chifukwa masukulu ghanyake gha vya munkhwala ghakakananga kuŵapokera.

Mu ''Report'', Flexner wakazunura kuti mukaŵa ŵanakazi ŵachoko mu masambiro gha vya munkhwala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Flexner wakagomezganga kuti unandi uchoko wa ŵasambiri ŵanakazi ŵa vya munkhwala na madokotala ŵanakazi ukaŵa chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa mwaŵi yayi, chifukwa iyo wakawonanga kuti mukaŵa mwaŵi wakukwana kuti ŵanakazi ŵasambire vya munkhwala. Ntheura, wakagomezganga kuti unandi uchoko uwu ukaŵa chifukwa cha khumbo lakusazgikira yayi na chizolowezi chakuŵa na khumbo lakuŵa mu sukulu ya vya munkhwala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

{{Blockquote|quote = “Sono pakuti ŵanakazi ŵakuzomerezgeka mwawanangwa mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala, vikuwoneka kuti ŵakulondezga mwakuchepa khumbo lakunjira mu ntchito iyi. Masukulu ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyose ghali kujulika kwa iwo; ŵachoko waka ŵakuluta ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵakumalizga.”}}

{{Blockquote|quote = “Sono pakuti ŵanakazi ŵakuzomerezgeka mwawanangwa mu ntchito ya vya munkhwala, vikuwoneka kuti ŵakulondezga mwakuchepa khumbo lakunjira mu ntchito iyi. Masukulu ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyose ghali kujulika kwa iwo; ŵachoko waka ŵakuluta ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵakumalizga.”}}

Flexner wakakhozgeraso chomene udindo wapadera wa ŵanakazi mu vya munkhwala mu ''Report'', pakuyowoya kuti &quot;[w]anakazi ŵali na mulimo wakuwonekera chomene mu vigaŵa vinyake vya vya munkhwala&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Apo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana na ŵanalume pa vinjeru ndipo ŵangaŵa na luso mu ntchito yiliyose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵanakazi mwakawiro ŵali na mtima wa kupwelelera na chitemwa, ndipo usange ŵangasankha ntchito ya vya munkhwala, ŵakeneranga kuchita mu vya umoyo wa ŵana, umoyo wa pa ntchito, panji umoyo wa amama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ''Report'' yingaŵa chinthu chinyake icho chikakhozgera madokotala ŵanakazi kusankha mwapadera vya [[pediatrics|umoyo wa ŵana]], [[obstetrics|ubali wa kubaba ŵana]], na [[gynecology|matenda gha ŵanakazi]] m’malo mwa vigaŵa vinyake vya vya munkhwala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

===Ivyo vikapangiska pa munkhwala wakupambana===
Pa nyengo iyo Flexner wakachitanga kafukufuku wa lipoti lake, &quot;mankhwala gha mazuŵa ghano&quot; ghakasangana na kupikisana kukuru kufuma ku vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo [[Osteopathic medicine in the United States|mankhwala gha osteopathic mu United States]], [[Chiropractic|chiropractic]], [[electrotherapy|mankhwala gha magetsi]], [[eclectic medicine|mankhwala gha kusazga nthowa zakupambana]], [[naturopathy|naturopathy]], na [[homeopathy|homeopathy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stahnisch |first=Frank W. |author-link=Frank W. Stahnisch |author2=Verhoef, Marja |title=The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2012/647896 |pmid=23346209 |pmc=3543812 |year=2012 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Flexner wakakayikira chomene kuti nthowa zose za vya munkhwala izo zikaŵavya ukaboni wa kafukufuku wa sayansi zikaŵa zakugomezgeka yayi. Wakawonanga kuti nthowa yiliyose ya vya munkhwala iyo yikaleka kukhozgera kugwiliskira ntchito munkhwala nga ni majekiseni pakukanizga na kuchizga matenda yikaŵa yakuyana na upusikizgi na ulendo wa ŵapusu. 

Masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakasambizganga nthowa zakupambana, kusazgapo [[Electromagnetic therapy|mankhwala gha minda ya magineti]], [[Light therapy|mankhwala gha ungweru]], [[eclectic medicine|mankhwala gha kusazga nthowa zakupambana]], physiomedicalism, [[naturopathy|naturopathy]], na [[homeopathy|homeopathy]], ghakapempheka kuti ghachotse masambiro agha mu ndondomeko yawo ya masambiro panji ghakataye chizomerezgo chawo na wovwiri wa ndalama. Masukulu ghanyake ghakasuskanga kwa nyengo yichoko, kweni paumaliro masukulu ghanandi gha munkhwala wakupambana ghakakolerana na ''Report'' panji ghakajara visisi vyawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=The Flexner Report of 1910 and Its Impact on Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry in North America in the 20th Century |year=2012 |doi=10.1155/2012/647896 |doi-access=free |last1=Stahnisch |first1=Frank W. |author-link1=Frank W. Stahnisch |last2=Verhoef |first2=Marja |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2012 |pages=1–10 |pmid=23346209 |pmc=3543812}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ivyo vikapangiska pa munkhwala wa osteopathic===
Nangauli pafupifupi masukulu ghose gha munkhwala wakupambana agho ghakazunulika mu ''Flexner Report'' ghakajara, [[American Osteopathic Association]] (AOA) yikawovwira masukulu ghanandi gha vya munkhwala gha osteopathic kulondezga ivyo Flexner wakayowoya kuti ghapange nthowa ya munkhwala iyo yikukolerana na ukaboni wa sayansi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gevitz |first=Norman |date=June 2009 |title=The transformation of osteopathic medical education |journal=Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=701–706 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a4049e |issn=1938-808X |pmid=19474540}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mazuŵa ghano, ndondomeko za masambiro mu masukulu gha vya munkhwala agho ghakupereka madigiri gha DO na MD zili pafupifupi zakuyana chomene, ndipo kupambana kukuru nkhusazgikira kwa masambiro gha [[osteopathic manipulative medicine|nthowa za osteopathic zakukhwaskira na kulongora thupi]] mu masukulu gha osteopathic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DO vs. MD: How much does the medical school degree type matter? |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/do-vs-md-how-much-does-medical-school-degree-lit9c |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=linkedin.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Maukaboni ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Masambiro gha vyaumoyo ku United States]]
[[Category:Masambiro gha vyaumoyo ku Canada]]
[[Category:Munkhwala wa Osteopathic]]
[[Category: Mbiri ya munkhwala ku United States]]
[[Category:1910 mabuku ghambura kulembeka]]
[[Category:Mabuku gha vyaumoyo]]
[[Category:Mabuku ghakuyowoya za masambiro ghapachanya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Africa</title>
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      <text bytes="66738" sha1="hcgzcnpqtr1yexq4gbi8qoiywtecegs" xml:space="preserve">'''Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Afilika''' yagawika mu nyengo za kale za ŵanthu, mbiri yake yakale, maufumu ghakuru agho ghakasambira na kukura, nyengo ya ukoloni, na nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni, iyo ndiyo yikapangiska vyaru ivyo vilipo sono. [[Kumwera kwa Afilika]] kuli na mphaka na [[Afilika ya Pakati]], [[Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya India]], na [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. Mipaka ya mu nyengo ya ukoloni yikuwoneka mu mipaka ya mazuŵa ghano pakati pa vyaru vya ku Kumwera kwa Afilika, ndipo kanandi yikajumpha pa mphaka za mitundu na chikaya, mwakugaŵa gulu limoza la mtundu wa ŵanthu pakati pa vyaru viŵiri panji vyakujumpha.

==Malo gha Charu==
{{Further|Malo gha Charu gha Africa}}

[[File:2002 Satellite Image of Southern Africa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chithuzithuzi cha pa satellite]] cha [[Kumwera kwa Africa]].]]

Chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa jangwa ichi ni [[steppe|chigaŵa cha udambo]], icho ntcha chikaŵa chichoko cha chiwawa, ndipo chikuchemeka [[Sahel]]. Ni chigaŵa cha nyengo na [[chigaŵa cha vyamoyo|vyamoyo]] cha [[ecotone|kusintha]] mu Africa pakati pa Jangwa la Sahara kumpoto na [[Savanna ya Sudan]] kumwera. Savanna ya Sudan ni lamba ukuru wa [[malo gha udambo gha mu nyengo yakotcha, masavanna na malo gha vithaka|savanna ya mu nyengo yakotcha]] iyo yikwenda mu [[Africa|charu cha Africa]], kufuma ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] kufika ku [[Mapiri gha Ethiopia]] mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]].

==Nyengo==
{{Further|Nyengo ya Africa}}

Mu vyaka 15,000 [[Pambere Pakaŵako sono|BP]], [[Mvula ya ku Africa ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] yikasintha malo gha [[Africa]] ndipo yikambiska nyengo ya [[Sahara Wakubiliwira]]; vula zinandi mu nyengo ya chihanya zikapangiska kuti malo gha maji (nga ni [[nyanja]], [[madambo]]) na masavanna (nga ni [[malo gha utheka]], [[malo gha vithaka]]) vikure mu [[Africa ya Kumpoto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pausata&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S.R. |display-authors=etal |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2016 |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakati pa 5500 BP na 4000 BP, nyengo ya Sahara Wakubiliwira yikamara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pausata&quot; /&gt;

==Mbiri ya Kale ya Ŵanthu==
{{Main|Mbiri ya Kale ya Kumwera kwa Africa}}

Kuŵa kwamba mu vyaka 170,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵanthu ŵa ku Kumwera kwa Africa ŵakaphikanga na kurya [[Hypoxis]] angustifolia [[mizu ya pasi]] ku [[Malo gha Malibwe gha Border]], [[Africa ya Kumwera]], ndipo vyakurya ivi vikwenera kuti vikapelekanga [[makarbohayidireti]] pa maulendo ghawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wadley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |last3=D'Errico |first3=Francesco |last4=Sievers |first4=Christine |title=Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6473 |pages=87–91 |date=3 Jan 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5926 |pmid=31896717 |bibcode=2020Sci...367...87W |oclc=8527136604 |s2cid=209677578|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/142825 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu vyaka 92,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵalimi ŵa vinyama na ŵakusaka ŵa ku Malawi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito [[Moto|mulilo]] kuti ŵasinthe malo agho ŵakakhalanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thompson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |display-authors=etal |title=Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=19 |date=5 May 2021 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf9776 |pmid=33952528 |pmc=8099189 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.9776T |oclc=9579895150 |s2cid=233871035}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakati pa 65,000 BP na 37,000 BP, mu nyengo yakusintha kufuma ku [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]] kuya ku [[Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro|Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro]], [[ŴaKhoisan|ŴaKhosani ŵa Kumwera kwa Africa]] ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito [[uta na mivi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitchcock&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Robert K. |last2=Crowell |first2=Aron |last3=Brooks |first3=Alison |title=The ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting: A Case Study of ǂGi Pan, Western Ngamiland, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332529080 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=14 February 2019 |pages=119–144 |volume=36 |doi=10.1007/S10437-018-9319-X |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8031623872 |s2cid=166634393}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ufumu wa Butua===
{{Main|Ufumu wa Butua}}

Pambere undaŵe chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Rozwi|Ufumu wa Rozwi]], fuko la Togwa likalamuliranga mu ufumu wa Butua m'paka mu chaka cha 1683 C.E.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Butua |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Butua |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ufumu wa Maravi===
{{Main|Maravi}}

Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 16 C.E. na m'ma 19 C.E., maufumu gha Maravi (nga ni Undi, Lundu, na Kalonga) ghakasangwa na kukura chomene.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newitt&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Newitt |first1=Malyn |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |year=2016 |pages=1–2 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbiri ya sono==

===Ufumu wa Merina===
{{Main|Ufumu wa Merina#Mbiri}}

Kufika kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakakwaniska kutonda mafuko ghanyake gha pa chilwa ichi nga ni [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bezanozano|Bezanozano]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa Betsimisaraka|Betsimisaraka]], na ufumu wa Sakalava, ndipo ŵakaghazenga pasi pa ufumu wa Merina. Mu ndondomeko iyi mazina gha mtundu wakuti &quot;Merina&quot; ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, chifukwa ghakulongora kuŵa ŵakumanyikwa mu chiyowoyero cha [[Chiyowoyero cha Malagasy|Malagasy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Pier M.|date=1996|title=Desperately Seeking 'the Merina' (Central Madagascar): Reading Ethnonyms and Their Semantic Fields in African Identity Histories|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=22|issue=4|pages=541–560|doi=10.1080/03057079608708511|jstor=2637156|bibcode=1996JSAfS..22..541L |issn=0305-7070}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nangauli vinyake vikulongosora kukura kwa Merina nga nkhuwunganiska Madagascar yose, mafuko agho ghakakhalanga pafupi nga ni Betsimisaraka ghakawonanga kukura uku nga ni nthowa ya kulamulira ŵanthu ŵanyake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cole, Jennifer, 1966-|title=Forget colonialism?: sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92682-0 |oclc=49570321}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1824 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakatora doko la [[Mahajanga]] ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chilwa, ndipo ichi chikalongora kusazgikira kwa nkhongono zawo. Mu nyengo ya [[Radama I]], Ŵamerina ŵakalutilira kuchita nkhondo izo zikakuzga mazaza gha ufumu na kusazgira chuma cha ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|date=1981|title=Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=203–227|doi=10.1017/S0021853700019411|jstor=181583|s2cid=161991146 |issn=0021-8537}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵasilikari ŵa Merina ŵakakumana na kususkika kufuma ku ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbira ku ulamuliro wa ufumu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa masauzandi ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhalanga nga ni magulu ghakuwukira agho ghakasuskikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu awo ŵakakwendera ŵanthu aŵa mu 1835 C.E. Chomenechomene, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbiranga ukapangiska kuti pakhale khumbo likuru la ŵantchito ŵazga mu ufumu wa Merina, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nkhondo zakukuzga ufumu zilutilire.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot; /&gt;

Mu pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., kukura kwa ufumu na kulamulira chomene malonda gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja vikapangiska kuti Merina ŵaŵe na mazaza ghakuru pa chilwa chose. Ufumu wa Merina ukakhala pafupi kuŵika Madagascar yose pasi pa ufumu umoza pambere [[Ukoloni wa France ku Madagascar|ukoloni wa France]] undambe mu 1895 C.E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Merina|title=Merina {{!}} people |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Ranavalona III of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ranavalona III]] wakaŵa themba laumaliro la Madagascar.]]

===Ufumu wa Rozwi===
{{Main|Ufumu wa Rozwi#Mbiri}}

Mabuku gha Ŵapwitikizi ghakulongora kuti Ŵarozwi ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakumanya chomene. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa ya [[kupanga msasa wa nkhondo wa nyanga za ng'ombe|nyanga za ng'ombe mu nkhondo]] vyaka vinandi pambere mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵazulu, [[Shaka]], wandayambe kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. Ŵarozwi, awo ŵakaŵa na mikondo, zishango, na mauta na mivi, ŵakatola chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe plateau.&lt;ref name=&quot;brit1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064305/Rozvi |title=Rozvi |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ufumu wa Ndwandwe===
{{Main|Ndwandwe}}

Ufumu wa Ndwandwe ukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. chifukwa cha kusintha kwakupambanapambana kwa vya chuma, ndyali, na umoyo wa ŵanthu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ndlovu‐Gatsheni&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first1=Sabelo J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Nguni empires |year=2016 |pages=1–8 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa===
{{Main|Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa}}

Mwakuyana na Muzi Mthethwa (1995), Ŵamthethwa ŵakafuma ku mafuko gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]] gha kumpoto kwa Natal na [[Mapiri gha Lubombo|Mapiri gha Lubombo]], ndipo mtundu wawo wa sono ukamba kumanyikwa vyaka pafupifupi 700 ivyo vyajumpha.&lt;ref&gt;Muzi Mthethwa (1995), &quot;The History of abakwaMthethwa, Research Project&quot;, Department of History, University of Zululand.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵakaŵa pakati pa magulu ghakwambilira gha Nguni-Tsonga agho ghakafuma ku [[Maziŵa Ghakuru gha mu Africa|Maziŵa Ghakuru]] mu [[Central Africa|Africa ya pakati]] pakati pa 200 C.E. na 1200 C.E. Apo ŵakafika ku [[Southern Africa|Africa ya kumwera]], ŵakakhala pafupi na charu cha sono cha [[Eswatini]], chomenechomene pa [[Mapiri gha Lubombo]]. Pamanyuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 17 C.E. ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa cha sono cha [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mu chigaŵa cha [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]].

Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa na mafuko, mbumba, na maufumu ghachoko pafupifupi 30 gha Nguni. Mwakupambana na uyo wakiza pamanyuma, [[Ufumu wa Zulu]], Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa wupu wa maufumu ghakupambanapambana.&lt;ref&gt;Morris, page 42&lt;/ref&gt;

Pasi pa ulamuliro wa [[Dingiswayo]], ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukakhozgeka na kusazgikira. Themba ili likapanga ubwezi na [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tsonga|Ŵatsonga]] kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. ndipo likamba kuchita malonda gha [[minyanga ya njovu|minyanga ya njovu]] na vinthu vinyake na [[Portugal|Ŵapwitikizi]] mu [[Mozambique]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mthethwa|title=Mthethwa - historical state, Africa |publisher=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ufumu wa Zulu===
{{Main|Ufumu wa Zulu#Mbiri}}

[[Shaka]] wakaŵa mwana wa [[Senzangakhona]], themba la Ŵazulu, uyo wakababika cha mu nthengwa. Wakababika cha mu chaka cha 1787 C.E. Iyo na amama ŵake, [[Nandi (amama ŵa Shaka)|Nandi]], ŵakachimbizgika na Senzangakhona ndipo ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo mu [[Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa|Mthethwa]]. Shaka wakalwana nga ni msilikari pasi pa Jobe, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Dingiswayo, mulongozgi wa Mthethwa.

Senzangakhona wati wafwa, Dingiswayo wakawovwira Shaka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Ufumu wa Zulu. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Dingiswayo chifukwa cha Zwide, themba la [[Ufumu wa Ndwandwe|Ndwandwe]], mu 1818 C.E., Shaka wakatora ulongozgi wa wupu wose wa Mthethwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?|url=https://www.historynet.com/shaka-zulu-africas-napoleon.htm|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|date=2017-03-14 |publisher=HistoryNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shaka wakambiska masinthiro ghanandi gha vya nkhondo, vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, vya mitheto, na vya ndyali, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Zulu uwo ukaŵa wakulongozgeka mwakukhora. Kusintha kukuru chomene kukaŵa mu umo ŵasilikari ŵakenderanga, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ziphya za nkhondo na vilwero, kweniso kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵa vya mizimu, ŵamankhwala ŵa mizimu ([[sangoma]]), mwakuti ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha boma la Zulu.

Wupu uwo ukaŵa pasi pa ulongozgi wake ukapona pa kuwukira kwakwamba kwa Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Phiri la Gqokli|Nkhondo ya Gqokli Hill]] mu 1818 C.E. Mu vyaka viŵiri, Shaka wakatonda Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Mhlatuze|Nkhondo ya Mhlatuze River]] mu 1820 C.E. ndipo wakaparanya wupu wa Ndwandwe. Ŵanyake mwa Ŵandwandwe ŵakamba ulendo wakukoma na kuwukira mafuko ghanyake gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]], ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Difaqane|Difaqane (Mfecane)]], uwo ukaŵa kusama kukuru kwa mafuko agho ghakachimbiranga ku maboma agho ghakasweka na nkhondo za Ŵazulu.

Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu nyengo iyi chikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuti chikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni na 2 miliyoni, kweni manambara agha ghakususkika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Walter1969&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=978-0-19-501562-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=&lt;nowiki&gt;Charters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery)&lt;/nowiki&gt;|year=1839|title=Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier|journal=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine |publisher=Henry Colburn|volume=1839, Part III|issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanson2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kufika mu 1822 C.E., Shaka wakaŵa walamulira ufumu uwo ukaŵa na malo pafupifupi {{convert|80000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gluckman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gluckman|first=Max|author-link=Max Gluckman|date=1960|title=The Rise of a Zulu Empire|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-a-zulu-empire/|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=202|issue=4|page=162|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24940454|bibcode=1960SciAm.202d.157G |quote=By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chithuzithuzi cha Themba Shaka ({{circa}} 1824)]]

===Ufumu wa Mthwakazi===
{{Main|Mthwakazi#Kukhazikika kwa Mzilikazi mu Mthwakazi}}

Mthwakazi ni zina lakale ilo likugwiliskirika ntchito pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa Ndebele na ufumu wa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵa Kumpoto|Ndebele]], uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha sono cha [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|title=Bulelani Lobengula crowned the Ndebele King|date=1 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=31&amp;Itemid=51|title=Brief History of Mthwakazi (English)|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094724/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=31&amp;Itemid=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mthwakazi likugwiliskirikaso ntchito pakuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Matebeleland mu Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=14&amp;Itemid=29 Mthwakazi Foundation Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=14&amp;Itemid=29 |date=2014-03-11 }} Retrieved 2012-08-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Malonda gha ŵazga===
{{Further|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya India|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya Atlantic}}

===Nyengo ya ukoloni===
{{Main|Ukoloni wa Africa}}

Mu 1652 C.E., [[Dutch East India Company]] yikakhazikiska malo gha ukoloni pafupi na [[Cape of Good Hope]] kuti yiwovwire nthowa ya malonda gha pa nyanja pakati pa Europe na Southeast Asia. Malo agha ghakakura kuŵa [[Cape Town]], ndipo ghakazgoka [[Dutch Cape Colony]].

Ukoloni wa Ŵadachi ukawukilika kaŵiri na Ŵabritishi; ulendo wakwamba ukaŵa mu 1795 C.E. mu [[kuwukira Cape Colony|kuwukira kwa Cape Colony]] uko kukaŵa chigaŵa cha nkhondo za French Revolutionary Wars, ndipo ulendo wachiŵiri ukaŵa mu 1806 C.E. pa [[Nkhondo ya Blaauwberg]] mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Napoleon.

Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwachiŵiri uku, Cape Colony yikazgoka koloni ya Britain mpaka apo [[Union ya South Africa]] yikapangika mu 1910 C.E. Kukhazikika kwa Cape Colony kukamba nyengo ya ukoloni mu Africa ya kumwera ndipo kukapereka nthowa ya [[Kugawana Africa|kugawika kwa Africa]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880 na kukhazikika kwa [[Maboma gha Boer|maboma gha Boer]] pamanyuma pa [[Ulendo Mukuru wa Boer|Great Trek]] mu 1836 C.E.

Nyengo iyi yikawona kwiza kwa ŵanthu ŵaphya, matekinoloje, vyakumera, na vinyama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose, kweniso kusuzgika kwa maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵapo kale.

====Kugawana Africa====
{{Main|Kugawana Africa}}

===Nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni===
{{Further|Kuleka kwa ukoloni mu Africa|Africa ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni#Africa ya kumwera|Ukoloni uphya}}
{{See also|Phangano la umoza wa ŵasilikari}}

==Mbiri ya Mapangidwe gha Nyumba mu Africa ya Kumwera==

''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa]]:''

* [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Mapangidwe gha nyumba gha mu nyengo ya pakati mu Africa ya Kumwera]]

==Mbiri ya Sayansi na Tekinoloji mu Africa ya Kumwera==
{{Further||List of South African inventions and discoveries}}

''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa]]:''

{{Div col|small=yes}}
* [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Sayansi ya nyenyezi]]
* [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya pakati na ya kumwera|Masamu]]
* [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 2|Mankhwala]]
* [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 3|Ulimi]]
* [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 4|Kupanga salu]]
* [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 5|Mapangidwe gha nyumba]]
* [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 6|Nkhondo]]
* [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 7|Mwakuyana na charu]]
{{Div col end}}

==Mbiri ya vya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera==
{{Main|Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa#Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera}}

==Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera==
{{Main|Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera}}
{{Further|Ŵanthu ŵa San#Majini|Ŵanthu ŵa Khoekhoe}}

Kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]] kuya ku [[South Africa]], Ŵaafrica ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya [[viyowoyero vya Bantu]] ŵakulongora mphambano ya majini yakufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Kweniso, kufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] kulazga ku [[Africa ya kumwera]], ukaboni wa kufanana kwa majini ukulongora kuti pakaŵa kusama kwa ŵanthu na kusazgikana kwa mitundu pakati pa Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa apo kusama kwa Bantu kukafika ku Africa ya kumwera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfennig&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |display-authors=etal |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 29, 2023 |volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=evad054 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |pmid=36987563 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/4/evad054/7092825 |pmc=10118306 |oclc=9817135458 |s2cid=257803764}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===DNA ya ŵanthu ŵakale===
{{Further|Kusazgikana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakale na ŵanthu ŵasono#Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa mu Africa}}

Nangauli mphapu za [[Denisovan]] na [[Neanderthal]] mu ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa Africa zikupulikikwa makora, ukaboni wa mphapu za ŵanthu ŵakale mu ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ngwachali kusimikizgika yayi ndipo ukukumana na mphindano.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bergström&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bergström |first1=Anders |display-authors=etal |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |url=https://iranvarjavand.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/paperhub.ir10.1038@s41586-021-03244-5.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=229–237 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33568824 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |s2cid=231883210 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale===

Ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa [[Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma|Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma]] awo ŵakaŵa ŵakukwima ŵakanyamura DNA yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa San awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha San.&lt;ref name=&quot;Choudhury&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ananyo |display-authors=etal |title=Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R56/6046806 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R56–R63 |date=April 2021 |pmid=33367711 |pmc=8117461 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa274}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pambere kusama kwa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] kwinda mu chigaŵa ichi, nga umo DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale mu [[Botswana]] yikulongolera, ŵaliska ŵa vinyama ŵakufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] ŵakasamira ku Africa ya kumwera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Choudhury&quot; /&gt;

Pa ŵalimi ŵa nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] ŵanayi ŵa Bantu awo ŵakafuma ku [[Africa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi]], ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵatsonga na Ŵavenda, ndipo ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵanyengo yamanyuma ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni. Ichi chikulongora kuti pakaŵa mayendedwe ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu pa nyengo ya kusama kwa Bantu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na Ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan ŵakumane na kusazgikana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Choudhury&quot; /&gt;

====Botswana====

Ku Nqoma, mu [[Botswana]], munthu yumoza uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 900 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)#Haplogroup L2a1|haplogroup L2a1f]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |pmc=7292641 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang II&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2020/06/08/6.24.eaaz0183.DC1/aaz0183_SM.pdf |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |pmc=7292641 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku Taukome, mu [[Botswana]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1100 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1|E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3b1]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang II&quot; /&gt;

Ku Xaro, mu [[Botswana]], mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1400 ivyo vyajumpha). Yumoza wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1a1c|E1b1a1a1c1a]] na [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)#Subclade distribution|L3e1a2]], ndipo munyake wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-Z827#E-V1515|E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k1a2]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang II&quot; /&gt;

====Malawi====

=====Fingira=====

Ku malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha Fingira mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6179 BP na 2341 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M182|B2]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson II&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |display-authors=etal |title=Extended Data Table 1 Ancient individuals analysed in this study: Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2022 |volume=603 |issue=7900 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04430-9 |pmid=35197631 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8907066 |oclc=9437356581 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..290L |s2cid=247083477}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6175 BP na 5913 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1b2b]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Skoglund&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu munyake uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6177 BP na 5923 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1c]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Skoglund&quot; /&gt;

Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2676 BP na 2330 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0f]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Skoglund&quot; /&gt;

=====Chencherere=====

Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5400 BP na 4800 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k2]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Skoglund&quot; /&gt;

Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5293 BP na 4979 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k1]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Skoglund&quot; /&gt;

=====Hora=====
Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,897 BP na 15,827 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b]] na [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5b]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson II&quot; /&gt;

Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,424 BP na 14,029 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b1a2~]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3/L0d3b]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson II&quot; /&gt;

Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 10,000 BP na 5000 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k2]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Skoglund&quot; /&gt;

Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 8173 BP na 7957 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0a2]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Skoglund&quot; /&gt;

=====Ballito Bay=====
{{Main|Ballito Bay}}

Ku [[Ballito Bay|Malaŵi gha ku Ballito Bay]], ku [[South Africa|South Africa]], munthu munyake uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 1986 BP na 1831 BP wakaŵa na ma [[Haplogulu la Y-DNA|haplogulu]] gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2c1]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlebusch&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28971970 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |s2cid=206663925 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlebusch II&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf](https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf) |journal=Science |date=3 November 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |s2cid=206663925}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Munthu munyake wa ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2149 BP na 1932 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2a1]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlebusch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlebusch II&quot;/&gt;

Ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], mwana uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Ballito Boy, uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 1,980 ± 20 BP, wakasangika kuti wakaŵa na DNA ya [[Rickettsia felis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rifkin&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rifkin II&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Notes 1-7 for Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2,000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |url=[https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf) |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===DNA ya kromozomu Y===
{{Further|Ma haplogulu gha Y-DNA mu ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Jangwa la Sahara}}

Masambiro ghakupambanapambana gha [[Kromozomu Y|kromozomu Y]] ghakulongora kuti Ŵasan ŵali na ma haplogulu gha kromozomu Y agho ghakusangika kuŵa ghakale chomene pa charu chapasi. Ma haplogulu agha ni magulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A]] na [[Haplogulu B (Y-DNA)|B]], agho ni nthambi zakwambilira chomene mu mphyanga ya ubabika wa kromozomu Y wa ŵanthu.&lt;ref name=j1&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Alec |display-authors=etal |title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=464–473 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12646128 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1 |issn=0960-9822 |oclc=4931666146 |s2cid=52862939 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..464K }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=MF |display-authors=etal |title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |date=July 2001 |pmid=11420360 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8092394585 |s2cid=28304418 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |display-authors=etal |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |journal=Investigative Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=6 |date=September 2010 |pmid=21092339 |pmc=2988483 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |oclc=5632083214 |s2cid=18243824 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===DNA ya mitochondria===
{{Further|DNA ya mitochondria ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa}}

Mu vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 BP, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa (nga ni [[Ŵasan|Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa]]) awo ŵakaŵa na [[Haplogulu L0|haplogulu L0]] ŵakapambanika kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na haplogulu [[Haplogulu L1–6 (mtDNA)|L1′6]], awo ŵakukhala chomene kumpoto kwa [[Kumwera kwa Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sá&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sá |first1=Luísa |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=16 August 2022 |volume=23 |issue=16 |page=9219 |doi=10.3390/ijms23169219 |pmid=36012483 |issn=1661-6596 |pmc=9408831 |oclc=9627558751 |s2cid=251653686|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakati pa 130,000 BP na 75,000 BP, vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso gha mazuŵa ghano vikawoneka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Kumwera kwa Africa|Kumwera kwa Africa]], ndipo ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa chigaŵa cha Kumwera kwa Africa na [[Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa|Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa]] ukakhazikika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sá&quot;/&gt;

Masambiro gha DNA ya mitochondria ghakulongoraso kuti Ŵasan ŵali na unandi ukuru wa nthambi zakale chomene za [[Haplogulu la DNA ya mitochondria|haplogulu ya DNA ya mitochondria]]. DNA iyi yikupokera kufuma kwa nyina pera. Haplogulu yakale chomene, [[Haplogulu L0|L0]], yikusangika chomene mu magulu gha Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa.&lt;ref name=j1/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Sheng |display-authors=etal |title=mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1362–1383 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10739760 |pmc=1288201 |doi=10.1086/302848 |oclc=679558953 |s2cid=31258611}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |display-authors=etal |title=History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2180–2195 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17656633 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8090974992 |s2cid=17282053 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa |url=[https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197](https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197) |journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30 |issue=21 |pages=3657–3664 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19810027 |doi=10.1002/elps.200900197 |issn=0173-0835 |oclc=5151862048 |s2cid=19515426|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== DNA ya thupi lose (Autosomal DNA) ===
Mu kafukufuku uyo ukafumiskika mu Malichi 2011, Brenna Henn na ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti Ŵa [[ǂKhomani San|ǂKhomani San]], kweniso Ŵa [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] na Ŵa [[Hadza people|Hadza]] ŵa ku [[Tanzania]], ŵakaŵa na kupambana kukuru kwa majini kuluska ŵanthu wose ŵanyake ŵamoyo awo ŵakasandikwa mu kafukufuku uyu. Kupambana kukuru uku kwa majini kukulongora kuti ndiko kukwenera kuŵa uko [[anatomically modern humans|ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵa thupi lakukwana]] ŵakambira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |display-authors=etal |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–5162 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |jstor=41125668 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5154H |issn=0027-8424 |oclc=9529060694 |s2cid=12423756 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American|Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group|Nature Publishing Group]] |url=[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/) |issn=0036-8733 |oclc=1775222}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== DNA ya vya matenda (Medical DNA) ===
Pakati pa DNA yakale yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusanga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vya chilengedwe (hunter-gatherers) ndipo ŵakaŵa na kufanana kwa majini na [[San people|Ŵa San]], kweniso ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age, ma [[SNPs|SNP]] ghawo ghakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na [[sleeping sickness|matenda gha tsetse fly]] na [[Plasmodium vivax]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfeiffer&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Susan |title=Disease as a Factor in the African Archaeological Record |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=487–490 |year=2020 |pmid=32863518 |pmc=7445818 |doi=10.1007/s10437-020-09405-7 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8671686339 |s2cid=221320841}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwakudumura, ŵaŵiri pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na matenda gha tsetse fly, ndipo ŵatatu pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵakaŵa na [[Human genetic resistance to malaria#Duffy antigen receptor negativity|mitundu ya Duffy negative]] iyo yikovwira kulimbana na [[malaria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfeiffer&quot; /&gt;

Mwakupambana na ŵalimi ŵa Iron Age, pakati pa ŵasakaji ŵakale awo ŵakaŵa paubali na Ŵa San, mwana munyamata wa vyaka 6 wakwenera kuti wakafwa chifukwa cha [[schistosomiasis|matenda gha mphutsi za mu maji]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfeiffer&quot; /&gt;

Ku [[Botswana]], mwanalume uyo wakukhala mu nyengo ya vyaka pafupifupi 1400 BP, wakwenera kuti wakaŵa na mtundu wa Duffy negative uwo ukovwira kulimbana na malaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfeiffer&quot; /&gt;

### Kusintha kwa majini mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (Genetic adaptation)

Ma genome gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa agho kanandi ghakusangika kuti ghali na **kusintha kwakukhwaskana na chilengedwe (adaptation)** ghakukhwaska chomene **DNA yakulongozga umo majini ghakugwilira ntchito (regulatory DNA)**. Milandu yinandi ya kusintha uku mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yikukolerana na **vyakurya, umo thupi likugwilira ntchito (physiology),** kweniso **mphinjika za kusankha kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha matenda (evolutionary pressure from pathogens)**.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfennig&quot; /&gt;

Mu [[Sub-Saharan Africa|vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa chipalamba cha Sahara]], kusintha kwa majini (mwachiyelezgero, kusintha kwa **rs334**, [[Duffy blood group|gulu la ndopa la Duffy]], kuchuluka kwa [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|kupereŵera kwa G6PD]], na [[sickle cell disease|matenda gha sickle cell]]) kwakukhwaskana na [[malaria]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Kusintha uku kukwenera kuti kukamba kuchitika pafupifupi vyaka 7300 BP ivyo vyajumpha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfennig&quot; /&gt;

Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Sub-Saharan Africa|kumwera kwa Sahara]] ŵali na kupitilira 90% ya mtundu wa majini wa [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy-null]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wonkam&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wonkam |first1=Ambroise |last2=Adeyemo |first2=Adebowale |title=Leveraging our common African origins to understand human evolution and health |journal=Cell Genomics |date=March 8, 2023 |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=100278 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100278 |pmid=36950382 |url=[https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X(23)00038-1.pdf](https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X%2823%2900038-1.pdf) |pmc=10025516 |s2cid=257458855}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu chigaŵa cha [[Kalahari Desert|chipalamba cha Kalahari]] mu Africa, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kusintha kwa majini (nga ni [[adiponectin]], [[body mass index|chiyezo cha uzito wa thupi]], na [[metabolism|umo thupi likusinthira vyakurya kuŵa nkhongono]]) yasangika pakati pa Ŵa [[ǂKhomani people|ǂKhomani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfennig&quot; /&gt;

Mu [[South Africa|South Africa]], kusintha kwa majini (nga ni rs28647531 pa [[Chromosome 4|chromosome 4q22]]) kweniso kutambuzgika chomene na [[Tuberculosis#Risk factors|TB]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa [[Coloureds|Coloured]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfennig&quot; /&gt;

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## Ndondomeko ya nyengo ya malo gha vinthu vya kale na mitheto ya ŵanthu (Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites)

* [[Lomekwi]] (vyaka 3,300,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Berwick&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Berwick |first1=Robert C. |last2=Chomsky |first2=Noam |title=Why Only Us: Language and Evolution |date=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-262-03424-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Lomekwi&amp;pg=PP6}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Lomekwi&amp;pg=PP6}})&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Taung]] (vyaka 3,030,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuhn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kuhn |first1=Brian F. |display-authors=etal |title=Renewed investigations at Taung; 90 years after the discovery of Australopithecus africanus |url=[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&amp;isAllowed=y](http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&amp;isAllowed=y) |publisher=Palaeontologia africana}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Sterkfontein]] (vyaka 2,800,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Pickering&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Robyn |last2=Kramers |first2=Jan D. |title=Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein hominin site, South Africa |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=70–86 |url=[https://www.academia.edu/446925](https://www.academia.edu/446925) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.014 |pmid=20605190 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59...70P }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Drimolen]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Stammers&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=[http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf](http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf) |publisher=Quaternary International}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai malo gha mafupa gha zakale]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Stammers&quot; /&gt;
* [[Cooper's Cave]] (vyaka 1,900,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=A partial skull of Paranthropus robustus from Cooper's Cave, South Africa |issue=3–4 |pages=143–146 |url=[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0038-23532008000200014](http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0038-23532008000200014) |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=April 2008 |volume=104 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Canteen Kopje]] (vyaka 1,890,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Patricia |display-authors=etal |title=Canteen Kopje: a new look at an old skull |issue=1–2 |pages=01–09 |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=January 2012 |volume=108 |doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i1/2.738 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Swartkrans]] (vyaka 1,800,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;D'Errico&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=D'Errico |first1=Francesco |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |title=Possible Evidence of Bone Tool Shaping by Swartkrans Early Hominids |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936) |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Motsetsi]] (vyaka 1,640,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))&lt;ref name=&quot;Berger&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=L.R. |last2=Lacruz |first2=R. |title=Preliminary report on the firstexcavations at the new fossil siteof Motsetse, Gauteng, South Africa |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC97627 |publisher=South African Journal of Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Wonderwerk Cave]] (vyaka 1,000,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))&lt;ref name=&quot;Berna&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Berna |first1=Francesco |title=Microstratigraphic evidence of in situfire in theAcheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/20/E1215.full.pdf |publisher=Francesco Berna |ref=PNAS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Amanzi Springs archaeological site]] ([[Pleistocene chapakati]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Petraglia&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael |title=The large cutting tools from the South African Acheulean and the question of social traditions |issue=5 |page=653 |url=https://www.academia.edu/471301 |journal=Current Anthropology|year=2004 |volume=45 |doi=10.1086/423973 |s2cid=163124683 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rising Star Cave]] (vyaka 414,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))&lt;ref name=&quot;Dirks&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dirks |first1=Paul HGM |display-authors=etal |title=The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa |year=2017 |volume=6 |journal=eLife|doi=10.7554/eLife.24231 |pmid=28483040 |pmc=5423772 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kalambo Falls]] (vyaka 300,000 BP – 200,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=J.D. |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site: Volume 3, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age |date=1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-0-521-20071-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYGwagdt9MQC&amp;dq=%22Kalambo+Falls%22+%22BP%22+Africa&amp;pg=PP14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Duinefontein]] (vyaka 290,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cruz-Uribe&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cruz-Uribe |first1=Kathryn |display-authors=etal |title=Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223255530 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gladysvale Cave]] (vyaka 257,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Backwell&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |display-authors=etal |title=Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223705742 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site]] (vyaka 200,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuman&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kuman |first1=K. |last2=Clarke |first2=R. |title=Florisbad—New investigations at a middle stone age Hominid Site in South Africa |url=http://hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/sites/hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/files/kuman_1986_-_new_investigations_at_florisbad.pdf |publisher=Geoarchaeology}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mumbwa Caves]] (vyaka 194,000 BP – 124,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Avery&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=D.M. |title=Early and Middle Pleistocene environments and hominid biogeography; micromammalian evidence from Kabwe, Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves in central Zambia |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101820200593X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=189 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00593-X |bibcode=2003PPP...189...55A |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Pinnacle Point]] (vyaka 164,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Marean&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=The stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age sediments at Pinnacle PointCave 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa) |url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Marean-et-al-2010-JHE.pdf |publisher=Journal of Human Evolution}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Hoedjiespunt]] (vyaka 130,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Kyriacou&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kyriacou |first1=K. |title=Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa |year=2015 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030544031500031X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=57 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.018 |bibcode=2015JArSc..57..197K |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ngalue]] (vyaka 105,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mercader&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mercader |first1=Julio |display-authors=etal |title=Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248409000633 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.03.005 |pmid=19487015 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...63M |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Blombos Cave]] (vyaka 84,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))&lt;ref name=&quot;Backwell II&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |last2=D'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Wadley |first3=Lyn |title=Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Stillbay]] (vyaka 80,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Lovell&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lovell |first1=Nancy C |last2=Palichuk |first2=Kimberley E. |title=Task activity and tooth wear in a woman of ancient Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331309201 |publisher=Bioarchaeology of Marginalized People}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Howieson's Poort Shelter]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 60,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacobs&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Zenobia |display-authors=etal |title=Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23441925 |journal=Science|year=2008 |volume=322 |issue=5902 |pages=733–735 |doi=10.1126/science.1162219 |pmid=18974351 |bibcode=2008Sci...322..733J |hdl=1885/32902 |s2cid=206514762 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mousteroid]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 50,000 BP)&lt;ref&gt;O. Davies (1964)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;J. D. Clark (1967)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Peers Cave (vyaka 75,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Backwell II&quot; /&gt;
* [[Howiesons Poort]] (vyaka 68,000 BP – 60,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Gibson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=N. E. |last2=Wadley |first2=L. |last3=Williamson |first3=B. S. |title=Microscopic residues as evidence of hafting on backed tools from the 60 000 to 68 000 year-old Howiesons Poort layers of Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.902.9496&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf |publisher=Southern African Humanities|citeseerx=10.1.1.902.9496 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Boomplaas Cave]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Pargeter&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pargeter |first1=Justin |title=New ages from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, provideincreased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene humanbehavioural variability |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |publisher=Azania: Archaeological Research In Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Klasies River Caves]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Backwell II&quot; /&gt;
* [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]] (vyaka 65,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Verna&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Verna |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=The Middle Stone Age human remains from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa) |year=2013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440313001350 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3532–3541 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.011 |bibcode=2013JArSc..40.3532V |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Plovers Lake]] (vyaka 62,900 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brophy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brophy |first1=Juliet |display-authors=etal |title=Faunal assemblage composition and paleoenvironment of Plovers Lake, a Middle Stone Age locality in Gauteng Province, South Africa |year=2008 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1102–1117 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9373821 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.011 |pmid=18954892 |bibcode=2008JHumE..55.1102D }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Sibudu Cave]] (vyaka 61,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Backwell II&quot; /&gt;
* [[Fauresmith (industry)]] (vyaka 60,300 BP – 32,600 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Herries&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |title=A Chronological Perspective on the Acheulian and ItsTransition to the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa:The Question of the Fauresmith |date=2011 |url=https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/961401.pdf |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.4061/2011/961401 |doi-access=free |pmid=21785711 |pmc=3139141 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Border Cave]] (vyaka 58,200 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bird&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=M.I. |display-authors=etal |title=Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60 ka BP at Border Cave, South Africa |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379103000052 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=22 |issue=8–9 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00005-2 |bibcode=2003QSRv...22..943B |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ngwenya Mine]] (vyaka 43,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Watling&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Watling |first1=Sarah Elizabeth |title=What Does The Mine Have To Tell Us? Art As A Reclamation Streategy In The Post-Mined Landscape Of The Oldest Known Mine In The World, Ngwenya Mine Swaziland |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/14237/Watling_umd_0117N_14329.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=n |publisher=University of Maryland}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Apollo 11 Cave]] (vyaka 30,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haaland&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Haaland |first1=Magnus |display-authors=etal |title=Pleistocene Figurative Art Mobilier From Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, Southern Namibia |url=https://www.academia.edu/14617050 |publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Elands Bay Cave]] (vyaka 19,398 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Porraz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Porraz |first1=Guillaume |display-authors=etal |title=A shape to the microlithic Robberg from Elands BayCave (South Africa) |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02517687/document |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tsodilo]] (vyaka 14,500 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Robbins&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Lawrence H. |display-authors=etal |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The&quot;Python Cave&quot; at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bd0e66f8d97400eb0099556/t/5bddf66f40ec9a449daf1e88/1541273199732/Nyame+Akuma+Issue+067-Robbins.pdf |publisher=Nyame Akuma}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mwela Rock Paintings]] (vyaka 10,820 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Muianga&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Muianga |first1=Décio |title=Rock Art and Ancient Material Culture of Cahora Bassa Dam, Tete Province, Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279443446 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kalemba Rockshelter]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 8,000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Joshua R. |last2=Rowan |first2=John |title=Holocene paleoenvironmental change in southeastern Africa (Makwe Rockshelter, Zambia): Implications for the spread of pastoralism |year=2017 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=156 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.030 |bibcode=2017QSRv..156...57R |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Matsieng Footprints]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 3000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsieng&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Matsieng Footprints |url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |publisher=Botswana Tourism Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725080508/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |archive-date=2010-07-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Nelson Bay Cave]] (vyaka 9000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Backwell II&quot; /&gt;
* Jubilee Shelter (vyaka 8500 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Backwell II&quot; /&gt;
* [[Twyfelfontein]] (vyaka 5850 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Imalwa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Imalwa |first1=Emma |title=Analysis of the Management of Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site, Namibia |url=https://repositorio.utad.pt/bitstream/10348/6089/1/phd_eimalwa.pdf |publisher=Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rose Cottage Cave]] (vyaka 4000 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Backwell II&quot; /&gt;
* [[The White Lady (Namibia)|The White Lady]] (3000 B.C.E. – 1500 B.C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Dubow&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dubow |first1=Saul |title=Henri Breuil And The Imagination Of Prehistory:'Mixing Up Rubble, Trouble And Stratification' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735840 |publisher=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mussel Point]] (vyaka 3500 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Jerardino&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jerardino |first1=Antonieta |title=Mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations: the archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292257945 |publisher=Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Byneskranskop]] (vyaka 3200 BP – 1500 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bräuer&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bräuer |first1=Günter |last2=Friedrich |first2=Wilhelm Rösing |title=Afrika II: Südafrika: Human biological history of southern Africa. Le peuplement de Madagascar |date=Dec 3, 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH &amp; Co KG |isbn=978-3-486-82584-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7N6DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Bambandyanalo%22+%22BP%22+Africa&amp;pg=PA6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Driekops Eiland]] (vyaka 2500 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Morris&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=David Roger Neacalbann McIntyre |title=Driekopseiland and &quot;the rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving site |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58912508.pdf |publisher=University of Western Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bambata Cave]] (mu chaka cha 215 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huffman&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=The stylistic origin of Bambata and the spread of mixed farming in southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264852616 |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ziwa]] (vyaka 1630 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huffman II&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The Origin and Spread of Social Complexity in Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248572439 |publisher=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Chibuene]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Robertshaw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robertshaw |first1=Peter |display-authors=etal |title=Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century AD port in southern Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265050510 |publisher=The South African Archaeological Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Toutswemogala Hill]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E. – 19 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/ |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Leopard's Kopje]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 750 C.E. – 800 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huffman III&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron age of Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248579741 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bambandyanalo]] (mu chaka cha 1000 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bräuer&quot; /&gt;
* [[Great Zimbabwe]] (mu chaka cha 1300 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Huffman IV&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Huffman |first1=Tom |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7500155 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=28 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1016/J.JAA.2008.10.004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Domboshaba]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1600 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;De Wit&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De Wit |first1=Michiel C. J. |title=Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artefacts to Lesedi La Rona |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |bibcode=2018MinPe.112....7D |hdl=2263/64747 |s2cid=189943118 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Majojo]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1650 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ossola&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ossola |first1=Paola |last2=Grechi |first2=Daniele |title=Botswana Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development A Handbook of Theory and Practice |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |page=253 |isbn=978-1-5275-4956-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkfhDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Majojo+1300-1650+AD&amp;pg=PA253}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mbande Hill]] (vyaka 600 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seitsonen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Seitsonen |first1=Oula |title=Lithics After Stone Age In East Africa Wadh Lang'o Case Study |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19613/lithicsa.pdf?sequence=3&amp;isAllowed=y |publisher=University Of Helsinki Institute For Cultural Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1370 C.E. – 1410 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bräuer&quot; /&gt;
* [[Manyikeni]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 14 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Jopela&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jopela |first1=Albino Pereira de Jesus |title=Traditional Custodianship Of Rock Art Sites In Southern Africa: A Case Study From Central Mozambique |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8878/MA%20Thesis%20-%20Jopela.pdf?sequence=2 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Khami]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1450 C.E. – 1820 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Chirikure&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |display-authors=etal |title=New Pathways of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Africa |year=2013 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3?shared-article-renderer |journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=339–366 |doi=10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3 |s2cid=254192991 |hdl=2263/41780 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dzata ruins]] (pambere pa chaka cha 1600 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Swanepoel&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Swanepoel |first1=Natalie |last2=Esterhuysen |first2=Amanda |title=Five Hundred Years Rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects |date=Aug 1, 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-77614-228-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjZjDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=dzata&amp;pg=PT8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bokoni&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Bokoni story unearthed |date=26 February 2015 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-26-the-bokoni-story-unearthed/ |publisher=Mail &amp; Guardian Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ingombe Ilede]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntosh&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |last2=Fagan |first2=Brian M. |title=Re-dating the Ingombe Ilede burials |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/redating-the-ingombe-ilede-burials/E15825A560157DBC4389DD416013A859 |journal=Antiquity|volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1069–1077 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.74 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Danangombe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1650 C.E. – 1815 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Pikirayi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pikirayi |first1=Innocent |title=The Zimbabwe Culture Origins and Decline of Social Complexity in Southern Zambezian States |date=2002 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-585-38649-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ2aAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Danangombe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Burchell's Shelter]] (pamanyuma pa 1660 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Vogel |first1=J.C. |display-authors=etal |title=Pretoria Radiocarbon Dates III |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/469F44D9DB5C543B6285300463751FF4/S003382220002018Xa.pdf/pretoria_radiocarbon_dates_iii.pdf |publisher=Radiocarbon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mamuno Monument]] (vyaka 200 BP)&lt;ref name=&quot;Litherland&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Litherland |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Rock Engravings from Mamuno |year=1975 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=7 |pages=19–28 |jstor=40979420 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kaditshwene]] (mu chaka cha 1790 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Boeyens&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Boeyens |first1=J.C.A. |last2=Plug |first2=I. |title='A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all therefuse': the faunal remains from the central court middenat Kaditshwene |url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4190/BOEYENS-high-res.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Annals Of The Ditsong National Museum Of Natural History}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bumbusi National Monument]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 18 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haynes&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Haynes |first1=Gary |title=Puzzling over the Bumbusi Spoor Engravings in Zimbabwe |work=Paper presented at SAA annual meeting |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2916049 |publisher=SAA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tlokwe Ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Mark Steven |title=The historical archaeology of Marothodi: towards an understanding of space, identity and the organisation of production at an early 19th century Tlokwa capital in the Pilansberg region of South Africa |date=2009 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8924 |publisher=University of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Old Palapye]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Reid&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Lane |first2=Paul J. |title=African Historical Archaeologies |date=Nov 30, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&amp;q=Old+Palapye&amp;pg=PA1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dundo]] (mu chaka cha 1912 C.E.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bednarski&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bednarski |first1=Cezary M |title=Urbanisation in Africa –Taking Angola as an Example |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/2010-2019/2016/Session_559/C_Bednarski_.IABSE-Geneva_09.2015.pdf |publisher=IABSE Conference –Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mndandanda wa mitundu ya vya m'mabwinja na malo gha m'mbiri===

* [[Mapanga gha Cango]]
* [[Jiso la Kuruman]]
* [[Maji ghakotcha gha Gwisho]]
* [[Chuma cha Western Cape]]
* [[Malo gha m'mabwinja gha Kathu]]
* [[ǁKhauxaǃnas]]
* [[Pango la Kogelbeen]]
* [[Mission ya Kolobeng]]
* [[Mabwinja gha Kweneng]]
* [[Magosian]]
* [[Makapansgat]]
* [[Malapa Fossil Site, Mlonga wa Umo Ŵanthu Ŵakafumira]]
* [[Pango la Melkhoutboom]]
* [[Melville Koppies]]
* [[Naletale]]
* [[Malo gha myala yakuzizima gha Nooitgedacht]]
* [[Ulamuliro wa vya chiharo cha Northern Cape]]
* [[Mafunde gha Nyambwezi]]
* [[Malo gha visulo vya Paternoster]]
* [[Sangoan]]
* [[Schoemansdal, Limpopo]]
* [[Nyumba za myala za Sedan za nga njuchi]]
* [[Malo gha vithuzithuzi vya pa myala gha Wildebeest Kuil]]
* [[Pango la Witsie (Lekhalong la Witsie)]]

==Wonani so==
*[[Mndandanda wa maufumu mu Africa mu nyengo yakale#Kummwera kwa Africa]]

==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira==

{{reflist}}

{{Africa topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kummwera kwa Africa]]
[[Category:Mbiri ya Kummwera kwa Africa]]
[[Category:Mbiri ya Africa mwakuyana na chigaŵa]]
[[Category:Africa iyo yili pasi pa Sahara]]
[[Category:Mbiri ya chilengedwe ya Africa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fupa la Lebombo</title>
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      <text bytes="4121" sha1="i7h9hi2n0m1bw5im56rm8n7f8k2x39b" xml:space="preserve">{{Revision}}
Fupa la '''Lebombo''' ni [[chida cha fupa]] icho chikapangika kufuma ku [[fibula]] ya nyani (baboon) ndipo chili na malemba ghakujobeka agho ghakasangika mu [[Pango la Border]] mu [[Mapiri gha Lebombo]] agho ghali pakati pa [[South Africa]] na [[Eswatini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter B. |year=1973 |title=Border Cave – A Progress Report |journal=[[South African Journal of Science]] |volume=69 |pages=41–46}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusintha kwa vigaŵa vya malo agho ghakajobekeka kukulongora kuti pakagwiliskirika ntchito mphonje zakupambana zakudulira. Munthu uyo wakasanga fupa ili, Peter Beaumont, wakuwona kuti ichi ntchisimikizgo chakuti malemba agha, nga ni malemba ghanyake agho ghakusangika pa charu chose, ghakapangika apo ŵanthu ŵakachitanga [[miyambo ya chisopa]].  

Fupa ili lili pafupifupi masentimita 8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Bruderer |first=Herbert |title=Technical Marvels, Part 2: Lebombo and Ishango Bones |url=https://cacm.acm.org/blogcacm/technical-marvels-part-2-lebombo-and-ishango-bones/ |website=Communications of the ACM |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; kutalika, ndipo lili na vyaka vyapakati pa 42,000 na 43,000, mwakuyana na vipimo 24 vya [[radiocarbon dating|kupima msinkhu wa radiocarbon]].&lt;ref&gt;Likuyowoyeka kuti ni fupa la mabowo, lakulongoreka mu Chithuzi 1, ''12'' cha {{cite journal |title=Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa |doi=10.1073/pnas.1204213109 |volume=109 |issue=33 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pages=13214–13219 |year=2012 |last1=d'Errico |first1=F. |last2=Backwell |first2=L. |last3=Villa |first3=P. |last4=Degano |first4=I. |last5=Lucejko |first5=J. J. |last6=Bamford |first6=M. K. |last7=Higham |first7=T. F. G. |last8=Colombini |first8=M. P. |last9=Beaumont |first9=P. B. |pmc=3421171 |pmid=22847420|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913214D |doi-access=free |quote=[Layer] 1BS Lower B-C [is dated] between 43 ka and 42 ka.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ichi ntchakale chomene kuluska [[fupa la Ishango]] ilo nyengo zinyake ŵakulipambaniska nalo. Maufupa ghanyake agho ghali na mabowo ghali na vyaka 80,000, kweni vikumanyikwa makora yayi usange mabowo agha ghakaŵa gha kupangika waka chifukwa cha uyo wakakhumbanga kupangiska ulemu panji ghakaŵa na ntchito yakwambura kumanyikwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vogelsang|first1=Ralf|last2=Richter|first2=Jürgen|last3=Jacobs|first3=Zenobia|last4=Eichhorn|first4=Barbara|last5=Linseele|first5=Veerle|last6=Roberts|first6=Richard G.|display-authors=etal |title=New Excavations of Middle Stone Age Deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: Stratigraphy, Archaeology, Chronology and Past Environments |journal=[[Journal of African Archaeology]] |year=2010 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=185–218 |doi=10.3213/1612-1651-10170 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4106767}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti fupa ili likaŵa [[chida cha kuŵerengera]] (tally stick).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1098/rstb.2016.0518 | title=From number sense to number symbols. An archaeological perspective | date=2018 | last1=d'Errico | first1=Francesco | last2=Doyon | first2=Luc | last3=Colagé | first3=Ivan | last4=Queffelec | first4=Alain | last5=Le Vraux | first5=Emma | last6=Giacobini | first6=Giacomo | last7=Vandermeersch | first7=Bernard | last8=Maureille | first8=Bruno | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume=373 | issue=1740 | pmid=29292345 | pmc=5784044 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wonani so==
*[[Mbiri ya masamu]]
*[[Mikuni ya kuŵerengera]]
*[[Fupa la Ishango]]

==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Maulalo ghakuwalo==
*[https://afrolegends.com/2019/05/17/the-lebombo-bone-the-oldest-mathematical-artifact-in-the-world/ Vithuzi vya Fupa la Lebombo pa African Heritage]

{{Prehistoric technology|state=expanded}}

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[[Category:Afilika ya Nyengo ya Malibwe]]
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[[Category:Kujoba pa maufupa]]
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&lt;!------------------- mu Chikhristu ---------------------&gt;
| list1name = mu Chikhristu
| list1title = [[Yesu mu Chikhristu]]
| list1 = 
* [[Chisambizgo cha Khristu]]
* [[Mazina na maudindo gha Yesu mu Testamente Yiphya|Mazina na maudindo]]
** [[Khristu (zina la udindo)|Khristu]]
* [[Umoyo wa Yesu]]
* [[Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
* [[Kukolerana kwa Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
* [[Malo gha mu Testamente Yiphya ghakukolerana na Yesu|Malo]]
* [[Mbumba Yakupatulika]]
**[[Mwana Khristu]]
**[[Mariyamu, anyina ŵa Yesu|Mariyamu]]
**[[Yosefe Wakupatulika|Yosefe]]
* [[Kubabika kwa Yesu kwambura ubali wa mwanalume|Kubabika kwa mwaŵi]]
* [[Kubabika kwa Yesu]]
* [[Ubatizo wa Yesu]]
* [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu]]
**[[Uthenga pa Phiri]]
* [[Vil milagro vya Yesu|Mirayizgo]]
* [[Ntharika za Yesu]]
* [[Kuyuyulika kwa Khristu]]
* [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu]]
** [[Chida cha kupayikira Yesu|Chida icho chikagwiliskirika ntchito]]
** [[Mtanda waunenesko]]
* [[Kusungika kwa Yesu]]
* [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu]]
* [[Kukwelera kwa Yesu kuchanya]]
* [[Kupulikira kwa Khristu]]
* [[Kukhala kwa Khristu ku Chiuta]]
* [[Kumuŵeyelera kwa Khristu]]
* [[Mawonesko na mboniwoni za Yesu na Mariyamu]]
* [[Kuweleraso kwa Chiŵiri kwa Yesu]]

&lt;!----------------------- mu Chisilamu ------------------------&gt;
| list2name = mu Chisilamu
| list2title = [[Yesu mu Chisilamu]]
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* [[Masih (zina la udindo)|Masih]]
* [[Makani Ghawemi mu Chisilamu]]
* [[Mazina na maudindo gha Yesu mu Korani]]
* [[Mariyamu mu Chisilamu]]
* [[Ŵasambiri ŵa Yesu mu Chisilamu]]
* [[Maghanoghano gha Chisilamu pa nyifwa ya Yesu]]
* [[Mahdi]]
* [[Chisilamu eschatology#Isa|Nyengo zaumaliro]]

&lt;!---------------------- Mbiri yakale -----------------------&gt;
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* [[Chiyowoyero cha Yesu|Chiyowoyero icho Yesu wakayowoyanga]]
* [[Mtundu na kawonekero ka Yesu|Mtundu wa Yesu]]{{\}}[[Mubali wa Yesu|mubali wake]]
* [[Umoyo wa maghanoghano wa Yesu]]

&lt;!--------------------- mu mbiri ------------------------&gt;
| list4name = mu mbiri
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* [[Nyengo ya umoyo wa Yesu]]
** [[Kupenja Yesu wa mu mbiri]]
* [[Kuti Yesu wakaŵako nadi mu mbiri]]
** [[Vyakulongora kuti Yesu wakaŵako nadi mu mbiri]]
**[[Kugomezgeka kwa Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi|Kugomezgeka kwa Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
* [[Ntharika za Yesu mu visopa vyakupambanapambana|Nthano]]
* [[Lingaliro lakuti Yesu ni nthano]]
* [[Kususka Yesu]]
* [[Vyaka vyambura kumanyikwa vya Yesu]]
* [[Vinthu vyakukolerana na Yesu]]

&lt;!--------------------- Maghanoghano ----------------------&gt;
| list5name = maghanoghano
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| list5 = 
* [[Chisambizgo cha Khristu|Chikhristu]]
* [[Maghanoghano gha Ŵayuda pa Yesu|Chiyuda]]
* [[Yesu mu Talmud|Talmud]]
* [[Yesu mu Chisilamu|Chisilamu]]
**[[Yesu mu Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya]]
* [[Yesu mu Chisopa cha Baháʼí|Chisopa cha Baháʼí]]
* [[Yesu mu Manichaeism|Manichaean]]
* [[Yesu mu Mandaeism|Mandaean]]
* [[Josephus pa Yesu|Josephus]]
* [[Tacitus pa Yesu|Tacitus]]
* [[Yesu mu Theosophy|Theosophy]]
* [[Mara bar Serapion pa Yesu|Bar-Serapion]]

&lt;!---------------------- mu chikaya -----------------------&gt;
| list7name = mu chikaya
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* [[Umoyo wa Khristu mu vyakujambura|Umoyo mu vyakujambura]]
* [[Nyumba yakuwoneskeramo ya Umoyo wa Khristu]]
* [[Kulongosora Yesu]]
* [[Jesuism]]

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| image=[[Image:GaudenzioFerrari StorieCristo Varallo2.jpg|255px|Life of Jesus]]

| liststyle = text-align: left
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| list1title = [[Christ Child|Early life]]
| list1name = Early life
| list1 = 
* [[Annunciation]]
**[[Visitation (Christianity)|Visitation]]
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* [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]]
** [[Virgin birth of Jesus|Virgin birth]]
** [[Annunciation to the shepherds|Annunciation to the Shepherds]]
** [[Adoration of the Shepherds]]
* [[Circumcision of Jesus|Circumcision]]
* [[Adoration of the Magi]]
* [[Flight into Egypt]]
**[[Massacre of the Innocents]]
* [[Presentation of Jesus|Presentation]]
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* [[Finding in the Temple]]

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* [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]]

| list3title = [[Passion of Jesus|Passion]]
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* [[Anointing of Jesus|Anointing]]
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** [[Farewell Discourse]]
** [[Paraclete|Paraclete promised]]
* [[Agony in the Garden]]
**[[Kiss of Judas]]
** [[Arrest of Jesus|Arrest]]
* [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus|Sanhedrin trial]]
* [[Mocking of Jesus|Mocking]]
* [[Jesus at Herod's court|Herod's court]]
* [[Pilate's court]]
**[[Flagellation of Christ|Flagellation]]
**[[Crown of thorns|Crown of Thorns]]
**''[[Via Dolorosa]]''
* [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]
**[[Descent from the Cross]]
* [[Burial of Jesus|Entombment]]
* [[Harrowing of Hell]]

| list4title = [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]
| list4name =Resurrection
| list4 =
*[[Empty tomb]]
* [[Resurrection of Jesus#Biblical accounts|Appearances]]
**''[[Noli me tangere]]''
**[[Road to Emmaus appearance|Road to Emmaus]]
**[[Great Commission]]
*[[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]]

| list5title = In rest of the [[New Testament]]
| list5name =In Rest of the NT
| list5 =
*[[Conversion of Paul the Apostle|Road to Damascus]]
*[[John's vision of the Son of Man|John's vision]]

| below = Portals: [[File:P christianity.svg|16px]] [[Portal:Christianity|Christianity]] [[File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg|16px]] [[Portal:Bible|Bible]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Collapsible lists option |listnames=Early life, Ministry, Passion, Resurrection, In Rest of the NT|example=Ministry}}
[[Category:Jesus templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2h8xqamkaojqbk0fv1xxlk8waj6vbfr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118079</id>
      <parentid>118042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:22:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3257" sha1="sge5wgv88de7pxa32fgchgdc381ywrg" xml:space="preserve">{{sidebar with collapsible lists
| name = Gospel Jesus
| wraplinks = true
| bodyclass = vcard
| expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|&lt;noinclude&gt;all&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}}}}

| pretitle   = [[Kukolerana kwa Mauthenga Makuru gha Injili|Vyakuchitika]] mu
| title      = &lt;big&gt;[[Umoyo wa Yesu]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;mwakuyana na [[Mauthenga gha Injili gha mu Baibolo agho ghakuzomerezgeka]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

| image=[[Image:GaudenzioFerrari StorieCristo Varallo2.jpg|255px|Life of Jesus]]

| liststyle = text-align: left
| listtitlestyle = text-align:center;

| list1title = [[Christ Child|Early life]]
| list1name = Early life
| list1 = 
* [[Annunciation]]
**[[Visitation (Christianity)|Visitation]]
* [[Saint Joseph's dreams|Joseph's dreams]]
* [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]]
** [[Virgin birth of Jesus|Virgin birth]]
** [[Annunciation to the shepherds|Annunciation to the Shepherds]]
** [[Adoration of the Shepherds]]
* [[Circumcision of Jesus|Circumcision]]
* [[Adoration of the Magi]]
* [[Flight into Egypt]]
**[[Massacre of the Innocents]]
* [[Presentation of Jesus|Presentation]]
* [[Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth|Return to Nazareth]]
* [[Finding in the Temple]]

| list2title = [[Ministry of Jesus|Ministry]]
| list2name =Ministry
| list2 = 
* [[Baptism of Jesus|Baptism]]
* [[Temptation of Christ|Temptation]]
* [[Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles|Commissioning the Twelve Apostles]]
* [[Sermon on the Mount]] / [[Sermon on the Plain|Plain]]
**[[Beatitudes]]
**[[Lord's Prayer]]
* [[Miracles of Jesus|Miracles]]
* [[Parables of Jesus|Parables]]
* [[Prayers of Jesus|Prayer]]
* [[Rejection of Jesus|Rejection]]
* [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]]

| list3title = [[Passion of Jesus|Passion]]
| list3name =Passion
| list3 =
* [[Triumphal entry into Jerusalem]]
* [[Cleansing of the Temple|Temple cleansing]]
* [[Second Coming|Second coming prophecy]]
* [[Anointing of Jesus|Anointing]]
* [[Last Supper]]
** [[Farewell Discourse]]
** [[Paraclete|Paraclete promised]]
* [[Agony in the Garden]]
**[[Kiss of Judas]]
** [[Arrest of Jesus|Arrest]]
* [[Sanhedrin trial of Jesus|Sanhedrin trial]]
* [[Mocking of Jesus|Mocking]]
* [[Jesus at Herod's court|Herod's court]]
* [[Pilate's court]]
**[[Flagellation of Christ|Flagellation]]
**[[Crown of thorns|Crown of Thorns]]
**''[[Via Dolorosa]]''
* [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]
**[[Descent from the Cross]]
* [[Burial of Jesus|Entombment]]
* [[Harrowing of Hell]]

| list4title = [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]
| list4name =Resurrection
| list4 =
*[[Empty tomb]]
* [[Resurrection of Jesus#Biblical accounts|Appearances]]
**''[[Noli me tangere]]''
**[[Road to Emmaus appearance|Road to Emmaus]]
**[[Great Commission]]
*[[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]]

| list5title = In rest of the [[New Testament]]
| list5name =In Rest of the NT
| list5 =
*[[Conversion of Paul the Apostle|Road to Damascus]]
*[[John's vision of the Son of Man|John's vision]]

| below = Portals: [[File:P christianity.svg|16px]] [[Portal:Christianity|Christianity]] [[File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg|16px]] [[Portal:Bible|Bible]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Collapsible lists option |listnames=Early life, Ministry, Passion, Resurrection, In Rest of the NT|example=Ministry}}
[[Category:Jesus templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sge5wgv88de7pxa32fgchgdc381ywrg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Prehistoric technology</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118045</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T12:58:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox with collapsible groups|navbox | name = Umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga | state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}} | bodyclass = hlist | title = [[Umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga]] | selected = {{{selected|{{{autocollapse|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}  | above = * [[Nyengo ya pambere]] ** [[Nyengo ya pambere|Nthawi zakale]] ** [[Mwakudumura kwa umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga]] ** [[Nyengo ya malibwe]] ** [[Magulu gha nyengo ya malibwe]] ** N...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>118045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13350" sha1="75fsfvjm3vc370vbwn6lypmouuuo2gf" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox with collapsible groups|navbox
| name = Umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga]]
| selected = {{{selected|{{{autocollapse|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}

| above =
* [[Nyengo ya pambere]]
** [[Nyengo ya pambere|Nthawi zakale]]
** [[Mwakudumura kwa umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga]]
** [[Nyengo ya malibwe]]
** [[Magulu gha nyengo ya malibwe]]
** [[Neolithic|Nyengo yiphya ya malibwe]]
* [[Tekinoloji]]
** [[Mbiri ya tekinoloji|mbiri]]
* [[Mazgu gha vya mabwinja|Mazgu gha vya kusanda vinthu vya kale]]

&lt;!--------------------------------- Vyakugwiliskira nchito -------------------------------------&gt; 

| abbr1 = vyakugwiliskira nchito
| state1 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| section1 = [[Tekinoloji ya malibwe|Vyakugwiliskira nchito]]
| content1 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = [[Mbiri ya ulimi|Ulimi]]
  | list1 =
* [[Kusintha kwa ulimi mu nyengo ya Neolithic]]
** [[Mbewu zakwamba kulimwa]]
** [[Mbewu za ku America]]
* [[Ard (khalililo)|Mlimi wa kale]]
* [[Celt (chinthu)|Chisulo chakale]]
* [[Nkhuni zakupandira]]
* [[Kuzgoŵera vinyama na vyakumera]]
* [[Chikwapu chakukolera vinyama]]
* [[Umoyo wa maji mu ulimi]]
* [[Vinthu vya chiŵiri vya ulimi]]
* [[Chikwanje cha kuvunira]]
* [[Kulima pa mapiri]]

  | group2 = Kupanga chakurya&lt;/br&gt;([[Chakurya cha munthu wa Pleistocene|Chakurya cha Paleolithic]])
  | list2 =
* [[Kugwiliskira ntchito moto na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira|Moto]]
* [[Dengu]]
* [[Kupika]]
** [[Uvuni wa mu dongo]]
* [[Nyumba zakusungiramo mbewu]]
* [[Mwala wakupera]]
* [[Mwala wakupangika]]
* [[Malo gha moto]]
** [[Aşıklı Höyük#Malo gha moto|Aşıklı Höyük]]
** [[Qesem Cave#Moto|Qesem Cave]]
* [[Mano (mwala)|Mawoko gha kupululira]]
* [[Metate]]
* [[Chakupera na ndodo yakuperera]]
* [[Vyakuumba vya dongo]]
* [[Mwala wakuperera]]
* [[Mabowo ghakusungiramo vinthu vya kale]]
  | group3 = [[Chiweto cha kusuma vinyama|Kusuma]]
  | list3 =
   {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
    | list1 =
* [[Muvwi]]
* [[Bumerangi]]
** [[Ndodo yakuponya]]
* [[Uta na mivi]]
** [[Mbiri ya kuwombera na uta|mbiri]]
* [[Maukonde gha kusuma]]
* [[Mkondo]]
** [[Chakuponyera mikondo]]
** [[Baton fragment (Palart 310)|Baton]]
** [[Chakukolera somba]]
** [[Mikondo ya Schöningen|Schöningen]]
** [[Woomera (chakuponyera mikondo)|Woomera]]

    | group2 = [[Mitu ya mivi]]
    | list2 =
* [[Mutu wa muvi]]
** [[Mutu wa muvi wakuduka]]
* [[Bare Island projectile point|Bare Island]]
* [[Cascade point|Cascade]]
* [[Clovis point|Clovis]]
* [[Creswellian culture|Creswell]]
* [[Cumberland point|Cumberland]]
* [[Eden point|Eden]]
* [[Folsom point|Folsom]]
* [[Lamoka projectile point|Lamoka]]
* [[Manis Mastodon Site|Manis Mastodon]]
* [[Plano point|Plano]]

   | group3 = Maukaboni
   | list3=
* [[Ndondomeko ya kukolerera vinyama]]
** [[Kudumura njati]]
}}

  | group4 = [[Tekinoloji ya malibwe|Kupanga vyakugwiliskira ntchito]]
  | list4 =
* [[Makampani gha pakwamba gha vyakupangapanga|Kupanga vyakale chomene]]
** [[Oldowan]]
** [[Acheulean]]
** [[Mousterian]]
* [[Aurignacian]]
* [[Clovis culture|Chitukuko cha Clovis]]
* [[Cupstone|Mwala wa chikhopo]]
* [[Kukhozga vinthu na moto]]
* [[Gravettian|Chitukuko cha Gravettian]]
* [[Kukakika kwa chigwiliskilo]]
* [[Masekera gha mawoko]]
** [[Mizere mu malibwe]]
* [[Makampani gha nkhwangwa za Langdale]]
* [[Nthowa ya Levallois]]
* [[Mukati mwa mwala]]
* [[Kuchepeska mwala]]
** [[Kusanda malibwe]]
** [[Mabwangwa gha malibwe]]
** [[Chiphwando cha mwala]]
* [[Tekinoloji ya malibwe]]
* [[Magdalenian|Chitukuko cha Magdalenian]]
* [[Ulimi wa visulo]]
* [[Tekinoloji ya timipeni tuchoko]]
* [[Grime's Graves|Kusima migodi]]
* [[Nthowa ya kukhoma pakati pa mwala]]
* [[Solutrean|Makampani gha Solutrean]]
* [[Malo ghakumenyerapo mwala]]
* [[Mwala wakugwiliskirika ntchito]]
* [[Uniface]]
* [[Nthowa ya Yubetsu]]

  | group5 = [[Chinthu chakale (vyakusanda)|Vyakugwiliskira ntchito vinyake]]
  | list5 =
* [[Adze|Chakusemela nkhuni]]
* [[Stitching awl|Sano yakusonera]]
** [[Mafupa]]
* [[Nkhwangwa]]
* [[Bannerstone]]
* [[Blade (archaeology)|Lumo lwa mwala]]
** [[Prismatic blade|Lumo lwa mawonekedwe gha mbali zinandi]]
* [[Chakugwiliskira ntchito cha fupa]]
* [[Bow drill|Chakubowolera]]
* [[Burin (lithic flake)|Burin]]
* [[Boti la kano]]
** [[Nkhumbalu]]
** [[Boti la Pesse]]
* [[Chakudumulira]]
** [[Chakudumulira]]
* [[Cleaver (Stone Age tool)|Chakusekera]]
* [[Denticulate tool|Chakudumulira cha mano]]
* [[Pulawo ya moto]]
* [[Sano ya moto]]
* [[Mwala wakumenyera]]
* [[Mpeni]]
* [[Microlith|Mwala muchoko]]
* [[Mwala wakuperera]]
* [[Racloir]]
* [[Chingwe]]
* [[Scraper (archaeology)|Chakukankhira]]
** [[Grattoir de côté|Chapakati]]
* [[Chakupangika na mwala]]
* [[Tally stick|Ndodo yakulembapo manambala]]
* [[Mbiri ya vilwero mu Nyengo ya Mkuwa|Vilwero]]
* [[Gudumu]]
** [[Mphika wa Bronocice|Chithuzithuzi]]
 }}
&lt;!------------------------------- Vyakuzengeka --------------------------------&gt;

| abbr2 = vyakuzengeka
| state2 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group2 = [[Mbiri ya vyakuzengeka|Vyakuzengeka]]
| list2 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = Vyakuchindika na kusopa
  | list1 =
* [[Kiva|Nyumba ya kachisi ya ŵanthu ŵa kale]]
* [[Pyramid|Piramidi]]
* [[Menhir|Malibwe ghimilira]]
** [[Megalith|Mwala ukuru]]
** [[Stone row|Mizere ya malibwe]]
** [[Stonehenge]]

  | group2 = Nyumba zakukhalamo
  | list2 =
* [[Neolithic architecture|Vyakuzengeka vya Neolithic]]
** [[Neolithic long house|Nyumba yitali]]
* [[British megalith architecture|Vyakuzengeka vya megalith vya ku Britain]]
* [[Nordic megalith architecture|Vyakuzengeka vya megalith vya ku Nordic]]
* [[Burdei|Nyumba ya mu dindi]]
* [[Cave|Khola]]
* [[Cliff dwelling|Nyumba pa lupiri]]
* [[Dugout (shelter)|Malo ghakubisama]]
* [[Hut|Kanyumba]]
** [[Quiggly hole|Khola la Quiggly]]
* [[Jacal|Nyumba ya mphanda]]
* [[Longhouse|Nyumba yitali]]
* [[Mudbrick|Njerwa za dongo]]
** [[Mehrgarh#Lifestyle and technology|Mehrgarh]]
* [[Pit-house|Nyumba ya mu dindi]]
* [[Navajo pueblitos|Pueblitos]]
* [[Pueblo|Pueblo]]
* [[Rock shelter|Malo ghakubisama pasi pa malibwe]]
** [[Blombos Cave|Khola la Blombos]]
** [[Abri de la Madeleine|Abri de la Madeleine]]
** [[Sibudu Cave|Khola la Sibudu]]
* [[Roundhouse (dwelling)|Nyumba ya mphonje]]
* [[Stilt house|Nyumba yakujikika pa mizati]]
** [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|Nyumba zakale pa milundi ya ku Alps]]
* [[Ness of Brodgar|Denga la mwala]]
* [[Wattle and daub|Mabulangete na dongo]]

  | group3 = Kusamalira maji
  | list3 =
* [[Check dam|Chigaba chakukanizga maji]]
* [[Cistern|Sibani la maji]]
* [[Flush toilet#History|Chimbuzi chakusuka]]
* [[Reservoir|Chisimi cha maji]]
* [[Well|Chisimi]]

  | group4 = Vyakuzengeka vinyake
  | list4 =
* [[Feature (archaeology)|Vinthu vya mabwinja]]
* [[Broch|Broch]]
* [[Burnt mound|Chiphuphu chakuwotcha]]
** [[Fulacht fiadh]]
* [[Causewayed enclosure|Malo ghakuzingilizika]]
** [[Tor enclosure|Malo gha Tor]]
* [[Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe|Malo ghakuzingilizika gha Neolithic mu Central Europe]]
** [[Goseck Circle|Mzere wa Goseck]]
* [[Cursus|Cursus]]
* [[Henge|Henge]]
** [[Thornborough Henges|Thornborough]]
* [[Megalithic architectural elements|Vigaŵa vya vyakuzengeka vya megalith]]
* [[Midden|Malo gha viswaswa vya kale]]
* [[List of oldest extant buildings|Nyumba zakale chomene izo zili mkuŵa]]
* [[Timber circle|Mizere ya vimiti]]
* [[Timber trackway|Nthowa ya vimiti]]
** [[Sweet Track|Sweet Track]]
 }}
&lt;!----------------------------- Sangalalo na chikhalidwe ------------------------------&gt;

| abbr3 = chikhalidwe
| state3 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group3 = [[Sangalalo vya nyengo ya kale|Sangalalo]] na [[Chikhalidwe cha mabwinja|chikhalidwe]]
| list3 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = [[Chinthu chakale (vyakusanda)|Vinthu vya muwemi]]
  | list1 =
* [[Kuluka madengu|Madengu]]
* [[Kupanga mikanda|Mikanda]]
* [[Bedi#Mbiri|Magona]]
* [[Nyengo ya Mkuwa]]
* [[Mbiri ya vyakuvwara na malaya|Vyakuvwara na malaya]]
** [[Nthawi ya tekinoloji ya vyakuvwara na malaya|nthawi]]
* [[Mbiri ya vipodo|Vipodo]]
* [[Nyengo ya Malibwe yapakati|Guluu]]
* [[Mbiri ya vinthu vya vikumba|Vikumba]]
** [[Nsapato#Mbiri|Nsapato]]
** [[Ötzi#Vyakuvwara na nsapato|Ötzi]]
* [[Vyakuzola#Mbiri|Vyakuzola]]
** [[Amber#Kugwiliskika ntchito|Kugwiliskira ntchito amber]]
* [[Galasi lakujiyang'anapo#Mbiri|Magalasi]]
* [[Vyakuumba vya dongo#Mbiri|Vyakuumba vya dongo]]
** [[Vyakuumba vya Cardium|Cardium]]
** [[Vyakuumba vya mizere ya chingwe|Vyakuumba vya mizere ya chingwe]]
** [[Grooved ware|Vyakuumba vya mizere yakuzika]]
** [[Vyakuumba vya Jōmon|Jōmon]]
** [[Chikhalidwe cha Linear Pottery|Linear]]
** [[Unstan ware|Unstan]]
* [[Sano yakusonera#Mbiri|Sano yakusonera]]
* [[Kuluka]]
* [[Mbiri ya vinyo|Vinyo]]
** [[Areni-1 winery|Malo ghakusangira vinyo gha Areni-1]]
** [[Mbiri ya makina ghakupangira vinyo#Mbiri yakwamba|Makina ghakupangira vinyo]]

  | group2 = [[Sangalalo vya nyengo ya kale|Sangalalo vya nyengo ya kale]]
  | list2 =
* [[Sangalalo cha Upper Paleolithic]]
* [[Sangalalo cha Middle Paleolithic]]
** [[Blombos Cave#Vinthu vya mabwinja na chikhalidwe kuchokera ku Mzere wa Malibwe wapakati|Khola la Blombos]]
* [[Mndandanda wa sangalalo za Nyengo ya Malibwe]]
* [[Mwala wa kayuni]]
* [[Cairn|Mulu wa malibwe]]
* [[Mipira yakusemeka ya malibwe]]
* [[Vithuzithuzi pa mabhanga]]
* [[Chizindikiro cha kapu na mphete]]
* [[Geoglyph|Chithuzithuzi pa charu]]
** [[Chithuzithuzi cha pa phiri]]
* [[Chisoti cha golide]]
* [[Malibwe ghakuvikilira]]
* [[Vithuzithuzi vya Gwion Gwion pa malibwe]]
** [[Mbiri ya kupenta#Nyengo ya pambere|kupenta]]
** [[Pigment#Mbiri|mtundu wakupentera]]
* [[Sangalalo ya megalith]]
* [[Petroform|Chithuzithuzi cha malibwe]]
* [[Petroglyph|Chithuzithuzi chakusemeka pa mwala]]
* [[Petrosomatoglyph|Chilongolero cha thupi pa mwala]]
* [[Pictogram|Chithuzithuzi chakuyimira mazgu]]
* [[Sangalalo ya malibwe]]
** [[Malo gha mabowo pa mwala]]
** [[Kusema malibwe]]
* [[Sculpture#Nyengo za pambere|Vithuzithuzi vya kupangika]]
* [[Menhir ya chithuzithuzi]]
* [[Mzere wa malibwe]]
** [[Mndandanda wa mizere ya malibwe]]
** [[Mizere ya malibwe mu British Isles na Brittany]]
* [[Chithuzithuzi cha Venus]]
  | group3 = [[Nyimbo za nyengo ya kale|Nyimbo za nyengo ya kale]]
  | list3 =
* [[Evolutionary musicology|Sayanasi ya kusintha kwa nyimbo]]
** [[Music archaeology|Kusanda kwa nyimbo za kale]]
* [[Alligator drum|Ngoma ya alligator]]
* [[Paleolithic flute|Chitoliro cha Paleolithic]]
** [[Divje Babe flute|Chitoliro cha Divje Babe]]
** [[Gudi (instrument)|Gudi]]

  |group4 = [[Chipulikano cha nyengo ya kale|Chipulikano cha nyengo ya kale]]
  |list4 =
* [[Evolutionary origin of religion|Kwambira kwa chisopa kwizira mu kusintha kwa vinthu]]
* [[Paleolithic religion|Chisopa cha Paleolithic]]
* [[Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record|Mankhwala gha uzimu na vinthu vya mabwinja]]

  | group5 = [[Chisopa cha Paleolithic|Kusunga ŵakufwa]]
  | list5 =
* [[Tumulus|Milundu ya malaro]]
** [[Bowl barrow|Mulundu wa mawonekedwe gha mbale]]
** [[Round barrow|Mulundu wa mphonje]]
* [[Mound Builders|Chikhalidwe cha ŵakuzenga milundu]]
** [[List of burial mounds in the United States|Mndandanda wa milundu ya malaro ku United States]]
* [[Chamber tomb|Dindi la vipinda]]
** [[Cotswold-Severn Group|Gulu la Cotswold-Severn]]
* [[Cist|Bokosi la dindi la malibwe]]
** [[Dartmoor kistvaens|Dartmoor kistvaens]]
* [[Clava cairn|Clava cairn]]
* [[Court cairn|Malo gha dindi gha khoti]]
* [[Cremation#History|Kuwotcha ŵakufwa]]
* [[Dolmen|Dolmen]]
** [[Great dolmen|Dolmen yikuru]]
* [[Pyre|Moto wakuwotchera ŵakufwa]]
* [[Gallery grave|Dindi la nthowa]]
** [[Transepted gallery grave|Dindi la nthowa ilo lili na mphanda]]
** [[Wedge-shaped gallery grave|Dindi la nthowa la mawonekedwe gha mphanda]]
* [[Grave goods|Vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu madindi]]
* [[Jar burial|Kusunga munthu mu mphika]]
* [[Kuyavian long barrows|Milundu yitali ya Kuyavia]]
* [[Long barrow|Mulundu utali]]
** [[Unchambered long barrow|Mulundu utali wambura chipinda]]
** [[Grønsalen|Grønsalen]]
* [[Megalithic tomb|Dindi la megalith]]
* [[Mummy|Mummy]]
* [[Passage grave|Dindi la nthowa yakunjiramo]]
* [[Rectangular dolmen|Dolmen ya makona]
* [[Ring cairn|Mulu wa malibwe wa mphonje]]
* [[Simple dolmen|Dolmen yambura kusuzga]]
* [[Stone box grave|Dindi la bokosi la mwala]]
* [[Tor cairn|Tor cairn]]
* [[Unchambered long cairn|Mulu utali wa malibwe wambura vipinda]]

  | group6 = Chikhalidwe chinyake
  | list6 =
* [[Archaeoastronomy|Kusanda nyenyezi za kale]]
** [[List of archaeoastronomical sites by country|Mndandanda wa malo gha kusanda nyenyezi za kale kuyana na charu]]
** [[Lunar calendar|Kalenda ya mwezi]]
* [[Behavioral modernity|Mawonekero ghaphya gha makhaliro gha munthu]]
* [[Origin of language|Kwambira kwa chiyowoyero]]
* [[Prehistoric counting|Kupenda kwa nyengo ya kale]]
* [[Prehistoric medicine|Chilwari na munkhwala mu nyengo ya kale]]
** [[Trepanning|Kubowola mutu]]
* [[Prehistoric warfare|Nkhondo za nyengo ya kale]]
* [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter|Malo ghakubisama gha malibwe gha Diepkloof]]
** [[Howiesons Poort#Symbolism|Viwonesko vya Howiesons Poort]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>75fsfvjm3vc370vbwn6lypmouuuo2gf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118046</id>
      <parentid>118045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T12:58:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118046</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13311" sha1="camktt6eo1z8mmx3g7aly0fpw3hgx74" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga]]
| selected = {{{selected|{{{autocollapse|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}

| above =
* [[Nyengo ya pambere]]
** [[Nyengo ya pambere|Nthawi zakale]]
** [[Mwakudumura kwa umanyi wa kale wa vyakupangapanga]]
** [[Nyengo ya malibwe]]
** [[Magulu gha nyengo ya malibwe]]
** [[Neolithic|Nyengo yiphya ya malibwe]]
* [[Tekinoloji]]
** [[Mbiri ya tekinoloji|mbiri]]
* [[Mazgu gha vya mabwinja|Mazgu gha vya kusanda vinthu vya kale]]

&lt;!--------------------------------- Vyakugwiliskira nchito -------------------------------------&gt; 

| abbr1 = vyakugwiliskira nchito
| state1 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| section1 = [[Tekinoloji ya malibwe|Vyakugwiliskira nchito]]
| content1 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = [[Mbiri ya ulimi|Ulimi]]
  | list1 =
* [[Kusintha kwa ulimi mu nyengo ya Neolithic]]
** [[Mbewu zakwamba kulimwa]]
** [[Mbewu za ku America]]
* [[Ard (khalililo)|Mlimi wa kale]]
* [[Celt (chinthu)|Chisulo chakale]]
* [[Nkhuni zakupandira]]
* [[Kuzgoŵera vinyama na vyakumera]]
* [[Chikwapu chakukolera vinyama]]
* [[Umoyo wa maji mu ulimi]]
* [[Vinthu vya chiŵiri vya ulimi]]
* [[Chikwanje cha kuvunira]]
* [[Kulima pa mapiri]]

  | group2 = Kupanga chakurya&lt;/br&gt;([[Chakurya cha munthu wa Pleistocene|Chakurya cha Paleolithic]])
  | list2 =
* [[Kugwiliskira ntchito moto na ŵanthu ŵakwambilira|Moto]]
* [[Dengu]]
* [[Kupika]]
** [[Uvuni wa mu dongo]]
* [[Nyumba zakusungiramo mbewu]]
* [[Mwala wakupera]]
* [[Mwala wakupangika]]
* [[Malo gha moto]]
** [[Aşıklı Höyük#Malo gha moto|Aşıklı Höyük]]
** [[Qesem Cave#Moto|Qesem Cave]]
* [[Mano (mwala)|Mawoko gha kupululira]]
* [[Metate]]
* [[Chakupera na ndodo yakuperera]]
* [[Vyakuumba vya dongo]]
* [[Mwala wakuperera]]
* [[Mabowo ghakusungiramo vinthu vya kale]]
  | group3 = [[Chiweto cha kusuma vinyama|Kusuma]]
  | list3 =
   {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
    | list1 =
* [[Muvwi]]
* [[Bumerangi]]
** [[Ndodo yakuponya]]
* [[Uta na mivi]]
** [[Mbiri ya kuwombera na uta|mbiri]]
* [[Maukonde gha kusuma]]
* [[Mkondo]]
** [[Chakuponyera mikondo]]
** [[Baton fragment (Palart 310)|Baton]]
** [[Chakukolera somba]]
** [[Mikondo ya Schöningen|Schöningen]]
** [[Woomera (chakuponyera mikondo)|Woomera]]

    | group2 = [[Mitu ya mivi]]
    | list2 =
* [[Mutu wa muvi]]
** [[Mutu wa muvi wakuduka]]
* [[Bare Island projectile point|Bare Island]]
* [[Cascade point|Cascade]]
* [[Clovis point|Clovis]]
* [[Creswellian culture|Creswell]]
* [[Cumberland point|Cumberland]]
* [[Eden point|Eden]]
* [[Folsom point|Folsom]]
* [[Lamoka projectile point|Lamoka]]
* [[Manis Mastodon Site|Manis Mastodon]]
* [[Plano point|Plano]]

   | group3 = Maukaboni
   | list3=
* [[Ndondomeko ya kukolerera vinyama]]
** [[Kudumura njati]]
}}

  | group4 = [[Tekinoloji ya malibwe|Kupanga vyakugwiliskira ntchito]]
  | list4 =
* [[Makampani gha pakwamba gha vyakupangapanga|Kupanga vyakale chomene]]
** [[Oldowan]]
** [[Acheulean]]
** [[Mousterian]]
* [[Aurignacian]]
* [[Clovis culture|Chitukuko cha Clovis]]
* [[Cupstone|Mwala wa chikhopo]]
* [[Kukhozga vinthu na moto]]
* [[Gravettian|Chitukuko cha Gravettian]]
* [[Kukakika kwa chigwiliskilo]]
* [[Masekera gha mawoko]]
** [[Mizere mu malibwe]]
* [[Makampani gha nkhwangwa za Langdale]]
* [[Nthowa ya Levallois]]
* [[Mukati mwa mwala]]
* [[Kuchepeska mwala]]
** [[Kusanda malibwe]]
** [[Mabwangwa gha malibwe]]
** [[Chiphwando cha mwala]]
* [[Tekinoloji ya malibwe]]
* [[Magdalenian|Chitukuko cha Magdalenian]]
* [[Ulimi wa visulo]]
* [[Tekinoloji ya timipeni tuchoko]]
* [[Grime's Graves|Kusima migodi]]
* [[Nthowa ya kukhoma pakati pa mwala]]
* [[Solutrean|Makampani gha Solutrean]]
* [[Malo ghakumenyerapo mwala]]
* [[Mwala wakugwiliskirika ntchito]]
* [[Uniface]]
* [[Nthowa ya Yubetsu]]

  | group5 = [[Chinthu chakale (vyakusanda)|Vyakugwiliskira ntchito vinyake]]
  | list5 =
* [[Adze|Chakusemela nkhuni]]
* [[Stitching awl|Sano yakusonera]]
** [[Mafupa]]
* [[Nkhwangwa]]
* [[Bannerstone]]
* [[Blade (archaeology)|Lumo lwa mwala]]
** [[Prismatic blade|Lumo lwa mawonekedwe gha mbali zinandi]]
* [[Chakugwiliskira ntchito cha fupa]]
* [[Bow drill|Chakubowolera]]
* [[Burin (lithic flake)|Burin]]
* [[Boti la kano]]
** [[Nkhumbalu]]
** [[Boti la Pesse]]
* [[Chakudumulira]]
** [[Chakudumulira]]
* [[Cleaver (Stone Age tool)|Chakusekera]]
* [[Denticulate tool|Chakudumulira cha mano]]
* [[Pulawo ya moto]]
* [[Sano ya moto]]
* [[Mwala wakumenyera]]
* [[Mpeni]]
* [[Microlith|Mwala muchoko]]
* [[Mwala wakuperera]]
* [[Racloir]]
* [[Chingwe]]
* [[Scraper (archaeology)|Chakukankhira]]
** [[Grattoir de côté|Chapakati]]
* [[Chakupangika na mwala]]
* [[Tally stick|Ndodo yakulembapo manambala]]
* [[Mbiri ya vilwero mu Nyengo ya Mkuwa|Vilwero]]
* [[Gudumu]]
** [[Mphika wa Bronocice|Chithuzithuzi]]
 }}
&lt;!------------------------------- Vyakuzengeka --------------------------------&gt;

| abbr2 = vyakuzengeka
| state2 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group2 = [[Mbiri ya vyakuzengeka|Vyakuzengeka]]
| list2 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = Vyakuchindika na kusopa
  | list1 =
* [[Kiva|Nyumba ya kachisi ya ŵanthu ŵa kale]]
* [[Pyramid|Piramidi]]
* [[Menhir|Malibwe ghimilira]]
** [[Megalith|Mwala ukuru]]
** [[Stone row|Mizere ya malibwe]]
** [[Stonehenge]]

  | group2 = Nyumba zakukhalamo
  | list2 =
* [[Neolithic architecture|Vyakuzengeka vya Neolithic]]
** [[Neolithic long house|Nyumba yitali]]
* [[British megalith architecture|Vyakuzengeka vya megalith vya ku Britain]]
* [[Nordic megalith architecture|Vyakuzengeka vya megalith vya ku Nordic]]
* [[Burdei|Nyumba ya mu dindi]]
* [[Cave|Khola]]
* [[Cliff dwelling|Nyumba pa lupiri]]
* [[Dugout (shelter)|Malo ghakubisama]]
* [[Hut|Kanyumba]]
** [[Quiggly hole|Khola la Quiggly]]
* [[Jacal|Nyumba ya mphanda]]
* [[Longhouse|Nyumba yitali]]
* [[Mudbrick|Njerwa za dongo]]
** [[Mehrgarh#Lifestyle and technology|Mehrgarh]]
* [[Pit-house|Nyumba ya mu dindi]]
* [[Navajo pueblitos|Pueblitos]]
* [[Pueblo|Pueblo]]
* [[Rock shelter|Malo ghakubisama pasi pa malibwe]]
** [[Blombos Cave|Khola la Blombos]]
** [[Abri de la Madeleine|Abri de la Madeleine]]
** [[Sibudu Cave|Khola la Sibudu]]
* [[Roundhouse (dwelling)|Nyumba ya mphonje]]
* [[Stilt house|Nyumba yakujikika pa mizati]]
** [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|Nyumba zakale pa milundi ya ku Alps]]
* [[Ness of Brodgar|Denga la mwala]]
* [[Wattle and daub|Mabulangete na dongo]]

  | group3 = Kusamalira maji
  | list3 =
* [[Check dam|Chigaba chakukanizga maji]]
* [[Cistern|Sibani la maji]]
* [[Flush toilet#History|Chimbuzi chakusuka]]
* [[Reservoir|Chisimi cha maji]]
* [[Well|Chisimi]]

  | group4 = Vyakuzengeka vinyake
  | list4 =
* [[Feature (archaeology)|Vinthu vya mabwinja]]
* [[Broch|Broch]]
* [[Burnt mound|Chiphuphu chakuwotcha]]
** [[Fulacht fiadh]]
* [[Causewayed enclosure|Malo ghakuzingilizika]]
** [[Tor enclosure|Malo gha Tor]]
* [[Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe|Malo ghakuzingilizika gha Neolithic mu Central Europe]]
** [[Goseck Circle|Mzere wa Goseck]]
* [[Cursus|Cursus]]
* [[Henge|Henge]]
** [[Thornborough Henges|Thornborough]]
* [[Megalithic architectural elements|Vigaŵa vya vyakuzengeka vya megalith]]
* [[Midden|Malo gha viswaswa vya kale]]
* [[List of oldest extant buildings|Nyumba zakale chomene izo zili mkuŵa]]
* [[Timber circle|Mizere ya vimiti]]
* [[Timber trackway|Nthowa ya vimiti]]
** [[Sweet Track|Sweet Track]]
 }}
&lt;!----------------------------- Sangalalo na chikhalidwe ------------------------------&gt;

| abbr3 = chikhalidwe
| state3 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group3 = [[Sangalalo vya nyengo ya kale|Sangalalo]] na [[Chikhalidwe cha mabwinja|chikhalidwe]]
| list3 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = [[Chinthu chakale (vyakusanda)|Vinthu vya muwemi]]
  | list1 =
* [[Kuluka madengu|Madengu]]
* [[Kupanga mikanda|Mikanda]]
* [[Bedi#Mbiri|Magona]]
* [[Nyengo ya Mkuwa]]
* [[Mbiri ya vyakuvwara na malaya|Vyakuvwara na malaya]]
** [[Nthawi ya tekinoloji ya vyakuvwara na malaya|nthawi]]
* [[Mbiri ya vipodo|Vipodo]]
* [[Nyengo ya Malibwe yapakati|Guluu]]
* [[Mbiri ya vinthu vya vikumba|Vikumba]]
** [[Nsapato#Mbiri|Nsapato]]
** [[Ötzi#Vyakuvwara na nsapato|Ötzi]]
* [[Vyakuzola#Mbiri|Vyakuzola]]
** [[Amber#Kugwiliskika ntchito|Kugwiliskira ntchito amber]]
* [[Galasi lakujiyang'anapo#Mbiri|Magalasi]]
* [[Vyakuumba vya dongo#Mbiri|Vyakuumba vya dongo]]
** [[Vyakuumba vya Cardium|Cardium]]
** [[Vyakuumba vya mizere ya chingwe|Vyakuumba vya mizere ya chingwe]]
** [[Grooved ware|Vyakuumba vya mizere yakuzika]]
** [[Vyakuumba vya Jōmon|Jōmon]]
** [[Chikhalidwe cha Linear Pottery|Linear]]
** [[Unstan ware|Unstan]]
* [[Sano yakusonera#Mbiri|Sano yakusonera]]
* [[Kuluka]]
* [[Mbiri ya vinyo|Vinyo]]
** [[Areni-1 winery|Malo ghakusangira vinyo gha Areni-1]]
** [[Mbiri ya makina ghakupangira vinyo#Mbiri yakwamba|Makina ghakupangira vinyo]]

  | group2 = [[Sangalalo vya nyengo ya kale|Sangalalo vya nyengo ya kale]]
  | list2 =
* [[Sangalalo cha Upper Paleolithic]]
* [[Sangalalo cha Middle Paleolithic]]
** [[Blombos Cave#Vinthu vya mabwinja na chikhalidwe kuchokera ku Mzere wa Malibwe wapakati|Khola la Blombos]]
* [[Mndandanda wa sangalalo za Nyengo ya Malibwe]]
* [[Mwala wa kayuni]]
* [[Cairn|Mulu wa malibwe]]
* [[Mipira yakusemeka ya malibwe]]
* [[Vithuzithuzi pa mabhanga]]
* [[Chizindikiro cha kapu na mphete]]
* [[Geoglyph|Chithuzithuzi pa charu]]
** [[Chithuzithuzi cha pa phiri]]
* [[Chisoti cha golide]]
* [[Malibwe ghakuvikilira]]
* [[Vithuzithuzi vya Gwion Gwion pa malibwe]]
** [[Mbiri ya kupenta#Nyengo ya pambere|kupenta]]
** [[Pigment#Mbiri|mtundu wakupentera]]
* [[Sangalalo ya megalith]]
* [[Petroform|Chithuzithuzi cha malibwe]]
* [[Petroglyph|Chithuzithuzi chakusemeka pa mwala]]
* [[Petrosomatoglyph|Chilongolero cha thupi pa mwala]]
* [[Pictogram|Chithuzithuzi chakuyimira mazgu]]
* [[Sangalalo ya malibwe]]
** [[Malo gha mabowo pa mwala]]
** [[Kusema malibwe]]
* [[Sculpture#Nyengo za pambere|Vithuzithuzi vya kupangika]]
* [[Menhir ya chithuzithuzi]]
* [[Mzere wa malibwe]]
** [[Mndandanda wa mizere ya malibwe]]
** [[Mizere ya malibwe mu British Isles na Brittany]]
* [[Chithuzithuzi cha Venus]]
  | group3 = [[Nyimbo za nyengo ya kale|Nyimbo za nyengo ya kale]]
  | list3 =
* [[Evolutionary musicology|Sayanasi ya kusintha kwa nyimbo]]
** [[Music archaeology|Kusanda kwa nyimbo za kale]]
* [[Alligator drum|Ngoma ya alligator]]
* [[Paleolithic flute|Chitoliro cha Paleolithic]]
** [[Divje Babe flute|Chitoliro cha Divje Babe]]
** [[Gudi (instrument)|Gudi]]

  |group4 = [[Chipulikano cha nyengo ya kale|Chipulikano cha nyengo ya kale]]
  |list4 =
* [[Evolutionary origin of religion|Kwambira kwa chisopa kwizira mu kusintha kwa vinthu]]
* [[Paleolithic religion|Chisopa cha Paleolithic]]
* [[Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record|Mankhwala gha uzimu na vinthu vya mabwinja]]

  | group5 = [[Chisopa cha Paleolithic|Kusunga ŵakufwa]]
  | list5 =
* [[Tumulus|Milundu ya malaro]]
** [[Bowl barrow|Mulundu wa mawonekedwe gha mbale]]
** [[Round barrow|Mulundu wa mphonje]]
* [[Mound Builders|Chikhalidwe cha ŵakuzenga milundu]]
** [[List of burial mounds in the United States|Mndandanda wa milundu ya malaro ku United States]]
* [[Chamber tomb|Dindi la vipinda]]
** [[Cotswold-Severn Group|Gulu la Cotswold-Severn]]
* [[Cist|Bokosi la dindi la malibwe]]
** [[Dartmoor kistvaens|Dartmoor kistvaens]]
* [[Clava cairn|Clava cairn]]
* [[Court cairn|Malo gha dindi gha khoti]]
* [[Cremation#History|Kuwotcha ŵakufwa]]
* [[Dolmen|Dolmen]]
** [[Great dolmen|Dolmen yikuru]]
* [[Pyre|Moto wakuwotchera ŵakufwa]]
* [[Gallery grave|Dindi la nthowa]]
** [[Transepted gallery grave|Dindi la nthowa ilo lili na mphanda]]
** [[Wedge-shaped gallery grave|Dindi la nthowa la mawonekedwe gha mphanda]]
* [[Grave goods|Vinthu ivyo vikusangika mu madindi]]
* [[Jar burial|Kusunga munthu mu mphika]]
* [[Kuyavian long barrows|Milundu yitali ya Kuyavia]]
* [[Long barrow|Mulundu utali]]
** [[Unchambered long barrow|Mulundu utali wambura chipinda]]
** [[Grønsalen|Grønsalen]]
* [[Megalithic tomb|Dindi la megalith]]
* [[Mummy|Mummy]]
* [[Passage grave|Dindi la nthowa yakunjiramo]]
* [[Rectangular dolmen|Dolmen ya makona]
* [[Ring cairn|Mulu wa malibwe wa mphonje]]
* [[Simple dolmen|Dolmen yambura kusuzga]]
* [[Stone box grave|Dindi la bokosi la mwala]]
* [[Tor cairn|Tor cairn]]
* [[Unchambered long cairn|Mulu utali wa malibwe wambura vipinda]]

  | group6 = Chikhalidwe chinyake
  | list6 =
* [[Archaeoastronomy|Kusanda nyenyezi za kale]]
** [[List of archaeoastronomical sites by country|Mndandanda wa malo gha kusanda nyenyezi za kale kuyana na charu]]
** [[Lunar calendar|Kalenda ya mwezi]]
* [[Behavioral modernity|Mawonekero ghaphya gha makhaliro gha munthu]]
* [[Origin of language|Kwambira kwa chiyowoyero]]
* [[Prehistoric counting|Kupenda kwa nyengo ya kale]]
* [[Prehistoric medicine|Chilwari na munkhwala mu nyengo ya kale]]
** [[Trepanning|Kubowola mutu]]
* [[Prehistoric warfare|Nkhondo za nyengo ya kale]]
* [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter|Malo ghakubisama gha malibwe gha Diepkloof]]
** [[Howiesons Poort#Symbolism|Viwonesko vya Howiesons Poort]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>camktt6eo1z8mmx3g7aly0fpw3hgx74</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118050</id>
      <parentid>118046</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:03:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9809" sha1="3dwwlerhb18oj52y5pa8x1ga69caf6c" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox with collapsible groups|navbox
| name = Prehistoric technology
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Prehistoric technology]]
| selected = {{{selected|{{{autocollapse|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}

| above =
* [[Prehistory]]
** [[Timeline of prehistory|Timeline]]
** [[Outline of prehistoric technology|Outline]]
** [[Stone Age]]
** [[Three-age system#Stone Age subdivisions|Subdivisions]]
** [[Neolithic|New Stone Age]]
* [[Technology]]
** [[History of technology|history]]
* [[Glossary of archaeology|Glossary]]

&lt;!--------------------------------- Tools -------------------------------------&gt; 

| abbr1 = tools
| state1 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| section1 = [[Lithic technology|Tools]]
| content1 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em
  | group1 = [[History of agriculture|Farming]]
  | list1 =
* [[Neolithic Revolution]]
** [[Founder crops]]
** [[New World crops]]
* [[Ard (plough)|Ard{{\}}plough]]
* [[Celt (tool)|Celt]]
* [[Digging stick]]
* [[Domestication]]
* [[Goad]]
* [[Irrigation]]
* [[Secondary products revolution|Secondary products]]
* [[Sickle]]
* [[Terrace (earthworks)|Terracing]]

 | group2 = Food processing&lt;/br&gt;([[Pleistocene human diet|Paleolithic diet]])
 | list2 =
* [[Control of fire by early humans|Fire]]
* [[Basket]]
* [[Cooking]]
** [[Earth oven]]
* [[Granary|Granaries]]
* [[Grinding slab]]
* [[Ground stone]]
* [[Hearth]]
** [[Aşıklı Höyük#Hearths|Aşıklı Höyük]]
** [[Qesem Cave#Fire|Qesem Cave]]
* [[Mano (stone)|Mano]]s
* [[Metate]]
* [[Mortar and pestle]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Prehistoric storage pits|Storage pits]]

  | group3 = [[Hunting hypothesis|Hunting]]
  | list3 =
   {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
    | list1 =
* [[Arrow]]
* [[Boomerang]]
** [[throwing stick]]
* [[Bow and arrow]]
** [[History of archery|history]]
* [[Gravettian#Hunting|Nets]]
* [[Spear]]
** [[spear-thrower]]
** [[Baton fragment (Palart 310)|baton]]
** [[harpoon]]
** [[Schöningen spears|Schöningen]]
** [[Woomera (spear-thrower)|woomera]]

    | group2 = [[Projectile point]]s
    | list2 =
* [[Arrowhead]]
** [[Transverse arrowhead|Transverse]]
* [[Bare Island projectile point|Bare Island]]
* [[Cascade point|Cascade]]
* [[Clovis point|Clovis]]
* [[Creswellian culture|Cresswell]]
* [[Cumberland point|Cumberland]]
* [[Eden point|Eden]]
* [[Folsom point|Folsom]]
* [[Lamoka projectile point|Lamoka]]
* [[Manis Mastodon Site|Manis Mastodon]]
* [[Plano point|Plano]]

   | group3 = Systems
   | list3=
* [[Game drive system]]
** [[Buffalo jump]]
}}

  | group4 = [[Lithic technology|Toolmaking]]
  | list4 =
* [[Industry (archaeology)|Earliest toolmaking]]
** [[Oldowan]]
** [[Acheulean]]
** [[Mousterian]]
* [[Aurignacian]]
* [[Clovis culture]]
* [[Cupstone]]
* [[Fire hardening]]
* [[Gravettian|Gravettian culture]]
* [[Hafting]]
* [[Hand axe]]
** [[Grooves (archaeology)|Grooves]]
* [[Langdale axe industry]]
* [[Levallois technique]]
* [[Lithic core]]
* [[Lithic reduction]]
** [[Lithic analysis|analysis]]
** [[debitage]]
** [[Lithic flake|flake]]
* [[Lithic technology]]
* [[Magdalenian|Magdalenian culture]]
* [[Ferrous metallurgy|Metallurgy]]
* [[Microblade technology]]
* [[Grime's Graves|Mining]]
* [[Prepared-core technique]]
* [[Solutrean|Solutrean industry]]
* [[Striking platform]]
* [[Tool stone]]
* [[Uniface]]
* [[Yubetsu technique]]

  | group5 = [[Artifact (archaeology)|Other tools]]
  | list5 =
* [[Adze]]
* [[Stitching awl|Awl]]
** [[Gravettian#Use of animal remains|bone]]
* [[Axe]]
* [[Bannerstone]]
* [[Blade (archaeology)|Blade]]
** [[Prismatic blade|prismatic]]
* [[Bone tool]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Burin (lithic flake)|Burin]]
* [[Canoe#History|Canoe]]
** [[Oar]]
** [[Pesse canoe]]
* [[Chopper (archaeology)|Chopper]]
** [[Chopping tool|tool]]
* [[Cleaver (Stone Age tool)|Cleaver]]
* [[Denticulate tool]]
* [[Fire plough]]
* [[Fire-saw]]
* [[Hammerstone]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Microlith]]
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Racloir]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Scraper (archaeology)|Scraper]]
** [[Grattoir de côté|side]]
* [[Stone tool]]
* [[Tally stick#Paleolithic tally sticks|Tally stick]]
* [[History of weapons#Copper Age|Weapons]]
* [[Wheel]]
** [[Bronocice pot|illustration]]
 }}

&lt;!------------------------------- Architecture --------------------------------&gt;

| abbr2 = architecture
| state2 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group2 = [[History of architecture|Architecture]]
| list2 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = Ceremonial
  | list1 =
* [[Kiva]]
* [[Pyramid]]
* [[Menhir|Standing stones]]
** [[megalith]]
** [[Stone row|row]]
** [[Stonehenge]]

  | group2 = Dwellings
  | list2 =
* [[Neolithic architecture]]
** [[Neolithic long house|long house]]
* [[British megalith architecture]]
* [[Nordic megalith architecture]]
* [[Burdei]]
* [[Cave]]
* [[Cliff dwelling]]
* [[Dugout (shelter)|Dugout]]
* [[Hut]]
**[[Quiggly hole]]
* [[Jacal]]
* [[Longhouse]]
* [[Mudbrick]]
** [[Mehrgarh#Lifestyle and technology|Mehrgarh]]
* [[Pit-house]]
* [[Navajo pueblitos|Pueblitos]]
* [[Pueblo]]
* [[Rock shelter]]
** [[Blombos Cave]]
** [[Abri de la Madeleine]]
** [[Sibudu Cave]]
* [[Roundhouse (dwelling)|Roundhouse]]
* [[Stilt house]]
** [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|Alp pile dwellings]]
* [[Ness of Brodgar|Stone roof]]
* [[Wattle and daub]]

  | group3 = Water management
  | list3 =
* [[Check dam]]
* [[Cistern]]
* [[Flush toilet#History|Flush toilet]]
* [[Reservoir]]
* [[Well]]

  | group4 = Other architecture
  | list4 =
* [[Feature (archaeology)|Archaeological feature]]s
* [[Broch]]
* [[Burnt mound]]
** [[fulacht fiadh]]
* [[Causewayed enclosure]]
**[[Tor enclosure]]
* [[Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe|Circular enclosure]]
** [[Goseck Circle|Goseck]]
* [[Cursus]]
* [[Henge]]
**[[Thornborough Henges|Thornborough]]
* [[Megalithic architectural elements]]
* [[Midden]]
* [[List of oldest extant buildings|Oldest extant buildings]]
* [[Timber circle]]
* [[Timber trackway]]
** [[Sweet Track]]
 }}

&lt;!----------------------------- Arts and culture ------------------------------&gt;

| abbr3 = culture
| state3 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group3 = [[Prehistoric art|Arts]] and [[Archaeological culture|culture]]
| list3 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em
  | group1 = [[Artifact (archaeology)|Material goods]]
  | list1 =
* [[Basket weaving|Baskets]]
* [[Beadwork]]
* [[Bed#History|Beds]]
* [[Chalcolithic]]
* [[History of clothing and textiles|Clothing/textiles]]
** [[Timeline of clothing and textiles technology|timeline]]
* [[History of cosmetics|Cosmetics]]
* [[Middle Stone Age|Glue]]
* [[History of hide materials|Hides]]
** [[Shoe#History|shoes]]
** [[Ötzi#Clothes and shoes|Ötzi]]
* [[Jewellery#History|Jewelry]]
** [[Amber#Use|amber use]]
* [[Mirror#History|Mirrors]]
* [[Pottery#History|Pottery]]
** [[Cardium pottery|Cardium]]
** [[Cord-marked pottery|Cord-marked]]
** [[Grooved ware]]
** [[Jōmon pottery|Jōmon]]
** [[Linear Pottery culture|Linear]]
** [[Unstan ware]]
* [[Sewing needle#History|Sewing needle]]
* [[Weaving]] 
* [[History of wine|Wine]]
** [[Areni-1 winery|winery]]
** [[History of the wine press#Early history|wine press]]

  | group2 = [[Prehistoric art]]
  | list2 =
* [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]]
* [[Art of the Middle Paleolithic]]
** [[Blombos Cave#Archaeological remains and material culture from the Middle Stone Age levels|Blombos Cave]]
* [[List of Stone Age art]]
* [[Bird stone]]
* [[Cairn]]
* [[Carved stone balls]]
* [[Cave painting]]s
* [[Cup and ring mark]]
* [[Geoglyph]]
** [[Hill figure]]
* [[Golden hat]]s
* [[Guardian stones]]
* [[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]]
** [[History of painting#Pre-history|painting]]
** [[Pigment#History|pigment]]
* [[Megalithic art]]
* [[Petroform]]
* [[Petroglyph]]
* [[Petrosomatoglyph]]
* [[Pictogram]]
* [[Rock art]]
** [[Rock cupule]]
** [[Stone carving]]
* [[Sculpture#Prehistoric periods|Sculpture]] 
* [[Statue menhir]]
* [[Stone circle]]
** [[List of stone circles|list]]
** [[Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany|British Isles and Brittany]]
* [[Venus figurine]]

  | group3 = [[Prehistoric music]]
  | list3 =
* [[Evolutionary musicology]]
** [[music archaeology]]
* [[Alligator drum]]
* [[Paleolithic flute]]
**[[Divje Babe flute]]
**[[Gudi (instrument)|Gudi]]

  |group4 = [[Prehistoric religion]]
  |list4 =
* [[Evolutionary origin of religion]]
* [[Paleolithic religion]]
* [[Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record|Spiritual drug use]]

  | group5 = [[Paleolithic religion|Burial]]
  | list5 =
* [[Tumulus|Burial mounds]]
**[[Bowl barrow]]
**[[Round barrow]]
*[[Mound Builders|Mound Builders culture]]
**[[List of burial mounds in the United States|U.S. sites]]
* [[Chamber tomb]]
** [[Cotswold-Severn Group|Cotswold-Severn]]
* [[Cist]]
** [[Dartmoor kistvaens]]
* [[Clava cairn]]
* [[Court cairn]]
* [[Cremation#History|Cremation]]
* [[Dolmen]]
**[[Great dolmen]]
* [[Pyre|Funeral pyre]]
* [[Gallery grave]]
** [[Transepted gallery grave|transepted]]
** [[Wedge-shaped gallery grave|wedge-shaped]]
* [[Grave goods]]
* [[Jar burial]]
* [[Kuyavian long barrows]]
* [[Long barrow]]
** [[Unchambered long barrow|unchambered]]
** [[Grønsalen]]
* [[Megalithic tomb]]
* [[Mummy]]
* [[Passage grave]]
* [[Rectangular dolmen]]
* [[Ring cairn]]
* [[Simple dolmen]]
* [[Stone box grave]]
* [[Tor cairn]]
* [[Unchambered long cairn]]

  | group6 = Other cultural
  | list6 =
* [[Archaeoastronomy]]
** [[List of archaeoastronomical sites by country|sites]]
** [[lunar calendar]]
* [[Behavioral modernity]]
* [[Origin of language]]
* [[Prehistoric counting]]
* [[Prehistoric medicine]]
** [[trepanning]]
* [[Prehistoric warfare]]
* [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter|Symbols]]
** [[Howiesons Poort#Symbolism|symbolism]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3dwwlerhb18oj52y5pa8x1ga69caf6c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118051</id>
      <parentid>118050</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:04:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118051</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10001" sha1="242ficq6e62ztmz2hzywld1abhmnn51" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox with collapsible groups|navbox
| name = Prehistoric technology
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Tekinoloji ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri]]
| selected = {{{selected|{{{autocollapse|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}

| above =
* [[Nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri yolembeka|Nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri]]
** [[Nthawi ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri|Nthawi]]
** [[Ndondomeko ya tekinoloji ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri|Ndondomeko]]
** [[Nyengo ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Malibwe]]
** [[Ndondomeko ya nyengo zitatu#Vigaŵa vya Nyengo ya Malibwe|Vigaŵa]]
** [[Neolithic|Nyengo Yiphya ya Malibwe]]
* [[Tekinoloji|Tekinoloji]]
** [[Mbiri ya tekinoloji|mbiri]]
* [[Mtanthauziriro wa vinthu vya kusanda mabwinja|Mtanthauziriro]]

&lt;!--------------------------------- Tools -------------------------------------&gt; 

| abbr1 = tools
| state1 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| section1 = [[Lithic technology|Tools]]
| content1 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em
  | group1 = [[History of agriculture|Farming]]
  | list1 =
* [[Neolithic Revolution]]
** [[Founder crops]]
** [[New World crops]]
* [[Ard (plough)|Ard{{\}}plough]]
* [[Celt (tool)|Celt]]
* [[Digging stick]]
* [[Domestication]]
* [[Goad]]
* [[Irrigation]]
* [[Secondary products revolution|Secondary products]]
* [[Sickle]]
* [[Terrace (earthworks)|Terracing]]

 | group2 = Food processing&lt;/br&gt;([[Pleistocene human diet|Paleolithic diet]])
 | list2 =
* [[Control of fire by early humans|Fire]]
* [[Basket]]
* [[Cooking]]
** [[Earth oven]]
* [[Granary|Granaries]]
* [[Grinding slab]]
* [[Ground stone]]
* [[Hearth]]
** [[Aşıklı Höyük#Hearths|Aşıklı Höyük]]
** [[Qesem Cave#Fire|Qesem Cave]]
* [[Mano (stone)|Mano]]s
* [[Metate]]
* [[Mortar and pestle]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Prehistoric storage pits|Storage pits]]

  | group3 = [[Hunting hypothesis|Hunting]]
  | list3 =
   {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
    | list1 =
* [[Arrow]]
* [[Boomerang]]
** [[throwing stick]]
* [[Bow and arrow]]
** [[History of archery|history]]
* [[Gravettian#Hunting|Nets]]
* [[Spear]]
** [[spear-thrower]]
** [[Baton fragment (Palart 310)|baton]]
** [[harpoon]]
** [[Schöningen spears|Schöningen]]
** [[Woomera (spear-thrower)|woomera]]

    | group2 = [[Projectile point]]s
    | list2 =
* [[Arrowhead]]
** [[Transverse arrowhead|Transverse]]
* [[Bare Island projectile point|Bare Island]]
* [[Cascade point|Cascade]]
* [[Clovis point|Clovis]]
* [[Creswellian culture|Cresswell]]
* [[Cumberland point|Cumberland]]
* [[Eden point|Eden]]
* [[Folsom point|Folsom]]
* [[Lamoka projectile point|Lamoka]]
* [[Manis Mastodon Site|Manis Mastodon]]
* [[Plano point|Plano]]

   | group3 = Systems
   | list3=
* [[Game drive system]]
** [[Buffalo jump]]
}}

  | group4 = [[Lithic technology|Toolmaking]]
  | list4 =
* [[Industry (archaeology)|Earliest toolmaking]]
** [[Oldowan]]
** [[Acheulean]]
** [[Mousterian]]
* [[Aurignacian]]
* [[Clovis culture]]
* [[Cupstone]]
* [[Fire hardening]]
* [[Gravettian|Gravettian culture]]
* [[Hafting]]
* [[Hand axe]]
** [[Grooves (archaeology)|Grooves]]
* [[Langdale axe industry]]
* [[Levallois technique]]
* [[Lithic core]]
* [[Lithic reduction]]
** [[Lithic analysis|analysis]]
** [[debitage]]
** [[Lithic flake|flake]]
* [[Lithic technology]]
* [[Magdalenian|Magdalenian culture]]
* [[Ferrous metallurgy|Metallurgy]]
* [[Microblade technology]]
* [[Grime's Graves|Mining]]
* [[Prepared-core technique]]
* [[Solutrean|Solutrean industry]]
* [[Striking platform]]
* [[Tool stone]]
* [[Uniface]]
* [[Yubetsu technique]]

  | group5 = [[Artifact (archaeology)|Other tools]]
  | list5 =
* [[Adze]]
* [[Stitching awl|Awl]]
** [[Gravettian#Use of animal remains|bone]]
* [[Axe]]
* [[Bannerstone]]
* [[Blade (archaeology)|Blade]]
** [[Prismatic blade|prismatic]]
* [[Bone tool]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Burin (lithic flake)|Burin]]
* [[Canoe#History|Canoe]]
** [[Oar]]
** [[Pesse canoe]]
* [[Chopper (archaeology)|Chopper]]
** [[Chopping tool|tool]]
* [[Cleaver (Stone Age tool)|Cleaver]]
* [[Denticulate tool]]
* [[Fire plough]]
* [[Fire-saw]]
* [[Hammerstone]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Microlith]]
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Racloir]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Scraper (archaeology)|Scraper]]
** [[Grattoir de côté|side]]
* [[Stone tool]]
* [[Tally stick#Paleolithic tally sticks|Tally stick]]
* [[History of weapons#Copper Age|Weapons]]
* [[Wheel]]
** [[Bronocice pot|illustration]]
 }}

&lt;!------------------------------- Architecture --------------------------------&gt;

| abbr2 = architecture
| state2 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group2 = [[History of architecture|Architecture]]
| list2 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = Ceremonial
  | list1 =
* [[Kiva]]
* [[Pyramid]]
* [[Menhir|Standing stones]]
** [[megalith]]
** [[Stone row|row]]
** [[Stonehenge]]

  | group2 = Dwellings
  | list2 =
* [[Neolithic architecture]]
** [[Neolithic long house|long house]]
* [[British megalith architecture]]
* [[Nordic megalith architecture]]
* [[Burdei]]
* [[Cave]]
* [[Cliff dwelling]]
* [[Dugout (shelter)|Dugout]]
* [[Hut]]
**[[Quiggly hole]]
* [[Jacal]]
* [[Longhouse]]
* [[Mudbrick]]
** [[Mehrgarh#Lifestyle and technology|Mehrgarh]]
* [[Pit-house]]
* [[Navajo pueblitos|Pueblitos]]
* [[Pueblo]]
* [[Rock shelter]]
** [[Blombos Cave]]
** [[Abri de la Madeleine]]
** [[Sibudu Cave]]
* [[Roundhouse (dwelling)|Roundhouse]]
* [[Stilt house]]
** [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|Alp pile dwellings]]
* [[Ness of Brodgar|Stone roof]]
* [[Wattle and daub]]

  | group3 = Water management
  | list3 =
* [[Check dam]]
* [[Cistern]]
* [[Flush toilet#History|Flush toilet]]
* [[Reservoir]]
* [[Well]]

  | group4 = Other architecture
  | list4 =
* [[Feature (archaeology)|Archaeological feature]]s
* [[Broch]]
* [[Burnt mound]]
** [[fulacht fiadh]]
* [[Causewayed enclosure]]
**[[Tor enclosure]]
* [[Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe|Circular enclosure]]
** [[Goseck Circle|Goseck]]
* [[Cursus]]
* [[Henge]]
**[[Thornborough Henges|Thornborough]]
* [[Megalithic architectural elements]]
* [[Midden]]
* [[List of oldest extant buildings|Oldest extant buildings]]
* [[Timber circle]]
* [[Timber trackway]]
** [[Sweet Track]]
 }}

&lt;!----------------------------- Arts and culture ------------------------------&gt;

| abbr3 = culture
| state3 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group3 = [[Prehistoric art|Arts]] and [[Archaeological culture|culture]]
| list3 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em
  | group1 = [[Artifact (archaeology)|Material goods]]
  | list1 =
* [[Basket weaving|Baskets]]
* [[Beadwork]]
* [[Bed#History|Beds]]
* [[Chalcolithic]]
* [[History of clothing and textiles|Clothing/textiles]]
** [[Timeline of clothing and textiles technology|timeline]]
* [[History of cosmetics|Cosmetics]]
* [[Middle Stone Age|Glue]]
* [[History of hide materials|Hides]]
** [[Shoe#History|shoes]]
** [[Ötzi#Clothes and shoes|Ötzi]]
* [[Jewellery#History|Jewelry]]
** [[Amber#Use|amber use]]
* [[Mirror#History|Mirrors]]
* [[Pottery#History|Pottery]]
** [[Cardium pottery|Cardium]]
** [[Cord-marked pottery|Cord-marked]]
** [[Grooved ware]]
** [[Jōmon pottery|Jōmon]]
** [[Linear Pottery culture|Linear]]
** [[Unstan ware]]
* [[Sewing needle#History|Sewing needle]]
* [[Weaving]] 
* [[History of wine|Wine]]
** [[Areni-1 winery|winery]]
** [[History of the wine press#Early history|wine press]]

  | group2 = [[Prehistoric art]]
  | list2 =
* [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]]
* [[Art of the Middle Paleolithic]]
** [[Blombos Cave#Archaeological remains and material culture from the Middle Stone Age levels|Blombos Cave]]
* [[List of Stone Age art]]
* [[Bird stone]]
* [[Cairn]]
* [[Carved stone balls]]
* [[Cave painting]]s
* [[Cup and ring mark]]
* [[Geoglyph]]
** [[Hill figure]]
* [[Golden hat]]s
* [[Guardian stones]]
* [[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]]
** [[History of painting#Pre-history|painting]]
** [[Pigment#History|pigment]]
* [[Megalithic art]]
* [[Petroform]]
* [[Petroglyph]]
* [[Petrosomatoglyph]]
* [[Pictogram]]
* [[Rock art]]
** [[Rock cupule]]
** [[Stone carving]]
* [[Sculpture#Prehistoric periods|Sculpture]] 
* [[Statue menhir]]
* [[Stone circle]]
** [[List of stone circles|list]]
** [[Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany|British Isles and Brittany]]
* [[Venus figurine]]

  | group3 = [[Prehistoric music]]
  | list3 =
* [[Evolutionary musicology]]
** [[music archaeology]]
* [[Alligator drum]]
* [[Paleolithic flute]]
**[[Divje Babe flute]]
**[[Gudi (instrument)|Gudi]]

  |group4 = [[Prehistoric religion]]
  |list4 =
* [[Evolutionary origin of religion]]
* [[Paleolithic religion]]
* [[Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record|Spiritual drug use]]

  | group5 = [[Paleolithic religion|Burial]]
  | list5 =
* [[Tumulus|Burial mounds]]
**[[Bowl barrow]]
**[[Round barrow]]
*[[Mound Builders|Mound Builders culture]]
**[[List of burial mounds in the United States|U.S. sites]]
* [[Chamber tomb]]
** [[Cotswold-Severn Group|Cotswold-Severn]]
* [[Cist]]
** [[Dartmoor kistvaens]]
* [[Clava cairn]]
* [[Court cairn]]
* [[Cremation#History|Cremation]]
* [[Dolmen]]
**[[Great dolmen]]
* [[Pyre|Funeral pyre]]
* [[Gallery grave]]
** [[Transepted gallery grave|transepted]]
** [[Wedge-shaped gallery grave|wedge-shaped]]
* [[Grave goods]]
* [[Jar burial]]
* [[Kuyavian long barrows]]
* [[Long barrow]]
** [[Unchambered long barrow|unchambered]]
** [[Grønsalen]]
* [[Megalithic tomb]]
* [[Mummy]]
* [[Passage grave]]
* [[Rectangular dolmen]]
* [[Ring cairn]]
* [[Simple dolmen]]
* [[Stone box grave]]
* [[Tor cairn]]
* [[Unchambered long cairn]]

  | group6 = Other cultural
  | list6 =
* [[Archaeoastronomy]]
** [[List of archaeoastronomical sites by country|sites]]
** [[lunar calendar]]
* [[Behavioral modernity]]
* [[Origin of language]]
* [[Prehistoric counting]]
* [[Prehistoric medicine]]
** [[trepanning]]
* [[Prehistoric warfare]]
* [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter|Symbols]]
** [[Howiesons Poort#Symbolism|symbolism]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>242ficq6e62ztmz2hzywld1abhmnn51</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118052</id>
      <parentid>118051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:06:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118052</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10023" sha1="efrffvzwyh9ydby271r9a9wqxlw94vv" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox with collapsible groups|navbox
| name = Prehistoric technology
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Tekinoloji ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri]]
| selected = {{{selected|{{{autocollapse|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}

| above =
* [[Nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri yolembeka|Nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri]]
** [[Nthawi ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri|Nthawi]]
** [[Ndondomeko ya tekinoloji ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri|Ndondomeko]]
** [[Nyengo ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Malibwe]]
** [[Ndondomeko ya nyengo zitatu#Vigaŵa vya Nyengo ya Malibwe|Vigaŵa]]
** [[Neolithic|Nyengo Yiphya ya Malibwe]]
* [[Tekinoloji|Tekinoloji]]
** [[Mbiri ya tekinoloji|mbiri]]
* [[Mtanthauziriro wa vinthu vya kusanda mabwinja|Mtanthauziriro]]

&lt;!--------------------------------- Tools -------------------------------------&gt; 

| abbr1 = tools
| state1 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| section1 = [[Tekinoloji ya malibwe|Vyakugwiliskira ntchito]]
| content1 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em
  | group1 = [[History of agriculture|Farming]]
  | list1 =
* [[Neolithic Revolution]]
** [[Founder crops]]
** [[New World crops]]
* [[Ard (plough)|Ard{{\}}plough]]
* [[Celt (tool)|Celt]]
* [[Digging stick]]
* [[Domestication]]
* [[Goad]]
* [[Irrigation]]
* [[Secondary products revolution|Secondary products]]
* [[Sickle]]
* [[Terrace (earthworks)|Terracing]]

 | group2 = Food processing&lt;/br&gt;([[Pleistocene human diet|Paleolithic diet]])
 | list2 =
* [[Control of fire by early humans|Fire]]
* [[Basket]]
* [[Cooking]]
** [[Earth oven]]
* [[Granary|Granaries]]
* [[Grinding slab]]
* [[Ground stone]]
* [[Hearth]]
** [[Aşıklı Höyük#Hearths|Aşıklı Höyük]]
** [[Qesem Cave#Fire|Qesem Cave]]
* [[Mano (stone)|Mano]]s
* [[Metate]]
* [[Mortar and pestle]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Prehistoric storage pits|Storage pits]]

  | group3 = [[Hunting hypothesis|Hunting]]
  | list3 =
   {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
    | list1 =
* [[Arrow]]
* [[Boomerang]]
** [[throwing stick]]
* [[Bow and arrow]]
** [[History of archery|history]]
* [[Gravettian#Hunting|Nets]]
* [[Spear]]
** [[spear-thrower]]
** [[Baton fragment (Palart 310)|baton]]
** [[harpoon]]
** [[Schöningen spears|Schöningen]]
** [[Woomera (spear-thrower)|woomera]]

    | group2 = [[Projectile point]]s
    | list2 =
* [[Arrowhead]]
** [[Transverse arrowhead|Transverse]]
* [[Bare Island projectile point|Bare Island]]
* [[Cascade point|Cascade]]
* [[Clovis point|Clovis]]
* [[Creswellian culture|Cresswell]]
* [[Cumberland point|Cumberland]]
* [[Eden point|Eden]]
* [[Folsom point|Folsom]]
* [[Lamoka projectile point|Lamoka]]
* [[Manis Mastodon Site|Manis Mastodon]]
* [[Plano point|Plano]]

   | group3 = Systems
   | list3=
* [[Game drive system]]
** [[Buffalo jump]]
}}

  | group4 = [[Lithic technology|Toolmaking]]
  | list4 =
* [[Industry (archaeology)|Earliest toolmaking]]
** [[Oldowan]]
** [[Acheulean]]
** [[Mousterian]]
* [[Aurignacian]]
* [[Clovis culture]]
* [[Cupstone]]
* [[Fire hardening]]
* [[Gravettian|Gravettian culture]]
* [[Hafting]]
* [[Hand axe]]
** [[Grooves (archaeology)|Grooves]]
* [[Langdale axe industry]]
* [[Levallois technique]]
* [[Lithic core]]
* [[Lithic reduction]]
** [[Lithic analysis|analysis]]
** [[debitage]]
** [[Lithic flake|flake]]
* [[Lithic technology]]
* [[Magdalenian|Magdalenian culture]]
* [[Ferrous metallurgy|Metallurgy]]
* [[Microblade technology]]
* [[Grime's Graves|Mining]]
* [[Prepared-core technique]]
* [[Solutrean|Solutrean industry]]
* [[Striking platform]]
* [[Tool stone]]
* [[Uniface]]
* [[Yubetsu technique]]

  | group5 = [[Artifact (archaeology)|Other tools]]
  | list5 =
* [[Adze]]
* [[Stitching awl|Awl]]
** [[Gravettian#Use of animal remains|bone]]
* [[Axe]]
* [[Bannerstone]]
* [[Blade (archaeology)|Blade]]
** [[Prismatic blade|prismatic]]
* [[Bone tool]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Burin (lithic flake)|Burin]]
* [[Canoe#History|Canoe]]
** [[Oar]]
** [[Pesse canoe]]
* [[Chopper (archaeology)|Chopper]]
** [[Chopping tool|tool]]
* [[Cleaver (Stone Age tool)|Cleaver]]
* [[Denticulate tool]]
* [[Fire plough]]
* [[Fire-saw]]
* [[Hammerstone]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Microlith]]
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Racloir]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Scraper (archaeology)|Scraper]]
** [[Grattoir de côté|side]]
* [[Stone tool]]
* [[Tally stick#Paleolithic tally sticks|Tally stick]]
* [[History of weapons#Copper Age|Weapons]]
* [[Wheel]]
** [[Bronocice pot|illustration]]
 }}

&lt;!------------------------------- Architecture --------------------------------&gt;

| abbr2 = architecture
| state2 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group2 = [[History of architecture|Architecture]]
| list2 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = Ceremonial
  | list1 =
* [[Kiva]]
* [[Pyramid]]
* [[Menhir|Standing stones]]
** [[megalith]]
** [[Stone row|row]]
** [[Stonehenge]]

  | group2 = Dwellings
  | list2 =
* [[Neolithic architecture]]
** [[Neolithic long house|long house]]
* [[British megalith architecture]]
* [[Nordic megalith architecture]]
* [[Burdei]]
* [[Cave]]
* [[Cliff dwelling]]
* [[Dugout (shelter)|Dugout]]
* [[Hut]]
**[[Quiggly hole]]
* [[Jacal]]
* [[Longhouse]]
* [[Mudbrick]]
** [[Mehrgarh#Lifestyle and technology|Mehrgarh]]
* [[Pit-house]]
* [[Navajo pueblitos|Pueblitos]]
* [[Pueblo]]
* [[Rock shelter]]
** [[Blombos Cave]]
** [[Abri de la Madeleine]]
** [[Sibudu Cave]]
* [[Roundhouse (dwelling)|Roundhouse]]
* [[Stilt house]]
** [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|Alp pile dwellings]]
* [[Ness of Brodgar|Stone roof]]
* [[Wattle and daub]]

  | group3 = Water management
  | list3 =
* [[Check dam]]
* [[Cistern]]
* [[Flush toilet#History|Flush toilet]]
* [[Reservoir]]
* [[Well]]

  | group4 = Other architecture
  | list4 =
* [[Feature (archaeology)|Archaeological feature]]s
* [[Broch]]
* [[Burnt mound]]
** [[fulacht fiadh]]
* [[Causewayed enclosure]]
**[[Tor enclosure]]
* [[Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe|Circular enclosure]]
** [[Goseck Circle|Goseck]]
* [[Cursus]]
* [[Henge]]
**[[Thornborough Henges|Thornborough]]
* [[Megalithic architectural elements]]
* [[Midden]]
* [[List of oldest extant buildings|Oldest extant buildings]]
* [[Timber circle]]
* [[Timber trackway]]
** [[Sweet Track]]
 }}

&lt;!----------------------------- Arts and culture ------------------------------&gt;

| abbr3 = culture
| state3 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group3 = [[Prehistoric art|Arts]] and [[Archaeological culture|culture]]
| list3 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em
  | group1 = [[Artifact (archaeology)|Material goods]]
  | list1 =
* [[Basket weaving|Baskets]]
* [[Beadwork]]
* [[Bed#History|Beds]]
* [[Chalcolithic]]
* [[History of clothing and textiles|Clothing/textiles]]
** [[Timeline of clothing and textiles technology|timeline]]
* [[History of cosmetics|Cosmetics]]
* [[Middle Stone Age|Glue]]
* [[History of hide materials|Hides]]
** [[Shoe#History|shoes]]
** [[Ötzi#Clothes and shoes|Ötzi]]
* [[Jewellery#History|Jewelry]]
** [[Amber#Use|amber use]]
* [[Mirror#History|Mirrors]]
* [[Pottery#History|Pottery]]
** [[Cardium pottery|Cardium]]
** [[Cord-marked pottery|Cord-marked]]
** [[Grooved ware]]
** [[Jōmon pottery|Jōmon]]
** [[Linear Pottery culture|Linear]]
** [[Unstan ware]]
* [[Sewing needle#History|Sewing needle]]
* [[Weaving]] 
* [[History of wine|Wine]]
** [[Areni-1 winery|winery]]
** [[History of the wine press#Early history|wine press]]

  | group2 = [[Prehistoric art]]
  | list2 =
* [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]]
* [[Art of the Middle Paleolithic]]
** [[Blombos Cave#Archaeological remains and material culture from the Middle Stone Age levels|Blombos Cave]]
* [[List of Stone Age art]]
* [[Bird stone]]
* [[Cairn]]
* [[Carved stone balls]]
* [[Cave painting]]s
* [[Cup and ring mark]]
* [[Geoglyph]]
** [[Hill figure]]
* [[Golden hat]]s
* [[Guardian stones]]
* [[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]]
** [[History of painting#Pre-history|painting]]
** [[Pigment#History|pigment]]
* [[Megalithic art]]
* [[Petroform]]
* [[Petroglyph]]
* [[Petrosomatoglyph]]
* [[Pictogram]]
* [[Rock art]]
** [[Rock cupule]]
** [[Stone carving]]
* [[Sculpture#Prehistoric periods|Sculpture]] 
* [[Statue menhir]]
* [[Stone circle]]
** [[List of stone circles|list]]
** [[Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany|British Isles and Brittany]]
* [[Venus figurine]]

  | group3 = [[Prehistoric music]]
  | list3 =
* [[Evolutionary musicology]]
** [[music archaeology]]
* [[Alligator drum]]
* [[Paleolithic flute]]
**[[Divje Babe flute]]
**[[Gudi (instrument)|Gudi]]

  |group4 = [[Prehistoric religion]]
  |list4 =
* [[Evolutionary origin of religion]]
* [[Paleolithic religion]]
* [[Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record|Spiritual drug use]]

  | group5 = [[Paleolithic religion|Burial]]
  | list5 =
* [[Tumulus|Burial mounds]]
**[[Bowl barrow]]
**[[Round barrow]]
*[[Mound Builders|Mound Builders culture]]
**[[List of burial mounds in the United States|U.S. sites]]
* [[Chamber tomb]]
** [[Cotswold-Severn Group|Cotswold-Severn]]
* [[Cist]]
** [[Dartmoor kistvaens]]
* [[Clava cairn]]
* [[Court cairn]]
* [[Cremation#History|Cremation]]
* [[Dolmen]]
**[[Great dolmen]]
* [[Pyre|Funeral pyre]]
* [[Gallery grave]]
** [[Transepted gallery grave|transepted]]
** [[Wedge-shaped gallery grave|wedge-shaped]]
* [[Grave goods]]
* [[Jar burial]]
* [[Kuyavian long barrows]]
* [[Long barrow]]
** [[Unchambered long barrow|unchambered]]
** [[Grønsalen]]
* [[Megalithic tomb]]
* [[Mummy]]
* [[Passage grave]]
* [[Rectangular dolmen]]
* [[Ring cairn]]
* [[Simple dolmen]]
* [[Stone box grave]]
* [[Tor cairn]]
* [[Unchambered long cairn]]

  | group6 = Other cultural
  | list6 =
* [[Archaeoastronomy]]
** [[List of archaeoastronomical sites by country|sites]]
** [[lunar calendar]]
* [[Behavioral modernity]]
* [[Origin of language]]
* [[Prehistoric counting]]
* [[Prehistoric medicine]]
** [[trepanning]]
* [[Prehistoric warfare]]
* [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter|Symbols]]
** [[Howiesons Poort#Symbolism|symbolism]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>efrffvzwyh9ydby271r9a9wqxlw94vv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118053</id>
      <parentid>118052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:07:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10051" sha1="6jkhibp253q0x9iorvwwq1uu3e7hbqk" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox with collapsible groups|navbox
| name = Prehistoric technology
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Tekinoloji ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri]]
| selected = {{{selected|{{{autocollapse|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}

| above =
* [[Nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri yolembeka|Nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri]]
** [[Nthawi ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri|Nthawi]]
** [[Ndondomeko ya tekinoloji ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri|Ndondomeko]]
** [[Nyengo ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Malibwe]]
** [[Ndondomeko ya nyengo zitatu#Vigaŵa vya Nyengo ya Malibwe|Vigaŵa]]
** [[Neolithic|Nyengo Yiphya ya Malibwe]]
* [[Tekinoloji|Tekinoloji]]
** [[Mbiri ya tekinoloji|mbiri]]
* [[Mtanthauziriro wa vinthu vya kusanda mabwinja|Mtanthauziriro]]

&lt;!--------------------------------- Tools -------------------------------------&gt; 

| abbr1 = tools
| state1 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| section1 = [[Tekinoloji ya malibwe|Vyakugwiliskira ntchito]]
| content1 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em
  | group1 = [[History of agriculture|Farming]]
  | list1 =
* [[Neolithic Revolution]]
** [[Founder crops]]
** [[New World crops]]
* [[Ard (plough)|Ard{{\}}plough]]
* [[Celt (tool)|Celt]]
* [[Digging stick]]
* [[Domestication]]
* [[Goad]]
* [[Irrigation]]
* [[Secondary products revolution|Secondary products]]
* [[Sickle]]
* [[Terrace (earthworks)|Terracing]]

 | group2 = Food processing&lt;/br&gt;([[Pleistocene human diet|Paleolithic diet]])
 | list2 =
* [[Control of fire by early humans|Fire]]
* [[Basket]]
* [[Cooking]]
** [[Earth oven]]
* [[Granary|Granaries]]
* [[Grinding slab]]
* [[Ground stone]]
* [[Hearth]]
** [[Aşıklı Höyük#Hearths|Aşıklı Höyük]]
** [[Qesem Cave#Fire|Qesem Cave]]
* [[Mano (stone)|Mano]]s
* [[Metate]]
* [[Mortar and pestle]]
* [[Pottery]]
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Prehistoric storage pits|Storage pits]]

  | group3 = [[Hunting hypothesis|Hunting]]
  | list3 =
   {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
    | list1 =
* [[Arrow]]
* [[Boomerang]]
** [[throwing stick]]
* [[Bow and arrow]]
** [[History of archery|history]]
* [[Gravettian#Hunting|Nets]]
* [[Spear]]
** [[spear-thrower]]
** [[Baton fragment (Palart 310)|baton]]
** [[harpoon]]
** [[Schöningen spears|Schöningen]]
** [[Woomera (spear-thrower)|woomera]]

    | group2 = [[Projectile point]]s
    | list2 =
* [[Arrowhead]]
** [[Transverse arrowhead|Transverse]]
* [[Bare Island projectile point|Bare Island]]
* [[Cascade point|Cascade]]
* [[Clovis point|Clovis]]
* [[Creswellian culture|Cresswell]]
* [[Cumberland point|Cumberland]]
* [[Eden point|Eden]]
* [[Folsom point|Folsom]]
* [[Lamoka projectile point|Lamoka]]
* [[Manis Mastodon Site|Manis Mastodon]]
* [[Plano point|Plano]]

   | group3 = Systems
   | list3=
* [[Game drive system]]
** [[Buffalo jump]]
}}

  | group4 = [[Lithic technology|Toolmaking]]
  | list4 =
* [[Industry (archaeology)|Earliest toolmaking]]
** [[Oldowan]]
** [[Acheulean]]
** [[Mousterian]]
* [[Aurignacian]]
* [[Clovis culture]]
* [[Cupstone]]
* [[Fire hardening]]
* [[Gravettian|Gravettian culture]]
* [[Hafting]]
* [[Hand axe]]
** [[Grooves (archaeology)|Grooves]]
* [[Langdale axe industry]]
* [[Levallois technique]]
* [[Lithic core]]
* [[Lithic reduction]]
** [[Lithic analysis|analysis]]
** [[debitage]]
** [[Lithic flake|flake]]
* [[Lithic technology]]
* [[Magdalenian|Magdalenian culture]]
* [[Ferrous metallurgy|Metallurgy]]
* [[Microblade technology]]
* [[Grime's Graves|Mining]]
* [[Prepared-core technique]]
* [[Solutrean|Solutrean industry]]
* [[Striking platform]]
* [[Tool stone]]
* [[Uniface]]
* [[Yubetsu technique]]

  | group5 = [[Artifact (archaeology)|Other tools]]
  | list5 =
* [[Adze]]
* [[Stitching awl|Awl]]
** [[Gravettian#Use of animal remains|bone]]
* [[Axe]]
* [[Bannerstone]]
* [[Blade (archaeology)|Blade]]
** [[Prismatic blade|prismatic]]
* [[Bone tool]]
* [[Bow drill]]
* [[Burin (lithic flake)|Burin]]
* [[Canoe#History|Canoe]]
** [[Oar]]
** [[Pesse canoe]]
* [[Chopper (archaeology)|Chopper]]
** [[Chopping tool|tool]]
* [[Cleaver (Stone Age tool)|Cleaver]]
* [[Denticulate tool]]
* [[Fire plough]]
* [[Fire-saw]]
* [[Hammerstone]]
* [[Knife]]
* [[Microlith]]
* [[Quern-stone]]
* [[Racloir]]
* [[Rope]]
* [[Scraper (archaeology)|Scraper]]
** [[Grattoir de côté|side]]
* [[Stone tool]]
* [[Tally stick#Paleolithic tally sticks|Tally stick]]
* [[History of weapons#Copper Age|Weapons]]
* [[Wheel]]
** [[Bronocice pot|illustration]]
 }}

&lt;!------------------------------- Architecture --------------------------------&gt;

| abbr2 = architecture
| state2 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group2 = [[Mbiri ya ujenzi|Ujenzi]]
| list2 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em

  | group1 = Ceremonial
  | list1 =
* [[Kiva]]
* [[Pyramid]]
* [[Menhir|Standing stones]]
** [[megalith]]
** [[Stone row|row]]
** [[Stonehenge]]

  | group2 = Dwellings
  | list2 =
* [[Neolithic architecture]]
** [[Neolithic long house|long house]]
* [[British megalith architecture]]
* [[Nordic megalith architecture]]
* [[Burdei]]
* [[Cave]]
* [[Cliff dwelling]]
* [[Dugout (shelter)|Dugout]]
* [[Hut]]
**[[Quiggly hole]]
* [[Jacal]]
* [[Longhouse]]
* [[Mudbrick]]
** [[Mehrgarh#Lifestyle and technology|Mehrgarh]]
* [[Pit-house]]
* [[Navajo pueblitos|Pueblitos]]
* [[Pueblo]]
* [[Rock shelter]]
** [[Blombos Cave]]
** [[Abri de la Madeleine]]
** [[Sibudu Cave]]
* [[Roundhouse (dwelling)|Roundhouse]]
* [[Stilt house]]
** [[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps|Alp pile dwellings]]
* [[Ness of Brodgar|Stone roof]]
* [[Wattle and daub]]

  | group3 = Water management
  | list3 =
* [[Check dam]]
* [[Cistern]]
* [[Flush toilet#History|Flush toilet]]
* [[Reservoir]]
* [[Well]]

  | group4 = Other architecture
  | list4 =
* [[Feature (archaeology)|Archaeological feature]]s
* [[Broch]]
* [[Burnt mound]]
** [[fulacht fiadh]]
* [[Causewayed enclosure]]
**[[Tor enclosure]]
* [[Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe|Circular enclosure]]
** [[Goseck Circle|Goseck]]
* [[Cursus]]
* [[Henge]]
**[[Thornborough Henges|Thornborough]]
* [[Megalithic architectural elements]]
* [[Midden]]
* [[List of oldest extant buildings|Oldest extant buildings]]
* [[Timber circle]]
* [[Timber trackway]]
** [[Sweet Track]]
 }}

&lt;!----------------------------- Arts and culture ------------------------------&gt;

| abbr3 = culture
| state3 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| group3 = [[Sangalalo ya nyengo ya pambere pa mbiri|Sangalalo]] na [[Chikhalidwe cha kusanda mabwinja|chikhalidwe]]
| list3 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |groupwidth=9em
  | group1 = [[Artifact (archaeology)|Material goods]]
  | list1 =
* [[Basket weaving|Baskets]]
* [[Beadwork]]
* [[Bed#History|Beds]]
* [[Chalcolithic]]
* [[History of clothing and textiles|Clothing/textiles]]
** [[Timeline of clothing and textiles technology|timeline]]
* [[History of cosmetics|Cosmetics]]
* [[Middle Stone Age|Glue]]
* [[History of hide materials|Hides]]
** [[Shoe#History|shoes]]
** [[Ötzi#Clothes and shoes|Ötzi]]
* [[Jewellery#History|Jewelry]]
** [[Amber#Use|amber use]]
* [[Mirror#History|Mirrors]]
* [[Pottery#History|Pottery]]
** [[Cardium pottery|Cardium]]
** [[Cord-marked pottery|Cord-marked]]
** [[Grooved ware]]
** [[Jōmon pottery|Jōmon]]
** [[Linear Pottery culture|Linear]]
** [[Unstan ware]]
* [[Sewing needle#History|Sewing needle]]
* [[Weaving]] 
* [[History of wine|Wine]]
** [[Areni-1 winery|winery]]
** [[History of the wine press#Early history|wine press]]

  | group2 = [[Prehistoric art]]
  | list2 =
* [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic]]
* [[Art of the Middle Paleolithic]]
** [[Blombos Cave#Archaeological remains and material culture from the Middle Stone Age levels|Blombos Cave]]
* [[List of Stone Age art]]
* [[Bird stone]]
* [[Cairn]]
* [[Carved stone balls]]
* [[Cave painting]]s
* [[Cup and ring mark]]
* [[Geoglyph]]
** [[Hill figure]]
* [[Golden hat]]s
* [[Guardian stones]]
* [[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]]
** [[History of painting#Pre-history|painting]]
** [[Pigment#History|pigment]]
* [[Megalithic art]]
* [[Petroform]]
* [[Petroglyph]]
* [[Petrosomatoglyph]]
* [[Pictogram]]
* [[Rock art]]
** [[Rock cupule]]
** [[Stone carving]]
* [[Sculpture#Prehistoric periods|Sculpture]] 
* [[Statue menhir]]
* [[Stone circle]]
** [[List of stone circles|list]]
** [[Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany|British Isles and Brittany]]
* [[Venus figurine]]

  | group3 = [[Prehistoric music]]
  | list3 =
* [[Evolutionary musicology]]
** [[music archaeology]]
* [[Alligator drum]]
* [[Paleolithic flute]]
**[[Divje Babe flute]]
**[[Gudi (instrument)|Gudi]]

  |group4 = [[Prehistoric religion]]
  |list4 =
* [[Evolutionary origin of religion]]
* [[Paleolithic religion]]
* [[Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record|Spiritual drug use]]

  | group5 = [[Paleolithic religion|Burial]]
  | list5 =
* [[Tumulus|Burial mounds]]
**[[Bowl barrow]]
**[[Round barrow]]
*[[Mound Builders|Mound Builders culture]]
**[[List of burial mounds in the United States|U.S. sites]]
* [[Chamber tomb]]
** [[Cotswold-Severn Group|Cotswold-Severn]]
* [[Cist]]
** [[Dartmoor kistvaens]]
* [[Clava cairn]]
* [[Court cairn]]
* [[Cremation#History|Cremation]]
* [[Dolmen]]
**[[Great dolmen]]
* [[Pyre|Funeral pyre]]
* [[Gallery grave]]
** [[Transepted gallery grave|transepted]]
** [[Wedge-shaped gallery grave|wedge-shaped]]
* [[Grave goods]]
* [[Jar burial]]
* [[Kuyavian long barrows]]
* [[Long barrow]]
** [[Unchambered long barrow|unchambered]]
** [[Grønsalen]]
* [[Megalithic tomb]]
* [[Mummy]]
* [[Passage grave]]
* [[Rectangular dolmen]]
* [[Ring cairn]]
* [[Simple dolmen]]
* [[Stone box grave]]
* [[Tor cairn]]
* [[Unchambered long cairn]]

  | group6 = Other cultural
  | list6 =
* [[Archaeoastronomy]]
** [[List of archaeoastronomical sites by country|sites]]
** [[lunar calendar]]
* [[Behavioral modernity]]
* [[Origin of language]]
* [[Prehistoric counting]]
* [[Prehistoric medicine]]
** [[trepanning]]
* [[Prehistoric warfare]]
* [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter|Symbols]]
** [[Howiesons Poort#Symbolism|symbolism]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6jkhibp253q0x9iorvwwq1uu3e7hbqk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Geography of Zimbabwe</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118047</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:01:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox | name = Geography of Zimbabwe | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | title = [[Subdivisions of Zimbabwe]] |listclass = hlist | group1 = [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Provinces]] | list1 = * [[Bulawayo]] * [[Harare Province|Harare]] * [[Manicaland Province|Manicaland]] * [[Mashonaland Central Province|Mashonaland Central]] * [[Mashonaland East Province|Mashonaland East]] * [[Mashonaland West Province|Mashonaland West]] * [[Masvingo Province|Masvingo]] * Matabeleland N...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>118047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3123" sha1="m5mpkg8fngv0w1cshqd59co4u861oto" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Geography of Zimbabwe
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| title = [[Subdivisions of Zimbabwe]]
|listclass = hlist
| group1 = [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Provinces]]
| list1 =
* [[Bulawayo]]
* [[Harare Province|Harare]]
* [[Manicaland Province|Manicaland]]
* [[Mashonaland Central Province|Mashonaland Central]]
* [[Mashonaland East Province|Mashonaland East]]
* [[Mashonaland West Province|Mashonaland West]]
* [[Masvingo Province|Masvingo]]
* [[Matabeleland North Province|Matabeleland North]]
* [[Matabeleland South Province|Matabeleland South]]
* [[Midlands Province|Midlands]]
| group2 = [[Districts of Zimbabwe|Districts]]
| list2 =
* [[Beitbridge District|Beitbridge]]
* [[Bikita District|Bikita]]
* [[Bindura District|Bindura]]
* [[Binga District|Binga]]
* [[Bubi District|Bubi]]
* [[Buhera District|Buhera]]
* [[Bulawayo]]
* [[Bulilima District|Bulilima]]
* [[Chegutu District|Chegutu]]
* [[Chikomba District|Chikomba]]
* [[Chimanimani District|Chimanimani]]
* [[Chipinge District|Chipinge]]
* [[Chiredzi District|Chiredzi]]
* [[Chirumhanzu District|Chirumhanzu]]
* [[Chivi District|Chivi]]
* [[Gokwe North District|Gokwe North]]
* [[Gokwe South District|Gokwe South]]
* [[Goromonzi District|Goromonzi]]
* [[Guruve District|Guruve]]
* [[Gutu District|Gutu]]
* [[Gwanda District|Gwanda]]
* [[Gweru District|Gweru]]
* [[Harare]]
* [[Hwange District|Hwange]]
* [[Insiza District|Insiza]]
* [[Kariba District|Kariba]]
* [[Karoi District|Karoi]]
* [[Kwekwe District|Kwekwe]]
* [[Lupane District|Lupane]]
* [[Makonde District|Makonde]]
* [[Makoni District|Makoni]]
* [[Mangwe District|Mangwe]]
* [[Marondera District|Marondera]]
* [[Masvingo District|Masvingo]]
* [[Matobo District|Matobo]]
* [[Mazowe District|Mazowe]]
* [[Mberengwa District|Mberengwa]]
* [[Mbire District|Mbire]]
* [[Mhondoro–Ngezi District|Mhondoro–Ngezi]]
* [[Mount Darwin District|Mount Darwin]]
* [[Mudzi District|Mudzi]]
* [[Murehwa District|Murehwa]]
* [[Mutare District|Mutare]]
* [[Mutasa District|Mutasa]]
* [[Mutoko District|Mutoko]]
* [[Muzarabani District|Muzarabani]]
* [[Mwenezi District|Mwenezi]]
* [[Nkayi, Zimbabwe|Nkayi]]
* [[Nyanga District|Nyanga]]
* [[Rushinga District|Rushinga]]
* [[Sanyati District|Sanyati]]
* [[Seke District|Seke]]
* [[Shamva District|Shamva]]
* [[Shurugwi District|Shurugwi]]
* [[Tsholotsho District|Tsholotsho]]
* [[Umguza District|Umguza]]
* [[Umzingwane District|Umzingwane]]
* [[Uzumba–Maramba–Pfungwe]]
* [[Wedza District|Wedza]]
* [[Zaka District|Zaka]]
* [[Zvimba District|Zvimba]]
* [[Zvishavane District|Zvishavane]]
| group3 = [[Wards of Zimbabwe|Wards]]
| list3 =
* [[Wards of Zimbabwe]]
| group4 = [[List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe|Largest cities]]
| list4 =
* [[Harare]]
* [[Bulawayo]]
* [[Chitungwiza]]
* [[Mutare]]
* [[Gweru]]
* [[Kwekwe]]
* [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]]
* [[Masvingo]]
* [[Chinhoyi]]
* [[Marondera]]
* [[Beitbridge]]
* [[Rusape]]
* [[Kariba, Zimbabwe| Kariba]]
* [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe| Victoria Falls]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Zimbabwe navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Africa geography navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m5mpkg8fngv0w1cshqd59co4u861oto</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Christianity footer</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118054</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox | name        = Christianity footer | title       = [[Christianity]] | basestyle  =  | titleclass = wraplinks | bodyclass = hlist | state       = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|collapsed&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}} | image       =  | above = * [[Index of Christianity-related articles|Index]] * [[Outline of Christianity|Outline]] * [[Glossary of Christianity|Glossary]] * [[Prophets of Christianity|Prophets]] * [[Christians|People]] * [[Lists of Christians]] * Christ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>118054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10783" sha1="twhj3j37man4z0rtuoi50xccde3krop" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name        = Christianity footer
| title       = [[Christianity]]
| basestyle  = 
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| state       = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|collapsed&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| image       = 
| above =
* [[Index of Christianity-related articles|Index]]
* [[Outline of Christianity|Outline]]
* [[Glossary of Christianity|Glossary]]
* [[Prophets of Christianity|Prophets]]
* [[Christians|People]]
* [[Lists of Christians]]
* [[Christianity by country|By country]]

|group1 = [[Bible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[List of religious texts#Christianity|(Scriptures)]]
|list1 =
*[[Biblical canon|Canon]]
*[[Old Testament]]
*[[New Testament]]

|group2 = Foundations
|list2 =
*[[Church (congregation)|Church]]
*[[Creed]]
*[[The gospel|Gospel]]
*[[New Covenant]]
*[[Christian tradition]]
*[[Christian worship|Worship]]

| group4      = [[History of Christianity|History]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Timeline of Christianity|timeline]])&lt;br /&gt;([[Spread of Christianity|spread]])
| list4       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| group1      = [[Early Christianity|Early&lt;br&gt;Christianity]]
| list1       =
* [[Jesus]]
** [[Jesus in Christianity|in Christianity]]
** [[Chronology of Jesus|Chronology]]
** [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]]
** [[Baptism of Jesus|Baptism]]
** [[Ministry of Jesus|Ministry]]
** [[Sermon on the Mount]]
** [[Parables of Jesus|Parables]]
** [[Miracles of Jesus|Miracles]]
** [[Great Commandment]]
** [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]
** [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]
** [[Great Commission]]
**[[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]]
* [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]]
* [[Church Fathers]]
** [[Apostolic Fathers]]

| group2      = [[Great Church]]
| list2      =
* [[Christianity in the ante-Nicene period|Ante-Nicene period]]
* [[Christianity in late antiquity|Late antiquity]]
* [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|Constantine]]
* [[First seven ecumenical councils]]
** [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea I]]
** [[Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]]
** [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]]
* [[Christianity as the Roman state religion|State church of the Roman Empire]]
* [[Christian biblical canon]]

| group3      = [[Christianity in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]
| list3      =
* [[Christian monasticism|Monasticism]]
* [[Papal States]]
* [[East–West Schism]]
* [[Investiture Controversy]]
* [[Crusades]]
* [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]]

| group4      = [[Christianity in the modern era|Modern era]]
| list4      =
* [[Auto-da-fé]]
* [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]]
* [[Counter-Reformation|Catholic Reformation]]
* [[Thirty Years' War]]
* [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]
* [[Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution|French Revolution]]
* [[Emigration of Christians from Israel and Palestine|Emigration from the Holy Land]]
* [[Christianity and Judaism|Relations with Judaism]]
* [[Christianity and Islam|Relations with Islam]]
** [[Christian influences on the Islamic world|Influences]]
}}

| group7      = [[Christian denomination|Denomination]]s&lt;br /&gt;([[List of Christian denominations|list]], [[List of Christian denominations by number of members|members]])
| list7       = 
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup|group1 = [[Western Christianity|Western]]
  |list1 =
*[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
*[[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]]
*[[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholic]] ([[Palmarian Catholic Church|Palmarian]])
*[[Protestantism|Protestant]]
**[[Adventism|Adventist]]
**[[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]]
**[[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
**[[Baptists|Baptist]]
**[[Charismatic Christianity|Charismatic]]
**[[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]
**[[Holiness movement|Holiness]]
**[[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]
**[[Methodism|Methodist]]
**[[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]
**[[Quakers]]
**[[Reformed Christianity|Reformed]]
*[[Western Rite Orthodoxy]]
  |group2 = [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]]
  |list2 =
*[[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]]
**[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Church]]
*[[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)]]
*[[Church of the East|Church of the East (Nestorian)]]
*[[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]]
  |group4 = [[Restorationism|Restorationist]]
  |list4 =
*[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[Latter Day Saint movement]]
**[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS Church]]
*{{Lang|tl|[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]|italic=no}}
}}

| group8     = [[Christian theology|Theology]]
| list8      = 
* [[Ablution in Christianity|Ablution]]
* [[Angels in Christianity|Angel]]
* [[Born again]]
* [[Christology]]
* [[Divine apathy]]
* [[Ecclesiology]]
** [[Four Marks of the Church|Four marks]]
** [[Body of Christ]]
** [[One true church]]
** [[People of God]]
** [[Canon law]]
* [[Faith in Christianity|Faith]]
* [[Fall of man]]
** [[Forbidden fruit]]
** [[Garden of Eden]]
* [[Last Judgement|Final Judgement]]
* [[God in Christianity|God]]
** [[Trinity]]
** [[God the Father|Father]]
** [[Son of God (Christianity)|Son]]
** [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]
* [[Good works]]
* [[Heaven in Christianity|Heaven]]
** [[Hell in Christianity|Hell]]
* [[Holy water]]
* [[Hygiene in Christianity|Hygiene]]
* [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)|Kingdom of God]]
* [[Christian liturgy|Liturgy]]
**[[Catholic liturgy|Catholic]]
**[[Eastern Catholic liturgy|Eastern Catholic]]
**[[Eastern Orthodox worship|Eastern Orthodox]]
**[[Protestant liturgy|Protestant]]
* [[Love]]
** [[Love of Christ|of Christ]]
** [[Love of God|of God]]
* [[Mariology]]
** [[Theotokos]]
* [[Christian mission|Mission]]
* [[Christian monasticism|Monasticism]]
* [[Mortification (theology)|Mortification]]
** [[Mortification in Catholic theology|Catholic]]
** [[Mortification of the flesh|Of the flesh]]
* [[New Covenant]]
* [[Nicene Creed]]
* [[Mosaic covenant|Old Covenant]]
** [[Christian views on the Old Covenant|Views]]
* [[Original sin]]
* [[Penance]]
* [[Christian prayer|Prayer]]
* [[Repentance]]
* [[Sacrament]]s
** [[Baptism]]
** [[Eucharist]]
** [[Christian views on marriage|Marriage]]
** [[Confirmation]]
** [[Penance]] 
** [[Anointing of the sick|Anointing of the Sick]]
** [[Holy orders]]
* [[Saint]]s
* [[Salvation in Christianity|Salvation]]
* [[Satan]]
* [[Christian views on sin|Sin]]
** [[Eternal sin]]
** [[Mortal sin]]
** [[Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance]]
** [[Seven deadly sins]]
** [[Venial sin]]
* [[Sacred tradition|Tradition]]
* [[Christian values|Values]]
* [[Vice]]
* [[Works of mercy]]
* [[Christian worship|Worship]]

| group9      = [[Christian philosophy|Philosophy]]
| list9       = 
* [[Template:Catholic philosophy footer|Catholic]]
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Christian ethics|Ethics]]
* [[Christianity and science|Science]]
** [[Rejection of evolution by religious groups|Evolution]]
* [[Christianity and politics|Politics]]
* [[Social mortgage]]
* [[Universal destination of goods]]
* [[Christian views on poverty and wealth|Views on poverty and wealth]]
** [[Option for the poor]]
* [[Christian worldview|Worldview]]
| group10      = Other&lt;br&gt;features
| list10       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup

| group2      = [[Christian culture|Culture]]
| list2       = 
* [[Christian views on alcohol|Alcohol]]
* [[Church architecture|Architecture]]
** [[Architecture of cathedrals and great churches]]
* [[Christian art|Art]]
** [[Depiction of Jesus|Jesus]]
** [[Marian art in the Catholic Church|Mary]]
** [[The Trinity in art|Trinity]]
** [[God the Father in Western art|God the Father]]
** [[Holy Spirit in Christian art|Holy Spirit]]
* [[Atonement]]
* [[Gregorian calendar|Calendar]]
* [[Christmas]]
* [[Church (building)|Church buildings]]
** [[Lists of cathedrals]]
* [[Crucifix]]
* [[Cupio dissolvi]]
* [[Evangelism]]
** [[Catechesis]]
** [[Catechism]]
** [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priest]]
** [[Folk Christianity]]
** [[Open-air preaching|Open-air]]
** [[Pastor]]
* [[Fallen woman]]
** [[Magdalene asylum]]
* [[Christian Flag|Flag]]
* [[Flagellant]]
* [[Forgiveness]]
* [[Christian literature|Literature]]
* [[Christian views on marriage|Marriage]]
** [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|Catholic]]
* [[Christian music|Music]]
** [[Chant]]
** [[Choir]]
** [[Gospel music|Gospel]]
** [[Hymn]]
** [[Introit]]
** [[Contemporary Christian music|Pop]]
** [[Psalm]]
** [[Requiem]]
* [[Christian mythology|Mythology]]
* [[Christian pilgrimage|Pilgrimage]]
* [[Popular piety]]
* [[Redemptive suffering]]
* [[Role of Christianity in Western society|Role in Western society]]
* [[Sabbath in Christianity]]
* [[Self-flagellation]]
* [[Sign of the cross]]
* [[Christian symbolism|Symbolism]]

| group3      = [[List of Christian movements|Movements]]
| list3       = 
* [[Crusading movement]]
* [[Christian anarchism|Anarchism]]
* [[Charismatic movement|Charismatic]]
* [[Christian democracy|Democracy]]
* [[Evangelism]]
** [[Christian mission|Mission]]
* [[Christian views on environmentalism|Environmentalism]]
* [[Christian existentialism|Existentialism]]
* [[Christian fundamentalism|Fundamentalism]]
* [[Liberation theology|Liberation]]
* [[Christian left|Left]]/[[Christian right|Right]]
* [[Christian mysticism|Mysticism]]
* [[Christian pacifism|Pacifism]]
* [[Prosperity theology|Prosperity]]
* [[Christian supremacy|Supremacy]]
* [[Christian terrorism|Terrorism]] 
* [[Traditionalist Catholicism]]

| group4      = Cooperation
| list4       = 
* [[Christendom]]
* [[Ecumenism]]
** ''[[Charta Oecumenica]]''
** [[World Council of Churches]]
** [[World Evangelical Alliance]]
* [[Nondenominational Christianity|Nondenominationalism]]

| group5      = Related
| list5       = 
* [[Buddhism and Christianity|... and Buddhism]]
* [[Christianity and Druze|... and Druze]]
* [[Hinduism and Christianity|... and Hinduism]]
* [[Christianity and Islam|... and Islam]]
* [[Christianity and Judaism|... and Judaism]]
* [[Christianity and paganism|... and Paganism]]
* [[Christianity and other religions|... and other religions]]
* [[Christianity and violence|... and violence]]
* [[Christians|... as an ethnicity]]
* [[Anti-Christian sentiment]]
* [[Christian universalism]]
* [[Criticism of Christianity|Criticism]]
** [[Criticism of Jesus|Jesus]]
* [[Cultural Christians]]
* [[Good and evil]]
* [[Great Apostasy]]
* [[Christian martyr|Martyrs]]
* [[Miracle]]
* [[Nominal Christian]]
* [[Persecution of Christians|Persecution]]
* [[Religious views on love]]
* [[Role of Christianity in Western society|Role in Western society]]
** [[Christianization]]
** [[Cultural Christians]]
** [[Spread of Christianity|Spread]]
* [[Unlimited atonement]]
* [[Christianity and homosexuality|Views on homosexuality]]

}}
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Christianity|size=tiny}}
* {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Christianity|Category]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>twhj3j37man4z0rtuoi50xccde3krop</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118055</id>
      <parentid>118054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:09:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10824" sha1="1aiicmrkve34djubjthyqtrbyplfut9" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name        = Christianity footer
| title       = [[Chikhristu]]
| basestyle   = 
| titleclass  = wraplinks
| bodyclass   = hlist
| state       = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|collapsed&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| image       = 
| above =
* [[Mndandanda wa nkhani zakukhwaskana na Chikhristu|Mndandanda]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya Chikhristu|Ndondomeko]]
* [[Mtanthauziriro wa Chikhristu|Mtanthauziriro]]
* [[Ntchimi za Chikhristu|Ntchimi]]
* [[Ŵakhristu|Ŵanthu]]
* [[Mndandanda wa Ŵakhristu]]
* [[Chikhristu kuyana na vyaru|Kuyana na charu]]

|group1 = [[Bible]]&lt;br /&gt;[[List of religious texts#Christianity|(Scriptures)]]
|list1 =
*[[Biblical canon|Canon]]
*[[Old Testament]]
*[[New Testament]]

|group2 = Foundations
|list2 =
*[[Church (congregation)|Church]]
*[[Creed]]
*[[The gospel|Gospel]]
*[[New Covenant]]
*[[Christian tradition]]
*[[Christian worship|Worship]]

| group4      = [[History of Christianity|History]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Timeline of Christianity|timeline]])&lt;br /&gt;([[Spread of Christianity|spread]])
| list4       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| group1      = [[Early Christianity|Early&lt;br&gt;Christianity]]
| list1       =
* [[Jesus]]
** [[Jesus in Christianity|in Christianity]]
** [[Chronology of Jesus|Chronology]]
** [[Nativity of Jesus|Nativity]]
** [[Baptism of Jesus|Baptism]]
** [[Ministry of Jesus|Ministry]]
** [[Sermon on the Mount]]
** [[Parables of Jesus|Parables]]
** [[Miracles of Jesus|Miracles]]
** [[Great Commandment]]
** [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]
** [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]
** [[Great Commission]]
**[[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]]
* [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]]
* [[Church Fathers]]
** [[Apostolic Fathers]]

| group2      = [[Great Church]]
| list2      =
* [[Christianity in the ante-Nicene period|Ante-Nicene period]]
* [[Christianity in late antiquity|Late antiquity]]
* [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|Constantine]]
* [[First seven ecumenical councils]]
** [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea I]]
** [[Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]]
** [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]]
* [[Christianity as the Roman state religion|State church of the Roman Empire]]
* [[Christian biblical canon]]

| group3      = [[Christianity in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]
| list3      =
* [[Christian monasticism|Monasticism]]
* [[Papal States]]
* [[East–West Schism]]
* [[Investiture Controversy]]
* [[Crusades]]
* [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]]

| group4      = [[Christianity in the modern era|Modern era]]
| list4      =
* [[Auto-da-fé]]
* [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]]
* [[Counter-Reformation|Catholic Reformation]]
* [[Thirty Years' War]]
* [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]
* [[Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution|French Revolution]]
* [[Emigration of Christians from Israel and Palestine|Emigration from the Holy Land]]
* [[Christianity and Judaism|Relations with Judaism]]
* [[Christianity and Islam|Relations with Islam]]
** [[Christian influences on the Islamic world|Influences]]
}}

| group7      = [[Christian denomination|Denomination]]s&lt;br /&gt;([[List of Christian denominations|list]], [[List of Christian denominations by number of members|members]])
| list7       = 
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup|group1 = [[Western Christianity|Western]]
  |list1 =
*[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
*[[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]]
*[[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholic]] ([[Palmarian Catholic Church|Palmarian]])
*[[Protestantism|Protestant]]
**[[Adventism|Adventist]]
**[[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]]
**[[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
**[[Baptists|Baptist]]
**[[Charismatic Christianity|Charismatic]]
**[[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]
**[[Holiness movement|Holiness]]
**[[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]
**[[Methodism|Methodist]]
**[[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]
**[[Quakers]]
**[[Reformed Christianity|Reformed]]
*[[Western Rite Orthodoxy]]
  |group2 = [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]]
  |list2 =
*[[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]]
**[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Church]]
*[[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)]]
*[[Church of the East|Church of the East (Nestorian)]]
*[[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]]
  |group4 = [[Restorationism|Restorationist]]
  |list4 =
*[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*[[Latter Day Saint movement]]
**[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS Church]]
*{{Lang|tl|[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]|italic=no}}
}}

| group8     = [[Christian theology|Theology]]
| list8      = 
* [[Ablution in Christianity|Ablution]]
* [[Angels in Christianity|Angel]]
* [[Born again]]
* [[Christology]]
* [[Divine apathy]]
* [[Ecclesiology]]
** [[Four Marks of the Church|Four marks]]
** [[Body of Christ]]
** [[One true church]]
** [[People of God]]
** [[Canon law]]
* [[Faith in Christianity|Faith]]
* [[Fall of man]]
** [[Forbidden fruit]]
** [[Garden of Eden]]
* [[Last Judgement|Final Judgement]]
* [[God in Christianity|God]]
** [[Trinity]]
** [[God the Father|Father]]
** [[Son of God (Christianity)|Son]]
** [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]
* [[Good works]]
* [[Heaven in Christianity|Heaven]]
** [[Hell in Christianity|Hell]]
* [[Holy water]]
* [[Hygiene in Christianity|Hygiene]]
* [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)|Kingdom of God]]
* [[Christian liturgy|Liturgy]]
**[[Catholic liturgy|Catholic]]
**[[Eastern Catholic liturgy|Eastern Catholic]]
**[[Eastern Orthodox worship|Eastern Orthodox]]
**[[Protestant liturgy|Protestant]]
* [[Love]]
** [[Love of Christ|of Christ]]
** [[Love of God|of God]]
* [[Mariology]]
** [[Theotokos]]
* [[Christian mission|Mission]]
* [[Christian monasticism|Monasticism]]
* [[Mortification (theology)|Mortification]]
** [[Mortification in Catholic theology|Catholic]]
** [[Mortification of the flesh|Of the flesh]]
* [[New Covenant]]
* [[Nicene Creed]]
* [[Mosaic covenant|Old Covenant]]
** [[Christian views on the Old Covenant|Views]]
* [[Original sin]]
* [[Penance]]
* [[Christian prayer|Prayer]]
* [[Repentance]]
* [[Sacrament]]s
** [[Baptism]]
** [[Eucharist]]
** [[Christian views on marriage|Marriage]]
** [[Confirmation]]
** [[Penance]] 
** [[Anointing of the sick|Anointing of the Sick]]
** [[Holy orders]]
* [[Saint]]s
* [[Salvation in Christianity|Salvation]]
* [[Satan]]
* [[Christian views on sin|Sin]]
** [[Eternal sin]]
** [[Mortal sin]]
** [[Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance]]
** [[Seven deadly sins]]
** [[Venial sin]]
* [[Sacred tradition|Tradition]]
* [[Christian values|Values]]
* [[Vice]]
* [[Works of mercy]]
* [[Christian worship|Worship]]

| group9      = [[Christian philosophy|Philosophy]]
| list9       = 
* [[Template:Catholic philosophy footer|Catholic]]
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Christian ethics|Ethics]]
* [[Christianity and science|Science]]
** [[Rejection of evolution by religious groups|Evolution]]
* [[Christianity and politics|Politics]]
* [[Social mortgage]]
* [[Universal destination of goods]]
* [[Christian views on poverty and wealth|Views on poverty and wealth]]
** [[Option for the poor]]
* [[Christian worldview|Worldview]]
| group10      = Other&lt;br&gt;features
| list10       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup

| group2      = [[Christian culture|Culture]]
| list2       = 
* [[Christian views on alcohol|Alcohol]]
* [[Church architecture|Architecture]]
** [[Architecture of cathedrals and great churches]]
* [[Christian art|Art]]
** [[Depiction of Jesus|Jesus]]
** [[Marian art in the Catholic Church|Mary]]
** [[The Trinity in art|Trinity]]
** [[God the Father in Western art|God the Father]]
** [[Holy Spirit in Christian art|Holy Spirit]]
* [[Atonement]]
* [[Gregorian calendar|Calendar]]
* [[Christmas]]
* [[Church (building)|Church buildings]]
** [[Lists of cathedrals]]
* [[Crucifix]]
* [[Cupio dissolvi]]
* [[Evangelism]]
** [[Catechesis]]
** [[Catechism]]
** [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Catholic priest]]
** [[Folk Christianity]]
** [[Open-air preaching|Open-air]]
** [[Pastor]]
* [[Fallen woman]]
** [[Magdalene asylum]]
* [[Christian Flag|Flag]]
* [[Flagellant]]
* [[Forgiveness]]
* [[Christian literature|Literature]]
* [[Christian views on marriage|Marriage]]
** [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|Catholic]]
* [[Christian music|Music]]
** [[Chant]]
** [[Choir]]
** [[Gospel music|Gospel]]
** [[Hymn]]
** [[Introit]]
** [[Contemporary Christian music|Pop]]
** [[Psalm]]
** [[Requiem]]
* [[Christian mythology|Mythology]]
* [[Christian pilgrimage|Pilgrimage]]
* [[Popular piety]]
* [[Redemptive suffering]]
* [[Role of Christianity in Western society|Role in Western society]]
* [[Sabbath in Christianity]]
* [[Self-flagellation]]
* [[Sign of the cross]]
* [[Christian symbolism|Symbolism]]

| group3      = [[List of Christian movements|Movements]]
| list3       = 
* [[Crusading movement]]
* [[Christian anarchism|Anarchism]]
* [[Charismatic movement|Charismatic]]
* [[Christian democracy|Democracy]]
* [[Evangelism]]
** [[Christian mission|Mission]]
* [[Christian views on environmentalism|Environmentalism]]
* [[Christian existentialism|Existentialism]]
* [[Christian fundamentalism|Fundamentalism]]
* [[Liberation theology|Liberation]]
* [[Christian left|Left]]/[[Christian right|Right]]
* [[Christian mysticism|Mysticism]]
* [[Christian pacifism|Pacifism]]
* [[Prosperity theology|Prosperity]]
* [[Christian supremacy|Supremacy]]
* [[Christian terrorism|Terrorism]] 
* [[Traditionalist Catholicism]]

| group4      = Cooperation
| list4       = 
* [[Christendom]]
* [[Ecumenism]]
** ''[[Charta Oecumenica]]''
** [[World Council of Churches]]
** [[World Evangelical Alliance]]
* [[Nondenominational Christianity|Nondenominationalism]]

| group5      = Related
| list5       = 
* [[Buddhism and Christianity|... and Buddhism]]
* [[Christianity and Druze|... and Druze]]
* [[Hinduism and Christianity|... and Hinduism]]
* [[Christianity and Islam|... and Islam]]
* [[Christianity and Judaism|... and Judaism]]
* [[Christianity and paganism|... and Paganism]]
* [[Christianity and other religions|... and other religions]]
* [[Christianity and violence|... and violence]]
* [[Christians|... as an ethnicity]]
* [[Anti-Christian sentiment]]
* [[Christian universalism]]
* [[Criticism of Christianity|Criticism]]
** [[Criticism of Jesus|Jesus]]
* [[Cultural Christians]]
* [[Good and evil]]
* [[Great Apostasy]]
* [[Christian martyr|Martyrs]]
* [[Miracle]]
* [[Nominal Christian]]
* [[Persecution of Christians|Persecution]]
* [[Religious views on love]]
* [[Role of Christianity in Western society|Role in Western society]]
** [[Christianization]]
** [[Cultural Christians]]
** [[Spread of Christianity|Spread]]
* [[Unlimited atonement]]
* [[Christianity and homosexuality|Views on homosexuality]]

}}
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Christianity|size=tiny}}
* {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Christianity|Category]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Seven Sacraments</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118056</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:12:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |name = Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church |title = [[Masakramenti gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Masakramenti]], [[Machatolika ghapadera na miyambo ya lituriji|miyambo]] na [[Malituriji gha Katolika|malituriji]] gha [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |titleclass = wraplinks |bodyclass = hlist |image     =  |basestyle = background-color:gold  |group1 = Masakramenti gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Masakrament...&quot;</comment>
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|name = Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church
|title = [[Masakramenti gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Masakramenti]], [[Machatolika ghapadera na miyambo ya lituriji|miyambo]] na [[Malituriji gha Katolika|malituriji]] gha [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|titleclass = wraplinks
|bodyclass = hlist
|image     = 
|basestyle = background-color:gold

|group1 = [[Masakramenti gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Masakramenti ]]
|list1 =
* [[Baptism (Catholic Church)|Baptism]]
* [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|Confirmation]]
* [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]]
* [[Sacrament of Penance|Penance]]
* [[Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church|Anointing of the Sick]]
* [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|Holy Orders]]
* [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|Matrimony]]

|group2 = Malituriji gha Eukaristi
|list2 =
* [[Divine Liturgy]]
** [[Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts]]
** [[Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great]]
** [[Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom]]
* [[Holy Qurbana]]
* [[Holy Qurbono]]
* [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]]
** [[Low Mass]]
** ''[[Missa cantata|Missa Cantata]]''
** [[Solemn Mass]]
** [[Pontifical High Mass]]
** [[Papal Mass]]

|group3 = [[Maora gha kanoni]],&lt;br&gt;[[Lituriji ya maora|Maora gha lituriji]]
|list3 =
* [[Matins]] (nighttime)
* [[Lauds]] (early morning)
* [[Prime (liturgy)|Prime]] (first hour of daylight)
* [[Terce]] (third hour)
* [[Sext]] (noon)
* [[None (liturgy)|None]] (ninth hour)
* [[Vespers]] (sunset/evening)
** [[Evensong]] (Anglican Use Vespers)
** [[Ramsha]] (West Syriac Vespers)
* [[Compline]] (end of the day)

|group4 = Uteŵeti unyake wa lituriji
|list4 =
* [[Asperges]]
* [[Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament]]
* [[Exorcism in the Catholic Church|Exorcism]]
* [[Catholic funeral|Funeral]]
** [[Requiem]]
* [[Liturgy of the Hours]]
* [[Procession#Catholic Church|Procession]]

|group5 = [[Buku la lituriji|Mabuku gha lituriji]]
|list5 =
* [[Agpeya]]
* [[Antiphonary]]
* [[Book of hours]]
* [[Breviary]]
** [[Roman Breviary]]
* [[Customary (liturgy)|Customary]]
* [[Euchologion]]
* [[Gospel Book]]
* [[Gradual]]
* [[Horologion]]
* [[Lectionary]]
* [[Liturgy of the Hours]]
** [[Divine Worship: Daily Office]]
* [[Martyrology]]
* [[Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis]]
* [[Pontifical]]
** [[Roman Pontifical]]
* [[Psalter]]
* [[Missal]]
** [[Divine Worship: The Missal]]
** [[Roman Missal]]
* [[Tonary]]
* [[Roman Ritual]]
* [[Sacramentary]]

| group6      = [[Chiyowoyero chituŵa|Chiyowoyero cha lituriji]]
| list6       = 
* [[Ecclesiastical Latin]]
** [[Liturgical use of Latin]]

 | group7 = [[Matchalitchi ghapadera gha Katolika na miyambo ya lituriji|Miyambo ya&lt;br&gt;lituriji]]
 | list7 =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold


   | group1 = [[Latin Church]]&lt;br&gt;([[Latin liturgical rites|Latin&lt;br&gt;liturgical rites]])
   | list1 =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

   | group1 = Current
   | list1 =

* [[Ambrosian Rite]]
* [[Rite of Braga]]
* [[Mozarabic Rite]]
* [[Rite of Lyon]]
* [[Roman Rite]]
** [[Mass of Paul VI]]
** [[Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council|Extraordinary Form]]
*** [[Tridentine Mass]]
** [[Anglican Use]]
** [[Zaire Use]]

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

   | group3 = [[Catholic order liturgical rite|Orders]]
   | list3 =
* [[Benedictine Rite]]
* [[Carmelite Rite]]
* [[Carthusian Rite]]
* [[Cistercian Rite]]
* [[Dominican Rite]]
* [[Norbertine Rite]]
}}
|group4 = Defunct
|list4 =
* [[African Rite]]
* [[Aquileian Rite]]
* British
** [[Celtic Rite]]
** [[Durham Rite]]
** [[Use of Hereford|Hereford Use]]
** [[Use of Sarum|Sarum Use]]
** [[Use of York|York Use]]
* [[Gallican Rite]]
* ''[[Missa sicca|Missa Nautica]]''
* ''[[Missa sicca]]''
* ''[[Missa sicca|Missa Venatoria]]''
* [[Pre-Tridentine Mass]]

}}
   | group2 = [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic&lt;br&gt;Churches]]&lt;br&gt;([[Eastern Catholic liturgy|Eastern Catholic&lt;br&gt;liturgy]])
   | list2 =
* [[Alexandrian Rite]]
* [[Armenian Rite]]
* [[Antiochene Rite]]
** [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]]
** [[Malankara Rite|Malankara]]
* [[Byzantine Rite]]
* [[East Syriac Rite]]
** [[Syro-Malabaric Rite|Syro-Malabar]]

}}
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = {{portal-inline|Catholic Church|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Catholic navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>118057</id>
      <parentid>118056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:12:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
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      <text bytes="4410" sha1="1uxn9rdgynwc9n2d2hegghrgmyexinc" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
|name = Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church
|title = [[Masakramenti gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Masakramenti]], [[Machatolika ghapadera na miyambo ya lituriji|miyambo]] na [[Malituriji gha Katolika|malituriji]] gha [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
|state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|titleclass = wraplinks
|bodyclass = hlist
|image     = 
|basestyle = background-color:gold

|group1 = [[Masakramenti gha Tchalitchi la Katolika|Masakramenti ]]
|list1 =
* [[Baptism (Catholic Church)|Baptism]]
* [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|Confirmation]]
* [[Eucharist in the Catholic Church|Eucharist]]
* [[Sacrament of Penance|Penance]]
* [[Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church|Anointing of the Sick]]
* [[Holy orders in the Catholic Church|Holy Orders]]
* [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|Matrimony]]

|group2 = Malituriji gha Eukaristi
|list2 =
* [[Divine Liturgy]]
** [[Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts]]
** [[Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great]]
** [[Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom]]
* [[Holy Qurbana]]
* [[Holy Qurbono]]
* [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]]
** [[Low Mass]]
** ''[[Missa cantata|Missa Cantata]]''
** [[Solemn Mass]]
** [[Pontifical High Mass]]
** [[Papal Mass]]

|group3 = [[Maora gha kanoni]],&lt;br&gt;[[Lituriji ya maora|Maora gha lituriji]]
|list3 =
* [[Matins]] (nighttime)
* [[Lauds]] (early morning)
* [[Prime (liturgy)|Prime]] (first hour of daylight)
* [[Terce]] (third hour)
* [[Sext]] (noon)
* [[None (liturgy)|None]] (ninth hour)
* [[Vespers]] (sunset/evening)
** [[Evensong]] (Anglican Use Vespers)
** [[Ramsha]] (West Syriac Vespers)
* [[Compline]] (end of the day)

|group4 = Uteŵeti unyake wa lituriji
|list4 =
* [[Asperges]]
* [[Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament]]
* [[Exorcism in the Catholic Church|Exorcism]]
* [[Catholic funeral|Funeral]]
** [[Requiem]]
* [[Liturgy of the Hours]]
* [[Procession#Catholic Church|Procession]]

|group5 = [[Buku la lituriji|Mabuku gha lituriji]]
|list5 =
* [[Agpeya]]
* [[Antiphonary]]
* [[Book of hours]]
* [[Breviary]]
** [[Roman Breviary]]
* [[Customary (liturgy)|Customary]]
* [[Euchologion]]
* [[Gospel Book]]
* [[Gradual]]
* [[Horologion]]
* [[Lectionary]]
* [[Liturgy of the Hours]]
** [[Divine Worship: Daily Office]]
* [[Martyrology]]
* [[Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis]]
* [[Pontifical]]
** [[Roman Pontifical]]
* [[Psalter]]
* [[Missal]]
** [[Divine Worship: The Missal]]
** [[Roman Missal]]
* [[Tonary]]
* [[Roman Ritual]]
* [[Sacramentary]]

| group6      = [[Chiyowoyero chituŵa|Chiyowoyero cha lituriji]]
| list6       = 
* [[Ecclesiastical Latin]]
** [[Liturgical use of Latin]]

 | group7 = [[Matchalitchi ghapadera gha Katolika na miyambo ya lituriji|Miyambo ya&lt;br&gt;lituriji]]
 | list7 =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold


   | group1 = [[Latin Church]]&lt;br&gt;([[Latin liturgical rites|Latin&lt;br&gt;liturgical rites]])
   | list1 =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

   | group1 = Current
   | list1 =

* [[Ambrosian Rite]]
* [[Rite of Braga]]
* [[Mozarabic Rite]]
* [[Rite of Lyon]]
* [[Roman Rite]]
** [[Mass of Paul VI]]
** [[Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council|Extraordinary Form]]
*** [[Tridentine Mass]]
** [[Anglican Use]]
** [[Zaire Use]]

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

   | group3 = [[Catholic order liturgical rite|Orders]]
   | list3 =
* [[Benedictine Rite]]
* [[Carmelite Rite]]
* [[Carthusian Rite]]
* [[Cistercian Rite]]
* [[Dominican Rite]]
* [[Norbertine Rite]]
}}
|group4 = Defunct
|list4 =
* [[African Rite]]
* [[Aquileian Rite]]
* British
** [[Celtic Rite]]
** [[Durham Rite]]
** [[Use of Hereford|Hereford Use]]
** [[Use of Sarum|Sarum Use]]
** [[Use of York|York Use]]
* [[Gallican Rite]]
* ''[[Missa sicca|Missa Nautica]]''
* ''[[Missa sicca]]''
* ''[[Missa sicca|Missa Venatoria]]''
* [[Pre-Tridentine Mass]]

}}
   | group2 = [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic&lt;br&gt;Churches]]&lt;br&gt;([[Eastern Catholic liturgy|Eastern Catholic&lt;br&gt;liturgy]])
   | list2 =
* [[Alexandrian Rite]]
* [[Armenian Rite]]
* [[Antiochene Rite]]
** [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]]
** [[Malankara Rite|Malankara]]
* [[Byzantine Rite]]
* [[East Syriac Rite]]
** [[Syro-Malabaric Rite|Syro-Malabar]]

}}
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = 
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Catholic navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:History of Christianity</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118058</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:12:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox | name = History of Christianity | title = [[History of Christianity]] | bodyclass = hlist | state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}} | basestyle = | above =  * [[Spread of Christianity|Spread]] * [[History of Christian theology|History of theology]] * [[Historicity of the Bible]] * [[List of Christian martyrs|List of martyrs]]  |group1= [[Timeline of Christianity|Timeline]] |list1=  {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child |group1=Centuri...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>118058</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11701" sha1="2ch60rw50i6oagm6rnwdm6xzm48v7fi" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = History of Christianity
| title = [[History of Christianity]]
| bodyclass = hlist
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| basestyle =
| above = 
* [[Spread of Christianity|Spread]]
* [[History of Christian theology|History of theology]]
* [[Historicity of the Bible]]
* [[List of Christian martyrs|List of martyrs]]

|group1= [[Timeline of Christianity|Timeline]]
|list1=

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child
|group1=Centuries
|list1=
* [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st]]
* [[Christianity in the ante-Nicene period|2nd and 3rd]]
* [[Christianity in the 4th century|4th]]
* [[Christianity in the 5th century|5th]]
* [[Christianity in the 6th century|6th]]
* [[Christianity in the 7th century|7th]]
* [[Christianity in the 8th century|8th]]
* [[Christianity in the 9th century|9th]]
* [[Christianity in the 10th century|10th]]
* [[Christianity in the 11th century|11th]]
* [[Christianity in the 12th century|12th]]
* [[Christianity in the 13th century|13th]]
* [[Christianity in the 14th century|14th]]
* [[Christianity in the 15th century|15th]]
* [[Christianity in the 16th century|16th]]
* [[Christianity in the 17th century|17th]]
* [[Christianity in the 18th century|18th]]
* [[Christianity in the 19th century|19th]]
* [[Christianity in the 20th century|20th]]
* [[Christianity in the 21st century|21st]]
}}

|group2= [[Early Christianity|Early&lt;br&gt;Christianity]]
|list2 = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child
|group1= Origins and&lt;br&gt;Apostolic Age
|list1=
* [[Historical background of the New Testament|Background]]
* [[Chronology of Jesus]]
** [[Nativity of Jesus|birth]]
** [[Baptism of Jesus|baptism]]
** [[Ministry of Jesus|ministry]]
** [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]]
** [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]]
** [[Great Commission]]
** [[Ascension of Jesus|ascension]]
** [[Historical Jesus|historical Jesus]]
* [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]
* [[Apostles in the New Testament]]
* [[Jewish Christianity]]
** [[Split of Christianity and Judaism|Split]]
* [[Paul the Apostle]]
* [[Council of Jerusalem]]
** [[Gospel]]s
** [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]]
** [[Pauline epistles]]
** [[Catholic epistles|General epistles]]
** [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]

|group2= [[Christianity in the ante-Nicene period|Ante-Nicene&lt;br&gt;period]]&lt;!-- 100–313 --&gt;
|list2=
* [[Diversity in early Christian theology|Diversity]]
** [[Adoptionism]]
** [[Arianism]]
** [[Docetism]]
** [[Donatism]]
** [[Gnosticism]]
** [[Marcionism]]
** [[Montanism]]
* [[Development of the New Testament canon|Canon development]]
* [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|Persecution]]
* [[Apostolic Fathers|Apostolic]] / [[Church Fathers]]
** [[Clement of Rome]]
** [[Polycarp]]
** [[Ignatius of Antioch|Ignatius]]
** [[Irenaeus]]
** [[Justin Martyr]]
** [[Tertullian]]
** [[Origen]] 
* [[Great Church]]
* [[Christianity in the Roman Africa province|Early African]]
* [[Thomasines]]
}}

|group3= [[Christianity in late antiquity|Late antiquity]]&lt;!-- 313–590 --&gt;
|list3 = 
* [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|Constantine]]
** [[Constantinian shift]]
* [[Christianity as the Roman state religion|Roman state religion]]
* [[Christian monasticism|Monasticism]]
* [[First seven ecumenical councils|Councils]]
* [[First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea I]]
** [[Nicene Creed|Creed]]
** [[Nicene Christianity|Christianity]]
* [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]]
* [[Jerome]]
* [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]]
* [[First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople I]]
* [[Council of Ephesus|Ephesus I]]
* [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]]
** [[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]] / [[Non-Chalcedonian Christianity|Non-Chalcedonian]]
* [[Biblical canon]]

|group4= [[History of the Catholic Church|Catholicism]]&lt;br&gt;([[Timeline of the Catholic Church|Timeline]])&lt;!-- esp. 1517–present --&gt;
|list4 = 
* [[History of the papacy|Papacy]]
** [[History of papal primacy|Development of primacy]]
** [[Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy|Eastern Orthodox opposition]]
* [[Peace and Truce of God]]
* [[Crusading movement]]
* [[Fourth Council of the Lateran|Lateran IV]]
* [[Art patronage of Julius II]]
* [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]
* [[Counter-Reformation]]
** [[Council of Trent|Trent]]
** [[Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation|Art]]
** [[Catholic Reformation]]
** [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]
*** [[Francis Xavier|Xavier]]
* [[Thomas More]]
* [[Dissolution of the monasteries|Monastery dissolution]]
* [[European wars of religion|Wars]]
* [[Mass rock]]s and [[priest hole]]s
* [[Our Lady of Guadalupe|Guadalupe]]
* [[Jansenism|Jansenists]]
* [[Molinism|Molinists]]
* [[Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism|Neo-Scholasticism]]
* [[Teresa of Ávila|Teresa]]
* [[Modernism in the Catholic Church|Modernism]]
* [[Independent Catholicism|Independent Catholics]]
* [[First Vatican Council|Vatican I]] and [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]]
** [[Ecclesial community]]

|group5= [[History of Eastern Christianity|Eastern&lt;br&gt;Christianity]] &lt;!-- esp. 590–present --&gt;
|list5 = 
* [[History of the Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]]
* [[History of Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodoxy]]
* [[Church of the East]]
* [[John Chrysostom|Chrysostom]]
* [[Nestorianism]]
* [[Icon#History|Icons]]
** [[Iconodulism]]
** [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|Iconoclasm]]
* [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]]
* [[Fall of Constantinople]]
* [[Christianization of Armenia|Armenia]]
* [[Christianization of the Kingdom of Iberia|Georgia]]
* [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece|Greece]]
* [[Coptic history|Egypt]]
* [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac]]
* [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopia]]
* [[History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]
* [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgaria]]
* [[History of the Russian Orthodox Church|Russia]]
* [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbia]]
* [[Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America|North America]]

|group6= [[Christianity in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] &lt;!-- 590–1517 --&gt;
|list6 = 
* [[Pelagianism]]
* [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory I]]
* [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic]]
* [[Christianisation of the Germanic peoples|Germanic]] 
** [[Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]]
** [[Christianization of the Franks|Franks]]
** [[Gothic Christianity|Gothic]]
** [[Christianization of Scandinavia|Scandinavian]]
*** [[Christianization of Iceland|Iceland]]
* [[Christianization of the Slavs|Slavs]]
** [[Christianization of Bohemia|Bohemia]]
** [[Christianization of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
** [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|Kievan Rus']]
** [[Christianization of Moravia|Moravia]]
** [[Christianization of Poland|Poland]]
** [[Christianization of Pomerania|Pomerania]]
* [[Investiture Controversy|Investiture]]
* [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]]
* [[Peter Abelard|Abelard]]
* [[Bernard of Clairvaux|Bernard]]
* [[Bogomilism|Bogomils]]
* [[Bosnian Church|Bosnian]]
* [[Catharism|Cathars]]
* [[Apostolic Brethren]]
* [[Dulcinian]]
* [[Crusades]]
* [[Waldensians]]
* [[Inquisition]]
* [[Scholasticism#Early Scholasticism|Early Scholasticism]]
* [[Christian mysticism]]
* [[Saint Dominic|Dominic]]
* [[Francis of Assisi|Francis]]
* [[Bonaventure]]
* [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]]
** [[Five Ways (Aquinas)|Five Ways]]
* [[John Wycliffe|Wycliffe]]
* [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]]
* [[Western Schism|Papal Schism]]
* [[Bohemian Reformation]]
* [[Jan Hus|Hus]]
* [[Conciliarism]]
** [[Synod]]s

|group7= [[Reformation]]&lt;!-- 1517–1648 --&gt;&lt;br&gt;and&lt;br&gt;[[History of Protestantism|Protestantism]]
|list7 = 
* [[Erasmus]]
* [[Eucharistic theology|Eucharist]]
* [[History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate|Calvinist–Arminian debate]]
* [[Arminianism]]
* [[Counter-Reformation#Politics|Wars]]
** [[Resistance theory in the Early Modern period#Christian resistance theories of the early modern period|Resistance theories]]
* [[Separation of church and state#Reformation|Separation of church and state]]
* [[Nicodemite]]s
* [[Hymnody of continental Europe]]
* [[Formal and material principles of theology|Formal and material principles]]
* [[Law and Gospel]]
* [[Template:Reformation literature|Literature]]
* [[Protestant work ethic]]

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|child
| basestyle = 

|group2=[[History of Lutheranism|Lutheranism]]
|list2= 
* [[Martin Luther|Luther]]
** ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''
** [[Diet of Worms]]
** [[Theology of Martin Luther|Theology]]
** [[Luther Bible|Bible]]
* [[Philip Melanchthon|Melanchthon]]
* ''[[Book of Concord]]''
* [[Lutheran orthodoxy|Orthodoxy]]
* [[Sacramental union|Eucharist]]
* [[Lutheran art|Art]]

|group3=[[History of Reformed Christianity|Calvinism]]
|list3= 
* [[Huldrych Zwingli|Zwingli]]
* [[John Calvin|Calvin]]
* [[Huguenots]]
* [[Presbyterianism]]
* [[Scottish Reformation|Scotland]]
* [[John Knox|Knox]]
* [[Five points of Calvinism|TULIP]]
* [[Reformed baptismal theology|Baptism]]
* [[Synod of Dort|Dort]]
* [[Three Forms of Unity]]
* [[Westminster Assembly|Westminster]]
* [[Reformed orthodoxy|Orthodoxy]]
* [[Metrical psalter]]s

|group4=[[English Reformation|Anglicanism]]&lt;br&gt;([[Timeline of the English Reformation|Timeline]])
|list4= 
* [[Henry VIII]]
* [[Thomas Cranmer|Cranmer]]
* [[Elizabethan settlement|Elizabethan]]
* [[Thirty-nine Articles|39 Articles]]
* [[Puritans]]
* [[English Civil War|Civil War]]
* [[Anglican church music|Church music]]
* ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]''
* [[King James Version]]

|group5=[[Anabaptism]]
|list5= 
* [[Anabaptist theology|Theology]]
* [[Radical Reformation]]
* [[Conrad Grebel|Grebel]]
* [[Swiss Brethren]]
* [[Thomas Müntzer|Müntzer]]
* [[Martyrs' Synod]]
* [[Menno Simons]]
* [[John Smyth (English theologian)|Smyth]]
* ''[[Martyrs Mirror]]''
* ''[[Ausbund]]''
}}

|group8= [[Christianity in the modern era|1640–1789]] &lt;!-- 1640–1789 --&gt;
|list8 = 
* [[Christian revival|Revivalism]]
* [[Christian mission|Missionaries]]
** [[Timeline of Christian missions|timeline]]
* [[Baptists]]
** [[Baptists in the history of separation of church and state|Separation of church and state]]
* [[Edict of toleration#Early modern period|Edicts of toleration]]
* [[Congregational church|Congregationalism]]
* [[First Great Awakening]]
* [[Methodism]]
* [[Millerism]]
* [[Pietism]]
** [[Merton thesis|Fostering of early experimental science]]
* [[Neo-Lutheranism|Neo-]] and [[Old Lutherans]]

|group9= [[Christianity in the modern era|1789–present]] &lt;!-- 1789–present --&gt;
|list9 = 
* [[Camp meeting]]
* [[Holiness movement]]
* [[Second Great Awakening]]
* [[Restoration Movement|Restorationists]]
* [[History of Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witnesses]]
* [[History of the Latter Day Saint movement|Mormonism]]
* [[History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] 
* [[Adventism]]
* [[Oxford Movement]]
* [[Laestadianism]]
* [[Awakening (Finnish religious movement)|Finnish Awakening]]
* [[Christian existentialism]]
* [[Third Great Awakening]] 
* [[Azusa Street Revival|Azusa Revival]]
* [[Gospel music]]
* [[Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy|Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy]]
* [[Christian pacifism|Pacifism]]
* [[Ecumenism]]
* [[Five solae|Five ''solae'']]
* [[Jesus movement]]
* [[Pentecostalism]]
* [[Charismatic Movement|Charismatics]] 
* [[Liberation theology]]
* [[Reformed epistemology]]
* [[Fourth Great Awakening]]
* [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] and [[Mainline Protestant|Mainline]] Protestants
* [[Christian right]] and [[Christian left|left]]
* [[Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation|content=
{{Collapsible option}}
{{check completeness of transclusions}}
==See also==
{{Christianity navboxes}}

[[Category:Christian history navigational boxes]]
[[Category:History and events navigational boxes]]
}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>118059</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T13:13:06Z</timestamp>
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        <id>6393</id>
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|name   = Roman Curia footer
|title  = [[Roman Curia]] of the [[Holy See]]
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| group1    = Secretariat 
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{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
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|group1= [[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Secretariat of State]]
|list1= 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

|list1= 
* Section for General Affairs
* [[Section for Relations with States]]
* Secretary for Pontifical Representations
}}}}

| group2= [[Dicastery|Dicasteries]]
| list2= 
* [[Dicastery for Evangelization|Evangelization]]
* [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith|Doctrine of the Faith]]
* [[Dicastery for the Service of Charity|Service of Charity]]
* [[Dicastery for the Eastern Churches|Eastern Churches]]
* [[Dicastery for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments|Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]]
* [[Dicastery for the Causes of Saints|Causes of Saints]]
* [[Dicastery for Bishops|Bishops]]
* [[Dicastery for the Clergy|Clergy]]
* [[Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life|Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]]
* [[Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life|Laity, Family and Life]]
* [[Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity|Christian Unity]]
* [[Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue|Interreligious Dialogue]]
* [[Dicastery for Culture and Education|Culture and Education]]
* [[Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development|Integral Human Development]]
* [[Dicastery for Legislative Texts|Legislative Texts]]
* [[Dicastery for Communication|Communication]]

| group3= [[Tribunal]]s
| list3= 
* [[Apostolic Penitentiary]]
* [[Apostolic Signatura]]
* [[Roman Rota]]

| group4= Economics
| list4= 
* [[Council for the Economy]]
* [[Secretariat for the Economy]]
* [[Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See]]
* Office of the Auditor General
* Commission for Confidential Matters
* Committee for Investments

| group5= Offices
| list5= 
* [[Prefecture of the Papal Household]] 
* [[Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff]]
* [[Apostolic Camera]]
** [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]]

| group6= Institutes
| list6= 
* [[Labour Office of the Apostolic See]] 
* [[Vatican Apostolic Archive]]
* [[Vatican Library|Vatican Apostolic Library]]
* [[Fabric of Saint Peter]]
* [[Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology]]
* AVEPRO
* Supervisory and Financial Information Authority
* Domus Vaticanae

| group7= Interdicasterial commissions
| list7= 
* Particular Churches 
* Church in Eastern Europe
* Consecrated Religious
* Candidates to Sacred Order
* Revision of the General Regulations of the Roman Curia

| group8= Commissions and committees
| list8=
* [[Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses|International Eucharistic Congresses]]
* [[Pontifical Committee for Historical Sciences|Historical Sciences]]
* Advocates
* [[Swiss Guard]]
* [[Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia|Disciplinary]]
* Financial Security
* Commission of Cardinals overseeing the Institute for Works of Religion
* Activities of Public Juridical Persons of the Church in the Healthcare Sector
* Verification and Application of Mitis Iudex in the Churches of Italy

| group9= Other organizations
| list9= 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

|group1= Councils, commissions, and offices
|list1= 
* [[Dicastery for Evangelization|Evangelization]]
** International Council for Catechesis
* [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith|Doctrine of the Faith]]
** [[Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors]]
** [[International Theological Commission]]
** [[Pontifical Biblical Commission]]
** College for the review of appeals by clergy accused of delicta reservata
* [[Dicastery for Bishops|Bishops]]
** [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America]]
* [[Dicastery for the Clergy|Clergy]]
** Pontifical Work for Priestly Vocations
* [[Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity|Christian Unity]]
** [[Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews]]
* [[Dicastery for Interreligious Dialogue|Interreligious Dialogue]]
** [[Commission for Religious Relations with Muslims]]
* [[Dicastery for Culture and Education|Culture and Education]]
** Pontifical Work for Ecclesiastical Vocations
* [[Dicastery for Communication|Communication]]
** [[Vatican Publishing House]]
** [[Vatican Media]]
** [[Vatican Radio]]
** [[L'Osservatore Romano]]
** [[Holy See Press Office]]

|group2= Pontifical academies
|list2=
* [[Pontifical Academy of Arcadia|Arcadia]]
* [[Alphonsian Academy|Alphonsian]]
* [[Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy|Ecclesiastical]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts and Letters of the Virtuosi al Pantheon|Fine Arts and Letters of the Virtuosi al Pantheon]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Sciences]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of Theology|Theology]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of Archaeology|Archaeology]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of Martyrs|Martyrs]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of Saint Thomas Aquinas|Saint Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of the Immaculate Conception|Immaculate Conception]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of Mary|Mary]]
* [[Pontifical Academy for Life|Life]]
* [[Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences|Social Sciences]]
* [[Pontifical Academy for Latin|Latin]]
}}

| group10=[[Diocese of Rome|Papal See of Rome]]
| list10= 
* Vicar General for the Vatican City State
* [[Cardinal Vicar|Vicar General for the Vicariate of Rome]]
* Auxiliary Bishops of the Vicariate of Rome
* Prelate Secretary of the Vicariate of Rome

| group11= [[History of the Roman Curia|History]]
| list11= 
* [[Roman Inquisition]] (1542)
* [[Immensa aeterni Dei|Reform by Sixtus V]] (1588)
* [[Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia|Reform by Paul VI]] (1967)
* [[Pastor bonus|Reform by John Paul II]] (1988)
* [[Praedicate evangelium|Reform by Francis]] (2022)

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

|group1= Former&lt;br/&gt;dicasteries
|list1= 
* [[Congregation for Borders]]
* [[Congregation for Catholic Education]]
* [[Congregation of Ceremonies]]
* [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]]
* [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|Sacred Congregation of the Index]]
* [[Congregation of the Vatican Press]]
* [[Sacra Consulta|Sacred Congregation of the ''Consulta'']]
* [[Congregation for Indulgences and Sacred Relics]]
* [[Sacred Congregation of Rites|Congregation of Rites]]
* [[Apostolic Chancery]]
* [[Apostolic Dataria]]
* [[Office of Papal Charities]]
* [[Secretariate of Briefs to Princes and of Latin Letters]]
* [[Special Administration of the Holy See]]
* [[Pontifical Council for Culture]]
* [[Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church]]
* [[Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei|Pontifical Commission ''Ecclesia Dei'']]
* [[Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization]]
* [[Pontifical Council for Social Communications]]
* [[Pontifical Council for the Family]]
* [[Pontifical Council for the Laity]]
* [[Pontifical Council Cor Unum|Pontifical Council ''Cor Unum'']]
* [[Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace]]
* [[Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People]]
* [[Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers]]
}}

|below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholicism|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{collapsible option|default=collapsed}}

==See also==
* {{tl|Roman Curia sidebar}}

[[Category:Pope navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Holy See templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive 20</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;== Growth News #35 ==  &lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]]  ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.''  === New releases ===  ==== English Wikipedia gets &quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task ====  We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#&quot;Add_a_link&quot;_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Persona...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="14693" sha1="7wviqsx72wlf1a0ysheo5jp29lv1hik" xml:space="preserve">== Growth News #35 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]]

''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.''

=== New releases ===

==== English Wikipedia gets &quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task ====

We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#&quot;Add_a_link&quot;_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|&quot;Add a Link&quot; Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts).

==== Growth features for Wikidata ====
After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]).
Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic.

=== Work in progress ===

==== Revise Tone Structured Task ====
The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]].
We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric.

==== Add a link to more wikis ====

The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model.

[[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia.

=== Research ===

The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: 

[[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers.
The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time.

[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions.

=== Community events ===

The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]'''

This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]'''

This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors.

'''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]'''

With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors.

'''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]'''

Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work.

''&lt;small&gt;'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].&lt;/small&gt;''
&lt;/div&gt; 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&amp;oldid=29457883 --&gt;

== Update request ==

Hello, Tumbuka Arch. 

Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? 

After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). 

Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: 

https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace 

Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)

:@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC)

== AI-generated articles on tumwiki ==

Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you.
:About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them.
:The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong &quot;www.wikipedia.org&quot;, instead of &quot;en.wikipedia.org&quot;. The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&amp;oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&amp;oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community.
:However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way.
:Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC)
::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472541 --&gt;
:Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

== How do you import revisions? ==

I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] No sorry, I meant how can I import revisions myself. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''&lt;span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 12:15, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] you don't have importer rights. Just another case I advised you to become an admin, to which you said you needed experience first. Again, they won't make you an admin without having a valid email address attached to your account. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 19:36, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC)
::::importer rights are bundled with admin right, but can also be requested separately. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|&lt;span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'&gt;'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''&lt;/span&gt;]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''&lt;span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;★&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;★&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;''']] 19:38, 24 Julayi 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7wviqsx72wlf1a0ysheo5jp29lv1hik</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>48180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118065</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T16:50:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tumbuka Arch</username>
        <id>6863</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot; ###############################################################################################################################  #                         DO NOT MODIFY THIS LIST UNLESS YOU HAVE A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF REGEX!                             #  ###############################################################################################################################  # External URLs matching this list will be blocked when added to a page.  # This list a...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>118065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="161297" sha1="meenbwjxdo2dv8g22mrprlvgogzp5jb" xml:space="preserve"> ###############################################################################################################################
 #                         DO NOT MODIFY THIS LIST UNLESS YOU HAVE A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF REGEX!                             #
 ###############################################################################################################################
 # External URLs matching this list will be blocked when added to a page.
 # This list affects only the English Wikipedia; refer also to the [[meta:Spam blacklist|global blacklist]]
 # For documentation see [[mediawikiwiki:Extension:SpamBlacklist|www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SpamBlacklist]]
 # &lt;b style=&quot;color: red; font-size: larger;&quot;&gt;Log your addition. All additions to this blacklist MUST also be [[MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist/log|logged here]].&lt;/b&gt;
 #
 # For simple entries that do not require regular expressions, [[Special:BlockedExternalDomains]] can be used.
 #
 # Shortcuts: WP:SBL, WP:BLIST
 #&lt;!-- leave this line exactly as it is --&gt; &lt;pre&gt; 
 # Syntax is as follows: 
 #   * Everything from a &quot;#&quot; character to the end of the line is a comment 
 #   * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment. 
 #   ** Most only match hosts inside URLs. 
 #   ** For a few hosts, only certain directories, parameters or filenames are blocked. 

\b01bags\.com\b
\b1fasteners\.com\b
\b1shoppingcart\.com\b
\b2-clicks-(?:outdoorfurniture|stamps)\.com\b
\b4dasoul\.com\b
\b123(?:baisakhi|chinesenewyear|christians|durgapuja|janmashtami|kazaa|movingcompany|newyear|pongal|refills|breakingnews)\.com\b
\b123(?:bollywood|refills)\.net\b
\b216\.131\.68\.51\b
\b911broadcast\.com\b
\b1000misspenthours\.com\b
\bacdc\.com\.tr\b
\bacdemocracy\.org\b
\bacfei\.com\b
\bbohemian\w{1,5}rhapsody\.blogspot\.com\b
\bbohem\w{1,5}\.blogspot\.com\b
\bactive(?:hybrid|rain)\.com\b
\badenmark(?:attraction|hotel)\.com\b
\badietguide\.com\b
\badl\.cc\b
\bafrance(?:attraction|hotel)\.com\b
\bafropoets\.net
\bagora(?:-eu|-financial|-inc|-model|bookpublishing|corporateguide|financial|financialpublications|learning|lifestyles|wealth)\.com\b
\bal-moharer\.net\b
\balcwin\.org\b
\balfread-nue\.ml\b
\ball(?:eurohotels|eybaggettwow|freesoftwares|indiadeals|istanbultours|neonsigns|present|prodriving|topdiet|wonders)\.com\b
\balphagcorp\.com\b
\baltmedworld\.net\b
\bamerican-cocker-spaniel\.info\b
\bamitbhawani\.com\b
\bamitpatel\.info\b
\bamyadams\.org\b
\banaustria(?:attraction|hotel)\.com\b
\bandrew(?:leaning|prokos)\.com\b
\banglianhomes\.co\.uk\b
\banidb\.(?:net|info)\b
\banimal-games\.biz\b
\banimalethics\.org\.uk\b
\banimenfo\.com\b
\banireland(?:attraction|hotel)\.com\b
\banitaly(?:attraction|hotel)\.com\b
\bapnaabbottabad\.com\b
\baportugal(?:attraction|hotel)\.com\b
\barchitectdesigning\.com\b
\barchive\.limited\b
\barmy-guide\.com\b
\basianh(?:f|hm)\.com\b
\bassociatedcontent\.com\b
\bastrosauce\.com\b
\bartvoice\.com\b
\basyncop\.(?:net|com)\b
\batbriders\.com\b
\battask\.com\b
\bautomotive(?:-technology|s-global)\.com\b
\bazmi\.in\b
\bbabynology\.com\b
\btechnologyadvice\.com\b
\bbest(?:ceramicknife|indiansites|ofjdm|ongole|petarticles|placetoretire)\.com\b
\bbest-paypornsites\.com\b
\bbetterworldlinks\.org\b
\bbharatheritage\.in\b
\bbio(?:logicalworld|nicwomanfansite|techbuddy\.googlepages)\.com\b
\bblogintomystery\.com\b
\bblu-rayplayersoftware\.com\b
\bbobfinnan\.com\b # see http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=mediawiki_talk:spam-blacklist&amp;oldid=195131001#bobfinnan.com
\bboingboing\.net/2006/05/22/u-florida-cops-ask-f\.html\b
\bbolchazy\.com\b
\bbolly(?:\.in|site\.com|woodnews\.us)\b
\bbondara\.co\.uk\b
\bbookielist\.com\b
\bboobpedia\.com\b
\bbrainstormer\.com\b
\bbroadcast-technology\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bbvog\.com: \bbvog\.com\b
\bcafe(?:pellicola|press)\.com\b
\bcalistry\.org\b
\bcaliforni(?:a-contracosta-trafficschool|a-trafficschool-online|abusinessimages|apaintings|aresort|askiresort|cationfan|a-sunrooms)\.com\b
\bcall-?center(?:-tech|-software-directory|sinindia)\.com\b
\bcallgirlshyderabad\.in\b
\bcams\.com/go\b # afiliate\b
\bcarolmoorereport\.blogspot\.com\b
\bcarolina(?:-web|bannerexchange|homerates|megamall|sites|webmarketing|yellow)\.com\b
\bcbdglass\.com\b
\bcebucircle\.com\b
\bcelebritiesheight\.com\b
\bchange(?:aname\.co\.uk|board\.com)\b
\bchina(?:-opportunities\.atspace|assistor|mapsite|travel)\.com\b
\bchinese(?:-tools|inkdesign)\.com\b
\bchoosehelp\.com\b
\bci-portal\.de\b
\bcigarinspector\.com\b
\bcine(?:mirchi|vate)\.com\b
\bcomp(?:arebazaar|etearoundtheworld|laintsboard|uter-plus)\.com\b
\bconstructioncitizen\.com\b
\bcontact(?:(?:-lenses-guidance|pinnacle)\.com|law\.co\.uk)\b
\bconv(?:enientpower|ictionfan)\.com\b
\bcorp(?:learning|orategurus)\.com\b
\bcpu-galaxy\.at\b
\bcreative-bioarray\.com\b
\bcreative-diagnostics\.com\b
\bcreativebiomart\.net\b
\bcreativeglossary\.com\b
\bcreditcardloaninsurance(?:money|place)\.com\b
\bcyburbia\.org\b
\bdaily(?:gujrat|news365|punjab|server|wealth)\.com\b
\bdailyreckoning\.(?:com|org|co\.uk)\b
\bdanfromsquirrelhill\.wordpress\.com\b
\bdavid(?:airey|schwimmer)\.com\b
\bdavincisurgery\.com\b
\bdealfinderonline\.com\b
\bdebatepedia\.org\b
\bdefen(?:ce-industries|sive-driving-forums|sivedrivingus)\.com\b
\bdermengine\.com\b
\bdgreet(?:ings)?\.com\b
\bdiamond(?:-jewelry-india\.com|\.co.uk)\b
\bdigitalstores\.co\.uk\b
\bdiscussessays\.com\b
\bdiwali(?:giftstore|mela|utsav)\.com\b
\bdnabaser\.com\b
\bdominos\.co\.in\b
\bdonorsiblingregistry\.com\b
\bdowntownbellevue\.com\b
\bdromoz\.com\b
\bearly(?:alerttrader|torise)\.com\b
\b123gamesfree\.com\b
\beaseus\.com\b
\beasy(?:accessramps\.com|accessuk\.org|cgireview\.org|ivr\.com|microbiz\.com|watercar\.com)\b
\bebharat\.in\b
\beconomywatch\.com\b
\becopave\.com\.au\b
\bed-ventures-online\.com\b
\bedisonticker\.com\b
\behow\.com\b
\bensenada(?:-sportfishing|baja|beachsales|escorts|strip)?\.com\b
\berror-404\.do\.am\b
\besotericscience\.(?:org|co\.uk)\b
\bessayboards\.com\b
\bethnic(?:indiacrafts|paintings)\.com\b
\betiziano\.com\b
\betvindia\.com\b
\bfamousamericans\.net\b
\bfatfreekitchen\.com\b
\bfaulkingtruth\.com\b
\bfib(?:er|re)2fashion\.com\b
\bfingerslam\.com\b
\bfinmath\.com\b
\bfinviz\.com\b
\bfire(?:foxmyths|worksland)\.com\b
\bfluoridealert\.org\b
\bfocussingapore\.com\b
\bfotolia\.com\b
\bfree(?:-junk|biefree|docast|investingreports|petrecipes|wimaxinfo)\.com\b
\bfree(?:forums|mosquitoringtones)\.org\b
\bfriendsofquinn\.com\b
\bfsp\.co\.za\b
\bfufaca\.date\b
\bgameanyone\.com\b
\bgamestooge\.com\b
\bgardenmandy\.com\b
\bgashtenavid\.com\b
\btheloopny\.com\b # redirects to getinloop.com
\bthemeparkincorporated\.co\.uk\b
\bglobalyouthjustice\.org\b
\bgehsc\.com\b
\bgoatse\.info\b
\bgocasino\.se\b
\bgooglesyndication\.com/pagead\b
\bgraphicexpertsbd\.com\b
\bgrangehotels\.com\b
\bgrantseekersedge\.org\b
\bgreatdogsite\.com\b
\bgreenday\.(?:net|cc)\b
\bgrowinggenerations\.com\b
\bgrowthstockwire\.com\b
\bhalongbaytours\.com\b
\bhamster-club\.com\b
\bhardeshsharma\.blogspot\.in\b
\bhardeshsharma\.blogspot\.com\b
\bhealthbase\.com\b
\bheathledger\.com\b
\bherzeleid\.com/en/lyrics\b
\bhighspots\.com\b
\bhindunewyear\.com\b
\bhistoryhouse\.co\.uk\b
\bhollywoodchicago\.com\b
\bhome\.graffiti\.net/thefaqs\b
\bhomeloanplace\.com\b
\bhospitals-management\.com\b
\bhosuronline\.com\b
\bhotrails\.co\.uk\b
\bhowtolose15poundsin2weeks\.com\b
\bhsibaltimore\.com\b
\bhtcampus\.com\b
\bhubpages\.com\b
\bhunmagyar\.org\b # Wikipedia:Long-term abuse/Tirgil34
\biambettor\.com\b
\bidga\.org\b
\bidrivesafely(?:test)?\.com\b
\bimpossible\.sg\b
\bindia-crafts\.com\b
\bindiaeducation\.net\b
\bindiahousing\.com\b
\bindianetzone\.com\b
\bindianholiday\.com\b
\binfibeam(?:\.blog)?\.com\b
\binfobase\.co\.in\b
\binfodriveindia\.com # [[wikipedia:wikiproject spam/linkreports/infodriveindia.com]]
\binformitv\.com\b
\binfosecinstitute\.com\b
\binsomnia\.ac\b
\binternationalliving\.com\b
\binternautconsulting\.(?:com|org)\b
\binternetisseriousbusiness\.com\b
\binvestmentu\.com\b
\binvisionfree\.com # per wikiproject:spam investigations
\bipdeny\.com\b
\biqpc\.com\b
\biqsdirectory\.com\b
\bistrat\.in\b
\biwedplanner\.com\b
\bjimbronson\.com\b
\bjimyellowpages\.com\b
\bjwsuretybonds\.(?:net|com)\b
\bkeynoteresource.com\b
\bkhwajagharibnawaz\.(?:net|com)\b
\bkidsfront\.com\b
\bkippreport\.com\b
\bkmle\.com\b
\bkriyayoga.org\.in\b
\bkrystyna\.space\b
\bl-word\.com\b
\bla-chronique-agora\.com\b
\blankapura\.com\b
\blasikfraud\.com\b
\blearnerstv\.com\b
\blearnislamicfinance\.com\b
\blenazavaroni\.com\b
\blesbelleslettres\.com\b
\bletterwhiz\.com\b
\blepidoptera\.eu\b
\blinkbucks\.com\b
\blivability\.com\b
\bliveadmins\.com\b
\blogopond\.com\b
\blom\.com\b
\blondonhotels4u\.com\b
\blostwackys\.com\b
\blulu\.com\b
\blynchhummer\.com\b
\blyricsmode\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bmagic\.ly\b: \bmagic\.ly\b
\bmagnify\.net\b
\bmainlinemenswear\.co\.uk\b
\bmalayalifestivals\.com\b
\bmaps-india\.com\b
\bmapsofworld\.com\b
(?&lt;=//|\.)markets\.com\b
\bmastertechinfo\.com\b
\bmediafetcher\.com\b
\bmeditationinfo\.net\b
\bmemsic\.com\b
\bmicrofinancegateway\.org\b
\bmississippiqueenriverboat\.com\b
\bmobilemarketingwatch\.com\b
\bmolbase\.com\b
\bmolon\.de\b
\bmomswhothink\.com\b
\bmoneymorning\.com\b
\bmoremoneyreview\.com\b
\bmtcmedia\.(?:co\.uk|com)\b
\bmulti-monitors\.com\b
\bmy\.mail\.ru\b
\bmycrazybulkreviews\.com\b
\bmygilgit\.com\b
\bmylot\.com\b
\bmypaperquilling\.com\b
\bmysteryshop\.org\b
\bmysteryshopforum\.com\b
\bnappyafro\.com\b
\bnationalhighschool\.com\b
\bnaturecureindia\.info\b
\bnaukrihub\.com\b
\bnavymutual\.org\b
\bnazaraone\.com\b
\bneeman-medical\.com\b
\bnepa\.com\.np\b
\bnepalelectionportal\.org\b
\bnepaltoursdestination\.com\b
\bnepalvisitors\.com\b
\bnepstuff\.com\b
\bnestimes\.net\b
\bniagarareporter\.com\b
\bningboguide\.com\b
\bningbolife\.com\b
\bnla\.com\b
\bnofluoride\.com\b
\bnorm\.org\b
\bnoveleros\.com\b
\bobitree\.com\b
\bochre-media\.com\b
\bok1\.co\.il\b
\boldunreal\.com\b
\boocities\.com\b
\bowerhall\.bigpondhosting\.com\b
\bpackaging(?:-|and)labell?ing\.com\b
\bpakeye\.com\b
\bparisbestlodge\.com\b
\bpatnys\.com\b
\bpaullee\.com\b
\bpaypal\.com/(?:c2|row|us)/mrb/pal
\bpenest\.bid\b
\bpennysleuth\.com\b
\bpetdreams\.com\b
\bpeterhugomcclure\.com\b
# included via the next line: \bpetitions\.news\b
\bpetition(?:online|s)?\b
\bpharmaceutical-tech\.com\b
\bpharmafocusasia\.com\b
\bphysioroom\.com\b
\bpickeringchatto\.com\b
\bpixaerial\.co\.uk\b
\bpixelcrayons\.com\b
\bplantautomation-technology\.com\b
\bplay\.diwater\.org\b
\bplease-mum\.co\.uk\b
\bpoetryatlas\.com\b
\bpokharacity\.com\b
\bpolitical\.com\b
\bportcontainerservices\.com\.au\b
\bports-guides\.com\b
\bpostchronicle\.com\b
\bpow7\.com\b
\bpreqin\.com\b
\bpriory-of-sion(?:\.tripod)?\.com\b
\bprivatebanking\.com\b
\bprivateequityinfo\.com\b
\bprizerebel\.com\b
\bprojectveritas\.com\b
\bprojectvisa\.com\b
\bpulpandpaper-technology\.com\b
\bpulsemusic\.proboards(?:48)?\.com\b
\bpz10\.com\b
\brakeback\.com\b
\breacheverychild\.com\b
\brecentfusion\.com\b
\brecordstore\.co\.uk\b
\bredrockmicro\.com\b
\breelseo\.com\b
\breemclothing\.com\b
\breengineeringllc\.com\b
\brepossession-stoppers\.com\b
\bresortvacationstogo\.com\b
\brewards1\.com\b
\brgardner\.com\b
\brihannadaily\.com\b
\bs155239215\.onlinehome\.us\b # Wikipedia:Long-term abuse/Tirgil34
\bsandee\.club\b
\bsearch(?:grub|india|marketingsales|submissioncenter|submissionsoftware|thesearch\.googlepages|warp|widgets\.googlepages)\.com\b
\bsecuretrka\.com\b
\bsermonaudio\.com\b
\bservicesbangalore\.com\b
\bshinemusic\.com\.au\b
\bsilanis\.com\b
\b[_\-0-9a-z]+\.onion\b  # was \bsilkroad.*\.onion\b
\bsites\.google\.com/site/tetraenoic\b
\bsites\.google\.com/site/wikipediadrk\b
\bsites\.google\.com/site/antikpopcrusadersonwikipedia\b
\bsites\.google\.com/site/wpakpc\b
\bsityodtongla\.com\b
\bskins\.net\b
\bsmouch\.net\b # malicious code\b
\bsnagsfilm\.com\b
\bsouthofnowhereonline\.com\b
\bsovereignsociety\.com\b
\bspagette-rice\.cf\b
\bspeecheasy\.com\b
\bspine-health\.com\b
\bsportsinjuryclinic\.net\b
\bsportstwo\.com\b
\bstageandscreenonline\.com\b
\bstagevu\.com\b
\bstansberryresearch\.(?:com|net)\b
\bstarmometer\.com\b
\bstatisticssolutions\.com\b
\bstopinfantcircumcision\.org\b
\bstrategicinvestment\.com\b
\bsuitusa\.com\b
\bsurftofind\.com\b # see [[wikipedia:wikiproject spam/linkreports/surftofind.com]] + request on talkpage
\bsurgery\.org\b
\btanners-wines\.co\.uk\b
\btapresume\.co\.in\b
\btcyonline\.com\b
\btdshakerscreen\.com\b
\btecnotronics\.com\.br\b
\bthaibiodiversity\.org\b
\btheengineer\.pokerplayersalliance\.org\b
\btheforensicexaminer\.com\b
\btheinnatpoundridge\.com\b
\btheirearth\.com\b
\bthemoviedb\.org\b
\btmdb\.org\b
\bthesufi\.com\b
\bthetote\.com\.au\b
\bthewebminer\.com\b
\bthisisblythe\.com\b
\bthreehosts\.com\b
\bthriveglobal\.com\b
\btimpsonlocksmiths\.co\.uk\b
\btoutpondi\.com\b
\btradingeconomics\.com\b
\btravelpackages\.com\b
\btravelphotobase\.com\b
\btruckcamperforum\.com\b
\btrutnee\.com\b
\btrypophobia\.co\b
\bturkeytouristguides\.com\b
\btvcinemax\.club\b
\bcinematvs\.club\b
\btvdata\.(?:tv|ru)\b
\btvrage\.com\b
\btypemock\.com\b
\bukmix\.org/forums\b
\bukofficialrecords\.co\.uk\b
\bukofficialservices\.co\.uk\b
\bultimate-rihanna\.com\b
\bunicoi\.com\b
\butilitydesign\.co\.uk\b
\butilitywarehouse\.co\.uk\b
\bvacationstogo\.com\b
\bvaluebound\.com\b
\bvapewatchforum\.com\b
\bvbs\.tv\b
\bvietnam-tour\.biz\b
\bvietnamtourtravel\.com\b
\bvietvisiontravel\.com\b
\bVisitsToMoney\.com\b
\bvisual8\.com\b
\bviva64\.com\b
\bvssmedical\.com\b
\bvuze\.com/(?:details|content)\b
\bwaspbarcode\.(?:co\.uk|com|de|es)\b
\bwatchhere\.stream\b   #Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Josgandos123
\bwatchnowhd\.stream\b  #Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Josgandos123
\bwatchmoviesnow\.co\b
\bwbresearch\.com\b
\bweb\.watch21\.net\b
\bwebguild\.org\b
\bWeeklyYouthPay\.com\b
\bwestchesterrestaurantguide\.com\b
\bwhatbird\.com\b
\bwhiskeyandgunpowder\.com\b
\bwikigender\.org\b
\bwikijobs?\.co\.uk\b # per http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=talk:spam_blacklist&amp;oldid=955464#wikijob.co.uk, clear admission of spamming
\bwikiped1a\.org\b
\bwik1pedia\.org\b
\bwiseclerk\.com\b
\bworld-snowboard-day\.com\b
\bworldamazingrecords\.com\b
\bworldofsharks\.net\b
\bworldrugbyshop\.com\b
\bworldwidealbums\.net\b
\bwowsurigao\.blogspot\.com\b
\byoutube\.com/watch\?v=(?:_cyR-XJtPN|9JDLl1CMuNs|cmdkmm1ohha|eAaQNACwaLw|edikv0zbAlU|gdsUmAZFaVA|1qps_KT0bHA)
\byupptv\.com\b
\banyplaceamerica\.com\b
\blatitude\.to\b
\bmaplandia\.com\b
\bmapcarta\.com\b
\bmapy.emiejsca\.pl\b
\bpincodes\.info\b
\bpostcode\.info\b
\bus-places\.com\b
\bvymaps\.com\b
#####
#####  All the weebly spam
#####
#####
#####  All the blogspot spam
#####
\blove-shy\.com\b
\brdujour(?:\.blogspot)?\.com\b
# New Entries
\bindianservers\.com\b
\bmappery\.com\b
recoverdata(?:software|tools)\.com
\bmr-seo\.com\b
\blearningmarkets\.com\b
\bclickwrestle\.com\b
\babikecentral\.com\b
\bfoldingforum\.com\b
\bstridaforum\.com\b
\b4sh[a@]red\.com\b
\bhitler\.org\b
\bnitroroms\.com\b
\blivestock\.com\b
\bkoolmuzone\.com\b
\bsytycd\.wordpress\.com\b
\bpure(?:americasgottalent|amazingrace|dwts|fringe|sytycd|tvnet|tvfreaks|tvsports)\.com\b
\btatsoul\.com\b
\bjustjared(?:jr)?(?:\.buzznet)?\.com\b
\blashtal\.com\b
\blexusclub\.co\.uk\b
\bmicrostockphotography\.info\b
\beqi\.org\b
\btoyotatruckclub\.com\b
\bletmegooglethatforyou\.com\b
\blmgtfy\.com\b
\buofa\.edu\b
\bmpoc\.org\.my\b
\bscomi\.com\.my\b
\bechoview\.com\b
\binflation\.us\b
\bjewelry\.com\b
\btanksystems\.com\b
\balumni.net\b
\btravelsmart.net\b
\bwickedtickles\.co\.uk\b
\bfanstory\.com\b
\bprogram(?:mable-logic-controller)?-plc\.blogspot\.com\b
\bserendipity\.li\b
\bsaycampuslife\.com\b
\bthearticlewriter\.com\b
\bitrunsonlinux\.com\b
\bfenceandgaterepair\.com\b
\blagunahills\.com\b
\bnyingma\.nl\b
\boklahomacity\.com\b
\bpalmdesert\.com\b
\bsanclemente\.com\b
\bnemovieshd.com\b
\baircraftcompare\.com\b
\babsolutechinatours\.com\b
\bbrownplanet\b.com\b
\btheclassicalshop\.net\b
\befessa\.win\b
\befukt\.com\b
\bpoints2shop\.com\b
\bwirelessbollinger\.com\b
\bmymovingreviews\.com\b
\bxpressmovers\.com\b
\bideamarketers\.com\b
\blibrary\.ndsu\.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/volga-germans\.htm\b
\bsabritextiles\.com\b
\bmodelinia\.com\b
\bsuperfriends\.wikia\.com\b
\bmyretrotv\.com\b
\bpaadalvarigal\.com\b
\bilovebolly\.com\b
\bstudyoverseaschina\.com\b
\bhighstrangeness\.tv\b
\bmetaldetectingforum\.co\.uk\b
\bresurgentindia\.com\b
\bextreme-seo\.net\b
\bratekhoj\.com\b
\buinterview\.com\b
\bvoy.com\b
\bengineers-excel\.com\b
\bfreepressindex\.com\b
\bcoastalnetwork\.com\b
\bcoastercrazy\.com\b
\bohio-put-in-bay\.(?:biz|com|info|org)\b
\bcanadiancrc\.com\b
\blinseydawnmckenzie\.co\.uk\b
# \bzentechnologies\.com\b - relisted at meta
\bsafer-networking\.com\b
\bparetologic\.com\b
\bwiki-security\.com\b
\buvouch\.com\b
\brediscovermachupicchu\.com\b
\bcomingsoon\.cz\b
\bresumemantra\.com\b
\bloaded-questions\.com\b
\bloadedquestions\.blogspot\.com\b
\babusearticles\.wordpress\.com\b
\bextreme-abuse-survey\.net\b
\britualabuse\.us\b
\bendritualabuse\.org\b
\bgomerch\.com\b
\bamy-acker\.org\b
\bamyadamsfan\.com\b
\bidina-here\.com\b
\brose-mcgowan\.com\b
\bteresapalmerfan\.com\b
\bchinatouristmaps\.com\b
(?&lt;=\.|://)explore\.org\b
\bhistory-of-china\.com\b
\bchinahighlights\.com\b
\bmybeijingchina\.com\b
\bshanghaihighlights\.com\b
\bmychinatours\.com\b
\bgarymartinhays\.com\b
\bcirignani\.com\b
\babrahamwatkins\.com\b
\bwalkuplawoffice\.com\b
\barmenianhighland\.com\b
\bdeepcreek(?:vacay|vacations|lakevacay|lakeproperty|hotproperties)\.com\b
\b100pulse\.com\b
\bhscripts\.com\b
\b404techsupport\.com\b
\beasycalculation\.com\b
\bmetal-observer\.com\b
\bconvexoptimization\.com\b
\bstanford\.edu/~dattorro\b
\bsweetpoison\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry (?&lt;=//|\.)about\.com\b: \bthaifood\.about\.com\b
\bsurfacehippy(?:info\.com|\.info)\b
\bez-tracks\.com\b  #adware and installs a toolbar and BHO on users system
\bdeltabridges\.com\b
\bslipdoctors\.com\b
\bhomeinfomax\.com\b
\b2knowmyself\.com\b
\bveomed\.com\b
\boptions?tradingpedia\.com\b
\bnariphaltan\.org\b
\bnariphaltan\.virtualave\.net\b
\bthehamptons\.com\b
\bjtf\.org/forum_english\b
\btamesha\.space\b
\bpropertyzote\.com\b
\bhomo\.com\b
\bvkontakte\.ru\b
\bsuperrobotmayhem\.com\b
\bstock-trkr\.co\.uk\b
(?&lt;=[/@.])examiner\.com(?:[:/?\x{23}]|$)
\bpaudarco\.(?:org|net)\b
\baboutmyarea\.co\.uk\b
\bconceptnissan\.com\b
\bcharlesroring\.blogspot\.com\b
\bvoobly\.com\b
\bamericanbankingnews\.com\b
\bzunzun\.com\b
\b.co\.cc\b
\bterabitconsulting\.com\b
\bdyingscene\.com\b
\bindiemusicfinds\.com\b
\braillife\.com\b
\bbolenreport\.(?:com|net)\b
\bquackpotwatch\.org\b
\bhumanticsfoundation\.com\b
\bbreastimplantillness\.com\b
\ballaboutlaw\.co\.uk\b
\bbeforethetrailer\.com\b
\bmaltagenealogy\.com\b
\bsaidvassallo\.com\b
\bsignsvisual(?:ny)?\.com\b
\btriond\.com\b
\bhealthmad\.com\b
\bquazen\.com\b
\bsocyberty\.com\b
\btrifter\.com\b
\bbizcovering\.com\b
\bsportales\.com\b
\bcinemaroll\.com\b
\bbookstove\.com\b
\bmusicouch\.com\b
\bwritinghood\.com\b
\bepisodeguide\.us\b
\bmanhood101\.com\b
\bhomelesshub\.ca\b
\bguyharvey(?:gifts(?:hop)?|inc|jewelry|shirts|sportswear)\.com\b
\bfilmclub\.com\b
\bbyebyehavana\.com\b
\brentarasta\.com\b
\bjusttollywood\.(?:com|info)\b
\bmodifiedcars\.com\b
\btopcruisesites\.net\b
\borebaregistry\.com\b
\bwikinewforum\.com\b
\balhajowaisrazaqadri\.com\b
\bprokerala\.com\b
\bchinesepageantpage\.com\b
\bmalayalamsearch\.com\b
\bfacebook\.com/ShakespearsSisterOfficial\b
\bflowers-cs\.com\b
\bview360\.in\b
\blistofmicronations\.com\b
\battukaldevi\.com\b
\bpanamaeconomyinsight\.com\.pa\b
\barticledirectoryusa\.com\b
\blabome\.(?:com|cn)\b
\bwatchpokemonepisodes\.com\b
\briverraftinginrishikesh\.com\b
\bfoodfacts\.com\b
\bhistory-fiend\.com\b
\bkasur\.(?:org|tk|20fr\.com)\b
\bcolinsackett\.co\.uk\b
\bvandemataram\.com\b
\bactremediation\.com\b
\bachadirect\.com\b
\btoshaliroyalview\.com\b
\brathyatra\.net\b
\btoshalisands\.com\b
-business-review\.com\b
\bcbronline\.com\b
\bmrskin\.com\b
\bmodernights\.com\b
\bmaxabout\.com\b
\bafricanmeccasafaris\.com\b
\bamericansmokeless\.com\b
\btheubie\.com\b
\bkanha\.co\.uk\b
\bkhajuraho-india\.org\b
\bbiggboss\.co\.in\b
\bchizeng\.com\b
\bcutedeadguys\.net\b
\bgcreddy\.com\b
\biwawaterwiki\.org\b
\brealestateindiaonline\.com\b
\banimalsinthecity2?\.webs\.com\b
\bcsi80048436282250\.webs\.com\b
\bhimitrusentraigorangerjapanhero\.webs\.com\b
\bjakqdengekitaijapanhero\.webs\.com\b
\bjapanhero\.webs\.com\b
\bkamenriderjapanhero(?:\.webs)?\.com\b
\bultraman1967japanhero\.webs\.com\b
\bultramanjapanhero\.webs\.com\b
\bultraqjapanhero\.webs\.com\b
\bultrasevenjapanhero\.webs\.com\b
\bbuzzpublishing\.net\b
\bmanipalmart\.com\b
\bmatthewclayfield\.com\b
\bareacode\.org\b
\bcountrycode\.org\b
\btollfreeforwarding\.com\b
\bnationmaster\.com/encyclopedia\b
\bstatemaster\.com/encyclopedia\b
\bfashionologie\.com\b
\bbolegaindia\.com\b
(?&lt;=//|\.)seraphim\.com\b
\bdropshipdaemon\.com\b
\blovebug(?:fans|central)\.com\b
\bherbiemania\.com\b
\bycdtotv\.com\b
\b14gaam\.com\b
\bhindupad\.com\b
\bsaiyanisland\.com\b
\bpantheon\.org\b
\bfilmindustrynetwork\.biz\b
\bfindthebest\.com\b
\bcookdandbombd\b
\bf2bbs\.com\b
\bdurgapurcity\.(?:com|co\.in)\b
\bcultfilmfreak\.com\b
\baimersoft\.com\b
\biskysoft\.com\b
\bsquared5\.com\b
\bquickeyespeedreading\.com\b
\biaemagazine\.com\b
\bapakistan(?:times|news)\.com\b
\bmusicpakistan\.net\b
\bplanetill\.com\b
\bexeter\.co\.uk\b
\bcardiff\.co\.uk\b
\b3fatchicks\.(?:com|net)\b
\bbensbargains\.net\b
\bhuntingnet\.com\b
\bchevroletforum\.com\b
\bautos\.com\b
\bsellmycar\.com\b
\bdodgeforum\.com\b
\bhdforums\.com\b
\bhonda-acura\.net\b
\bls1tech\.com\b
\bmontecarloforum\.com\b
\bmyg37\.com\b
\bjaguarforums\.com\b
\bmazdaforum\.com\b
\brx7club\.com\b
\bminicooperforums\.com\b
\bevolutionm\.net\b
\b6speedonline\.com\b
\byotatech\.com\b
\batvconnection\.com\b
\bcancerforums\.net\b
\bdermanetwork\.org\b
\bloan\.com\b
\bmortgage101\.com\b
\boutblush\.com\b
\bfamilycorner\.com\b
\bhorsetopia\.com\b
\bthehulltruth\.com\b
\bjunabazaar\.com\b
\bsoarerworld\.(?:com|co.uk)\b
\bboomerocity\.com\b
\bbindb\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bco\.nr\b: \bciaoreviews\.co\.nr\b
\bciaoreviews\.webs\.com\b
\bthecurrentaffairs\.com\b
\bsignature9\.com\b
\bmangafox\.com\b
\beutimes\.net\b
\bboychat\.org\b
\bnambla\.org\b
\bbringvictory\.com\b
\bcoffee\.org\b
\bgcaptain\.com\b
\bunofficial(?:andes|gameofgnar|squaw)\.com\b
\blvstriphistory\.com\b
\btrunkarchive\.com\b
\blivraddict\.com\b
\bleawo\.com\b
\bsoo\.co\.in\b
\besybuy\.com\b
\bbluewaffle\.net\b
\bleimo\.co(?:m|\.uk)\b
\btellynagari\.com\b
\bbollyguide\.com\b
\bmusicnmovies\.(?:com|in(?:fo)?)\b
\bnepalisongs\.info\b
\btellyduniya\.com\b
\bsearchandhra\.com\b
\blockserv\.com\b
\biqsociety\.org\b
\breeladvice\.net\b
\bseriesandtv\.com\b
\bhardknock\.tv\b
\bhurryupharry\.org\b
\bmku\.com\b
\bsmart-card\.com\b
\bfireandsafetyforum\.com\b
\bacopiancenter\.am\b
\bucoin\.(?:net|info)\b
\bourprattville\.com\b
\bsmashinginterviews\.com\b
\bcorporationwiki\.com\b
\bnteu280\.org\b
\bsidebarnation\.com\b
\bhollywoodphotographs\.com\b
\btaj(?:pharm|api|agro)\w*\.com\b
\bletsgeteverything\.com\b
\blamuscle\.com\b
\bpuretravel\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bchriscomerradio\.com\b: \bchriscomerradio\.com\b
\bsportsonpctv\.com\b
\brock-the-jukebox\.com\b
\bzeemaps?\.com\b
\banusthanokarehasya\.com\b
\bearthwaterfireair\.com\b
\bheaventruth\.com\b
\bhankville\.com\b
\bfared\.com\b
\bkenyanlyrics\.com\b
\bgo2jump\.org\b
\badvocatekhoj\.com\b
\bbeijingattractions\.org\b
\bviajarporchina\.com\b
\bhangzhoutravel\.org\b
\biyogi\.(?:net|ca|net.au|co.uk)\b
\bkavkazcenter\.com\b
\bbimeanalytics\.com\b
\bbusinessintelligence\.me\b
\bazlyrics\.com\b
\bfineartbartending\.ca\b
\bdvdrare\.com\b
\bbasel-iii-association\.com\b
\brisk-compliance-association\.com\b
\brisk-officer\.com\b
\bchief-compliance-officer\.org\b
\bphotovoltaik\.eu\b
\bteamkilimanjaro\.com\b
\bafricanextremepromotions\.com\b
\bdickscab\.com\b
\bmanipal\.info\b
\bpeakdistrict-nationalpark\.com\b
\bstay[\w-]*\.co\.uk\b
\bawardannals\.com\b
\bhighspeedsat\.com\b
\b[-\w]+satellite\.blogspot\.com\b
\bairlinetimetables\.blogspot\.com\b
\bdoom3\.zoy\.org\b
\bial\.goldthread\.com\b
\bthebrowser\.com\b
\bfive-books\.com\b
\bweirdcrap\.com\b
\bflixya\.com\b
\bnetlawman\.(?:co.za|co.uk|com|ie|co.in|co.nz|com.au)\b
\bhowautowork\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bmywikibiz\.com\b: \bmywikibiz\.com/Directory:Logic_Museum\b
\btrimbakeshwar\.in\b
\bbhimashankar\.co\.in\b
\bclickssl\.com\b
\bcbil360\.com\b
\btopcashback\.co\.uk/ref
\bnuibavi\.com\b
\bencyclopediadramatica\.gay\b   # listing here until decision is made on meta
\bhorseracingnation\.com\b
\bsrebrenica-genocide\.blogspot\.[a-z]+?\b
\bfret12\.com\b
\bfoodchem\.com\b
\breel-scout\.com\b
\bcarbaze\.com\b
\blaurasmidiheaven\.com\b
\bphysiotherapy-treatment\.com\b
\bgunesintamicinde\.com\b
\bekoses\.com\b
\bmytiens\.com\b
\bcrarg\.org\b
\bdltruth\.com\b
\bprouty\.org\b
\bbest-poems\.net\b
\b(wanderingtrader|thedaytradingacademy)\.com\b
\buploading\.com/files\b
\bkiwi6\.com/file\b
\bfiledropper\.com\b
\by8kizi\.com\b
\bdistinctlyoklahoma\.com\b
\bhealthyhairhighlights\.com\b
\bthetrendystyle\.com\b
\bevents-?pakistan(?:\.blogspot)?\.com\b
\baskacronym\.com\b
\bindiareport\.com\b
\bbhojaldham\.org\b
\b(?:watches)?blackfriday(?:jewelry|clothing)?\.org\b
\bavoiceformen\.com\b
\bswagbucks.com[/?]\w+\b
\b360eire\.com\b
\bgnaa\.eu\b
\blovell-rugby\.co\.uk\b
\b2itb\.com\b
\bticketmaster\.com\b
\beduroute\.info\b
\bkitbag\.com\b
\bcontent-writing-india\.com\b
\bflagsonline\.it\b
\bsites\.google\.com/site/fivegateways\b
\bfreshbeatbandlive\.com\b
\bmetrotix\.com\b
\bthepirateslair\.com\b
\badwiin-music\.com\b
\btnaflix\.com\b
\bontariotenants\.ca
\bjamesdamiano\.yolasite\.com\b
\binfobarrel\.com\b
\bshop\.bravadousa\.com\b
\bonlinesolutionproviders\.com\b
\bsiargaoislands\.net\b
\bwowsurigao\.com\b
\bsiargaoislands\.com\b
\burdunovelspdf\.com\b
\bglobalcitymap\.com\b
\bchinatourmap\.com\b
\bduanelinklater\.com\b
\bfandaily\.info\b
\bpurchase\.tickets\.com\b
\bworldsoccershop\.com\b
\blistofnewspapers\.com\b
\bhowflyhiphop\.com\b
\beduvision\.edu\.pk\b
\bonlinegamese\.com\b
\bgeorama\.com\.au\b
\bkishangarhmarble\.co\.in\b
\bkishangarhmarble\.com\b
\bmakranamarble\.co\.in\b
\bkotastone\.org\b
\bhipresurfacingsite\.com\b
\bpunjabi-kavita\.com\b
\bprodirectsoccer\.com\b
\brohri\.net\b
\bdidigamesplay\.com\b
\bfacebook\.com/DACoutlaw\b
\bwegotsoccer\.com\b
\bchinaholiday\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bbeatles\.ru: \bbeatles\.ru\b
\bus\.mt\.com\b
\bmurderuk\.com\b
\batxstables\.com\b
\bthecartoonpictures\.com\b
\bcitypictures\.org\b
\bfootball-pictures\.net\b
\bdisneypicture\.net\b
\bkooga-rugby\.com\b
\brajamahendravaram\.com\b
\brajahmundry\.me\b
\bjobgoround\.com\b
\beasystoragesearch\.com\b
\bhowtodothings\.com\b
\bksadoctor\.com\b
\beasywebsitebuilders\.net\b
\bremoteonlinebackup\.net\b
\bphilsilversshow\.com\b
\bmoviezadda\.com\b
\bcgap\.org\b
\blamicrofinance\.org\b
\bsouthportlandba\.com\b
\bheylookmeover\.blogspot\.com\.au\b
\boldtimeradiodownloads\.com\b
\boldtimeradiocds\.com\b
\boldtimeradiomp3\.com\b
\botrcat\.com\b
\bocrcat\.com\b
\bcbsrmt\.com\b
\bhoopsuniverse\.net\b
\bjutcm\.com\b
\boverlander\.tv\b
\belverys\.ie\b
\bhistorische-orte\.de\b
\bnfohump\.com\b
\bislandinkjet\.com\b
\bstartuptunes\.com\b
\bbankinfobd\.com\b
\bmanning\.com\b
\bkompenz-elastic\.com\b
\bcolumnpk\.com\b
\blearningpk\.com\b
\bincrediblerohtas\.com\b
\bmumbailocaltraintimetable\.net\b
\bneighborhoodarchive\.com\b
\beighteenminutes\.com\b
\brepair7\.com\b
\bfreemasonrywatch\.org\b
\blovesystems\.com\b
\btherealsavoy\.com\b
\blatestmoviez\.[a-z]+\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bofficialworldrecord\.com\b: \bofficialworldrecord\.com\b
\bwelkshow\.com\b
\bayurvedictalk\.com\b
\bblugaa\.com\b
\bcinecoffee\.(?:com|in)\b
\bbeacon\.org\b
\bqwiki\b.com\b
\bnepalese\.co\b
\bphilosophytalk\.org\b
\bexpresstracking\.org\b
\bpacbi\.(?:com|net)\b
\bairtet\.in\b
\bdhruvplanet\.com\b
\bprod-dev\.com\b
\bnowpublic\.com\b
\bseeraa\.com\b
\bcloudreviews\.com\b
\bradioguide\.fm\b
\bpincodedatabase\.com\b
\bmdct\.com\.au\b
\bdoabaheadlines\.co\.in\b
\bshufra-consultancy\.com\b
\bsimplifiedenglish\.net\b
\btextilesurat\.com\b
\bsdlc\.ws\b
\bhumanfankind\.com\b
\bglblgeopolitics\.wordpress\.com\b
\bdreamboxok\.com\b
\brobindegrootdesign\.com\b
\bfreshliving\.blogspot\.ca\b
\bcustomautosbytim\.com\b
(?&lt;=//|\.)safety\.com\b
\bwholesale-direct-first-aid\.com\b
\bdigitalanalog\.in\b
\bnucleonsoftware\.com\b
\bgiftbig\.com\b
\bpushkarcamelsafari\.com\b
\bjaisalmerdesertcamp\.com\b
\bcliffharris\.com\b
\bdivereport\.com\b
\bplasticsinfomart\.com\b
\barabplasticsnews\.com\b
\bshaded-relief\.com\b
\baringo\.com\b
\bonevasai\.com\b
\bpsiram\.com\b
\bfilipinofoodsrecipes\.com\b
\bcorenets\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \burls\.co\.il\b: \burls\.co\.il # url shortener short.urls.co.il
\bpeople\.ifm\.liu\.se/marma\b
\bandhow\.(?:com|fm|org)\b
\balighaemi\.com\b
(?&lt;=[/@.])guy\.com\b
\bdanpantone\.info\b
\bnewcivilisation\.com\b
\bfreedom\.ws\b
\bwebsite\.ws\b
\bspirittourism\.com\b
\bculturextourism\.com\b
\bsustainabletourismonline\.com\b
\bgadgetbuzz\.in\b
\bmedicalxtourism\.com\b
\bsportsxfitness\.com\b
\bgreenglobaltravel\.com\b
\bcenterforhumanreprod\.com\b
\bbritanniawrestling\.co\.uk\b
\bacademicroom\.com\b
\bpaikse-mpala-9\.blogspot\.gr\b
\bindia-forums\.com\b
\bsdakotabirds\.com\b
\bcosplaymemories\.com\b
\bgsmarc\.com\b
\bticketsroundtheworld\.com\b
\blimogesboutique\.com\b
\blimogesdirect\.net\b
\blimoges\.com\b
\bindiresult\.in\b
\bvalleyofflowers\.info\b
\bisbf\.edu\.in\b
\bvb\.com\b
\bpuneritraveller\.com\b
\bprophet\.com\b
\bkoreanroyal\.(?:com|org)\b
\bbvinewbie\.com\b
\bkink\.com\b
\bmetalwani\.com\b
\bbilltrack50\.com\b
\behowto[_\-0-9a-z]+\.com\b
\bcloudways\.com\b
\bflyvbjerg\.plan\.aau\.dk\b
\bbooks\.google\.com/books\?vid=ISBN0521009464\b
(?&lt;=//|\.)passion.com\b
\bfootworship\.com\b
\bultimatesurrender\.com\b
\bkinkondemand\.com\b
\bsexandsubmission\.com\b
\bsexanimal\.info\b
\bfilmgola\.com\b
\bwysinger\.homestead\.com\b
\bbackstageol\.com\b
\btheadventuresofbillymeier\.com\b
\bradiondistics\.altervista\.org\b
\bsemioffice\.com\b
\bzaiqa\.com\b
(taiwan|investment|hong-kong|huashan|mclogi)\.tumblr\.com\b
\bfullboxoffice\.blogspot\.com\b
\bjewiki\.net\b
\bhqtips\.com\b
\bpakmedia\.tv\b
\bpakistantourntravel\.com\b
\bforru\.org\b
\bsitetrail\.com\b
\bbuddylead\.com\b
\biagora\.(?:com|net)\b
\bshortstoriesshort\.com\b
\btaxworry\.com\b
\bmuumuuhouse\.com\b
\bamericanpatriotparty\.cc\b
\bbestnotes\.info\b
\baffiliates\.neteller\.com\b
\bpingwinojad\.blog\.pl\b
\bmicrooyun\.com\b
\bcheckmarx\.com\b
\bsydney\.com\.au\b
\bxtools\.co\.uk\b
\btimesofbook\.com\b
\bswagsgalore\.com\b
\bfreeindianrecipes\.com\b
(?&lt;=[/@.])lespaulstore\.com\b
(?&lt;=[/@.])cheap-guitar\.com\b
(?&lt;=[/@.])flyguitars\.com\b
\bannabelkarmel\.com\b
\brecordninja\.com\b
\bshort-biography\.com\b
\btulpa\.info\b
\bkbcregistration\.in\b
\bkbcofficial\.blogspot\.in\b
\bhistoryofnations\.net\b
\bsgcafe\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry paydayloans: \bmopaydayloanstore\.com\b
\bglamchika\.com\b
\bfreeitunesforever\.com\b
\bmediamass\.net\b
\bnecropedia\.org\b
\blolrpoints.com\b
\bnationalforum\.com\b
\btest\.wikipedia\.org/w/index.php\?title=Wikipedia_talk:Advertising # continuously spammed and misleading users
\bglitchdata\.com\b
\bcheapbooks\.com\b
\bpincodeofindia\.com\b
\buniversetomorrow\.com\b
\bletstalkpayments\.com\b
\bitsusefulstuff\.com\b
\bfacebook\.com/PeterCapaldi\b
\bfacebookgroups\.(?:org|info)\b
\bfundoofun\.com\b
\bentertainment\.sandhira\.(?:com|ca)\b
\bteenport\.com\b
\blivehdtv\.us\b
\byess-movie\.com\b
\bsoccerdatabase\.eu\b
\bthenewcalculus\.weebly\.com\b
\bknowbe4\.com\b
\bwoosa\.org\b
\bimdb\.com/name/nm2428088/bio\b
\bthinktransportation\.net\b
#\bairforce-technology\.com\b
#\brailway-technology\.com\b
#\bmining-technology\.com\b
#\bpower-technology\.com\b
#\bship-technology\.com\b
#\baerospace-technology\.com\b
#\barmy-technology\.com\b
#\bdesignbuild-network\.com\b
#\broadtraffic-technology\.com\b
#\bfoodprocessing-technology\.com\b
#\bairport-technology\.com\b
#\bnaval-technology\.com\b
#\boffshore-technology\.com\b
#\bsemiconductor-technology\.com\b
#\bmobilecomms-technology\.com\b
#\bhotelmanagement-network\.com\b
#\bwater-technology\.net\b
\bimdb\.com/title/tt2101557\b
\bpopupchinese\.com\b
\bhisseanaliz\.net\b
\bw5lar\.org\b
\biplt20wiki\.com\b
\bwikinewslive\.com\b
\bmoretamil\.com\b
\bfacebook\.com/paultt\.easter\b
\bsumra\.in\b
\bcompanieslist\.co\.uk\b
\bcompanydirectorcheck\.com\b
\bslideee\.com\b
\bccdni\.com\b
\bmotorwaygroup\.com\b
\bvirtualclinic365\.blogspot\.
\bserifbooks\.co\.uk\b
\btoajinandnicemusicband\.com\b
\bfunctionspace\.org\b
\bhyperglycemiaabout\.com\b
\bSpyroDragon\.(?:com|org|tk)\b
\bliposkinsbrazil\.com\b
\bgarciniacambogiawow\.org\b
\bdubai-visa\.co\.uk\b
\bdubaivisas\.in\b
\bmetroeasy\.com\b
\bfilmznews\.in\b
\bfilmzvideo\.blogspot\.
\bmagicalrealism\.us\b
\besbal\.com\.tr\b
\bbbc-news-today\.trustedsitebd\.com\b
\bflmortgagece\.com\b
\bmoderateislam\.skyrock.com\b
\bmusclegainhelp\.com\b
\binsideworldsoccer\.com\b
\bperfecthairtransplant\.com\b
\bzipmagic\.co\b
\bindiaproperty\.com\b
\bseicane\.com\b
\boptimalstackfacts\.net\b
\bhealthcaresup\.com\b
\bamericanresidentialwarranty\.com\b
\b8099938925062924236_75166c8f6c1257f8b144837dad6264dea35c5758\.blogspot\.
\bstrongmenmuscle\.com\b
\bnet2bet\.com\b
\bcarsizzler\.com\b
\bifscswiftcodes\.com\b
\bmoses1996\.deviantart\.com\b
\btabletmonkeys\.com\b
\bwatchonline247\.com\b
\bresources\.32red\.com/redirect\.aspx
\ballinexporters\.com\b
\bkokodatreks\.com\b
\bpowerstuffs\.com\b
\banjaanmovie\.com\b
\bfilev\.co\.kr\b
\bxs552\.com\b
\bsgs\.com\b
\bbeautyglimpse\.com\b
\bpriceburp\.com\b
\balluc\.(?:to|com)\b
\btripleeffectseyeserum\.org\b
\bjoy-?travels
\bfriendsbizz\.com\b
\binfoglitz\.com\b
\bserendipitydiamonds\.com\b
\bufusoft\.com\b
\bwordofsearch\.com\b
\bv2media\.ae\b
\bohack\.in\b
\bwebstarttoday\.com\b
\bdoodle4googletoday\.blogspot\.
\bthepiratebay\.y0\.pl\b
\bwikimediagendergap\.wordpress\.com
\bshaupdates\.(?:com|org)\b
\bgooglesamachar\.com\b
\bezayedrealestate\.com\b
\bcelebheightweight\.com\b
\bdiabacordoesitwork\.com\b
\bbhushanmahadani\.com\b
\bfull2015movies\.co\.vu\b
\bedupdf\.org\b
\bthewayoftheninja\.org\b
\bfullmovies2015onlinefree\.co\.vu
\bpayripo\.com\b
\ballstarweekendnewyork\.com\b
\bbilgiozetim\.com\b
\bozguncel\.com\b
\bclanshelper\.com\b
\bzumper\.com\b
\blawessaypros\.co\.uk\b
\brobertankony\.com\b
\bacordofwood\.net\b
\bbible\-history\.com\b
\bwatchersonthewall\.com\b
\btechnewsprovider\.com\b
\bhealth350\.com\b
\bcreative-biolabs\.com\b
\bcreative-enzymes\.com\b
\bpostofficehours\.us\b
\bincomerain\.com\b
\bentrancecorner\.com\b
\bclassicistranieri\.com\b
\bmensusa\.com\b
\bsixsigma-institute\.org\b
\btest-institute\.org\b
\bisin\.org\b
\btelugupopular\.com\b
\bgamergate\.me\b
\bessaybox\.org\b
\bcompck\.com\b
\btophealthresource\.com\b
\bbest-essay-writing-service-reviews\.com\b
\bmitralvalveguy\.com\b
\bnaturalshilajit\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bgoo\.gl\b(?!/maps\b).*: \bgoo\.gl/aSJMpo\b
\behow\.co\.uk\b
\bdermaessencecreamblog\.com\b
\bpvpserverler\.org\b
\brtnda\.org\b
\bmusicacloud\.com\b
\blgnetworksinc\.com\b
\bperry4law\.org\b
\blukeisback\.com\b
\bsexherald\.com\b
\bfileston\.com\b
\bbocsci\.com\b
\bhowold\.co\b
\bmicromarketmonitor\.com\b
\bmarketsandmarkets\.com\b
\bavaaz\.org\b
(?&lt;!-)\bchange\.org\b
\bdecentnil\b
\bsaharanpurfurniture\.com\b
\bpuntapacificarealty\.com\b
\bexplicitsupplements\.com\b
\bweedshop\.com\b
\bbadcreditresources\.com\b
\bfpladvisorygroup\.com\b
\bprimaryintegration\.com\b
\bcitrucks\.com\b
\bbeltmannlogistics\.com\b
\buptownpopcorn\.com\b
\breebieallied\.com\b
\bexcelms\.com\b
\bkieffersigns\.com\b
\bapplebusinesssupport\.co\.uk\b
\birenasbookkeeping\.com\.au\b
\becig-reviews\.net\b
\brockymountainairpurifiers\.com\b
\bdotcommastermind\.com\b
\balpinerecoverylodge\.com\b
\binfusionh2o\.com\b
\bbatonrougecounseling\.net\b
\bfinanzablog\.net\b
\bcalgaryseocompany\.ca\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry (car|life)insurancerates\b: \bcarinsurancerates\.com\b
\bvip-cheats\.com\b
\b4pcb\.com\b
\bfitnessrocks\.org\b
\bringboost\.com\b
\bcannabisrehab\.org\b
\baffordablecontractorwebsites\.com\b
\bplusvouchercode\.co\.uk\b
\bdatanalyzers\.com\b
\bsccaprotontherapy\.com\b
\bdirectlegalfunding\.com\b
\bthetreecenter\.com\b
\bysais-seo\.com\b
\bmoneyhomeblog\.com\b
\b3dsemulatorx\.net\b
\bstopcreditfraud\.org\b
\bdienerproperties\.com\b
\bbergspider\.net\b
\bpornclub24\.com\b
\bchairforce\.com\.au\b
\bchairforceaustralia\.blogspot\.in\b
\bchairsandtablesinaustralia\.wordpress\.com\b
\bboltbox\.com\.au\b
\bonlinecricketbetting\.net\b
\brealmoneyslotsonline\.com\b
\battractioninstitute\.com\b
\bluvforhair\.com\b
\bbimomsgroup\.com\b
\bbillscycleworld\.com\b
\bmakesomeonesdaytoday\.com\b
\bleivos\.com\b
\bbigmoores\.com\b
\bdesignsandlayouts\.com\b
\btheusedcarguy\.co\.uk\b
\bsportsbettingsitez\.co\.uk\b
\blalascoop\.com\b
\bclaimsmate\.com\b
\bdirkpowell\.com\b
\blvvservices\.com\b
\bbestdentrepaircardiff\.co\.uk\b
\bhoward-snyder\.com\b
\bikarecafe\.com\b
\bprolimehost\.com\b
\bthetacticalguru\.com\b
\btrampolinegurus\.com\b
\bcinereport\.com\b
\bhqpool\.com\b
\blvvservices\.co\.uk\b
\bbankbazaar\.com\b
\bbankbazaarinsurance\.com\b
\bweightlosslegend\.com\b
\bvrbo\.com\b
\balloywheelrefurbishmentcardiff\.co\.uk\b
\balloywheelrefurbishmentnewport\.co\.uk\b
\bcarbumperrepairswansea\.co\.uk\b
\bfindmeatent\.com\b
\bpanicattackaway\.com\b
\bdollarsincome\.com\b
\bcarbumperrepairscardiff\.co\.uk\b
\bcarbumperrepairsnewport\.co\.uk\b
\bpixelfury\.org\b
\bppiclaimscalculator247\.co\.uk\b
\bpranatothepeople\.com\b
\bcaseo\.ca\b
\bmedaccessindia\.com\b
\bwebgatewayindia\.com\b
\bexamguidez\.com\b
\btestosteronebuyonline\.com\b
\bkamagrahub\.biz\b
\bpillenpalast\.com\b
\bsimplytablecloths\.co\.uk\b
\bthehealthsite\.com\b
\bsearates\.com\b
\bbeautyhealthtips\.in\b
\bnewslines\.org\b
\bwatchwrestling\.in\b
\bnewhealthguide\.org\b
\bthemanlyzone\.com\b
\bclaimadjusters\.wordpress\.com\b
\bmuscleforlife\.com\b
\bteluguone\.com\b
\bhowtogetintopharmaceuticalsales\.com\b
\bclicksgeek\.com\b
\bvisionone\.co\.uk\b
\bimpoundedcarinsurance\.com\b
\bbmihealthcare\.co\.uk\b
\bhu-friedy\.com\b
\bgetsteamgifts\.com\b
\bpoweroak\.net\b
\bregistrymonitoring\.com\b
\bfacebook\.com/groups/[Ee]lon[Mm]usk\b
\bbangalorean\.net\b
\bxlibris\.com\b
\bcbrates\.com\b
\bfatburnxonline\.com\b
\bhuntingforbinoculars\.net\b
\bhealthy4u\.net\b
\bbalearic-villas\.com\b
\bsiebland\.com\b
\bahataxis\.com\b
\bvisasavenue\.com\b
\blocksbumping\.wordpress\.com\b
\bcheatelite\.net\b
\bbrownbook\.net\b
\bmarinelike\.com\b
\bhowpk\.com\b
\binboxblueprintbonus\.com\b
\bptlb\.in\b
\belectroniccourts\.in\b
\bguruofmovie\.com\b
\bwikigrain\.org\b
\bbestflightdelaycompensation\.com\b
\bbeverlyhillscaviar\.com\b
\bpersonalgrowth\.com\b
\biotworm\.com\b
\bhaloactive\.com\b
\bthehealthvictory\.com\b
\bsincitylawfirm\.com\b
\batozpetcare\.com\b
\bbusinessjuice\.co\.uk\b
\bcair-net\.org\b
\bmyreptilehub\.com\b
\bdruglead\.com\b
\bdrugfuture\.com\b
\bbharatbook\.com\b
\btaxguru\.in\b
\bpantothenicacidacne\.net\b
\bdanipetcare\.com\b
\bcandidwriter\.com\b
\bmusclehealthfitness\.com\b
\bjaggy\.in\b
\btimecube\.com\b
\btrafficmonsoon\.com\b
\bsahinahi\.com\b
\beltoro\.com\b
\bsoftwaresuggest\.com\b
\bastmsteel\.com\b
\blifecellcream\.com\b
\bin-cubator\.org\b
\btastygujaratifood\.blogspot\.
\byourstory\.(?:in|com|co)\b
\bdownloadsfreemovies\.blogspot\.
\bmiamidogs\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bcomprarviagraes: \bcomprarviagraes24\.com\b
\bhumanrights.foundation\b
\bfilmybase\.com\b
\bgettinggeek\.com\b
\bgainesvillepainters\.net\b
\bcampadelectronics\.com\.au\b
\bflppr\.org\b
\baldictionary\.com\b
\bblueoceanlearning\.com\b
\bhowshutterbug\.com\b
\bandrotransfer\.com\b
\bunitedmedicalcredit\.com\b
\bfilmymantra\.com\b
\bsumax\.de\b
\bellenoneilrealty\.com\b
\bcoastallimocharleston\.com\b
\blonghorninvestments\.com\b
\blawncaresucks\.com\b
\blwaccounting\.ca\b
\bhippressurecooking\.com\b
\bportable-airconditioner\.co\.za\b
\bcoffeelounge\.net\b
\bkpopsurgery\.com\b
\baramendia\.com\b
\bnuvorainc\.com\b
\bcharlotteseofirm\.com\b
\bkabtechusa\.com\b
\bcohesivewebdesigns\.com\b
\b[_\-0-9a-z]+\.guru\b
\bopyo01\.com\b
\bmetrocosm\.com\b
\bnoveltystreet\.com\b
\bmoivaonhatoi\.com\b
\blanierpropertygroup\.com\b
\bindiancinemas\.in\b
\bgoosepascher\.com\b
\bsnowgoosehuntingmaryland\.com\b
\bedcookrealestate\.com\b
\btopnotchmoversinc\.com\b
\bantlerfarms\.com\b
\bbitcatcha\.com\b
\bteeda\.com\b
\bbollywoodtrending\.com\b
\bblackfridaymattress\.org\b
\bwhatsuppworkout\.com\b
\bthunderingsound\.com\b
\brhinoplastysurgeonsinuk\.com\b
\bardenheritage\.co\.uk\b
\bfreelancevideocollective\.co\.uk\b
\btrueblueloans\.co\.uk\b
\bsouchadaresort\.com\b
\bomnivoix\.com\b
\bcommunitylifechurch\.uk\b
\btechiwiki\.net\b
\bfairinvestment\.co\.uk\b
\bsquidoo\.com\b
\bdurianproperty\.com\.my\b
\bguardshack\.net\b
\bnutritionfox\.com\b
\bvitaltrafficsolution\.com\b
\bispeech\.org\b
\bcamcorderchris\.com\b
\blifechangesbiz\.com\b
\bsouthflderm\.com\b
\bskyscrapercity\.com\b
\bcurrencyliquidator\.com\b
\bwrestlng\.com\b
\borixmarketing\.lk\b
\borixmarketing\.net\b
\bask\.naij\.com\b
\bearpixels\.com\b
\bdiva88bet\.com\b
\bdiasporaengager\.com\b
\bdeewaneindia\.com\b
\bmyrhinoplastysurgeon\.com\b
\bflagsforyou\.com\b
\bartsome\.co\b
\btravelbirbilling\.com\b
\bsiriusdecisions\.com\b
\bhomesthetics\.net\b
\bwebworldexperts\.com\b
\bmrperfect\.dk\b
\bsearchfordrivinglessons\.co\.uk\b
\bmybkhelp\.com\b
\bbestcarsfeed\.com\b
\biphonegamecreator\.com\b
\branktracker\.com\b
\b1commercialspace\.com\b
\bmountainbikesguide\.com\b
\bnewportbaydental\.com\b
\bjtpedals\.com\b
\bskincareuncover\.com\b
\bledmesteren\.dk\b
\bbeeremovalusa\.com\b
\bytview\.com\b
\blovemelanotan\.org\b
\blovemelanotan\.com\b
\baacidsolutions\.com\.au\b
\blawofattractioncoaching\.net\b
\bcedarhomesllc\.com\b
\btimg\.com\b
\btenniscourtmaintenance\.co\b
\btarmacadamsurfaces\.co\.uk\b
\bplaygroundmarkings\.org\.uk\b
\bpromo-seo\.co\.uk\b
\bartificialfootballpitch\.org\.uk\b
\bplayareaflooring\.co\.uk\b
\bartificialturfpitchreplacement\.co\.uk\b
\bsyntheticturfpitchmaintenance\.co\.uk\b
\bresinboundsurfacing-suds\.co\.uk\b
\bcolouredtarmac\.co\.uk\b
\bmuga\.co\.uk\b
\btenniscourtsurfaces\.org\.uk\b
\bnetballcourtspecialists\.co\.uk\b
\bsportscourtcontractors\.co\.uk\b
\brunningtracks\.co\.uk\b
\bmultiusegamesarea\.co\.uk\b
\bartificialrugbypitches\.com\b
\blongjumprunway\.co\.uk\b
\bdudhwanationalpark\.in\b
\bjimcorbettnationalpark\.co\.in\b
\burbanpk\.com\b
\broyalmodel\.in\b
\baatransmission\.com\b
\baccuregsoftware\.com\b
\bmanchanda-law\.com\b
\bwhizzsystems\.com\b
\bfilmyfolks\.com\b
\bccl6t\.com\b
\btazaweb\.com\b
\bspiderkerala\.net\b
\bpunjabspider\.com\b
\bmumbaispider\.com\b
\bmaharashtraspider\.com\b
\bvkboard\.com\b
\bbollyzoom\.com\b
\bassignmentsolution\.net\b
\b977\.by\b
\bnetflixmovies\.top\b
\bpunjabigrooves\.com\b
\broadtests\.com\b
\btv-seriesworld\.com\b
\bmarvels-daredevil\.blogspot\.com\b
\byoutube\.com/watch\?v=W0a6L7hbD7U\b
\bsukhbirsinghbadalofficial\.blog\.com\b
# included via the next line: \bstreamnow\.site\b
(netflix|movie|stream).*?\.(ga|cf|ml|gq|online|site)\b
\bpg-naturpharma\.de\b
\btrackmystack\.com\b
\bfilterbuy\.com\b
\bresearchpeptides\.com\b
\bmybaghanger\.com\b
\bliteregal\.co\.uk\b
\brenewableenergyhub\.co\.uk\b
\bdrugtestsinbulk\.com\b
\bsupersailyachts\.com\b
\bcleardemand\.com\b
\bchicroombarcelona\.com\b
\bblingart\.co\.uk\b
\bonlinepersonalfinance\.com\b
\bkidsridewild\.com\b
\btablesawgeeks\.com\b
\bschool-time\.co\b
\bcreditangel\.co\.uk\b
\bdata2gowireless\.com\b
\bblacknote\.com\b
\bflightclaimcompensation\.co\.uk\b
\bbamboozz\.net\b
\bukmeds\.co\.uk\b
\bnexusconsultancy\.co\.uk\b
\bseamgen\.com\b
\bstevesims\.com\b
\bbestcooler\.reviews\b
\bmadamehighst\.com\b
\bnaturalremedyideas\.com\b
\bbeatthefish\.com\b
\bhavequotes\.com\b
\bearplugsguide\.com\b
\bvtightgel\.org\b
\bjobsearchbible\.com\b
\bisrael-stripers\.co\.il\b
\biontophoresismachine\.org\b
\bvpnsrus\.com\b
\bambientbp\.com\b
\boploverz\.cf\b
\byouhd\.(ga|cf|ml|gq)\b
\bnepalfootprintholiday\.com\b
\butpattiecom\.com\b
\blinkfame\.com\b
\bputlockerhd\.online\b
\balvintube\.net\b
\bcelebbyte\.com\b
\bmoroccotourguide\.org\b
\bfacebook\.com/Netflixsteraming100\b
\bpokertogelmania\.com\b
\bviewhd\.cf\b
\bproductcontrollers\.com\b
\bmobilesiri\.com\b
\bhistorypak\.com\b
\bexams4sure\.net\b
\bstockbrokers\.com\b
\bbestblackhead\.com\b
\bnutrient\.javalime\.com\b
\bdatapedia\.co\b
\baskdatas\.com\b
\bhearingaidsrating\.com\b
\bwaset\.org\b
\bclarionsafety\.com\b
\ballstateinvestigation\.com\b
\bthereportertimes\.com\b
\bsancharexpress\.com\b
\bmind\.plus\b
\bwikisubmitter\.com\b
\bhongkongescortservices\.com\b
\bdthrechargeonline\.com\b
\bmolluscumclinic\.com\b
\bsixsigma-institute\.com\b
\brppart\.com\b
\bwikipediatraveltoday\.blogspot\.
\bfull-gamespc\.com\b
\bbrainminetech\.com\b
\bkaiju\.wikidot\.com\b
\bvidhya360\.in\b
\bcontactnumber\.in\b
\broadrouteindia\.com\b
\bkosakchiro\.com\b
\bmp3downloadmusic\.co\b
\bukcompanylist\.co\.uk\b
\bMyPayDesk\.com\b
\bfinal\.cbstv\.online\b
\blighthousegaragedoors\.com\b
\bimhabib\.com\b
\bposist\.com\b
\bxfreehd\.ml\b
\bsoftwaretestingbooks\.com\b
\blove-in-sms\.com\b
\bmahendrachemicals\.com\b
\bgiftcardspromocodes\.com\b
\b99acres\.com\b
\bgethucinema\.com\b
\bwebtechcoupons\.com\b
\bonline3c\.com\b
\btechyshacky\.com\b
\bloudestdeals\.com\b
\bhostcouponsx\.com\b
\bblackfridaycouponstore\.com\b
\bkapitalanlagevergleich\.com\b
\bkuechen\.com\b
\bfemalehongkongescort\.com\b
\bfantasticpestcontrolmelbourne\.com\.au\b
\bcarpetcleaningexpertsmelbourne\.com\.au\b
\bagreenalternative\.org\b
\bbeforeitsnews\.com\b
\bbellitere\.com\b
\bpissedconsumer\.com\b
\btradergroup\.org\b
\bahcafr\.com\b
\bautox\.in\b
\bnaticelebs\.com\b
\bopticsplanet\.com\b
\bhack-clashroyale\.com\b
\bzetafocus\.com\b
\bvidzem\.com\b
\bmedicalexpressclinic\.co\.uk\b
\bindianeagle\.com\b
\bamerica\.pink\b
\brepublic\.pink\b
\bcheyuwo\.com\b
\boptisci\.com\b
\bhealthandcaretips\.com\b
\bbankinginsuranceworld\.blogspot\.in\b
\byeezy-shoes\.us\.com\b
\bwikipediawehaveaproblem\.com\b
\bnutrahealthtrimsite\.com\b
\bcustom-writing\.org\b
\bmobileappstesting\.com\b
\bthequotestub\.com\b
\bfuyanpills\.com\b
\bjoinpaychex\.com\b
\bquizzinginc\.com\b
\bhealthwhoop\.com\b
\bhongkongescort\.com\b
\brecoverycnt\.com\b
\byoutube.com.*?mAPBm_0ftAY\b
\bzzzslots\.com\b
\bbestsocialplan\.com\b
\balbuquerqueamphitheater\.com\b
\bcadillacpalacetheatre\.com\b
\bdesmoinesarena\.com\b
\bgeorgeamphitheatre\.com\b
\bhartfordtheatre\.com\b
\blaketahoearena\.com\b
\bmohegansunarena\.net\b
\bstagepittsburgh\.com\b
\bthehollywoodpalladium\.com\b
\btheoakmountainamphitheater\.com\b
\btheredrocksamphitheater\.com\b
\bvirginiabeachamphitheater\.com\b
\bwestpalmbeachamphitheatre\.com\b
\bisuzusby\.com\b
\bpokerhebat\.net\b
\bareabola\.info\b
\bsitusmainpoker\.com\b
\bnewkannada\.com\b
\bfreshkannada\.com\b
\bmoviesdoor\.com\b
\bgocinema\.in\b
\batltimes\.com\b
\bnews-chicago\.com\b
\bthedenverjournal\.com\b
\bthelajournal\.com\b
\bthetimesofmiami\.com\b
\bthenashvillepost\.com\b
\bthephiladelphiajournal\.com\b
\bthesanfranciscopost\.com\b
\bthetimesoftexas\.com\b
\bthevegastimes\.com\b
\bthewajournal\.com\b
\bthenyjournal\.com\b
\bmigrationtranslators\.com\.au\b
\btraindogsonline\.org\b
\bchampcash\.com\b
\blowratelocksmith\.com\b
\bddfreedishnews\.com\b
\bdthplus\.blogspot\.com\b
\bddfreedish\.blogspot\.com\b
\bexams4sure\.com\b
\bexamsbuzz\.com\b
\bbraindumps4it\.com\b
\bcerts4you\.com\b
\btechved\.com\b
\bvarietycinema\.com\b
\balexwiremesh\.com\b
\bstockholmlackering\.se\b
\bxn--lackeringkksluckor-m3b\.se\b
\blackering\.blogspot\.se\b
\bbookeventz\.com\b
\bcasinonews4u.com\b
\bmerchantstronghold\.com\b
\bmuezhest\.com\b
\bebates\.com/r/
\bdraftkings\.com/r/
\bcoachtube\.com\b
\btvonline\.website\b
mafaz(funclub|official)
mohamm?edmafaz
\broleplay\.co\.uk\b
\bnaesys\.com\b
\bhersheystadium\.net\b
\bhollywoodamphitheater\.com\b
\bidoleyes\.com\b
\bparamounttheatreseattle\.net\b
\bthehillauditorium\.com\b
\bmontagemountainamp\.com\b
\bwhiteoakamphitheatre\.com\b
\blivenow\.website\b
\bpointersoft\.in\b
\bcarsmind\.com\b
\bmyhappyjourney\.com\b
\bwaschmaschinentest\.net\b
\bdevart\.com\b
\bresumevogue\.com\b
\bhearingaid-guide\.com\b
\bgolfguideforbeginners\.com\b
\bperfecthairguide\.com\b
\bcredofy\.com\b
\bgetbestmattress\.com\b
\bmobigyaan\.com\b
\bcarbonatedcoffee\.net\b
\bloc8nearme\.com\b
\btaaxe\.com\b
\bmakaihbeats\.net\b
\bpromo-media\.co\.uk\b
\bneedlehole\.com\b
\bcomparedegreesonline\.com\b
\bcarenician\.com\b
\brestaurantji\.com\b
\bfastfox\.com\b
\bfpga4student\.com\b
\beduparna\.com\b
\bneetschool\.com\b
\bopenborders\.info\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=alllAwAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=hg3qAgAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=ngCqCQAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=rFW8AgAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=XAT4AgAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=zU-xAAAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=_rPHSdXk1GEC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=aGiwrLKJ8mkC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=BCqYE087Yt8C\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=fM33afZnVy8C\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=fu84nNqH-o4C\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=GzyLjkqbVGQC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=J7AIg5bVFCYC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=LSnewoqa5UwC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=mY8X_vlVThAC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=uhtzeompVAUC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=vRwS6FmS2g0C\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=ZsswQ9oTa0wC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=zzbuJOC11BoC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=ZzjDzqtNgoQC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=0A3qAgAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=fms4CgAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=gMiQMWGhoScC\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=uf2pCQAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=YLhBAgAAQBAJ\b
\bbooks.google.*?id\=VY1nTMBQ9vQC\b
\bimmihelp\.com\b
\bvisajourney\.com\b
\bk1-visa\.net\b
\brapidvisa\.com\b
\bvisapro\.com\b
\bmurthy\.com\b
\brnlawgroup\.com\b
\bolender\.pro\b
\bberardiimmigrationlaw\.com\b
\bimmitips\.com\b
\bimmigrationdc\.com\b
\bantaoandchuang\.com\b
\btwmlaw\.com\b
\balllaw\.com\b
\bshusterman\.com\b
\blaborimmigration\.com\b
\bhooyou\.com\b
\bgreencardapply\.com\b
\beb5insights\.com\b
\beb5investors\.com\b
\blawyers\.com\b
\blegalmatch\.com\b
\blegalreader\.com\b
\bnolo\.com\b
\bdinslaw\.com\b
\bimmigrationvoice\.org\b
\bcpvisa\.com\b
\bimmigrationtexas\.wordpress\.com\b
\beconlib\.org\b
\bmytaxbrackets\.com\b
\bdpdlaw\.com\b
\bdcgpac\.com\b
\bvisapro\.in\b
\bvisaprolaw\.com\b
\bpengweber\.com\b
\bkwvisalaw\.com\b
\bpath2usa\.com\b
\bus-immigrationvisa\.com\b
\bcyrusmehta\.com\b
\bbackupify\.com\b
\bevioconcepts\.com\b
\barabic-keyboard\.info\b
\bspecificationtech\.com\b
\bgameguide\.pro\b
\bcheatsalpha\.com\b
\bseezislab\.com\b
\btrendinghour\.com\b
\bcsgopedia\.com\b
\bnaukri\.today\b
\bpfrl\.net\b
\bhealthcareschat\.com\b
\bpopulartoday\.us\b
\bthammydiamond\.com\b
\bmrwhizard\.com\b
\bhedgetrimmerinfo\.com\b
\bloadmate\.in\b
\beconomicsociology\.org\b
\btrackingmore\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \b000webhostapp\.com\b: \bpuddly-sites\.000webhostapp\.com\b
\bhoustonwindshieldrepair.net\b
\bmxbpointcodes\.com\b
\bfreepaypalgiftcard\.com\b
\bcodesgen\.com\b
\bgtamoneyonline\.com\b
\bkewvineyards\.com\b
\bachat-en-ligne\.life\b
\bthemorningmirror\.com\b
\bthedailymailer\.com\b
\bthemillennialmirror\.com\b
\bspringsteenlyrics\.com\b
\bkekistan\.com\b
guidancemdms
\bbtechadmission\.com\b
\blawsonsinternational\.com\b
\b24x7stream\.info\b
\bunclaimedmoneyaustralia\.com\.au\b
\b(google|bing)\..*?/search.*?q=fatima\+freemasonry\b
\b(google|bing)\..*?/search.*?q=freemasonry\+fatima\b
\bspringedge\.com\b
\bindspy\.com\b
mbbs.*admission
admission.*mbbs
NEETnews
mbbs.*donation
donation.*mbbs
\bpenang-traveltips\.com\b
NEETMEDICALADMISSION
\busermanuals\.tech\b
\ballresults24\.com\b
\bresultway\.in\b
\bopenload\.website\b
\bmissjuliya\.com\b
\bokezone\.pw\b
\bdeal4ask\.com\b
\bplus\.google\.com/u.*?K7e3uPGxioL\b
\bplus\.google\.com/u.*?L37JGh6GhBW\b
\bplus\.google\.com/u.*?VZ7mpSdWdU3\b
\bplus\.google\.com/u.*?Fk1FtuqrUKJ\b
\bplus\.google\.com/u.*?Ec78oiod5jp\b
\bthereviewgurus\.com\b
\bvmumbaiescorts\.com\b
\bpointblankpro\.com\b
\bnature\.ac\.cn\b
\bsidesleeperreviews\.com\b
\bimmigrationlawyers-london\.com\b
\bavemflytechnology\.com\b
\bmuchgames\.com\b
\ballindiaitr\.com\b
\bchronoleaks\.com\b
\bnewsbytesapp\.com\b
\beventbliss\.in\b
\bseonetlab\.com\b
\bremotedba\.com\b
\banyintern\.com\b
\bnationaldebtrelief\.com\b
\bmumbaiescortsgirl\.co\.in\b
\bmumbaiescorts247\.com\b
\bmumbai-escorts\.org\b
\bvmumbaimodels3\.blogspot\.
\bgoaescortss\.net\b
\bperigems\.com\b
\bsolar-eclipse-august-21-2017\.com\b
\bgoldcup2017live\.us\b
\bcroatianwine\.org\b
\bilinktours\.com\b
\bfacebook\.com/GoldCup2017Live\b
\bhxbenefit\.com\b
\banthem-song\.com\b
\bcreationsdesign\.in\b
\bindvspaklivehighlights\.com\b
\bmovies4k\.website\b
\bamazon\..*?B01EJQOOU2\b
\bmassageandspaclub\.com\b
\bgluuoo\.com\b
\bthecustomboxes\.com
\bicssindia\.org\b
\bmyessaywriting\.co\.uk\b
\bdubaicosmeticsurgery\.com\b
\bcareeryuga\.com\b
\bsofeminine\.co.uk\b
\bresearchomatic\.com\b
\brealessayhelp\.co\.uk\b
\b2gj\.ru\b
\bourtopten\.net\b
\bevergreen-poems\.blogspot\.com\b
\b911remediation\.com\b
\broyaltravelsntours\.com\b
\bminneriyasafari\.com\b
\bupgradedpoints\.com\b
\bhealthybutsmart\.com\b
\bidigitals\.in\b
\bgsmarenandphonearena\.com\b
\bmarylandaccident\.com\b
\boffshoredesk\.com\b
\bbroadcastseo\.com\.au\b
\bahealthblog\.com\b
\bforexrobot\.com\b
\bbestadvisor\.com\b
\bfasttreeremovalatlanta\.com\b
\bclashgraphics\.com\b
\balfonseo\.de\b
\bmyqualitydentist\.com\b
\byourfootpalace\.com\b
\bschwartzlawncare\.com\b
\btheinspector\.coffee\b
\bparkfuchs24\.de\b
\bshinepics\.co\.uk\b
\bwaffeleisen-tests\.eu\b
\bsolar-im-garten\.de\b
\bsitzerhoehung\.info\b
\bmoenchspfeffer\.info\b
\bimobetachat\.com\b
\bschaukeltierwelt\.de\b
\bdrinkking\.de\b
\bweb9\.co\.uk\b
\byoudamom\.com\b
\barganoel360\.info\b
\bpferdesachen\.net\b
\bgullsmed1\.com\b
\btwitch\.tv/lrhlive\b
\bresoluteinnovation\.com\b
\bdrsocial\.org\b
\barchive\.org/details/DisputatioMedicaInauguralisDeCirculoSanguinisInCorde\b
\bmakkahcalendar\.org\b
\bnationaldetectives\.in\b
\bspiritsecret\.com\b
\btickethalt\.com\b
\bindianwikimedia\.com\b
\bedu-onlineschool\.blogspot\.ae\b
\bonlinecolleges-courses52\.blogspot\.com\b
\bhiddenservice\.net\b
\bloanstreet\.com\.my\b
\bthemagzone\.com\b
\bkarenrealestate\.com\b
\bbulktextmessage\.com\b
\brealbookies\.com\b
\bddasmartcities\.com\b
\bclicky\.pk\b
\bprivate-marrakech-day-trips\.com\b
\bawhatsappstatus\.in\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bcpagrip\.com\b: \bcpagrip\.com\b
\bcreditcardsfile\.com\b
\brevholics\.com\b
\bmybrowserupdates\.com\b
\bpangu-jailbreaks\.net\b
\bdailyxvideos\.com\b
\bdrugtestingsolutions\.com\b
\bsignworlduae\.com\b
\bfunbrains\.net\b
\barmenian-lawyer\.com\b
\bmobilemodularcontainers\.com\b
\btrsrentelco\.com\b
\belfcosmetics\.com\b
\bgpsl\.co\b
\bjustwetsuits\.com\b
\bmobilemodular\.com\b
\bmuskanforall\.com\b
\bphonenumbercustomerservice\.co\.uk\b
\bpromptamcs\.com\b
\blyfboat\.com\b
\bmensreviewzone\.com\b
\brupeenomics\.com\b
support.*?numbers?\.com\b
\btraincaster\.com\b
\bredbridgefinance\.co\.uk\b
\bcattree\.uk\b
\blegendofmir\.org\b
\blomcn\.org\b
\bsaigonhighland\.com\b
\bduancanhoquan2\.net\b
\bytuongkinhdoanh\.org\b
\bherbapproach\.com\b
\bdaniel-gore\.com\b
\bformsbank\.com\b
\biitravel\.org\b
\bmavcure\.com\b
\bhill-country-visitor\.com\b
\bcommunitymarketinginc\.com\b
\bviejasarena\.org\b
\bdurantgrandtheater\.com\b
\bthejointviprock\.com\b
\bpantagestheatre\.net\b
\bmajestictheatrenyc\.com\b
\btowertheatre\.net\b
\bencoreparkamphitheatre\.com\b
\bahmansontheatre\.net\b
\borpheumtheatersanfrancisco\.org\b
\broselandtheaterportland\.com\b
\bstudio54theatre\.com\b
\bthewoodsamphitheater\.com\b
\bquickenloanarena\.net\b
\bmajestictheatredallas\.com\b
\bgiantcenterhershey\.com\b
\btheraveeaglesclub\.com\b
\bnewamsterdamtheatre\.org\b
\bsanjoseeventcenter\.com\b
\bfrankerwincentertx\.com\b
\bfrankreport\.com\b
\btorrentproject2\.net\b
# included via the next line: \bthe-wedding-checklist\.com\b
\bchecklist\.com\b
\bsolutioninn\.com\b
\bsongsbling\.info\b
\bcolereview\.com\b
\btorrentproject2\.se\b
\bdocgautham\.com\b
\bnewsoftwares\.net\b
\bstatic-motion\.com\b
\bsoul-herbs\.com\b
\bfleetscompare\.com\b
\bmysquareonecondo\.ca\b
\bussfoote\.com\b
\bclubpokeronline\.asia\b
\bpenetric\.com\b
\bdetoxofsouthflorida\.com\b
\bfacialimpressionsdayspa\.com\b
\bdansexoticpets\.com\b
\bcharminly\.com\b
\bsedamipo\.com\b
\bfursan\.qa\b
\bcuetracker\.net\b
\bsnookerinfo\.webs\.com\b
\bprosnookerblog\.com\b
\bsnookerstatistics\.webs\.com\b
\bsherweb\.com\b
\bbillywr\.com\b
\bdiligentchef\.com\b
\bholistichealingnatural\.com\b
\bcatlitterexpert\.com\b
\bkickass2\.ch\b
\bcsgotradezone\.com\b
\bthelawman\.net\b
\bseoadvantage\.com\.au\b
\b10acne\.org\b
\bontariochrysler\.ca\b
\bparhaatuudetnettikasinot\.com\b
\bpetcarerx\.com\b
\brecastbi\.com\b
\bholidaystonepal\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \btidyup\.org\.uk\b: \btidyup\.org\.uk\b
\bcleanerscleaning\.org\.uk\b
\btheredcarpet\.org\.uk\b
\bconsultantplasticsurgeon\.co\.uk\b
flowersbypost
\b(handy|romance)flowers\.co\.uk\b
\bonlinegraphic\.co\.il\b
\bhandycleaners\.com\b
\bboontoon\.com\b
\bbrunolaw\.co\.il\b
\bnovationsettlementsolutions\.com\b
\bbestcrossbowguide\.org\b
\bthe-junky-g\.com\b
\bbaliweightloss\.com\b
\blondoncarpetcleaner\.co\.uk\b
\btrustmeter\.co\b
\bfreaked\.com\b
\bsexualharassmentlawyer\.com\b
\bhealthreporterdaily\.com\b
\baustraliaflowerdelivery\.net\b
\bcvsltd\.co\.uk\b
\bmeanwhilecreative\.co\.uk\b
\bbinaryoptionswatchdog\.trade\b
\bnicehair\.org\b
\bbemyflower\.co\.uk\b
\bcoolkitchengifts\.com\b
\b128casinos\.com\b
\bflowerdelivery\.org\.uk\b
\bbeautyschoolsdirectory\.com\b
\ballvccs\.com\b
\bkeepmoving\.org\.uk\b
\bexpressuncontesteddivorce\.com\b
\bfifty2onemedia\.co\.uk\b
\bpeskypossum\.com\.au\b
\bbookmydth\.com\b
\bbestmotorizedwheelchair\.com\b
\b90degreebyreflex\.com\b
\bgta5-moneycheat\.com\b
\bthehousetech\.com\b
\bmytipshub\.com\b
\bbestscarcreams\.com\b
\bmanandvan\.org\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bcleancarpets\.co\b: \bcleancarpets\.co\b
\bardorseo\.com\b
\bgardenloka\.com\b
\bsupplementsfix\.com\b
\bsoundroyalties\.com\b
\bauthorityshoe\.com\b
\bmedisavvy\.com\b
\bmotivirus\.com\b
\bnewsonlineincome\.com\b
\bcrocels\.org\b
\bstockintrend\.in\b
\bremedyforu\.us\b
\badventographer\.com\b
\b10acne\.com\b
\beasyshopping\.ae\b
\bonlineshopper\.us\b
\bkayzoe\.com\b
\bpillowsforlife\.com\b
\bbaystudios\.ch\b
\bsendflowers\.org\.uk\b
\bfleetminicabs\.com\b
\bshoescast\.com\b
\bproxygratis\.com\b
\bflowershops\.co\.uk\b
\bspringcleaners\.org\.uk\b
\bseofirepower\.com\b
\blifeundersky\.com\b
\bcarreg\.co\.uk\b
\bskincare-centre\.com\b
\burbanistarchitecture\.co\.uk\b
\badvancedmarketing\.co\.nz\b
\bjustseo\.co\.nz\b
\bthekickass\.net\b
\bbestretroproducts\.com\b
\bchristmas29\.com\b
\bwishescollection\.com\b
\ballbestmessages\.co\b
\bfbstatuses123\.com\b
\bmothersday123\.com\b
\bcouponstan\.com\b
\bdevicelock\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \boverthetopseo\.: \boverthetopseo\.com\b
\bmoviesvala\.com\b
\btuaashiqui\.com\b
# included via the next line: \broblox\.com/users/730205687\b
\broblox\.com\b
\btopsupply\.online\b
\bgreatplacetowork\.in\b
\btwitter\.com/Stryxo\b
\bfacebook\.com/frozen2official\b
\btwitter\.com/FrozenTheFilm\b
\bbionetworth\.com\.ng\b
\bstylecnc\.com\b
\bsocialdevelopment\.in\b
\btwitter\.com/gwnapp\b
\bfacebook\.com/GlobalWrestlingNetwork\b
\binstagram\.com/gwnapp\b
\btwitter\.com/OTT_wrestling\b
\bfacebook\.com/OTTwrestlingLive\b
\binstagram\.com/over_the_top_wrestling\b
\btwitter\.com/UFCFightPass\b
\bfacebook\.com/UFCFightPass\b
\binstagram\.com/ufcfightpass/
\btwitter\.com/njpwworld\b
\bfacebook\.com/njpwworld1972\b
\binstagram\.com/njpwworld_official\b
\byoutube\.com/watch\?v\=oYntVKsbvFM\b
\bsmartpillwiki\.com\b
\btipweightlossdiet\.com\b
\bhongkongplaygirls\.com\b
\bpressurewasherify\.com\b
\brichardjmarques\.com\b
\bnullamunjie\.com\.au\b
\bablereblocking\.com\.au\b
\bchristianmccannauctions\.com\.au\b
\bjumpnplay\.com\.au\b
\bprizedreviews\.com\b
\bgilli\.tv\b
\bnordicnanovector\.com\b
\bdirectv\.site\b
\bflashscore\.website\b
\bcharlies-magazines\.com\b
\bproglobalbusinesssolutions\.com\b
\boncenturyavenue\.org\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \balletec\.com\b: \balletec\.com\b
\bresearchgate\.net/publication/311370135_Vector_Lorentz_Transformations\b
\bnewpakhistorian\.wordpress\.com\b
# included via the next line: \bgotocourt\.com\.au\b
\bgotocourt\.com\b
\bmarked-cards\.com\b
\bseoleaders\.co\.uk\b
\bmaccablo\.com\b
\bprequin\.com\b
\bbefilter\.com\b
\bwebrand4you\.co\.uk\b
\bcreativesafetysupply\.com\b
\bneocatechumenalway\.info\b
\bcarbay\.ph\b
\bautoportal\.com\b
\bmultifest\.org\b
\bthoughtfulcatholic\.com\b
\binfoversant\.com\b
\bdealcrunch\.com\b
\bhostingadvice\.com\b
\bcardrates\.com\b
\bdatingadvice\.com\b
\bradiancespace\.com\b
\blibrary\.readbooks\.website\b
\bspinoff\.com\b
\bheizstrahler\.store\b
\bvietnamvisagency\.com\b
\bhmisys\.com\b
\bdailykhabar\.pk\b
\busadealings\.com\b
\baccordcbs\.com\b
\bfashioncorycastellanos66\.soup\.io\b
\busoll\.com\b
\bincblots\.com\b
\bexittoeventos\.com\.br\b
\beastwestairlines\.com\b
\bwollongongairport\.com\b
\bdiethealthsupplements\.com\b
\bprojectcubicle\.com\b
\bpegasimediagroup\.com\b
\bstage3\.in\b
\btheakademia\.com\b
\binvesting\.com\b
\bnoblepeaceprize\.org\b #malware
\buglybadger\.com\b
\bbynext\.com\b
\bhealthsupplementzone\.com\b
\bimvbox\.com\b
\bessaypro\.com\b
\bpracticetestgeeks\.com\b
\btestosteronesite\.com\b
\bthatssoft\.com\b
\bappstar\.net\.in\b
\blivesportsforyou\.com\b
\bcodingpixel\.com\b
\bnewsbyweb\.com\b
\bhealthysemen\.com\b
\busernames\.fun\b
\boffpageseomanagement.blogspot\.
\bhellohealthblog\.com\b
\bbrynhammond\.co\.uk\b
\beverafterfarms\.com\b
\banytimeplumbing\.net\b
\bfurnitureinfashion\.net\b
\bawesomestuff365\.com\b
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# blocked via meta sbl entry \binfowars\.com\b: \binfowars\.com\b
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# blocked via meta sbl entry \bopinionnigeria\.com\b: \bopinionnigeria\.com\b
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# blocked via meta sbl entry \bfearsteve\.com\b: \bfearsteve\.com\b
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# blocked via meta sbl entry \bshopitto\.blogspot\b: \bshopitto\.blogspot\.com\b
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# blocked via meta sbl entry \btheyouth\.com\.pk\b: \btheyouth\.com\.pk\b
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\bbusansoftanma\.club\b
\bhighprseo2018\.online\b
\bhedayatmobin\.com\b
\bjameknowln\.com\b
\bmaria-online\.us\b
\bqesign\.com\b
\bsafe-canadian-store\.com\b
\batopy-pharmacy\.com\b
\bpharmachemicalsonline\.com\b
\bde-online-apotheke\.com\b
\bhoustonmedic\.com\b
\bfishhuntgear\.com\b
\byoungstownwater\.com\b
\bonezorse\.com\b
\btravelcarsnz\.com\b
\bcompassionateassistance\.com\b
\bairportcommuter\.com\b
\bexpertsuppreviews\.com\b
\bparis-vip-escorts\.com\b
\binfoteknoku\.page\.tl\b
\btwitter\.com/schneiderleonid\b
\bForbetterscience\.com\b
\bwalkultimate\.com\b
\bselfgrowth\.com\b
\benterslice\.com\b
\bswaritadvisors\.com\b
\bbiglybt\.com\b
\bcyclowiki\.org\b
\bleningrad(?:artist|school)\.com\b
\bmm88warp\.com\b
\bbandarpoker\.id\b
\bgardes-meubles-suisses\.ch\b
\barienreeberg\.com\b
\benterpage\.id\b
\bsmart-local\.org\b
\bjivansutra\.com\b
\binternationalschoolofmedicine\.com\b
\boshstateofmedicaluniversity\.com\b
\bshuftipro\.com\b
\bbluemailmedia\.com\b
\bmagiamgia247\.vn\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bstraitsresearch\.com\b: \bstraitsresearch\.com\b
\bskillsaustralia\.edu\.au\b
\breloadbench\.com\b
\bcouponou\.com\b
\blatestdatabase\.com\b
\bchokolatcreme\.com\b
\bbusinesstelegraph\.co\.uk\b
\bcctvhikvision\.center\b
\bhik-look\.com\b
\bhikvisiontehran\.com\b
\bhikvision\.com\b
\bmarketingtochina\.com\b
\bmcaleadsworld\.com\b
\bblogsareforever\.com\b
\bglobalresearch\.ca\b
\bglobalresearch\.org\b
\bmondialisation\.ca\b
\bsteroidcycle\.org\b
\bslotozilla\.com\b
\bindiagift\.in\b
\bchng\.it\b
\bsteroidcycle\.adcsf\.org\b
\bwewishes\.com\b
\bendlesshairextensions\.com\b
\bnoɾdvpn\.com\b
\bnọrdvpn\.com\b
\bnordvpnoffer\.com\b
\btesser\.tech\b
\bgo\.nordvpn\.net\b
\bicunlocker\.com\b
\bcanadiantousapharmacy\.com\b
\bonlinedivorce\.com\b
\bavalonhairstudio\.com\b
\bchinadynasty\.cn\b
\byouthresearchforum\.co\.uk\b
\bnacinderella\.com\b
\blucanicola\.it\b
\bsvenlowry\.co\.uk\b
\bnairaland\.com\b
\bforumodszkodowania\.info\b
\bmonferraglia\.it\b
\bsrmiic\.com\b
\bjjsapido\.com\b
\bsurgerygonewrong\.co\.uk\b
\baaodekho.com\b
\bglusea\.com\b
\bwapcar\.my\b
\bcalocurb\.co\.nz\b
\bglowinsta\.com\b
# included via the next line: \bcasinobonusesfinder\.com\b
\bcasinobonusesfinder\b
\bgoldmarie-betreuungundpflege\.de\b
\bultimatelybarbados\.com\b
\bhub-ul-quran\.com\b
\bshebaagency\.com\b
\binstamojo\.com\b
\bjnvballia\.org\b
\bhowtopit\.com\b
\blotterysambadresultonline\.in\b
\blotterysambadtoday\.net\b
\btechnowanted\.com\b
\bissd\.org\b
\bsaadatrent\.com\b
\byoked\.net\b
\bpaisabazaar\.com\b
\bmytorontophysio\.com\b
\bnorthwoodmortgage\.com\b
\bcharlesdebtmanagement\.ca\b
\bpatriotforge\.com\b
\bdawsondental\.ca\b
\bjunk-works\.ca\b
\bprotectionplus\.ca\b
\bhearingsolutions\.ca\b
\btechwyse\.com\b
\bcspalarms\.ca\b
\bdownsviewchiropractic\.com\b
\brootsonwhytedental\.com\b
\bsuitesatubc\.com\b
\bphysionow\.ca\b
\bmattressville\.ca\b
\bhi-liteelectricinc\.ca\b
\bcpapoutlet\.ca\b
\bavonlearenovations\.com\b
\bdrkreidstein\.com\b
\balcorelevator\.com\b
\blejardin\.com\b
\babacusselfstorage\.com\b
\bmichaelsglobaltrading\.com\b
\bcircuits-central\.com\b
\brbcclean\.com\b
\byourcondos\.com\b
\bapollocannabis\.ca\b
\blocanta\.in\b
\bontariobusinesscentral\.ca\b
\bpunjnud\.com\b
\bjournalofm\.org\b
\badult-mag\.com\b
\bcolomba\.bg\b
\bnaturalnews\.com\b
\bnewstarget\.com\b
\bgujunews\.in\b
\bhartforth\.com\b
\bmovid\.ml\b
\bfreebooksmania\.com\b
\bepsonprintersupport247\.com\b
\blibraryscout\.org\b
\bassetbrief\.com\b
\bnamekoala\.com\b
\bsymbolgo\.org\b
\bmedicinestatus\.com\b
\bcollegebenchmark\.org\b
\bhoi4commands\.com\b
\bck2commands\.com\b
\barkguide\.org\b
\bddcurios\.com\b
\bianring\.com\b
\bgpkm\.wordpress\.com\b
\bcareersngr\.com\b
\bresearchreportkart\.com\b
\bpharmaeducator\.com\b
\bcleaningcompany\.ae\b
\bdeltaair-linesreservations\.com\b
\bguppy-fish\.com\b
\bzipmex\.com\.au\b
\bdreamlist\.com\b
\bbestculturaldestinations\.com\b
\btechealthinfo\.com\b
\bhalfvids\.com\b
\bbigg-boss\.in\b
\bgoodnews4healthcare\.blogspot\.com\b
\b99situspoker\.online\b
\bricochandrakusuma\.com\b
\bgovernmentkabuto\.info\b
\bglobalnews101\.com\b
\bcinemaroundup\.com\b
\bpulsa-elektrik\.co\.id\b
\bdaftarpulsa\.com\b
\bentrepreneurs\.ng\b
\bwatersportsmag\.com\b
\bpackersandmoversahmedabad\.in\b
\barrowmeds\.com\b
\bwhorangme\.co\.uk\b
\bitemguides\.com\b
\bappleexpert\.ca\b
\bchinookmedicalcentre\.com\b
\bprofileongoogle\.com\b
\bcialviag\.com
\brxbill8\.com\b
\benhancingresponsibility\.com\b
\bduo-games\.com\b
\braringelmd\.com\b
\bwebgarden\.at\b
\bbrendawhitlock\.com\b
\bnetrockdeals\.com\b
\bmystrikingly\.com\b
\bthethirdage\.net\b
\bpmobytes\.com\b
\blinkz\.mobi\b
\b9folder\.com\b
\bdanmar\.su\b
\bgesundheit-im-leben\.com\b
\bvinetutor\.com\b
\bsouthcoastlaser\.com\b
\bpaykstrt\.com\b
\bmoviesinventory\.com\b
\bnationlist\.blogspot\.com\b
\bthenationlist\.com\b
\bclassicstreamliners\.com\b
\bbanixx\.com\b
\bhowtogetlonghairnaturally\.com\b
\bbestforyourhome\.co\.in\b
\btruepredictor\.com\b
\belectricengineer13\.com\b
\bpackersandmoversahmedabad\.com\b
\bchronologic\.co\.uk\b
\bherzig-eye\.com\b
\bneuroequilibrium\.in\b
\bbermuara\.web\.id\b
\btemei\.web\.id\b
\boglasise\.mk\b
\bprom-electric\.ru\b
\bspringbok-casino\.co\.za\b
\bprosochi\.ru\b
\bhemp-oil21\.com\b
\brwepa\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \b8b\.io\b: \bcomputerrepairsnewcastle\.8b\.io\b
\bdream11predication\.com\b
\bbonylike\.com\b
\bhoopin\.life\b
\bonlinevideoconverter\.com\b
\bxxxphoto\.pro\b
\bbythebay\.cool\b
\busagitoissho02\.net\b
\bgrousegoal0\.unblog\.fr\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bttlink\.com\b: \bttlink\.com\b
\bsitusrajabola\.com\b
\bfresh222\.com\b
\blifestorybreking\.com\b
\blivingfoodz\.(?:com|in)\b
\bwpi-tor\.ru\b
\bcalsquash\.com\b
\bsidnote\.co\b
\bsamuraicastles\.com\b
\bdodavka9mist\.cz\b
\bkazinomaster\.com\b
\bshopalino\.com\b
\bseocow\.com\b
\bmaelie\.it\b
\bcestabliz\.cz\b
\bkitefix\.cz\b
\bmatejblatny\.cz\b
\btopeni-vlcek\.cz\b
\becostrava\.cz\b
\bmajakvsetin\.cz\b
\bnorsk\.mobi\b
\bracecs\.com\b
\bsborkvas\.cz\b
\bhonzapavel\.cz\b
\bultimateshutter\.com\.au\b
\btotalductcleaning\.com\.au\b
\bmezzoitalian\.com\.au\b
\bcarpetcleaningassociationwa\.com\.au\b
\bsslretail\.com\b
\bramadankareemcalendar\.com\b
\bworkoutparty\.be\b
\btvorba-webu-zdarma\.cz\b
\bfatima\.cz\b
\bkangoojumpsol\.cz\b
\bbehealthproduct\.com\b
\bteenidol\.it\b
\balizevids\.com\b
\btaruhanbandarq\.top\b
\bequaltech\.it\b
\badministratiekantoor-waalstroom\.nl\b
\bflyingfrisians\.nl\b
\bibvb\.eu\b
\bcrauwels\.nl\b
\bmarjagerritsen\.nl\b
\bhacktheplanet\.nl\b
\bliannevandervlist\.nl\b
\bgoudenkorting\.nl\b
\bingeborglahaye\.nl\b
\bebermare\.com\b
\bmanipuleren\.com\b
\barchitectsofstory\.com\b
\bmarlyverzijl\.nl\b
\bgeldshopgroep\.nl\b
\b4sn\.nl\b
\bsamsonmusic\.nl\b
\bautomationhub\.net\b
\bsiewfoon\.nl\b
\bcleanwoods\.nl\b
\bonzeboshut\.nl\b
\bricardoheikamp\.com\b
\btimmerwerkenbergeijk\.nl\b
\btradingbitcoins\.org\b
\bseowhq\.net\b
\bfpvwiki\.club\b
\bvragenoveropvoeding\.nl\b
\bsportenpraise\.nl\b
\blaptopservicelimburg\.nl\b
\bmiauw-kattentherapie\.nl\b
\bvirginia-smit-sportmassage\.nl\b
\bhinata-roermond\.nl\b
\brrc-breda\.nl\b
\bhaarmodeimage\.nl\b
\bcocorelaxcr\.com\b
\bwallethub\.com\b
\bcardhub\.com\b
\bbellagioforum\.net\b
\bhaarstudio-roberto\.de\b
\bhef-ro\.de\b
\bgertlohse\.de\b
\beifeler-oldienacht\.de\b
\bgruberberatung\.at\b
\bhilfsgruppe-eifel\.de\b
\bherr-kramer\.de\b
\bcfmulti\.de\b
\bdie-hochzeiterei\.de\b
\bdidgeridoo-allgaeu\.de\b
\bgrabmale-juenger\.de\b
\bbothand\.de\b
\bgdmsa\.ch\b
\bac-gans\.de\b
\bbuckwildrecords\.com\b
\bsina-dierking\.de\b
\bwafebreaker\.net\b
\bsturmzeitgeschichten\.de\b
\bkennel-carlossis\.de\b
\bv-noulas\.work\b
\bkockert-consulting\.de\b
\bpsychotherapie-wiener-neustadt\.at\b
\bprotarget-media\.de\b
\bralfdenninger\.de\b
\bkoe87\.de\b
\bsolid-worship\.ch\b
\bsaramahle\.de\b
\bswiss-studio\.ch\b
\bmenke-fotografie\.de\b
\btobias-rech\.de\b
\bnotegraphy\.com\b
\bhavip\.com\.vn\b
\broo\.my\.id\b
\bla-messe\.de\b
\bkosmetik-grenchen\.ch\b
\bithwerk\.de\b
\baem-niedernhausen\.de\b
\bemonex\.de\b
\bandreas-lochmann\.de\b
\bivory-natalie\.de\b
\bincestly\.com\b
\bregulatory-affairs-oberbach\.de\b
\bphysio-buchenberger\.de\b
\bstefanteresiak\.de\b
\bmarkusleiter\.com\b
\brechtsanwaltsfachangestellte\.info\b
\bristorante-ninos\.de\b
\bmindkick\.at\b
\bsuperhero\.at\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bblogolize\.com\b: \bblogolize\.com\b
\bwalthamstow\.london\b
\btownfriends\.net\b
\bsaintalbanchurch\.org\b
\bpoliticalhindu\.com\b
\bsocialpro\.com\.br\b
\bbanbuoncamera\.net\b
\blocinealy\.com\b
\bindojepang\.com\b
\bsdsn\.rsu\.edu\.ng\b
\bdaepoongocm\.co\.kr\b
\bpointblog\.net\b
\bfujiapuerbbs\.com\b
\bajwaa-rasco\.net\b
\binfinituspie\.com\b
\bniko\.ua\b
\bnazmibaycin\.com\b
\ballresultbd\.com\b
\bliveleak\.com\b
\bnews-front\.info\b
\bveteranstoday\.com\b
\bveteransnewsnow\.com\b
\bsouthfront\.org\b
\bvishalkranti\.com\b
\bteacherguide\.in\b
\bcryptopotato\.com\b
\bkionrhodes\.com\b
\bhugopoker\.net\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bpostheaven\.net\b: \bpostheaven\.net\b
\btribunablog\.com\b
\bvincenzoleonetti\.eu\b
\bcorkerspharmacy\.com\b
\bangelium\.net\b
\boutlawsgameroom\.com\b
\bairlinesafetycards\.be\b
\bairlinesafetycards\.net\b
\bairlinesafetycards\.com\b
\bpsafetycards\.com\b
\bakaddprice\.com\b
\bhogatoga\.com\b
\btransparencymarketresearch\.com\b
\btopwar\.ru\b
\bdan-news\.info\b
\blenta\.ru/\w+/20([2-9]\d|1([5-9]|4/(1|0([4-9]|3/([23]|1[2-9])))))
\brusdialog\.ru\b
\bukraina\.ru\b
\bindore\.city\b
\bchicisimo\.com\b
\bjunjumassage\.com\b
\borganic-pharmacy\.net\b
\brisen-from-the-dead\.forumotion\.com\b
\bzoominfo\.com\b
\bluatlongphan\.vn\b
\bindian-lyrics\.com\b
\bourbitcoinnews\.com\b
\blyricsganti\.com\b
\bdjjaani\.com\b
\brsheria\.com\b
\bcsrbox\.org\b
\b99airconditioners\.in\b
\bfullformacademy\.com\b
\bgirlsperiod\.in\b
\blyricsted\.com\b
\blyricsted\.in\b
\blyricswood\.in\b
\bprocore\.com\b
\btechnicalswank\.blogspot\.com\b
\bdatingreviews\.online\b
\bmuscleblaze\.com\b
\bhealthkart\.com\b
\btaxsathi\.in\b
\byavidahair\.com\b
\bjuegostudio\.com\b
\bikajo\.com\b
\bapppearl\.com\b
\bandroidappsforme\.com\b
\bcarswap\.me\b
\bfreeappsforme\.com\b
\bgametablezone\.com\b
\bmicrophonetopgear\.com\b
\bmicspeech\.com\b
\bsewingtopgear\.com\b
\btruthanddarehub\.com\b
\bwedding-budget\.com\b
\bguestkor\.com\b
\buniquelyrics\.com\b
\baircheckdownloads\.com\b
\btravelogyindia\.com\b
\bnaijafindmp3\.com\b
\ballbestspec\.com\b
\bchatfielddental\.co\.uk\b
\btechnicalcuriosity\.com\b
\bgaylesbiantimes\.com\b
\btechtowards\.com\b
\bthefastpharma\.com\b
\bsportingbet\.link\b
\bdiamondcleaningusa\.com\b
\bcompoundingpharmacyusa\.com\b
\bpharmacy-today\.com\b
\b7xnxx\.com\b
\bdaftar-akunjoker\.online\b
\bdreamyiwu\.com\b
\btprnice\.com\b
\balfaakb\.com\b
\bjavatpoint\.com\b
\bklezkanada\.com\b
\bzaraz\.org\.ua\b
\bvelomarket\.org\.ua\b
\bnews24ghante\.com\b
\bhostgators\.ml\b
\bnordvpn\.ga\b
\bhmavpn\.ml\b
\bfreeecreditscore\.co\b
\bsarkarinaukrifast\.com\b
\btenreports\.com\b
\bdeccanodysseytrains\.com\b
\borientrailjourneys\.com\b
\bpalaceonwheelsindia\.org\b
\bthemaharajaexpress\.org\b
\bpackagewala\.com\b
\bipohub\.org\b
\btodaylyrics\.com\b
\bknowledgetrick\.com\b
\bshubham\.co\b
\bgetgoldenvisa\.com\b
\brahulahuja\.info\b
\beatsindia\.in\b
\bwsneconsulting\.com\b
\bmagiclink\.in\b
\bwhosaidso\.org\b
\bindexia\.info\b
\bbill-of-rights\.angelfire\.com\b
\bmovielyricsworld\.com\b
\bbuildmuscleclub\.com\b
\bhinditracklyrics\.com\b
\bblox\.io\b
\bdw-inductionheater\.com\b
\bbusinessindias\.com\b
\bemeraldbridal\.com\.au\b
\bweiweiaircon\.com\.sg\b
\bquizondo\.com\b
\bsanctionscanner\.com\b
\blipaugmentationindubai\.com\b
\bfaceliftindubai\.com\b
\btummytuckdubaicost\.com\b
\bdubaifacelift\.com\b
\bdubailiposuction\.com\b
\bdubaimedispa\.com\b
\bdubaismartlipo\.com\b
\bfaceliftdubai\.com\b
\bfatbanking\.com\b
\bsoar\.earth\b
\bambiancefly\.com\b
\bcdn\.ampproject\.org\b
\bgambling-on-line\.com\b
\bcasino-faqs\.com\b
\brainbowrichesgames\.co\.uk\b
\bonlinestreamhd\.com\b
\bspringcleaning\.ae\b
\bpopulertoday\.info\b
\bcherrygroup\.ru\b
\bchennaiescortservice(\.co)?\.in\b
\bescortsadda\.com\b
\bpcut\.su\b
\bwallpaperpass.com\b
\bstrategi-hom\.fr\b
\bforexrobotz\.com\b
\bdailycreation\.in\b
\bchatpatinews\.com\b
\btuvanduhocmap\.com\b
\birstaxtrouble\.com\b
\bladesigntech\.org\b
\bredwoodreserves\.com\b
\bstatusbytes\.com\b
\bthejobsandscholarship\.com\b
\blivetvstrem\.com\b
\binfocaptain\.com\b
\bfamilytreemaker2019upgrade\.com\b
\breservations\.com\b
\bexpress-cleaning-supplies\.co\.uk\b
\bthinkmobiles\.com\b
\bonlinestoreforu\.com\b
\bnecocars\.nl\b
\bbendeboer\.nl\b
\bkorvingklikt\.nl\b
\bfizeye\.com\b
\btornadowerkt\.nl\b
\bvanderkemp-entertainment\.nl\b
\bcarboncoco\.at\b
\binteriorworks\.ae\b
\brijschoolnoord-brabant\.nl\b
\bcubesix\.nl\b
\bjeanlucdesign\.nl\b
\bnicejewelry\.nl\b
\bmkbfleetservice\.nl\b
\bdeusing-weber\.de\b
\bcnc-draaibanken\.nl\b
\bverbouwenmethogenbirk\.nl\b
\bcasinolucklive\.com\b
\blove-poems\.net\b
\bonlinelekarna\.net\b
\bgarage-archipel\.nl\b
\bheteilandendewereld\.nu\b
\bjohankommer\.nl\b
\bwedescan\.nl\b
\bsulzbach-blog\.de\b
\bluukvanleeuwen\.nl\b
\bquierschied-blog\.de\b
\bversus-restaurant\.nl\b
\bannevandoorn\.nl\b
\bvulkaneifel-blog\.de\b
\bcekun\.com\b
\bkanabearscbd\.com\b
\bpokermatch\.com\b
\bblogical\.space\b
\blottery-results\.uk\b
\bstreetpricer\.com\b
\bmegabola99\.biz\b
\bhireukrainiandevelopers\.com\b
\bonlinecasinos\.co\.uk\b
\b1youm\.com\b
\bdailyhunt\.in\b
\b104\.24\.99\.95\b
\bcialiswe\.us\b
\btiktokstarsinfo\.com\b
\bhindione\.in\b
\b104\.18\.47\.80\b
\btaylorinterventions\.com\b
\bicharts\.net\b
\bbestironindia\.in\b
\bopptrends\.com\b
\bcarsoid\.com\b
\bnorsecorp\.com\b
\bbutterflylabs\.com\b
\bempiremovies\.com\b
\bbel-india\.com\b
\bweddingstats\.org\b
\bvermontrepublic\.org\b
\baquila-style\.com\b
\btimeslifestyle\.net\b
\bvdio\.com\b
\bnetworth2013\.com\b
\bhealthcarereformmagazine\.com\b
\burbanfarmonline\.com\b
\bgrowingmagazine\.com\b
\bthefrisky\.com\b
\brevenuesandprofits\.com\b
# \bscholarlyoa\.com\b # Likely false positive
\bcomeaucomputing\.com\b
\bthe-pool\.com\b
\bofficialroyalwedding2011\.org\b
\batlnightspots\.com\b
\bsavingmoneyweekly\.com\b
\bnfhsnetwork\.com\b
\balltoppro\.com\b
\beasyshoptips\.com\b
\btechgurukagyan\.com\b
\bweblogshub\.ga\b
\bwekratom\.com\b
\bsuncityproject\.com\b
\batshomeshow\.com\b
\btatahome\.in\b
\brocketrobinsoccerintoronto\.com\b
\bfft-analyser\.glitch\.me\b
\bexpertophthalmologywitness\.com\b
\bbestmassagechair\.us\b
\bcrypto-pharmacy\.io\b
\bidxplay\.id\b
\brenointegrativemedicalcenter\.com\b
\bgk4fast\.in\b
\bcottonpharmacy\.com\b
\bvelseoity\.com\b
\balltechnewsupdates\.com\b
\bkyc2020\.com\b
\bfutufan\.com\b
\bodn\.zoig1\.com\b
\bgjonmarkagjoni\.com\b
\bbelgaumtrend\.site\b
\bindiastat\.com\b
\bdatanetindia-ebooks\.com\b
\bopindia\.(?:com|in)\b
\bymail\.info\b
\bswarajyamag\.com\b
\btripbibo\.com\b
\bnewmovieinfo\.tk\b
\bspacevalue\.co\.in\b
\baaqms\.in\b
\bmytravelcheap\.info\b
\bmyweightloss\.us\b
\bdownloadappconnectwifi\.com\b
\bclcessentials\.co\.za\b
\bmamamade\.com\.ua\b
\bprofvest\.com\b
\bafrica-option\.com\b
\bvylkan-milion\.com\b
\bmedipharmaafrica\.com\b
\bcasino-eldorado\.org\b
\beldo-klub\.net\b
\bcardscollectiblesandgadgets\.com\b
\beldoradokasinoz\.com\b
\bseotexts\.com\b
\bcolumbuscazino\.com\b
\blegionpharma\.com\b
\bmadonnen-apotheke\.com\b
\bswiss-apo\.com\b
\bpillenkaufen\.com\b
\bsquillace\.com\.ua\b
\bxn--48jm9l298kilg8rghvi\.com\b
\bpillsbank\.net\b
\bmicroburstbrewing\.com\b
\bavtomati-eldorado\.com\b
\bsunrol\.com\.ua\b
\bhuongdanssl\.com\b
\bvulcan-zerkalo\.net\b
\brenesans-centr\.kiev\.ua\b
\bhugetits\.win\b
\bpills24\.net\b
\bosrs.pl\b
\byorumla\.ml\b
\bvylcanrussia\.com\b
\branask\.org\b
\b220km\.com\.ua\b
\bdsiblogger\.com\b
\bdimensidomino\.com\b
\bprogresshost\.info\b
\bivf-lab\.com\b
\bcasino-vylcan\.com\b
\bdreamdirectory\.org\b
\btryvexanpills\.net\b
\bazino-tri-topora\.org\b
\b88orca-88\.com\b
\banabolic-steroid\.net\b
\bdaryna-plus\.com\b
\bevforsale\.com\b
\beldorado-cassino\.org\b
\bwinkreport\.com\b
\borganiser\.org\b
\bvylkan24\.org\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry pari-?match:
#\bair\.parimatch\.com\b
#\bcasino-parimatch\.info\b
#\bparimatchcasinos\.com\b
#\bparimatch-sport\.in\b
#\bparimatch\.com\b
\bsuperslots-kasino\.com\b
\bniko-centre\.kiev\.ua\b
\bvulcan24casino\.com\b
\bbook-of-ra-games\.org\b
\boradiological\.ru\b
\bmaxformer\.com\b
\bthegadgetsandgears\.com\b
\bspdload\.com\b
\bwebspero\.com\b
\bgladewaternews\.com\b
\bhonda\.ua\b
\bpokerrmatch\.com\b
\bapothekepillen\.com\b
\bblabla-project\.ru\b
\bconverseshop\.hu\b
\bmoney-like\.ru\b
\bprobaljaki\.hu\b
\buabt\.com\b
\bazino777game\.com\b
\bneon-vylcan\.com\b
\bimgx\.in\b
\bessaycorp\.co\.uk\b
\bsuccesspanachahtehai\.com\b
\btfipost\.com\b
\brightlog\.in\b
\btechpassionworld\.com\b
\blimedecorators\.com\b
\bfourhpharma\.com\b
\bmegatogel\.com\b
\bmegatongkol\.com\b
\bspidergoa\.com\b
\bsporttoday69\.com\b
\bv9poker\.com\b
\bimailsupport\.com\b
\bwebsitestrategies\.com\.au\b
\bsarkardaily\.com\b
\btheindianpolitics\.com\b
\bdharmakshethra\.com\b
\bchiropractornearmereviews\.com\b
\bdiscount-24hour\.blogspot\.com\b
\bflicktokick\.wordpress\.com\b
\bukmedmax\.com\b
\bbud4meds\.com\b
\bcoolgrinder\.com\b
\bhonestbusinessman24\.com\b
\bmarket-mirror\.com\b
\blyricspandits\.blogspot\.com\b
\bsabrinatranscripts\.wordpress\.com\b
\bmoviebuzzhit\.blogspot\.com\b
\baccount-expert\.com\b
\bbinaere\.org\b
\badstricks\.top\b
\berasmusworld\.com\b
\blotusforsale\.com\b
\bmeddevicetraining\.com\b
\bfarmaciarabel\.com\b
\btheoms\.es\b
\b888poker-pk\.net\b
\bbrainstoked\.com\b
\bunearthedarcana\.com\b
\bsastedeal\.com\b
\bhirtess\.pro\b
\bjetta6club\.ru\b
\bi-party-poker\.info\b
\bdengi24\.kiev\.ua\b
\bdiscuz\.in\.th\b
\bpokermattch\.best\b
\bkeo88\.co\b
\bmymotivationalsupport\.com\b
\buplaw\.us\b
\bmorninglazziness\.com\b
\bbanglalyricssong2\.blogspot\.com\b
\bislamophiliawatch\.blogspot\.com\b
\bodiaboxofficenews\.blogspot\.com\b
\b40attitudestatus\.blogspot\.com\b
\bdundeeshrine\.blogspot\.com\b
\bhotrodders\.com\b
\bthefilmslife\.com\b
\bfashionlndia\.blogspot\.com\b
\bsportsmediawatch\.blogspot\.com\b
\bclassicsportsmedia\.blogspot\.com\b
\bokguri\.blogspot\.com\b
\bselectedblogger\.blogspot\.com\b
\bmishravetanatomy\.blogspot\.com\b
\bringthedamnbell\.wordpress\.com\b
\bgotaltitudesite\.wordpress\.com\b
\bkitchen-codes\.blogspot\.com\b
\bhawaiianhistorian\.blogspot\.com\b
\btrendontop\.com\b
\bthekhwabeeda\.com\b
\byoutube\.com(?:JgooJaiW7Ck)
\bbestbybuy\.com\b
\bbancosdemadera\.com\b
\bemoneyblog\.ru\b
\beldorado-avtomaty\.com\b
\bmontdigital\.com\b
\barrestedworld\.com\b
\badelaidenaturalrainwater\.com\.au\b
\bbmdays\.com\b
\bsocialdistancingguidelines\.com\b
\bacquire\.io\b
\bwholesgame\.com\b
\bgaben\.tv\b
\bgabeon\.tv\b
\bcryptodesk\.in\b
\bnextbigupdate\.blogspot\.com\b
\badvisoroffer\.com\b
\badvisoroffer\.hatenablog\.com\b
\badvisoroffer\.tumblr\.com\b
\bmyfitnessclubb\.com\b
\bhelentoombs\.over-blog\.com\b
\boffer4cart\.com\b
\boffer4cart\.wordpress\.com\b
\boffer4cart\.over-blog\.com\b
\boffer4cart\.blogspot\.com\b
\boffer4cart\.tumblr\.com\b
\boffersupplement\.com\b
\bsupplementsworld\.org\b
\bletsdiskuss\.com\b
\bmedicaltestingsolutions\.com\b
\buaecashloans\.com\b
\bcialisus\.com\b
\bbbcbitch\.com\b
\bthe-tutor\.ru\b
\bw88hn\.vip\b
\bjoostenconsult\.nl\b
\bfc-vostok\.kz\b
\bua-etalon\.com\b
\blecercleducacao\.be\b
\bmollystakz\.com\b
\blandgoedkolland\.nl\b
\bpornelk\.org\b
\bportfoliolar\.kz\b
\bxe-88\.asia\b
\bchloroquine24\.com\b
\bzhizhuyx\.com\b
\bluyizaixian\.com\b
\bvanmerrienboer\.eu\b
\bvruchtgebruik-berekenen\.be\b
\baffordableseocompany4u\.com\b
\baadhar-uidai\.in\b
\btennisschoolandrade\.nl\b
\breflexologietherese\.be\b
\bclubvulcanslots\.com\b
\bfullformexpress\.in\b
\bgreetingsglobal\.com\b
\bindia-visa-gov\.in\b
\bengineeringunits\.com\b
\blyricstorrent\.blogspot\.com\b
\bbibloteka\.com\b
\bgetassist\.net\b
\bindiae-visa\.com\b
\bbdgovtjobs\.com\b
\bvulkanskasino\.com\b
\binfopokermatch\.site\b
\bkazinachos\.com\b
\bplusportogruaro\.it\b
\bdropcheat\.ru\b
\bhkcore\.com\b
\bthelawmentor\.org\b
\bkhojinindia\.com\b
\bhouseofamericancars\.com\b
\bworldgreynews\.com\b
\bhowis\.site\b
\botrezal\.ru\b
\besimob\.com\b
\bdiigo\.com\b
\beldo-kazino\.com\b
\bemojics\.com\b
\bedugayans\.com\b
\btechsnm\.in\b
\bspritofpen\.blogspot\.com\b
\bblockchainappsdeveloper\.com\b
\bacemyassignment\.co\.uk\b
\bwritingservice\.ae\b
\baltaex\.ru\b
\bsupplementsverdict\.com\b
\bfarmaciaalvarez\.net\b
\bvylkan-deluxe\.com\b
\b101spill\.com\b
\bsteroidmag\.com\b
\bsteroidonline\.ru\b
\bsansalone\.de\b
\bpokermatch-info\.today\b
\bdrugwiki\.org\b
\bhksibbs\.com\b
\bcastelletto\.info\b
\brotack\.nl\b
\bconceptmart\.com\b
\blsfworld\.in\b
\bbigorangeplanet\.com\b
\bviagointernational\.com\b
\bpastillasparaimpotencia\.com\b
\boxybestpharmacy\.org\b
\bessentialguitarlessons\.com\b
\bsteroidsshop-ua\.com\b
\bazino777kasino\.com\b
\baziiinno777\.com\b
\bloveinc-kenya\.org\b
\bbookie7\.run\b
\bworldyogashala\.com\b
\byogaessencerishikesh\.com\b
\bsandeephegde\.com\b
\bf-cgroom\.com\b
\bcitrus-cleaning-supplies\.co\.uk\b
\bgreatexplain\.com\b
\bblockchainbriefing\.blogspot\.com\b
\bavanta\.co\.in\b
\bplasticspot\.io\b
\bnovanews\.com\.ua\b
\broxcasinos\.org\b
\beldo-slot\.com\b
\bazzino-888\.org\b
\b7zhenyibao\.com\b
\bmudstruck\.com\b
\b444aziino\.com\b
\bszona\.org\b
\bqualityedpills\.com\b
\banabolik-steroid\.net\b
\bpokermatch-poker\.club\b
\bleadonlinetraining\.com\b
\bero-garden\.com\b
\brs-clinic\.com\.ua\b
\bnparts\.ua\b
\bessexmagazine\.co\.uk\b
\blondon-post\.co\.uk\b
\britzherald\.com\b
\bnewsstudio18\.com\b
\bsarvcrm\.com\b
\bplay\.google\.com.*sbdtube\b
\bnatureandbeyond\.com\b
\bcryptofunders\.club\b
\btwinscarrentalbali\.com\b
\btwinssewamobil\.com\b
\bwebhostbali\.com\b
\bsmarthostmedia\.com\b
\bquick\.md\b
\bbreitbar\.com\b
\bbet1x\.ru\b
\bviagenusa\.com\b
\bmedicaments-24\.com\b
\bbestercasinobonusonline\.de\b
\bnewsindialive\.in\b
\bnewsdaily\.buzz\b
\bwhatreallymakesyouill\.com\b
\bvelotime\.com\.ua\b
\bautomati-bes-sms\.com\b
\bhoneyandcotton\.org\b
\bcidesa.com\.ve\b
\bgoodvibeclub\.com\b
\beldo-slot777\.com\b
\bspeedypaper\.online\b
\bthailandpost\.online\b
\bua-wardrobe\.com\b
\bdoxbin\.org\b
\bcelebprofile\.blogspot\.in\b
\blailaformation\.blogspot\.com\b
\ballpmyojana\.in\b
\bdailymusicroll\.com\b
\baboutinsider\.com\b
\bmuziquemagazine\.com\b
\btimebulletin\.com\b
\bglobestats\.com\b
\bvernamagazine\.com\b
\bopenthenews\.com\b
\binfusenews\.com\b
\bapstersmedia\.com\b
\bconstructiontimes24\.com\b
\btechnewsvision\.com\b
\bnewsheadline\.us\b
\bfeatureweekly\.com\b
\bpackagingnews24\.com\b
\bfabworldtoday\.com\b
\bsportzweekly\.com\b
\bnewsmono\.com\b
\bcoveragelog\.com\b
\bcuriousdesk\.com\b
\bnewsdistinct\.com\b
\bcaliforniatimes\.us\b
\ballnewsbuzz\.com\b
\bentertainmentpaper\.com\b
\bstatsglobe\.com\b
\bustimesnow\.com\b
\bnewyorkheadlines\.us\b
\bbroadcastcover\.com\b
\bsportsskylark\.com\b
\bnewskangaroos\.com\b
\bcriticsports\.com\b
\bchicagoheadlines\.us\b
\bresidentweekly\.com\b
\balpspitzetagebuch\.com\b
\bsanfordphilosopher\.com\b
\bdatasourcehub\.com\b
\bapsters\.com\b
\bnewstailored\.com\b
\bdailyveterans\.com\b
\bmedicinsider\.com\b
\bnewspaperwire\.com\b
\bveracityreporter\.com\b
\bnevadoeldiario\.com\b
\btribunemarket\.com\b
\bacuityscoop\.com\b
\bgetresponse\.com\b
\btoiletsandbaths\.com\b
\bhealkit\.in\b
\bpercona\.com\b
\bfilmybubble\.com\b
\bgetlatka\.com\b
\bjesustechnology\.com\b
\brobertyave\.org\b
\brobertyavo\.org\b
\bwebetutorial\.com\b
\bnewstrak\.org\b
\bsylyrics\.com\b
\bhindimoviesdownload\.tk\b
\bfreehindimovies\.tk\b
\bmoviesdude\.in\b
\btruebuddy\.in\b
\bfintechranking\.com\b
\btechpanorama\.org\b
\bpeoplepill\.com\b
# included via the next line: \btamilrockerskannada\.com\b
tamilrocker[sz]
\bgblking\.com\b
\bpirates-life\.ru\b
\bpoliv\.ua\b
\belslotzgold\.com\b
\bsakachi\.to\b
\bmagazinpoliva\.kiev\.ua\b
\bsrules\.com\.sa\b
\bpriorymazegardens\.com\b
\bvulcan-avtomaty-igrovye\.com\b
\bsparklystarstudios\.com\b
\bgivemekeys\.com\b
\babragwaflak\.com\b
\bpm-pokermatch\.club\b
\bgtp\.com\.my\b
\bdudhwa-national-park\.com\b
\bfootslopestours\.com\b
\bapzomedia\.com\b
\bfintechzoom\.com\b
# included via the next line: \bcsibioinfo\.nus\.edu\.sg/csingsportal\b
\bcsibioinfo\.nus\.edu\.sg\b
(doi|preprints).*?201910\.0146
\balmanachdegotha\.org\b
\bimperialcollegeofprincesandcounts\.com\b
\balmanachdechivalry\.com\b
\bimperialcollegeofheraldry\.com\b
\balmanachdeholyromanempire\.org\b
\bimperialteutonicorder\.com\b
\balmanachdechivalry\.org\b
\bimperialcollegeofheraldry\.org\b
\balmanachdeholyromanempire\.com\b
\bimperialteutonicorder\.org\b
\bnobilityregister\.com\b
\bholyromanempireassociation\.com\b
\btrump\.news\b
\bsurrogacycmc\.com\b
\bkorean-american\.com\b
\bwmaraci\.com\b
\bnewsouq\.com.sa\b
\bjobwest\.com.ua\b
\bpokermatchcom\.vip\b
\bvulcan-slots777\.com\b
\b333azino\.com\b
\bnissan-ask\.com\.ua\b
\bkover-samolet\.com\.ua\b
\bthereligionofpeace\.com\b
\bindiangovernmentjobalert\.in\b
\bekvastra\.in\b
\bbharti\.news\b
\bhvk\.org\b
\bautodevot\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bchn\.ge\b: \bchn\.ge\b
# included via the next uncommented line:
#\bbiographypro\.xyz\b
#\bcamclub\.xyz\b
#\bcspathway\.xyz\b
#\bdriverdownload\.xyz\b
#\bfastivelimege\.xyz\b
#\bfuckxxxclips\.xyz\b
#\bheymanga\.xyz\b
#\bip2whois\.xyz\b
#\biridesce\.xyz\b
#\blyricbird\.xyz\b
#\blyricsclub\.xyz\b
#\blyricsmela\.xyz\b
#\bmodiyojna\.xyz\b
#\bmovie-stream75\.xyz\b
#\bonlinefree\.xyz\b
#\bpastecode\.xyz\b
#\bpenwap\.xyz\b
#\bqadrishattari\.xyz\b
#\bqmolding\.xyz\b
#\bshowyourgallery\.xyz\b
#\bsocialnews\.xyz\b
#\btechnosonu\.xyz\b
#\bupsidedownevents\.xyz\b
#\bwebcamvideo\.xyz\b
\bxyz\b
\btractorjunction\.com\b
\btractorguru\.com\b
\brizbit\.uk\b
\bfeedogram\.com\b
\bkobzarenko\.com\.ua\b
\bvulkan777-rus\.com\b
\bvulcan-kasino-777\.com\b
\bcombina\.com\.ua\b
\beduardofitness\.site\b
\baqua-room\.com\.ua\b
\bpoliv-avto\.com\.ua\b
\barabamoto\.com\b
\bbestvulcan24\.com\b
\bdengipod\.ru\b
\bagroxy\.com\b
\bbulksteroid\.net\b
\bzinteco-ua\.net\b
\bgujaratichokro\.blogspot\.com\b
\breviewsduniya\.com\b
\bnuwaysmd\.com\b
\bbestforlives\.com\b
\baramisrugby\.co\.uk\b
\by-axis\.com\b
\bsharebuyers\.co\.uk\b
\bnewshelp\.in\b
\blegitimatehacks\.com\b
\bvitamiinz\.com\b
\bjobresourcepoint\.com\b
\blyricsovera2z\.com\b
\bbillied\.com\b
\bphilatlas\.com\b
\bbankeronwheels\.com\b
\bmurderpedia\.org\b
\bekumkum\.com\b
\bbiofamous\.com\b
\bproxyti\.com\b
\buberwin\.club\b
\bbbet99\.website\b
\baskquestion\.top\b
\be1dazwin\.com\b
\bmuskangirlsdwarka\.in\b
\bxosohung\.com\b
\benglishclasses\.com\.ua\b
\bvulkan-sloti777\.com\b
\breg-76\.ru\b
\bbigcircus\.com\.ua\b
\bstrcctv\.com\b
\bprogressive\.ua\b
\brahasia\.news\b
\bcashm-ph\.com\b
\bresponbet\.news\b
\bramaakunting\.com\b
# blocked via meta sbl entry \bpororo777\.com\b: \bpororo777\.com\b
\binsuiter\.com\b
\bfoundrysport\.com\b
\bvulcanskasinos\.com\b
\blivesportsstreamforyou\.blogspot\.com\b
\bhindisuvidha\.com\b
\bcelebsweek\.com\b
\bgetpostcode\.com\b
\binfodrips\.com\b
\bsonglyricsmovie\.com\b
\bairlinesreservationsonline\.com\b
\bseinfeldlaw\.com\b
\bseinfeldscripts.com\.com\b
\bzamusic.org\b 
\bkollywoodnewsboxoffice\.water\.blog\b
\boispice\.com\b
\btechbigs\.com\b
\bcommdiginews\.com\b
\brationcardgov\.in\b
\bcutlery4all\.com\b
\bgobowlingalley\.com\b
\ballsol\.in\b
\bk48rules\.com\b
\bilamed\.org\b
\btravellerblog\.net\b
\bstatusvideo\.app\b
\bupcomingmoviesnow\.com\b
\bnewschant\.com\b
\bsarkari-info\.com\b
\bmetropolitanpainters\.net\.au\b
\bholistictechnologies\.com\.pk\b
\b4everwhite\.com\b
\bfilmplace\.co\b
\bstopwatch360\.com\b
\brentalcarsuae\.com\b
\bnus\.edu/3ipotMy\b
\bwindycitycigars\.com\b
\bbankatm\.info\b
\bsciencefr\.blogspot\.com\b
\bmybankifsc\.in\b
\btaraletsanywhere\.com\b
\btechgod\.online\b
\bupagriculture\.in\b
\bdigicodes\.in\b
\bdigicodes\.eu\b
\bhealthtechpulse\.com\b
\bwowa\.ca\b
\bbusiness-guide\.com\.ua\b
\bmerccentre\.com\b
\bbd2geared\.com\b
\bhealthysupplementstalk\.com\b
\bipola\.ru\b
\bfirestyleseeds\.com\b
\belslotzfun\.com\b
\bvps-private\.net\b
\badssentialmarketing\.com\b
\bskoperations\.site\b
\bresurs-msp\.ru\b
\bzjgryy\.com\b
\bYoulike124\.com\b
\bkombiarizalari\.com\b
\bmitosayam\.com\b
\bpastebin\.fun\b
\bmadisoncountymo\.com\b
\bsmart-wiki\.win\b
\byousher\.com\b
\bmallorca-basar\.com\b
\bmatukiodaima\.co\.tz\b
\btheartsofentertainment\.com\b
\bnaijafile\.com\b
\bimmiguy\.com\b
\btechnicalcoder\.com\b
\bgovjobalerts\.co\.in\b
\bcrackedpedia\.com\b
\bonhaxcrack\.me\b
\bprocracksoft\.com\b
\bgossip\.pk\b
\bproiraadvisor\.com\b
\bsmbdigitalmarketing\.co\.in\b
\bcreative\.onl\b
\bjobssearch247\.com\b
\bbestdealever\.in\b
\bkhetigaadi\.com\b
\bboat-lifestyle\.com\b
\bwalmart\.com\.co\b
# included via the next uncommented lines:
#\bcreditkarma\.cf\b
#\bcreditskarma\.cf\b
#\bcreditskarma\.ga\b
#\bcreditskarma\.us\b
#\bequifax\.ml\b
#\bequifax\.cf\b
#\btransunion\.ga\b
#\bwhitepages\.cf\b
#\bfico\.cf\b
# set of domains that heavily abused, for now just disallow whole domainname, see [[MediaWiki_talk:Spam-blacklist/archives/August_2020]].  Please whitelist any accidental false positives for now.  --~~~~
creditskarma 
creditkarma
truecredit
mysmartmove
equifax
transunion
whitepages
\bfico\b
# end of set.
\bstromlap\.in\b
\bmedisupps\.com\b
\banimedhfa\.com\b
\bsites\.google\.com/view/mpsc-study\b
\bmpsc-study\.in\b
\ballcloud\.in\b
\bstarhomeopathy\.com\b
\btlviv\.com\b
\bgoldclean\.com\.au\b
\bmedicinesonline\.org\.uk\b
\bphoenicia\.org\b
\bkissflow\.com\b
\btumtumcab\.com\b
\bengabuzatooro\.or\.ug\b
\bempaako\.org\b
#\bbeautypageants\.indiatimes\.com\b
#\bbeautypageants\.in\b
\btheigadgets\.com\b
\bemarathinews\.com\b
\bmbtilounge\.com\b
\bupnewsinfo\.com\b
\bqueenscitizen\.ca\b
\brocketreach\.co\b
\bzirakpurescort\.in\b
\bandyescort\.com\b
\bsayanagrawal\.com\b
\bcallgirlsinchandigarh\.com\b
\bnewnightescorts\.com\b
\bsheetalkapoor\.biz\b
\bchandigarhlove\.com\b
\bmisslovely\.in\b
\bnehamanaliescorts\.com\b
\banuviz\.com\b
\bcallandys\.com\b
\bescortsjaipur\.com\b
\bjullie\.in\b
\bskypropertiespatelnagar\.com\b
\bmuslimvashikaranspecialistastrologer\.com\b
\bastrologykashinath\.com\b
\bmyshopie\.com\b
\bustobiz\.com\b
\bresumego\.net\b 
\bnaijawhistle\.com\.ng\b
\byos100\.com\b
\bprivatejetcardcomparisons\.com\b
\bcryptmixer\.com\b
\bvaga\.org\b
\bsapnaescorts\.com\b
\bthevitalsolutions\.com\b
\bhome2bath\.com\b
\btotalityservices\.co\.uk\b
\bbreakingnews365\.in\b
\bwatchlivenow\.org\b
\bbestringtones\.net\b
\bzipcodes\.org\b
\bstreamonlinetv\.net\b
\bsmartgenguru\.com\b
\bonegodmed\.com\b
\bcanaltrader\.com\b
\blindenbotanicals\.com\b
\btranio\.com\b
\bgreenssolicitors\.org\b
\bewa-latala-eco-design\.myshopify\.com\b
\bshoesaddict\.in\b
\bbitcoinmixer\.to\b
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\bdmsf\.in\b
\buniversityofvisayas\.com\b
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\bmarianasedu\.com\b
\bfeeltourism\.com\b
\bopensea\.nft-io\.net\b
\bopensea-io-nft\.com\b
\bopenseea-io-nft\.com\b
\bidrw\.org\b
\btechpedo\.com\b
\bmorsecoder\.org\b
\bcpstest\.org\b
\bwpmtest\.org\b
\bcoronalevel\.com\b
\bstudio45\.in\b
\bautospruce\.com\b
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\bdeerhuntingfield\.com\b
\bpricetoday\.com\.pk\b
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\bletsvisitmorocco\.com\b
\b5paisa\.com\b
\bfitgag\.com\b
\brealcoderz\.com\b
\btheviralcat\.com\b
\b77tunez\.com\b
\bbiztechpost\.com\b
\bthebankpedia\.com\b
\bancasterfoodequipment\.com\b
\barchwayinsurance\.ca\b
\bwritrox\.com\b
\bindiquehair\.com\b
\bsatsport247\.com\b
\bexchmarket\.com\b
\btheinsurancedata\.com\b
\bexportimportdata\.in\b
\bkongashare\.com\b
\bbacancytechnology\.com\b
\bareyouok\.com\b
\btractorguru\.in\b
\bnelsoncreekoutdoors\.com\b
\bvalueinvesting\.io\b
\balpharesearch\.io\b
\bfinsheet\.io\b
\bhowtoabroad\.com\b
\bofflineexam\.com\b
\bunicreds\.com\b
\bmapacademy\.io\b
\bcedarspark\.info\b
\btechjockey\.com\b
\bjumeirahbestspa\.com\b
\bdealshunt\.com\b
\bsisterwives\.com\b
\bidaylummm\.com\b
\bassa\.my\.id\b
\bphixman\.com\b
\bsantactical\.com\b
\bwealthycelebrity\.com\b
\bwww.lyricsstory\.net\b
\borcavisioninc\.com\b
\bsouthdakotapizza\.com\b
\bfptsmarthome\.vn\b
\bdomywriting\.com\b
\bClinion\.com\b
\bsoftswarescrack\.com\b
\bbimaloan\.net\b
\bstrategicmarketresearch\.com\b
\bsenorita\.workers\.dev\b
\bnexgenwindowsanddoors\.com\b
\bsportsnews9x\.com\b
\bluvmehair\.com\b
\bthenthsense\.com\b
\bberrysfashionhair\.com\b
\bberryshair\.com\b
\billuminem\.com\b
\bthecaptions\.in\b
\bswarmhr\.com\b
\bcedars\.neocities\.org\b
\bdarkweblink\.com\b
\blawow\.org\b
\btrustedbrokers\.com\b
\bsrvprofy\.com\b
\basian-bookies\.net\b
\bgardenprofy\.com\b
\bhomeprofy\.com\b
\btattooprofy\.com\b
\bsoftwareshopk\.com\b
\bmanualsnet\.com\b
\btop100\w*\.blog\b
\bcharly1300\b
\bmickeycharts\b
\batrl.net/forums\b
\bhot100brasil\.com\b
\btwitter.*?/mickeycharts\b
\bthemoviesz\.com\b
\bjimmylea\.com\b
\blengusa\b
\bmkrgeo-blog\.com\b
\bthaiodyssey\.co\.in\b
\bxinghaoya\b
\bwikigyan\.com\b
\bworldlogisticspassport\.com\b
\bcargoes\.com\b
\btechiters\.com\b
\bprintersetup\.org\b
\bairlinehelps\.com\b
\bskyinfly\.com\b
\bfirstpagedigital\.sg\b
\bsellbuyus\.com\b
\bforinaukripak\.com\b
\bezlandlordforms\.com\b
\bserialnumbersfree\.com\b
\bpronewslive\.com\b
\bkalycito\.com\b
\bhelenacoffee\.vn\b
\blegitnews247\.com\b
\buspharmacystore\.com\b
\bbuyuspharma\.com\b
\blelow\.online\b
\bairlinesbuddy\.com\b
\buniversalcelebs\.com\b
\bzedwap\.co\b
\blangtufx\.com\b
\banhgaisexy\.net\b
\bgaixinh\.photo\b
\bkhothepxaydung\.com\b
\busjobsinfo\.com\b
\bluxeinsurancebrokers\.com\b
\bpakistanjobs\.pk\b
\blovelanguagetest\.org\b
\bspacebarcounter\.org\b
\bhermetic\.com\b
\bfirstpage\.com\.au\b
\bsupherbscanada\.store\b
\bprinterlake\.com\b
\bproductxy\.com\b
\bdirtxtreme\.com\b
\balmostnordic\.com\b
\bpetsimxvaluez\.com\b
\bspiritualfeel\.com\b
\bebillcheck\.pk\b
\bravellawfirm.com\b
\besmartprints.com\b
\brewritetool.net\b
\bdubaitraveltourism.com\b
\bgenericbucket.com\b
\bg1homes.ca\b
\bxpressreviews.com\b
\bcpstesters.com\b
\bdentalrevu.com\b
\bpandaatlanta.com\b
\bcanamgroup\.com\b
\bedtechplatform\.net\b
\bmoneyaccounts\.com\b
\binvestormoney\.com\b
\bunifiedinfotech\.net\b
\bwebaudience\.in\b
\bexams\.com\.ng\b
\bjustsch\.com\b
\bmistowa\.org\b
\bfinance-advisor\.info\b
\bseoreview\.eu\.org\b
\bchienthanky\.vn\b
\bkakasoftwares\.com\b
\bfilebambo\.com\b
\btrendsetterlive\.com\b
\bradiogammacinque\.it\b
\bliving\.fit\b
\bfastukmeds\.com\b
\bmodapills\.co\.uk\b
\bexpressdentist\.com\b
\bdaytradingz\.com\b
\bbayareamastermind\.com\b
\bproductstrategy\.co\b
\bcodeproof\.com\b
\bthearchitect\.global\b
\bvidorange\.com\b
\bdrughelpline\.org\b
\bfinancialmodelingprep\.com\b
\bfraudblocker\.com\b
\badultbraces\.co\b
\bqrcode-tiger\.com\b
\bvikipost\.com\b
\bazpayslips\.co\.uk\b
\bthetexvn\.com\b
\bthecurrent-online\.com\b
\bshowtimeanalytics\.com\b
\bmedwastemngmt\.com\b
\bresumecoach\b
\byoutubevancedofficial\.com\b
\bmediwastemngment\.site\b
\bmedicalmngmt\.online\b
\binsidexpress\.com\b
\bnewswire\.eu\.org\b
\bmrexamples\.com\b
\budyamregistrationform\.com\b
\budyamregistrationform\.org\b
\budyamregister\.org\b
\budyam-registeration\.org\b
\bvpodsolutions\.com\b
\bfluidstream\.it\b
\bgooogle\.\b
\bbdfoodblog\.com\b
\brtiguru\.com\b
\byourhowtocorner\.com\b
\bi20accidents\.com\b
\brategain\.com\b
\budyamregisteration\.org\b
\bkvmswitchtech\.com\b
\bjenhair\.com\b
\bfirstflytravel\.com\b
\ballinoneanswers\.com\b
\babhyudaytimes\.com\b
\babudhabiherald\.com\b
\bargentinalive24\.com\b
\baustralianchronicle\.net\b
\bbelgiumlive24\.com\b
\bbrazilianreporter\.com\b
\bcaliforniadailypost\.net\b
\bcanadatimes\.one\b
\bcolombiareader\.com\b
\bentrepreneursaga\.com\b
\bfranceherald\.com\b
\bgermanyexpress\.co\b
\bgoatimes\.in\b
\bhindustansaga\.com\b
\bindialocal\.co\b
\bindiansentinel\.in\b
\binfinityocean\.in\b
\birelandinterviwer\.com\b
\bisraeloutlook\.co\b
\bitalydaily\.co\b
\bkuwaitherald\.com\b
\blosangelesfoxnews\.com\b
\bmalayasialive\.com\b
\bmexicodailynews24\.com\b
\bnewsstreamline\.com\b
\bnewzealandchronicle\.com\b
\bonlinenewsx\.com\b
\bpioneernews\.co\.in\b
\bportugalheadline\.com\b
\brdtimes\.in\b
\brepublicnewsindia\.com\b
\brussianmirror\.net\b
\bsamaynews\.co\.in\b
\bsingaporenewslive\.net\b
\bsouthafricanlive\.com\b
\bsouthkoreanchronicle\.com\b
\bswitzerlandpost\.co\b
\bthailandtimes\.co\b
\btheaustriajournal\.com\b
\bthedubaitimes\.net\b
\btheindianbulletin\.com\b
\btheirantimes\.com\b
\bthejapantoday\.com\b
\bthelondontimes\.co\b
\bthenationalreader\.com\b
\bthenewyorklocal\.com\b
\btheriyadhtimes\.net\b
\bthetelegraphnews\.com\b
\bthetimesofdenmark\.com\b
\bthetimesofpoland\.com\b
\bthetimesofspain\.com\b
\btimes-bulletin\.com\b
\bwashingtonmirror\.net\b
\bworldgazettenews\.com\b
\bwowentrepreneurs\.com\b
\b123incredibleindia\.com\b
\bbharatherald\.com\b
\bdeccanbusiness\.com\b
\bfabulousshe\.in\b
\bgujaratjournal\.in\b
\bhimachalnewsline\.in\b
\bindianscoops\.com\b
\bmetrocitynews\.in\b
\bnationalage\.com\b
\bnews-outlook\.com\b
\bnews99\.site\b
\bnewsbag\.online\b
\bnewshead\.in\b
\bnewsheads\.in\b
\bnewsmint24\.com\b
\bnewstrackplus\.com\b
\bphilanthropistindia\.com\b
\bpress-journal\.com\b
\brkdlive\.com\b
\bthemediumnews\.com\b
\bthenewshorizon\.co\.in\b
\bthenewswatch\.in\b
\btrendbuzznews\.com\b
\btribunenewsline\.co\b
\bvibgyortimes\.com\b
\byouthnewsexpress\.com\b
\bactiveboardgames\.com\b
\bclickspeedstest\.com\b
\bzalgotextgenerators\.com\b
\bdryshield\.ca\b
\baccounting-principles\.net\b
\bvoyageplantravel\.com\b
\bbeing-educated\.com\b
\bigamingmi\.com\b
\bigamingpa\.com\b
\bigamingnj\.com\b
\bigamingwv\.com\b
\bigamingpenn\.com\b
\bpics\.io\b
\bdreyeins\.com\b
\bjobagencyinfo\.com\b
\bdogmal\.com\b
\bjobcriteria\.com\b
\baywv\.art\b
\bheavensentgaming\.com\b
\bnewmexicocultural\.com\b
\babishekadhikari\.com\.np\b
\binvestrecords\.com\b
\bthetoughtackle\.com\b
\btheshahab\.com\b
\bmichigansportszone\.com\b
\btrendingnewsbuzz\.com\b
\bcrossover99\.com\b
\bvaluecoders\.com\b
\busconnectivity\.com\b
\bdichvuchinhsuaanh\.net\b
\bpdloans247\.com\b
\biqratechnology\.com\b
\balljobs\.co\.in\b
\bproreviewsapp\.com\b
\bbom\.so/Rw5zws\b
\bkeovua\.net\b
\bxembd2\.vebo\.live\b
\bxembd3\.vebo\.live\b
\bxembd4\.vebo\.live\b
\bxembd6\.vebo\.live\b
\bxoilacz\.tv\b
\bxoilac22\.tv\b
\bbetwayvn\.com\b
\bcakhia2\.net\b
\bthecustomboxes\.co\.uk\b
\bradioitaliacina\.com\b
\bmyphamthanhduoc\.com\.vn\b
\bparish\.uk\b
\bwww\.cinatv\.it\b
\bfirstlytoday\.com\b
\byouroffice\.vn\b
\bspeedtrackr\.com\b
\bscatbook\.com\b
\bgrowthmarketreports\.com\b
\bsmswishes4u\.com\b
\bassamjobz\.com\b
\bculture-silat\.fr\b
\bseo\.casino\b
\bcrockradio\.com\b
\btourstocappadocia\.com\b
\bcre8iveskill\.com\b
\bmakeoverarena\.com\b
\bautomymo\.com\b
\btecteem\.com\b
\btechiver\.com\b
\brevivedentalalvin\.com\b
\bsocceriate\.com\b
\bpureinsight\.org\b
\bnoahlangphotography\.com\b
\bromostravel\.com\b
\bluxurytourturkey\.com\b
\bpackagetourturkey\.com\b
\bprivateistanbulguide\.com\b
\bprivateistanbulcruise\.com\b
\bistanbulturkishnight\.com\b
\bgetturkeytour\.com\b
\bgolfcartsguide\.com\b
\bceoww\.com\b
\bgulfnp\.com\b
\bdigitaljunkies\.com\.au\b
\bcar-towing-kuwait\.com\b
\bkuwait-car-services\.com\b
\blockmanage\.com\b
\bthetexasmortgagepros\.com\b
\bqh88\.is\b
\biasscore\.in\b
\bdummy-tickets\.com\b
\bhugedomains\.com\b
\bhappymod\.co\.in\b
\bvidmatedownload\.app\b
\bbombitup\.cc\b
\bgbwhatsap\.org\b
\bspotifyapk\.pro\b
\bminimilitiahackapk\.net\b
\bvidmates\.org\b
\bpaybis\.com\b
\b2ebay\.com\b
\bskyscanner\.co\b
\blovenspire\.com\b
\bhealthline\.com\b 
\bsetmycareer\.com\b
\bokbima\.com\b
\bseair\.co\.in\b
\bhitclub\.ai\b
\b88bet\.one\b
\btop10nhacai\.vip\b
\bsv66s\.win\b
\bkk98\.win\b
\b2sun\.win\b
\broxy789\.co\b
\bgamedoithuonghot\.com\b
\bxoilac77\.org\b
\blode3mien\.com\b
\bnhacaiuytinaz\.com\b
\bxosohungphat\.com\b
\bzbet68\.co\b
\bsunwin\.rent\b
\bn8bet\.co\b
\bthegurgaoncallgirls\.com\b
\brakshita\.in\b
\bescortsgurgaon\.co\.in\b
\brinna\.in\b
\bgurgaonescortservice\.in\b
\bdelhirussianescortsingurgaon\.in\b
\bescortsingurgaon\.org\b
\bdlfgurgaonescorts\.com\b
\bgurgaonnight\.in\b
\baryanmodel\.in\b
\bkingessays\.com\b
\bbalonbee\.com\b
\bbugtishop\.com\b
\bupdate4u\.net\b
\belectronicbookreadingdevice\.com\b
\bfoyer-salera\.it\b
\bilovepdf2\.com\b
\bcleverbot2\.com\b
\bpythononlinecompiler\.com\b
\bjavascriptonlinecompiler\.com\b
\bjsonminify\.com\b
\bunminifyall\.com\b
\bemailidator\.com\b
\bthebengalichronicles\.com\b
\bscientificeuropean\.co\.uk\b
\bboholcarrental\.com\.ph\b
\btravel2ireland\.ie\b
\beasyreadnook\.com\b
\bacslocks\.com\b
\bhappyroms\.com\b
\bexpressvpns\.com\b
\bb00king\.org\b
\bnordvpns\.com\b
\bwix\.cam\b
\bvvix\.org\b
\bwwwluxurycard\.com\b
\bwwvbooking\.com\b
\bbaffinbox\.com\b
\byrgear\.com\.au\b
\bfincover\.com\b
\btheprisondirect\.com\b
\bthecourtdirect\.com\b
\bthegunlaws\.com\b
\busmarriagelaw\.com\b
\bthebankdirect\.com\b
\bcroat\.com\b
\brenosan-sanierung\.de\b
\blatestgbapps\.com\b
\bneptuneviews\.com\b
\burdusky\.com\b
\blatestdiscuss\.com\b
\binvasioned\.com\b
\bfixallroofs\.com\b
\bbuyliquidroof\.com\b
\bepdmcoatings\.com\b
\bozarmour\.co\b
\btrustcovered\.com\b
\btheflowersname\.com\b
\bgluedigi\.com\b
\bonlytrampoline\.com\b
\bclimateimpactstracker\.com\b
\benergytracker\.asia\b
\by2calculate\.com\b
\bwallstreetcourier\.com\b
\bjaideeppannu\.com\b
\bmansmatters\.co\.uk\b
\bpeyroniesdisease\.co\.uk\b
\bpsebhelp\.in\b
\bvaisakhi\.co\.in\b
\bmobilehurt\.com\b
\bwork-tops\.com\b
\bioflood\.com\b
\bgrabify\.link\b
\bdy\.fi\b
\bamericanaddictioncenters\.org\b
\bmariaelectricals\.com\b
\bworld-today-news\.com\b
\bnewsdirectory3\.com\b
\bpostsen\.com\b
\bfivtech\.com\b
\bepzqt\.com\b
\bindianradio\.in\b
\bpokeglaze\.com\b
\bpokemondock\.com\b
\bpokearc\.com\b
\bcollegelifeinsight\.com\b
\baustraliawanderlust\.com\b
\bcanadatodolist\.com\b
\bcelebfleet\.com\b
\bglobalzonetoday\.com\b
\bbhagwankebhakt\.com\b
\bbfj\.digital\b
\byou.38degrees.org.uk\b
\bfmoviesz\.to\b
\bfmovies\.to\b
\bschools-360\.com\b  # blocks schools-360.com.au, too
\bairsoftshotgun\.com\b
\blinktw\.in\b
\bapkthug\.com\b
\bbestadvisorz\.com\b
\bmykitchenspoint\.com\b
\bastuteanalytica\.com\b
\bcarandrentals\.com\b
\belectronicsmith\.com\b
\btravelouts\.com\b
\bwebhotelbookings\.com\b
\btactileindicators\.in\b
\bhauntedhotels\.info\b
\bchaistocks\.com\b
\btefcrunch\.com\b
\bsupertutobet\.com\b
\bwww\.aubearing\.com\b
\bshacktv\.store\b
\bannuaire-mairie\.fr\b
\bbnnbreaking\.com\b
\bbnn\.network\b
\bminervanaturalhealth\.com\.au\b
\bpashminavogue\.com\b
\bthemearound\.com\b
\bbenandjerry\.org\.uk\b
\bconsumerattorneys\.com\b
\bfashionglamguide\.com\b
\bcheapdata\.ng\b
\bpwa\.edu\b
\bbettingtop10\.com\b
\bcaviarprice\.io\b
\bthepetsnutrition\.com\b
\bslikmagazine\.com\b
\bvlonestore.co\b
\bnadracardcenter\.co\.uk\b
\binzone\.ae\b
\bmakemywill\.ae\b
\bjustpoa\.com\b
\blegalinz\.com\b
\bbestbuy\.co\.com\b
\boldtimemusic\.com\b
\bnostra\.gg\b
\bmirraw\.com\b
\b8171bispgovpk\.online\b
\bstakeofficial\.space\b
\bstake\.us\b
\b1-xbet-official\.ru\b
\btartanvibesclothing\.com\b
\buniquedigitalonline\.com\b
\btellyind\.com\b
\bsterisonline\.com\b
\bsterispharma\.com\b
\blasvegascabinetscenter\.com\b
\blasvegaswindowcoveringscenter\.com\b
\binsuranceservicespro\.com\b
\blevelyourhouse\.com\b
\bbeautystylenet\.com\b
\bexchangeflow\.co\b
\bpulse\.domains\b
\bdubaicarpentry\.com\b
\bpulsecoinlist\.com\b
\blightroommodapk\.info\b
\behsaasprogram8171online\.pk\b
\bblognonian\.com\b
\bpornusha\.com\b
\bcw24news\.com\b
\bbloggingplatforms\.app\b
\bskinozaclinic\.co\.uk\b
\bgasionairtec\.com\b
\bsuratyasin\.com\b
\bsurahyaseenpdf\.info\b
\bcitybit\.in\b
\bizipa\.com\b
\bamino-acid-supplier\.com\b
\bchina-pva\.net\b
\bchina-vanadium\.net\b
\bcobalt-nickel\.net\b
\bfoods-additive\.com\b
\bglass-microspheres\.com\b
\bsilicon-gel-china\.com\b
\bsodium-methoxide\.net\b
\b24yesnews\.com\b
\bnifportugal\.net\b
\bpalpitedokaledrihoje\.com\.br\b
\bsoralogin\.net\b
\bacestills\.com\b
\blondonguitaracademy\.com\b
\b5tripchat\.com\b
\bgameonee\.com\b
\bdynamicroofingconcepts\.com\b
\bjivankishuddhta\.in\b
\bnotokyc\.com\b
\bnationalfile\.com\b
\bscottishkiltshop\.com\b
# included via the next lines:
#\bnouman\.azlanweb\.com\b
#\brizwan\.azlanweb\.com\b
#\bmushtaq\.azlanweb\.com\b
\bazlanweb\.com\b
\bgrowtomax\.com\b
\boverstocktrader\.com\b
\bfz-transfer\.de\b
\bmonochrome-watches\.com\b
\btootifooti\.com\b
\busacouples\.com\b
\bsocotraspecialtytours\.com\b
\breport-accident\.com\b
\bbrandmydispo\.com\b
\bgenesisbiopharma\.co\b
\bprecisionwriter\.com\b
\bdaisydrawing\.com\b
\balweamtransport\.com\b
\bmyurbanlimo\.com\b
\bboroktimes\.com\b
\btheinvestadvisory\.com\b
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    <title>Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{Short description|Udindo wa chisisiro wa pa dango uwo uli wachiŵiri pachanya chomene mu United States}} {{For|mndandanda wa ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵa United States|Mndandanda wa ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵa United States}} {{Use American English|date=February 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox official post | post = Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi | body = wa United States | insignia = US Vice President Seal.svg | insigniasize...&quot;</comment>
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{{Short description|Udindo wa chisisiro wa pa dango uwo uli wachiŵiri pachanya chomene mu United States}}
{{For|mndandanda wa ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵa United States|Mndandanda wa ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵa United States}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi
| body = wa United States
| insignia = US Vice President Seal.svg
| insigniasize = 145
| insigniacaption = [[Chimanyikwilo cha Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States|Chimanyikwilo cha Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi]]
| flag = Flag of the Vice President of the United States.svg
| flagsize = 145
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Mbendera ya Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States|Mbendera ya Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi]]
| image = March 2026 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance (3x4 cropped).jpg
| incumbent = [[JD Vance]]
| incumbentsince = January 20, 2025
| department = {{ubl|[[Nyumba ya Malango ya United States|United States Senate]]|[[Nthambi ya Executive ya Boma la United States]]|[[Ofesi ya Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States]]}}
| style = {{ubl|[[Mlongozgi (zina la udindo wa boma)|Bwana Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi]] (mwamwambo yayi)|[[The Honourable#United States|Wakuchindikika]] (mwamwambo)|[[Mlongozgi (zina la udindo wa boma)|Bwana Mlongozgi]] (mu Nyumba ya Malango)|[[Excellency|Wakuchindikika Chomene]] (pa vya wanthavi)}}
| unofficial_names = VPOTUS,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VPOTUS|title=VPOTUS|work=[[Merriam-Webster]]|accessdate=February 10, 2021|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125113323/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VPOTUS|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; VP, Veep&lt;ref name=&quot;Veep&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/veep |title=Veep |work=Merriam-Webster |access-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014174159/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/veep |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| member_of = {{ubl|[[Kabineti ya United States|Kabineti]]|[[National Security Council ya United States]]|[[National Space Council]]|[[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]]|[[Nyumba ya Malango ya United States|United States Senate]]}}
| status = {{ubl|Udindo wa wachiŵiri pachanya chomene mu nthambi ya executive|[[Mlongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malango]]}}
| residence = [[Number One Observatory Circle]]
| seat = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| appointer = [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], panji usange palije wakukhala pa udindo uwu, [[Mlongozgi wa United States]] kwizira mu [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Section 2: Vice presidential vacancy|kukhozgeka na Congress]]
| termlength = Vyaka vinayi, palije mphaka ya nyengo ya uteŵeti
| constituting_instrument = [[Dango Likuru la United States]]
| formation = {{start date and age|1789|3|4|p=1|br=1}}&lt;ref name=&quot;formation&quot;&gt;&quot;The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.'&lt;p&gt; &quot;Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until 2 March, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble.&quot;{{ussc|name=Owings v. Speed|link=supreme.justia.com|volume=18|page=420|pin=422|year=1820|reporter=Wheat|reporter-volume=5}}&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Maier|first=Pauline | author-link=Pauline Maier| title=Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788|date=2010|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York | isbn=978-0-684-86854-7| page=433}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history|date=March 4, 2013|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/|publisher=[[National Constitution Center]]|location=Philadelphia|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=February 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224184927/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| first = [[John Adams]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Smith| first=Page| author-link=Page Smith| title=John Adams|volume=Two 1784–1826| date=1962| publisher=Doubleday| location=Garden City, New York| page=744}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| succession = [[Mndandanda wa kulondezgana pa udindo wa Mlongozgi wa United States|Wakwamba]]&lt;ref name=XXVHeritage&gt;{{cite web|title=Essays on Amendment XXV: Presidential Succession|work=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|last=Feerick|first=John|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/25/essays/187/presidential-succession|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=July 3, 2018|archive-date=August 22, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822232208/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/%23!/amendments/8/essays/161/cruel-and-unusual-punishment#!/amendments/25/essays/187/presidential-succession|url-status=unfit}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| salary = $284,600 pa chaka
| website = {{URL|https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/jd-vance/|whitehouse.gov}}
}}
'''Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi&lt;!--&quot;wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi&quot; walembeka na vilembo vichoko pano chifukwa wali panthazi na lizgu lakulongosora lakuti &quot;The&quot;, kuyana na [[MOS:JOBTITLES]] bullet 3 na chiyezgero 1 mu column 2 ya tebulo. Chilichose chakukhumbikwira kusintha ulongozgi uwu chikwenera kulembeka pa peji la kudumbiskirana lake, [[WT:MOSBIO]].--&gt; wa United States''' ('''VPOTUS''', '''VP''', panji mwakuzgoŵeleka '''veep''')&lt;ref name=&quot;Veep&quot;/&gt; ni udindo wa wachiŵiri wapachanya chomene mu [[Nthambi ya Executive ya Boma la United States|nthambi ya executive]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=October 14, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Weinberg |title='The American Vice Presidency' sketches all 47 men who held America's second-highest office |access-date=October 6, 2019 |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2014/1014/The-American-Vice-Presidency-sketches-all-47-men-who-held-America-s-second-highest-office |archive-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006061616/https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2014/1014/The-American-Vice-Presidency-sketches-all-47-men-who-held-America-s-second-highest-office |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |website=USLegal.com |date=n.d. |title=Vice President |access-date=October 6, 2019 |quote=The Vice President of the United States is the second highest executive office of the United States government, after the President. |url=https://system.uslegal.com/executive-branch/vice-president/ |archive-date=October 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025034243/https://system.uslegal.com/executive-branch/vice-president/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya [[Boma la Federal la United States]], pamanyuma pa [[Mlongozgi wa United States]], ndipo wali pa malo ghakwamba mu [[Mndandanda wa kulondezgana pa udindo wa Mlongozgi wa United States|mndandanda wa kulondezgana pa udindo wa mlongozgi]]. Wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi nayo ni msilikali mu [[Nthambi ya Malango ya Boma la Federal la United States|nthambi ya malango]], ndipo ndiyo '''Mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malango'''. Mu udindo uwu, wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wali na mazaza gha [[Mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malango ya United States|kulongozga]] [[Nyumba ya Malango ya United States]], kweni wangavota yayi kwambura para wakupereka [[Mndandanda wa mavoti ghakupatura agho ghakaperekeka na Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States|voti lakupatura para mavoti ghakuyana]].&lt;ref name=USlegal-VP&gt;{{Cite web| title=Executive Branch: Vice President| work=The US Legal System| url=https://system.uslegal.com/executive-branch/vice-president/| publisher=U.S. Legal Support| access-date=February 20, 2018| archive-date=October 25, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025034243/https://system.uslegal.com/executive-branch/vice-president/| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wakusankhika pa nyengo yimoza na mlongozgi kuti wateŵetere kwa vyaka vinayi na ŵanthu ŵa ku United States kwizira mu [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], kweni mavoti gha Electoral College ghakuponyeka mwakupambana pa maudindo ghaŵiri agha.&lt;ref name=USlegal-VP/&gt; Pamanyuma pakuti mu 1967 pakajumphapo [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sintho la Dango Likuru la nambala 25]] la Dango Likuru la United States, mpando wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi uwo walekeka ungazuzgika na munthu uyo wasankhika na mlongozgi na kukhozgeka na mavoti gha ŵanandi mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. Ichi chikajintha pa [[Tyler Precedent]] iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1841 apo [[John Tyler]] wakaŵa wachiŵiri wakwamba wa mlongozgi kutora udindo wa mlongozgi uyo wakafwa pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya [[William Henry Harrison]].

Udindo wa mazuŵa ghano wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ni udindo wa nkhongono zikuru ndipo ukuwoneka na ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ni chigaŵa chakukhumbikwa chomene cha boma la mlongozgi. Munthu uyo wakwimilira pa visola vya ulongozgi wakusora munthu wakwimilira udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi kuŵa [[Munthu wakwendera nayo pa chisankho|munthu wakwendera nayo pa chisankho]] pambere visola vya ulongozgi vindachitike. Nangauli umo udindo uwu ukuŵira ukusintha mu boma lililose, chifukwa chakuti wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wakuteŵetera chifukwa cha kusankhika, mlongozgi wangamufumiska pa udindo yayi. Ndiposo ubwezi wa pa ntchito pakati pa mlongozgi na wachiŵiri wake ukusintha. Kweni ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵanandi mazuŵa ghano ŵakuteŵetera nga mbaulongozgi ŵakuzirwa ŵa mlongozgi, ŵakwendeska boma pamoza na mlongozgi, kweniso ŵakumimira mlongozgi. Wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi nayo ni membala wa pa dango wa [[Kabineti ya United States]] na [[United States National Security Council|Khonsolo ya Chitetezo cha Charu ya United States]]&lt;ref name=USlegal-VP/&gt; ndipo wakuchita ntchito yikuru mu nthambi ya executive ya boma kweniso pa nkhani za chitetezo cha charu. Apo udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi mu nthambi ya executive ukukulira, udindo wake mu nthambi ya malango ukuchepa; mwachiyelezgero, mazuŵa ghano ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵakulongozga waka Nyumba ya Malango nyengo zichoko chomene.&lt;ref name=Garvey&gt;{{cite journal|last=Garvey|first=Todd|title=A Constitutional Anomaly: Safeguarding Confidential National Security Information Within the Enigma That Is the American Vice Presidency|url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&amp;context=wmborj|journal=William &amp; Mary Bill of Rights Journal|volume=17|issue=2|year=2008|pages=565–605|publisher=[[William &amp; Mary Law School]] Scholarship Repository|location=Williamsburg, Virginia|access-date=July 28, 2018|archive-date=July 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716054155/http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&amp;context=wmborj|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wasintha chomene kufuma apo ukakhazikiskikira pa [[Msonkhano wa Dango Likuru wa United States wa 1787|Msonkhano wa Dango Likuru wa 1787]]. Pakwamba, udindo uwu ukaŵikikapo waka mwambura kuŵikikapo mtima chomene, ndipo ukaŵa wakuwoneka kuŵa wambura kukhumbikwa kwa nyengo yitali ya mbiri ya charu, chomenechomene pamanyuma pakuti [[Sintho la Dango Likuru la nambala 12 la United States|Sintho la Dango Likuru la nambala 12]] likapangiska kuti ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵaleke kuŵa awo ŵakiza pa malo ghachiŵiri pa chisankho cha mlongozgi. Kufuma mu m'ma 1930, udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ukamba kukura pachokopachoko apo [[Ofesi ya Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi wa United States|Ofesi ya Wachiŵiri wa Mlongozgi]] yikakhazikiskika mu nthambi ya executive mu 1939, ndipo kufuma nyengo yira udindo uwu walutilira kukura chomene. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa nkhongono zake na ntchindi zake, mazuŵa ghano udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi kanandi ukuwoneka kuŵa nthowa yakufikira pa udindo wa mlongozgi. Kwambira mu m'ma 1970, wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wali kuŵa na nyumba ya boma yakuzomerezgeka ku [[Number One Observatory Circle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/vp-residence |title=The Vice President's Residence |website=[[White House]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021225638/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/vp_residence/ |archive-date=October 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dango Likuru likupereka yayi mwakudunjika kuti udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ngwa nthambi yili ya boma, ndipo ichi chapangiska mphindano pakati pa ŵasambiri ŵa malango pa nkhani yakuti udindo uwu ngwa nthambi nji (ya executive, ya malango, zose ziŵiri, panji yiliyose yayi).&lt;ref name=Garvey/&gt;&lt;ref name=24KJLPP1&gt;{{cite journal| last=Brownell II| first=Roy E.| title=A Constitutional Chameleon: The Vice President's Place within the American System of Separation of Powers Part I: Text, Structure, Views of the Framers and the Courts| url=https://law.ku.edu/sites/law.drupal.ku.edu/files/docs/law_journal/v24/Brownell.pdf| journal=Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy| volume=24| issue=1| date=Fall 2014| pages=1–77| access-date=July 27, 2018| archive-date=December 30, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230020232/http://law.ku.edu/sites/law.drupal.ku.edu/files/docs/law_journal/v24/Brownell.pdf| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maghanoghano gha mazuŵa ghano ghakuti wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ni msilikali wa nthambi ya executive—uyo wali kutolekapo pafupifupi chose mu nthambi ya malango—ghafuma chomene pa kupika mazaza gha executive kwa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi na mlongozgi panji Congress.&lt;ref name=Garvey/&gt;&lt;ref name=Goldstein&gt;{{cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Joel K.|title=The New Constitutional Vice Presidency|journal=Wake Forest Law Review|volume=30|page=505|publisher=Wake Forest Law Review Association, Inc.|url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&amp;context=wmborj|location=Winston Salem, NC|year=1995|access-date=July 16, 2018|archive-date=July 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716054155/http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&amp;context=wmborj|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndipouli, ŵachiŵiri ŵa mlongozgi ŵanandi ŵali kuteŵeterapo kale mu Congress, ndipo kanandi ŵakupelekeka ntchito yakovwira kukhozga ndondomeko za malango za boma. [[John Adams]] wakaŵa wachiŵiri wakwamba wa mlongozgi wa charu ichi. [[JD Vance]] ndiyo ni wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi wa nambala 50 ndipo ndiyo wali pa udindo sono kufuma pa Januwale 20, 2025.

==Mbili na kukula kwake==
===Msonkhano wa Dango Likuru===
Pakaŵavya kuyowoyeka kulikose kwa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi pa [[Msonkhano wa Dango Likuru wa United States wa 1787|Msonkhano wa Dango Likuru]] wa 1787 mpaka chakumunjilira kwa msonkhano apo komiti ya ŵanthu khumi na yumoza ya &quot;Nkhani Zakukhalira&quot; yikapeleka nthowa yakusankhira mlongozgi mukuru (mlongozgi).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Major Themes at the Constitutional Convention: 8. Establishing the Electoral College and the Presidency|url=http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/convention/themes/8.html|website=Teaching American History|publisher=Ashbrook Center at Ashland University |first1= Gordon |last1=Lloyd |location=Ashland, Ohio|access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-date=February 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210174819/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/convention/themes/8.html|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kale ŵimiliri ŵa msonkhano ŵakaghanaghananga vya umo mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Malango wasankhirikenge, ndipo ŵakadumura kuti &quot;Nyumba ya Malango yisankhenge Mulongozgi wake&quot;, ndipo ŵakazomerezga kuti msilikali uyu ndiyo waŵenge wakulondezgapo mlongozgi wa boma para wasoŵapo. Ŵakaghanaghanaso vya nthowa yakusankhira mlongozgi wa boma kweni ŵakatondeka kufiska fundo yimoza. Ichi chose chikasintha pa Seputembala 4 apo komiti yikapeleka fundo yakuti mlongozgi wa charu wasankhikenge na [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], ndipo [[Boma la United States|boma]] lililose liŵenge na ŵakusankha mlongozgi ŵakukwana na unandi wa [[Ŵimiliri mu Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya United States|ŵimiliri]] na [[Nyumba ya Malango ya United States|ŵaseneta]] awo boma lira lili nawo.&lt;ref name=Garvey/&gt;&lt;ref name=RA2005TLR&gt;{{cite journal|last=Albert|first=Richard|title=The Evolving Vice Presidency|journal=Temple Law Review|date=Winter 2005|volume=78|issue=4|url=https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1624&amp;context=lsfp|pages=811–896|publisher=Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|access-date=July 29, 2018|via=Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School|archive-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401064932/https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1624&amp;context=lsfp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakumanya kuti kugomezgeka ku boma la munthu yekha kukaŵa kwakukhora kuluska kugomezgeka ku mgwirizano uphya wa maboma, awo ŵakalemba Dango Likuru ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵakusankha payekhapayekha ŵazamukhumba kusankha munthu wakufuma mu boma lawo (uyo wakumanyikwa kuti &quot;[[Mwana wakutemweka wa boma]]&quot;) kuluska munthu wakufuma mu boma linyake. Ntheura ŵakakhazikiska udindo wa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ndipo ŵakalamura kuti ŵakusankha ŵavotere ŵanthu ŵaŵiri, ndipo yumoza wa iwo wakwenera kufuma kuwaro kwa boma la wakusankha, pakugomezga kuti voti yachiŵiri yipelekekenge kwa munthu uyo wakwimira charu chose.&lt;ref name=RA2005TLR/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=US Vice Presidents|url=http://www.historytoday.com/mark-rathbone/us-vice-presidents|last=Rathbone|first=Mark|magazine=History Review|issue=71|date=December 2011|publisher=History Today|location=London|access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-date=February 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219050924/http://www.historytoday.com/mark-rathbone/us-vice-presidents|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kweniso, kuti ŵajivikilire ku nthowa yakuti ŵakusankha ŵangataya mwadala voti yawo yachiŵiri chifukwa cha ndondomeko za visankho, ŵakalemba kuti munthu uyo waŵenge pa malo ghachiŵiri ndiyo waŵenge wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi.&lt;ref name=RA2005TLR/&gt;

Nthowa iyi yakusankhira mlongozgi na wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi, iyo yikalembeka mu [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 3: Electoral College|Article{{spaces}}II, Section{{spaces}}1, Clause{{spaces}}3]], yikapeleka ku [[Boma la United States|boma]] lililose unandi wa ŵakusankha wakuyana na unandi wa ŵaseneta na ŵimiliri ŵake mu Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri. Wakusankha waliyose wakazomerezgekanga kuvotera ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa udindo wa mlongozgi (m'malo mwa kuvotera mlongozgi na wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi payekhapayekha), kweni wakatondekanga [[Kuvota mwakulondezgana|kupambaniska]] pakati pa chisankho chake chakwamba na chachiŵiri pa ulongozgi. Munthu uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene (para ghakaŵa [[ŵanandi kuluska hafu]] ya ŵakusankha wose) ndiyo wakaŵa mlongozgi, ndipo munthu uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi ghakulondezgapo wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi. Usange pakaŵa kuyana kwa malo ghakwamba panji ghachiŵiri, panji usange pakaŵavya uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi kuluska hafu, mlongozgi na wachiŵiri wa mlongozgi ŵakasankhikanga kwizira mu ndondomeko za [[chisankho chakusankha na nyumba ya malango]] izo zikalembeka mu ndime iyi.
===Ŵaŵakalamba ŵa vice president ŵakwambilira na Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chiŵiri===
[[File:John Adams 1800 to 1815 Portrait (4x5 cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|250px|[[John Adams]], vice president wakwamba wa United States]]

Ŵa vice president ŵaŵili ŵakwambilira, [[John Adams]] na [[Thomas Jefferson]], wose awo ŵakasanga udindo uwu chifukwa ŵakaŵa ŵaŵili panyuma pa awo ŵakatora malo mu visola vya mlongozgi, ŵakalamuliranga nyengo zose pa milimo ya Senate ndipo ŵakachita vinandi kupanga mulimo wa president wa Senate.&lt;ref name=VP-PS/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last=Schramm| first=Peter W.| title=Essays on Article I: Vice President as Presiding Officer| url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/15/vice-president-as-presiding-officer| work=Heritage Guide to the Constitution| publisher=The Heritage Foundation| access-date=July 27, 2018| archive-date=August 22, 2020| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822232208/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/%23!/amendments/8/essays/161/cruel-and-unusual-punishment#!/articles/1/essays/15/vice-president-as-presiding-officer| url-status=unfit}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ŵa vice president ŵanyake ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800—nga ni [[George M. Dallas|George Dallas]], [[Levi Morton]], na [[Garret Hobart]]—ŵakalondezga chiyelezgero chawo ndipo ŵakalongozganga makora, kweni ŵanyake ŵakaŵa yayi ŵakuŵapo kanandi.&lt;ref name=VP-PS/&gt;

Kuwuka kwa [[Political party|vyama vya ndale]] na ndondomeko za visola vya pa charu chose izo zikulongozgekanga pamoza mu vyaka vya m'ma 1790 (izo ŵanthu awo ŵakapanga Malango ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandaghanaghanepo) kukasuzga luŵiro ndondomeko ya visola iyo yikaŵa mu Malango ghakwambilira. Mu [[1796 United States presidential election|visola vya 1796]], munthu wa [[Federalist Party|Chama cha Federalist]] John Adams wakatora chipani cha upresidenti, kweni mulwani wake, munthu wa [[Democratic-Republican Party|Chama cha Democratic-Republican]] Thomas Jefferson, wakiza wachiwiri ndipo ntheura wakatora udindo wa vice president. Chifukwa cha ichi, president na vice president ŵakaŵa ŵa vyama vyakupambana; ndipo Jefferson wakagwiliskira ntchito udindo wa vice president kususkana na ndondomeko za president. Pamanyuma, vyaka vinayi vikati vyajumphapo, mu [[1800 United States presidential election|visola vya 1800]], Jefferson na munyake wa Democratic-Republican [[Aaron Burr]] wose ŵakasanga mavoti 73 gha ŵanthu ŵa visola. Mu visola vyapadera ivyo vikachitika pamanyuma, Jefferson wakamalizga kutora chipani cha upresidenti pa voti ya 36, ndipo Burr wakasida udindo wa vice president. Pamanyuma pake, ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika kwizira mu [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chiŵiri kwa Malango gha United States]] mu nyengo yakuti yigwiriskike ntchito mu [[1804 United States presidential election|visola vya 1804]].&lt;ref name=HF-XII&gt;{{cite news|last=Fried|first=Charles|title=Essays on Amendment XII: Electoral College|work=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution|url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=February 20, 2018|archive-date=August 22, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822232208/https://www.heritage.org/constitution/%23!/amendments/8/essays/161/cruel-and-unusual-punishment#!/amendments/12/essays/165/electoral-college|url-status=unfit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vyakwambilira===

Kwa nyengo yikuru ya kukhalapo kwake, udindo wa vice president ukawoneleranga nga ni udindo wambura kuzirwa chomene. John Adams, vice president wakwamba, wakaŵa wakwamba mwa ŵanandi awo ŵakakwiyiskika na &quot;kuŵa wambura kuzirwa chomene&quot; kwa udindo uwu. Kwa muwoli wake [[Abigail Adams]] wakalemba kuti, &quot;Charu chane mu vinjeru vyake chaninozgera udindo wambura kuzirwa chomene uwo munthu wangapangapo{{spaces}}... panji maghanoghano ghake ghangananga panji ghakawona; ndipo pakuti ningachita yayi chinthu chiwemi panji chiheni, nkhenera kutoleka na ŵanyake ndipo kukumana na ivyo wose ŵakukumana navyo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Smith| first=Page| author-link=Page Smith| title=John Adams| volume=II 1784–1826| date=1962| publisher=Doubleday| location= New York| lccn=63-7188| page=844}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thomas R. Marshall]], uyo wakaŵa vice president kufuma mu 1913 kufika mu 1921 pasi pa President [[Woodrow Wilson]], wakadandawura kuti: &quot;Kale kukaŵa ŵana ŵaŵili ŵakufuma kwa nyina yumoza. Yumoza wakachimbira ku nyanja; munyake wakasankhika kuŵa Vice President wa United States. Ndipo palije chinthu chinyake chikapulikikwa chakukhwaskana na waliyose wa iwo kufuma apo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;casevpquote&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.case.edu/news/2004/10-04/vp_trivia.htm|title=A heartbeat away from the presidency: vice presidential trivia|publisher=[[Case Western Reserve University]]|date=October 4, 2004|access-date=September 12, 2008|archive-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019155112/http://case.edu/news/2004/10-04/vp_trivia.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uyo wakiza pamanyuma pake, [[Calvin Coolidge]], wakaŵa wambura kumanyikwa chomene mwakuti [[Major League Baseball]] yikamutumira matikiti ghaulere agho zina lake likalembeka mwakubudika, ndipo mulinda moto wakatondeka kumumanya apo nyumba yake ku Washington yikachimbiliranga chifukwa cha moto.&lt;ref name=&quot;greenberg2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Calvin Coolidge profile|publisher=Macmillan|author=Greenberg, David|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wq1D6hcYlFwC&amp;q=notary&amp;pg=PA40|isbn=978-0-8050-6957-0|pages=40–41|access-date=October 15, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114195045/https://books.google.com/books?id=wq1D6hcYlFwC&amp;q=notary&amp;pg=PA40|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[John Nance Garner]], uyo wakaŵa vice president kufuma mu 1933 kufika mu 1941 pasi pa President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], wakati udindo wa vice president &quot;ngwambura kuzirwa nga ni chinthu chakubikamo maji ghakuthukira.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thinkexist.com/quotation/the_vice-presidency_isn-t_worth_a_pitcher_of_warm/196103.html|title=John Nance Garner quotes|access-date=August 25, 2008|archive-date=April 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414213700/http://thinkexist.com/quotation/the_vice-presidency_isn-t_worth_a_pitcher_of_warm/196103.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Harry S. Truman]], uyo nayo wakaŵa vice president pasi pa Franklin D. Roosevelt, wakati udindo uwu ukaŵa &quot;wakovwira nga ni chibereko chankhondi cha ng'ombe.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Nation: Some Day You'll Be Sitting in That Chair|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875366,00.html|magazine=Time|access-date=October 3, 2014|date=November 29, 1963|archive-date=October 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007074757/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875366,00.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Walter Bagehot]] wakalemba mu ''[[The English Constitution]]'' kuti &quot;[ŵanthu awo ŵakapanga Malango ŵakagomezganga kuti vice president wazamusankhika na Electoral College kuŵa munthu wachiŵiri wavinjeru chomene mu charu. Pakuti udindo wa vice president ukaŵa [[sinecure|udindo wambura mulimo ukuru]], munthu wambura kuzirwa chomene uyo wakukondweska ŵalongozgi ŵa vyandale wakusisikizgika mu udindo uwu nyengo zose. Mwaŵi wakuti wanganjira mu udindo wa president ukaŵa kutali chomene kuti munthu wangaghanaghanirapo yayi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bagehot|first=Walter|title=[[The English Constitution]]|publisher=Collins|year=1963|pages=80|orig-year=1867}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chikaŵa apo [[Whig Party (United States)|Chama cha Whig]] chikapempha [[Daniel Webster]] kuti wimilire pa udindo wa vice president pamoza na [[Zachary Taylor]], ndipo iyo wakazgora kuti &quot;Nkhukhumba yayi kusungika nga ndafwa mpaka apo nizamuŵa nadi wakufwa ndipo ndili mu bokosi lane la nyifwa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;webster-novp&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVSFAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22I+do+not+propose+to+be+buried+until+I+am+really+dead+and+in+my+coffin.%22|title=A Grammar of American Politics: The National Government|last1=Binkley|first1=Wilfred Ellsworth|last2=Moos|first2=Malcolm Charles|author-link2=Malcolm Moos|location=New York|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|year=1949|page=265|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=September 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913042802/https://books.google.com/books?id=FVSFAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22I+do+not+propose+to+be+buried+until+I+am+really+dead+and+in+my+coffin.%22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Wonaso: https://books.google.com/books?id=FVSFAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22I+do+not+propose+to+be+buried+until+I+am+really+dead+and+in+my+coffin.%22+webster (wonjezgerapo lizgu).--&gt; Ichi chikaŵa kachiŵiri apo Webster wakakana udindo uwu, uwo [[William Henry Harrison]] wakamutolera dankha. Chakuzizwiska ntchakuti, ŵa president wose awo ŵakamupempha Webster ŵakafwa ŵachali mu maudindo ghawo, ntheura munthu uyu uyo wakayimirapo katatu wakatenge waŵenge president usange wakazomera umoza mwa maudindo agha. Pakuti ŵa president ŵakufwa viŵi yayi ŵachali mu udindo, kweni, kunozgekera makora kuŵa president kukawoneranga nga ni udindo wa [[United States Secretary of State|Mlembi wa boma wa United States]], uwo Webster wakachitapo pasi pa Harrison, Tyler, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Taylor, uyo wakalondezgana na Fillmore.

Mu vyaka vyakwambilira 100 vya kukhalapo kwa United States, pakaŵa viŵi yayi pasi pa masachizgo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakuti udindo wa vice president ulekeke.&lt;ref name=&quot;ames&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ames|first1=Herman|title=The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History|date=1896|publisher=[[American Historical Association]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/proposedamendmen00amesrich/page/70 70]–72|url=https://archive.org/details/proposedamendmen00amesrich}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusintha kwa Malango kwakwamba pa nkhani iyi kukapelekeka na [[Samuel W. Dana]] mu 1800; kweni kukakanika mu [[United States House of Representatives]] na mavoti 27 ku 85.&lt;ref name=&quot;ames&quot;/&gt; Kachiŵiri, ako kakapelekeka na Senator wa United States [[James Hillhouse]] mu 1808, nako kakakanika.&lt;ref name=&quot;ames&quot;/&gt; Mu vyaka vya kumalizga vya m'ma 1860 na vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1870, pakaŵa masachizgo ghanyake ghankhondi ghakusinthira Malango.&lt;ref name=&quot;ames&quot;/&gt; Mumoza wa awo ŵakakhozgeranga kusintha uku, [[James Mitchell Ashley]], wakayowoya kuti udindo wa vice president ukaŵa &quot;wambura kwenerera&quot; ndipo wankhani zakofya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ames&quot;/&gt;
[[Garret Hobart]], uyo wakaŵa vice president wakwamba pasi pa [[William McKinley]], wakaŵa yumoza mwa ŵa vice president ŵachoko chomene mu nyengo iyi awo ŵakachitapo mulimo ukuru mu boma. Pakuti wakaŵa munthu wakugomezgeka chomene na mlangizi wa president, Hobart wakachemekanga &quot;Msaidizi wa President&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.historycentral.com/Bio/rec/GarretHobart.html|title=Garret Hobart|access-date=August 25, 2008|archive-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233833/http://www.historycentral.com/Bio/rec/GarretHobart.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kweni, kufika mu 1919, ŵa vice president ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kunjira mu maungano gha [[United States Cabinet|Kabineti ya President]]. Ndondomeko iyi yikasinthika na Woodrow Wilson apo wakapempha Thomas R. Marshall kuti walongozge maungano gha Kabineti apo Wilson wakaŵa ku France pakudumbiskana vya [[Treaty of Versailles|Phangano la Versailles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lugar.senate.gov/services/pdf_crs/executive/The_Vice_Presidency.pdf|title=The Vice Presidency: Evolution of the Modern Office, 1933–2001|author=Harold C. Relyea|date=February 13, 2001|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=February 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109070153/http://www.lugar.senate.gov/services/pdf_crs/executive/The_Vice_Presidency.pdf|archive-date=November 9, 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; President [[Warren G. Harding]] nayo wakachemanga Calvin Coolidge ku maungano. Vice president wakalondezgapo, [[Charles G. Dawes]], wakakhumba yayi kuluta ku maungano gha Kabineti pasi pa President Coolidge, ndipo wakati &quot;ndondomeko iyi yingaŵa yakupweteka charu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Charles_Dawes.htm|title=U.S. Senate Web page on Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President (1925–1929)|publisher=Senate.gov|access-date=August 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106112435/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Charles_Dawes.htm|archive-date=November 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kuwuka kwa vice presidency ya mazuŵa ghano===
[[File:Harry S. Truman.jpg|thumb|upright|Nangauli wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chomene nga ni Senator wa Missouri, [[Harry S. Truman]] wakaŵa vice president myezi yitatu pera apo wakaŵa president; wakamanyanga yayi ndondomeko za nkhondo panji za pamanyuma pa nkhondo za [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] apo wakaŵa vice president. Ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa malango kwakukhwaskana na udindo uwu.]]

Mu 1929, Herbert Hoover wakakwezga kuzirwa kwa udindo uwu mwa kuwezgerapo ndondomeko yakucema vice president ku maungano gha kabinethi, iyo president waliyose kufuma apo walutilira kusunga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine| title=National Affairs: Curtis v. Brown?| date=April 21, 1930| url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,739085,00.html| magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| access-date=October 31, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwakupambana na ŵa vice president ŵakale ŵa United States, [[John Nance Garner]] wakaŵa na mulimo ukuru chomene pakupanga ndondomeko za president, ndipo Roosevelt wakagwiliskiranga ntchito umanyi na vinjeru vya Garner pakulongozga malango gha [[New Deal]] kwizira mu Congress.&lt;ref name=garnerpowerandinfluencevicepresident&gt;{{cite news|url=https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/essays/garner-1933-vicepresident|title=John N. Garner (1933–1941)|publisher=Miller Center|accessdate=February 2, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=garnerandfdr&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cah.utexas.edu/museums/garner_bio_three.php|title=Garner the Vice President (1933–1941)|publisher=Briscoe Center for American History|accessdate=February 2, 2026|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512142126/https://www.cah.utexas.edu/museums/garner_bio_three.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vicepresidentprominence&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/garner-john-nance|title=John Nance Garner: The Influential Vice President of the New Deal|first=Lionel V.|last=Patenaude|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=February 2, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kweni, Garner wakapambana maghanoghano na Roosevelt pa nkhani ya &quot;[[Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937|court-packing]]&quot; kukwambilira kwa nyengo yake yachiŵiri, ndipo wakaŵa mulwani mukuru wa Roosevelt. Pakwamba pa nyengo iyo, pa [[Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt|January 20, 1937]], Garner wakaŵa vice president wakwamba kulapizga mulimo pa masitepisi gha Capitol mu mwambo umoza na president, ndondomeko iyo yicali kulutilira. Pambere nyengo iyi yindafike, ŵa vice president ŵakalapizganga mwakawiro pa mwambo wapadera mu chipinda cha Senate. [[Gerald Ford]] na [[Nelson Rockefeller]], awo wose ŵakasankhika ku udindo uwu mwakuyana na malango gha Kusintha kwa 25, ŵakalapizgira mu vipinda vya House na Senate mwakuyana.
Pa [[1940 Democratic National Convention|Msonkhano wa Democratic National Convention wa 1940]], Roosevelt wakasora yekha munthu uyo wakeneranga kwimilira nayo, [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]], m’malo mwa kuleka kuti msonkhano usankhe, apo wakakhumbanga kuti Garner wafumeko.&lt;ref name=VPrising&gt;{{cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Joel M.|title=The Rising Power of the Modern Vice Presidency|journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly|volume=38|issue=3|date=September 2008|pages=374–389|publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02650.x|jstor=41219685|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41219685|access-date=December 10, 2021 | issn = 0360-4918 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamanyuma wakapeleka milimo yikuru kwa Wallace mu nyengo ya [[World War II|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]]. Kweni, pamanyuma pa mphindano zinandi za ndondomeko pakati pa Wallace na ŵa [[Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt|boma la Roosevelt]] kweniso ŵalongozgi ŵa [[Democratic Party (United States)|Chama cha Democratic]], wakakanika kusankhikaso pa [[1944 Democratic National Convention|Msonkhano wa Democratic National Convention wa 1944]]. [[Harry S. Truman]] ndiyo wakasankhika m’malo mwake. Mu mazuŵa ghake {{age in days|January 20, 1945|April 12, 1945}} gha kuŵa vice president, Truman wakamanyanga yayi vya ndondomeko yiliyose ya nkhondo panji ya pamanyuma pa nkhondo, kusazgapo [[Manhattan Project]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JSTOR daily&quot;&gt;{{cite web| last=Feuerherd| first=Peter| title=How Harry Truman Transformed the Vice Presidency| date=May 8, 2018| url=https://daily.jstor.org/how-harry-truman-transformed-the-vice-presidency/| work=JSTOR Daily| publisher=[[JSTOR]]| access-date=August 12, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Truman wakaŵavya mulimo wakuwoneka mu boma la Roosevelt padera pa milimo yake ya ku Congress ndipo wakakumana na president kanandi waka yayi mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa vice president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last=Hamby| first=Alonzo L.| title=Harry Truman: Life Before the Presidency| date=October 4, 2016| url=https://millercenter.org/president/truman/life-before-the-presidency| publisher=Miller Center, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=August 12, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roosevelt wakafwa pa Epulero 12, 1945, ndipo Truman wakanjira mu udindo wa president (umoyo wa Roosevelt ukaŵa wasungika kwa Truman). Pa nyengo iyo wakati, &quot;Nkhajipulika nga ni mwezi, nyenyezi na mapulaneti ghose vikawa pa ine.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Harry S Truman National Historic Site: Missouri| url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/harry_truman_nhs.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430112918/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/harry_truman_nhs.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=April 30, 2009| publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior| access-date=August 12, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakukhumba kuti palije vice president munyengo yakunthazi wazakasangaso wambura kumanya vinthu para wanjira mwamabuchi mu udindo wa president, Truman wakapanga vice president kuŵa membala wa [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], wakuluta ku maungano gha Kabineti ndipo wakupokera uthenga wa chitetezo nyengo zose mu 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;JSTOR daily&quot;/&gt;

Uzirwa wa udindo wa vice president ukakweraso apo [[Richard Nixon]] wakaŵa mu udindo (1953–1961). Wakawoneka chomene mu vyakuwoneska vya nkhani na mu [[Republican Party (United States)|Chama cha Republican]], apo [[Dwight Eisenhower]] wakamupa mazaza kuti walongozgenge maungano gha [[Cabinet of the United States|Kabineti]] para iyo palije kweniso kuti wapoke kwa nyengo yichoko mazaza gha boma la ukulongozgi, ndipo wakachita nthena apo Eisenhower wakalwara na [[myocardial infarction|matenda gha mtima]] pa Seputembala 24, 1955, [[ileitis]] mu Juni 1956, na [[stroke]] mu Novembala 1957. Nixon wakaŵaso wakuwoneka pa charu chose mu nyengo yake ya mulimo.&lt;ref name=&quot;JSTOR daily&quot;/&gt;

Kufika mu 1961, ŵa vice president ŵakaŵa na maofesi ghawo pa [[Capitol Hill]], ofesi yakuzirwa mu Capitol yeneko kweniso ofesi yakugwirirapo ntchito mu [[Russell Senate Office Building]]. [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] wakaŵa vice president wakwamba kupelekeka ofesi mu malo gha White House, mu [[Old Executive Office Building]]. Ofesi ya uyo kale wakaŵa Mlembi wa Navy mu OEOB, kufuma apo yikachemekanga &quot;Ceremonial Office of the Vice President&quot; ndipo sono yikugwiliskirika ntchito pa milimo ya mwambo na ma interview gha atolankhani. President [[Jimmy Carter]] wakaŵa president wakwamba kupeleka vice president wake, [[Walter Mondale]], ofesi mu [[West Wing]] ya White House, ndipo ŵa vice president wose kufuma apo ŵasungilira ofesi iyi. Chifukwa cha mulimo wawo nga ni president wa Senate, ŵa vice president ŵachali kusunga maofesi na ŵantchito pa Capitol Hill. Kusintha uku kukachitika chifukwa Carter wakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakuti udindo wa vice presidency ukaŵa chinthu icho chikaphyoka ntchito mu mdauko ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti vice president wake waŵengepo mu kupanga vyakusankha. Carter wakawona mwakupulikikwa, kuyana na Joel Goldstein, umo Roosevelt wakachitira na Truman kuŵa &quot;kwambura makola&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WPO 41921&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Balz|first=Dan|title=Mondale lost the presidency but permanently changed the office of vice presidency|date=April 19, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/mondale-lost-the-presidency-but-permanently-changed-the-office-of-vice-presidency/2021/04/19/478b1a68-a17b-11eb-85fc-06664ff4489d_story.html|access-date=August 2, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chinthu chinyake icho chikapangiska kuti kuzirwa kwa vice presidency kukwere chikaŵa kukura kwa kugwiliskira ntchito visola vya pakwamba vya kusora ŵimiliri ŵa vyama mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Pakugwiliskira ntchito visola vya pakwamba, gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa vice president likakura chifukwa cha unandi na umanyi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵa president, awo ŵakatheranga mu visola vinyake vya pakwamba kweni pamanyuma ŵakatondeka kusanga kusankhika pa msonkhano wa chipani.&lt;ref name=VPrising/&gt;

Pakudangulira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, [[Dick Cheney]] (2001–2009) wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi chomene mu boma, ndipo kanandi waka wakasankhanga vyakusankha vya ndondomeko yekha, kwambura kumanyiska president.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kenneth T. Walsh&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031013/13cheney.htm|title=Dick Cheney is the most powerful vice president in history. Is that good?|magazine=U.S. News &amp; World Report|author=Kenneth T. Walsh|date=October 3, 2003|access-date=September 13, 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205021439/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031013/13cheney.htm|archive-date=February 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kukura mwaluŵiro uku kukapangiska [[Matthew Yglesias]] na [[Bruce Ackerman]] kupempha kuti udindo wa vice president ulekeke&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Yglesias|first1=Matthew|title=End the Vice Presidency|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/end-the-vice-presidency/307516/|access-date=December 28, 2017|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=July 2009|archive-date=December 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229052318/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/end-the-vice-presidency/307516/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Ackerman|first1=Bruce|title=Abolish the vice presidency|url=http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-oe-ackerman2-2008oct02-story.html?barc=0|access-date=December 28, 2017|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 2, 2008|archive-date=December 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112244/http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-oe-ackerman2-2008oct02-story.html?barc=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; apo ŵa vice president wose ŵa [[2008 United States presidential election|visola vya 2008]], [[Sarah Palin]] na [[Joe Biden]], ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakhumbenge kuchepeska mulimo uwu kuti uŵe wa kuŵa waka mlangizi wa president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89FbCPzAsRA|title=Full Vice Presidential Debate with Gov. Palin and Sen. Biden|date=October 2, 2008 |publisher=YouTube|access-date=October 30, 2011|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114195116/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89FbCPzAsRA|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Milimo ya mu Malango gha boma==
{{Politics of the United States}}

Nangauli ŵimiliri ku msonkhano wakupanga Malango ŵakazomerezga kukhazikiska udindo uwu, uwo ukaŵa na milimo ya ukulongozgi na ya Senate, ŵanandi ŵakamanyanga yayi chomene vya udindo uwu, ntheura ŵakamupa vice president milimo yichoko na mazaza ghachoko.&lt;ref name=VP-PS&gt;{{cite web| title=Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate)| website=senate.gov| url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Vice_President.htm| publisher=Secretary of the Senate| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=July 28, 2018| archive-date=November 15, 2002| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021115191818/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Vice_President.htm| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mazuŵa ghakale, ni vyaru vichoko waka ndivyo vikaŵa na udindo wakuyana na uwu. Pakati pa ivyo vikaŵa nawo, [[New York Constitution|malango gha New York]] ghakayowoya kuti &quot;lieutenant-governor, chifukwa cha udindo wake, ndiyo ni president wa Senate, ndipo para mavoti ghagaŵikana mwakuyana, wangaŵa na voti yakumalizga pa ivyo ŵakusankha, kweni wangavota yayi pa nyengo zinyake&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=The Senate and the United States Constitution | url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Constitution_Senate.htm#5 | website=senate.gov | publisher=Secretary of the Senate | location=Washington, D.C. | access-date=February 20, 2018 | archive-date=February 11, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211193328/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Constitution_Senate.htm#5 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntheura, pakwamba vice presidency yikaŵa na mazaza mu malo ghachoko waka, kweni kusintha kwa Malango kwawonjezera panji kuwoneska makora vinthu vinyake.

===President wa Senate===

[[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 4: Vice President as President of Senate|Chigaŵa chakwamba cha Malango gha United States#Ndime 4: Vice President nga ni President wa Senate]] mu [[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article I]], Chigaŵa 3, Ndime 4, chikupeleka kwa vice president udindo wa &quot;President wa Senate&quot;, ndipo chikupereka mazaza kwa vice president kuti [[Presiding Officer of the United States Senate|walongozge maungano gha Senate]]. Mu mulimo uwu, vice president ndiyo wakwenera kusunga ndondomeko na ulemu mu maungano, kumanya ŵabali awo ŵakhumba kuyowoya, kweniso kulongosora malango, ndondomeko na ivyo vikachitikapo kale mu Senate. Pa udindo uwu pakwiza so mazaza gha [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States|kuvota para mavoti ghagaŵikana mwakuyana]].&lt;ref name=VP-PS/&gt; Mu ntchito, unandi wa nyengo izo ŵa vice president ŵagwiliskira ntchito wanangwa uwu wapambana chomene. [[Kamala Harris]] wali na mbiri ya mavoti 33, kulondezgana na [[John C. Calhoun]] uyo pakwamba wakaŵa na mbiri iyi na mavoti 31; [[John Adams]] wali pa malo ghachitatu na mavoti 29.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lebowitz|first1=Megan|last2=Thorp|first2=Frank|last3=Santaliz|first3=Kate|title=Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tie-breaking votes|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999|website=NBC News|date=December 5, 2023|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205185108/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Votes to Break Ties in the Senate |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/TieVotes.htm |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=United States Senate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ŵa vice president khumi na ŵaŵiri ŵakavuotapo yayi mavoti ghakumalizga para mavoti ghagaŵikana.

Pakuti awo ŵakapanga Malango ŵakaghanaghananga kuti vice president wazamuŵapo yayi nyengo zose kuti wachite mulimo uwu, Malango ghakuzomerezga kuti Senate yingasora [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore]] (panji &quot;[[Pro tempore|president wa kanyengo]]&quot;) kuti yilutilire kusunga ndondomeko yakwenelera ya milimo ya kupanga malango. Kweni mu ntchito, kufuma kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, nanga ni president wa Senate panji pro tempore wakulongozga maungano nyengo zose yayi; m’malo mwake, president pro tempore kanandi wakupereka mulimo uwu ku ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa Senate.&lt;ref&gt;[[Standing Rules of the Senate Rule XIX|Dango XIX la Malango gha Senate]], ilo likulongozga vyakuyowoya, likumupa yayi vice president mazaza ghakunjira mu vyakuyowoya, ndipo likupeleka wanangwa wakuyowoya mu Senate ku ŵabali ŵa Senate pera (kweniso, para ŵamanyiskika makora, ŵa president ŵakale ŵa United States), kwambura kumupa wanangwa wakuyowoya wakuyana na uwu vice president uyo wali pa udindo. Ntheura, magazini ya ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' yikalemba mu 1925, mu nyengo ya [[Charles G. Dawes]], kuti &quot;kanayi pera mu vyaka vinayi vice president wangayowoya kachoko, ndipo pamanyuma wamalizga. Kwa vyaka vinayi wakwenera kukhala pa mpando wa munthu wambura kuyowoya, kupulikizga nkhani zakudidima panji zinyake, za kughanaghanira panji kusekeska.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=President Dawes|department=The Congress|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786539,00.html|url-access=subscription|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|location=New York, New York|date=December 14, 1925|volume=6|issue=24|access-date=July 31, 2018|archive-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019162915/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786539,00.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==== Kulongozga pa milandu yakufumiska ŵalara mu maudindo ====
Mu mulimo wawo nga ni president wa Senate, vice president wangalongozga milandu yinandi ya [[Federal impeachment trial in the United States|kufumiska mu udindo ŵalara ŵa boma la pakati]], nangauli Malango ghakuyowoya mwakudunjika yayi kuti wachite nthena. Kweni para president wa United States wali pa mulandu, Malango ghakukhumba kuti [[chief justice of the United States|wakulongozga khoti likuru la United States]] ndiyo walongozge. Ndondomeko iyi yikapangika kuti yileke kuŵa suzgo la kukolerana kwa vyakukhumba, chifukwa cha kupangiska vice president kulongozga mulandu wa kufumiska mu udindo munthu yumoza uyo wali pakati pa iyo na upresidenti. Mwakupambana na ichi, Malango ghakuyowoya yayi kuti ni mulongozgi nuyu wa boma la pakati uyo wangalongozga para vice president wali pa mulandu mu Senate.&lt;ref name=24KJLPP1/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| title=Can the Vice President preside at his own impeachment trial?: A critique of bare textualism| last=Goldstein| first=Joel K.| url=https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=392001104070027081022120029066016007014068057063028037092012019031105007127000116031006037049124106003039080094094007065105089046016030083072001069104126069096114087051008094092074006002100029126100108126094011105105076101115026002005094084099102090074&amp;EXT=pdf| year=2000| volume=44| journal=Saint Louis University Law Journal| pages=849–870| access-date=September 30, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114195031/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3297261| archive-date=January 14, 2021| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Palije vice president uyo wakafumiskika mu udindo kwizira mu mulandu wa impeachment, ntheura vikumanyikwa yayi usange vice president uyo wafumiskika mu udindo wangalongozga mulandu wake wa impeachment nga ni president wa Senate.

==== Kulongozga kupenda mavoti gha visola vya ŵanthu ŵa visola ====
Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chiŵiri kukupereka kuti vice president, mu mulimo wake nga ni president wa Senate, wapokere mavoti gha [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]], ndipo pamanyuma, pamaso pa Senate na House of Representatives, wazule mavoti ghakufinyika mu makhwangwa.&lt;ref name=A2TKec/&gt; Pamanyuma mavoti ghakuŵerengedwa na Congress pa [[Joint session of the United States Congress|msonkhano wakukolerana]], kuyana na ndondomeko zinyake izo zili mu [[Electoral Count Act]] ndipo zikasinthika na [[Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Bessette |first1=Joseph |last2=Schmitt |first2=Gary |author-link2=Gary Schmitt |date=2023-04-19 |title=Counting Electoral Votes: How the Constitution Empowers Congress—and Not the Vice President—to Resolve Electoral Disputes |url=https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/counting-electoral-votes-how-the-constitution-empowers-congressand-not-the-vice-presidentto-resolve-electoral-disputes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927113615/https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/counting-electoral-votes-how-the-constitution-empowers-congressand-not-the-vice-presidentto-resolve-electoral-disputes/ |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=[[American Enterprise Institute]] |language=en-US }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dango lakwamba likuyowoya kuti president wa Senate walongozga msonkhano wakukolerana,&lt;ref&gt;[https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=24&amp;page=373 24 Stat. 373] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015112458/https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=24&amp;page=373 |date=October 15, 2020 }} (Feb. 3, 1887).&lt;/ref&gt; ndipo lachiŵiri likulongosora kuti mulimo wa president wa Senate mu ndondomeko iyi ngwa kupulikira waka malango kwambura kuŵa na mazaza ghanyake.&lt;ref&gt;[https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=136&amp;page=5234# 136 Stat. 5238] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231027221946/https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=136&amp;page=5234 |date=October 27, 2023}} (Dec. 9, 2022).&lt;/ref&gt; Msonkhano wakukolerana wakulondezgapo pa nkhani iyi ukukayikika kuti uzamuchitika pamanyuma pa [[2028 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya 2028]], pa Janyuwale 6, 2029 (panyake usange Congress yasora zuŵa linyake kwizira mu dango).&lt;ref name=CRS2017THN/&gt;

Mu mulimo uwu, ŵa vice president ŵanayi ŵakakwaniska kulengezga kusankhika kwawo kuŵa president: [[John Adams]] mu 1797, [[Thomas Jefferson]] mu 1801, [[Martin Van Buren]] mu 1837 na [[George H. W. Bush]] mu 1989.&lt;ref name=VP-PS/&gt; Mwakupambana na ichi, ŵa vice president ŵanayi ŵakakhumbikwira kulengezga kusankhika kwa ŵalwani ŵawo kuŵa president: [[John C. Breckinridge]] mu 1861,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Glass|first=Andrew|title=Senate expels John C. Breckinridge, Dec. 4, 1861|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/12/senate-expels-john-c-breckinridge-dec-4-1861-113297|date=December 4, 2014|publisher=Politico|location=Arlington County, Virginia|access-date=July 29, 2018|archive-date=September 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923114731/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/12/senate-expels-john-c-breckinridge-dec-4-1861-113297|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Richard Nixon]] mu 1961,&lt;ref name=EV1969count&gt;{{cite news|author=&lt;!--UPI; no by-line.--&gt; |title=Electoral Vote Challenge Loses|work=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|date=January 7, 1969|pages=1, 6|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BvsNAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=x3sDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3226,4398264|access-date=July 29, 2018|via=Google News}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Al Gore]] mu [[2001 United States Electoral College vote count|2001]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Glass|first=Andrew|title=Congress certifies Bush as winner of 2000 election, Jan. 6, 2001|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/congress-certifies-bush-as-winner-of-2000-election-jan-6-2001-217291|date=January 6, 2016|publisher=Politico|location=Arlington County, Virginia|access-date=July 29, 2018|archive-date=September 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923123421/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/congress-certifies-bush-as-winner-of-2000-election-jan-6-2001-217291|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Kamala Harris]] mu [[2025 United States Electoral College vote count|2025]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Korecki |first1=Natasha |last2=Leach |first2=Brennan |title=With an intent stare, a wide smile and a simple declaration, Harris certifies her loss to Trump |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/kamala-harris/kamala-harris-certifies-loss-donald-trump-rcna186013 |website=NBC News |date=January 6, 2025 |access-date=January 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1969, Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]] nayo wakatenge wachitapo nthena, pamanyuma pa kutondeka kwa visola vya 1968 kwa Richard Nixon; kweni pa zuŵa la msonkhano wakukolerana wa Congress, Humphrey wakaŵa ku [[Norway]] kuluta ku nyifwa ya [[Trygve Lie]], uyo wakaŵa [[Secretary-General]] wakwamba kusankhika wa [[United Nations]]. President pro tempore, [[Richard Russell Jr.|Richard Russell]], ndiyo wakalongozga mu malo ghake.&lt;ref name=&quot;EV1969count&quot; /&gt; Pa Febuluwale 8, 1933, Vice President [[Charles Curtis]] wakalengezga chipulikano cha kusankhika kwa uyo wakalondezganga pa udindo wake, Speaker wa House [[John Nance Garner]], apo Garner wakakhala pafupi nayo pa {{Linktext|dais}} ya House.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;| title=Congress Counts Electoral Vote; Joint Session Applauds Every State Return as Curtis Performs Grim Task. Yells Drown His Gavel Vice President Finally Laughs With the Rest as Victory of Democrats Is Unfolded. Opponents Cheer Garner Speaker Declares His Heart Will Remain in the House, Replying to Tribute by Snell| date=February 9, 1933| newspaper=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/02/09/archives/congress-counts-electoral-vote-joint-session-applauds-every-state.html| via=TimesMachine| access-date=October 1, 2019| archive-date=February 11, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211172940/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/02/09/archives/congress-counts-electoral-vote-joint-session-applauds-every-state.html| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwakuyana waka, [[Walter Mondale]], mu 1981, [[Dan Quayle]], mu 1993, na [[Mike Pence]], mu [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|2021]], waliyose wakakhumbikwira kulengezga kupokera kwa uyo wakalondezganga pa udindo wawo, pamanyuma pa kutondeka kusankhika kachiŵiri.
===Wakunthazi wa president wa United States===
[[File:Tyler receives news.jpg|thumb|alt=Chithuzi:Tyler wakimilira pa khonde la nyumba yake ku Virginia, ndipo munthu wakwiza kwa iyo na envelopu. Mazu ghali pasi ghakuti &quot;Tyler wakupokera uthenga wa nyifwa ya Harrison.&quot;|upright=1.05|Chithuzi cha mu 1888 cha [[John Tyler]] wakupokera uthenga wa nyifwa ya President [[William Henry Harrison]] kufuma kwa Chief Clerk wa State Department [[Fletcher Webster]]]]

[[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 6: Vacancy and disability|Chigaŵa chachiŵiri cha Malango gha United States#Ndime 6: Malo ghakuleka kanthawi na kutondeka kugwira ntchito]] mu [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Article II]], Chigaŵa 1, Ndime 6, chikuyowoya kuti vice president wakutora &quot;mazaza na milimo&quot; ya upresidenti para president wafumiskika mu udindo, wafwa, waleka udindo, panji watondeka kugwira ntchito.&lt;ref name=FordhamLaw2011&gt;{{cite journal|last=Feerick|first=John D.|journal=Fordham Law Review|volume=79|issue=3|date=2011|pages=907–949|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&amp;context=flr|title=Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment|publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]]|location=New York City|access-date=July 7, 2017|archive-date=August 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820001749/http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4695&amp;context=flr|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nangauli vili nthena, likayowoya mwakudunjika yayi usange vice president wakaŵa president panji wakachitanga waka nga ni president mu nyengo ya kulondezgana kwa maudindo. Mazu agho ghakalembeka pa msonkhano wakupanga Malango mu 1787, pamoza na ivyo ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵapo pa msonkhano uwu ŵakalemba pamanyuma, vikulongora kuti awo ŵakapanga Malango ŵakakhumbanga kuti vice president wazamugwiliskira ntchito kanyengo mazaza na milimo ya udindo uwu para president wafwa, watondeka kugwira ntchito, panji wafumiskika mu udindo, kweni wazamuŵa yayi president wa United States mu udindo wake wenecho.&lt;ref name=PVPS2004OCL&gt;{{cite web|last=Neale|first=Thomas H.|title=Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation|work=CRS Report for Congress|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31761.pdf|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=September 27, 2004|access-date=July 27, 2018|archive-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173057/https://web.archive.org/web/20201114173057/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31761.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=From Failing Hands: the Story of Presidential Succession|last1=Feerick|first1=John D.|last2=Freund|first2=Paul A.|date=1965|url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&amp;context=twentyfifth_amendment_books|publisher=Fordham University Press|location=New York City|page=56|lccn=65-14917|access-date=July 31, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120053125/https://web.archive.org/web/20201120053125/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&amp;context=twentyfifth_amendment_books|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maghanoghano agha ghakayezgeka kakwamba mu 1841, pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya President [[William Henry Harrison]], pamanyuma pa mazuŵa {{age in days|March 4, 1841|April 4, 1841}} pera kufuma apo wakamba mulimo wake. Vice president wa Harrison, [[John Tyler]], wakayowoya kuti kuyana na Malango, iyo wakalondezga pa udindo wa president, osati kutora waka mazaza na milimo yake. Wakajilapizga yekha kuŵa president ndipo wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito mazaza ghose gha president, kukana kuzomera mabuku agho ghakamuchema kuti &quot;Acting President&quot;.&lt;ref name=JTDA&gt;{{cite web|title=John Tyler: Domestic Affairs|last=Freehling|first=William|date=October 4, 2016|url=https://millercenter.org/president/tyler/domestic-affairs|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|location=Charllotesville, Virginia|access-date=July 29, 2018|archive-date=March 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033201/https://millercenter.org/president/tyler/domestic-affairs|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nangauli ŵanyake mu Congress ŵakasuska ivyo Tyler wakayowoya nga ni kuswa Malango,&lt;ref name=FordhamLaw2011/&gt; iyo wakalutilira na maghanoghano ghake. Pamanyuma maghanoghano ghake ghakazomerezgeka apo Senate na House wose ŵakavota kumumanya nga ni president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x|last=Abbott|first=Philip|title=Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession|journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly|date=December 2005|volume=35|issue=4|pages=627–645|jstor=27552721}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tyler Precedent|Ndondomeko ya Tyler]] yakuti vice president wakutora zina lose na mulimo wa president para uyo wakamutolelanga wafwa, waleka udindo, panji wafumiskika mu udindo (kwizira mu kweruzgika kwa impeachment) yikazomerezgeka mu Malango kwizira mu [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chinkhondi kwa Malango gha United States]] mu 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=A controversial President who established presidential succession| date=March 29, 2017| url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/john-tyler-americas-most-unusual-president| work=Constitution Daily| publisher=[[National Constitution Center]]| location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania| access-date=November 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/article-2/05-presidential-succession.html| title=Presidential Succession| work=US Law| publisher=Justia| location=Mountain View, California| access-date=July 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wose pamoza, ŵa vice president 9 ŵakanjira mu udindo wa president mu nyengo iyo udindo ukaŵa kuti wandamalizge. Padera pa Tyler, ŵanyake ni [[Millard Fillmore]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Calvin Coolidge]], [[Harry S. Truman]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], na [[Gerald Ford]]. Ŵanayi mwa iwo—Roosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, na Lyndon B. Johnson—pamanyuma ŵakasankhikaso kuŵa president pa nyengo zawo zose.&lt;ref name=PVPS2004OCL/&gt;
Ŵa vice president ŵanayi awo ŵakaŵa pa udindo ŵakasankhika kuŵa president: [[John Adams]] mu [[1796 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 1796]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] mu [[1800 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 1800]], [[Martin Van Buren]] mu [[1836 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 1836]], na [[George H. W. Bush]] mu [[1988 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 1988]]. Mwakuyana waka, ŵa vice president ŵa kale ŵaŵiri ŵakathereska kuŵa president, [[Richard Nixon]] mu [[1968 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 1968]] na [[Joe Biden]] mu [[2020 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 2020]]. Ŵa vice president ŵankhondi awo ŵakaŵa pa udindo ŵakatondeka mu visola vya president: Breckinridge mu [[1860 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 1860]], Nixon mu [[1960 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 1960]], Humphrey mu 1968, Gore mu [[2000 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 2000]], na Harris mu [[2024 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 2024]]. Mwakuyana waka, vice president wakale Walter Mondale wakatondeka mu [[1984 United States presidential election|visola vya president vya United States vya 1984]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Does the Vice Presidency Give Joe Biden an Advantage in the Race to the Top? Here's How VPs Before Him Fared|last=Waxman|first=Olivia|date=April 25, 2019|url=https://time.com/5549797/joe-biden-president-2020-history/|magazine=Time|access-date=December 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamoza, ŵa vice president 15 ŵakazgoka ŵa president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/vice-presidents-who-became-president-2020-12|title=15 vice presidents who became president themselves|first=Talia|last=Lakritz|website=Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===President wakuchita kanyengo===
{{Further| Acting President of the United States}}

Vigaŵa 3 na 4 vya Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chinkhondi kwa Malango gha United States vikulongosora nyengo izo president wakutondeka kanyengo panji nyengo yose kulongozga, nga ni para president wakuchita opaleshoni, wakulwara chomene panji wavulala, panji wakutondeka kuchita mazaza panji milimo ya upresidenti.&lt;ref name=NCC25th/&gt; Chigaŵa{{spaces}}3 chikuyowoya vya kutondeka kugwira ntchito uko president mweneko wakulengezga, ndipo Chigaŵa{{spaces}}4 chikuyowoya vya kutondeka kugwira ntchito uko vice president na ŵanandi mu Cabinet ŵakupangana.&lt;ref name=NCC25th/&gt; Nangauli Chigaŵa{{spaces}}4 chindagwiliskikepo ntchito, Chigaŵa{{spaces}}3 chagwiliskika ntchito kanayi na ŵa president ŵatatu, kwamba mu 1985. Apo chikagwiliskika ntchito pa Novembala 19, 2021, [[Kamala Harris]] wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba mu mdauko wa United States kuŵa na mazaza na milimo ya president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kate|title=For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power|date=November 19, 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/19/politics/kamala-harris-presidential-power/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=November 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vigaŵa 3 na 4 vikaŵikika chifukwa pakaŵa kusoŵa kumanyikwa mu ndime ya kulondezgana kwa maudindo mu [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Article II]], pa nkhani ya president uyo watondeka kugwira ntchito, kusazgapo ivyo vikupanga &quot;[[incapacity|kutondeka kugwira ntchito]]&quot;, uyo wakusimikizga kuti kutondeka kulipo, kweniso usange vice president wakuzgoka president kuzakamalizga nyengo ya president panji wakaŵa &quot;acting president&quot;. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵa president ŵanandi ŵakasangana na nyengo za matenda ghakuru, kutondeka kwa thupi panji vilonda, vinyake vikatora masabata panji myezi. Mu nyengo izi, nangauli charu chikakhumbanga ulongozgi uwemi wa president, palije vice president uyo wakakhumbanga kuwoneka nga ni uyo wapoka mazaza, ntheura mazaza ghakaŵikika kwa munyake yayi. Pamanyuma pa President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] kuyowoya pakweru vya suzgo la umoyo wake na kupanga phangano na Vice President Richard Nixon ilo likapelekanga mpata kwa Nixon kuchita m'malo mwa iyo usange Eisenhower watondeka kupereka ulongozgi uwemi wa president (Nixon wakachitapo mwakuzomerezgeka yayi pa milimo yinyake ya president kwa masabata ghanandi mu nyengo zitatu apo Eisenhower wakalwaranga), kudumbiskana mu Congress kukamba pa nkhani ya kumazga kusoŵa kumanyikwa uku mu Malango.&lt;ref name=FordhamLaw2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=NCC25th&gt;{{cite web| title=The Twenty-fifth Amendment| last1=Kalt| first1=Brian C.| last2=Pozen| first2=David| url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xxv| work=The Interactive Constitution| publisher=The National Constitution Center| location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania| access-date=July 28, 2018| archive-date=September 4, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904214749/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xxv| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Milimo ya mazuŵa ghano==
Mazaza gha ofesi iyi mazuŵa ghano ghakufuma chomene ku mazaza agho ghakupelekeka mwakudunjika panji mwambura kulembeka kufuma kwa president na Congress.&lt;ref name=24KJLPP1/&gt; Mazaza agha ghangasiyana chomene pa kukura kwake; mwachiyelezgero, vice president ni chiŵaro cha malango cha [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] na wupu wa ŵalongozgi wa [[Smithsonian Institution]].&lt;ref name=USlegal-VP/&gt; Kukura kwa milimo na maudindo gha vice president kukuthemba chomene pa ubale wapadera pakati pa president na vice president, kweni kanandi kukusazgapo milimo nga ni kulemba ndondomeko za boma na kuyowoyera boma, kuŵa mlangizi wa president, kweniso kuŵa chimanyikwilo cha chitima panji chovwiro cha America. Mphaka ya mazaza gha vice president mu milimo iyi yikuthemba pafupifupi yose pa umo boma la president uyo liliri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |date=October 10, 2008 |title=Biden's Brief |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/10/20/bidens-brief |access-date=August 1, 2023 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mlangizi wa president===
[[File:President Donald Trump and Vice President JD Vance walk along the Colonnade towards the Oval Office (54508186298).jpg|thumb|Vice President [[JD Vance]] na President [[Donald Trump]], 2025.]]

Ŵa vice president ŵanandi ŵasono ŵawonekanga nga mbalangizi ŵakuzirwa ŵa president. Walter Mondale, mwakupambana na awo ŵakaŵa pa udindo pambere iyo, wakakhumba yayi kuti milimo yapadera yipelekeke kwa iyo. Mondale wakagomezganga, nga umo wakalembera mu memo kwa president wakusankhika Jimmy Carter pamanyuma pa visola vya 1976, kuti mulimo wake wakuzirwa chomene ukaŵenge kuŵa &quot;mlangizi wa president pa nkhani zose&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WPO 41921&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walter Mondale, [https://www.mnhs.org/collections/upclose/Mondale-CarterMemo-Transcription.pdf Memo to Jimmy Carter re: The Role of the Vice President in the Carter Administration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307080046/http://www.mnhs.org/collections/upclose/Mondale-CarterMemo-Transcription.pdf |date=March 7, 2020 }}, Dec. 9, 1976.&lt;/ref&gt; Al Gore wakaŵa mlangizi wakuzirwa kwa President [[Bill Clinton]] pa nkhani za [[foreign policy|ndondomeko za vyakuwaro]] na [[environmental policy|ndondomeko za chilengedwe]]. Dick Cheney wakamanyikwanga kuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵapafupi chomene na President George W. Bush. Joe Biden wakapempha President Barack Obama kuti wamuzomerezge kuŵa nyengo zose &quot;munthu waumaliro mu chipinda&quot; apo chinthu chikuru chikupangika; pamanyuma, apo wakaŵa president mweneko, Biden wakagwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko iyi na vice president wake, Kamala Harris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Politico&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lizza |first1=Ryan |title=What Harris Got from Biden During Her Job Interview |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/08/13/joe-biden-kamala-harris-relationship-395160 |access-date=14 August 2020 |publisher=Politico |date=August 13, 2020 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194956/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/08/13/joe-biden-kamala-harris-relationship-395160 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessInsider&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-portfolio-2024-president-biden-white-house-administration-2021-1|title=Kamala Harris is the president-in-waiting. Here's how the VP is balancing building her own brand against serving as a loyal soldier on Team Biden.|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|last1=Bravender|first1=Robin|last2=Sfondeles|first2=Tina|date=January 29, 2021|access-date=January 29, 2021|archive-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129145023/https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-portfolio-2024-president-biden-white-house-administration-2021-1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mwenekuso wakuŵira munyake pa ulongozgi===

Ŵa vice president ŵasono ŵapokera mazaza kufuma kwa ma president kuti ŵawongolere ŵekha vigaŵa vikuru vya nkhani. Joe Biden (uyo wali kugwirapo ntchito nga ni President na Vice President wa United States) wakayowoya kuti upresidenti &quot;ngwakukura chomene sono mwakuti munthu yumoza mwanalume panji mwanakazi wangakwaniska yayi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Glueck |first1=Katie |title=Behind Joe Biden's Thinking on a Female Running Mate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/us/politics/joe-biden-vp-running-mate.html |access-date=August 14, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 16, 2020 |archive-date=August 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825135306/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/us/politics/joe-biden-vp-running-mate.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dick Cheney wakaghanaghanika kuti wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi chomene ndipo kanandi wakapanganga vyakusankha vya ndondomeko yekha, kwambura kuti president wamanye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kenneth T. Walsh&quot; /&gt; Barack Obama wakapeleka mulimo kwa Biden wakuti wawongolere ndondomeko ya Iraq; vikayowoyeka kuti Obama wakati, &quot;Joe, iwe ulongozge vya Iraq&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/breaking-maliki-biden |title=Breaking Up: Maliki and Biden |last=Osnos |first=Evan |magazine=The New Yorker |date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2015 |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053443/http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/breaking-maliki-biden |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Febuluwale 2020, [[Donald Trump]] wakasankha Mike Pence kuti walongozge ivyo boma likachitanga pa mulandu wa COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Cancryn|first1=Adam|last2=Forgey|first2=Quint|last3=Diamond|first3=Dan|date=February 27, 2020|title=After fumbled messaging, Trump gets a coronavirus czar by another name|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/02/27/white-house-coronavirus-response-debbie-birx-117893|access-date=July 19, 2021|website=[[POLITICO]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu Malichi 2021, President Biden wakaŵika Kamala Harris kuyang'anira mulimo wakumalana na chiŵelengero chikuru cha ŵasamuka awo ŵakizanga pa mphaka ya [[U.S.–Mexico border|United States na Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=March 24, 2021|title=Biden tasks Harris with tackling migrant influx on US–Mexico border|language=|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56516332|access-date=July 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Mwenekoso wa pa ubali wa Congress===

Vice president kanandi ni mulumikizgi wakuzirwa pakati pa boma na Congress, chomene mu nyengo izo president wandagwirepo ntchito mu Congress panji wakagwirapo ntchito kanyengo kachoko waka. Kanandi ŵa vice president ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵanyawo mu visola chifukwa cha ubale wawo na ŵanthu mu malango, kusazgapo [[Richard Nixon]], [[Lyndon Johnson]], [[Walter Mondale]], [[Dick Cheney]], [[Joe Biden]], na [[Mike Pence]] pamoza na ŵanyake. Mu vyaka vyasono, Dick Cheney wakachitanga maungano gha sabata na sabata mu Chipinda cha Vice President mu [[United States Capitol]], Joe Biden wakachitapo mulimo ukuru mu kudumbiskana kwa bajeti pakati pa vipani viŵiri, ndipo Mike Pence kanandi wakakumananga na ŵa Republican mu House na Senate. Kamala Harris wakalongozganga Senate iyo yikaŵa yakugaŵikana 50–50 mu nyengo ya [[117th United States Congress|Congress ya 117]], icho chikamupa mulimo wakuzirwa pakuzomerezga malango.

===Mjumbe ku vyakuchitika===

Mu ndondomeko ya boma ya America ya [[Presidential system|upresidenti]], president ni [[head of state|mutu wa charu]] na [[head of government|mutu wa boma]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Our Government: The Executive Branch|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/|website=[[White House]]|publisher=The White House|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=July 31, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731035828/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/the-executive-branch/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ndipo milimo ya mwambo ya udindo wakwamba kanandi yikupelekeka kwa vice president. Vice president nyengo zinyake wakwimira president na boma la United States pa nyifwa za ŵalongozgi mu vyaru vinyake, panji pa vyakuchitika vyakupambanapambana mu United States. Kanandi uwu ndiwo mulimo uwo ŵanthu ŵakuwona chomene wa vice president. Vice president wangakumanaso na ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake mu nyengo izo boma likukhumba kulongora chitima panji chovwiro kweni likutondeka kutuma president mweneko.

===Chiŵaro cha National Security Council===

Kwambira mu 1949, vice president wali kuŵa chiŵaro cha malango cha [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]. [[Harry S. Truman]], chifukwa chakuti wakaŵa wandaphalirike vya mapulani gha nkhondo panji pamanyuma pa nkhondo mu nyengo iyo wakaŵa vice president (chomene [[Manhattan Project]]), wakamanya kuti para vice president wazgoka president wakwenera kuti wafumapo kale kumanya vya nkhani izi. Ŵa vice president ŵasono nawo ŵakusazgikamo mu [[President's Daily Brief|malipoti gha zuŵa na zuŵa gha vinthu vya chitetezo]] gha president,&lt;ref name=&quot;Politico&quot; /&gt; ndipo kanandi ŵakutora chigaŵa mu maungano mu [[Situation Room]] pamoza na president.

==Umo ŵakusankhira==

===Ukwaniskika===

Kuti munthu waŵe wakwenelera mwakuyana na Malango gha charu kuti wagwire ntchito ya vice president, munthu wakwenera, kuyana na Kusintha kwa Chinkhondi na chinkhondi, kukwaniska ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti waŵe president (ivyo vili kulembeka mu [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Qualifications for office|Article{{spaces}}II, Section{{spaces}}1, Clause{{spaces}}5]]). Ntheura, kuti munthu wagwire ntchito ya vice president, wakwenera:

* kuŵa [[Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)|mubadwa wa charu]] wa [[United States nationality law|United States]];
* kuŵa na vyaka 35 panji kujumphapo;
* kuŵa [[Residency (domicile)#United States|wakukhala mu United States]] kwa vyaka 14 panji kujumphapo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AC-XII&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Twelfth Amendment|url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twelfth-amendment|work=Annenberg Classroom|date=December 9, 1804|publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-date=February 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165133/http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twelfth-amendment|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Munthu uyo wakukwana vinthu ivi pachanya wakukanizgikaso kukhala mu udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mu nyengo izi:
* Mwakuyana na [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 7: Judgment in cases of impeachment; Punishment on conviction|Article{{spaces}}I, Section{{spaces}}3, Clause{{spaces}}7]], para munthu wasangika na mulandu mu milandu ya kuchimbizga mu udindo, Senate yili na wanangwa wa kumukanizga munthu uyo wasangika na mulandu kuti waleke kugwira udindo wa boma, kusazgapo udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti;
* Mwakuyana na [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], &quot;palije munthu uyo mwakuyana na malango wakukanizgika kukhala pulezidenti ndiyo wangayana na udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa United States&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AC-XII&quot; /&gt;
* Mwakuyana na [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution#Participants in rebellion|Section 3 ya Fourteenth Amendment]], palije munthu uyo wali kulapa kuti wasungilire Malango gha Boma, uyo pamanyuma &quot;wakachitako kuwukira panji kugaluka&quot; ku United States, panji uyo wakapeleka wovwiri na chivikiliro ku ŵalwani ŵa charu, wangagwira udindo uliwose wa boma la chigaŵa panji la fuko—kusazgapo udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. Kuletsedwa uku, uko pakwamba kukakhumbanga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhozgeranga [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], kungawuskika para nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress zavota na magawo ghaŵiri pa ghatatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fourteenth Amendment|url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/fourteenth-amendment|work=Annenberg Classroom|date=June 7, 1964|publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|access-date=February 21, 2018|archive-date=February 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226091918/http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/fourteenth-amendment|url-status=deviated}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kusankhika===
[[File:GERALDINEFERRARO.jpg|thumb|right|[[Geraldine Ferraro]] wakuyowoya pamanyuma pa kusankhika kwake kuŵa munthu wa chipani chake kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.]]

Ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵa vipani vikuru vya ndyali vya fuko ŵakusankhika mwakuzomerezgeka na ungano wa chipani uwo ukuchitika vilimika vinayi vilimose, pamanyuma pa kusankhika kwa munthu wa chipani chawo kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Ndondomeko yakusankhira iyi njakuyana na iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito pakusankha ŵakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti, apo ŵimiliri ŵakuŵika mazina gha ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika, ndipo pamanyuma pakuchitika kuvota uko munthu wakwenera kusanga mavoti ghanandi kuti wasankhike kuŵa munthu wa chipani.

Mu nyengo yasono, munthu uyo wasankhika kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti wali na mazaza ghakuru pa chisankho ichi, ndipo kwambira pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 chikaŵa chizolowezi kuti munthu uyu wasankhe munyake uyo wakwenda nayo pa chisankho, uyo pamanyuma wakusankhika na kuzomerezgeka na ungano wa chipani. Pambere Franklin D. Roosevelt mu 1940, ŵapulezidenti ŵaŵiri pera—Andrew Jackson mu [[1832 Democratic National Convention|1832]] na Abraham Lincoln mu [[1864 National Union National Convention|1864]]—ndiwo ŵakachita nthena.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian112014&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Py-Lieberman|first=Beth|title=How the Office of the Vice Presidency Evolved from Nothing to Something|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institutions/how-office-vice-presidency-evolved-nothing-something-180953302/|date=November 18, 2014|magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|access-date=December 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu vyaka vyasono, chifukwa chakuti munthu wa chipani uyo wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti kanandi wakumanyikwa kale chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya mavoti gha pakwamba, kusankhika kwa munthu wa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti kanandi kukupharazgika pambere mavoti gha kusankha pulezidenti ghandachitike, ndipo nyengo zinyake pambere ungano weneko undambe. Munthu waumaliro wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti uyo wakasankha yayi munthu wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kweni wakaleka nkhani iyi ku ungano, wakaŵa Democrat [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] mu 1956. Ungano ukasankha Senator wa [[Tennessee]] [[Estes Kefauver]] m’malo mwa Senator wa [[Massachusetts]] (ndipo pamanyuma pulezidenti) [[John F. Kennedy]]. Pa ungano wa Democrats wa 1972 uwo ukaŵa na mphindano, wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti [[George McGovern]] wakasankha Senator wa [[Missouri]] [[Thomas Eagleton]] kuŵa munyake pa chisankho, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵanyake nawo ŵakaŵikika pa mazina panji ŵakasanga mavoti pa nyengo ya kuvota. Nangauli nthena, Eagleton wakasanga mavoti ghanandi na kusankhika, kweni pamanyuma wakalekera pa chisankho, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti [[Sargent Shriver]] wa ku [[Maryland]] waŵe munthu waumaliro uyo wakendanga na McGovern; wose ŵakatondeka pa chisankho na chipani cha Nixon–Agnew mwakutali, ndipo ŵakasanga chalo cha [[Massachusetts]] pera na [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]].
Mu nyengo izo zili mu ndondomeko ya chisankho cha pulezidenti apo zina la munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti lindakamanyikwa makora, kusazgapo nyengo izo kusankhika kwa munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti kukukayikirika apo ungano ukwiza kufika, kampeni za maudindo ghaŵiri izi zingasangananga. Mu 1976, [[Ronald Reagan]], uyo wakaŵa kumanyuma kwa Pulezidenti [[Gerald Ford]] pa unandi wa ŵimiliri ŵa chipani, wakapharazga pambere Ungano wa Republican undambe kuti, usange wasankhika, wasankhenge Senator wa [[Pennsylvania]] [[Richard Schweiker]] kuŵa munyake pa chisankho. Reagan wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wakakhumbanga kuŵa pulezidenti uyo wakapharazga kusankhika kwake kwa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti pambere ungano undambe. Ŵakukhozgera Reagan pamanyuma ŵakayezga kwambura kukwana kusintha malango gha ungano kuti Gerald Ford wakeneranga kusankha munyake wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mwaluŵiro. Kachitidwe aka kakawuskapo phindu ku chigaŵa chinyake, chifukwa mbiri ya mavoti ya Schweiker iyo yikaŵa yakukolerana na wanangwa wakakhuŵazga ŵimiliri ŵanandi ŵa chipani awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusungilira chomene ndipo ŵakaghanaghananga kususka malango gha kusankha ŵimiliri ŵa chipani kuti ŵawovwire mipata ya Reagan. Paumaliro, Ford wakatonda kusankhika kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti mwakufupifupi, ndipo kusankhika kwa Schweiker na Reagan kukazgoka kwambura ntchito.

Mu mavoti gha pakwamba gha chipani cha Democrats gha 2008 gha kusankha pulezidenti, agho ghakasuskana pakati pa [[Hillary Clinton]] na [[Barack Obama]], Clinton wakayowoya za tikiti ya Clinton–Obama apo Obama wangaŵa pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, ndipo wakayowoya kuti iyi yikaŵa &quot;yambura kutondeka&quot; pakususka munthu uyo wakaghanaghanikanga kuti ndiyo wakwimira chipani cha Republican. Obama wakakana pempho ili mwakudunjika, wakati, &quot;Nkhukhumba kuti waliyose wamanye makora. Ine nkhupenja kuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti yayi. Ine nkhupenja kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States of America,&quot; ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti, &quot;Na ntchindi zose. Ndatonda mu vigaŵa viŵiri kupambana Senator Clinton. Nasanga mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu kuluska Senator Clinton. Ndili na ŵimiliri ŵanandi kuluska Senator Clinton. Ntheura, nkhumanya yayi umo munthu uyo wali pa malo ghaŵiri wakupempha udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti kwa munthu uyo wali pa malo ghakwamba.&quot; Obama wakayowoya kuti ndondomeko ya kusankha yikeneranga kuŵa chisankho pakati pa iyo na Clinton, wakati &quot;Nkhukhumba yayi kuti munthu waliyose pano waghanaghanenge kuti 'Mwenecho, panji ningasanga wose ŵaŵiri',&quot; mwa kusankha Clinton na kughanaghana kuti iyo waŵenge munyake pa chisankho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/10/barackobama.hillaryclinton|title=Obama scoffs at Clinton's vice-presidential hint|first1=Allegra|last1=Stratton|first2=Daniel|last2=Nasaw|date=March 11, 2008|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=November 21, 2016|archive-date=November 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122073221/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/10/barackobama.hillaryclinton|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/10/dems.campaign/index.html?iref=nextin|title=Obama rejects being Clinton's No. 2|publisher=CNN|date=March 11, 2008|access-date=November 21, 2016|archive-date=November 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122071859/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/10/dems.campaign/index.html?iref=nextin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ichi chikaŵa chinyengo cha kampeni ya Clinton kuti ŵamupangiske Obama kuwoneka nga ngwakwenelera pachoko kuŵa pulezidenti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/trump-obama-clinton-2008-ad-224189 |title= Trump throws 2008 Obama ad in Clinton's face |work= Politico |date= June 10, 2016 |access-date= November 21, 2016 |archive-date= November 22, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161122071709/http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/trump-obama-clinton-2008-ad-224189 |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date = June 2021}} Pamanyuma, apo Obama wakazgoka munthu uyo wakaghanaghanikanga kuti ndiyo wakwimira chipani cha Democrats pa udindo wa pulezidenti, pulezidenti wakale [[Jimmy Carter]] wakachenjezga kuti Clinton waleke kusankhika kuŵa munthu wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti pa tikiti iyo, wakati &quot;Nkhughanaghana kuti chingaŵa chinthu chiheni chomene icho chingachitika. Ichi chingasazgirapo waka vinthu viheni vya ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakukhumba udindo,&quot; ndipo wakayowoya za mavoti gha maghanoghano agho ghakalongora kuti 50% ya ŵavoti ŵa ku United States ŵakaŵa na maghanoghano ghaheni pa Hillary Clinton.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/04/uselections2008|title=US elections: Jimmy Carter tells Barack Obama not to pick Hillary Clinton as running mate|first=Jonathan|last=Freedland|date=June 4, 2008|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=November 21, 2016|archive-date=November 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116022610/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/04/uselections2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{multiple image
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   | image1    = Photograph of the Official Portrait of President Reagan and Vice-President Bush (cropped).jpg
   | alt1      = 
   | caption1  = Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti [[George H. W. Bush]] na Pulezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]] mu 1981.
   | image2    = President Bush and Vice President Quayle pose together for their official portrait - NARA - 186393.jpg
   | alt2      = 
   | caption2  = Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti [[Dan Quayle]] na Pulezidenti [[George H. W. Bush]] mu 1989.
}}

===Vinthu ivyo ŵakusankha navyo===

Nangauli wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakukhumbikwira yayi kuŵa na vinjeru vya ndyali, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa vipani vikuru awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mbenecho ŵa sono panji ŵakale ŵa [[United States Senate|Senate ya United States]] panji ŵimiliri ŵa ku [[United States House of Representatives|Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]], ndipo nyengo zinyake pakusankhika gavena wa sono panji wakale, mulongozgi mukuru wa ŵasilikari (ŵasilikari awo ŵali pa ntchito ŵakukanizgika na malango gha US kugwira maudindo gha ndyali), panji munthu uyo wali kugwirapo udindo ukuru mu chigaŵa cha Ulongozgi wa Boma. Kusazgapo apa, munthu uyo wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti nyengo zose waŵanga munthu uyo wakukhala mwalamulo mu chigaŵa chinyake chakupambana na icho munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakukhalamo. Nangauli mu Malango gha Boma mulije chinthu icho chikuletelera munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti na munyake uyo wakwenda nayo pa chisankho kuŵa ŵa chigaŵa chimoza, &quot;dango la munthu wakukhala mu chigaŵa&quot; mu Twelfth Amendment likukhumba kuti munthu waliyose wakuvota pa chisankho cha pulezidenti waŵike voti yake kwa munthu yumoza pera uyo wakufuma yayi mu chigaŵa chawo. Pambere [[2000 United States presidential election|chisankho cha 2000]] chindachitike, George W. Bush na Dick Cheney wose ŵakakhalanga na kuvotera ku Texas. Kuti ŵaleke kupangiska suzgo lakuti ŵanthu ŵa Texas awo ŵakavotanga pa chisankho ichi ŵasangane nalo, Cheney wakasinthaso malo ghake ghakukhala ku Wyoming pambere kampeni yindambe.&lt;ref name=AC-XII/&gt;

Kanandi, munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakusankha munthu wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti uyo wangiza [[Ticket balance|kuyana kwa chigaŵa panji maghanoghano gha ndyali]] pa tikiti iyo, panji kukopa gulu linyake la ŵavoti. Munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wangasankhikaso chifukwa cha vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti wakuvileka, panji chifukwa cha kumanyikwa kwa zina lake. Kuti ŵakhozge umoza wa chipani, ŵanthu awo ŵakatondeka pachoko mu ndondomeko ya kusankha munthu wa chipani kuŵa wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti kanandi ŵakuwona kuti mbakwenelera kusankhika. Nangauli ndondomeko iyi yingasazgirako mwaŵi wa kutonda kwa tikiti ya fuko, mu nyengo yakale kanandi yikapangiska kuti munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakwimira vigaŵa, magulu gha ŵavoti, panji maghanoghano agho ghakaŵa ghakupambana na gha munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti. Chifukwa cha ichi, ŵapulezidenti ŵaŵiri kanandi ŵakaŵanga kutali na ndondomeko ya kupanga ndondomeko za boma liphya. Nyengo zinandi ubwezi wawo na pulezidenti kweniso ŵantchito ŵake ukaŵanga wakutali, wambura kukhalapo, panji wakususkana.&lt;ref group=&quot;n&quot; &gt;{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu nyengo yakale, munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti kanandi wakaŵanga wandale wa chiŵiri, uyo wakasankhikanga kuti wakhorweske chigaŵa chichoko cha chipani, kukhorweska ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani, panji kusanga chigaŵa chakuzirwa pa chisankho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Horwitz|first=Tony|title=The Vice Presidents That History Forgot|date=July 2012|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-vice-presidents-that-history-forgot-137851151/|magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|access-date=December 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vinthu ivyo vikaŵa na mulimo pa kusankha vikaŵa: kuyana kwa chigaŵa na maghanoghano gha ndyali, kusazgirako kukopeka kwa munthu wakwimira pa udindo wa pulezidenti ku ŵavoti ŵakufuma kuwaro kwa chigaŵa chake panji phiko la chipani. Ŵakwimira ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na mavoti ghanandi gha chisankho kweni ivyo vingasinthasintha kanandi ndiwo ŵakasankhikanga. Kafukufuku wa 2016, uyo wakawona ŵanthu ŵakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mu nyengo ya 1884–2012, wakasanga kuti ŵakwimira pa udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵakasazgiranga umo tikiti yawo yikachitiranga mu vigaŵa vyawo pakuyana na magawo gha 2.67 pa 100 pa avareji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heersink|first1=Boris|last2=Peterson|first2=Brenton|date=2016|title=Measuring the Vice-Presidential Home State Advantage With Synthetic Controls|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X16642567|journal=American Politics Research|volume=44|issue=4|pages=734–763|doi=10.1177/1532673X16642567|issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Chisankho===
{{Main|United States Electoral College}}

[[File:ElectoralCollege2028.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Mapu gha [[United States]] agho ghakulongora unandi wa mavoti gha chisankho agho ghali kupika ku [[U.S. state|chigaŵa]] chilichose na ku [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]] pamanyuma pa [[2020 United States census]] pa visankho vya pulezidenti vya 2024 na 2028. Mavoti 270 gha chisankho ghakukhumbikwa kuti munthu wasange unandi kufuma pa mavoti ghose 538.]]

Mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu wakusankhika mwakujumphilira na ŵanthu ŵa mu chalo chilichose kweniso ku chigaŵa cha District of Columbia kwizira mu [[Electoral College (United States)|Gulu la ŵakusankha]], ilo ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakusankha ilo likupangika kamoza pa vyaka vinayi pera na chilato chakusankha mlongozgi wa charu na mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu pa nyengo yimoza ya vyaka vinayi. Chalo chilichose chili na wanangwa wa kuŵa na ŵakusankha ŵakuyana na unandi wa ŵimiliri ŵake mu nyumba zose ziŵiri za Congress. Kweniso, [[Chiwonjezgo cha nambara 23 cha Malango gha United States|Chiwonjezgo cha nambara 23]] chikupereka kuti District of Columbia yili na unandi wa ŵakusankha uwo yikaŵenge nawo usange yikaŵa chalo, kweni ungajumpha yayi unandi wa ŵakusankha wa chalo icho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Twenty-third Amendment|url=http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-third-amendment|work=Annenberg Classroom|date=March 29, 1961|publisher=The Annenberg Public Policy Center|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|access-date=July 30, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731062243/http://www.annenbergclassroom.org/page/twenty-third-amendment|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mazuŵa ghano, vyaru vyose na D.C. vikupanga kusankha ŵakusankha ŵawo kwizira mu visola vya ŵanthu ivyo vikuchitika pa [[Election Day (United States)|Zuŵa la visola]].&lt;ref name=CRS2017THN/&gt; Mu vyaru vyose kupatulapo viŵiri, chipani icho tikiti yake ya mlongozgi wa charu na mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu yapokera mavoti ghanandi gha ŵanthu mu chalocho, chikusora ŵanthu wose awo ŵakusankhika kuŵa ŵakusankha ŵa chalocho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About the Electors|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html|work=U.S. Electoral College|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 2, 2018|archive-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721012941/https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maine]] na [[Nebraska]] vikupambana na ndondomeko iyi ya uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi kutora vyose, chifukwa vikupereka ŵakusankha ŵaŵiri kwa uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi mu chalo chose, ndipo yumoza kwa uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi mu chigaŵa chilichose cha visola vya ŵimiliri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Maine &amp; Nebraska|url=http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska|website=fairvote.com|publisher=FairVote|location=Takoma Park, Maryland|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041058/http://www.fairvote.org/maine_nebraska|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska|url=https://www.270towin.com/content/split-electoral-votes-maine-and-nebraska/|website=[[270towin.com]]|access-date=August 1, 2018|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802041034/https://www.270towin.com/content/split-electoral-votes-maine-and-nebraska|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pa Mande yakwamba pamanyuma pa Chitatu chachiŵiri mu Disembala, pafupifupi masabata ghankhondi na limoza pamanyuma pa chisankho, ŵakusankha ŵakuwungana mu vyaru vyawo (ndiposo ku Washington, D.C.) kuti ŵavote mlongozgi wa charu ndipo pa voti yinyake ŵavote mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu. Ivyo vyazomerezgeka vikujulika na kupendeka pa ungano wa nyumba ziŵiri za Congress, uwo ukuchitika mu sabata yakwamba ya Janyuwale. Munthu uyo wapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene gha ŵakusankha gha mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu (mazuŵa ghano 270 pa 538) wakupharazgika kuŵa wakunowa. Usange palije munthu uyo wapokera unandi uwu, Senate yikwenera kuwungana kuti yisankhe mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu kwizira mu ndondomeko ya chisankho chapadera, apo maseneta ŵakuvota yumoza-yumoza kusankha pakati pa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakapokera mavoti ghanandi chomene gha ŵakusankha. Kuti munthu wanowe pa chisankho ichi, wakwenera kupokera mavoti gha unandi wa maseneta (mazuŵa ghano 51 pa 100).&lt;ref name=CRS2017THN/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=What is the Electoral College?|url=https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/about.html|work=U.S. Electoral College|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 2, 2018|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212192807/https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/about.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pali chisankho chimoza pera cha mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu icho chikachitika chifukwa palije uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi kufuma apo ndondomeko iyi yikapangikira kwizira mu Chiwonjezgo cha nambara 12. Chikachitika pa Febuluwale 8, 1837, pamanyuma pakuti palije munthu uyo wakapokera mavoti ghanandi gha ŵakusankha mu [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1836|visola vya 1836]]. Na mavoti 33–17, [[Richard M. Johnson]] (uyo wakaŵa munyake wa [[Martin Van Buren]]) wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu wa nambara 9, wakathereska [[Francis Granger]] (uyo wakaŵa munyake wa [[William Henry Harrison]] na [[Daniel Webster]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bomboy|first=Scott|title=The one election where Faithless Electors made a difference|date=December 19, 2016|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-one-election-where-faithless-electors-made-a-difference|work=Constitution Daily|publisher=National Constitution Center|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|access-date=July 30, 2018|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214233225/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-one-election-where-faithless-electors-made-a-difference|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nyengo yakugwira ntchito==
===Kuyambika kwa udindo===

{{main|Kuyambika kwa udindo wa mlongozgi wa United States}}

[[File:Johnson, Nixon, Agnew, Humphrey cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Ŵalongozgi ŵakuwona vya charu ŵanayi: (kufuma kumazere) mlongozgi wakufuma pa udindo [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu wa nambara 37), mlongozgi wakunjira pa udindo [[Richard Nixon]] (nambara 36), ([[Everett Dirksen]] uyo wakalapa chilapo), mulongozgi wakunjira pa udindo [[Spiro Agnew]] (nambara 39), na mulongozgi wakufuma pa udindo [[Hubert Humphrey]] (nambara 38), Janyuwale 20, 1969]]

Mwakuyana na [[Chiwonjezgo cha nambara 20 cha Malango gha United States|Chiwonjezgo cha nambara 20]], nyengo ya kugwira ntchito ya mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu yikwamba pa mise ya Janyuwale 20, nga umo ziliri na nyengo ya mlongozgi wa charu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=The Twentieth Amendment| last1=Larson| first1=Edward J.| last2=Shesol| first2=Jeff| url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx| work=The Interactive Constitution| publisher=The National Constitution Center| location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania| access-date=June 15, 2018| archive-date=August 28, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828202655/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyengo zakwamba za mlongozgi wa charu na mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu izo zikamba pa zuŵa ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti [[Kuyambika kwa udindo wa mlongozgi wa United States|Zuŵa la kuyambika kwa udindo]], zikaŵa nyengo zachiwiri za Mlongozgi [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] na Mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu [[John Nance Garner]] mu 1937.&lt;ref name=HHistory1201937&gt;{{cite web|title=The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937|url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35948?ret=True|publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033713/http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35948?ret=True|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pambere pa nyengo iyi, Zuŵa la kuyambika kwa udindo likaŵa pa Malichi 4. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zuŵa ili, nyengo zakwamba za ŵanalume wose ŵaŵiri (1933–1937) zikaŵa zifupi kuluska vyaka vinayi na mazuŵa {{age in days|1937|1|20|1937|3|4}}.&lt;ref name=GPOCONAN20171021&gt;{{cite web|title=Commencement of the Terms of Office: Twentieth Amendment|work=Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation|url=https://www.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2017-10-21.pdf|publisher=United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=2297–98|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033538/https://www.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2017-10-21.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1937, mwakuyana na apa, mwambo wa [[Chilapo cha udindo cha mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu wa United States|kulapa chilapo kwa mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu]] ukachitikira pa malo gha kuyambikapo udindo kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] pambere mlongozgi wa charu wandalape chilapo chake cha [[Chilapo cha udindo cha mlongozgi wa United States|udindo]]. Kufika nyengo iyo, ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakuwona vya charu ŵakalapanga chilapo cha udindo mu chipinda cha Senate pambere mwambo wa kulapa chilapo cha mlongozgi wa charu wandachitike.&lt;ref name=VPinaug&gt;{{cite web|title=Vice President's Swearing-in Ceremony|website=inaugural.senate.gov|url=https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/vice-presidents-swearing-in-ceremony/index.html|publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=July 30, 2018|archive-date=September 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918035818/https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/vice-presidents-swearing-in-ceremony/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanga Malango gha charu ghali na mazgu ghakupambaniska gha chilapo cha mlongozgi wa charu, ghali na fundo yimoza pera mu [[Chilapo cha udindo cha United States|Article VI]] yakuti mulongozgi wakuwona vya charu na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakwenera kulapa [[chilapo]] panji [[Kukhozgera mu malango|kukhozgera]] kuti ŵavikilire Malango gha charu. Mazgu gha chilapo agho ghakugwira ntchito sono, agho ghakugwiritsidwa ntchito kufuma mu 1884 ghakuti:

{{blockquote|Ine, (''zina lakwamba na zina lakumalizga''), nkhulapa (panji [[Kukhozgera mu malango|nkhukhozgera]]) mwakufikapo kuti nivikilirenge na kuvikilira Malango gha United States ku ŵalwani wose, ŵa kunja na ŵa mukati; kuti niŵenge wakugomezgeka na kuŵa na chitemwa chakwenelera ku Malango agha; kuti nkupokera udindo uwu mwakukhumbisiska, kwambura kubisa maghanoghano panji khumbo lakuchimbira udindo; ndipo kuti nichitenge makora na mwakugomezgeka ntchito za udindo uwo nkukhumba kwamba. Ntheura Chiuta wanovwire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Oath of Office|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Oath_Office.htm|website=senate.gov|publisher=Secretary of the Senate|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=July 30, 2018|archive-date=July 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728181228/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Oath_Office.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

===Nyengo ya kugwira ntchito===

==Nyengo yakugwira nchito==
===Kulapizgika pa udindo===

{{main|Kulapizgika pa udindo wa mlongozgi wa United States}}

[[File:Johnson, Nixon, Agnew, Humphrey cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Ŵalamuliri ŵaŵiri ŵa United States: (kufuma kumazere) mlongozgi uyo wakamalizga ntchito [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (mulongozgi wa United States wa nambara 37), mlongozgi uyo wakamba ntchito [[Richard Nixon]] (wa nambara 36), ([[Everett Dirksen]] uyo wakalapizga chilapo), mulongozgi wachiŵiri uyo wakamba ntchito [[Spiro Agnew]] (wa nambara 39), na mulongozgi wachiŵiri uyo wakamalizga ntchito [[Hubert Humphrey]] (wa nambara 38), pa Janyuwale 20, 1969]]

Kuyana na [[Vinthukuko vya Vinayi vya Malango gha United States|Vinthukuko vya Makumi ghaŵiri]], nyengo ya ntchito ya mulongozgi wachiŵiri yikwamba pa nyengo ya pakati pa zuŵa la Janyuwale 20, nga umo viliri na mulongozgi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=The Twentieth Amendment| last1=Larson| first1=Edward J.| last2=Shesol| first2=Jeff| url=https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx| work=The Interactive Constitution| publisher=The National Constitution Center| location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania| access-date=June 15, 2018| archive-date=August 28, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828202655/https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xx| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyengo zakwamba za ŵalongozgi na ŵalongozgi ŵachiŵiri izo zikamba pa zuŵa ili, ilo likumanyikwa kuti [[Kulapizgika pa udindo wa mlongozgi wa United States|Zuŵa la kulapizgika]], zikaŵa nyengo zachiwiri za mlongozgi [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] na mulongozgi wachiŵiri [[John Nance Garner]] mu 1937.&lt;ref name=HHistory1201937&gt;{{cite web|title=The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937|url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35948?ret=True|publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033713/http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35948?ret=True|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pambere penjiro la zuŵa ili, Zuŵa la kulapizgika likaŵa pa Malichi 4. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zuŵa ili, nyengo yakwamba ya ŵanalume wose ŵaŵiri (1933–1937) yikaŵa yifupi kuluska vyaka vinayi.&lt;ref name=GPOCONAN20171021&gt;{{cite web|title=Commencement of the Terms of Office: Twentieth Amendment|work=Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation|url=https://www.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2017-10-21.pdf|publisher=United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=2297–98|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033538/https://www.congress.gov/content/conan/pdf/GPO-CONAN-2017-10-21.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1937 so, mwambo wa kulapizgika kwa mulongozgi wachiŵiri ukachitikira pa malo gha kulapizgika pa chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi cha [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] nyengo yichoko waka pambere mulongozgi wandalapizgike chilapo.&lt;ref name=VPinaug&gt;{{cite web|title=Vice President's Swearing-in Ceremony|website=inaugural.senate.gov|url=https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/vice-presidents-swearing-in-ceremony/index.html|publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=July 30, 2018|archive-date=September 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918035818/https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/vice-presidents-swearing-in-ceremony/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pambere pa nyengo iyi, ŵalongozgi ŵachiŵiri ŵanandi ŵakatoranga chilapo mu chipinda cha Senate, pambere mulongozgi wandalapizgike.&lt;ref name=VPinaug/&gt; Nangauli Malango gha chalo ghali na mazgu ghakupulikikwa gha chilapo cha mulongozgi, ghakuyowoya waka mwakudunjika mu [[Article Six of the United States Constitution|Ndime VI]] kuti mulongozgi wachiŵiri na ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakwenera kulapa chilapo panji kulapizga kuti ŵateŵeterenge Malango gha chalo. Mazgu gha chilapo ichi, agho ghagwiriskika ntchito kufuma mu 1884 ghakuti:

{{blockquote|Ine, (''zina lakwamba na zina la banja''), nkulapa mwakudidimizga (panji nkukhozgera) kuti nizamukhozga na kuvikilira Malango gha United States ku ŵalwani wose, ŵa kunja na ŵa mukati; kuti nizamugomezgeka nadi ku Malango agha; kuti nkupokera udindo uwu mwakufwatuka, kwambura kuŵa na maghanoghano ghakubisika panji chilato cha kutondeka; ndipo nizamuchita makora na mwakugomezgeka ntchito za udindo uwo nkukhala nawo sono. Ntheura Chiuta wandovwire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Oath of Office|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Oath_Office.htm|website=senate.gov|publisher=Secretary of the Senate|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=July 30, 2018|archive-date=July 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728181228/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Oath_Office.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

===Nyengo ya ntchito===
Ndime 2 ya [[Vinthukuko vya Makumi ghaŵiri na Chisambilo vya Malango gha United States|Vinthukuko vya Makumi ghaŵiri na Chisambilo]] yikuyowoya kuti &quot;para pali malo ghambura mulongozgi wachiŵiri, mulongozgi wazamusankha mulongozgi wachiŵiri uyo wazambe ntchito para wazomerezgeka na mavoti ghanandi gha Nyumba zose ziŵiri za Nyumba ya Malamulo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/amendment-25/|title=United States Constitution, Twenty-Fifth Amendment|publisher=Constitution Annotated, US Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndondomeko iyi yikagwiriskika ntchito kaŵiri kufuma apo chinthu ichi [[Coming into force|chikamba kugwira ntchito]]: chakwamba chikachitika mu 1973 pamanyuma pa kuleka ntchito kwa [[Spiro Agnew]] pa Okutobala 10, apo [[Gerald Ford]] wakasankhika na mulongozgi [[Richard Nixon]] ndipo [[1973 United States vice presidential confirmation|wakazomerezgeka na Nyumba ya Malamulo]]. Chachiŵiri chikachitika myezi khumi pamanyuma, pa Ogasiti 9, 1974, apo Ford wakatora udindo wa mulongozgi pamanyuma pa kuleka ntchito kwa Nixon, apo [[Nelson Rockefeller]] wakasankhika na Mulongozgi Ford ndipo [[1974 United States vice presidential confirmation|wakazomerezgeka na Nyumba ya Malamulo]].&lt;ref name=FordhamLaw2011/&gt;&lt;ref name=succesionfacts/&gt;

Usange pakaŵavya nthowa iyi ya malango, udindo wa mulongozgi wachiŵiri mphanyi ukalutilira kuŵa wambura munthu pamanyuma pa kuleka ntchito kwa Agnew; [[Mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ya United States|mulongozgi wa Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]], [[Carl Albert]], mphanyi wakaŵa [[Mulongozgi wakuchita ntchito wa United States|Mulongozgi wakuchita ntchito]] usange Nixon wakaleka ntchito mu nkhani iyi, kuyana na malango gha [[Presidential Succession Act of 1947]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Speaker Albert Was Ready to Be President|last=Gup|first=Ted|date=November 28, 1982|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/11/28/speaker-albert-was-ready-to-be-president/84ebaa61-9cf1-4817-836e-a993e7e0e980/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=July 24, 2018|archive-date=July 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131338/https://web.archive.org/web/20180728131338/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1982/11/28/speaker-albert-was-ready-to-be-president/84ebaa61-9cf1-4817-836e-a993e7e0e980/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Malo ghambura mulongozgi wachiŵiri&lt;ref name=VP-PS/&gt;&lt;ref name=PVPS2004OCL/&gt;
|-
! Nambara !! Nyengo iyo malo ghakaŵa ghambura munthu !! Chifukwa cha malo ghambura munthu !! Utali wa nyengo !! Uyo wakazuzga malo
|-
| {{0|0}}1 || {{dts|April 20, 1812}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1813
| {{sort|201|Nyifwa}} ya [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]]
| {{ayd|1812|04|20|1813|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1812|Visola vya 1812]]
|-
| {{0|0}}2 || {{dts|November 23, 1814}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1817
| {{sort|202|Nyifwa}} ya [[Elbridge Gerry]]
| {{ayd|1814|11|23|1817|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1816|Visola vya 1816]]
|-
| {{0|0}}3 || {{dts|December 28, 1832}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1833
| {{sort|301|Kuleka ntchito}} kwa [[John C. Calhoun]]
| {{ayd|1832|12|28|1833|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1832|Visola vya 1832]]
|-
| {{0|0}}4 || {{dts|April 4, 1841}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1845
| {{sort|101|[[Kulapizgika kwa John Tyler|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[John Tyler]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1841|04|04|1845|03|04}}{{spaces|2}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1844|Visola vya 1844]]
|-
| {{0|0}}5 || {{dts|July 9, 1850}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1853
| {{sort|102|[[Kulapizgika kwa Millard Fillmore|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[Millard Fillmore]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1850|07|09|1853|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1852|Visola vya 1852]]
|-
| {{0|0}}6 || {{dts|April 18, 1853}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1857
| {{sort|203|Nyifwa}} ya [[William R. King]]
| {{ayd|1853|04|18|1857|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1856|Visola vya 1856]]
|-
| {{0|0}}7 || {{dts|April 15, 1865}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1869
| {{sort|103|[[Kulapizgika kwa Andrew Johnson|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[Andrew Johnson]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1865|04|15|1869|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1868|Visola vya 1868]]
|-
| {{0|0}}8 || {{dts|November 22, 1875}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1877
| {{sort|204|Nyifwa}} ya [[Henry Wilson]]
| {{ayd|1875|11|22|1877|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1876|Visola vya 1876]]
|-
| {{0|0}}9 || {{nowrap|{{dts|September 19, 1881}} –}}{{indent|2}}March 4, 1885
| {{sort|104|[[Kulapizgika kwa Chester A. Arthur|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[Chester A. Arthur]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1881|09|19|1885|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1884|Visola vya 1884]]
|-
| 10 || {{dts |November 25, 1885}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1889
| {{sort|205|Nyifwa}} ya [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
| {{ayd|1885|11|25|1889|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1888|Visola vya 1888]]
|-
| 11 || {{dts|November 21, 1899}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1901
| {{sort|206|Nyifwa}} ya [[Garret Hobart]]
| {{ayd|1899|11|21|1901|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1900|Visola vya 1900]]
|-
| 12 || {{dts|September 14, 1901}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1905
| {{sort|105|[[Kulapizgika kwakwamba kwa Theodore Roosevelt|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[Theodore Roosevelt]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1901|09|14|1905|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1904|Visola vya 1904]]
|-
| 13 || {{dts|October 30, 1912}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1913
| {{sort|207|Nyifwa}} ya [[James S. Sherman]]
| {{ayd|1912|10|30|1913|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1912|Visola vya 1912]]
|-
| 14 || {{dts|August 2, 1923}} –{{indent|2}}March 4, 1925
| {{sort|106|[[Kulapizgika kwakwamba kwa Calvin Coolidge|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[Calvin Coolidge]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1923|08|02|1925|03|04}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1924|Visola vya 1924]]
|-
| 15 || {{dts|April 12, 1945}} –{{indent|2}}January 20, 1949
| {{sort|107|[[Kulapizgika kwakwamba kwa Harry S. Truman|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[Harry S. Truman]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1945|04|12|1949|01|20}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1948|Visola vya 1948]]
|-
| 16 || {{dts|November 22, 1963}} –{{indent|2}}January 20, 1965
| {{sort|108|[[Kulapizgika kwakwamba kwa Lyndon B. Johnson|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1963|11|22|1965|01|20}}
| [[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 1964|Visola vya 1964]]
|-
| 17 || {{dts|October 10, 1973}} –{{indent|2}}December 6, 1973
| {{sort|302|Kuleka ntchito}} kwa [[Spiro Agnew]]
| {{ayd|1973|10|10|1973|12|06}}
| [[1973 United States vice presidential confirmation|Kuzomerezgeka kwa uyo wakasankhika kunthazi]]
|-
| 18 || {{dts|August 9, 1974}} –{{indent|2}}December 19, 1974
| {{sort|109|[[Kulapizgika kwa Gerald Ford|Kutora udindo]]}} kwa [[Gerald Ford]] kuŵa mulongozgi
| {{ayd|1974|08|09|1974|12|19}}
| [[1974 United States vice presidential confirmation|Kuzomerezgeka kwa uyo wakasankhika kunthazi]]
|}

==Ofesi na udindo==
===Malipiro===

Malipiro gha wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mu 2019 ghakaŵa $235,100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Groppe |first1=Maureen |date=February 14, 2019 |title=Vice President Pence's pay bump is not as big as Republicans wanted |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/14/vice-president-pences-salary-rising-but-not-much-gop-wanted/2872326002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415044023/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/02/14/vice-president-pences-salary-rising-but-not-much-gop-wanted/2872326002/ |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |access-date=2019-04-15 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2024, malipiro gha wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ni $284,600,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/pay-executive-order-2024-adjustments-of-certain-rates-of-pay.pdf |title=Executive Order - Adjustment of Certain Rates of Pay |at=Schedule 6 |date=December 21, 2023 |website=OPM |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240115043850/https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/pay-executive-order-2024-adjustments-of-certain-rates-of-pay.pdf |archive-date= Jan 15, 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kweni chifukwa cha kukanizgika kukwezgeka kwa malipiro uko kwakhala kukuchitika kufuma mu 2019, chigaŵa cheneko cha malipiro agha icho chikulipirika chicali $235,100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Kiran A. |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Continued Pay Freeze for Certain Senior Political Officials |url=https://chcoc.gov/sites/default/files/Continued%20Pay%20Freeze%20for%20Certain%20Senior%20Political%20Officials%20CPM%202023-23.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115075222/https://chcoc.gov/sites/default/files/Continued%20Pay%20Freeze%20for%20Certain%20Senior%20Political%20Officials%20CPM%202023-23.pdf |archive-date=Jan 15, 2024 |website=OPM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malipiro agha ghakaŵikika na [[Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990|Dango la Boma la Kukoleraniska Malipiro la 1989]], ilo likuperekaso kusintha kwa malipiro mwakuyana na kusintha kwa mtengo wa umoyo kwa ŵantchito ŵa boma. Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakupokera yayi penshoni mwakudunjika chifukwa cha udindo uwu, kweni wakupokera penshoni yakuyana na ya ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa Congress chifukwa cha udindo wake nga ni mulongozgi wa Senate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress|last=Purcell|first=Patrick J.|date=January 21, 2005|url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL30631.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=February 16, 2018|archive-date=January 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103064138/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL30631.pdf|url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakwenera kuteŵetera vyaka viŵiri panji kujumpha kuti waŵe wakwenelera kupokera penshoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=Emily|last1=Yoffe|url=http://www.slate.com/id/1006798|title=A Presidential Salary FAQ |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=January 3, 2001|access-date=August 9, 2009|archive-date=September 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914105912/http://www.slate.com/id/1006798/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kukhalamo===
[[File:Number One Observatory Circle; December 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Number One Observatory Circle]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], nyumba yakukhala ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti]]

Nyumba yakukhala ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti yikasankhika mu 1974, apo Congress yikakhazikiska [[Number One Observatory Circle]] nga ni nyumba yakukhala ya kanyengo ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa United States. Mu 1966, Congress, chifukwa cha kwenelera kwa chitetezo na kuŵikapo mtima pa milimo iyo yikukura ya udindo uwu, yikapeleka ndalama ($75,000) zakuzenga nyumba ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, kweni ntchito iyi yikalekeka. Pamasinda pa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, fundo iyi yikasinthika, ndipo One Observatory Circle yikasankhika kuŵa nyumba ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Groppe 2017 Where does ...&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Groppe |first1=Maureen |title=Where does the vice president live? Few people know, but new book will show you |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/11/24/where-does-vice-president-live-few-people-know-but-new-book-show-you/892243001/ |access-date=21 November 2018 |work=USA TODAY |date=24 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120242/https://web.archive.org/web/20181121120242/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/11/24/where-does-vice-president-live-few-people-know-but-new-book-show-you/892243001/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pambere kusintha uku kwindachitika, ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba, mu nyumba zakupangiska panji mu mahotelo, ndipo ŵakapokeranga malipiro ghakuyana na ŵabali ŵa nduna na ŵabali ŵa Congress, kwizira mu ndalama zakukhala pera.

Nyumba ya vipinda vitatu ya kalembedwe ka [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne]] yikazengeka mu 1893 pa malo gha [[U.S. Naval Observatory]] mu Washington, D.C. kuti yiŵe nyumba yakukhalamo ya msungichuma wa malo ghakuwonerapo nyenyezi. Mu 1923, nyumba iyi yikasinthika kuŵa nyumba ya [[Chief of Naval Operations]] (CNO), ndipo yikaŵa ntheura mpaka apo yikasinthira ku ofesi ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti vyaka 50 pamanyuma.

===Ulendo na mayendedwe===
[[File:USAF C-32A.jpg|thumb|[[Air Force Two]], ndege yakudangilira ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, yakunyamura wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti]]

Nthowa yikuru ya ulendo wa pa ndege wa mtunda utali wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ni yimoza mwa ndege ziŵiri zakuyana za Boeing, izo zikasinthika chomene kufuma ku ndege za [[Boeing 757]] ndipo zikuchemeka ''[[Air Force Two],'' para wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wali mukati. Ndege yiliyose ya [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] iyo wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakwendamo yikuchemeka &quot;Air Force Two&quot; mu nyengo yose ya ulendo. Maulendo gha mukati mwa charu kanandi ghakuchitika na ndege yimoza pera mwa ziŵiri izi, kweni maulendo gha ku vyaru vinyake ghakuchitika na zose ziŵiri, yimoza yakwamba ndipo yinyake yakovwira.
Pa maulendo gha pa ndege gha mtunda ufupi, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wali na mwaŵi wakugwiliskira ntchito gulu la mahelikoputala gha [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] gha mitundu yakupambanapambana kusazgapo ''[[Marine One|Marine Two]]'' para wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wali mu helikoputala yiliyose ya gulu ili. Maulendo agha kanandi ghakuchitika na mahelikoputala ghakukwana ghanayi panji ghankhondi agho ghakuwuluka pamoza ndipo kanandi ghakusinthana malo kuti kubisika helikoputala iyo wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti walimo ku ŵanthu awo ŵangakhumbanga kumupweteka.

===Ŵantchito===

Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakovwirika na ŵantchito mu [[Office of the Vice President of the United States|Ofesi ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa United States]]. Ofesi iyi yikapangika mu [[Reorganization Act of 1939|Dango la Kukonzaso Vinthu la 1939]], ilo likasazgapo &quot;ofesi ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti&quot; pasi pa [[Executive Office of the President|Ofesi Yakulongozga ya Pulezidenti]]. Malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakuperekeka kwizira mu ndalama zakupokera za nthambi yakupanga malango na nthambi yakulongozga, chifukwa cha milimo ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti mu nthambi zose ziŵiri.

===Chivikiliro===
{{Main|United States Secret Service}}

[[File:Kamala Harris and her family walk to the White House on Pennsylvania Avenue on January 20, 2021.jpg|thumb|Wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti [[Kamala Harris]], wakazingilizgika na ŵa mbumba yake na [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]]]]

[[United States Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]] ndiyo yikupwelelera na kuvikilira wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na mbumba yachiŵiri. Nga chigaŵa cha chivikiliro chawo, ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti, ŵafumu panji ŵawoli ŵawo, ŵana ŵawo na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵapafupi mu mbumba, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa na malo ghanyake, ŵakuŵapika [[Secret Service codename|mazina gha cisisi gha Secret Service]]. Kugwiliskira ntchito mazina agha pakwamba kukachitikanga chifukwa cha vifukwa vya chivikiliro na kuŵa ŵakuvikilirika.

===Malo gha maofesi===

Mu nyengo yasono, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakugwiliskira ntchito malo gha maofesi ghakukwana ghankhondi. Agha ghakusazgapo ofesi mu [[West Wing]], ofesi yakuchitira viphikiro mu [[Eisenhower Executive Office Building]] pafupi na apo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ŵakugwilira ntchito, [[Vice President's Room]] ku chigaŵa cha Senate mu [[United States Capitol]] pakuchita maungano na ŵabali ŵa Congress, ofesi mu [[Dirksen Senate Office Building]], na ofesi pa nyumba yakukhala ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti.

==Pamanyuma pa kuŵa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti==
{{see also|List of vice presidents of the United States by other offices held}}

Kwambira mu 1977, ŵapulezidenti ŵakale na ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti ŵakale awo ŵakusankhika panji kusankhikaso ku Senate ŵali na wanangwa wa kuŵa mu udindo wa ulemu wa [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate#Deputy president pro tempore|Deputy President pro tempore]]. Kufika sono, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakale pera uyo wali na udindo uwu ni Hubert Humphrey. Kweniso, kuyana na fundo ya Senate ya 1886, ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti wose ŵakale ŵali na wanangwa wa kuŵa na [[United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection|chithuzi chakujoba cha mutu]] mu chigaŵa cha Senate mu [[United States Capitol]], chakukumbukira uteŵeti wawo nga ŵalongozgi ŵa Senate. [[Dick Cheney]] ndiyo ni wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakale uyo wali pafupi chomene kuŵa mu gulu ili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection|website=senate.gov|url=https://www.senate.gov/art-artifacts/fine-art/sculpture/vp-busts.htm|publisher=Secretary of the Senate|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318005322/https://web.archive.org/web/20210318005322/https://www.senate.gov/art-artifacts/fine-art/sculpture/vp-busts.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwakupambana na ŵapulezidenti ŵakale, awo penshoni yawo yikuŵikika pa mulingo wakuyana kwambura kuŵika mtima pa nyengo iyo ŵakaŵira mu udindo, ŵachiŵiri ŵa pulezidenti ŵakale ŵakupokera ndalama zakupumura ntchito kuyana na udindo wawo nga ŵalongozgi ŵa Senate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Adamczyk |first=Alicia |date=January 20, 2017 |title=Here's How Much Money Obama and Biden Will Get From Their Pensions |url=https://money.com/barack-obama-joe-biden-pension/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312100107/https://web.archive.org/web/20220312100107/https://money.com/barack-obama-joe-biden-pension/ |archive-date=March 12, 2022 |access-date=August 3, 2018 |publisher=Money.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kweniso, kufuma mu 2008, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wakale waliyose na mbumba yake yapafupi wali na wanangwa (pasi pa Dango la [[Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008|Chivikiliro cha Ŵachiŵiri ŵa Pulezidenti Ŵakale la 2008]]) wa kupokera chivikiliro cha [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] kwa myezi yakukwana yinkhondi na umoza pamanyuma pakuleka udindo, ndipo kanyengo kanyake pa nyengo yiliyose yakwenelera pamanyuma pake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=H.R.5938—Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008, 110th Congress (2007–2008)|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/5938|website=congress.gov|date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=August 3, 2018|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109172518/https://web.archive.org/web/20210109172518/https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/5938|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Nyengo ya kukhala pa udindo==
{{see also|Mndandanda wa ŵala ŵakakhala ŵazachiwiri ŵa pulezidenti wa United States}}
{{Timeline US Vice Presidents}}

==Ukaboni==
{{Reflist}}

==Vyakusambira vinandi==
* {{Cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Kate A. |date=2018 |title=First in Line: Presidents, Vice Presidents, and the Pursuit of Power |location=New York |publisher=Harper |isbn=978-0062668943}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Jared |author-link=Jared Cohen |date=2019 |title=Accidental Presidents: Eight Men Who Changed America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RjxqDwAAQBAJ |edition=Hardcover |location=New York |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |pages=1–48 |isbn=978-1501109829}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Joel K. |year=1982 |title=The Modern American Vice Presidency |url=https://archive.org/details/modernamericanvi0000gold |url-access=registration |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-02208-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hatch |first=Louis C. |date=2012 |editor-last=Shoup |editor-first=Earl L. |title=A History of the Vice-Presidency of the United States |location=Whitefish, MT |publisher=Literary Licensing |isbn=978-1258442262}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kamarck |first=Elaine C. |year=2020 |title=Picking the Vice President |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=9780815738756 |oclc=1164502534}} EBook, 37 pp.
* {{Cite book |last=Tally |first=Steve |year=1992 |title=Bland Ambition: From Adams to Quayle—the Cranks, Criminals, Tax Cheats, and Golfers Who Made It to Vice President |url=https://archive.org/details/blandambitionfro00tall |publisher=Harcourt |isbn=0-15-613140-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Vexler |first1=Robert I. |date=1975 |title=The Vice-Presidents and Cabinet Members: Biographies Arranged Chronologically by Administration |url=https://archive.org/details/vicepresidentsca0001vexl |url-access=registration |volume=I |location=Dobbs Ferry, NY |publisher=Oceana Publications |isbn=0379120895}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Vexler |first1=Robert I. |date=1975 |title=The Vice-Presidents and Cabinet Members: Biographies Arranged Chronologically by Administration |url=https://archive.org/details/vicepresidentsca0002vexl/ |url-access=registration |volume=II |location=Dobbs Ferry, NY |publisher=Oceana Publications |isbn=0379120909}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Waldrup |first1=Carole C. |date=2006 |title=Vice Presidents: Biographies of the 45 Men Who Have Held the Second Highest Office in the United States |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland &amp; Company |isbn=978-0786426119}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Witcover |first1=Jules |date=2014 |title=The American Vice Presidency: From Irrelevance to Power |publisher=Smithsonian Books |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1588344717}}

==Maulalo gha pa intaneti==
{{Commons}}
* [https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/ Webusayiti ya White House ya Wachiŵiri wa Pulezidenti Kamala Harris]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202214223/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/aas_portal/index.xq A New Nation Votes: Visola vya ku America 1787–1825]
* Filimu yakulongosora vya visola vya 1996 na ŵachiŵiri ŵa mapulezidenti mu mbili, [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-526-f18sb3z07s ''Running Mate''], 1996-10-01, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives &amp; Peabody Awards Collection pa [[University of Georgia]], [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-prec| us-pres}}
{{s-bef
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{{s-ttl
| title = Wakwamba mu ndondomeko ya kulondezga
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{{s-aft
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{{s-end}}
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{{Nkhani za United States}}
{{Ŵazachiwiri ŵa maboma mu North America}}
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[[Category:Udindo wa wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa United States| ]]
[[Category:1789 kukhazikika kwa United States]]
[[Category:Ŵalongozgi ŵa Senate ya United States]]
[[Category:Ŵachiŵiri ŵa mapulezidenti|United States]]
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|group2 = Eucharistic liturgies
|list2 =
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** [[Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great]]
** [[Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom]]
* [[Holy Qurbana]]
* [[Holy Qurbono]]
* [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]]
** [[Low Mass]]
** ''[[Missa cantata|Missa Cantata]]''
** [[Solemn Mass]]
** [[Pontifical High Mass]]
** [[Papal Mass]]

|group3 = [[Canonical hours]],&lt;br&gt;[[Liturgy of the Hours|Liturgical hours]]
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* [[Matins]] (nighttime)
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* [[Terce]] (third hour)
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* [[None (liturgy)|None]] (ninth hour)
* [[Vespers]] (sunset/evening)
** [[Evensong]] (Anglican Use Vespers)
** [[Ramsha]] (West Syriac Vespers)
* [[Compline]] (end of the day)

|group4 = Other liturgical services
|list4 =
* [[Asperges]]
* [[Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament]]
* [[Exorcism in the Catholic Church|Exorcism]]
* [[Catholic funeral|Funeral]]
** [[Requiem]]
* [[Liturgy of the Hours]]
* [[Procession#Catholic Church|Procession]]

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* [[Antiphonary]]
* [[Book of hours]]
* [[Breviary]]
** [[Roman Breviary]]
* [[Customary (liturgy)|Customary]]
* [[Euchologion]]
* [[Gospel Book]]
* [[Gradual]]
* [[Horologion]]
* [[Lectionary]]
* [[Liturgy of the Hours]]
** [[Divine Worship: Daily Office]]
* [[Martyrology]]
* [[Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis]]
* [[Pontifical]]
** [[Roman Pontifical]]
* [[Psalter]]
* [[Missal]]
** [[Divine Worship: The Missal]]
** [[Roman Missal]]
* [[Tonary]]
* [[Roman Ritual]]
* [[Sacramentary]]

| group6      = [[Sacred language|Liturgical language]]
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* [[Ambrosian Rite]]
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* [[Rite of Lyon]]
* [[Roman Rite]]
** [[Mass of Paul VI]]
** [[Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council|Extraordinary Form]]
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|group4 = Defunct
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* British
** [[Celtic Rite]]
** [[Durham Rite]]
** [[Use of Hereford|Hereford Use]]
** [[Use of Sarum|Sarum Use]]
** [[Use of York|York Use]]
* [[Gallican Rite]]
* ''[[Missa sicca|Missa Nautica]]''
* ''[[Missa sicca]]''
* ''[[Missa sicca|Missa Venatoria]]''
* [[Pre-Tridentine Mass]]

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   | group2 = [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic&lt;br&gt;Churches]]&lt;br&gt;([[Eastern Catholic liturgy|Eastern Catholic&lt;br&gt;liturgy]])
   | list2 =
* [[Alexandrian Rite]]
* [[Armenian Rite]]
* [[Antiochene Rite]]
** [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]]
** [[Malankara Rite|Malankara]]
* [[Byzantine Rite]]
* [[East Syriac Rite]]
** [[Syro-Malabaric Rite|Syro-Malabar]]

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* [[Qurbana Yituŵa]]
* [[Qurbono Yituŵa]]
* [[Misa mu Tchalitchi la Katolika|Misa]]
** [[Misa Yakachete]]
** ''[[Misa Yakwimbika|Misa Cantata]]''
** [[Misa Yikuru]]
** [[Misa Yikuru ya Bishope]]
** [[Misa ya Papa]]

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* [[Sext|Sext]] (msana)
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* [[Vespers|Vespers]] (mise/mazuŵa ghakunjira)
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* [[Compline|Compline]] (umaliro wa zuŵa)

|group4 = Other liturgical services
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* [[Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament]]
* [[Exorcism in the Catholic Church|Exorcism]]
* [[Catholic funeral|Funeral]]
** [[Requiem]]
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* [[Book of hours]]
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* [[Customary (liturgy)|Customary]]
* [[Euchologion]]
* [[Gospel Book]]
* [[Gradual]]
* [[Horologion]]
* [[Lectionary]]
* [[Liturgy of the Hours]]
** [[Divine Worship: Daily Office]]
* [[Martyrology]]
* [[Ordo Exsequiarum Romani Pontificis]]
* [[Pontifical]]
** [[Roman Pontifical]]
* [[Psalter]]
* [[Missal]]
** [[Divine Worship: The Missal]]
** [[Roman Missal]]
* [[Tonary]]
* [[Roman Ritual]]
* [[Sacramentary]]

| group6      = [[Sacred language|Liturgical language]]
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** [[Use of Hereford|Hereford Use]]
** [[Use of Sarum|Sarum Use]]
** [[Use of York|York Use]]
* [[Gallican Rite]]
* ''[[Missa sicca|Missa Nautica]]''
* ''[[Missa sicca]]''
* ''[[Missa sicca|Missa Venatoria]]''
* [[Pre-Tridentine Mass]]

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   | group2 = [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic&lt;br&gt;Churches]]&lt;br&gt;([[Eastern Catholic liturgy|Eastern Catholic&lt;br&gt;liturgy]])
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* [[East Syriac Rite]]
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* [[Pope Alexander I|Alexander I]]
* [[Pope Sixtus I|Sixtus I]]
* [[Pope Telesphorus|Telesphorus]]
* [[Pope Hyginus|Hyginus]]
* [[Pope Pius I|Pius I]]
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* [[Pope Soter|Soter]]
* [[Pope Eleutherius|Eleutherius]]
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* [[Pope Pontian|Pontian]]
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* [[Pope Fabian|Fabian]]
* [[Pope Cornelius|Cornelius]]
* [[Pope Lucius I|Lucius I]]
* [[Pope Stephen I|Stephen I]]
* [[Pope Sixtus II|Sixtus II]]
* [[Pope Dionysius|Dionysius]]
* [[Pope Felix I|Felix I]]
* [[Pope Eutychian|Eutychian]]
* [[Pope Caius|Caius]]
* [[Pope Marcellinus|Marcellinus]]
* [[Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus I]]
* [[Pope Eusebius|Eusebius]]
* [[Pope Miltiades|Miltiades]]
* [[Pope Sylvester I|Sylvester I]]
* [[Pope Mark|Mark]]
* [[Pope Julius I|Julius I]]
* [[Pope Liberius|Liberius]]
* [[Pope Damasus I|Damasus I]]
* [[Pope Siricius|Siricius]]
* [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]


| group2 = 5th–8th centuries
| list2  =
* [[Pope Innocent I|Innocent I]]
* [[Pope Zosimus|Zosimus]]
* [[Pope Boniface I|Boniface I]]
* [[Pope Celestine I|Celestine I]]
* [[Pope Sixtus III|Sixtus III]]
* [[Pope Leo I|Leo I]]
* [[Pope Hilarius|Hilarius]]
* [[Pope Simplicius|Simplicius]]
* [[Pope Felix III|Felix III]]
* [[Pope Gelasius I|Gelasius I]]
* [[Pope Anastasius II|Anastasius II]]
* [[Pope Symmachus|Symmachus]]
* [[Pope Hormisdas|Hormisdas]]
* [[Pope John I|John I]]
* [[Pope Felix IV|Felix IV]]
* [[Pope Boniface II|Boniface II]]
* [[Pope John II|John II]]
* [[Pope Agapetus I|Agapetus I]]
* [[Pope Silverius|Silverius]]
* [[Pope Vigilius|Vigilius]]
* [[Pope Pelagius I|Pelagius I]]
* [[Pope John III|John III]]
* [[Pope Benedict I|Benedict I]]
* [[Pope Pelagius II|Pelagius II]]
* [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory I]]
* [[Pope Sabinian|Sabinian]]
* [[Pope Boniface III|Boniface III]]
* [[Pope Boniface IV|Boniface IV]]
* [[Pope Adeodatus I|Adeodatus I]]
* [[Pope Boniface V|Boniface V]]
* [[Pope Honorius I|Honorius I]]
* [[Pope Severinus|Severinus]]
* [[Pope John IV|John IV]]
* [[Pope Theodore I|Theodore I]]
* [[Pope Martin I|Martin I]]
* [[Pope Eugene I|Eugene I]]
* [[Pope Vitalian|Vitalian]]
* [[Pope Adeodatus II|Adeodatus II]]
* [[Pope Donus|Donus]]
* [[Pope Agatho|Agatho]]
* [[Pope Leo II|Leo II]]
* [[Pope Benedict II|Benedict II]]
* [[Pope John V|John V]]
* [[Pope Conon|Conon]]
* [[Pope Sergius I|Sergius I]]
* [[Pope John VI|John VI]]
* [[Pope John VII|John VII]]
* [[Pope Sisinnius|Sisinnius]]
* [[Pope Constantine|Constantine]]
* [[Pope Gregory II|Gregory II]]
* [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]]
* [[Pope Zachary|Zachary]]
* [[Pope Stephen II|Stephen II]]
* [[Pope Paul I|Paul I]]
* [[Pope Stephen III|Stephen III]]
* [[Pope Adrian I|Adrian I]]
* [[Pope Leo III|Leo III]]

| group3 = 9th–12th centuries
| list3  =
* [[Pope Stephen IV|Stephen IV]]
* [[Pope Paschal I|Paschal I]]
* [[Pope Eugene II|Eugene II]]
* [[Pope Valentine|Valentine]]
* [[Pope Gregory IV|Gregory IV]]
* [[Pope Sergius II|Sergius II]]
* [[Pope Leo IV|Leo IV]]
* [[Pope Benedict III|Benedict III]]
* [[Pope Nicholas I|Nicholas I]]
* [[Pope Adrian II|Adrian II]]
* [[Pope John VIII|John VIII]]
* [[Pope Marinus I|Marinus I]]
* [[Pope Adrian III|Adrian III]]
* [[Pope Stephen V|Stephen V]]
* [[Pope Formosus|Formosus]]
* [[Pope Boniface VI|Boniface VI]]
* [[Pope Stephen VI|Stephen VI]]
* [[Pope Romanus|Romanus]]
* [[Pope Theodore II|Theodore II]]
* [[Pope John IX|John IX]]
* [[Pope Benedict IV|Benedict IV]]
* [[Pope Leo V|Leo V]]
* [[Pope Sergius III|Sergius III]]
* [[Pope Anastasius III|Anastasius III]]
* [[Pope Lando|Lando]]
* [[Pope John X|John X]]
* [[Pope Leo VI|Leo VI]]
* [[Pope Stephen VII|Stephen VII]]
* [[Pope John XI|John XI]]
* [[Pope Leo VII|Leo VII]]
* [[Pope Stephen VIII|Stephen VIII]]
* [[Pope Marinus II|Marinus II]]
* [[Pope Agapetus II|Agapetus II]]
* [[Pope John XII|John XII]]
* [[Pope Benedict V|Benedict V]]
* [[Pope Leo VIII|Leo VIII]]
* [[Pope John XIII|John XIII]]
* [[Pope Benedict VI|Benedict VI]]
* [[Pope Benedict VII|Benedict VII]]
* [[Pope John XIV|John XIV]]
* [[Pope John XV|John XV]]
* [[Pope Gregory V|Gregory V]]
* [[Pope Sylvester II|Sylvester II]]
* [[Pope John XVII|John XVII]]
* [[Pope John XVIII|John XVIII]]
* [[Pope Sergius IV|Sergius IV]]
* [[Pope Benedict VIII|Benedict VIII]]
* [[Pope John XIX|John XIX]]
* [[Pope Benedict IX|Benedict IX]]
* [[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]]
* [[Pope Gregory VI|Gregory VI]]
* [[Pope Clement II|Clement II]]
* [[Pope Damasus II|Damasus II]]
* [[Pope Leo IX|Leo IX]]
* [[Pope Victor II|Victor II]]
* [[Pope Stephen IX|Stephen IX]]
* [[Pope Nicholas II|Nicholas II]]
* [[Pope Alexander II|Alexander II]]
* [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]]
* [[Pope Victor III|Victor III]]
* [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]]
* [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]
* [[Pope Gelasius II|Gelasius II]]
* [[Pope Callixtus II|Callixtus II]]
* [[Pope Honorius II|Honorius II]]
* [[Pope Innocent II|Innocent II]]
* [[Pope Celestine II|Celestine II]]
* [[Pope Lucius II|Lucius II]]
* [[Pope Eugene III|Eugene III]]
* [[Pope Anastasius IV|Anastasius IV]]
* [[Pope Adrian IV|Adrian IV]]
* [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]
* [[Pope Lucius III|Lucius III]]
* [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]]
* [[Pope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]]
* [[Pope Clement III|Clement III]]
* [[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]]
* [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]]

| group4 = 13th–16th centuries
| list4  =
* [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]]
* [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]]
* [[Pope Celestine IV|Celestine IV]]
* [[Pope Innocent IV|Innocent IV]]
* [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]
* [[Pope Urban IV|Urban IV]]
* [[Pope Clement IV|Clement IV]]
* [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]]
* [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]]
* [[Pope Adrian V|Adrian V]]
* [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]]
* [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]]
* [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]]
* [[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]]
* [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]]
* [[Pope Celestine V|Celestine V]]
* [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]
* [[Pope Benedict XI|Benedict XI]]
* [[Pope Clement V|Clement V]]
* [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]]
* [[Pope Benedict XII|Benedict XII]]
* [[Pope Clement VI|Clement VI]]
* [[Pope Innocent VI|Innocent VI]]
* [[Pope Urban V|Urban V]]
* [[Pope Gregory XI|Gregory XI]]
* [[Pope Urban VI|Urban VI]]
* [[Pope Boniface IX|Boniface IX]]
* [[Pope Innocent VII|Innocent VII]]
* [[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]]
* [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]]
* [[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]
* [[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]]
* [[Pope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]]
* [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]]
* [[Pope Paul II|Paul II]]
* [[Pope Sixtus IV|Sixtus IV]]
* [[Pope Innocent VIII|Innocent VIII]]
* [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]
* [[Pope Pius III|Pius III]]
* [[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]
* [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]
* [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]]
* [[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]]
* [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]]
* [[Pope Julius III|Julius III]]
* [[Pope Marcellus II|Marcellus II]]
* [[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]]
* [[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]]
* [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]]
* [[Pope Gregory XIII|Gregory XIII]]
* [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]
* [[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]]
* [[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]]
* [[Pope Innocent IX|Innocent IX]]
* [[Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]]

| group5 = 17th–21st centuries
| list5  =
* [[Pope Leo XI|Leo XI]]
* [[Pope Paul V|Paul V]]
* [[Pope Gregory XV|Gregory XV]]
* [[Pope Urban VIII|Urban VIII]]
* [[Pope Innocent X|Innocent X]]
* [[Pope Alexander VII|Alexander VII]]
* [[Pope Clement IX|Clement IX]]
* [[Pope Clement X|Clement X]]
* [[Pope Innocent XI|Innocent XI]]
* [[Pope Alexander VIII|Alexander VIII]]
* [[Pope Innocent XII|Innocent XII]]
* [[Pope Clement XI|Clement XI]]
* [[Pope Innocent XIII|Innocent XIII]]
* [[Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]
* [[Pope Clement XII|Clement XII]]
* [[Pope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]]
* [[Pope Clement XIII|Clement XIII]]
* [[Pope Clement XIV|Clement XIV]]
* [[Pope Pius VI|Pius VI]]
* [[Pope Pius VII|Pius VII]]
* [[Pope Leo XII|Leo XII]]
* [[Pope Pius VIII|Pius VIII]]
* [[Pope Gregory XVI|Gregory XVI]]
* [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]]
* [[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]
* [[Pope Pius X|Pius X]]
* [[Pope Benedict XV|Benedict XV]]
* [[Pope Pius XI|Pius XI]]
* [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]]
* [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]]
* [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]
* [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]]
* [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
* [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]]
* [[Pope Francis|Francis]]
* [[Pope Leo XIV|Leo XIV]]

| group6 = [[History of the papacy]]
| list6 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox | child
|titlestyle = background-color:gold
|basestyle  = background-color:gold
|listclass = hlist

|group1 = [[Papal selection before 1059|Antiquity and Early&lt;br/&gt; Middle Ages]]
|list1 =
* [[Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire|During the Roman Empire]] (until 493)
** [[Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great|Under Constantine]] (312–337) 
* [[Ostrogothic Papacy]] (493–537)
* [[Byzantine Papacy]] (537–752)
* [[Frankish Papacy]] (756–857)
* ''[[Saeculum obscurum]]'' (904–964)
* [[Crescentii|Crescentii era]] (974–1012)

|group2 = High and Late&lt;br/&gt;Middle Ages
|list2 =
* [[Tusculan Papacy]] (1012–1044 / 1048)
* [[History of the papacy (1048–1257)|Conflicts with the HRE]] (1048–1257)
* Wandering Papacy
** [[Viterbo Papacy|Viterbo]], 1257–1281
** [[Orvieto and the popes|Orvieto]], 1262–1297
** [[Perugia Papacy|Perugia]], 1228–1304
* [[Avignon Papacy]] (1309–1378)
* [[Western Schism]] (1378–1417)

|group3 = Early Modern and&lt;br/&gt; Modern Era
|list3=
* [[Papacy during the Renaissance]] (1417–1534)
* [[Papacy during the Reformation]] (1534–1585)
* [[Baroque Papacy]] (1585–1689)
* [[History of the Catholic Church#Baroque, Enlightenment and revolutions|Age of Enlightenment]] (c. 1640–1740)
* [[Popes during the Age of Revolution|Revolutionary Papacy]] (1775–1848)
* [[Roman question]] (1870–1929)
* [[Vatican City]] (1929–present)
** [[Vatican City during World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945)
** [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|Cold War]] (1945–1992)
}}

| below =
* {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Popes|Category]]
* {{Icon|Portal}} [[Portal:Catholic Church|Portal]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content=
{{Collapsible option}}
[[Category:Pope navigational boxes| ]]
}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>118080</id>
      <parentid>118069</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:22:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
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      <text bytes="11120" sha1="5orgpnwz528x7iufopic3j75dh4r56m" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name      = Popes
| title     = [[Mapapa]] ŵa [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| basestyle = background-color: gold
| image     = 
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| above     = 
* [[List of popes]]
** [[List of popes (graphical)|graphical]]
** [[List of canonised popes|canonised]]
* [[Papal name]]s
* Tombs
** [[List of extant papal tombs|extant]]
** [[List of non-extant papal tombs|non-extant]]
* [[Antipope]]
* [[Pope emeritus]]
** [[Papal renunciation|papal resignation]]
* [[Pope-elect Stephen|Pope-elect]]
* [[Pope Donus II|Apocryphal Pope Donus II]]

| group1 = 1st–4th centuries
| list1  =
* [[Saint Peter|Peter]]
* [[Pope Linus|Linus]]
* [[Pope Anacletus|Anacletus]]
* [[Clement_of_Rome|Clement I]]
* [[Pope Evaristus|Evaristus]]
* [[Pope Alexander I|Alexander I]]
* [[Pope Sixtus I|Sixtus I]]
* [[Pope Telesphorus|Telesphorus]]
* [[Pope Hyginus|Hyginus]]
* [[Pope Pius I|Pius I]]
* [[Pope Anicetus|Anicetus]]
* [[Pope Soter|Soter]]
* [[Pope Eleutherius|Eleutherius]]
* [[Pope Victor I|Victor I]]
* [[Pope Zephyrinus|Zephyrinus]]
* [[Pope Callixtus I|Callixtus I]]
* [[Pope Urban I|Urban I]]
* [[Pope Pontian|Pontian]]
* [[Pope Anterus|Anterus]]
* [[Pope Fabian|Fabian]]
* [[Pope Cornelius|Cornelius]]
* [[Pope Lucius I|Lucius I]]
* [[Pope Stephen I|Stephen I]]
* [[Pope Sixtus II|Sixtus II]]
* [[Pope Dionysius|Dionysius]]
* [[Pope Felix I|Felix I]]
* [[Pope Eutychian|Eutychian]]
* [[Pope Caius|Caius]]
* [[Pope Marcellinus|Marcellinus]]
* [[Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus I]]
* [[Pope Eusebius|Eusebius]]
* [[Pope Miltiades|Miltiades]]
* [[Pope Sylvester I|Sylvester I]]
* [[Pope Mark|Mark]]
* [[Pope Julius I|Julius I]]
* [[Pope Liberius|Liberius]]
* [[Pope Damasus I|Damasus I]]
* [[Pope Siricius|Siricius]]
* [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]


| group2 = 5th–8th centuries
| list2  =
* [[Pope Innocent I|Innocent I]]
* [[Pope Zosimus|Zosimus]]
* [[Pope Boniface I|Boniface I]]
* [[Pope Celestine I|Celestine I]]
* [[Pope Sixtus III|Sixtus III]]
* [[Pope Leo I|Leo I]]
* [[Pope Hilarius|Hilarius]]
* [[Pope Simplicius|Simplicius]]
* [[Pope Felix III|Felix III]]
* [[Pope Gelasius I|Gelasius I]]
* [[Pope Anastasius II|Anastasius II]]
* [[Pope Symmachus|Symmachus]]
* [[Pope Hormisdas|Hormisdas]]
* [[Pope John I|John I]]
* [[Pope Felix IV|Felix IV]]
* [[Pope Boniface II|Boniface II]]
* [[Pope John II|John II]]
* [[Pope Agapetus I|Agapetus I]]
* [[Pope Silverius|Silverius]]
* [[Pope Vigilius|Vigilius]]
* [[Pope Pelagius I|Pelagius I]]
* [[Pope John III|John III]]
* [[Pope Benedict I|Benedict I]]
* [[Pope Pelagius II|Pelagius II]]
* [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory I]]
* [[Pope Sabinian|Sabinian]]
* [[Pope Boniface III|Boniface III]]
* [[Pope Boniface IV|Boniface IV]]
* [[Pope Adeodatus I|Adeodatus I]]
* [[Pope Boniface V|Boniface V]]
* [[Pope Honorius I|Honorius I]]
* [[Pope Severinus|Severinus]]
* [[Pope John IV|John IV]]
* [[Pope Theodore I|Theodore I]]
* [[Pope Martin I|Martin I]]
* [[Pope Eugene I|Eugene I]]
* [[Pope Vitalian|Vitalian]]
* [[Pope Adeodatus II|Adeodatus II]]
* [[Pope Donus|Donus]]
* [[Pope Agatho|Agatho]]
* [[Pope Leo II|Leo II]]
* [[Pope Benedict II|Benedict II]]
* [[Pope John V|John V]]
* [[Pope Conon|Conon]]
* [[Pope Sergius I|Sergius I]]
* [[Pope John VI|John VI]]
* [[Pope John VII|John VII]]
* [[Pope Sisinnius|Sisinnius]]
* [[Pope Constantine|Constantine]]
* [[Pope Gregory II|Gregory II]]
* [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]]
* [[Pope Zachary|Zachary]]
* [[Pope Stephen II|Stephen II]]
* [[Pope Paul I|Paul I]]
* [[Pope Stephen III|Stephen III]]
* [[Pope Adrian I|Adrian I]]
* [[Pope Leo III|Leo III]]

| group3 = 9th–12th centuries
| list3  =
* [[Pope Stephen IV|Stephen IV]]
* [[Pope Paschal I|Paschal I]]
* [[Pope Eugene II|Eugene II]]
* [[Pope Valentine|Valentine]]
* [[Pope Gregory IV|Gregory IV]]
* [[Pope Sergius II|Sergius II]]
* [[Pope Leo IV|Leo IV]]
* [[Pope Benedict III|Benedict III]]
* [[Pope Nicholas I|Nicholas I]]
* [[Pope Adrian II|Adrian II]]
* [[Pope John VIII|John VIII]]
* [[Pope Marinus I|Marinus I]]
* [[Pope Adrian III|Adrian III]]
* [[Pope Stephen V|Stephen V]]
* [[Pope Formosus|Formosus]]
* [[Pope Boniface VI|Boniface VI]]
* [[Pope Stephen VI|Stephen VI]]
* [[Pope Romanus|Romanus]]
* [[Pope Theodore II|Theodore II]]
* [[Pope John IX|John IX]]
* [[Pope Benedict IV|Benedict IV]]
* [[Pope Leo V|Leo V]]
* [[Pope Sergius III|Sergius III]]
* [[Pope Anastasius III|Anastasius III]]
* [[Pope Lando|Lando]]
* [[Pope John X|John X]]
* [[Pope Leo VI|Leo VI]]
* [[Pope Stephen VII|Stephen VII]]
* [[Pope John XI|John XI]]
* [[Pope Leo VII|Leo VII]]
* [[Pope Stephen VIII|Stephen VIII]]
* [[Pope Marinus II|Marinus II]]
* [[Pope Agapetus II|Agapetus II]]
* [[Pope John XII|John XII]]
* [[Pope Benedict V|Benedict V]]
* [[Pope Leo VIII|Leo VIII]]
* [[Pope John XIII|John XIII]]
* [[Pope Benedict VI|Benedict VI]]
* [[Pope Benedict VII|Benedict VII]]
* [[Pope John XIV|John XIV]]
* [[Pope John XV|John XV]]
* [[Pope Gregory V|Gregory V]]
* [[Pope Sylvester II|Sylvester II]]
* [[Pope John XVII|John XVII]]
* [[Pope John XVIII|John XVIII]]
* [[Pope Sergius IV|Sergius IV]]
* [[Pope Benedict VIII|Benedict VIII]]
* [[Pope John XIX|John XIX]]
* [[Pope Benedict IX|Benedict IX]]
* [[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]]
* [[Pope Gregory VI|Gregory VI]]
* [[Pope Clement II|Clement II]]
* [[Pope Damasus II|Damasus II]]
* [[Pope Leo IX|Leo IX]]
* [[Pope Victor II|Victor II]]
* [[Pope Stephen IX|Stephen IX]]
* [[Pope Nicholas II|Nicholas II]]
* [[Pope Alexander II|Alexander II]]
* [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]]
* [[Pope Victor III|Victor III]]
* [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]]
* [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]
* [[Pope Gelasius II|Gelasius II]]
* [[Pope Callixtus II|Callixtus II]]
* [[Pope Honorius II|Honorius II]]
* [[Pope Innocent II|Innocent II]]
* [[Pope Celestine II|Celestine II]]
* [[Pope Lucius II|Lucius II]]
* [[Pope Eugene III|Eugene III]]
* [[Pope Anastasius IV|Anastasius IV]]
* [[Pope Adrian IV|Adrian IV]]
* [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]
* [[Pope Lucius III|Lucius III]]
* [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]]
* [[Pope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]]
* [[Pope Clement III|Clement III]]
* [[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]]
* [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]]

| group4 = 13th–16th centuries
| list4  =
* [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]]
* [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]]
* [[Pope Celestine IV|Celestine IV]]
* [[Pope Innocent IV|Innocent IV]]
* [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]
* [[Pope Urban IV|Urban IV]]
* [[Pope Clement IV|Clement IV]]
* [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]]
* [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]]
* [[Pope Adrian V|Adrian V]]
* [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]]
* [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]]
* [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]]
* [[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]]
* [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]]
* [[Pope Celestine V|Celestine V]]
* [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]
* [[Pope Benedict XI|Benedict XI]]
* [[Pope Clement V|Clement V]]
* [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]]
* [[Pope Benedict XII|Benedict XII]]
* [[Pope Clement VI|Clement VI]]
* [[Pope Innocent VI|Innocent VI]]
* [[Pope Urban V|Urban V]]
* [[Pope Gregory XI|Gregory XI]]
* [[Pope Urban VI|Urban VI]]
* [[Pope Boniface IX|Boniface IX]]
* [[Pope Innocent VII|Innocent VII]]
* [[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]]
* [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]]
* [[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]
* [[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]]
* [[Pope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]]
* [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]]
* [[Pope Paul II|Paul II]]
* [[Pope Sixtus IV|Sixtus IV]]
* [[Pope Innocent VIII|Innocent VIII]]
* [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]
* [[Pope Pius III|Pius III]]
* [[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]
* [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]
* [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]]
* [[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]]
* [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]]
* [[Pope Julius III|Julius III]]
* [[Pope Marcellus II|Marcellus II]]
* [[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]]
* [[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]]
* [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]]
* [[Pope Gregory XIII|Gregory XIII]]
* [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]
* [[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]]
* [[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]]
* [[Pope Innocent IX|Innocent IX]]
* [[Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]]

| group5 = 17th–21st centuries
| list5  =
* [[Pope Leo XI|Leo XI]]
* [[Pope Paul V|Paul V]]
* [[Pope Gregory XV|Gregory XV]]
* [[Pope Urban VIII|Urban VIII]]
* [[Pope Innocent X|Innocent X]]
* [[Pope Alexander VII|Alexander VII]]
* [[Pope Clement IX|Clement IX]]
* [[Pope Clement X|Clement X]]
* [[Pope Innocent XI|Innocent XI]]
* [[Pope Alexander VIII|Alexander VIII]]
* [[Pope Innocent XII|Innocent XII]]
* [[Pope Clement XI|Clement XI]]
* [[Pope Innocent XIII|Innocent XIII]]
* [[Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]
* [[Pope Clement XII|Clement XII]]
* [[Pope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]]
* [[Pope Clement XIII|Clement XIII]]
* [[Pope Clement XIV|Clement XIV]]
* [[Pope Pius VI|Pius VI]]
* [[Pope Pius VII|Pius VII]]
* [[Pope Leo XII|Leo XII]]
* [[Pope Pius VIII|Pius VIII]]
* [[Pope Gregory XVI|Gregory XVI]]
* [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]]
* [[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]
* [[Pope Pius X|Pius X]]
* [[Pope Benedict XV|Benedict XV]]
* [[Pope Pius XI|Pius XI]]
* [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]]
* [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]]
* [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]
* [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]]
* [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]
* [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]]
* [[Pope Francis|Francis]]
* [[Pope Leo XIV|Leo XIV]]

| group6 = [[History of the papacy]]
| list6 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox | child
|titlestyle = background-color:gold
|basestyle  = background-color:gold
|listclass = hlist

|group1 = [[Papal selection before 1059|Antiquity and Early&lt;br/&gt; Middle Ages]]
|list1 =
* [[Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire|During the Roman Empire]] (until 493)
** [[Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great|Under Constantine]] (312–337) 
* [[Ostrogothic Papacy]] (493–537)
* [[Byzantine Papacy]] (537–752)
* [[Frankish Papacy]] (756–857)
* ''[[Saeculum obscurum]]'' (904–964)
* [[Crescentii|Crescentii era]] (974–1012)

|group2 = High and Late&lt;br/&gt;Middle Ages
|list2 =
* [[Tusculan Papacy]] (1012–1044 / 1048)
* [[History of the papacy (1048–1257)|Conflicts with the HRE]] (1048–1257)
* Wandering Papacy
** [[Viterbo Papacy|Viterbo]], 1257–1281
** [[Orvieto and the popes|Orvieto]], 1262–1297
** [[Perugia Papacy|Perugia]], 1228–1304
* [[Avignon Papacy]] (1309–1378)
* [[Western Schism]] (1378–1417)

|group3 = Early Modern and&lt;br/&gt; Modern Era
|list3=
* [[Papacy during the Renaissance]] (1417–1534)
* [[Papacy during the Reformation]] (1534–1585)
* [[Baroque Papacy]] (1585–1689)
* [[History of the Catholic Church#Baroque, Enlightenment and revolutions|Age of Enlightenment]] (c. 1640–1740)
* [[Popes during the Age of Revolution|Revolutionary Papacy]] (1775–1848)
* [[Roman question]] (1870–1929)
* [[Vatican City]] (1929–present)
** [[Vatican City during World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945)
** [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|Cold War]] (1945–1992)
}}

| below =
* {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Popes|Category]]
* {{Icon|Portal}} [[Portal:Catholic Church|Portal]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|content=
{{Collapsible option}}
[[Category:Pope navigational boxes| ]]
}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwataine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118070</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:10:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Kwataine''' ni ulamuliro wa fumu yakwambilira (Traditional Authority) uwo uli pasi pa [[fumu yikuru]], Inkosi Yamakosi Gomani, mu [[Dipatimenti ya Ntcheu]], Malawi. Malo agha gha ulamuliro ghaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 500,000, ndipo ŵanandi mba [[ŵaNgoni]].  ==Fumu Kwataine Masina== Fumu Mac Julio Kwataine Masina wakaŵa msambizgi wa Chingelezi na mdauko, ndipo ni Fumu ya Kwataine ku [[Ntcheu]], [[Dipatimenti ya Ntcheu]], mu Chigaŵa cha Pakatikati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|u...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5153" sha1="l8mv57rmoi99qjzjd246v3327d1fpmb" xml:space="preserve">'''Kwataine''' ni ulamuliro wa fumu yakwambilira (Traditional Authority) uwo uli pasi pa [[fumu yikuru]], Inkosi Yamakosi Gomani, mu [[Dipatimenti ya Ntcheu]], Malawi. Malo agha gha ulamuliro ghaŵa na ŵanthu pafupifupi 500,000, ndipo ŵanandi mba [[ŵaNgoni]].

==Fumu Kwataine Masina==
Fumu Mac Julio Kwataine Masina wakaŵa msambizgi wa Chingelezi na mdauko, ndipo ni Fumu ya Kwataine ku [[Ntcheu]], [[Dipatimenti ya Ntcheu]], mu Chigaŵa cha Pakatikati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/malawis-leader-makes-safe-childbirth-her-mission/ |accessdate=April 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412234510/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/malawis-leader-makes-safe-childbirth-her-mission/ |archivedate=April 12, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha kwamba mapulogalamu gha umayi wakuvikilirika (safe motherhood) mu chigaŵa chake mu 1996.&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/04/05/why-should-women-die-like-goats.html ‘Why Should Women Die Like Goats?’ – The Daily Beast&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/10/27/malawi-leader-crowns-kwataine-senior-chief-pictorial-focus-on-ngoni-colourful-ceremony/ |title=Malawi leader crowns Kwataine senior chief: Pictorial focus on Ngoni colourful ceremony {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204115329/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/10/27/malawi-leader-crowns-kwataine-senior-chief-pictorial-focus-on-ngoni-colourful-ceremony/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fumu Kwataine wakakwezgeka kufuma pa Traditional Authority (TA) kuŵa Senior Traditional Authority na Purezidenti [[Joyce Banda]] mu 2012 chifukwa cha ntchito yake yakuphatikizga mwambo wa [[ŵaNgoni]] na umoyo wa ŵamama pakubaba mu chigaŵa cha Kwataine.&lt;ref name=autogenerated3&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/07/07/jb-elevates-kwataine-to-ntcheus-senior-ta/ |title=JB elevates Kwataine to Ntcheu’s senior TA {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204115329/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/07/07/jb-elevates-kwataine-to-ntcheus-senior-ta/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kufuma mu Epulero 2012, wakaŵa Wapampando wa pulogalamu ya Purezidenti yakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵamama na kubaba mwakuvikilirika.&lt;ref name=autogenerated3 /&gt; Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, walutilira kusambizga ŵanthu na kuwovwira mizi kuti yiŵikenge mtima pa umayi wakuvikilirika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/04/09/kwataine-invites-oprah-winfrey-to-visit-malawi-safemotherhood-focusing-on-girls-education/ |title=Kwataine invites Oprah Winfrey to visit Malawi: Safemotherhood focusing on girls’ education {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-date=2013-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413191601/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/04/09/kwataine-invites-oprah-winfrey-to-visit-malawi-safemotherhood-focusing-on-girls-education/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wakasambizga ŵalongozgi ŵachikaya ŵakujumpha 1,000 pa vya HIV/AIDS na umayi wakuvikilirika. Wakaŵaso yumoza wa ŵakudumbiskana pa nkhani ya &quot;kuponoska ŵamama&quot; pa ungano wa nambara yachinayi wa Women in the World Summit (2013) ku New York.&lt;ref name=autogenerated2 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2013/04/06/lean-on-women-are-challenged-to-change-the-world.html Lean On: Women Are Challenged to Change the World – The Daily Beast&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/03/25/malawi-chief-kwataine-to-share-stage-with-oprah-winfrey-at-us-summit/ |title=Malawi chief Kwataine to share stage with Oprah Winfrey at US summit {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-date=2013-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329182819/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/03/25/malawi-chief-kwataine-to-share-stage-with-oprah-winfrey-at-us-summit/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pambere ndondomeko iyi yindambe, pakati pa 2000 na 2005 pakaŵa nyifwa za ŵamama 52 chifukwa cha kubaba. Kweni mu vyaka vitatu vyajumpha, palije mwanakazi uyo wafwa pa nyengo ya kubaba mu mizi 89 iyo yili pasi pa ulamuliro wa Fumu Kwataine.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160204115329/http://www.afronline.org/?p=8988#more-8988 Malawi: village chief leads fight for Maternal Health « Afronline – The Voice Of Africa&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakakhozgaso ŵanthu ŵa ku Kwataine kuti ŵasonkhanenge ndalama zakuzenga chipatala chawo cha mauteŵeti gha mwaluŵiro gha ŵamama ŵakusuzgika pakubaba.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;

==Mabuku ghakulongosora==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ukhaliro wa ŵanthu ku Malawi]]
[[Category:Chigaŵa cha Pakatikati, Malawi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Western world</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>118074</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:16:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox  |name  = Western world |state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}  |title = [[Western world]] and [[Western culture|culture]] |listclass = hlist  |group1 = Foundations |list1 = * [[Cradle of civilization]] * [[Old World]] * [[Greco-Roman world]] ** [[Ancient Greece|Greece]] ** [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic Kingdoms]] ** [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] ** [[Roman Empire]] *** [[Western Roman Empire|Western]] *** Byzantine Empire|Easte...&quot;</comment>
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|name  = Western world
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}

|title = [[Western world]] and [[Western culture|culture]]
|listclass = hlist

|group1 = Foundations
|list1 =
* [[Cradle of civilization]]
* [[Old World]]
* [[Greco-Roman world]]
** [[Ancient Greece|Greece]]
** [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic Kingdoms]]
** [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]
** [[Roman Empire]]
*** [[Western Roman Empire|Western]]
*** [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern]]
* [[Legacy of the Roman Empire|Roman legacy]]
* [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]]
* [[Romano-Germanic culture]]
** [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]]
* [[Anglosphere|Anglo-American world]]
* [[Eurosphere]]
* [[Christendom]]

|group2 = [[History of Western civilization|History]]
|list2 =
* [[Bronze Age Europe|European Bronze Age]]
* [[Classical antiquity]]
** [[Late antiquity]]
* [[Middle Ages]]
** [[Early Middle Ages|early]]
** [[High Middle Ages|high]]
** [[Late Middle Ages|late]]
* [[Renaissance]]
* [[Modern period]]
** [[Early modern Europe]]
** [[Age of Discovery]]
** [[Reformation]]
** [[Scientific Revolution]]
** [[Age of Enlightenment]]
** [[Age of Revolution]]
** [[Romanticism]]
** [[Abolitionism]]
** [[Emancipation]]
** [[Capitalism]]
** [[Industrial Revolution]]
** [[Great Divergence]]
** [[Modernism]]
** [[World War I]]
** [[Interwar period]]
** [[Universal suffrage]]
** [[World War II]]
** [[Cold War]]
* [[Post–Cold War era]]
** [[War on Terror]]
** [[Information Age|Information age]]
** [[War on drugs]]
** [[Post-9/11]]

|group3 = [[Western culture|Culture]]
|list3 =
* [[Alphabet]]
** [[Greek alphabet|Greek]]
** [[Latin script|Latin]]
** [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
** [[Runes]]
* [[Architecture]]
* [[Art of Europe|Art]]
** [[Periods in Western art history|Periods]]
* [[Gregorian calendar|Calendar]]
* [[European cuisine|Cuisine]]
** [[Western pattern diet|Diet]]
* [[Classical tradition]]
** [[Classics|Studies]]
* [[Western dress codes|Clothing]]
** [[History of Western fashion|History]]
* [[Western dance (Europe and North America)|Dance]]
* [[Western education|Education]]
* [[Western esotericism|Esotericism]]
** [[Western astrology|Astrology]]
* [[European folklore|Folklore]]
* [[Immigration to the Western world|Immigration]]
* [[Western law|Law]]
* [[Languages of Europe|Languages]]
** [[Eurolinguistics]]
** [[Standard Average European]]
* [[Western literature|Literature]]
** [[Western canon|Canon]]
* [[Western media|Media]]
** [[Internet]]
* [[Music]]
** [[Chant]]
** [[Classical music|Classical]]
** [[List of European folk music traditions|Folk]]
** [[List of European medieval musical instruments|Instruments]]
* [[European mythology|Mythology]]
* [[Western painting|Painting]]
** [[20th-century Western painting|contemporary]]
* [[Western philosophy|Philosophy]]
** [[Philosophy of science|Science]]
** [[Values (Western philosophy)|Values]]
* [[Western physical culture|Physical culture]]
** [[Western sports|Sport]]
* [[Western religions|Religion]]
** [[East–West Schism]]
** [[Western Christianity]]
** [[Decline of Christianity in the Western world|Decline]]
** [[Secularism]]

|group4 = [[Western philosophy|Philosophy]]
|list4 =
* [[Ancient Greek philosophy]]
* [[Hellenistic philosophy]]
* [[Ancient Roman philosophy]]
* [[Christian ethics]]
* [[Judeo-Christian ethics]]
* [[Christian philosophy]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Empiricism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
** [[Christian existentialism]]
* [[Humanism]]
** [[Christian humanism]]
** [[Secular humanism]]
* [[Liberalism]]
* [[Conservatism]]
* [[Capitalism]]
* [[Progressivism]]
* [[Continental philosophy]]
* [[Analytic philosophy]]
* [[Post-structuralism]]
* [[Toleration|Tolerance]]
** [[Paradox of tolerance|Paradox]]
* [[Relativism]]
** ''[[Peritrope]]''
* [[Atlanticism]]
* [[Sovereigntism]]
* [[Individualism]]
* [[Western values|Values]]
** [[European values|European]]

|group5 = [[Western religions|Religion]]
|list5 =
* [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]]
** [[Christianity]]
*** [[Christian culture|Culture]]
**** [[Western Christianity|Western]]/[[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]]
*** [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
**** [[Latin Church]]
*** [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
**** [[Greek Orthodox Church]]
*** [[Protestantism]]
* [[Paganism]]
** [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]]
** [[Ancient Celtic religion|Celtic]]
** [[Finnish paganism|Finnish]]
** [[Germanic paganism|Germanic]]
*** [[Anglo-Saxon paganism|Anglo-Saxon]]
*** [[Frankish mythology|Frankish]]
*** [[Gothic paganism|Gothic]]
*** [[Old Norse religion|Old Norse]]
** [[Hellenistic religion|Hellenistic]]
** [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman]]
** [[Slavic paganism|Slavic]]
** [[Modern paganism|Neo]]
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Atheism]]

|group6 = [[Western law|Law]]
|list6 =
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Rule of law]]
** [[Equality before the law]]
* [[Constitutionalism]]
* [[Human rights]]
** [[Right to life|Life]]
** [[Freedom of thought|Thought]]
** [[Freedom of speech|Speech]]
** [[Freedom of the press|Press]]
** [[Freedom of religion|Religion]]
** [[Right to property|Property]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Liberal international order]]

|group7 = Contemporary&lt;br/&gt;integration
|list7 = 
* [[ABCANZ Armies]]
* [[Assembly of European Regions|AER]]
* [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]]
* [[ANZUK]]
* [[ANZUS]]
* [[Arctic Council]]
* [[AUKUS]]
* [[AUSCANNZUKUS]]
* [[Baltic Assembly]]
* [[Benelux]]
* [[British–Irish Council]]
* [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]]
* [[Bucharest Nine]]
* [[CANZUK]]
* [[Council of the Baltic Sea States|CBSS]]
* [[Celtic League]]
* [[Central European Free Trade Agreement|CEFTA]]
* [[Council of Europe]]
* [[Craiova Group]]
* [[Eastern European Group]]
* [[Eastern Partnership]]
* [[European Economic Area|EEA]]
* [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]
* [[European Political Community|EPC]]
* [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
* [[European Union|EU]]
* [[European Union Customs Union|EU Customs Union]]
* [[Eurozone]]
* [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement|EU–UK TCA]]
* [[Five Eyes]]
* [[G7]]
* [[Lancaster House Treaties]]
* [[Latin American and Caribbean Group]]
* [[Latin Union]]
* [[Lublin Triangle]]
* [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]]
* [[NATO]]
* [[NORAD]]
* [[Nordic Council]]
* [[Organization of American States|OAS]]
* [[OECD]]
* [[Open Balkan]]
* [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]
* [[Pacific Islands Forum]]
* [[Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America|PROSUR/PROSUL]]
* [[Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance|Rio Treaty]]
* [[Schengen Area|Schengen]]
* [[Special Relationship]]
* [[Three Seas Initiative]]
* [[UKUSA Agreement]]
* [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]]
* [[Visegrád Group]]
* [[West Nordic Council]]
* [[Western Bloc]]
* [[Western European and Others Group]]
* [[Westernization]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>6393</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Caro de Segeda moved page [[Template:Western culture]] to [[Template:Western world]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6854" sha1="ivkeknn9r0h6fbqbj7n6ept8f56a1uu" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox 
|name  = Western world
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}

|title = [[Western world]] and [[Western culture|culture]]
|listclass = hlist

|group1 = Foundations
|list1 =
* [[Cradle of civilization]]
* [[Old World]]
* [[Greco-Roman world]]
** [[Ancient Greece|Greece]]
** [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic Kingdoms]]
** [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]
** [[Roman Empire]]
*** [[Western Roman Empire|Western]]
*** [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern]]
* [[Legacy of the Roman Empire|Roman legacy]]
* [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]]
* [[Romano-Germanic culture]]
** [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]]
* [[Anglosphere|Anglo-American world]]
* [[Eurosphere]]
* [[Christendom]]

|group2 = [[History of Western civilization|History]]
|list2 =
* [[Bronze Age Europe|European Bronze Age]]
* [[Classical antiquity]]
** [[Late antiquity]]
* [[Middle Ages]]
** [[Early Middle Ages|early]]
** [[High Middle Ages|high]]
** [[Late Middle Ages|late]]
* [[Renaissance]]
* [[Modern period]]
** [[Early modern Europe]]
** [[Age of Discovery]]
** [[Reformation]]
** [[Scientific Revolution]]
** [[Age of Enlightenment]]
** [[Age of Revolution]]
** [[Romanticism]]
** [[Abolitionism]]
** [[Emancipation]]
** [[Capitalism]]
** [[Industrial Revolution]]
** [[Great Divergence]]
** [[Modernism]]
** [[World War I]]
** [[Interwar period]]
** [[Universal suffrage]]
** [[World War II]]
** [[Cold War]]
* [[Post–Cold War era]]
** [[War on Terror]]
** [[Information Age|Information age]]
** [[War on drugs]]
** [[Post-9/11]]

|group3 = [[Western culture|Culture]]
|list3 =
* [[Alphabet]]
** [[Greek alphabet|Greek]]
** [[Latin script|Latin]]
** [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
** [[Runes]]
* [[Architecture]]
* [[Art of Europe|Art]]
** [[Periods in Western art history|Periods]]
* [[Gregorian calendar|Calendar]]
* [[European cuisine|Cuisine]]
** [[Western pattern diet|Diet]]
* [[Classical tradition]]
** [[Classics|Studies]]
* [[Western dress codes|Clothing]]
** [[History of Western fashion|History]]
* [[Western dance (Europe and North America)|Dance]]
* [[Western education|Education]]
* [[Western esotericism|Esotericism]]
** [[Western astrology|Astrology]]
* [[European folklore|Folklore]]
* [[Immigration to the Western world|Immigration]]
* [[Western law|Law]]
* [[Languages of Europe|Languages]]
** [[Eurolinguistics]]
** [[Standard Average European]]
* [[Western literature|Literature]]
** [[Western canon|Canon]]
* [[Western media|Media]]
** [[Internet]]
* [[Music]]
** [[Chant]]
** [[Classical music|Classical]]
** [[List of European folk music traditions|Folk]]
** [[List of European medieval musical instruments|Instruments]]
* [[European mythology|Mythology]]
* [[Western painting|Painting]]
** [[20th-century Western painting|contemporary]]
* [[Western philosophy|Philosophy]]
** [[Philosophy of science|Science]]
** [[Values (Western philosophy)|Values]]
* [[Western physical culture|Physical culture]]
** [[Western sports|Sport]]
* [[Western religions|Religion]]
** [[East–West Schism]]
** [[Western Christianity]]
** [[Decline of Christianity in the Western world|Decline]]
** [[Secularism]]

|group4 = [[Western philosophy|Philosophy]]
|list4 =
* [[Ancient Greek philosophy]]
* [[Hellenistic philosophy]]
* [[Ancient Roman philosophy]]
* [[Christian ethics]]
* [[Judeo-Christian ethics]]
* [[Christian philosophy]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Empiricism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
** [[Christian existentialism]]
* [[Humanism]]
** [[Christian humanism]]
** [[Secular humanism]]
* [[Liberalism]]
* [[Conservatism]]
* [[Capitalism]]
* [[Progressivism]]
* [[Continental philosophy]]
* [[Analytic philosophy]]
* [[Post-structuralism]]
* [[Toleration|Tolerance]]
** [[Paradox of tolerance|Paradox]]
* [[Relativism]]
** ''[[Peritrope]]''
* [[Atlanticism]]
* [[Sovereigntism]]
* [[Individualism]]
* [[Western values|Values]]
** [[European values|European]]

|group5 = [[Western religions|Religion]]
|list5 =
* [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]]
** [[Christianity]]
*** [[Christian culture|Culture]]
**** [[Western Christianity|Western]]/[[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]]
*** [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
**** [[Latin Church]]
*** [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
**** [[Greek Orthodox Church]]
*** [[Protestantism]]
* [[Paganism]]
** [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]]
** [[Ancient Celtic religion|Celtic]]
** [[Finnish paganism|Finnish]]
** [[Germanic paganism|Germanic]]
*** [[Anglo-Saxon paganism|Anglo-Saxon]]
*** [[Frankish mythology|Frankish]]
*** [[Gothic paganism|Gothic]]
*** [[Old Norse religion|Old Norse]]
** [[Hellenistic religion|Hellenistic]]
** [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman]]
** [[Slavic paganism|Slavic]]
** [[Modern paganism|Neo]]
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Atheism]]

|group6 = [[Western law|Law]]
|list6 =
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Rule of law]]
** [[Equality before the law]]
* [[Constitutionalism]]
* [[Human rights]]
** [[Right to life|Life]]
** [[Freedom of thought|Thought]]
** [[Freedom of speech|Speech]]
** [[Freedom of the press|Press]]
** [[Freedom of religion|Religion]]
** [[Right to property|Property]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Liberal international order]]

|group7 = Contemporary&lt;br/&gt;integration
|list7 = 
* [[ABCANZ Armies]]
* [[Assembly of European Regions|AER]]
* [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]]
* [[ANZUK]]
* [[ANZUS]]
* [[Arctic Council]]
* [[AUKUS]]
* [[AUSCANNZUKUS]]
* [[Baltic Assembly]]
* [[Benelux]]
* [[British–Irish Council]]
* [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]]
* [[Bucharest Nine]]
* [[CANZUK]]
* [[Council of the Baltic Sea States|CBSS]]
* [[Celtic League]]
* [[Central European Free Trade Agreement|CEFTA]]
* [[Council of Europe]]
* [[Craiova Group]]
* [[Eastern European Group]]
* [[Eastern Partnership]]
* [[European Economic Area|EEA]]
* [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]
* [[European Political Community|EPC]]
* [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
* [[European Union|EU]]
* [[European Union Customs Union|EU Customs Union]]
* [[Eurozone]]
* [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement|EU–UK TCA]]
* [[Five Eyes]]
* [[G7]]
* [[Lancaster House Treaties]]
* [[Latin American and Caribbean Group]]
* [[Latin Union]]
* [[Lublin Triangle]]
* [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]]
* [[NATO]]
* [[NORAD]]
* [[Nordic Council]]
* [[Organization of American States|OAS]]
* [[OECD]]
* [[Open Balkan]]
* [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]
* [[Pacific Islands Forum]]
* [[Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America|PROSUR/PROSUL]]
* [[Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance|Rio Treaty]]
* [[Schengen Area|Schengen]]
* [[Special Relationship]]
* [[Three Seas Initiative]]
* [[UKUSA Agreement]]
* [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]]
* [[Visegrád Group]]
* [[West Nordic Council]]
* [[Western Bloc]]
* [[Western European and Others Group]]
* [[Westernization]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ivkeknn9r0h6fbqbj7n6ept8f56a1uu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118078</id>
      <parentid>118075</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:20:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118078</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6910" sha1="7zo6c0f0n2shh4l0enklgd0rubnrxfo" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox 
|name  = Western world
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}

|title = [[Charu cha ku Western]] na [[Chikhalidwe cha ku Western|chikhalidwe]]
|listclass = hlist

|group1 = Maziko
|list1 =
* [[Cradle of civilization]]
* [[Old World]]
* [[Greco-Roman world]]
** [[Ancient Greece|Greece]]
** [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic Kingdoms]]
** [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]
** [[Roman Empire]]
*** [[Western Roman Empire|Western]]
*** [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern]]
* [[Legacy of the Roman Empire|Roman legacy]]
* [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]]
* [[Romano-Germanic culture]]
** [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]]
* [[Anglosphere|Anglo-American world]]
* [[Eurosphere]]
* [[Christendom]]

|group2 = [[Mbiri ya Chitukuko cha ku Western|Mbiri]]
|list2 =
* [[Bronze Age Europe|European Bronze Age]]
* [[Classical antiquity]]
** [[Late antiquity]]
* [[Middle Ages]]
** [[Early Middle Ages|early]]
** [[High Middle Ages|high]]
** [[Late Middle Ages|late]]
* [[Renaissance]]
* [[Modern period]]
** [[Early modern Europe]]
** [[Age of Discovery]]
** [[Reformation]]
** [[Scientific Revolution]]
** [[Age of Enlightenment]]
** [[Age of Revolution]]
** [[Romanticism]]
** [[Abolitionism]]
** [[Emancipation]]
** [[Capitalism]]
** [[Industrial Revolution]]
** [[Great Divergence]]
** [[Modernism]]
** [[World War I]]
** [[Interwar period]]
** [[Universal suffrage]]
** [[World War II]]
** [[Cold War]]
* [[Post–Cold War era]]
** [[War on Terror]]
** [[Information Age|Information age]]
** [[War on drugs]]
** [[Post-9/11]]

|group3 = [[Chikhalidwe cha ku Western|Chikhalidwe]]
|list3 =
* [[Alphabet]]
** [[Greek alphabet|Greek]]
** [[Latin script|Latin]]
** [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
** [[Runes]]
* [[Architecture]]
* [[Art of Europe|Art]]
** [[Periods in Western art history|Periods]]
* [[Gregorian calendar|Calendar]]
* [[European cuisine|Cuisine]]
** [[Western pattern diet|Diet]]
* [[Classical tradition]]
** [[Classics|Studies]]
* [[Western dress codes|Clothing]]
** [[History of Western fashion|History]]
* [[Western dance (Europe and North America)|Dance]]
* [[Western education|Education]]
* [[Western esotericism|Esotericism]]
** [[Western astrology|Astrology]]
* [[European folklore|Folklore]]
* [[Immigration to the Western world|Immigration]]
* [[Western law|Law]]
* [[Languages of Europe|Languages]]
** [[Eurolinguistics]]
** [[Standard Average European]]
* [[Western literature|Literature]]
** [[Western canon|Canon]]
* [[Western media|Media]]
** [[Internet]]
* [[Music]]
** [[Chant]]
** [[Classical music|Classical]]
** [[List of European folk music traditions|Folk]]
** [[List of European medieval musical instruments|Instruments]]
* [[European mythology|Mythology]]
* [[Western painting|Painting]]
** [[20th-century Western painting|contemporary]]
* [[Western philosophy|Philosophy]]
** [[Philosophy of science|Science]]
** [[Values (Western philosophy)|Values]]
* [[Western physical culture|Physical culture]]
** [[Western sports|Sport]]
* [[Western religions|Religion]]
** [[East–West Schism]]
** [[Western Christianity]]
** [[Decline of Christianity in the Western world|Decline]]
** [[Secularism]]

|group4 = [[Filosofi ya ku Western|Filosofi]]
|list4 =
* [[Ancient Greek philosophy]]
* [[Hellenistic philosophy]]
* [[Ancient Roman philosophy]]
* [[Christian ethics]]
* [[Judeo-Christian ethics]]
* [[Christian philosophy]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Empiricism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
** [[Christian existentialism]]
* [[Humanism]]
** [[Christian humanism]]
** [[Secular humanism]]
* [[Liberalism]]
* [[Conservatism]]
* [[Capitalism]]
* [[Progressivism]]
* [[Continental philosophy]]
* [[Analytic philosophy]]
* [[Post-structuralism]]
* [[Toleration|Tolerance]]
** [[Paradox of tolerance|Paradox]]
* [[Relativism]]
** ''[[Peritrope]]''
* [[Atlanticism]]
* [[Sovereigntism]]
* [[Individualism]]
* [[Western values|Values]]
** [[European values|European]]

|group5 = [[Maukaboni gha ku Western|Chisopa]]
|list5 =
* [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]]
** [[Christianity]]
*** [[Christian culture|Culture]]
**** [[Western Christianity|Western]]/[[Eastern Christianity|Eastern]]
*** [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
**** [[Latin Church]]
*** [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
**** [[Greek Orthodox Church]]
*** [[Protestantism]]
* [[Paganism]]
** [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]]
** [[Ancient Celtic religion|Celtic]]
** [[Finnish paganism|Finnish]]
** [[Germanic paganism|Germanic]]
*** [[Anglo-Saxon paganism|Anglo-Saxon]]
*** [[Frankish mythology|Frankish]]
*** [[Gothic paganism|Gothic]]
*** [[Old Norse religion|Old Norse]]
** [[Hellenistic religion|Hellenistic]]
** [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman]]
** [[Slavic paganism|Slavic]]
** [[Modern paganism|Neo]]
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Atheism]]

|group6 = [[Dango la ku Western|Dango]]
|list6 =
* [[Natural law]]
* [[Rule of law]]
** [[Equality before the law]]
* [[Constitutionalism]]
* [[Human rights]]
** [[Right to life|Life]]
** [[Freedom of thought|Thought]]
** [[Freedom of speech|Speech]]
** [[Freedom of the press|Press]]
** [[Freedom of religion|Religion]]
** [[Right to property|Property]]
* [[Democracy]]
* [[Liberal international order]]

|group7 = Kuphatikizika kwa&lt;br/&gt;mazuŵa ghano
|list7 = 
* [[ABCANZ Armies]]
* [[Assembly of European Regions|AER]]
* [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]]
* [[ANZUK]]
* [[ANZUS]]
* [[Arctic Council]]
* [[AUKUS]]
* [[AUSCANNZUKUS]]
* [[Baltic Assembly]]
* [[Benelux]]
* [[British–Irish Council]]
* [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation|BSEC]]
* [[Bucharest Nine]]
* [[CANZUK]]
* [[Council of the Baltic Sea States|CBSS]]
* [[Celtic League]]
* [[Central European Free Trade Agreement|CEFTA]]
* [[Council of Europe]]
* [[Craiova Group]]
* [[Eastern European Group]]
* [[Eastern Partnership]]
* [[European Economic Area|EEA]]
* [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]
* [[European Political Community|EPC]]
* [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
* [[European Union|EU]]
* [[European Union Customs Union|EU Customs Union]]
* [[Eurozone]]
* [[EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement|EU–UK TCA]]
* [[Five Eyes]]
* [[G7]]
* [[Lancaster House Treaties]]
* [[Latin American and Caribbean Group]]
* [[Latin Union]]
* [[Lublin Triangle]]
* [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]]
* [[NATO]]
* [[NORAD]]
* [[Nordic Council]]
* [[Organization of American States|OAS]]
* [[OECD]]
* [[Open Balkan]]
* [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]
* [[Pacific Islands Forum]]
* [[Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America|PROSUR/PROSUL]]
* [[Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance|Rio Treaty]]
* [[Schengen Area|Schengen]]
* [[Special Relationship]]
* [[Three Seas Initiative]]
* [[UKUSA Agreement]]
* [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]]
* [[Visegrád Group]]
* [[West Nordic Council]]
* [[Western Bloc]]
* [[Western European and Others Group]]
* [[Westernization]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7zo6c0f0n2shh4l0enklgd0rubnrxfo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Western culture</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48186</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Western world" />
    <revision>
      <id>118076</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:16:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Caro de Segeda moved page [[Template:Western culture]] to [[Template:Western world]]</comment>
      <origin>118076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="l9rrqklbz2sqahn9idut6oc3p4zwpnn" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Western world]]</text>
      <sha1>l9rrqklbz2sqahn9idut6oc3p4zwpnn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Religion topics</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118081</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox with collapsible groups | name = Religion topics | state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}} | bodyclass = hlist | title = [[Religion]] | selected = {{{1|}}}  &lt;!---------------------------------------------------------&gt; | abbr1 = topics | state1 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt; | list1 =  {{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child    | group1 = Aspects   | list1 = * [[Apostasy]]{{\}}[[Religious disaffiliation|Disaffiliation]...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>118081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31395" sha1="b1cuaprtlfev6a49ygvb5wlji2ps5lg" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name = Religion topics
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Religion]]
| selected = {{{1|}}}

&lt;!---------------------------------------------------------&gt;
| abbr1 = topics
| state1 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| list1 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child

  | group1 = Aspects
  | list1 =
* [[Apostasy]]{{\}}[[Religious disaffiliation|Disaffiliation]]
* [[Religious behaviour|Behaviour]]
* [[Belief#Religion|Beliefs]]
* [[Call to prayer]]
* [[Laicism]] / [[Laity]]
* [[Covenant (religion)|Covenant]]
* [[Religious conversion|Conversion]]
* [[Deity|Deities]]
** [[God]]
** [[Goddess]]
* [[Religious denomination|Denomination]]
* [[Entheogen]]s
* [[Faith]]
* [[Meditation]]
* [[Monasticism]]
** [[Monk]]
** [[Novice]]
** [[Nun]]
* [[Mysticism]]
* [[Religion and mythology|Mythology]]
* [[Ordination]]
* [[Orthodoxy]]
* [[Orthopraxy]]
* [[Prayer]]
* [[Prophecy]]
* [[Religious experience]]
* [[Ritual]]
** [[Liturgy]]
** [[Ritual purification|Purification]]
** [[Sacrifice]]
* [[Sacred space]]
** [[Sacred waters|Bodies of water]]
** [[Sacred grove|Groves]]
** [[Sacred mountains|Mountains]]
** [[Sacred tree|Trees]]
* [[Soul]]
* [[Spirituality]]
* [[Supernatural]]
* [[Religious symbol|Symbols]]
* [[Religious text|Text]]
* [[Religious views on truth|Truth]]
* [[Water and religion|Water]]
* [[Worship]]
** [[Worship of heavenly bodies|Astral]]
** [[Nature worship|Nature]]
*** [[Fire worship|Fire]]
** [[Place of worship|Place]]

  | group2 = [[Theism]]
  | list2 =
* [[Animism]]
* [[Deism]]
* [[Dualism in cosmology|Dualism]]
* [[Henotheism]]
* [[Monotheism]]
* [[Nontheism]]
* [[Pandeism]]
* [[Panentheism]]
* [[Pantheism]]
* [[Polytheism]]
* [[Transtheism]]

  | group3 = [[Religious studies|Religious&lt;br /&gt;studies]]
  | list3 =
* [[Anthropology of religion|Anthropology]]
* [[Cognitive science of religion|Cognitive science]]
* [[Comparative religion|Comparative]]
* Demographics
** [[Ethnic religion|Ethnic]]
** [[Folk religion|Folk]]
** [[Indigenous religion|Indigenous]]
** [[Major religious groups|Major]]
** [[World religions|World]]
* [[Evolutionary origin of religion]]
* [[Evolutionary psychology of religion|Evolutionary psychology]]
* [[History of religion|History]]
* [[Neuroscience of religion|Neurotheology]]
* [[Philosophy of religion|Philosophy]]
* [[Psychology of religion|Psychology]]
* [[Sociology of religion|Sociology]]
* [[Soteriology]]
** [[Salvation]]
* [[Theology]]
* [[Theories about religion]]
* [[Women and religion|Women]]

  | group4 = {{longitem|[[:Category:Religion and society|Religion &lt;br /&gt;and society]]}}
  | list4 =
* [[Religion and agriculture|Agriculture]]
* [[Religion and business|Business]]
* [[Clericalism]] / [[Clergy]]
** [[Monasticism]]
** [[Ordination]]
** [[Priest]]
* [[Religious conversion|Conversion]]
** [[religious assimilation|Assimilation]]
** [[Missionary]]
** [[Proselytism]]
* [[Disability and religion|Disability]]
* [[Religious education|Education]]
* [[Religious fanaticism|Fanaticism]]
* [[Freedom of religion|Freedom]]
** [[Religious pluralism|Pluralism]]
** [[Syncretism]]
** [[Toleration]]
** [[Universalism]]
* [[Fundamentalism]]
* [[Growth of religion|Growth]]
* [[Gender and religion|Gender]]
* [[Religion and happiness|Happiness]]
* [[Religion and LGBTQ people|LGBTQ people]]
** [[Homosexuality and religion|Homosexuality]]
** [[Intersex people and religion|Intersex people]]
** [[Transgender people and religion|Transgender people]]
* [[Minority religion|Minorities]]
* [[National church]]
* [[Importance of religion by country|National religiosity levels]]
* [[Religion in politics|Politics]]
* [[List of religious populations|Populations]]
* [[Religiocentrism]]
* [[Schism]]
* [[Religious school|School]]
* [[Relationship between religion and science|Science]]
* [[Religion and sexuality|Sexuality]]
* [[State religion|State]]
* [[Religious views on suicide|Suicide]]
* [[Theocracy]]
* [[Vegetarianism and religion|Vegetarianism]]
* [[Religion and video games|Video games]]
* [[Religious violence|Violence]]
** [[Religious persecution|Persecution]]
** [[Religious terrorism|Terrorism]]
** [[Religious war|War]]
** [[Sectarian violence|Sectarian]]
* [[Wealth and religion|Wealth]]

  | group5 = {{longitem|[[Secularism]] &lt;br /&gt;and [[irreligion]]}}
  | list5 =
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Antireligion]]
* [[Atheism]]
* [[Criticism of religion|Criticism]]
* [[Positive deconstruction|Deconstruction]]
* [[Objectivism]]
* [[Secular humanism]]
* [[Secular religion]]
* [[Secular theology]]
* [[Secularization]]
* [[Separation of church and state]]
* [[List of religions and spiritual traditions|Unaffiliated]]

  | group6 = {{longitem|Overviews&lt;br /&gt;and [[:Category:Religion-related lists|lists]]}}
  | list6 =
* [[Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic prophets]]
* [[List of people who have been considered deities|Deification]]
* [[Lists of deities|Deities]]
* [[List of founders of religious traditions|Founders]]
* [[Index of religion-related articles|Index]]
* [[List of largest peaceful gatherings|Mass gatherings]]
* [[Names of God]]
* [[List of new religious movements|New religious movements]]
* [[List of religious organizations|Organizations]]
* [[Outline of religion|Outline]]
* [[List of religions and spiritual traditions|Religions and spiritual traditions]]
* [[List of religious sites|Religious sites]]
* [[Religious studies|Scholars]]
* [[Timeline of religion|Timeline]]
}}

&lt;!---------------------------------------------------------&gt;
| sect2 = [[List of religions and spiritual traditions|Religious groups and denominations]]
| abbr2 = major
| state2 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| list2 =
&lt;!-- level 1 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal;

&lt;!-- WORLD RELIGIONS --&gt;

| group1 = [[World religions|World]]
| list1 =
&lt;!-- level 2 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child|groupstyle=font-weight:normal;

| group1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]]
| list1  =
&lt;!-- level 3 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child|groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
| group1 = [[Bábism]]
| list1  =
* [[Subh-i-Azal|Azalism]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith]]
    
| group2 = [[Christianity]]
| list2 =
* [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
** [[Latin Church|Latin]]
** [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern]]
* [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
* [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodoxy]]
* [[Nestorianism]]
** [[Ancient Church of the East|Ancient]]
** [[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]]
* [[Proto-Protestantism]]
** [[Hussites]]/[[Moravian Church|Moravians]]
** [[Waldensians]]
* [[Protestantism]]
** [[Adventism]]
** [[Anabaptism]]
*** [[Amish]]
*** [[Schwarzenau Brethren|Brethren]]
*** [[Hutterites]]
*** [[Mennonites]]
*** [[Schwenkfelder Church]]
** [[Anglicanism]]
** [[Baptists]]
** [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinism]]
*** [[Congregationalism]]
*** [[Presbyterianism]]
*** [[Continental Reformed Protestantism|Reformed]]
** [[Charismatic Christianity]]
*** [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]
*** [[Charismatic movement|Charismatic]]
*** [[Neo-charismatic movement|Neo-charismatic]]
** [[Evangelicalism]]
** [[Catholic Apostolic Church|Irvingism]]
** [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]
** [[Methodism|Methodist]]
*** [[Holiness movement|Holiness]]
** [[Non-denominational Christianity|Non-denominational]]
** [[Plymouth Brethren]]
** [[Quakers|Quakerism]]
* [[Restoration Movement|Restorationism]]
* [[Esoteric Christianity|Esoteric]]
** [[The Christian Community]]
* [[Independent Catholicism]]
* [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic]]
* [[Nontrinitarianism]]
** [[Bible Student movement|Bible Students]]
*** [[Bible Student movement#Associated Bible Students|Associated Bible Students]]
*** [[Free Bible Students]]
*** [[Friends of Man]]
*** [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
*** [[Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo#Kitawala|Kitawala]]
*** [[Laymen's Home Missionary Movement]]
** [[Christadelphians]]
** [[Mormonism]]
** [[Oneness Pentecostalism]]
** [[Spiritual Christianity|Spiritual]]
** [[The New Church (Swedenborgian)|Swedenborgianism]]
** [[Tolstoyan movement|Tolstoyan]]
** [[Unitarianism]]
* ''[[List of Christian denominations|list]]''

| group3 = [[Islam]]
| list3 =
* [[Sunni Islam|Sunnism]]
** [[Ash'arism]]
** [[Maturidism]]
** [[Atharism]]
** [[Salafi movement|Salafism]]
*** [[Wahhabism]]
*** [[Islamic modernism|Modernist Salafism]]
* [[Shia Islam|Shi'ism]]
** [[Alawites|Alawism]]
** [[Ali-Illahism]]
** [[Ismailism]]
** [[Twelver Shi'ism]]
** [[Zaydism]]
* [[Sufism]]
* [[Kharijites|Khawarij]]
** [[Ibadism]]
* [[Alevism]]
** [[Ishikism]]
** [[Kurdish Alevism]]
* [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]]
* [[Mahdavi movement|Mahdavism]]
* [[Quranism]]
* [[Milah Abraham]]
* [[Non-denominational Muslim|Non-denominational]]
* ''[[Islamic schools and branches|list]]''
}}&lt;!-- End level 3 --&gt;

| group2 = [[Indian religions|Indian]]
| list2  =

&lt;!-- level 3 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal;

| group2 = [[Buddhism]]
| list2  =
* [[Theravada]]
* [[Mahayana]]
** [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]]/[[Zen]]/[[Thiền]]
** [[Pure Land Buddhism|Amidism]]
** [[Nichiren Buddhism|Nichiren]]
* [[Vajrayana]]
** [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan]]
* [[Buddhist modernism|Neo-Buddhism]]
* ''[[Schools of Buddhism|list]]''
    
| group1 = [[Hinduism]]
| list1 =
* [[Vaishnavism]]
** [[Krishnaism]]
** [[Sri Vaishnavism]]
** [[Brahma Sampradaya]]
** [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]]
** [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarg]]
** [[Mahanubhava]]
** [[Ramanandi Sampradaya|Ramanandi]]
** [[Warkari]]
** [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya|Swaminarayan]]
* [[Shaivism]]
** [[Shaiva Siddhanta]]
** [[Ganapatya]]
** [[Kashmir Shaivism|Kashmiri]]
** [[Kapalika]]
** [[Kaumaram]]
** [[Lingayats|Lingayatism]]
** [[Natha Sampradaya|Nath]]
** [[Balinese Hinduism|Balinese]]
* [[Shaktism]]
* [[Smarta tradition|Smartism]]
* [[Śrauta]]
* [[Sant Mat]]
* [[Hindu reform movements|Neo-Hinduism]]
* ''[[Hindu denominations|list]]''

| group3 = Other
| list3  =
* [[Ayyavazhi]]
* [[Kalash people#Religion|Kalash]]
* [[Jainism]]
** [[Digambara]]
** [[Śvetāmbara]]
* [[Sarnaism]]
* [[Kirat Mundhum]]
* [[Vedda#Religion|Vedda religions]]
* [[Ravidassia]]
* [[Sikhism]]
** [[Khalsa]]
** [[Sects of Sikhism|Sects]]
}}&lt;!-- end of level 3 --&gt;

| group3 = [[Iranian religions|Iranian]]
| list3 = 
&lt;!-- level 3 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child|groupstyle=font-weight:normal;

| group1 = [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]]
|list1 =
* [[Zoroastrianism in Russia|Blagovery]]
* [[Ilm-e-Khshnoom]]
* [[Mazdaznan]]
* [[Zurvanism]]

| group2 = [[Manichaeism]]
|list2 =
* [[Manichaeism]]
** [[Chinese Manichaeism]]
}}&lt;!-- end of level 3 --&gt;
}}&lt;!-- end of level 2 --&gt;

| group3 = [[Ethnic religion|Ethnic]]
| list3  =
&lt;!-- level 2 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child|groupstyle=font-weight:normal;

  | group3 = [[Altaic languages|Altaic]]
  | list3 =
* [[Turkic mythology|Turko]]-[[Mongolian shamanism|Mongolic]]
** [[Burkhanism]]
** [[Tengrism]]
** [[Vattisen Yaly]]
* [[Tungusic creation myth|Tungusic]]
** [[Evenks#Religion|Evenki]]
** [[Manchu shamanism|Manchu]]

  | group4 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
  | list4 =
* [[Sarna (place)|Sarnaism]]

  | group5 = [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]
  | list5 =
* [[Parmalim|Batak Parmalim]]
* [[Dayak people#Religion and festivals|Dayak]]
** [[Kaharingan]]
* Indonesian
** [[Aliran Kepercayaan]] 
** [[Kejawèn]] 
* [[Kapitayan]]
* [[Pemena|Karo Pemena]]
* [[Malaysian folk religion|Malaysian]]
** [[Traditional Sabahan religions]]
* [[Indigenous Philippine folk religions|Philippine Dayawism]]
** [[Tagalog religion|Tagalog]]
* [[Polynesian mythology|Polynesian]]
** [[Hawaiian religion|Hawaiian]]
** [[Religion of Māori people|Māori]]
* [[Marapu|Sumbese Marapu]]
* [[Sunda Wiwitan|Sundanese Wiwitan]]

| group6 = [[East Asian religions|East Asian]]
| list6 =
* [[Chinese folk religion]]
* [[Confucianism]]
* [[Luo teaching]]
* [[Nuo folk religion|Nuo]]
* [[Shinto]]
** ''[[Shinto sects and schools|list]]''
* [[Shugendō]]
* [[Ryukyuan religion|Ryukyuan]]
* [[Taoism]]
** [[Chinese ritual mastery traditions|Folk Taoism]]
** [[Yao folk religion|Yao Taoism]]
* [[Korean shamanism]]
* [[Cheondoism]]
* [[Jeung San Do|Jeungsanism]]
* [[Vietnamese folk religion]]
** [[Đạo Mẫu]]
* [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]]
* [[Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương]]

| group7 = [[Iranian religions|Iranian]]
| list7 = 
* [[Yazdânism]]
** [[Shabakism]]
** [[Yarsanism]]
** [[Yazidism]]
* [[Assianism|Assianism/Uatsdin]]
* [[Roshani movement|Roshani]]

  | group8 = [[Native American religions|Native&lt;br /&gt;American]]
  | list8 =
* [[Abenaki mythology|Abenaki]]
* [[Alaska Native religion|Alaskan]]
* [[Anishinaabe traditional beliefs|Anishinaabe]]
** [[Ojibwe#Spiritual beliefs|Ojibwe]]
** [[Midewiwin]]
** [[Wabunowin]]
* [[Apache#Religion|Apache]]
* [[Blackfoot mythology|Blackfoot]]
* [[Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians|Californian]]
** [[Kuksu (religion)|Kuksu]]
** [[Miwok mythology|Miwok]]
** [[Ohlone mythology|Ohlone]]
** [[Pomo religion|Pomo]]
* [[Chilote mythology|Chilote]]
* [[Choctaw mythology|Choctaw]]
* [[Crow religion|Crow]]
* [[Ghost Dance]]/[[Sun Dance]]
* [[Guarani mythology|Guarani]]
* [[Haida mythology|Haida]]
* [[Ho-Chunk mythology|Ho-Chunk]]
* [[Iroquois mythology|Iroquois]]
** [[Cherokee spiritual beliefs|Cherokee]]
*** [[Four Mothers Society]]
*** [[Keetoowah Nighthawk Society|Keetoowah Society]]
** [[Longhouse Religion|Longhouse]]
** [[Mohawk people#Religion|Mohawk]]
** [[Creek mythology|Muscogee Creek]]
** [[Seneca mythology|Seneca]]
** [[Wyandot religion|Wyandot]]
* [[Jivaroan peoples#Religion|Jivaroan]]
* [[Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology|Kwakwakaʼwakw]]
* [[Lenape mythology|Lenape]]
* [[Mapuche religion|Mapuche]]
* [[Mesoamerican religion|Mesoamerican]] 
** [[Aztec religion|Aztec]]
** [[Maya religion|Maya]]
** [[Purépecha religion|Purépecha]]
* [[Muisca mythology|Muisca]]
* [[Native American Church]]
* [[Navajo#Spiritual and religious beliefs|Navajo]]
* [[Nuu-chah-nulth mythology|Nuu-chah-nulth]]
* [[Pawnee mythology|Pawnee]]
* [[Pueblo religion|Pueblo]]
** [[Acoma Pueblo#Religion|Acoma Pueblo]]
** [[Hopi mythology|Hopi]]
** [[Zuni mythology|Zuni]]
* [[Sioux#Religion|Sioux]]
** [[Lakota religion|Lakota]]
*** [[Wocekiye]]
* [[Tsimshian mythology|Tsimshian]]
* [[Ute mythology|Ute]]
* [[Native American religions#Washat Dreamers Religion|Washat Dreamers]]
* [[Yaqui#Yaqui cosmology and religion|Yaqui]]

  | group9 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
  | list9 =
* [[Druze]]
* [[Mandaeism]]
* [[Rastafari]]
* [[Samaritanism]]
&lt;!-- level 2 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |subgroup|groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
| group1 = [[Judaism]]
| list1 =
* [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]]
** [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]]
*** [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]]
** [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern]]
*** [[Religious Zionism|Zionist]]
* [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]]
* [[Reform Judaism|Reform]]
* [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]]
* [[Haymanot]]
* [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]]
* [[Jewish Renewal|Renewal]]
* [[Humanistic Judaism|Humanistic]]
* ''[[Jewish religious movements|list]]''
}}&lt;!-- End level 3 --&gt;

  | group10 = [[Tai peoples|Tai]] and [[Miao people|Miao]]
  | list10 =
* [[Ahom religion|Ahom]]
* [[Miao folk religion|Hmongism]]
* [[Mo (religion)|Mo]]
* [[Tai folk religion|Satsana Phi]]

  | group11 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burmese]]
  | list11 =
* [[Bon]]
* [[Burmese folk religion|Burmese]]
* [[Benzhuism]]
* [[Bimoism]]
* [[Bathouism]]
* [[Mun (religion)|Bongthingism]]
* [[Daba (religion)|Daba]]
* [[Dongba]]
* [[Donyi-Polo]]
* [[Gurung shamanism|Gurung]]
* [[Heraka]]
* [[Kirat Mundhum|Kiratism]]
* [[Qiang folk religion|Qiang]]
* [[Sanamahism]]

  | group12 = [[African traditional religions|Traditional &lt;br&gt; African]]
  | list12 =
* [[Kamba people|Akamba]]
* [[Akan religion|Akan]]
* [[Baluba religion|Baluba]]
* [[Traditional Berber religion|Berber]]
** [[Church of the Guanche People|Guanche church]]
* [[Bantu religion|Bantu]]
** [[Kongo religion|Kongo]]
** [[Zulu traditional religion|Zulu]]
* [[Bushongo religion|Bushongo]]
* [[Dinka religion|Dinka]]
* [[Dogon religion|Dogon]]
* [[Efik mythology|Efik]]
* [[Dahomean religion|Fon and Ewe]]
* [[Ik people|Ik]]
* [[Lotuko mythology|Lotuko]]
* [[Lozi mythology|Lozi]]
* [[Lugbara mythology|Lugbara]]
* [[Maasai religion|Maasai]]
* [[Mbuti mythology|Mbuti]]
* [[Odinala]]
* [[San religion|San]]
* [[Serer religion|Serer]]
* [[Tumbuka mythology|Tumbuka]]
* [[Urhobo people|Urhobo]]
* [[Waaqeffanna]]
* [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]]
** [[Ifá]]
&lt;!-- level 2 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |subgroup|groupstyle=font-weight:normal;
  | group1 = [[African diaspora religions|Diasporic]]
  | list1 =
* [[Candomblé]]
** [[Candomblé Bantu|Bantu]]
** [[Candomblé Jejé|Jejé]]
** [[Candomblé Ketu|Ketu]]
* [[Comfa]]
* [[Convince]]
* [[Espiritismo]]
* [[Kumina]]
* [[Obeah]]
* [[Palo (religion)|Palo]]
* [[Quimbanda]]
* [[Santería]]
* [[Tambor de Mina]]
* [[Trinidad Orisha]]
* [[Umbanda]]
* [[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]]
* [[Louisiana Voodoo|Voodoo]]
* [[Winti]]
}}&lt;!-- end of level 2 --&gt;

  | group13 = Other ethnic
  | list13 =
* [[Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology|Aboriginal Australian]]
* [[Inuit religion|Inuit]]
* [[Papuan mythology|Papuan]]
* [[Shamanism in Siberia|Siberian]]
}}&lt;!-- End of level 2 --&gt;

| group4 = [[New religious movement|New&lt;/br&gt; religious&lt;/br&gt; movements]]
| list4  =

&lt;!-- level 2 --&gt;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child|groupstyle=font-weight:normal;

  | group16 = Syncretic
  | list16 =

* [[Zoroastrianism in Russia|Blagovery]]
* [[Brahmoism]] &lt;!-- idk enough about this group, might not be syncretic and just be indian --&gt;
* [[Caodaism]]
* [[Chinese salvationist religions|Chinese]]
** [[Xiantiandao]]
** [[Yiguandao]]
** [[Falun Gong]]
* [[Coconut Religion]]
* [[Japanese new religions|Japanese]]
** [[Tenrikyo]]
* [[Meivazhi]]
* [[Modekngei]]
* [[New Age]]
* [[New Thought]]
* [[Rajneesh movement|Rajneesh]]
* [[Rastafari]]
* [[Contemporary Sant Mat movements|Sant Mat]]
** [[Radha Soami]]
* [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]]
* [[Subud]]
* [[Tensegrity (Castaneda)|Tensegrity]]
* [[Thelema]]
* [[Theosophy]]
** [[Neo-Theosophy]]
** [[Agni Yoga]] and [[Roerichism]]
** [[New Acropolis]]
* [[Transcendental Meditation]]
* [[Unitarian Universalism]]
* [[Universal White Brotherhood|White Brotherhood]]

  | group17 = [[Modern paganism|Modern&lt;/br&gt;paganism]]
  | list17 =
* African
** [[Godianism]]
* [[Hetanism|Armenian]]
* [[Baltic neopaganism|Baltic]]
** [[Dievturība]]
** [[Romuva (religion)|Romuva]]
* [[Caucasian neopaganism|Caucasian]]
** [[Abkhaz traditional religion|Abkhaz]]
** [[Circassian paganism|Circassian]]
* [[Celtic neopaganism|Celtic]]
** [[Druidry (modern)|Druidry]]
* [[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Germanic]]
* [[Hellenism (modern religion)]]
* [[Neoshamanism]]
* [[Assianism|Ossetian]]
* [[Polytheistic reconstructionism]]
** [[Reconstructionist Roman religion|Italo-Roman]]
** [[Kemetism]]
* [[Zalmoxianism|Romanian]]
* [[Slavic Native Faith|Slavic]]
** [[Russian Authentism|Authentism]]
* [[Uralic neopaganism|Uralic]]
** [[Estonian neopaganism|Estonian]]
** [[Modern Finnish paganism|Finnish]]
** [[Hungarian Neopaganism (movement)|Hungarian]]
** [[Mari religion|Mari]]
** [[Erzyan native religion|Erzya]]
** [[Sámi shamanism|Sámi]]
** [[Udmurt Vos|Udmurt]]
* [[Wicca]]
* [[Zalmoxianism]]
* ''[[List of modern pagan movements|list]]''

  | group18 = De novo
  | list18 =
* [[Anthroposophy]]
** [[The Christian Community]]
* [[Discordianism]]
* [[Eckankar]]
* [[Fourth Way]]
* [[Goddess movement|Goddess]]
* [[Jediism]]
* [[Satanism]]
* [[Scientology]]
* [[UFO religion]]
** [[Raëlism]]

}}

|below =
 }}

&lt;!---------------------------------------------------------&gt;
| sect3 = [[History of religion|Historical religions]]
| abbr3 = ancient
| state3 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| list3 =

* [[Prehistoric religion|Prehistoric]]
** [[Paleolithic religion|Paleolithic]]
* [[Ainu people#Religion|Ainu]]
* [[Armenian mythology|Armenian]]
* [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]]
** [[Latvian mythology|Latvian]]
** [[Lithuanian mythology|Lithuanian]]
** [[Prussian mythology|Old Prussian]]
* [[Basque mythology|Basque]]
* [[Ancient Celtic religion|Celtic]]
** [[Druid|Druidism]]
** [[Irish mythology|Irish]]
* [[Dravidian folk religion|Dravidian]]
* [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian]]
** [[Atenism]]
* [[Etruscan religion|Etruscan]]
* [[Finnish mythology|Finnish]]
* [[Fuegians#Spiritual culture|Fuegian]]
** [[Selkʼnam mythology|Selkʼnam]]
* [[Georgian mythology|Georgian]]
* [[Germanic paganism|Germanic]]
** [[Anglo-Saxon paganism|Anglo-Saxon]]
** [[Continental Germanic mythology|Continental]]
** [[Frankish paganism|Frankish]]
** [[Old Norse religion|Norse]]
* [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]]
** [[Gnosticism]]
** [[Greco-Buddhism]]
** [[Hellenistic philosophy|Hellenistic philosophical religions]]
** [[Hermeticism]]
** [[Greco-Roman mysteries|Mysteries]]
** [[Orphism]]
* [[Guanches#System of beliefs|Guanche]]
* [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Religion|Harappan]]
* [[Hittite mythology and religion|Hittite]]
* [[Hungarian mythology|Hungarian]]
* [[Hurrian religion|Hurrian]]
* [[Illinois Confederacy#Religion|Illinois]]
* [[Inca mythology|Inca]]
* [[Jamaican Maroon religion|Jamaican Maroon]]
* [[Manichaeism]]
** [[Mazdak|Mazdakism]]
* [[Melanesian mythology|Melanesian]]
* [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion|Mesopotamian]]
** [[Babylonian religion|Babylonian]]
** [[Sumerian religion|Sumerian]]
* [[Micronesian mythology|Micronesian]]
** [[Nauruan indigenous religion|Nauruan]]
* [[Olmec religion|Olmec]]
* [[Paleo-Balkan mythology|Paleo-Balkan]]
** [[Albanian paganism|Albanian]]
** [[Dacian mythology|Dacian]]
** [[Illyrian religion|Illyrian]]
** [[Thracian religion|Thracian]]
* [[Polynesian mythology|Polynesian]]
** [[Cook Islands mythology|Cook Islands]]
** [[Rapa Nui mythology|Rapa Nui]]
** [[Tongan religion|Tongan]]
* [[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
** [[Ancient Iranian religion|Iranian]]
** [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]]
* [[Basketmaker III era#Culture and religion|Ancestral Pueblo]]
** [[Pueblo II period#Culture and religion|Pueblo II]]
** [[Pueblo III period#Culture and religion|Pueblo III]]
** [[Pueblo IV period#Culture and religion|Pueblo IV]]
* [[Religion in ancient Rome|Roman]]
** [[Cybele|Cult of Magna Mater]]
** [[Gallo-Roman religion|Gallo-Roman]]
** [[Roman imperial cult|Imperial cult]]
** [[Mithraism]]
** [[Mysteries of Isis]]
** [[Natale di Roma]]
* [[Ancient Semitic religion|Semitic]]
** [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabian]]
*** [[Nabataean religion|Nabataean]]
** [[Babylonian religion|Babylonian]]
** [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]]
*** [[Punic religion|Punic]]
*** [[Yahwism]]
* [[Scythian religion|Scythian]]
* [[Slavic paganism|Slavic]]
* [[Somali mythology|Somali]]
* [[Turkic mythology|Turkic]]
** [[Tengrism|Tengrism]]
* [[Urartu#Religion|Urartu]]
* [[Vainakh religion|Vainakh]]
* [[Zapotec civilization#Religion and Myth|Zapotec]]

&lt;!---------------------------------------------------------&gt;
| sect4 = Religion by country
| abbr4 = religion by country
| state4 = &lt;noinclude&gt;expanded&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| list4 =
 {{#invoke:navbox|navbox |child

  | group1 = [[Religion in Africa|Africa]]
  | list1 =
* [[Religion in Algeria|Algeria]]
* [[Religion in Angola|Angola]]
* [[Religion in Benin|Benin]]
* [[Religion in Botswana|Botswana]]
* [[Religion in Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]]
* [[Religion in Burundi|Burundi]]
* [[Religion in Cameroon|Cameroon]]
* [[Religion in Cape Verde|Cape Verde]]
* [[Religion in the Central African Republic|Central African Republic]]
* [[Religion in Chad|Chad]]
* [[Religion in the Comoros|Comoros]]
* [[Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Religion in the Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Religion in Djibouti|Djibouti]]
* [[Religion in Egypt|Egypt]]
* [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]
* [[Religion in Eritrea|Eritrea]]
* [[Religion in Eswatini|Eswatini]]
* [[Religion in Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
* [[Religion in Gabon|Gabon]]
* [[Religion in the Gambia|Gambia]]
* [[Religion in Ghana|Ghana]]
* [[Religion in Guinea|Guinea]]
* [[Religion in Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[Religion in Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]]
* [[Religion in Kenya|Kenya]]
* [[Religion in Lesotho|Lesotho]]
* [[Religion in Liberia|Liberia]]
* [[Religion in Libya|Libya]]
* [[Religion in Madagascar|Madagascar]]
* [[Religion in Malawi|Malawi]]
* [[Religion in Mali|Mali]]
* [[Religion in Mauritania|Mauritania]]
* [[Religion in Mauritius|Mauritius]]
* [[Religion in Morocco|Morocco]]
* [[Religion in Mozambique|Mozambique]]
* [[Religion in Namibia|Namibia]]
* [[Religion in Niger|Niger]]
* [[Religion in Nigeria|Nigeria]]
* [[Religion in Rwanda|Rwanda]]
* [[Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[Religion in Senegal|Senegal]]
* [[Religion in Seychelles|Seychelles]]
* [[Religion in Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]]
* [[Religion in Somalia|Somalia]]
* [[Religion in South Africa|South Africa]]
* [[Religion in South Sudan|South Sudan]]
* [[Religion in Sudan|Sudan]]
* [[Religion in Tanzania|Tanzania]]
* [[Religion in Togo|Togo]]
* [[Religion in Tunisia|Tunisia]]
* [[Religion in Uganda|Uganda]]
* [[Religion in Zambia|Zambia]]
* [[Religion in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]

  | group2 = [[Religion in Asia|Asia]]
  | list2 =
* [[Religion in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
* [[Religion in Armenia|Armenia]]
* [[Religion in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
* [[Religion in Bahrain|Bahrain]]
* [[Religion in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
* [[Religion in Bhutan|Bhutan]]
* [[Religion in Brunei|Brunei]]
* [[Religion in Cambodia|Cambodia]]
* [[Religion in China|China]]
* [[Religion in Cyprus|Cyprus]]
* [[Religion in Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
* [[Religion in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
* [[Religion in India|India]]
* [[Religion in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
* [[Religion in Iran|Iran]]
* [[Religion in Iraq|Iraq]]
* [[Religion in Israel|Israel]]
* [[Religion in Japan|Japan]]
* [[Religion in Jordan|Jordan]]
* [[Religion in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
* [[Religion in Korea|Korea]]
** [[Religion in North Korea|North Korea]]
** [[Religion in South Korea|South Korea]]
* [[Religion in Kuwait|Kuwait]]
* [[Religion in Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[Religion in Laos|Laos]]
* [[Religion in Lebanon|Lebanon]]
* [[Religion in Macau|Macau]]
* [[Religion in Malaysia|Malaysia]]
* [[Religion in the Maldives|Maldives]]
* [[Religion in Mongolia|Mongolia]]
* [[Religion in Myanmar|Myanmar]]
* [[Religion in Nepal|Nepal]]
* [[Religion in Oman|Oman]]
* [[Religion in Pakistan|Pakistan]]
* [[Religion in Palestine|Palestine]]
* [[Religion in the Philippines|Philippines]]
* [[Religion in Qatar|Qatar]]
* [[Religion in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Religion in Singapore|Singapore]]
* [[Religion in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
* [[Religion in Syria|Syria]]
* [[Religion in Taiwan|Taiwan]]
* [[Religion in Tajikistan|Tajikistan]]
* [[Religion in Thailand|Thailand]]
* [[Religion in Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]]
* [[Religion in Turkey|Turkey]]
* [[Religion in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]]
* [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Religion in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
* [[Religion in Vietnam|Vietnam]]
* [[Religion in Yemen|Yemen]]

  | group3 = [[Religion in Europe|Europe]]
  | list3 =
* [[Religion in Albania|Albania]]
* [[Religion in Andorra|Andorra]]
* [[Religion in Austria|Austria]]
* [[Religion in Belarus|Belarus]]
* [[Religion in Belgium|Belgium]]
* [[Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
* [[Religion in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
* [[Religion in Croatia|Croatia]]
* [[Religion in the Czech Republic|Czechia]]
* [[Religion in Denmark|Denmark]]
* [[Religion in Estonia|Estonia]]
* [[Religion in Finland|Finland]]
* [[Religion in France|France]]
* [[Religion in Germany|Germany]]
* [[Religion in Greece|Greece]]
* [[Religion in Hungary|Hungary]]
* [[Religion in Iceland|Iceland]]
* [[Religion in the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
* [[Religion in Italy|Italy]]
* [[Religion in Kosovo|Kosovo]]
* [[Religion in Latvia|Latvia]]
* [[Religion in Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]]
* [[Religion in Lithuania|Lithuania]]
* [[Religion in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
* [[Religion in Malta|Malta]]
* [[Religion in Moldova|Moldova]]
* [[Religion in Monaco|Monaco]]
* [[Religion in Montenegro|Montenegro]]
* [[Religion in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
* [[Religion in North Macedonia|North Macedonia]]
* [[Religion in Norway|Norway]]
* [[Religion in Poland|Poland]]
* [[Religion in Portugal|Portugal]]
* [[Religion in Romania|Romania]]
* [[Religion in Russia|Russia]]
* [[Religion in San Marino|San Marino]]
* [[Religion in Serbia|Serbia]]
* [[Religion in Slovakia|Slovakia]]
* [[Religion in Slovenia|Slovenia]]
* [[Religion in Spain|Spain]]
* [[Religion in Sweden|Sweden]]
* [[Religion in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
* [[Religion in Ukraine|Ukraine]]
* [[Religion in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
** [[Religion in England|England]]
** [[Religion in Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]
** [[Religion in Scotland|Scotland]]
** [[Religion in Wales|Wales]]

  | group4 = [[Religion in North America|North America]]
  | list4 =
* [[Religion in Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]]
* [[Religion in the Bahamas|Bahamas]]
* [[Religion in Barbados|Barbados]]
* [[Religion in Belize|Belize]]
* [[Religion in Canada|Canada]]
* [[Religion in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]
* [[Religion in Cuba|Cuba]]
* [[Religion in Dominica|Dominica]]
* [[Religion in the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
* [[Religion in El Salvador|El Salvador]]
* [[Religion in Grenada|Grenada]]
* [[Religion in Guatemala|Guatemala]]
* [[Religion in Haiti|Haiti]]
* [[Religion in Honduras|Honduras]]
* [[Religion in Jamaica|Jamaica]]
* [[Religion in Mexico|Mexico]]
* [[Religion in Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]
* [[Religion in Panama|Panama]]
* [[Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
* [[Religion in Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]]
* [[Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
* [[Religion in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[Religion in the United States|United States]]

  | group5 = [[Religion in Oceania|Oceania]]
  | list5 =
* [[Religion in Australia|Australia]]
* [[Religion in Fiji|Fiji]]
* [[Religion in Kiribati|Kiribati]]
* [[Religion in the Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]]
* [[Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]]
* [[Religion in Nauru|Nauru]]
* [[Religion in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
* [[Religion in Palau|Palau]]
* [[Religion in Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Religion in Samoa|Samoa]]
* [[Religion in Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]]
* [[Religion in Tonga|Tonga]]
* [[Religion in Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]
* [[Religion in Vanuatu|Vanuatu]]

  | group6 = [[Religion in South America|South America]]
  | list6 =
* [[Religion in Argentina|Argentina]]
* [[Religion in Bolivia|Bolivia]]
* [[Religion in Brazil|Brazil]]
* [[Religion in Chile|Chile]]
* [[Religion in Colombia|Colombia]]
* [[Religion in Ecuador|Ecuador]]
* [[Religion in Guyana|Guyana]]
* [[Religion in Paraguay|Paraguay]]
* [[Religion in Peru|Peru]]
* [[Religion in Suriname|Suriname]]
* [[Religion in Uruguay|Uruguay]]
* [[Religion in Venezuela|Venezuela]]
}}

&lt;!---------------------------------------------------------&gt;
| belowstyle = font-weight:bold;
| below =
* {{icon|category}} [[:Category:Religion|Category]]
* {{icon|portal}} [[Portal:Religion|Portal]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:History of the Catholic Church</title>
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    <id>48188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118082</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:23:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox | name = History of the Catholic Church | state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{1|autocollapse}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}} | titleclass = wraplinks | bodyclass = hlist | title = [[History of the Catholic Church|History]] of the [[Catholic Church]] | basestyle = background-color: gold  | group1 = [[History of the Catholic Church|General]] | list1  = * [[History of the Catholic Church]] ** :Category:History of the Catholic Church by country|By country or regio...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7985" sha1="7j7vlif46mwk0mvpujqezpdybtysaga" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = History of the Catholic Church
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{1|autocollapse}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[History of the Catholic Church|History]] of the [[Catholic Church]]
| basestyle = background-color: gold

| group1 = [[History of the Catholic Church|General]]
| list1  =
* [[History of the Catholic Church]]
** [[:Category:History of the Catholic Church by country|By country or region]]
* [[Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church|Ecclesiastical history]]
* [[Timeline of the Catholic Church|Timeline]]
* [[History of the papacy|Papacy]]
** [[History of papal primacy|Papal primacy]]
* [[Catholic ecumenical councils]]
** [[First seven ecumenical councils|First seven]]
* [[Catholic Bible]]
** [[Development of the Christian biblical canon|Biblical canon]]
** [[Vulgate]]
* [[Crusading movement]]
* [[History of the Roman Curia]]
* [[Religious institute]]s
* [[Christian monasticism]]
* [[Catholic culture]]
** [[Catholic art|Art]]
** [[Role of Christianity in civilization|Role in civilization]]
* [[Vatican City]]
* [[Papal States]]
* [[Latin Church]]
* [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
* [[History of Catholic theology]]

| group2 = [[Early Christianity|Early Church]]&lt;br&gt;(30–325/476)
| list2  =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1= [[Origins of Christianity|Origins]] and&lt;br&gt;[[Apostolic Age]] (30–100)
|list1 = 
* [[Life of Jesus in the New Testament|Jesus]]
** [[Ministry of Jesus|Ministry]]
** [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]
** [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]
** [[Great Commission]]
* [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]
* [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]]
* [[John the Baptist]]
* [[Apostles in the New Testament]]
** [[Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles|Commissioning]]
**[[Saint Peter|Peter]]
**[[John the Apostle|John]]
** [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]]
* [[Saint Stephen|Stephen]]
* [[Council of Jerusalem]]
* [[Split of Christianity and Judaism|Split with Judaism]]
* [[New Testament]]
** [[Historical background of the New Testament|Background]]
** [[Gospel|Gospels]]
** [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]]
** [[Pauline epistles]]
** [[Catholic epistles|General epistles]]
** [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]]

| group2      = [[Ante-Nicene period]] (100–325)
| list2       = 
* [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|Persecution]]
* [[Church Fathers]]
** [[Apostolic Fathers]]
*** [[Pope Clement I]]
*** [[Polycarp]]
*** [[Ignatius of Antioch|Ignatius]]
** [[Irenaeus]]
* [[Justin Martyr]]
* [[Development of the New Testament canon|Canon]]
* [[Tertullian]]
* [[Origen]] 
}}
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group3      = [[Christianity in late antiquity|Late antiquity]]&lt;br&gt;(313–476)
| list3       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1 =[[Great Church]]&lt;br&gt;(180–451)&lt;br&gt;[[State church of the Roman Empire|Roman&lt;br&gt;state church]]&lt;br&gt;(380–451)
| list1  =
* [[Constantine the Great]]
** [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|Christianity]]
* [[Arian controversy]]
* [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]
* [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]]
* [[First Council of Nicaea]]
* [[Pope Sylvester I]]
* [[First Council of Constantinople]]
* [[Biblical canon]]
* [[Jerome]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* [[Council of Ephesus]]
* [[Council of Chalcedon]]
}}
}}
| group4 = [[Early Middle Ages]]
| list4  =
* [[Benedict of Nursia]]
* [[Christian monasticism|Monasticism]]
* [[Second Council of Constantinople]]
* [[Pope Gregory I]]
* [[Gregorian chant]]
* [[Third Council of Constantinople]]
* [[Saint Boniface]]
* [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]]
* [[Second Council of Nicaea]]
* [[Charlemagne]]
* [[Pope Leo III]]
* [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)|Fourth Council of Constantinople]]
* [[East–West Schism]]

| group5 = [[High Middle Ages]]
| list5  =
* [[Pope Urban II]]
* [[Investiture Controversy]]
* [[The clash between the Church and the Empire|Clash against the empire]]
* [[Crusades]]
* [[Medieval university|Universities]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[First Council of the Lateran]]
* [[Second Council of the Lateran]]
* [[Third Council of the Lateran]]
* [[Pope Innocent III]]
* [[Latin Empire]]
* [[Francis of Assisi]]
* [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]]
* [[Inquisition]]
* [[First Council of Lyon]]
* [[Second Council of Lyon]]
* [[Bernard of Clairvaux]]

| group6 = [[Late Middle Ages]]
| list6  =
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Pope Boniface VIII]]
* [[Western Schism]]
** [[Avignon Papacy]]
* [[Pope Clement V]]
* [[Council of Vienne]]
* [[Knights Templar]]
* [[Catherine of Siena]]
* [[Pope Alexander VI]]
* [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]]

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Counter-Reformation]]}}
| list7  =
* [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]]
* [[Counter-Reformation|Catholic Counter-Reformation]]
* ''[[Exsurge Domine]]''
* [[Dissolution of the monasteries]]
* [[Council of Trent]]
* [[Thomas More]]
* [[Pope Leo X]]
* [[Society of Jesus]]
* [[Ignatius of Loyola]]
* [[Francis Xavier]]
* [[Pope Pius V]]
* [[Tridentine Mass]]
* [[Teresa of Ávila]]
* [[John of the Cross]]
* [[Peter Canisius]]
* [[Philip Neri]]
* [[Galileo affair]]
* [[Robert Bellarmine]]
* [[European wars of religion]]
* [[Thirty Years' War]]

| group8 = {{longitem|[[Baroque|Baroque period]] to the&lt;br/&gt;[[French Revolution]]}}
| list8  =
* [[Pope Innocent XI]]
* [[Pope Benedict XIV]]
* [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus]]
* [[Age of Enlightenment]]
* [[Anti-clericalism]]
* [[Pope Pius VI]]
* [[Shimabara Rebellion]]
* [[Edict of Nantes]]
* [[Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution]]

| group9 = 19th century
| list9  =
* [[Pope Pius VII]]
* [[Pope Pius IX]]
* [[Catholic Church and politics in the United States|United States]]
* [[Immaculate Conception|Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Our Lady of La Salette]]
* [[Our Lady of Lourdes]]
* [[First Vatican Council]]
* [[Papal infallibility]]
* [[Pope Leo XIII]]
* [[Mary of the Divine Heart]]
* [[Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart]]
* ''[[Rerum novarum]]''

| group10 = [[Catholic Church in the 20th century|20th century]]
| list10  =
* [[Pope Pius X]]
* [[Our Lady of Fátima]]
* [[Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary]]
* [[Assumption of Mary|Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Lateran Treaty]]
* [[Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic]]
* [[Catholic Church and Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]]
* ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]''
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* ''[[Pacem in terris]]''
* [[Second Vatican Council]]
* [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|Ecumenism]]
* [[Catholic Church and Judaism|Judaism]]
* [[Pope Paul VI]] ([[Coronation of Pope Paul VI|coronation]])
* [[Pope John Paul I]]
* [[Mother Teresa]]
* [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|USSR]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 1995|1995]]


| group11 = 21st century
| list11  =
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|Sexual abuse scandal]]
* [[Catholic Church and Islam|Islam]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 2000|2000]]
** [[World Youth Day 2002|2002]]
** [[World Youth Day 2005|2005]]
** [[World Youth Day 2008|2008]]
** [[World Youth Day 2011|2011]]
** [[World Youth Day 2013|2013]]
** [[World Youth Day 2016|2016]]
** [[World Youth Day 2019|2019]]
** [[World Youth Day 2023|2023]]
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
* [[Pope Francis]]
* ''[[Laudato si']]''
* [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|Havana Declaration]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church|COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[Pope Leo XIV]]
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholicism|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>118098</id>
      <parentid>118082</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T18:37:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118098</origin>
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      <text bytes="9425" sha1="gxc6hcfgmipmq7px1m56ubxpx1o8r43" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = History of the Catholic Church
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{1|autocollapse}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mbiri]] ya [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| basestyle = background-color: gold

| group1 = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Vyose]]
| list1  =
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
** [[:Category:Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika mwakuyana na charu|Mwakuyana na charu panji chigaŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika ya vya chisopa|Mbiri ya vya tchalitchi]]
* [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ndondomeko ya nyengo]]
* [[Mbiri ya upapa|Upapa]]
** [[Mbiri ya mazaza gha papa|Mazaza gha papa]]
* [[Makhonsili gha Katolika gha charu chose]]
** [[Makhonsili ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakwamba gha charu chose|Makhonsili ghakwamba ghankhondi na ghaŵiri]]
* [[Baibolo la Katolika]]
** [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo gha Chikhristu|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
** [[Vulgate]]
* [[Ulendo wa nkhondo wa Ŵakhristu]]
* [[Mbiri ya Roman Curia]]
* [[Masangano gha visopa]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu]]
* [[Chikhalidwe cha Katolika]]
** [[Luso lwa Katolika|Luso]]
** [[Udindo wa Chikhristu mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Udindo mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu]]
* [[Boma la Vatican City]]
* [[Maboma gha Papa]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Latin]]
* [[Mipingo ya Katolika ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya chisambizgo cha Katolika]]

| group2 = [[Chikhristu cha mu nyengo yakwamba|Tchalitchi la mu nyengo yakwamba]]&lt;br&gt;(30–325/476)
| list2  =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1= [[Kwambira kwa Chikhristu|Kwambira]] na&lt;br&gt;[[Nyengo ya Ŵapositole]] (30–100)
|list1 = 
* [[Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamenti Liphya|Yesu]]
** [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
** [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu pa mphinjika|Kupayikika pa mphinjika]]
** [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka]]
** [[Dango Likuru la Kupharazga]]
* [[Mzimu Mutuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu Mutuŵa]]
* [[Mariya, anyina Yesu|Mariya]]
* [[Yohane Mubatizi]]
* [[Ŵapositole mu Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Kusankha Ŵapositole Khumi na Ŵaŵiri|Kutumika kwa Ŵapositole]]
** [[Mupositole Petrosi|Petrosi]]
** [[Mupositole Yohane|Yohane]]
** [[Mupositole Paulosi|Paulosi]]
* [[Stefano Mutuŵa|Stefano]]
* [[Khonsili ya Yerusalemu]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Chikhristu na Chiyuda|Kupatukana na Chiyuda]]
* [[Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Mbiri yakwambilira ya Testamenti Liphya|Mafumbo gha kumanyirathu]]
** [[Makani Ghawemi|Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
** [[Milimo ya Ŵapositole]]
** [[Makalata gha Paulosi]]
** [[Makalata ghose gha Ŵapositole]]
** [[Buku la Chivumbuzi|Chivumbuzi]]

| group2      = [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la pakatikati pa nyengo yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea]] (100–325)
| list2       = 
* [[Kuzikizgika kwa Ŵakhristu mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Kuzikizgika]]
* [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi]]
** [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi ŵa Ŵapositole]]
*** [[Papa Clement I]]
*** [[Polycarp]]
*** [[Ignatius wa ku Antioke|Ignatius]]
** [[Irenaeus]]
* [[Justin Martyr]]
* [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Testamenti Liphya|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Tertullian]]
* [[Origen]]
}}
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group3      = [[Chikhristu mu nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale|Nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale]]&lt;br&gt;(313–476)
| list3       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1 =[[Tchalitchi Likuru]]&lt;br&gt;(180–451)&lt;br&gt;[[Tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Tchalitchi la boma&lt;br&gt;la Ŵaroma]]&lt;br&gt;(380–451)
| list1  =
* [[Konstantino Mukuru]]
** [[Konstantino Mukuru na Chikhristu|Chikhristu]]
* [[Mphindano ya Arian]]
* [[Tchalitchi Likuru la Yohane Wakuŵa ku Lateran]]
* [[Tchalitchi Lakale la Petrosi]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Nicea]]
* [[Papa Sylvester I]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Constantinople]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Jerome]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* [[Khonsili ya Efeso]]
* [[Khonsili ya Chalcedon]]
}}
}}
| group4 = [[Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono]] (Early Middle Ages)
| list4  =
* [[Benedict wa ku Nursia]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu|Umoyo wa umonki]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Constantinople]]
* [[Papa Gregory I]]
* [[Nyimbo za Gregory]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Constantinople]]
* [[Saint Boniface]]
* [[Kukanizgika kwa vikozgo mu Ufumu wa Byzantine]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Nicea]]
* [[Charlemagne]]
* [[Papa Leo III]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople (Tchalitchi la Katolika)|Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Kumafumiro gha Dazi na Kumadzulo]]

| group5 = [[Nyengo ya Pakati Yapachanya]]
| list5  =
* [[Papa Urban II]]
* [[Mphindano ya Investiture]]
* [[Kukumana kwa Tchalitchi na Ufumu|Kukumana na ufumu]]
* [[Nkhondo za Ŵakhristu (Crusades)]]
* [[Mayunivesite gha mu nyengo ya Middle Ages|Mayunivesite]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Lateran]]
* [[Papa Innocent III]]
* [[Ufumu wa Latin]]
* [[Francis wa ku Assisi]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Lateran]]
* [[Khoti la Bvumbuzi (Inquisition)]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lyon]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lyon]]
* [[Bernard wa ku Clairvaux]]

| group6 = [[Nyengo yaumaliro ya Middle Ages]]
| list6  =
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Papa Boniface VIII]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Ŵakhristu ŵa Kumadzulo (Western Schism)]]
** [[Upapa wa ku Avignon]]
* [[Papa Clement V]]
* [[Khonsili ya Vienne]]
* [[Ŵankhondo ŵa Knights Templar]]
* [[Catherine wa ku Siena]]
* [[Papa Alexander VI]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya|Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya]]

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika (Counter-Reformation)|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]}}
| list7  =
* [[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]
* [[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]
* ''[[Exsurge Domine]]''
* [[Kumazga nyumba za umonki|Kumazga nyumba za umonki]]
* [[Khonsili ya Trent]]
* [[Thomas More]]
* [[Papa Leo X]]
* [[Gulu la Yesu (Society of Jesus)]]
* [[Ignatius wa ku Loyola]]
* [[Francis Xavier]]
* [[Papa Pius V]]
* [[Misa ya Tridentine]]
* [[Teresa wa ku Ávila]]
* [[John wa pa Mphinjika (John of the Cross)]]
* [[Peter Canisius]]
* [[Philip Neri]]
* [[Nkhani ya Galileo]]
* [[Robert Bellarmine]]
* [[Nkhondo za chisopa mu Europe]]
* [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Atatu (Thirty Years' War)]]

| group8 = {{longitem|[[Nyengo ya Baroque|Nyengo ya Baroque]] kufika ku&lt;br/&gt;[[Nkhondo ya ku France (French Revolution)|Nkhondo ya ku France]]}}
| list8  =
* [[Papa Innocent XI]]
* [[Papa Benedict XIV]]
* [[Kukanizga kwa Gulu la Society of Jesus|Kukanizga kwa Society of Jesus]]
* [[Nyengo ya Kuŵalika kwa Maghanoghano|Nyengo ya Kuŵalika]]
* [[Kususka ŵaliska ŵa tchalitchi|Anti-clericalism]]
* [[Papa Pius VI]]
* [[Kuwukira kwa Shimabara|Nkhondo ya Shimabara]]
* [[Dango la Nantes|Edict of Nantes]]
* [[Kuleka kwa Chikhristu mu France pa nyengo ya French Revolution|Dechristianization of France mu nyengo ya French Revolution]]

| group9 = [[Mya 19]]
| list9  =
* [[Pope Pius VII]]
* [[Pope Pius IX]]
* [[Catholic Church and politics in the United States|United States]]
* [[Immaculate Conception|Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Our Lady of La Salette]]
* [[Our Lady of Lourdes]]
* [[First Vatican Council]]
* [[Papal infallibility]]
* [[Pope Leo XIII]]
* [[Mary of the Divine Heart]]
* [[Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart]]
* ''[[Rerum novarum]]''

| group10 = [[Catholic Church in the 20th century|20th century]]
| list10  =
* [[Pope Pius X]]
* [[Our Lady of Fátima]]
* [[Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary]]
* [[Assumption of Mary|Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Lateran Treaty]]
* [[Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic]]
* [[Catholic Church and Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]]
* ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]''
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* ''[[Pacem in terris]]''
* [[Second Vatican Council]]
* [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|Ecumenism]]
* [[Catholic Church and Judaism|Judaism]]
* [[Pope Paul VI]] ([[Coronation of Pope Paul VI|coronation]])
* [[Pope John Paul I]]
* [[Mother Teresa]]
* [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|USSR]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 1995|1995]]


| group11 = 21st century
| list11  =
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|Sexual abuse scandal]]
* [[Catholic Church and Islam|Islam]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 2000|2000]]
** [[World Youth Day 2002|2002]]
** [[World Youth Day 2005|2005]]
** [[World Youth Day 2008|2008]]
** [[World Youth Day 2011|2011]]
** [[World Youth Day 2013|2013]]
** [[World Youth Day 2016|2016]]
** [[World Youth Day 2019|2019]]
** [[World Youth Day 2023|2023]]
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
* [[Pope Francis]]
* ''[[Laudato si']]''
* [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|Havana Declaration]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church|COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[Pope Leo XIV]]
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholicism|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gxc6hcfgmipmq7px1m56ubxpx1o8r43</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118099</id>
      <parentid>118098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T18:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
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      <origin>118099</origin>
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      <text bytes="9506" sha1="rppvizmk3gjh3ozytwghfb3s6v61jum" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = History of the Catholic Church
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{1|autocollapse}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mbiri]] ya [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| basestyle = background-color: gold

| group1 = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Vyose]]
| list1  =
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
** [[:Category:Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika mwakuyana na charu|Mwakuyana na charu panji chigaŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika ya vya chisopa|Mbiri ya vya tchalitchi]]
* [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ndondomeko ya nyengo]]
* [[Mbiri ya upapa|Upapa]]
** [[Mbiri ya mazaza gha papa|Mazaza gha papa]]
* [[Makhonsili gha Katolika gha charu chose]]
** [[Makhonsili ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakwamba gha charu chose|Makhonsili ghakwamba ghankhondi na ghaŵiri]]
* [[Baibolo la Katolika]]
** [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo gha Chikhristu|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
** [[Vulgate]]
* [[Ulendo wa nkhondo wa Ŵakhristu]]
* [[Mbiri ya Roman Curia]]
* [[Masangano gha visopa]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu]]
* [[Chikhalidwe cha Katolika]]
** [[Luso lwa Katolika|Luso]]
** [[Udindo wa Chikhristu mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Udindo mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu]]
* [[Boma la Vatican City]]
* [[Maboma gha Papa]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Latin]]
* [[Mipingo ya Katolika ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya chisambizgo cha Katolika]]

| group2 = [[Chikhristu cha mu nyengo yakwamba|Tchalitchi la mu nyengo yakwamba]]&lt;br&gt;(30–325/476)
| list2  =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1= [[Kwambira kwa Chikhristu|Kwambira]] na&lt;br&gt;[[Nyengo ya Ŵapositole]] (30–100)
|list1 = 
* [[Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamenti Liphya|Yesu]]
** [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
** [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu pa mphinjika|Kupayikika pa mphinjika]]
** [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka]]
** [[Dango Likuru la Kupharazga]]
* [[Mzimu Mutuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu Mutuŵa]]
* [[Mariya, anyina Yesu|Mariya]]
* [[Yohane Mubatizi]]
* [[Ŵapositole mu Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Kusankha Ŵapositole Khumi na Ŵaŵiri|Kutumika kwa Ŵapositole]]
** [[Mupositole Petrosi|Petrosi]]
** [[Mupositole Yohane|Yohane]]
** [[Mupositole Paulosi|Paulosi]]
* [[Stefano Mutuŵa|Stefano]]
* [[Khonsili ya Yerusalemu]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Chikhristu na Chiyuda|Kupatukana na Chiyuda]]
* [[Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Mbiri yakwambilira ya Testamenti Liphya|Mafumbo gha kumanyirathu]]
** [[Makani Ghawemi|Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
** [[Milimo ya Ŵapositole]]
** [[Makalata gha Paulosi]]
** [[Makalata ghose gha Ŵapositole]]
** [[Buku la Chivumbuzi|Chivumbuzi]]

| group2      = [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la pakatikati pa nyengo yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea|Nyengo ya Tchalitchi&lt;br&gt;la pakatikati pa nyengo&lt;br&gt;yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea]] (100–325)
| list2       = 
* [[Kuzikizgika kwa Ŵakhristu mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Kuzikizgika]]
* [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi]]
** [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi ŵa Ŵapositole]]
*** [[Papa Clement I]]
*** [[Polycarp]]
*** [[Ignatius wa ku Antioke|Ignatius]]
** [[Irenaeus]]
* [[Justin Martyr]]
* [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Testamenti Liphya|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Tertullian]]
* [[Origen]]
}}
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group3      = [[Chikhristu mu nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale|Nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale]]&lt;br&gt;(313–476)
| list3       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1 =[[Tchalitchi Likuru]]&lt;br&gt;(180–451)&lt;br&gt;[[Tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Tchalitchi la boma&lt;br&gt;la Ŵaroma]]&lt;br&gt;(380–451)
| list1  =
* [[Konstantino Mukuru]]
** [[Konstantino Mukuru na Chikhristu|Chikhristu]]
* [[Mphindano ya Arian]]
* [[Tchalitchi Likuru la Yohane Wakuŵa ku Lateran]]
* [[Tchalitchi Lakale la Petrosi]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Nicea]]
* [[Papa Sylvester I]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Constantinople]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Jerome]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* [[Khonsili ya Efeso]]
* [[Khonsili ya Chalcedon]]
}}
}}
| group4 = [[Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono]] (Early Middle Ages)
| list4  =
* [[Benedict wa ku Nursia]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu|Umoyo wa umonki]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Constantinople]]
* [[Papa Gregory I]]
* [[Nyimbo za Gregory]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Constantinople]]
* [[Saint Boniface]]
* [[Kukanizgika kwa vikozgo mu Ufumu wa Byzantine]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Nicea]]
* [[Charlemagne]]
* [[Papa Leo III]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople (Tchalitchi la Katolika)|Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Kumafumiro gha Dazi na Kumadzulo]]

| group5 = [[Nyengo ya Pakati Yapachanya]]
| list5  =
* [[Papa Urban II]]
* [[Mphindano ya Investiture]]
* [[Kukumana kwa Tchalitchi na Ufumu|Kukumana na ufumu]]
* [[Nkhondo za Ŵakhristu (Crusades)]]
* [[Mayunivesite gha mu nyengo ya Middle Ages|Mayunivesite]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Lateran]]
* [[Papa Innocent III]]
* [[Ufumu wa Latin]]
* [[Francis wa ku Assisi]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Lateran]]
* [[Khoti la Bvumbuzi (Inquisition)]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lyon]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lyon]]
* [[Bernard wa ku Clairvaux]]

| group6 = [[Nyengo yaumaliro ya Middle Ages]]
| list6  =
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Papa Boniface VIII]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Ŵakhristu ŵa Kumadzulo (Western Schism)]]
** [[Upapa wa ku Avignon]]
* [[Papa Clement V]]
* [[Khonsili ya Vienne]]
* [[Ŵankhondo ŵa Knights Templar]]
* [[Catherine wa ku Siena]]
* [[Papa Alexander VI]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya|Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya]]

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika (Counter-Reformation)|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]}}
| list7  =
* [[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]
* [[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]
* ''[[Exsurge Domine]]''
* [[Kumazga nyumba za umonki|Kumazga nyumba za umonki]]
* [[Khonsili ya Trent]]
* [[Thomas More]]
* [[Papa Leo X]]
* [[Gulu la Yesu (Society of Jesus)]]
* [[Ignatius wa ku Loyola]]
* [[Francis Xavier]]
* [[Papa Pius V]]
* [[Misa ya Tridentine]]
* [[Teresa wa ku Ávila]]
* [[John wa pa Mphinjika (John of the Cross)]]
* [[Peter Canisius]]
* [[Philip Neri]]
* [[Nkhani ya Galileo]]
* [[Robert Bellarmine]]
* [[Nkhondo za chisopa mu Europe]]
* [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Atatu (Thirty Years' War)]]

| group8 = {{longitem|[[Nyengo ya Baroque|Nyengo ya Baroque]] kufika ku&lt;br/&gt;[[Nkhondo ya ku France (French Revolution)|Nkhondo ya ku France]]}}
| list8  =
* [[Papa Innocent XI]]
* [[Papa Benedict XIV]]
* [[Kukanizga kwa Gulu la Society of Jesus|Kukanizga kwa Society of Jesus]]
* [[Nyengo ya Kuŵalika kwa Maghanoghano|Nyengo ya Kuŵalika]]
* [[Kususka ŵaliska ŵa tchalitchi|Anti-clericalism]]
* [[Papa Pius VI]]
* [[Kuwukira kwa Shimabara|Nkhondo ya Shimabara]]
* [[Dango la Nantes|Edict of Nantes]]
* [[Kuleka kwa Chikhristu mu France pa nyengo ya French Revolution|Dechristianization of France mu nyengo ya French Revolution]]

| group9 = [[Mya 19]]
| list9  =
* [[Pope Pius VII]]
* [[Pope Pius IX]]
* [[Catholic Church and politics in the United States|United States]]
* [[Immaculate Conception|Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Our Lady of La Salette]]
* [[Our Lady of Lourdes]]
* [[First Vatican Council]]
* [[Papal infallibility]]
* [[Pope Leo XIII]]
* [[Mary of the Divine Heart]]
* [[Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart]]
* ''[[Rerum novarum]]''

| group10 = [[Catholic Church in the 20th century|20th century]]
| list10  =
* [[Pope Pius X]]
* [[Our Lady of Fátima]]
* [[Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary]]
* [[Assumption of Mary|Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Lateran Treaty]]
* [[Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic]]
* [[Catholic Church and Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]]
* ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]''
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* ''[[Pacem in terris]]''
* [[Second Vatican Council]]
* [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|Ecumenism]]
* [[Catholic Church and Judaism|Judaism]]
* [[Pope Paul VI]] ([[Coronation of Pope Paul VI|coronation]])
* [[Pope John Paul I]]
* [[Mother Teresa]]
* [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|USSR]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 1995|1995]]


| group11 = 21st century
| list11  =
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|Sexual abuse scandal]]
* [[Catholic Church and Islam|Islam]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 2000|2000]]
** [[World Youth Day 2002|2002]]
** [[World Youth Day 2005|2005]]
** [[World Youth Day 2008|2008]]
** [[World Youth Day 2011|2011]]
** [[World Youth Day 2013|2013]]
** [[World Youth Day 2016|2016]]
** [[World Youth Day 2019|2019]]
** [[World Youth Day 2023|2023]]
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
* [[Pope Francis]]
* ''[[Laudato si']]''
* [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|Havana Declaration]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church|COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[Pope Leo XIV]]
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholicism|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rppvizmk3gjh3ozytwghfb3s6v61jum</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118100</id>
      <parentid>118099</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T18:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9563" sha1="ai6n48ib85ufowxka6f2ujtixl1lpqe" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = History of the Catholic Church
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{1|autocollapse}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mbiri]] ya [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| basestyle = background-color: gold

| group1 = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Vyose]]
| list1  =
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
** [[:Category:Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika mwakuyana na charu|Mwakuyana na charu panji chigaŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika ya vya chisopa|Mbiri ya vya tchalitchi]]
* [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ndondomeko ya nyengo]]
* [[Mbiri ya upapa|Upapa]]
** [[Mbiri ya mazaza gha papa|Mazaza gha papa]]
* [[Makhonsili gha Katolika gha charu chose]]
** [[Makhonsili ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakwamba gha charu chose|Makhonsili ghakwamba ghankhondi na ghaŵiri]]
* [[Baibolo la Katolika]]
** [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo gha Chikhristu|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
** [[Vulgate]]
* [[Ulendo wa nkhondo wa Ŵakhristu]]
* [[Mbiri ya Roman Curia]]
* [[Masangano gha visopa]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu]]
* [[Chikhalidwe cha Katolika]]
** [[Luso lwa Katolika|Luso]]
** [[Udindo wa Chikhristu mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Udindo mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu]]
* [[Boma la Vatican City]]
* [[Maboma gha Papa]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Latin]]
* [[Mipingo ya Katolika ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya chisambizgo cha Katolika]]

| group2 = [[Chikhristu cha mu nyengo yakwamba|Tchalitchi la mu nyengo yakwamba]]&lt;br&gt;(30–325/476)
| list2  =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1= [[Kwambira kwa Chikhristu|Kwambira]] na&lt;br&gt;[[Nyengo ya Ŵapositole]] (30–100)
|list1 = 
* [[Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamenti Liphya|Yesu]]
** [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
** [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu pa mphinjika|Kupayikika pa mphinjika]]
** [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka]]
** [[Dango Likuru la Kupharazga]]
* [[Mzimu Mutuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu Mutuŵa]]
* [[Mariya, anyina Yesu|Mariya]]
* [[Yohane Mubatizi]]
* [[Ŵapositole mu Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Kusankha Ŵapositole Khumi na Ŵaŵiri|Kutumika kwa Ŵapositole]]
** [[Mupositole Petrosi|Petrosi]]
** [[Mupositole Yohane|Yohane]]
** [[Mupositole Paulosi|Paulosi]]
* [[Stefano Mutuŵa|Stefano]]
* [[Khonsili ya Yerusalemu]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Chikhristu na Chiyuda|Kupatukana na Chiyuda]]
* [[Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Mbiri yakwambilira ya Testamenti Liphya|Mafumbo gha kumanyirathu]]
** [[Makani Ghawemi|Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
** [[Milimo ya Ŵapositole]]
** [[Makalata gha Paulosi]]
** [[Makalata ghose gha Ŵapositole]]
** [[Buku la Chivumbuzi|Chivumbuzi]]

| group2      = [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la pakatikati pa nyengo yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea|Nyengo ya Tchalitchi&lt;br&gt;la pakatikati pa nyengo&lt;br&gt;yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea]] (100–325)
| list2       = 
* [[Kuzikizgika kwa Ŵakhristu mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Kuzikizgika]]
* [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi]]
** [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi ŵa Ŵapositole]]
*** [[Papa Clement I]]
*** [[Polycarp]]
*** [[Ignatius wa ku Antioke|Ignatius]]
** [[Irenaeus]]
* [[Justin Martyr]]
* [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Testamenti Liphya|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Tertullian]]
* [[Origen]]
}}
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group3      = [[Chikhristu mu nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale|Nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale]]&lt;br&gt;(313–476)
| list3       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1 =[[Tchalitchi Likuru]]&lt;br&gt;(180–451)&lt;br&gt;[[Tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Tchalitchi la boma&lt;br&gt;la Ŵaroma]]&lt;br&gt;(380–451)
| list1  =
* [[Konstantino Mukuru]]
** [[Konstantino Mukuru na Chikhristu|Chikhristu]]
* [[Mphindano ya Arian]]
* [[Tchalitchi Likuru la Yohane Wakuŵa ku Lateran]]
* [[Tchalitchi Lakale la Petrosi]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Nicea]]
* [[Papa Sylvester I]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Constantinople]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Jerome]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* [[Khonsili ya Efeso]]
* [[Khonsili ya Chalcedon]]
}}
}}
| group4 = [[Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono|Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati&lt;be&gt;pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono]] (Early Middle Ages)
| list4  =
* [[Benedict wa ku Nursia]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu|Umoyo wa umonki]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Constantinople]]
* [[Papa Gregory I]]
* [[Nyimbo za Gregory]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Constantinople]]
* [[Saint Boniface]]
* [[Kukanizgika kwa vikozgo mu Ufumu wa Byzantine]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Nicea]]
* [[Charlemagne]]
* [[Papa Leo III]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople (Tchalitchi la Katolika)|Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Kumafumiro gha Dazi na Kumadzulo]]

| group5 = [[Nyengo ya Pakati Yapachanya]]
| list5  =
* [[Papa Urban II]]
* [[Mphindano ya Investiture]]
* [[Kukumana kwa Tchalitchi na Ufumu|Kukumana na ufumu]]
* [[Nkhondo za Ŵakhristu (Crusades)]]
* [[Mayunivesite gha mu nyengo ya Middle Ages|Mayunivesite]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Lateran]]
* [[Papa Innocent III]]
* [[Ufumu wa Latin]]
* [[Francis wa ku Assisi]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Lateran]]
* [[Khoti la Bvumbuzi (Inquisition)]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lyon]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lyon]]
* [[Bernard wa ku Clairvaux]]

| group6 = [[Nyengo yaumaliro ya Middle Ages]]
| list6  =
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Papa Boniface VIII]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Ŵakhristu ŵa Kumadzulo (Western Schism)]]
** [[Upapa wa ku Avignon]]
* [[Papa Clement V]]
* [[Khonsili ya Vienne]]
* [[Ŵankhondo ŵa Knights Templar]]
* [[Catherine wa ku Siena]]
* [[Papa Alexander VI]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya|Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya]]

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika (Counter-Reformation)|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]}}
| list7  =
* [[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]
* [[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]
* ''[[Exsurge Domine]]''
* [[Kumazga nyumba za umonki|Kumazga nyumba za umonki]]
* [[Khonsili ya Trent]]
* [[Thomas More]]
* [[Papa Leo X]]
* [[Gulu la Yesu (Society of Jesus)]]
* [[Ignatius wa ku Loyola]]
* [[Francis Xavier]]
* [[Papa Pius V]]
* [[Misa ya Tridentine]]
* [[Teresa wa ku Ávila]]
* [[John wa pa Mphinjika (John of the Cross)]]
* [[Peter Canisius]]
* [[Philip Neri]]
* [[Nkhani ya Galileo]]
* [[Robert Bellarmine]]
* [[Nkhondo za chisopa mu Europe]]
* [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Atatu (Thirty Years' War)]]

| group8 = {{longitem|[[Nyengo ya Baroque|Nyengo ya Baroque]] kufika ku&lt;br/&gt;[[Nkhondo ya ku France (French Revolution)|Nkhondo ya ku France]]}}
| list8  =
* [[Papa Innocent XI]]
* [[Papa Benedict XIV]]
* [[Kukanizga kwa Gulu la Society of Jesus|Kukanizga kwa Society of Jesus]]
* [[Nyengo ya Kuŵalika kwa Maghanoghano|Nyengo ya Kuŵalika]]
* [[Kususka ŵaliska ŵa tchalitchi|Anti-clericalism]]
* [[Papa Pius VI]]
* [[Kuwukira kwa Shimabara|Nkhondo ya Shimabara]]
* [[Dango la Nantes|Edict of Nantes]]
* [[Kuleka kwa Chikhristu mu France pa nyengo ya French Revolution|Dechristianization of France mu nyengo ya French Revolution]]

| group9 = [[Mya 19]]
| list9  =
* [[Pope Pius VII]]
* [[Pope Pius IX]]
* [[Catholic Church and politics in the United States|United States]]
* [[Immaculate Conception|Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Our Lady of La Salette]]
* [[Our Lady of Lourdes]]
* [[First Vatican Council]]
* [[Papal infallibility]]
* [[Pope Leo XIII]]
* [[Mary of the Divine Heart]]
* [[Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart]]
* ''[[Rerum novarum]]''

| group10 = [[Catholic Church in the 20th century|20th century]]
| list10  =
* [[Pope Pius X]]
* [[Our Lady of Fátima]]
* [[Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary]]
* [[Assumption of Mary|Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Lateran Treaty]]
* [[Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic]]
* [[Catholic Church and Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]]
* ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]''
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* ''[[Pacem in terris]]''
* [[Second Vatican Council]]
* [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|Ecumenism]]
* [[Catholic Church and Judaism|Judaism]]
* [[Pope Paul VI]] ([[Coronation of Pope Paul VI|coronation]])
* [[Pope John Paul I]]
* [[Mother Teresa]]
* [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|USSR]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 1995|1995]]


| group11 = 21st century
| list11  =
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|Sexual abuse scandal]]
* [[Catholic Church and Islam|Islam]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 2000|2000]]
** [[World Youth Day 2002|2002]]
** [[World Youth Day 2005|2005]]
** [[World Youth Day 2008|2008]]
** [[World Youth Day 2011|2011]]
** [[World Youth Day 2013|2013]]
** [[World Youth Day 2016|2016]]
** [[World Youth Day 2019|2019]]
** [[World Youth Day 2023|2023]]
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
* [[Pope Francis]]
* ''[[Laudato si']]''
* [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|Havana Declaration]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church|COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[Pope Leo XIV]]
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholicism|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ai6n48ib85ufowxka6f2ujtixl1lpqe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118101</id>
      <parentid>118100</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T18:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9563" sha1="bi1060jehyhdhhumylgi16sesvccfxb" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = History of the Catholic Church
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{1|autocollapse}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mbiri]] ya [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| basestyle = background-color: gold

| group1 = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Vyose]]
| list1  =
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
** [[:Category:Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika mwakuyana na charu|Mwakuyana na charu panji chigaŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika ya vya chisopa|Mbiri ya vya tchalitchi]]
* [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ndondomeko ya nyengo]]
* [[Mbiri ya upapa|Upapa]]
** [[Mbiri ya mazaza gha papa|Mazaza gha papa]]
* [[Makhonsili gha Katolika gha charu chose]]
** [[Makhonsili ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakwamba gha charu chose|Makhonsili ghakwamba ghankhondi na ghaŵiri]]
* [[Baibolo la Katolika]]
** [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo gha Chikhristu|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
** [[Vulgate]]
* [[Ulendo wa nkhondo wa Ŵakhristu]]
* [[Mbiri ya Roman Curia]]
* [[Masangano gha visopa]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu]]
* [[Chikhalidwe cha Katolika]]
** [[Luso lwa Katolika|Luso]]
** [[Udindo wa Chikhristu mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Udindo mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu]]
* [[Boma la Vatican City]]
* [[Maboma gha Papa]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Latin]]
* [[Mipingo ya Katolika ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya chisambizgo cha Katolika]]

| group2 = [[Chikhristu cha mu nyengo yakwamba|Tchalitchi la mu nyengo yakwamba]]&lt;br&gt;(30–325/476)
| list2  =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1= [[Kwambira kwa Chikhristu|Kwambira]] na&lt;br&gt;[[Nyengo ya Ŵapositole]] (30–100)
|list1 = 
* [[Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamenti Liphya|Yesu]]
** [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
** [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu pa mphinjika|Kupayikika pa mphinjika]]
** [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka]]
** [[Dango Likuru la Kupharazga]]
* [[Mzimu Mutuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu Mutuŵa]]
* [[Mariya, anyina Yesu|Mariya]]
* [[Yohane Mubatizi]]
* [[Ŵapositole mu Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Kusankha Ŵapositole Khumi na Ŵaŵiri|Kutumika kwa Ŵapositole]]
** [[Mupositole Petrosi|Petrosi]]
** [[Mupositole Yohane|Yohane]]
** [[Mupositole Paulosi|Paulosi]]
* [[Stefano Mutuŵa|Stefano]]
* [[Khonsili ya Yerusalemu]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Chikhristu na Chiyuda|Kupatukana na Chiyuda]]
* [[Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Mbiri yakwambilira ya Testamenti Liphya|Mafumbo gha kumanyirathu]]
** [[Makani Ghawemi|Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
** [[Milimo ya Ŵapositole]]
** [[Makalata gha Paulosi]]
** [[Makalata ghose gha Ŵapositole]]
** [[Buku la Chivumbuzi|Chivumbuzi]]

| group2      = [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la pakatikati pa nyengo yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea|Nyengo ya Tchalitchi&lt;br&gt;la pakatikati pa nyengo&lt;br&gt;yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea]] (100–325)
| list2       = 
* [[Kuzikizgika kwa Ŵakhristu mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Kuzikizgika]]
* [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi]]
** [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi ŵa Ŵapositole]]
*** [[Papa Clement I]]
*** [[Polycarp]]
*** [[Ignatius wa ku Antioke|Ignatius]]
** [[Irenaeus]]
* [[Justin Martyr]]
* [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Testamenti Liphya|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Tertullian]]
* [[Origen]]
}}
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group3      = [[Chikhristu mu nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale|Nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale]]&lt;br&gt;(313–476)
| list3       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1 =[[Tchalitchi Likuru]]&lt;br&gt;(180–451)&lt;br&gt;[[Tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Tchalitchi la boma&lt;br&gt;la Ŵaroma]]&lt;br&gt;(380–451)
| list1  =
* [[Konstantino Mukuru]]
** [[Konstantino Mukuru na Chikhristu|Chikhristu]]
* [[Mphindano ya Arian]]
* [[Tchalitchi Likuru la Yohane Wakuŵa ku Lateran]]
* [[Tchalitchi Lakale la Petrosi]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Nicea]]
* [[Papa Sylvester I]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Constantinople]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Jerome]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* [[Khonsili ya Efeso]]
* [[Khonsili ya Chalcedon]]
}}
}}
| group4 = [[Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono|Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati&lt;br&gt;pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono]] (Early Middle Ages)
| list4  =
* [[Benedict wa ku Nursia]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu|Umoyo wa umonki]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Constantinople]]
* [[Papa Gregory I]]
* [[Nyimbo za Gregory]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Constantinople]]
* [[Saint Boniface]]
* [[Kukanizgika kwa vikozgo mu Ufumu wa Byzantine]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Nicea]]
* [[Charlemagne]]
* [[Papa Leo III]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople (Tchalitchi la Katolika)|Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Kumafumiro gha Dazi na Kumadzulo]]

| group5 = [[Nyengo ya Pakati Yapachanya]]
| list5  =
* [[Papa Urban II]]
* [[Mphindano ya Investiture]]
* [[Kukumana kwa Tchalitchi na Ufumu|Kukumana na ufumu]]
* [[Nkhondo za Ŵakhristu (Crusades)]]
* [[Mayunivesite gha mu nyengo ya Middle Ages|Mayunivesite]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Lateran]]
* [[Papa Innocent III]]
* [[Ufumu wa Latin]]
* [[Francis wa ku Assisi]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Lateran]]
* [[Khoti la Bvumbuzi (Inquisition)]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lyon]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lyon]]
* [[Bernard wa ku Clairvaux]]

| group6 = [[Nyengo yaumaliro ya Middle Ages]]
| list6  =
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Papa Boniface VIII]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Ŵakhristu ŵa Kumadzulo (Western Schism)]]
** [[Upapa wa ku Avignon]]
* [[Papa Clement V]]
* [[Khonsili ya Vienne]]
* [[Ŵankhondo ŵa Knights Templar]]
* [[Catherine wa ku Siena]]
* [[Papa Alexander VI]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya|Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya]]

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika (Counter-Reformation)|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]}}
| list7  =
* [[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]
* [[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]
* ''[[Exsurge Domine]]''
* [[Kumazga nyumba za umonki|Kumazga nyumba za umonki]]
* [[Khonsili ya Trent]]
* [[Thomas More]]
* [[Papa Leo X]]
* [[Gulu la Yesu (Society of Jesus)]]
* [[Ignatius wa ku Loyola]]
* [[Francis Xavier]]
* [[Papa Pius V]]
* [[Misa ya Tridentine]]
* [[Teresa wa ku Ávila]]
* [[John wa pa Mphinjika (John of the Cross)]]
* [[Peter Canisius]]
* [[Philip Neri]]
* [[Nkhani ya Galileo]]
* [[Robert Bellarmine]]
* [[Nkhondo za chisopa mu Europe]]
* [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Atatu (Thirty Years' War)]]

| group8 = {{longitem|[[Nyengo ya Baroque|Nyengo ya Baroque]] kufika ku&lt;br/&gt;[[Nkhondo ya ku France (French Revolution)|Nkhondo ya ku France]]}}
| list8  =
* [[Papa Innocent XI]]
* [[Papa Benedict XIV]]
* [[Kukanizga kwa Gulu la Society of Jesus|Kukanizga kwa Society of Jesus]]
* [[Nyengo ya Kuŵalika kwa Maghanoghano|Nyengo ya Kuŵalika]]
* [[Kususka ŵaliska ŵa tchalitchi|Anti-clericalism]]
* [[Papa Pius VI]]
* [[Kuwukira kwa Shimabara|Nkhondo ya Shimabara]]
* [[Dango la Nantes|Edict of Nantes]]
* [[Kuleka kwa Chikhristu mu France pa nyengo ya French Revolution|Dechristianization of France mu nyengo ya French Revolution]]

| group9 = [[Mya 19]]
| list9  =
* [[Pope Pius VII]]
* [[Pope Pius IX]]
* [[Catholic Church and politics in the United States|United States]]
* [[Immaculate Conception|Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Our Lady of La Salette]]
* [[Our Lady of Lourdes]]
* [[First Vatican Council]]
* [[Papal infallibility]]
* [[Pope Leo XIII]]
* [[Mary of the Divine Heart]]
* [[Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart]]
* ''[[Rerum novarum]]''

| group10 = [[Catholic Church in the 20th century|20th century]]
| list10  =
* [[Pope Pius X]]
* [[Our Lady of Fátima]]
* [[Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII]]
* [[Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary]]
* [[Assumption of Mary|Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]]
* [[Lateran Treaty]]
* [[Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic]]
* [[Catholic Church and Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]]
* ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]''
* [[Pope John XXIII]]
* ''[[Pacem in terris]]''
* [[Second Vatican Council]]
* [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|Ecumenism]]
* [[Catholic Church and Judaism|Judaism]]
* [[Pope Paul VI]] ([[Coronation of Pope Paul VI|coronation]])
* [[Pope John Paul I]]
* [[Mother Teresa]]
* [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|USSR]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 1995|1995]]


| group11 = 21st century
| list11  =
* [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|Sexual abuse scandal]]
* [[Catholic Church and Islam|Islam]]
* [[World Youth Day]]
** [[World Youth Day 2000|2000]]
** [[World Youth Day 2002|2002]]
** [[World Youth Day 2005|2005]]
** [[World Youth Day 2008|2008]]
** [[World Youth Day 2011|2011]]
** [[World Youth Day 2013|2013]]
** [[World Youth Day 2016|2016]]
** [[World Youth Day 2019|2019]]
** [[World Youth Day 2023|2023]]
* [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
* [[Pope Francis]]
* ''[[Laudato si']]''
* [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|Havana Declaration]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church|COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[Pope Leo XIV]]
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholicism|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bi1060jehyhdhhumylgi16sesvccfxb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118102</id>
      <parentid>118101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T18:44:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10082" sha1="4z1mph6dan6lmxxmg52zbfi7q1n4de9" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = History of the Catholic Church
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{1|autocollapse}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mbiri]] ya [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| basestyle = background-color: gold

| group1 = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Vyose]]
| list1  =
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
** [[:Category:Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika mwakuyana na charu|Mwakuyana na charu panji chigaŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika ya vya chisopa|Mbiri ya vya tchalitchi]]
* [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ndondomeko ya nyengo]]
* [[Mbiri ya upapa|Upapa]]
** [[Mbiri ya mazaza gha papa|Mazaza gha papa]]
* [[Makhonsili gha Katolika gha charu chose]]
** [[Makhonsili ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakwamba gha charu chose|Makhonsili ghakwamba ghankhondi na ghaŵiri]]
* [[Baibolo la Katolika]]
** [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo gha Chikhristu|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
** [[Vulgate]]
* [[Ulendo wa nkhondo wa Ŵakhristu]]
* [[Mbiri ya Roman Curia]]
* [[Masangano gha visopa]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu]]
* [[Chikhalidwe cha Katolika]]
** [[Luso lwa Katolika|Luso]]
** [[Udindo wa Chikhristu mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Udindo mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu]]
* [[Boma la Vatican City]]
* [[Maboma gha Papa]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Latin]]
* [[Mipingo ya Katolika ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya chisambizgo cha Katolika]]

| group2 = [[Chikhristu cha mu nyengo yakwamba|Tchalitchi la mu nyengo yakwamba]]&lt;br&gt;(30–325/476)
| list2  =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1= [[Kwambira kwa Chikhristu|Kwambira]] na&lt;br&gt;[[Nyengo ya Ŵapositole]] (30–100)
|list1 = 
* [[Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamenti Liphya|Yesu]]
** [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
** [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu pa mphinjika|Kupayikika pa mphinjika]]
** [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka]]
** [[Dango Likuru la Kupharazga]]
* [[Mzimu Mutuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu Mutuŵa]]
* [[Mariya, anyina Yesu|Mariya]]
* [[Yohane Mubatizi]]
* [[Ŵapositole mu Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Kusankha Ŵapositole Khumi na Ŵaŵiri|Kutumika kwa Ŵapositole]]
** [[Mupositole Petrosi|Petrosi]]
** [[Mupositole Yohane|Yohane]]
** [[Mupositole Paulosi|Paulosi]]
* [[Stefano Mutuŵa|Stefano]]
* [[Khonsili ya Yerusalemu]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Chikhristu na Chiyuda|Kupatukana na Chiyuda]]
* [[Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Mbiri yakwambilira ya Testamenti Liphya|Mafumbo gha kumanyirathu]]
** [[Makani Ghawemi|Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
** [[Milimo ya Ŵapositole]]
** [[Makalata gha Paulosi]]
** [[Makalata ghose gha Ŵapositole]]
** [[Buku la Chivumbuzi|Chivumbuzi]]

| group2      = [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la pakatikati pa nyengo yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea|Nyengo ya Tchalitchi&lt;br&gt;la pakatikati pa nyengo&lt;br&gt;yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea]] (100–325)
| list2       = 
* [[Kuzikizgika kwa Ŵakhristu mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Kuzikizgika]]
* [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi]]
** [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi ŵa Ŵapositole]]
*** [[Papa Clement I]]
*** [[Polycarp]]
*** [[Ignatius wa ku Antioke|Ignatius]]
** [[Irenaeus]]
* [[Justin Martyr]]
* [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Testamenti Liphya|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Tertullian]]
* [[Origen]]
}}
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group3      = [[Chikhristu mu nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale|Nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale]]&lt;br&gt;(313–476)
| list3       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1 =[[Tchalitchi Likuru]]&lt;br&gt;(180–451)&lt;br&gt;[[Tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Tchalitchi la boma&lt;br&gt;la Ŵaroma]]&lt;br&gt;(380–451)
| list1  =
* [[Konstantino Mukuru]]
** [[Konstantino Mukuru na Chikhristu|Chikhristu]]
* [[Mphindano ya Arian]]
* [[Tchalitchi Likuru la Yohane Wakuŵa ku Lateran]]
* [[Tchalitchi Lakale la Petrosi]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Nicea]]
* [[Papa Sylvester I]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Constantinople]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Jerome]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* [[Khonsili ya Efeso]]
* [[Khonsili ya Chalcedon]]
}}
}}
| group4 = [[Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono|Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati&lt;br&gt;pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono]] (Early Middle Ages)
| list4  =
* [[Benedict wa ku Nursia]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu|Umoyo wa umonki]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Constantinople]]
* [[Papa Gregory I]]
* [[Nyimbo za Gregory]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Constantinople]]
* [[Saint Boniface]]
* [[Kukanizgika kwa vikozgo mu Ufumu wa Byzantine]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Nicea]]
* [[Charlemagne]]
* [[Papa Leo III]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople (Tchalitchi la Katolika)|Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Kumafumiro gha Dazi na Kumadzulo]]

| group5 = [[Nyengo ya Pakati Yapachanya]]
| list5  =
* [[Papa Urban II]]
* [[Mphindano ya Investiture]]
* [[Kukumana kwa Tchalitchi na Ufumu|Kukumana na ufumu]]
* [[Nkhondo za Ŵakhristu (Crusades)]]
* [[Mayunivesite gha mu nyengo ya Middle Ages|Mayunivesite]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Lateran]]
* [[Papa Innocent III]]
* [[Ufumu wa Latin]]
* [[Francis wa ku Assisi]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Lateran]]
* [[Khoti la Bvumbuzi (Inquisition)]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lyon]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lyon]]
* [[Bernard wa ku Clairvaux]]

| group6 = [[Nyengo yaumaliro ya Middle Ages]]
| list6  =
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Papa Boniface VIII]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Ŵakhristu ŵa Kumadzulo (Western Schism)]]
** [[Upapa wa ku Avignon]]
* [[Papa Clement V]]
* [[Khonsili ya Vienne]]
* [[Ŵankhondo ŵa Knights Templar]]
* [[Catherine wa ku Siena]]
* [[Papa Alexander VI]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya|Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya]]

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika (Counter-Reformation)|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]}}
| list7  =
* [[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]
* [[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]
* ''[[Exsurge Domine]]''
* [[Kumazga nyumba za umonki|Kumazga nyumba za umonki]]
* [[Khonsili ya Trent]]
* [[Thomas More]]
* [[Papa Leo X]]
* [[Gulu la Yesu (Society of Jesus)]]
* [[Ignatius wa ku Loyola]]
* [[Francis Xavier]]
* [[Papa Pius V]]
* [[Misa ya Tridentine]]
* [[Teresa wa ku Ávila]]
* [[John wa pa Mphinjika (John of the Cross)]]
* [[Peter Canisius]]
* [[Philip Neri]]
* [[Nkhani ya Galileo]]
* [[Robert Bellarmine]]
* [[Nkhondo za chisopa mu Europe]]
* [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Atatu (Thirty Years' War)]]

| group8 = {{longitem|[[Nyengo ya Baroque|Nyengo ya Baroque]] kufika ku&lt;br/&gt;[[Nkhondo ya ku France (French Revolution)|Nkhondo ya ku France]]}}
| list8  =
* [[Papa Innocent XI]]
* [[Papa Benedict XIV]]
* [[Kukanizga kwa Gulu la Society of Jesus|Kukanizga kwa Society of Jesus]]
* [[Nyengo ya Kuŵalika kwa Maghanoghano|Nyengo ya Kuŵalika]]
* [[Kususka ŵaliska ŵa tchalitchi|Anti-clericalism]]
* [[Papa Pius VI]]
* [[Kuwukira kwa Shimabara|Nkhondo ya Shimabara]]
* [[Dango la Nantes|Edict of Nantes]]
* [[Kuleka kwa Chikhristu mu France pa nyengo ya French Revolution|Dechristianization of France mu nyengo ya French Revolution]]

| group9 = [[Mya 19]]
| list9  =
* [[Papa Pius VII]]
* [[Papa Pius IX]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na ndale mu United States]]
* [[Chisambizgo cha kubabika kwambura kwananga kwa Mwali Mariya]]
* [[Dada withu wa ku La Salette]]
* [[Dada withu wa ku Lourdes]]
* [[Msonkhano wakwamba wa ku Vatican]]
* [[Kuleka kwananga kwa Papa]]
* [[Papa Leo XIII]]
* [[Mariya wa Mtima wa Chiuta]]
* [[Lurombo lwa kujipatulira ku Mtima Wakupatulika]]
* ''[[Rerum novarum]]''

| group10 = [[Katolika Church mu vyaka vya m'ma 20|Vyaka vya m'ma 20]]
| list10  =
* [[Papa Pius X]]
* [[Dada withu wa ku Fátima]]
* [[Kutambuzgika kwa Mpingo wa Katolika na Pius XII]]
* [[Papa Pius XII]]
* [[Papa Pius XII 1942 kujipatulira ku Mtima Wakupatulika wa Mariya]]
* [[Kutoŵerera kwa Mariya|Chisambizgo cha kutoŵerera kwa Mwali Mariya]]
* [[Phangano la ku Lateran]]
* [[Katolika mu Ufumu wa Spain wa Chachiŵiri|Ufumu wa Spain wa Chachiŵiri]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na Germany ya Nazi|Germany ya Nazi]]
* ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]''
* [[Papa John XXIII]]
* ''[[Pacem in terris]]''
* [[Msonkhano waŵiri wa ku Vatican]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na umoza wa matchalitchi|Umoza wa matchalitchi]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na Chiyuda|Chiyuda]]
* [[Papa Paul VI]] ([[Kuvwalika korona kwa Papa Paul VI|kuvwalika korona]])
* [[Papa John Paul I]]
* [[Mama Teresa]]
* [[Ubwezi wa Mpando Wakupatulika na Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]
* [[Papa John Paul II]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]
* [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 1995|1995]]


| group11 = [[Mpingo wa Katolika mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 21|Mazana gha m'ma 2000 na 21 gha Mpingo wa Katolika]]
| list11  =
* [[Nkhani za nkhaza za kugonana mu Mpingo wa Katolika|Kukweŵeka kwa nkhaza za kugonana]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na Chisilamu|Chisilamu]]
* [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2000|2000]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2002|2002]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2005|2005]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2008|2008]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2011|2011]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2013|2013]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2016|2016]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2019|2019]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2023|2023]]
* [[Papa Benedict XVI]]
* [[Papa Francis]]
* ''[[Laudato si']]'' 
* [[Chilengezo cha Papa Francis na Mkuluwake wa Mpingo wa Orthodox Kirill|Chilengezo cha ku Havana]]
* [[Ivyo mliri wa COVID-19 ukachitira Mpingo wa Katolika|Muliri wa COVID-19]]
* [[Papa Leo XIV]]
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Msumba wa Vatican|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Ukatolika|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>118103</id>
      <parentid>118102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T18:44:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>118103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9993" sha1="mkacegu663tyt5junfb4uq3r9t0b9gu" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = History of the Catholic Church
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{1|autocollapse}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| titleclass = wraplinks
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Mbiri]] ya [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| basestyle = background-color: gold

| group1 = [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Vyose]]
| list1  =
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
** [[:Category:Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika mwakuyana na charu|Mwakuyana na charu panji chigaŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya Tchalitchi la Katolika ya vya chisopa|Mbiri ya vya tchalitchi]]
* [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la Katolika|Ndondomeko ya nyengo]]
* [[Mbiri ya upapa|Upapa]]
** [[Mbiri ya mazaza gha papa|Mazaza gha papa]]
* [[Makhonsili gha Katolika gha charu chose]]
** [[Makhonsili ghankhondi na ghaŵiri ghakwamba gha charu chose|Makhonsili ghakwamba ghankhondi na ghaŵiri]]
* [[Baibolo la Katolika]]
** [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo gha Chikhristu|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
** [[Vulgate]]
* [[Ulendo wa nkhondo wa Ŵakhristu]]
* [[Mbiri ya Roman Curia]]
* [[Masangano gha visopa]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu]]
* [[Chikhalidwe cha Katolika]]
** [[Luso lwa Katolika|Luso]]
** [[Udindo wa Chikhristu mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Udindo mu chitukuko cha ŵanthu]]
* [[Boma la Vatican City]]
* [[Maboma gha Papa]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Latin]]
* [[Mipingo ya Katolika ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa]]
* [[Mbiri ya chisambizgo cha Katolika]]

| group2 = [[Chikhristu cha mu nyengo yakwamba|Tchalitchi la mu nyengo yakwamba]]&lt;br&gt;(30–325/476)
| list2  =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1= [[Kwambira kwa Chikhristu|Kwambira]] na&lt;br&gt;[[Nyengo ya Ŵapositole]] (30–100)
|list1 = 
* [[Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamenti Liphya|Yesu]]
** [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
** [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu pa mphinjika|Kupayikika pa mphinjika]]
** [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka]]
** [[Dango Likuru la Kupharazga]]
* [[Mzimu Mutuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu Mutuŵa]]
* [[Mariya, anyina Yesu|Mariya]]
* [[Yohane Mubatizi]]
* [[Ŵapositole mu Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Kusankha Ŵapositole Khumi na Ŵaŵiri|Kutumika kwa Ŵapositole]]
** [[Mupositole Petrosi|Petrosi]]
** [[Mupositole Yohane|Yohane]]
** [[Mupositole Paulosi|Paulosi]]
* [[Stefano Mutuŵa|Stefano]]
* [[Khonsili ya Yerusalemu]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Chikhristu na Chiyuda|Kupatukana na Chiyuda]]
* [[Testamenti Liphya]]
** [[Mbiri yakwambilira ya Testamenti Liphya|Mafumbo gha kumanyirathu]]
** [[Makani Ghawemi|Mabuku gha Makani Ghawemi]]
** [[Milimo ya Ŵapositole]]
** [[Makalata gha Paulosi]]
** [[Makalata ghose gha Ŵapositole]]
** [[Buku la Chivumbuzi|Chivumbuzi]]

| group2      = [[Nyengo ya Tchalitchi la pakatikati pa nyengo yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea|Nyengo ya Tchalitchi&lt;br&gt;la pakatikati pa nyengo&lt;br&gt;yakwamba na Khonsili ya Nicea]] (100–325)
| list2       = 
* [[Kuzikizgika kwa Ŵakhristu mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Kuzikizgika]]
* [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi]]
** [[Ŵadada ŵa Tchalitchi ŵa Ŵapositole]]
*** [[Papa Clement I]]
*** [[Polycarp]]
*** [[Ignatius wa ku Antioke|Ignatius]]
** [[Irenaeus]]
* [[Justin Martyr]]
* [[Kukura kwa ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Testamenti Liphya|Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Tertullian]]
* [[Origen]]
}}
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group3      = [[Chikhristu mu nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale|Nyengo yakumaliro ya ukale]]&lt;br&gt;(313–476)
| list3       = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1 =[[Tchalitchi Likuru]]&lt;br&gt;(180–451)&lt;br&gt;[[Tchalitchi la boma la Ufumu wa Ŵaroma|Tchalitchi la boma&lt;br&gt;la Ŵaroma]]&lt;br&gt;(380–451)
| list1  =
* [[Konstantino Mukuru]]
** [[Konstantino Mukuru na Chikhristu|Chikhristu]]
* [[Mphindano ya Arian]]
* [[Tchalitchi Likuru la Yohane Wakuŵa ku Lateran]]
* [[Tchalitchi Lakale la Petrosi]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Nicea]]
* [[Papa Sylvester I]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Constantinople]]
* [[Ndondomeko ya mabuku gha Baibolo]]
* [[Jerome]]
* [[Vulgate]]
* [[Khonsili ya Efeso]]
* [[Khonsili ya Chalcedon]]
}}
}}
| group4 = [[Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono|Nyengo yakwamba ya Pakati&lt;br&gt;pa Nyengo za Kale na Zasono]] (Early Middle Ages)
| list4  =
* [[Benedict wa ku Nursia]]
* [[Umoyo wa umonki wa Chikhristu|Umoyo wa umonki]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Constantinople]]
* [[Papa Gregory I]]
* [[Nyimbo za Gregory]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Constantinople]]
* [[Saint Boniface]]
* [[Kukanizgika kwa vikozgo mu Ufumu wa Byzantine]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Nicea]]
* [[Charlemagne]]
* [[Papa Leo III]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople (Tchalitchi la Katolika)|Khonsili Yachinayi ya Constantinople]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Kumafumiro gha Dazi na Kumadzulo]]

| group5 = [[Nyengo ya Pakati Yapachanya]]
| list5  =
* [[Papa Urban II]]
* [[Mphindano ya Investiture]]
* [[Kukumana kwa Tchalitchi na Ufumu|Kukumana na ufumu]]
* [[Nkhondo za Ŵakhristu (Crusades)]]
* [[Mayunivesite gha mu nyengo ya Middle Ages|Mayunivesite]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lateran]]
* [[Khonsili Yachitatu ya Lateran]]
* [[Papa Innocent III]]
* [[Ufumu wa Latin]]
* [[Francis wa ku Assisi]]
* [[Khonsili Yachinayi ya Lateran]]
* [[Khoti la Bvumbuzi (Inquisition)]]
* [[Khonsili Yakwamba ya Lyon]]
* [[Khonsili Yachiŵiri ya Lyon]]
* [[Bernard wa ku Clairvaux]]

| group6 = [[Nyengo yaumaliro ya Middle Ages]]
| list6  =
* [[Thomas Aquinas]]
* [[Papa Boniface VIII]]
* [[Kupatukana kwa Ŵakhristu ŵa Kumadzulo (Western Schism)]]
** [[Upapa wa ku Avignon]]
* [[Papa Clement V]]
* [[Khonsili ya Vienne]]
* [[Ŵankhondo ŵa Knights Templar]]
* [[Catherine wa ku Siena]]
* [[Papa Alexander VI]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Katolika na Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya|Nyengo ya Kusanga Malo Ghaphya]]

| group7 = {{longitem|[[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika (Counter-Reformation)|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]}}
| list7  =
* [[Kusintha kwa Tchalitchi kwa Ŵaprotesitanti|Kusintha kwa Ŵaprotesitanti]]
* [[Kuzgora kwa Tchalitchi la Katolika|Kuzgora kwa Katolika]]
* ''[[Exsurge Domine]]''
* [[Kumazga nyumba za umonki|Kumazga nyumba za umonki]]
* [[Khonsili ya Trent]]
* [[Thomas More]]
* [[Papa Leo X]]
* [[Gulu la Yesu (Society of Jesus)]]
* [[Ignatius wa ku Loyola]]
* [[Francis Xavier]]
* [[Papa Pius V]]
* [[Misa ya Tridentine]]
* [[Teresa wa ku Ávila]]
* [[John wa pa Mphinjika (John of the Cross)]]
* [[Peter Canisius]]
* [[Philip Neri]]
* [[Nkhani ya Galileo]]
* [[Robert Bellarmine]]
* [[Nkhondo za chisopa mu Europe]]
* [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Atatu (Thirty Years' War)]]

| group8 = {{longitem|[[Nyengo ya Baroque|Nyengo ya Baroque]] kufika ku&lt;br/&gt;[[Nkhondo ya ku France (French Revolution)|Nkhondo ya ku France]]}}
| list8  =
* [[Papa Innocent XI]]
* [[Papa Benedict XIV]]
* [[Kukanizga kwa Gulu la Society of Jesus|Kukanizga kwa Society of Jesus]]
* [[Nyengo ya Kuŵalika kwa Maghanoghano|Nyengo ya Kuŵalika]]
* [[Kususka ŵaliska ŵa tchalitchi|Anti-clericalism]]
* [[Papa Pius VI]]
* [[Kuwukira kwa Shimabara|Nkhondo ya Shimabara]]
* [[Dango la Nantes|Edict of Nantes]]
* [[Kuleka kwa Chikhristu mu France pa nyengo ya French Revolution|Dechristianization of France mu nyengo ya French Revolution]]

| group9 = [[Mya 19]]
| list9  =
* [[Papa Pius VII]]
* [[Papa Pius IX]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na ndale mu United States]]
* [[Chisambizgo cha kubabika kwambura kwananga kwa Mwali Mariya]]
* [[Dada withu wa ku La Salette]]
* [[Dada withu wa ku Lourdes]]
* [[Msonkhano wakwamba wa ku Vatican]]
* [[Kuleka kwananga kwa Papa]]
* [[Papa Leo XIII]]
* [[Mariya wa Mtima wa Chiuta]]
* [[Lurombo lwa kujipatulira ku Mtima Wakupatulika]]
* ''[[Rerum novarum]]''

| group10 = [[Katolika Church mu vyaka vya m'ma 20|Vyaka vya m'ma 20]]
| list10  =
* [[Papa Pius X]]
* [[Dada withu wa ku Fátima]]
* [[Kutambuzgika kwa Mpingo wa Katolika na Pius XII]]
* [[Papa Pius XII]]
* [[Papa Pius XII 1942 kujipatulira ku Mtima Wakupatulika wa Mariya]]
* [[Kutoŵerera kwa Mariya|Chisambizgo cha kutoŵerera kwa Mwali Mariya]]
* [[Phangano la ku Lateran]]
* [[Katolika mu Ufumu wa Spain wa Chachiŵiri|Ufumu wa Spain wa Chachiŵiri]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na Germany ya Nazi|Germany ya Nazi]]
* ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]''
* [[Papa John XXIII]]
* ''[[Pacem in terris]]''
* [[Msonkhano waŵiri wa ku Vatican]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na umoza wa matchalitchi|Umoza wa matchalitchi]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na Chiyuda|Chiyuda]]
* [[Papa Paul VI]] ([[Kuvwalika korona kwa Papa Paul VI|kuvwalika korona]])
* [[Papa John Paul I]]
* [[Mama Teresa]]
* [[Ubwezi wa Mpando Wakupatulika na Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]
* [[Papa John Paul II]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]
* [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 1995|1995]]


| group11 = [[Mpingo wa Katolika mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 21|Mazana gha m'ma 2000 na 21 gha Mpingo wa Katolika]]
| list11  =
* [[Nkhani za nkhaza za kugonana mu Mpingo wa Katolika|Kukweŵeka kwa nkhaza za kugonana]]
* [[Mpingo wa Katolika na Chisilamu|Chisilamu]]
* [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2000|2000]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2002|2002]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2005|2005]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2008|2008]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2011|2011]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2013|2013]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2016|2016]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2019|2019]]
** [[Zuŵa la Ŵawukirano pa Charu Chapasi 2023|2023]]
* [[Papa Benedict XVI]]
* [[Papa Francis]]
* ''[[Laudato si']]'' 
* [[Chilengezo cha Papa Francis na Mkuluwake wa Mpingo wa Orthodox Kirill|Chilengezo cha ku Havana]]
* [[Ivyo mliri wa COVID-19 ukachitira Mpingo wa Katolika|Muliri wa COVID-19]]
* [[Papa Leo XIV]]
| belowclass = hlist
| below      = 
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mkacegu663tyt5junfb4uq3r9t0b9gu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Particular churches sui iuris footer</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118083</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox | name      = Particular churches sui iuris footer | title     = ''[[Sui iuris|Sui iuris]]'' [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|particular churches]] of the [[Catholic Church]] | above     = By [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]] | bodyclass = hlist | basestyle  = background-color:gold | image     = [[File:Patriarchal or Archbishop Cross.svg|60px]]  | group1 = [[Patriarch|Patriarchal churches]] | list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgro...&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2149" sha1="nsnx9wr9pujrc9virvwdhau1inhgiap" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name      = Particular churches sui iuris footer
| title     = ''[[Sui iuris|Sui iuris]]'' [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|particular churches]] of the [[Catholic Church]]
| above     = By [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]]
| bodyclass = hlist
| basestyle  = background-color:gold
| image     = [[File:Patriarchal or Archbishop Cross.svg|60px]]

| group1 = [[Patriarch|Patriarchal churches]]
| list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup 

|group1 = [[Pentarchy#Council_of_Nicaea|Ancient patriarchates]]
| groupstyle  = background-color:gold
|list1  = 
* [[Latin Church|Latin]]
* [[Coptic Catholic Church|Coptic]]
*Antiochian
** [[Maronite Church|Maronite]]
** [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]]
** [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac]]

|group2 = Junior [[patriarchate]]s
|list2  = 
*[[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean]]
*[[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian]]
}}
|group2 = [[Major archbishop|Major archiepiscopal churches]]
|list2  = 
* [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian]]  
* [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar]]
* [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara]] 
* [[Romanian Greek Catholic Church|Romania]]
| group3 = Metropolitan churches
| list3 = 
* [[Ethiopian Catholic Church|Ethiopian]]
* [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian]]
* [[Slovak Greek Catholic Church|Slovak]]
* [[Eritrean Catholic Church|Eritrean]]
* [[Hungarian Greek Catholic Church|Hungarian]]
| group4 = Other ''sui iuris'' churches
| list4  = 
* [[Albanian Greek Catholic Church|Albanian]]
* [[Belarusian Greek Catholic Church|Belarusian]]
* [[Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church|Bulgarian]]
* [[Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia|Croat and Serbian]]
* [[Greek Byzantine Catholic Church|Greek]]
* [[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church|Italo-Albanian]]
* [[Macedonian Greek Catholic Church|Macedonian]]
* [[Russian Greek Catholic Church|Russian]]
| below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Catholicism|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Christianity|size=tiny}}
{{reflist}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Organisation of the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic templates]]
[[Category:Latin Church templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Holy See</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118084</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox | name       = Holy See | title      = [[Holy See]] |state      = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | titleclass = wraplinks  | bodyclass  = hlist | listclass = wraplinks |basestyle = background-color:gold |image     =  | above    = * [[Apostolic see]] of [[Pope]] {{incumbent pope}} as [[bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop]] of the [[Diocese of Rome]] * Sovereignty of [[Vatican City]] * [[Legal status of the Holy See]]  | group2     = History of the pa...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8737" sha1="o9qodifejhbgq8ehgw3bvhyadsio3jz" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name       = Holy See
| title      = [[Holy See]]
|state      = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| titleclass = wraplinks 
| bodyclass  = hlist
| listclass = wraplinks
|basestyle = background-color:gold
|image     = 
| above    =
* [[Apostolic see]] of [[Pope]] {{incumbent pope}} as [[bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop]] of the [[Diocese of Rome]]
* Sovereignty of [[Vatican City]]
* [[Legal status of the Holy See]]

| group2     = [[History of the papacy|History]]
| list2      =
* [[Apostolic see]]
* [[Primacy of Peter]]
* [[History of papal primacy]]
* [[Patrimony of Saint Peter]]
* [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]]
* [[Lateran Palace]]
** [[Lateran Museum|Museum]]
* [[Duchy of Rome]]
* [[Donation of Sutri]]
* [[Donation of Pepin]]
* [[Avignon Papacy]]
* [[Papal States]]
** [[Temporal power of the Holy See|Temporal power]]
* [[Investiture Controversy]]
* [[Popes during the Age of Revolution|Age of Revolution]]
* &quot;[[Prisoner in the Vatican]]&quot;
* [[Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)|Savoyard era]]
* [[Vatican City]]
** [[Lateran Treaty]]
* [[Vatican City during World War II|World War II]]
* [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|Warsaw Pact]]

| group3     = Sovereign&lt;br/&gt;judicial entity&lt;br&gt;under&lt;br&gt;international law&lt;br&gt;([[Legal status of the Holy See|Legal status]])
| list3      =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

| group1     = Officials
| list1      =
* [[Pope]] {{incumbent pope}}
* [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] [[Pietro Parolin]]
* [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinals]]
** [[List of current cardinals|List]]
** [[Council of Cardinals|Advisers]]

| group2     = Governance
| list2      =
* [[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Secretariat of State]]
* [[College of Cardinals]]
** [[Conclave]]

| group3     = [[Politics of Vatican City|Government]]
| list3      =
* [[Roman Curia]]
** [[Apostolic Camera]]
** [[Pontifical commission|Commissions]]
*** [[Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|For Vatican City State]]
** [[Pontifical council|Councils]]
** [[Congregation (Roman Curia)|Congregations]]
** [[Dicastery|Dicasteries]]

| group6     = [[Foreign relations of the Holy See|Foreign affairs]]&lt;br&gt;([[Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See|Multilateral policy]])
| list6      =
* [[Section for Relations with States]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions to the Holy See|To the Holy See]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See|Of the Holy See]]
** [[List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See|Heads]]
* [[Holy See–Italy relations|Italy]]
* [[Holy See and the United Nations|United Nations]]
** [[Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations|Permanent Observer]]
*** [[Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva|in Geneva]]
* [[Holy See–European Union relations|European Union]]
** [[Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Council of Europe|Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe]]
* [[Apostolic nunciature]]
** [[Nuncio]]
* [[Treaties of the Holy See|Treaties]]
** [[Concordat]]s
}}

| group4     = [[Diocese of Rome|Diocese&lt;br&gt;of Rome]]&lt;br&gt;with [[Universal jurisdiction|universal]]&lt;br&gt;[[full communion]]&lt;br&gt;([[Papal primacy]])
| list4      =


{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

| group1     = [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church|Synods]]
| list1      =
* [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church#Ordinary general assemblies|Ordinary general assemblies]]
* [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church#Extraordinary general assemblies|Extraordinary general assemblies]]
* [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church#Special assemblies|Special assemblies]]

| group8     = [[Ecclesiastical Province of Rome|Ecclesiastical&lt;br&gt;province of Rome]]&lt;br&gt;([[Apostolic vicariate|Vicariate]]: [[Cardinal Vicar|Rome]],&lt;br&gt;[[Vicar General for Vatican City|Vatican City]])
| list8      =

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group8     = [[Suburbicarian diocese|Suburbicarian sees]]
| list8      =
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia|Ostia]]
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri–Segni|Velletri–Segni]]
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto–Santa Rufina|Porto–Santa Rufina]]
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati|Frascati]]
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina|Palestrina]]
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano|Albano]]
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina–Poggio Mirteto|Sabina–Poggio Mirteto]]

| group9 = [[Territorial abbey]]s
| list9  = 
* [[Monte Cassino]]
* [[Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco|Subiaco]]

| group10     = [[Suffragan diocese]]s
| list10      =
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta|Gaeta]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Anagni-Alatri|Anagni-Alatri]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Civita Castellana|Civita Castellana]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia|Civitavecchia-Tarquinia]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino|Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno|Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rieti|Rieti]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo|Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tivoli|Tivoli]]
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo|Viterbo]]
}}
}}

|group5 = [[Properties of the Holy See|Properties]]&lt;br&gt;including&lt;br&gt;[[extraterritoriality|extra-&lt;br&gt;territoriality]]
|list5  =


{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

| group2      = Inside&lt;br&gt;Rome
| list2    =
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1 = 
| list1 = 

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold

| group1      = 
| list1    =
}}
}}

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group2 = [[Major basilica]]s
|list2  =
* [[St. Peter's Basilica]]
* [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]
* [[Santa Maria Maggiore]]
* [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]
}}

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group3 =
|list3  =
*[[Lateran Palace]]
** [[Pontifical Lateran University|Lateran University]]
** [[Scala Sancta]]
**[[Sancta Sanctorum (Lateran, Rome)|Sancta Sanctorum]]
** Adjoining buildings
* [[Palazzo San Callisto|Palace of Saint Callixtus]]
* [[Gianicolo]] Hill area
** [[Pontifical Urban University]]
** [[Pontifical North American College]]
** [[Bambino Gesù Hospital]]
*[[Palazzo della Cancelleria]]
*[[Palazzo di Propaganda Fide|Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]]
*[[Palace of the Holy Office]]
*[[Palazzo dei Convertendi|Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches]]
*[[Palazzo Pio (Borgo)|Palazzo Pio]]
*[[Palazzo Maffei Marescotti]] (Palace of the Vicariate}
* [[Pontifical Roman Minor Seminary]]
* [[Collegio Teutonico]]
** [[Teutonic Cemetery]]
* Benedictine monastery
* [[Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo]]
* [[Beda College]]
* [[Paul VI Audience Hall]]
* [[St. Peter's Square]]
}}

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1 = Non-&lt;br&gt;extraterritorial
|list1  =
*Palace of the [[Santi Apostoli, Rome|Holy Apostles]]
*Palace of [[San Carlo ai Catinari]]
*[[Collegio Bellarmino]]
*Archaeological Institute
* [[Pontifical Oriental Institute]]
*[[Pontifical Lombard Seminary]]
*[[Collegium Russicum|Russian College]]
*[[Basilica di Sant'Apollinare|Two Palaces of Sant'Apollinare]]
*House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
** [[Nympheum of Nero]]
}}

|group3 = Outside&lt;br&gt;Rome
|list3  =
*[[Palace of Castel Gandolfo]]
** Papal farm
** Gardens of the Villa Cybo
** [[Villa Barberini]]
** Adjacent gardens
* [[Pontifical College Josephinum]]
* Summer estate of [[Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide]]
*[[Vatican Radio]] antennae area of [[:it:Santa Maria di Galeria|Santa Maria di Galeria]]

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
|group1 = Non-&lt;br&gt;extraterritorial
|list1  =
*[[Basilica della Santa Casa]]
*[[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi]]
*[[Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua]]
}}
}}

| group11     = See also
| list11      =
* ''[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]''
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See|Awards]]
* [[Papal household]]
* [[Peter's Pence]]
* [[Roman Rota]]
** [[Apostolic Penitentiary]]
** [[Apostolic Signatura]]
* [[Swiss Guard]]
* [[Vatican.va]]

|below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholic Church|size=tiny}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Holy See templates| ]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic ecclesiastical province navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Papacy</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118085</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:24:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#invoke:navbox|navbox |name   = Papacy |state      = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |title  = [[Pope|Papacy]] |bodyclass = hlist |basestyle = background-color:gold |above = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopate]] of the [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop]] of [[Holy See|Rome]]  |group1 = [[Jurisdiction]] |list1 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup | basestyle = background-color:gold | group1      = [[Holy See]]&lt;br/&gt;([[full communion]]) | list1    = * '''[[Pope]] {{Incumbent pope}...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5432" sha1="mjs6k7l78gk70ksc8pgj38q2be8bgxa" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
|name   = Papacy
|state      = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|title  = [[Pope|Papacy]]
|bodyclass = hlist
|basestyle = background-color:gold
|above = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopate]] of the [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop]] of [[Holy See|Rome]]

|group1 = [[Jurisdiction]]
|list1 =
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = [[Holy See]]&lt;br/&gt;([[full communion]])
| list1    =
* '''[[Pope]] {{Incumbent pope}}''' as [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop]] of the [[Diocese of Rome]]
** [[Papal primacy|primacy]]
*** [[History of papal primacy|history]]

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = [[Vatican City]]&lt;br/&gt;([[Index of Vatican City–related articles|index]], [[Outline of Vatican City|outline]])
| list1    =
* [[Enclaved]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
** [[Lateran Treaty]], 1929
* along with [[Extraterritoriality|extraterritorial]] [[properties of the Holy See]]
}}
}}

|group2 = Headquarters
|list2 =
* [[Vatican City]]:
* [[Apostolic Palace]]
** [[papal apartments]]
** [[Sistine Chapel]]
* [[Italy]]:
* [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] ([[cathedra]])

|group3 = [[Major basilica]]s
|list3  =
* [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]
* [[St. Peter's Basilica]]
* [[Santa Maria Maggiore|Basilica of Saint Mary Major]]
* [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]

|group4 = [[Papal titles|Title]]s&lt;br/&gt;([[Papal name|Papal names]])
|list4  =
* [[Holiness (style)|His Holiness]]
* [[Bishop of Rome]]
* [[Vicar of Christ|Vicar of Jesus Christ]]
* [[Successor of the Prince of the Apostles]]
* [[Pontifex maximus#Catholic Church use of the title|Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church]]
* [[Patriarch of the West]]
* [[Primate of Italy]]
* [[Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province]]
* [[Sovereign of the Vatican City State]]
* [[Servant of the servants of God]]

|group5 = [[Symbol]]s
|list5  =
* [[Papal coats of arms|Coats of arms]]
* [[Coat of arms of the Holy See]]
* [[Papal cross|Cross]]
* [[Keys of Heaven]]
* [[Papal regalia and insignia|Regalia and insignia]]
* [[Rota (papal signature)|Rota]]
* [[Umbraculum]]

|group6 = Proclamations
|list6  =
* [[Papal infallibility|Infallibility]]
* [[Apostolic constitution]]
* [[Papal bull|Bull]]
** [[List of papal bulls|list]]
* [[Encyclical]]
* [[Apostolic exhortation]]
* [[Ecclesiastical letter]]
* [[Interdict]]

|group7 = Activities
|list7  =
* [[Papal arbitration|Arbitration]]
** [[Papal deposing power|deposition]]
* [[Apostolic blessing|Blessing]]
** &quot;[[Episcopal blessing|pontifical]]&quot;
** ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]''
* [[Conclave]]
** [[List of papal conclaves|list]]
* [[Papal coronation|Coronation]]
* [[Papal consistory|Consistory]]
* [[Papal diplomatics|Diplomacy]]
* [[Papal inauguration|Inauguration]]
* [[Papal Mass|Mass]]
** [[Pontifical High Mass|High Mass]]
* [[Papal travel|Travel]]

|group8 = [[Pontifical vestments|Vestments]]
|list8  =
* [[Camauro]]
* [[Falda]]
* [[Papal fanon|Fanon]]
* [[Papal ferula|Ferula]]
* [[Flabellum]]
* [[Cope|Mantle]]
* [[Mitre]]
* [[Mozzetta]]
* [[Pallium]]
* [[Ring of the Fisherman]]
* [[Papal shoes|Shoes]]
** [[Papal slippers|slippers]]
* [[Subcinctorium]]
* [[Papal tiara|Tiara]]
** [[List of papal tiaras in existence|list]]
* [[Zucchetto]]

|group9 = Transportation
|list9 =
* [[Popemobile]]
* [[Sedia gestatoria]]
* [[Shepherd One]]

|group10 = [[Papal household|Household]]
|list10 =
* [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|Camerlengo]]
* [[List of commanders of the Swiss Guard|Commander of the Swiss Guard]]
* [[Chaplain of His Holiness|Chaplain]]
* [[Palatinus in the Catholic Church|Palatinus]]
** [[papal majordomo]]
* [[Papal gentleman|Gentlemen]]
* [[Preacher of the Papal Household|Preacher]]
* [[Prefecture of the Papal Household|Prefect]]
* [[Prelate of Honour of His Holiness|Prelate of Honour]]
* [[Prince assistant to the papal throne|Prince assistant]]
* [[Theologian of the Pontifical Household|Theologian]]

|group11 = Staff
|list11 = 
* [[College of Cardinals]]
** [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]]
** [[List of current cardinals|list]]
* [[Roman Curia]]
** [[Apostolic Camera]]
** [[Pontifical commission|commissions]]
*** [[Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|for Vatican City State]]
** [[Pontifical council|councils]]
** [[Congregation (Roman Curia)|congregations]]
** [[Dicastery|dicasteries]]
* [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church|Synods]]
* [[Cappella Giulia]]
* [[Sistine Chapel Choir]]

|group12 = Related
|list12 = 
* [[Antipope]]
** [[Western Schism]]
* [[List of canonised popes|Canonised popes]]
*[[Fat pope, thin pope]]
*[[Gammarelli]]
* [[Legends surrounding the papacy|Legends]]
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See|Orders, decorations, and medals]]
* [[Papabile]]
* [[Papal nobility]]
** &quot;[[Black nobility|Black]]&quot;
* [[Pontifical academy]]
* [[Roman Colleges|Pontifical colleges in Rome]]
** [[Pontifical Roman Major Seminary|Major Seminary]]
* [[Pontifical university]]
** [[Pontifical universities in Rome|in Rome]]
* [[List of popes by country|Popes by country]]
* [[Privilège du blanc]]
* [[List of sexually active popes|Sexually active popes]]
* [[St. Peter's Square]]
* [[Swiss Guard]]

|below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholic Church|size=tiny}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Pope navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Holy See templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>118086</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:24:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Caro de Segeda moved page [[Template:Papal symbols and rituals]] to [[Template:Papacy]]</comment>
      <origin>118085</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5432" sha1="mjs6k7l78gk70ksc8pgj38q2be8bgxa" xml:space="preserve">{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
|name   = Papacy
|state      = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|title  = [[Pope|Papacy]]
|bodyclass = hlist
|basestyle = background-color:gold
|above = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopate]] of the [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop]] of [[Holy See|Rome]]

|group1 = [[Jurisdiction]]
|list1 =
{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = [[Holy See]]&lt;br/&gt;([[full communion]])
| list1    =
* '''[[Pope]] {{Incumbent pope}}''' as [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop]] of the [[Diocese of Rome]]
** [[Papal primacy|primacy]]
*** [[History of papal primacy|history]]

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup
| basestyle = background-color:gold
| group1      = [[Vatican City]]&lt;br/&gt;([[Index of Vatican City–related articles|index]], [[Outline of Vatican City|outline]])
| list1    =
* [[Enclaved]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
** [[Lateran Treaty]], 1929
* along with [[Extraterritoriality|extraterritorial]] [[properties of the Holy See]]
}}
}}

|group2 = Headquarters
|list2 =
* [[Vatican City]]:
* [[Apostolic Palace]]
** [[papal apartments]]
** [[Sistine Chapel]]
* [[Italy]]:
* [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] ([[cathedra]])

|group3 = [[Major basilica]]s
|list3  =
* [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]
* [[St. Peter's Basilica]]
* [[Santa Maria Maggiore|Basilica of Saint Mary Major]]
* [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]

|group4 = [[Papal titles|Title]]s&lt;br/&gt;([[Papal name|Papal names]])
|list4  =
* [[Holiness (style)|His Holiness]]
* [[Bishop of Rome]]
* [[Vicar of Christ|Vicar of Jesus Christ]]
* [[Successor of the Prince of the Apostles]]
* [[Pontifex maximus#Catholic Church use of the title|Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church]]
* [[Patriarch of the West]]
* [[Primate of Italy]]
* [[Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province]]
* [[Sovereign of the Vatican City State]]
* [[Servant of the servants of God]]

|group5 = [[Symbol]]s
|list5  =
* [[Papal coats of arms|Coats of arms]]
* [[Coat of arms of the Holy See]]
* [[Papal cross|Cross]]
* [[Keys of Heaven]]
* [[Papal regalia and insignia|Regalia and insignia]]
* [[Rota (papal signature)|Rota]]
* [[Umbraculum]]

|group6 = Proclamations
|list6  =
* [[Papal infallibility|Infallibility]]
* [[Apostolic constitution]]
* [[Papal bull|Bull]]
** [[List of papal bulls|list]]
* [[Encyclical]]
* [[Apostolic exhortation]]
* [[Ecclesiastical letter]]
* [[Interdict]]

|group7 = Activities
|list7  =
* [[Papal arbitration|Arbitration]]
** [[Papal deposing power|deposition]]
* [[Apostolic blessing|Blessing]]
** &quot;[[Episcopal blessing|pontifical]]&quot;
** ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]''
* [[Conclave]]
** [[List of papal conclaves|list]]
* [[Papal coronation|Coronation]]
* [[Papal consistory|Consistory]]
* [[Papal diplomatics|Diplomacy]]
* [[Papal inauguration|Inauguration]]
* [[Papal Mass|Mass]]
** [[Pontifical High Mass|High Mass]]
* [[Papal travel|Travel]]

|group8 = [[Pontifical vestments|Vestments]]
|list8  =
* [[Camauro]]
* [[Falda]]
* [[Papal fanon|Fanon]]
* [[Papal ferula|Ferula]]
* [[Flabellum]]
* [[Cope|Mantle]]
* [[Mitre]]
* [[Mozzetta]]
* [[Pallium]]
* [[Ring of the Fisherman]]
* [[Papal shoes|Shoes]]
** [[Papal slippers|slippers]]
* [[Subcinctorium]]
* [[Papal tiara|Tiara]]
** [[List of papal tiaras in existence|list]]
* [[Zucchetto]]

|group9 = Transportation
|list9 =
* [[Popemobile]]
* [[Sedia gestatoria]]
* [[Shepherd One]]

|group10 = [[Papal household|Household]]
|list10 =
* [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church|Camerlengo]]
* [[List of commanders of the Swiss Guard|Commander of the Swiss Guard]]
* [[Chaplain of His Holiness|Chaplain]]
* [[Palatinus in the Catholic Church|Palatinus]]
** [[papal majordomo]]
* [[Papal gentleman|Gentlemen]]
* [[Preacher of the Papal Household|Preacher]]
* [[Prefecture of the Papal Household|Prefect]]
* [[Prelate of Honour of His Holiness|Prelate of Honour]]
* [[Prince assistant to the papal throne|Prince assistant]]
* [[Theologian of the Pontifical Household|Theologian]]

|group11 = Staff
|list11 = 
* [[College of Cardinals]]
** [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]]
** [[List of current cardinals|list]]
* [[Roman Curia]]
** [[Apostolic Camera]]
** [[Pontifical commission|commissions]]
*** [[Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|for Vatican City State]]
** [[Pontifical council|councils]]
** [[Congregation (Roman Curia)|congregations]]
** [[Dicastery|dicasteries]]
* [[Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church|Synods]]
* [[Cappella Giulia]]
* [[Sistine Chapel Choir]]

|group12 = Related
|list12 = 
* [[Antipope]]
** [[Western Schism]]
* [[List of canonised popes|Canonised popes]]
*[[Fat pope, thin pope]]
*[[Gammarelli]]
* [[Legends surrounding the papacy|Legends]]
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See|Orders, decorations, and medals]]
* [[Papabile]]
* [[Papal nobility]]
** &quot;[[Black nobility|Black]]&quot;
* [[Pontifical academy]]
* [[Roman Colleges|Pontifical colleges in Rome]]
** [[Pontifical Roman Major Seminary|Major Seminary]]
* [[Pontifical university]]
** [[Pontifical universities in Rome|in Rome]]
* [[List of popes by country|Popes by country]]
* [[Privilège du blanc]]
* [[List of sexually active popes|Sexually active popes]]
* [[St. Peter's Square]]
* [[Swiss Guard]]

|below      = 
* {{portal-inline|Vatican City|size=tiny}}
* {{portal-inline|Catholic Church|size=tiny}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Pope navigational boxes]]
[[Category:Holy See templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mjs6k7l78gk70ksc8pgj38q2be8bgxa</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Papal symbols and rituals</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>48192</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Papacy" />
    <revision>
      <id>118087</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:24:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Caro de Segeda moved page [[Template:Papal symbols and rituals]] to [[Template:Papacy]]</comment>
      <origin>118087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="s7m90bre1dc22ovse7xcp227oc0k1al" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Papacy]]</text>
      <sha1>s7m90bre1dc22ovse7xcp227oc0k1al</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chikhristu mu Malawi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>118088</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-26T17:30:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Short description|palije}}  [[Image:St Michael and All Angels Church.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Tchalitchi cha St Michael and All Angels, pa Blantyre Mission mu [[Blantyre]], Malawi]] [[Image:Livingstonia Mission Church.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Tchalitchi cha [[Livingstonia]] Mission]]  '''Chikhristu''' ntchisopa chikuru chomene ndipo ntchisopa chakulongozga mu [[Malawi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi Lipoti la Dipati...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>118088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3423" sha1="kyqt5bt6c9lb2izmo60id89tdhi3k2y" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|palije}}

[[Image:St Michael and All Angels Church.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Tchalitchi cha St Michael and All Angels, pa Blantyre Mission mu [[Blantyre]], Malawi]]
[[Image:Livingstonia Mission Church.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Tchalitchi cha [[Livingstonia]] Mission]]

'''Chikhristu''' ntchisopa chikuru chomene ndipo ntchisopa chakulongozga mu [[Malawi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Boma la US la 2022]&lt;/ref&gt; Kuyana na kalembera wa 2018, 77.3% ya ŵanthu wose ni [[Ŵakhristu]]. Magulu gha visopa ghakusazgapo [[Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma]] pa 36% ya ŵanthu wose, Central Africa [[Ŵapresbateria]] pa 14.2%, [[Ŵa Seventh-day Adventist]] pa 9.4%, [[Ŵa Anglican]] pa 2.3%, [[Ŵa Pentecostal]] pa 7.6%, na magulu ghanyake gha visopa pa 26.6%.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Boma la US la 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Africa: Volume 1 - Page 122 Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates - 2010 &quot;Visopa: Pafupifupi 55 peresenti ni Ŵaprotesitanti, 20 peresenti Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma, ...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakati pa matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti, [[Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian]] ni limoza mwa magulu ghakuru gha Chikhristu.&lt;ref&gt;The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, 4 Volume Set - Page 753 George Thomas Kurian - 2012 &quot;...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbiri==

===Nyasaland===
[[David Livingstone]] wakafika pa nyanja iyo wakayichema Lake Nyasa, sono ni [[Nyanja ya Malawi]], mu 1859. Uthenga wakumanyikwa wa Livingstone, uwo wakayowoya pa ungano ukuru mu Senate House ku Cambridge pa 4 Disembala 1857, ukapangiska kuti paŵe [[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]] ([[UMCA]]), ndipo ulendo wakwamba wa umishonale wa Universities' Mission to Central Africa ukafika ku Malawi mu 1861.

Ŵamishonale ŵakasazgapo Bishopu [[Edward Steere]], [[William Tozer]], [[Charles Alan Smythies]], [[Chauncy Maples]] uyo wakamira mu Nyanja ya Nyasa, na [[William Percival Johnson|W. Percival Johnson]], uyo wakaŵa wakumaliza masambiro ku University College, Oxford. Iyo wakakhala mu Malawi vyaka 40 ndipo wakang'anamura Baibolo mu [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]].

[[Dutch Reformed Church]] (DRC) yikakhazikiska malo ghake ku Nkhoma ndipo pamanyuma yikasazgikira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati pa Malawi, kusazgapo [[Mlanda]] na [[Mchinji]], kweniso mu Mozambique, Zambia, na Zimbabwe.

Mbiri ya [[Roman Catholicism in Malawi|Chikatolika cha Roma mu Malawi]] yikamba na kufika kwa ŵamishonale ŵa Chifuransi [[White Fathers]] mu 1899.&lt;ref&gt;Historical Dictionary of Malawi - Ihe International Monetary Fund - Page 298 Sarah Tenney, Norman K. Humphreys - 2011 - &quot;Mu 1889, gulu la White Fathers likaŵa gulu lakwamba la ŵamishonale Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ufumu wakujiyimira===

Purezidenti wakwamba wa Malawi, mupresbateria [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], wakakhozgera Chikhristu mu nyengo yake yitali ya muwuso. Mu nyengo ya Banda, matchalitchi ghakujiyimira ghakupambana ghakasangika, kusazgapo gulu lakupatuka la [[Elliot Kenan Kamwana]] la [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].

==Chikhristu mu Malawi mazuŵa ghano==
{{main|List of Christian denominations in Malawi}}

==Wonani so==
*[[Religion in Malawi]]
*[[Catholic Church in Malawi]]

==Maumboni==
{{reflist}}

{{Africa topic|Chikhristu mu}}

[[Category:Chikhristu mu Malawi| ]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Africa]]</text>
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[[Image:St Michael and All Angels Church.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Tchalitchi cha St Michael and All Angels, pa Blantyre Mission mu [[Blantyre]], Malawi]]
[[Image:Livingstonia Mission Church.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Tchalitchi cha [[Livingstonia]] Mission]]

'''Chikhristu''' ntchisopa chikuru chomene ndipo ntchisopa chakulongozga mu [[Malawi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Boma la US la 2022]&lt;/ref&gt; Kuyana na kalembera wa 2018, 77.3% ya ŵanthu wose ni [[Ŵakhristu]]. Magulu gha visopa ghakusazgapo [[Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma]] pa 36% ya ŵanthu wose, Central Africa [[Ŵapresbateria]] pa 14.2%, [[Ŵa Seventh-day Adventist]] pa 9.4%, [[Ŵa Anglican]] pa 2.3%, [[Ŵa Pentecostal]] pa 7.6%, na magulu ghanyake gha visopa pa 26.6%.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Boma la US la 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Africa: Volume 1 - Page 122 Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates - 2010 &quot;Visopa: Pafupifupi 55 peresenti ni Ŵaprotesitanti, 20 peresenti Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma, ...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakati pa matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti, [[Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian]] ni limoza mwa magulu ghakuru gha Chikhristu.&lt;ref&gt;The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, 4 Volume Set - Page 753 George Thomas Kurian - 2012 &quot;...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbiri==

===Nyasaland===
[[David Livingstone]] wakafika pa nyanja iyo wakayichema Lake Nyasa, sono ni [[Nyanja ya Malawi]], mu 1859. Uthenga wakumanyikwa wa Livingstone, uwo wakayowoya pa ungano ukuru mu Senate House ku Cambridge pa 4 Disembala 1857, ukapangiska kuti paŵe [[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]] ([[UMCA]]), ndipo ulendo wakwamba wa umishonale wa Universities' Mission to Central Africa ukafika ku Malawi mu 1861.

Ŵamishonale ŵakasazgapo Bishopu [[Edward Steere]], [[William Tozer]], [[Charles Alan Smythies]], [[Chauncy Maples]] uyo wakamira mu Nyanja ya Nyasa, na [[William Percival Johnson|W. Percival Johnson]], uyo wakaŵa wakumaliza masambiro ku University College, Oxford. Iyo wakakhala mu Malawi vyaka 40 ndipo wakang'anamura Baibolo mu [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]].

[[Dutch Reformed Church]] (DRC) yikakhazikiska malo ghake ku Nkhoma ndipo pamanyuma yikasazgikira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati pa Malawi, kusazgapo [[Mlanda]] na [[Mchinji]], kweniso mu Mozambique, Zambia, na Zimbabwe.

Mbiri ya [[Roman Catholicism in Malawi|Chikatolika cha Roma mu Malawi]] yikamba na kufika kwa ŵamishonale ŵa Chifuransi [[White Fathers]] mu 1899.&lt;ref&gt;Historical Dictionary of Malawi - Ihe International Monetary Fund - Page 298 Sarah Tenney, Norman K. Humphreys - 2011 - &quot;Mu 1889, gulu la White Fathers likaŵa gulu lakwamba la ŵamishonale Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ufumu wakujiyimira===

Purezidenti wakwamba wa Malawi, mupresbateria [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], wakakhozgera Chikhristu mu nyengo yake yitali ya muwuso. Mu nyengo ya Banda, matchalitchi ghakujiyimira ghakupambana ghakasangika, kusazgapo gulu lakupatuka la [[Elliot Kenan Kamwana]] la [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].

==Chikhristu mu Malawi mazuŵa ghano==
{{main|Mndandanda wa magulu gha Chikhristu mu Malawi}}

==Wonani so==
*[[Religion in Malawi]]
*[[Catholic Church in Malawi]]

==Maumboni==
{{reflist}}

{{Africa topic|Chikhristu mu}}

[[Category:Chikhristu mu Malawi| ]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Africa]]</text>
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[[Image:St Michael and All Angels Church.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Tchalitchi cha St Michael and All Angels, pa Blantyre Mission mu [[Blantyre]], Malawi]]
[[Image:Livingstonia Mission Church.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Tchalitchi cha [[Livingstonia]] Mission]]

'''Chikhristu''' ntchisopa chikuru chomene ndipo ntchisopa chakulongozga mu [[Malawi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Boma la US la 2022]&lt;/ref&gt; Kuyana na kalembera wa 2018, 77.3% ya ŵanthu wose ni [[Ŵakhristu]]. Magulu gha visopa ghakusazgapo [[Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma]] pa 36% ya ŵanthu wose, Central Africa [[Ŵapresbateria]] pa 14.2%, [[Ŵa Seventh-day Adventist]] pa 9.4%, [[Ŵa Anglican]] pa 2.3%, [[Ŵa Pentecostal]] pa 7.6%, na magulu ghanyake gha visopa pa 26.6%.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/malawi Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Boma la US la 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Encyclopedia of Africa: Volume 1 - Page 122 Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates - 2010 &quot;Visopa: Pafupifupi 55 peresenti ni Ŵaprotesitanti, 20 peresenti Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma, ...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakati pa matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti, [[Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian]] ni limoza mwa magulu ghakuru gha Chikhristu.&lt;ref&gt;The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, 4 Volume Set - Page 753 George Thomas Kurian - 2012 &quot;...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mbiri==

===Nyasaland===
[[David Livingstone]] wakafika pa nyanja iyo wakayichema Lake Nyasa, sono ni [[Nyanja ya Malawi]], mu 1859. Uthenga wakumanyikwa wa Livingstone, uwo wakayowoya pa ungano ukuru mu Senate House ku Cambridge pa 4 Disembala 1857, ukapangiska kuti paŵe [[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]] ([[UMCA]]), ndipo ulendo wakwamba wa umishonale wa Universities' Mission to Central Africa ukafika ku Malawi mu 1861.

Ŵamishonale ŵakasazgapo Bishopu [[Edward Steere]], [[William Tozer]], [[Charles Alan Smythies]], [[Chauncy Maples]] uyo wakamira mu Nyanja ya Nyasa, na [[William Percival Johnson|W. Percival Johnson]], uyo wakaŵa wakumaliza masambiro ku University College, Oxford. Iyo wakakhala mu Malawi vyaka 40 ndipo wakang'anamura Baibolo mu [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]].

[[Dutch Reformed Church]] (DRC) yikakhazikiska malo ghake ku Nkhoma ndipo pamanyuma yikasazgikira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya pakati pa Malawi, kusazgapo [[Mlanda]] na [[Mchinji]], kweniso mu Mozambique, Zambia, na Zimbabwe.

Mbiri ya [[Roman Catholicism in Malawi|Chikatolika cha Roma mu Malawi]] yikamba na kufika kwa ŵamishonale ŵa Chifuransi [[White Fathers]] mu 1899.&lt;ref&gt;Historical Dictionary of Malawi - Ihe International Monetary Fund - Page 298 Sarah Tenney, Norman K. Humphreys - 2011 - &quot;Mu 1889, gulu la White Fathers likaŵa gulu lakwamba la ŵamishonale Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ufumu wakujiyimira===

Purezidenti wakwamba wa Malawi, mupresbateria [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], wakakhozgera Chikhristu mu nyengo yake yitali ya muwuso. Mu nyengo ya Banda, matchalitchi ghakujiyimira ghakupambana ghakasangika, kusazgapo gulu lakupatuka la [[Elliot Kenan Kamwana]] la [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].

==Chikhristu mu Malawi mazuŵa ghano==
{{main|Mndandanda wa magulu gha Chikhristu mu Malawi}}

==Wonani so==
*[[Visopa mu Malawi]]
*[[Tchalitchi la Katolika mu Malawi]]

==Maumboni==
{{reflist}}

{{Africa topic|Chikhristu mu}}

[[Category:Chikhristu mu Malawi| ]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Category:Chikhristu mu Malawi</title>
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[[Category:Chikhristu kuyana na charu|Malawi]]
[[Category:Chikhristu mu Africa kuyana na charu|Malawi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Papa</title>
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        <id>6393</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Short description|Mulongozgi wa Tchalitchi la Katolika}} {{Redirect-multi|4|Papacy|Papal|Roman pontiff|Bishop of Rome|the pontiffs of ancient Rome|College of Pontiffs|other uses|Pope (disambiguation)}} {{Protection padlock|small=yes}} {{Pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox diocese | jurisdiction    = Bishop | name            = Roma | local           = Papa | latin           = Pontifex maximus | border          = Ka...&quot;</comment>
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{{Redirect-multi|4|Papacy|Papal|Roman pontiff|Bishop of Rome|the pontiffs of ancient Rome|College of Pontiffs|other uses|Pope (disambiguation)}}
{{Protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction    = Bishop
| name            = Roma
| local           = Papa
| latin           = Pontifex maximus
| border          = Katolika
| coat            = File:Coat of Arms of the Holy See (red).svg
| coat_size       = 100px
| coat_alt        = Chizindikiro cha Holy See na Msumba wa Vatican
| coat_caption    = [[Chizindikiro cha Holy See]]
| image           = Pope Leo XIV 3 (3x4 cropped).png
| incumbent       = {{Incumbent pope}}
| incumbent_note  = {{nobold|[[2025 papal conclave|kwambira pa 8 Meyi 2025]]}}
| style           = [[Utukufu Wake]]
| province        = [[List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)#Episcopal Conference of Italy, including San Marino and Vatican City State|Roma]]
| residence       = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Nyumba ya Apostolic Palace]] (nyumba yakukhala yakuzomerezgeka)
* [[Nyumba ya Castel Gandolfo]] (nyumba yakukhala ya chihanya)
}}
| established     = [[Timeline of the Catholic Church|Mu vyaka vyakwamba vya zana lakwamba]]
| cathedral       = [[Archbasilica ya Mzimu Yohane wa ku Lateran]]
| first_incumbent = [[Mzimu Petrosi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilken&quot;&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of popes|mndandanda]])
| denomination    = [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]]
| diocese         = [[Diocese ya Roma|Roma]]
| headquarters    = [[Nyumba ya Apostolic Palace]], Msumba wa Vatican
| governance      = [[Holy See]]
| website         = [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm vatican.va/holyfather]
| country         = [[Msumba wa Vatican]]
| caption         = [[Papa Leo XIV]] mu 2025
}}
{{Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

'''Papa'''{{efn|{{langx|la|papa}}, kufuma ku {{langx|grc|πάππας|translit=páppas|lit=awiske}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Pope |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=[[New Advent]] |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007002926/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ni '''bishopu wa Roma''' ndipo ni [[Mulongozgi wa Tchalitchi#Tchalitchi la Katolika|mulongozgi]] wa [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]] pa charu chose. Iyo wakumanyikwaso nga ni '''mulongozgi mukuru wa tchalitchi''',{{Efn|{{lang|la|[[Pontifex maximus]]}} panji {{lang|la|[[Pontifex maximus|summus pontifex]]}} mu Chilatini}} '''bishopu wa Roma''',{{Efn|{{langx|la|[[Romanus Pontifex]]}}}} panji '''mulongozgi wa papa'''.

Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 mpaka mu 1870, papa wakaŵa [[muwusi]] panji [[mulongozgi wa boma]] wa [[Papal States]], ndipo kufuma mu 1929 wa [[Msumba wa Vatican]].&lt;ref name=&quot;section880&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ |work=[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] |title=Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the pope |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |location=Vatican City |year=1993 |access-date=January 11, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuyana na fundo za [[Tchalitchi la Katolika]], [[mpando wa uapostoli]] wa [[Diocese ya Roma|Roma]] ukakhazikiskika na [[Mzimu Petrosi]] na [[Mzimu Paulo]] mu vyaka vya muwiro wa chakwamba. UpaPapa ni umoza mwa maofesi agho ghakhala nyengo yitali chomene mu charu ndipo waŵa na chigaŵa chikuru mu [[mbiri ya ŵanthu]].&lt;ref&gt;Collins, Roger. &quot;Introduction&quot;. ''Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy''. Basic Books. 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu nyengo yakale, mapapa ŵakawovwira kufiska [[Chikhristu]] ndipo ŵakanjilirapo pakumalira mphindano za visambizgo.&lt;ref name=&quot;World History&quot; /&gt; Mu [[Middle Ages]], ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakukhwaska ndyali mu Western Europe ndipo kanandi ŵakaŵa ŵakweruzga mphindano pakati pa mathemba gha Chikhristu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Faus&quot;&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;

Padera pa kukhozga [[visambizgo vya Chikhristu]] na chigomezgo, mapapa ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakugwira ntchito mu [[Ecumenism|kupenja umo matchalitchi ghakoleranenge]], [[Interfaith dialogue|kudumbiskana na visopa vinyake]], [[Catholic charities|ntchito za chawanangwa]], na kuvikilira [[ufulu wa ŵanthu]].&lt;ref&gt;...&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu nyengo yitali, upapa ukasazgirako [[Mazaza gha pa charu gha Holy See|mazaza gha pa charu]] na ndyali, ndipo nyengo yinyake ukayezgana na ŵawusi ŵa vyaru. Kweni mu vyaka vyasono, mazaza gha ndyali gha upapa ghachepa ndipo ofesi iyi sono yikulongozgeka chomene pa vinthu vya visopa.&lt;ref name=&quot;World History&quot; /&gt;

Mwakupambana, ivyo papa wakuyowoya pa nkhani za uzimu vikasazgikira, ndipo mu 1870 kukazomerezgeka chisambizgo cha [[Catholic dogma|dogo]] la [[papal infallibility|kuleka kupuvya kwa papa]] pa nyengo zakuzirwa apo papa wakuyowoya {{lang|la|[[ex cathedra]]}}—kutanthauza 'kufuma pa [[Chair of Saint Peter|mpando wa Petrosi]]'—pakupanga fundo yakudunjika ya [[chigomezgo]] panji makhaliro.&lt;ref name=&quot;World History&quot; /&gt;

Papa wakuwoneka nga ni yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵankhongono chomene pa charu chifukwa cha mazaza ghake gha vyandyali, chikhalidwe, na uzimu pa Ŵakatolika 1.4 biliyoni na ŵanthu awo ŵali kuwaro kwa chigomezgo cha Katolika.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umoyo wa Yesu</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Redirect|Umoyo wa Khristu|mawonekedwe gha luso|Umoyo wa Khristu mu luso|ntchito zinyake|Umoyo wa Yesu (kususkana)|na|Umoyo wa Khristu (kususkana)}} [[File:Maest 001 duccio siena duomo.jpg|thumb|280px|''[[Maestà (Duccio)|Maestà]]'' ya [[Duccio]] (1310), iyo yikulongora umoyo wa Khristu, na vithuzithuzi 26 vya pakati ivyo vyajikita pa [[Masuzgo gha Yesu|masuzgo]] na [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|kuwuka]]&lt;ref&gt;''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia'' by Christopher Kleinhenz (Nov 2003) [...&quot;</comment>
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[[File:Maest 001 duccio siena duomo.jpg|thumb|280px|''[[Maestà (Duccio)|Maestà]]'' ya [[Duccio]] (1310), iyo yikulongora umoyo wa Khristu, na vithuzithuzi 26 vya pakati ivyo vyajikita pa [[Masuzgo gha Yesu|masuzgo]] na [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|kuwuka]]&lt;ref&gt;''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia'' by Christopher Kleinhenz (Nov 2003) [[Routledge]], {{ISBN|0415939305}} p. 310&lt;/ref&gt;]]
{{Gospel Jesus|expanded=all}}

'''Umoyo wa Yesu''' ukulembeka chomene mu mabuku ghanayi gha [[Mauthenga gha Injili agho ghakuzomerezgeka]], agho ghakulongosora [[Mzere wa ŵasekuru ŵa Yesu|mzere wa ŵasekuru]] na [[Kubabika kwa Yesu|kubabika]] kwa [[Yesu]], ghakulongosora [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|uteŵeti wake wapagulu]] na milimo yake ya uchimi, ndipo ghakumalizga na [[Masuzgo gha Yesu|masuzgo ghake]], [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|kuwuka]] na [[Kupokera Yesu kuchanya|kwiza kwake kuchanya]].&lt;ref name=Blomb442 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Fahlbusch52 /&gt;

Vigaŵa vinyake vya [[Chipangano Chiphya]]—nga ni [[Makalata gha Paulo]] agho ghakusazgapo vyakuyowoya vya vyakuchitika vikuru mu umoyo wa Yesu, nga ni [[Mphala yaumaliro]],&lt;ref name=Blomb442 &gt;''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 {{ISBN|0-8054-4482-3}} pp. 441–442&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fahlbusch52 &gt;''The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4'' by Erwin Fahlbusch, 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2416-5}} pp. 52–56&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CEvans465 &gt;''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary'' by Craig A. Evans 2003 {{ISBN|0-7814-3868-3}} pp. 465–477&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Milimo ya Ŵapositole]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#1:1|1:1–11]]), iyo yili na vyakuyowoya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na [[Kupokera Yesu kuchanya|kupokera Yesu kuchanya]] kuluska [[Mauthenga gha Injili agho ghakuzomerezgeka]]&lt;ref name=Evans521 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zuck91 /&gt;—vikulongosoraso chomene umoyo wa Yesu. Padera pa malemba gha mu Baibolo agha, pali malemba ghanyake ghakuwaro kwa Baibolo agho ghakuyowoya vya vyakuchitika vinyake mu umoyo wa Yesu, nga ni [[Josephus pa Yesu]] na [[Tacitus pa Khristu]].

Mu mabuku gha Injili, uteŵeti wa Yesu ukamba na [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|ubatizo wake]] na [[Yohane Mubatizi]]. Wakiza ku [[Mlonga wa Yordani]] kuti Yohane wamupe ubatizo, ndipo pamanyuma pake [[Yesu kuyezgeka|wakasunga kurya kwa mazuŵa 40 na mausiku 40 mu Chipalamba cha Yudeya]]. Nyengo iyi yakwamba yikusazgapo munthondwe wakwamba wa Yesu pa [[Nthengwa ya ku Kana]].

Malo ghakuru gha uteŵeti wa Yesu ghakaŵa [[Galileya]] na [[Yudeya]], kweniso vinyake vikachitika mu malo ghapafupi nga ni [[Pereya]] na [[Samariya]]. Milimo ya Yesu mu Galileya yikusazgapo minthondwe yinandi na visambizgo.

== Mbumba ya Yesu na Kubabika Kwake ==
{{main|Mbumba ya Yesu|Kubabika kwa Yesu}}

[[File:Gerard van Honthorst 001.jpg|thumb|240px|left|''Kusopa kwa ŵaliska'' na [[Gerard van Honthorst]], 1622]]

[[Mbumba ya Yesu|Mbumba]] na [[Kubabika kwa Yesu]] vikulongosoreka mu mabuku ghaŵiri mwa mabuku ghanayi gha [[Makani Ghawemi gha mu Baibolo|Makani Ghawemi gha mu Baibolo]]: [[Makani Ghawemi gha Mateyu]] na [[Makani Ghawemi gha Luka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{bibleverse|Luke|3:23–38|NIV}} {{bibleverse|Matthew|1:1–17|NIV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apo Luka wakulongora mbumba ya Yesu kufuma kwa [[Adamu]] na [[Chiuta mu Chikhristu|Chiuta]], Mateyu wakulongora mbumba iyi kufuma kwa ŵasekuru ŵa Yesu kuya kwa Yesu.&lt;ref&gt;''Where Christology began: essays on Philippians 2'' by [[Ralph P. Martin]], Brian J. Dodd 1998 {{ISBN|0-664-25619-8}} p. 28&lt;/ref&gt;

Mabuku ghose ghaŵiri gha Makani Ghawemi ghakulongora kuti Yesu wakababika chara chifukwa cha [[Yosefe, dada wa Yesu|Yosefe]], kweni [[Kubabika kwa Yesu kwa mwali|wakatora thupi mwakuzizwiska]] mu nthumbo ya [[Mariya, nyina wa Yesu]] kwizira mwa [[Mzimu utuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu Utuŵa]].&lt;ref name=genpurpose &gt;''The purpose of the Biblical genealogies'' by Marshall D. Johnson 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-35644-X}} pp. 229–233&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbumba zose ziŵiri zikulondezga mbumba ya Yosefe kufuma kwa [[Davide|Themba Davide]] kufika kwa [[Abrahamu]]. Mazina agha ghakuyana pakati pa Abrahamu na Davide (kupatula zina limoza), kweni ghakupambana chomene pakati pa Davide na Yosefe.&lt;ref&gt;Joseph A. Fitzmyer, ''The Gospel According to Luke I–IX''. Anchor Bible. Garden City: Doubleday, 1981, pp. 499–500.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;I. Howard Marshall, &quot;The Gospel of Luke&quot; (''The New International Greek Testament Commentary''). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978, p. 158.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mateyu wakuti awiske Yosefe ŵakaŵa Yakobe, apo Luka wakuti Yosefe wakaŵa mwana wa Heli. Ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana ŵayezga kulongosora chifukwa cha kupambana uku mu mbumba za Yesu.&lt;ref&gt;''The Gospel of Luke'' by William Barclay 2001 {{ISBN|0-664-22487-3}} pp. 49–50&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Luke: an introduction and commentary'' by Leon Morris 1988 {{ISBN|0-8028-0419-5}} p. 110&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#refCox2007|Cox (2007)]] pp. 285–286&lt;/ref&gt; Kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira Baibolo mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwona kuti nkhani izi zikalembeka kuti ziŵe uthenga wa chisopa.&lt;ref&gt;Marcus J. Borg, John Dominic Crossan, ''The First Christmas'' (HarperCollins, 2009) p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkhani za Luka na Mateyu zakukhwaskana na kubabika kwa Yesu zili na vinthu vinyake vyakuyana. Zose zikulongora kuti Yesu wakababikira ku [[Betelehemu]], mu [[Yudeya]], kwa nyina uyo wakaŵa mwali. Mu nkhani ya Luka, Yosefe na Mariya ŵakafuma ku nyumba yawo ku [[Nazarete]] kuya ku Betelehemu chifukwa cha [[Kulembeka kwa ŵanthu kwa Quirinius|kulembeka kwa ŵanthu]], ndipo Yesu wakababika kweniso wakaŵikika mu [[malo gha viŵeto]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;biblical literature.&quot; Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ŵangelo mu Chikhristu|Ŵangelo]] ŵakapharazga kuti Yesu ni Mponoski wa ŵanthu wose, ndipo ŵaliska ŵakiza kuzakamusopa. Pamanyuma [[Mbumba yituŵa|Mbumba yituŵa]] yikawelera ku Nazarete.

Mu nkhani ya Mateyu, [[Ŵanthu ŵavinjeru ŵakufuma kumafumiro gha dazi|ŵanthu ŵavinjeru]] ŵakalondezga [[Nyenyezi ya Betelehemu|nyenyezi]] kuya ku Betelehemu uko mbumba yikaŵa, kuti ŵapeleke vyawanangwa kwa Yesu uyo wakababika nga ni ''[[Yesu, Themba la Ŵayuda|Themba la Ŵayuda]]''.

[[Herode Mukuru|Themba Herode]] likakoma ŵana ŵanalume wose awo ŵakaŵa pasi pa vyaka viŵiri mu Betelehemu kuti likome Yesu, kweni [[Mbumba yituŵa|mbumba ya Yesu]] yikachimbilira ku [[Misiri]] ndipo pamanyuma yikakhala ku Nazarete.

Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakusambira Baibolo ŵayezga kupenja umo nkhani izi zingayenderana,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated102&quot;&gt;Mark D. Roberts ''Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John'' Good News Publishers, 2007 p. 102&lt;/ref&gt; kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwona nkhani izi nga ni nthano za chisopa,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching | publisher=Bloomsbury | author-last1=Casey|author-first1= Maurice | year=2010 | pages=145–146}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Matthew' p. 47&quot;&gt;''The Gospel of Matthew'' by [[Daniel J. Harrington]] 1991 {{ISBN|0-8146-5803-2}} p. 47&lt;/ref&gt; kweni ŵakusambira ŵanyake ŵakusungirira fundo yakuti nkhani izi zili na fundo za mdauko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=History, scepticism, and the question of the virgin birth (N. T. Wright) |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/nt-wright-history-scepticism-and-virgin-birth/13686186 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanandi ŵakusambira ŵakuwona nkhani ya umo vinthu vikachitikira mu mdauko kuŵa yachachiŵiri, chifukwa Makani Ghawemi ghakalembeka chomene nga ni mabuku gha chisambizgo cha chipulikano, padera pa kuŵa ndondomeko ya nyengo ya vinthu.&lt;ref name=Wiarda75 &gt;''Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology'' by Timothy Wiarda 2010 {{ISBN|0-8054-4843-8}} pp. 75–78&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uteŵeti wa Yesu ==
{{main|Uteŵeti wa Yesu}}
{{see also|Nthowa ya nyengo ya umoyo wa Yesu}}
[[File:Ghirlandaio, Domenico - Calling of the Apostles - 1481.jpg|thumb|300px|''Kuchema kwa Ŵapositole'' na [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]] (1481), kukulongora [[Kusankha ŵapositole khumi na ŵaŵiri|Yesu wakusankha ŵapositole khumi na ŵaŵiri]].]]

Vinthu vikuru vinkhondi mu nkhani ya [[Chipangano Chiphya]] ya umoyo wa Yesu ni [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|Ubatizo wake]], [[Kusintha kwa Yesu|Kusintha kwake]], [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|Kupayikika kwake pa mphinjika]], [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka kwake]], na [[Kukwera kwa Yesu kuluta kuchanya|Kukwera kwake kuchanya]].&lt;ref name=digby /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Faith page 28&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=JBreck12 /&gt;

Mu nkhani za [[Mauthenga gha Makani Ghawemi|Mauthenga Ghawemi]], [[uteŵeti wa Yesu]] ukamba mu charu cha [[Yudeya ya Ŵaroma]] na ku chigaŵa cha [[Transjordan (Bible)|Transjordan]], kufupi na [[Mlonga wa Yorodani]], ndipo ukamara ku [[Yerusalemu mu Chikhristu|Yerusalemu]], pamanyuma pa [[Chakurya chaumaliro]] pamoza na [[ŵasambiri (Chikhristu)|ŵasambiri ŵake]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Alister16&quot;/&gt; [[Uthenga wa Luka]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#3:23|3:23]]) ukuti Yesu wakaŵa &quot;pafupifupi vyaka 30&quot; apo wakayambanga uteŵeti wake.&lt;ref name=Kostenberger140 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ChronosPaul /&gt;

Nthawi ya uteŵeti wa Yesu kanandi yikuyowoyeka kuti yikamba pakati pa chaka cha 27 na 29 ndipo yikamara pakati pa chaka cha 30 na 36.&lt;ref name=Kostenberger140 /&gt;&lt;ref name=ChronosPaul /&gt;&lt;ref name=Barnett19 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanders age&quot; /&gt;

Uteŵeti wakwamba wa Yesu mu [[Galileya]] ukamba pamanyuma pa Ubatizo wake, apo [[Yesu wawelera ku Galileya|wakawelera ku Galileya]] kufuma ku nyengo iyo wakaŵa mu [[Yesu wakuyezgeka|chipalamba cha Yudeya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Matthew' page 71&quot;/&gt; Pamanyuma Yesu wakamba kupharazga mu [[Galileya]] ndipo wakasankha [[ŵasambiri ŵakwamba ŵa Yesu|ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakwamba]], panji [[Ŵapositole mu Chipangano Chiphya|ŵapositole]].&lt;ref name=Redford117/&gt;&lt;ref name=Alister16/&gt;

Ŵakenda nayo ndipo paumaliro ŵakazgoka chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha [[Chikhristu chakale|Mpingo wakwamba]],&lt;ref name=Redford117/&gt;&lt;ref name=Alister16/&gt; chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti [[Kubalalika kwa ŵapositole|ŵapositole ŵakabalalikira]] kufuma ku [[Malo ghakwamba gha Chikhristu#Yerusalemu|Yerusalemu]] kukakhazikiska [[Mipingo ya ŵapositole|Mipingo ya ŵapositole]]. Uteŵeti ukuru wa Yesu mu Galileya, uwo ukwamba mu [[Mateyu 8]], ukusazgapo [[Kusankha ŵapositole khumi na ŵaŵiri|kusankha ŵapositole khumi na ŵaŵiri]], ndipo ukusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi vya uteŵeti wa Yesu mu Galileya.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Testament' page 324&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Redford143 /&gt;

Pamanyuma pa [[Kuzomera kwa Petrosi|Petrosi kuzomera kuti Yesu ni Khristu]], ŵasambiri ŵatatu ([[Petrosi Mpositole|Petrosi]], [[Yakobe Mulara|Yakobe]], na [[Yohane Mpositole|Yohane]]) ŵakawona [[Kusintha kwa Yesu]].&lt;ref name=KingsburyMark /&gt;&lt;ref name=Barton132 /&gt;

Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya [[Yohane Mubatizi]] na kusintha kwa Yesu, Yesu wakamba ulendo wake waumaliro kuluta ku Yerusalemu, chifukwa wakayowoyerathu za [[Yesu wakuyowoya vya nyifwa yake|nyifwa yake]] uko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mark pages 24-25&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steven L. Cox pages 97-110&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Redford165 /&gt;

Mu uteŵeti wake waumaliro mu [[Yudeya]], Yesu wakaluta ku Yerusalemu kwizira mu chigaŵa cha Yudeya.&lt;ref name=&quot;KingsburyMark&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barton132&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steven L. Cox pages 121-135&quot;/&gt;

Apo Yesu wakalutanga ku Yerusalemu, mu uteŵeti wa ku [[Perea (Bible)|Perea]], uwo ukaŵa pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza mwa vitatu vya nthowa kufuma ku [[Nyanja ya Galileya]] (iyo ni nyanja ya maji ghawemi) kwendera mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Yorodani, wakawelera ku malo agho wakabatizikira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steven L. Cox page 137&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jesus pages 211-229&quot;/&gt;

Uteŵeti waumaliro mu Yerusalemu, uwo ukuchemeka [[Sabata ya Passion|Sabata ya Passion]] panji [[Sabata Tukufu]], ukamba na [[Yesu wanjira mu Yerusalemu mwakukondwa|Yesu kunjira mu Yerusalemu mwakukondwa]].&lt;ref name=Cox155 /&gt;

Apo wakanjiranga mu Yerusalemu ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamupokeleranga, mphindano pakati pake na [[Ŵafarisi|Ŵafarisi]] zikakura, ndipo yumoza wa ŵasambiri ŵake wakazomera [[Kuguliska Yesu|kumupereka]] chifukwa cha [[masiliva 30|ndalama 30 za siliva]].&lt;ref name=Boring256/&gt;&lt;ref name=CEvans381/&gt;

Mauthenga Ghawemi ghakuyowoya vinandi vya uteŵeti waumaliro kuluska nyengo zinyake, ndipo ghakusunga pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza mwa vitatu cha malemba ghawo pa sabata yaumaliro ya umoyo wa Yesu mu Yerusalemu.&lt;ref name=Turner613 /&gt;

Mu nkhani za Mauthenga Ghawemi, kuumaliro wa sabata yaumaliro mu Yerusalemu, Yesu wakarya [[Chakurya chaumaliro]] pamoza na ŵasambiri ŵake, ndipo zuŵa lakulondezgapo wakaperekeka, wakakakika, ndipo wakayeruzgika.&lt;ref&gt;''The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4''&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuyeruzgika kwake kukamara na kupayikika pa mphinjika na nyifwa yake. Pakati pa mazuŵa ghatatu pamanyuma pa kusungika kwake, wakawuka ndipo wakawonekera ku ŵasambiri ŵake na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamulondezganga (ŵakukwana pafupifupi 500) kwa mazuŵa 40 ([http://biblehub.com/niv/1_corinthians/15.htm 1 Ŵakorinte 15]), ndipo pamanyuma [[Kukwera kwa Yesu kuluta kuchanya|wakakwelera kuchanya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans521&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zuck91&quot;/&gt;

=== Malo agho Yesu wakachitira Uteŵeti wake ===
{{Main|Malo gha mu Chipangano Chiphya ghakukolerana na Yesu}}

[[Image:First century Iudaea province.gif|thumb|250px|[[Galileya]], [[Perea (Bible)|Perea]] na [[Yudeya]] mu nyengo ya Yesu]]

Mu nkhani za [[Chipangano Chiphya]], malo ghakuzirwa agho [[uteŵeti wa Yesu]] ukachitikira ghakaŵa [[Galileya]] na [[Yudeya]], ndipo vinthu vinyake vikachitikaso mu vigaŵa vyapafupi nga ni [[Perea]] na [[Samariya]].&lt;ref name=Redford117/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alister16&quot;/&gt;

Nkhani ya [[Mauthenga Ghawemi|Uthenga Wamphya]] ya uteŵeti wa Yesu mwakawiro yikupatulika mu vigaŵa ivyo vikulongora malo agho vinthu vikachitikira.

:* ''Uteŵeti wa mu Galileya'': Uteŵeti wa Yesu ukamba pamanyuma pa [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|kubatizika kwake]], apo [[Yesu wawelera ku Galileya|wakawelera ku Galileya]], ndipo [[Yesu mu sunagoge ya Kaperenaumu|wakapharazga mu sunagoge]] ya [[Kaperenaumu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Matthew' page 71&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capernaum page 7&quot;/&gt; [[Ŵasambiri ŵakwamba ŵa Yesu]] ŵakakumana nayo kufupi na [[Nyanja ya Galileya]], ndipo uteŵeti wake wa ku Galileya ukusazgapo vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni [[Upharazgi pa Phiri]] (pamoza na [[Madalitso ghakuzunulika mu Upharazgi pa Phiri|Madalitso]]) agho ghakaŵa chigaŵa chikuru cha visambizgo vyake vya makhaliro ghawemi.&lt;ref&gt;''The Sermon on the mount: a theological investigation''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke''&lt;/ref&gt; Uteŵeti wake mu chigaŵa cha Galileya ukamara na [[nyifwa ya Yohane Mubatizi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Steven L. Cox pages 97-110&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Redford165&quot;/&gt;

:* ''Ulendo kuluta ku Yerusalemu'': Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Yohane Mubatizi, pakati pa nkhani za Mauthenga Ghawemi (pafupifupi [[Mateyu 17]] na [[Mariko 9]]) pakachitika vinthu viŵiri vikuru ivyo vikasintha umo nkhani yikayendera, chifukwa vikamba kuwulula mwapachokopachoko umo Yesu wakaŵira kwa ŵasambiri ŵake: [[Petrosi wazomera Yesu kuti ni Khristu|Petrosi wakayowoya kuti Yesu ni Khristu]] na [[Kusintha kwa Yesu|kusintha kwa Yesu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KingsburyMark&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barton132&quot;/&gt; Pamanyuma pa vinthu ivi, chigaŵa chikuru cha nkhani za Mauthenga Ghawemi chikuyowoya vya ulendo waumaliro wa Yesu kuluta ku Yerusalemu kwizira mu [[Perea (Bible)|Perea]] na [[Yudeya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KingsburyMark&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barton132&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steven L. Cox pages 121-135&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jesus pages 189-207&quot;/&gt; Apo Yesu wakendanga kuluta ku Yerusalemu kwizira mu Perea, wakawelera ku malo agho wakabatizikira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steven L. Cox page 137&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jesus pages 211-229&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bible' page 929&quot;/&gt;

:* ''Sabata yaumaliro mu Yerusalemu'': Chigaŵa chaumaliro cha uteŵeti wa Yesu chikamba ([[Mateyu 21]] na [[Mariko 11]]) na [[Yesu wanjira mu Yerusalemu mwakukondwa|kunjira kwake mwakukondwa mu Yerusalemu]] pamanyuma pa nkhani ya [[Kuwuska Lazaro ku nyifwa|kuwuska Lazaro ku nyifwa]] iyo yikachitika ku [[Betaniya (mu Baibolo)|Betaniya]]. Mauthenga Ghawemi ghakulongosora vinandi vya chigaŵa chaumaliro ichi kuluska nyengo zinyake, ndipo ghakupereka pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza mwa vitatu cha malemba ghawo ku [[Sabata Tukufu|sabata yaumaliro ya umoyo wa Yesu mu Yerusalemu]], iyo yikamara na kupayikika kwake pa mphinjika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Turner613&quot;/&gt; Nkhani za mu [[Chipangano Chiphya]] za [[Mawonekero gha Yesu pamanyuma pa kuwuka|malo agho Yesu wakawonekera pamanyuma pa kuwuka kwake]] na [[Kukwera kwa Yesu kuluta kuchanya|kukwera kwake kuchanya]] nazo zikachitikira mu Yudeya.

=== Ubatizo na kuyezgeka kwa Yesu ===
{{main|Ubatizo wa Yesu|Kuyezgeka kwa Yesu}}

[[File:Baptism-of-Christ-xx-Francesco-Alban.JPG|thumb|200px|''Ubatizo wa Khristu'' wa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na [[Francesco Albani]], ni chithuzithuzi chakawiro icho chikulongora machanya ghakujulika ndipo [[Mzimu utuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu utuŵa]] wakukhira nga ni nkhunda apo Yesu wakubatizika na Yohane.&lt;ref name=Ross30 /&gt;]]

[[Ubatizo wa Yesu]] ukulongora kwamba kwa [[uteŵeti wa Yesu|uteŵeti wake wapagulu]]. Chochitika ichi chikupezeka mu [[Mauthenga Ghawemi gha Mateyu, Mariko na Luka]]. Mu [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#1:29|Yohane 1:29–33]], m'malo mwa nkhani yakulongosora mwakudunjika, [[Yohane Mubatizi]] ndiyo wakuchitira ukaboni vya chochitika ichi.&lt;ref name=Zanzig118 /&gt;&lt;ref name=JohnEBrown25 /&gt;

Mu [[Chipangano Chiphya]], Yohane Mubatizi wakapharazganga &quot;[[Ubatizo mu Chikhristu|ubatizo wa maji]]&quot;, uwo ukaŵa wa kugowokereka yayi kweni ukaŵa wa [[kulapa]] panji [[Kulapa mu Chikhristu|kuwelera kwa mtima]] kuti zakwananga zigowokereke ({{bibleverse|Luka|3:3|KJV}}). Wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa wakulongozga nthowa ya uyo wazamubatiza &quot;na [[Mzimu utuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu utuŵa]] na moto&quot; ({{bibleverse|Luka|3:16|KJV}}). Mwakuchita nthena, wakanozgera nthowa Yesu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrington&quot;/&gt;

Yesu wakiza ku [[Mlonga wa Yorodani]], uko wakabatizika na Yohane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrington&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{bibleverse|Mateyu|3:13–17}}, {{Bibleref2|2Ŵakorinte|5:21|NIV|2 Ŵakorinte 5:21}}; [[Ŵahebere 4:15]]; {{Bibleref2|1Petrosi|3:18|NIV|1 Petrosi 3:18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Papa Benedikto XVI. ''Yesu wa ku Nazarete.''&lt;/ref&gt; Chochitika cha ubatizo chikulongora kuti [[Kuchanya|machanya]] ghakajulika, [[Mzimu utuŵa mu Chikhristu|Mzimu utuŵa]] wakakhira nga ni nkhunda, ndipo pakaŵa [[Mazgu gha Chiuta|mazgu kufuma kuchanya]] ghakuti: &quot;Uyu ni [[Mwana wa Chiuta mu Chikhristu|Mwana wane wakutemweka]], uyo nkhukondwa nayo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrington&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{bibleverse|Mateyu|3:17}}, {{bibleverse|Mariko|1:11}}, {{bibleverse|Luka|3:21–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira Baibolo mazuŵa ghano ŵakuwona kuti fundo yakuti Yesu wakabatizika na Yohane ni chochitika cha mu mdauko icho tingachigomezga chomene.&lt;ref name=Harring63 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Lopez95 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Chilton187 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Powell47 /&gt; [[James Dunn (munthu wakusambira vya Chiuta)|James Dunn]] wakuti mdauko wa ubatizo na [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|kupayikika kwa Yesu]] &quot;ukuzomerezgeka pafupifupi na ŵakusambira wose.&quot;&lt;ref name=JDunn339/&gt;

Pamoza na kupayikika kwa Yesu, ŵakusambira ŵanandi ŵakuwona ubatizo wake nga ni chimoza mwa vinthu viŵiri ivyo vikukhozgeka chomene mu mdauko wa umoyo wake, ndipo kanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ichi nga ni pakwambira kusambira vya [[Yesu wa mu mdauko]].&lt;ref name=JDunn339/&gt;

[[Kuyezgeka kwa Yesu]] kukulongosoreka mu Mauthenga Ghawemi gha [[Uthenga wa Mateyu|Mateyu]],&lt;ref&gt;{{bibleverse|Mateyu|4:1–11|NIV}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Uthenga wa Mariko|Mariko]],&lt;ref&gt;{{bibleverse|Mariko|1:12–13|NIV}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Uthenga wa Luka|Luka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{bibleverse|Luka|4:1–13|NIV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu nkhani izi, pamanyuma pa [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|kubatizika kwake]], Yesu [[Kusunga kujumpha chakurya|wakafunga]] mazuŵa [[Nambala mu Baibolo|makumi ghanayi]] na mausiku mu [[Chipalamba cha Yudeya]]. Mu nyengo iyi, [[Satana mu Chikhristu|Satana]] wakawonekera kwa Yesu ndipo wakamuyezga. Yesu wakati wakakana viyezgo vyose, Satana wakafumapo, ndipo [[ŵangelo mu Chikhristu|ŵangelo]] ŵakiza na kumupwelelera Yesu na kumupa chakurya.

===Kucema ŵasambiri na uteŵeti wa pakwamba===
{{see also|Ŵasambiri ŵakwamba ŵa Yesu}}

[[File:Raphael - The Miraculous Draft of Fishes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Calling of the disciples and the [[Miraculous catch of fish|cakuzizwiska ca somba]], na [[Raphael]], 1515]]

Kucema [[Ŵasambiri ŵakwamba ŵa Yesu|ŵasambiri ŵakwamba]] ni nkhani yakuzirwa mu ma Injili iyo yikuyamba uteŵeti wa Yesu, ndipo yikakhazikiska maziko gha gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakamulondezganga, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakazenga [[Mpingo wa pakwamba|Mpingo wa pakwamba]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Gospel according to Matthew'' by Leon Morris 1992 {{ISBN|0-85111-338-9}} p. 83&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Luke'' by Fred B. Craddock 1991 {{ISBN|0-8042-3123-0}} p. 69&lt;/ref&gt;

Ivi vikachitika mu {{bibleverse||Mateyu|4:18–22|NIV}}, {{bibleverse||Mariko|1:16–20|NIV}} na {{bibleverse||Luka|5:1–11|NIV}} pa [[Nyanja ya Galileya]]. {{bibleverse||Yohane|1:35–51|NIV}} wakulongosora kukumana kwakwamba na ŵasambiri ŵaŵiri mu nyengo yakale apo ŵakaŵa pamoza na [[Yohane Mubatizi]]. Mu [[Uthenga wa Mariko|Injili ya Mariko]], chomenechomene, kwamba kwa uteŵeti wa Yesu na kucema ŵasambiri ŵakwamba vikwenderana chomene.&lt;ref&gt;''The beginning of the Gospel: introducing the Gospel according to Mark'' by Eugene LaVerdiere 1999 {{ISBN|0-8146-2478-2}} p. 49&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu [[Uthenga wa Luka|Injili ya Luka]] ({{bibleverse|Luka|5:1–11|NIV}}),&lt;ref name=&quot;Lukepassage&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke%205:1-11&amp;version=NIV |title=Luke 5:1–11, New International Version |publisher=Biblegateway |access-date=2012-07-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; chochitika ichi chili mu nkhani ya [[Cizizwisko ca somba|kukora somba kwakuzizwiska]], ndipo chikapangiska kuti [[Petrosi Watuwa|Petrosi]] pamoza na [[Yakobe mwana wa Zebede|Yakobe]] na [[Mpostole Yohane|Yohane]], ŵana ŵa Zebede, ŵambe kulondezga Yesu nga mbasambiri ŵake.&lt;ref&gt;[[John Clowes (cleric)|John Clowes]], ''The Miracles of Jesus Christ'' published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK, 1817, p. 214, available on Google books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Gospel of Luke'' by Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington, 1992 {{ISBN|0-8146-5805-9}} p. 89&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The Gospel of Luke'', by Joel B. Green 1997 {{ISBN|0-8028-2315-7}} p. 230&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusonkhaniska ŵasambiri mu {{bibleverse||Yohane|1:35–51|NIV}} kukulondezga ndondomeko ya usambiri iyo yikulutilira mu [[Testamenti Liphya|Testamenti Liphya]]. Awo ŵapokera ukaboni wa munthu munyake nawo ŵakuzgoka ŵakaboni ŵa Yesu. Andireya wakalondezga Yesu cifukwa ca ukaboni wa [[Yohane Mubatizi|Yohane Mubatizi]], ndipo [[Filipi Mpostole|Filipi]] wakiza na [[Nathanaeli]]. Ndipo ndondomeko iyi yikulutilira mu {{bibleverse||Yohane|4:4–26|NIV}}, apo [[Mwanakazi Msamariya pa Cisimi|mwanakazi Msamariya pa cisimi]] wakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba wake vya Yesu.&lt;ref&gt;''John'' by [[Gail R. O'Day]], Susan Hylen 2006 {{ISBN|0-664-25260-5}} p. 31&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyengo iyi yakwamba yikusazgapo cizizwisko cakwamba ca Yesu pa [[Ukwati wa ku Kana|Ukwati wa ku Kana]], mu [[Uthenga wa Yohane|Injili ya Yohane]]. Yesu na ŵasambiri ŵake ŵakachemeka ku ukwati, ndipo apo vinyo likamara, Yesu wakasandura maji kuŵa vinyo kwizira mu cizizwisko.&lt;ref&gt;H. Van der Loos, 1965 ''The Miracles of Jesus'', E.J. Brill Press, Netherlands page 599&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dmitri Royster 1999 ''The miracles of Christ'' {{ISBN|0-88141-193-0}} p. 71&lt;/ref&gt;

===Uteŵeti na vyakuzizwiska mu Galileya===
Uteŵeti wa Yesu mu [[Galileya]] ukasazgapo [[Vyakuzizwiska vya Yesu|vyakuzizwiska]] vinandi na visambizgo. Nyengo yakwamba ya chigaŵa ichi yikusazgapo [[Muteŵeti wa Kenturioni|muteŵeti wa kenturioni]] (8:5–13) na [[Kuzika chimphepo|kuzika kwa chimphepo]] (Mateyu 8:23–27), vyose vikulongora fundo ya cipulikano icho chikumazga wofi.&lt;ref&gt;''The Gospel according to Matthew: an introduction and commentary'' by R. T. France 1987 {{ISBN|0-8028-0063-7}} p. 154&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Keene 2002 ''St Mark's Gospel and the Christian faith'' {{ISBN|0-7487-6775-4}} p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John Clowes, 1817 ''The Miracles of Jesus Christ'' published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK p. 47&lt;/ref&gt; Mu nyengo iyi, Yesu wakawunganiskaso ŵasambiri, nga ni apo [[Kucema Mateyu|wakachema Mateyu]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Gospel of Matthew'' by R. T. France 2007 {{ISBN|0-8028-2501-X}} p. 349&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kutuma ŵapostole khumi na ŵaŵiri|Kutuma ŵapostole khumi na ŵaŵiri]] kukulongosora kusankhika kwakwamba kwa [[ŵapostole khumi na ŵaŵiri]] pakati pa ŵasambiri ŵa Yesu.&lt;ref&gt;''The first gospel'' by Harold Riley, 1992 {{ISBN|0-86554-409-3}} p. 47&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Mercer dictionary of the Bible'' by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 {{ISBN|0-86554-373-9}} p. 48&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The life of Jesus'' by David Friedrich Strauss, 1860 published by Calvin Blanchard, p. 340&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu [[Upharazgi wa Uteŵeti|nkhani ya kutuma ŵamishonale]], Yesu wakalangura [[ŵapostole khumi na ŵaŵiri]] awo mazina ghawo ghali mu [[Mateyu 10:2–3]] kuti ŵaleke kunyamura vinthu vyawo apo ŵakwenda kufuma mu msumba umoza kuya ku munyake na kupharazga.&lt;ref name=&quot;New Testament' page 324&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Redford143&quot;/&gt; Kweniso mu [[Luka 10:1–24]] muli nkhani ya [[Ŵasambiri makumi ghankhondi na ŵaŵiri|ŵasambiri makumi ghankhondi na ŵaŵiri]], apo Yesu wakasankha ŵasambiri ŵanandi ndipo wakaŵatuma ŵaŵiriŵaŵiri na [[Languro la umishonale|uteŵeti wa umishonale]] kuti ŵalute mu mizi pambere Yesu wandafikeko.&lt;ref name=Ringe /&gt;

[[File:16 Lorenzo Veneziano, Christ Rescuing Peter from Drowning. 1370 Staatliche Museen, Berlin..jpg|thumb|left|300px|[[Yesu wakwenda pa maji|Kwendapo pa maji]], na [[Lorenzo Veneziano|Veneziano]], 1370]]

Pamanyuma pakupulika vya nyifwa ya [[Yohane Mubatizi]], Yesu wakawelera payekha mu ngalaŵa kuluta ku malo ghakuzika kufupi na [[Betsayida]]. Kwenekura wakayowoya na mzinda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakamulondezganga kufuma mu mizi, ndipo wakaŵaryeska wose na &quot;[[Kuryeska mzinda|mikate yinkhondi na somba ziŵiri]]&quot; izo zikaperekeka na kamwana.&lt;ref&gt;Robert Maguire 1863 ''The miracles of Christ'' published by Weeks and Co. London p. 185&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamanyuma pa ici, Mauthenga Ghawemi ghakulongosora nkhani ya [[Yesu wakwenda pa maji|kwenda kwa Yesu pa maji]] mu [[Mateyu 14:22–23]], [[Mariko 6:45–52]] na [[Yohane 6:16–21]] nga ni chigaŵa chakuzirwa pakukhozga ubwezi pakati pa Yesu na ŵasambiri ŵake mu nyengo iyi ya uteŵeti wake.&lt;ref&gt;Merrill Chapin Tenney 1997 ''John: Gospel of Belief'' {{ISBN|0-8028-4351-4}} p. 114&lt;/ref&gt; Nkhani iyi yikulongora kuzirwa kwa cipulikano, chifukwa apo [[Mpostole Petrosi|Petrosi]] wakayezga kwenda pa maji, wakamba kumira wati wataya cipulikano na kopa. Kuumaliro wa nkhani iyi, ŵasambiri ŵakakhozga cipulikano chawo mwa Yesu ndipo mu Mateyu 14:33 ŵakati: &quot;Nadi, imwe ndimwe Mwana wa Chiuta.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dwight Pentecost 2000 ''The words and works of Jesus Christ'' {{ISBN|0-310-30940-9}} p. 234&lt;/ref&gt;

Visambizgo vikuru mu nyengo iyi vikusazgapo [[Upharazgi wakukhwaskana na ukazuzi|chisambizgo cha ukazuzi]] mu Mateyu 15:1–20 na Mariko 7:1–23, apo Yesu wakazgora madandawuro gha [[Ŵafarisi]] kuti: &quot;Icho chikunjira mu mulomo wa munthu chikumupangiska kuŵa wakufipirwa yayi, kweni icho chikufuma mu mulomo wake ndicho chikupangiska munthu kuŵa wakufipirwa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Jesus the miracle worker: a historical &amp; theological study'' by Graham H. Twelftree 1999 {{ISBN|0-8308-1596-1}} p. 79&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamanyuma pa nkhani iyi, Yesu wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha [[Turo, Lebanoni|Turo]] na [[Sidoni]] kufupi na [[Nyanja ya Mediterranean]], uko kukachitika nkhani ya [[Mwana wa mwanakazi wa Kanani|mwanakazi wa Kanani na mwana wake]] mu [[Mateyu 15:21–28]] na [[Mariko 7:24–30]].&lt;ref name=Twelftree133 /&gt; Nkhani iyi yikulongora umo Yesu wakadidimizgira kuzirwa kwa cipulikano, apo wakaphalira mwanakazi uyu kuti: &quot;Mwanakazi, uli na cipulikano chikuru! Ivyo wapempha vili kuchitika.&quot;&lt;ref name=Twelftree133 /&gt; Kweniso kuzirwa kwa cipulikano kukulongoreka mu nkhani ya [[Kutozga ŵakavu khumi|kuponoska ŵakoma khumi]] mu [[Luka 17:11–19]].&lt;ref&gt;Berard L. Marthaler 2007 ''The creed: the apostolic faith in contemporary theology'' {{ISBN|0-89622-537-2}} p. 220&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 ''All the Miracles of the Bible'' {{ISBN|0-310-28101-6}} p. 235&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu [[Uthenga wa Mariko|Injili ya Mariko]], pamanyuma pa kwendera mu [[Sidoni]], Yesu wakiza mu chigaŵa cha [[Dekapoli]], gulu la misumba khumi kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Galileya. Kwenekura kukalembeka cizizwisko cha [[Kuchizga munthu wambura kupulika na wambura kuyowoya wa Dekapoli|kuchizga munthu wambura kupulika na wambura kuyowoya]] mu [[Mariko 7:31–37]]. Pamanyuma pa kuchizgika uku, ŵasambiri ŵakati: &quot;Wakupangiska nanga mbakumangwa kupulika ndipo ŵambura kuyowoya kuyowoya.&quot; Nkhani iyi ndiyo yaumaliro mu ndandanda ya vyakuzizwiska ivyo vikulongozgera ku mazgu gha Petrosi ghakuti Yesu ni Khristu mu Mariko 8:29.&lt;ref&gt;Lamar Williamson 1983 ''Mark'' {{ISBN|0-8042-3121-4}} pp. 138–140&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kupharazga kuti ni Khristu===
{{Main|Kuvumbukwa kwa Petrosi}}

[[Image:Christ Handing the Keys to St. Peter by Pietro Perugino.jpg|thumb|240px|Chithuzi cha [[Pietro Perugino]] cha &quot;Kupereka makiyi kwa Petrosi Mutuŵa&quot; na Yesu, 1481–82]]

[[Kuvumbukwa kwa Petrosi]] kukuyowoya za chakuchitika mu [[Chipangano Chasono]] apo Yesu wakafumba ŵasambiri ŵake kuti: &quot;Kasi imwe mukuti ndine njani?&quot; [[Mpositole Petrosi]] wakapharazga kuti [[Yesu]] ni [[Khristu]] — [[Mesiya]] uyo wakalindiliranga. Nkhani iyi yili kulembeka mu mabuku ghatatu gha [[Makani ghawemi ghakuyana|Makani ghawemi gha ŵalemba ŵatatu]]: [[Mateyu 16:13–20]], [[Mariko 8:27–30]] na [[Luka 9:18–20]].&lt;ref name=Karris &gt;''The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament'' by Robert J. Karris 1992 {{ISBN|0-8146-2211-9}} pp. 885–886&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Kingsbury &gt;''Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology'' by Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell, David R. Bauer 1999 {{ISBN|0-664-25752-6}} p. xvi&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuvumbukwa kwa Petrosi kukwamba na kudumbiskana pakati pa Yesu na ŵasambiri ŵake. Yesu wakamba kufumba ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya za iyo, wakati: &quot;Kasi mzinda ukuyowoya kuti ndine njani?&quot;&lt;ref name=Karris /&gt; Ŵasambiri ŵakamuzgora mwakupambana, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana pa iyo. Yesu wakafumba ŵasambiri ŵake kuti: &quot;Kweni imwe mukuti ndine njani?&quot; Simon Petrosi pera ndiyo wakazgora kuti: &quot;Ndimwe Khristu, Mwana wa Chiuta wamoyo.&quot;&lt;ref name=Kingsbury /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Christology and the New Testament'' by Christopher Mark Tuckett 2001 {{ISBN|0-664-22431-8}} p. 109&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu [[Mateyu 16:17]] Yesu wakatumbika Petrosi chifukwa cha zgoro lake, ndipo pamanyuma wakamuyowoya kuti ni jalawe ilo [[Mpingo wa Chikhristu|mpingo]] uzengengepo, ndipo wakalayizga kuti wamupenge &quot;makiyi gha ufumu wa kuchanya&quot;.&lt;ref name=Boring69 &gt;''The people's New Testament commentary'' by M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock 2004 {{ISBN|0-664-22754-6}} p. 69&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakutumbika Petrosi, Yesu wakazomera mazina gha [[Khristu]] na [[Mwana wa Chiuta]] agho Petrosi wakamupa. Kweniso wakayowoya kuti ivyo Petrosi wakapharazga vikaŵa chivumbuzi chakufuma kwa Chiuta, chifukwa &quot;Adada ŵakuchanya&quot; ndiwo ŵakamuvumbulira.&lt;ref name=Yueh &gt;''One teacher: Jesus' teaching role in Matthew's gospel'' by John Yueh-Han Yieh 2004 {{ISBN|3-11-018151-7}} pp. 240–241&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu fundo iyi, Yesu wakalongora mwambura kukayika kuti ni Khristu kweniso Mwana wa Chiuta, chifukwa mazina agha ghakaŵa chivumbuzi chakufuma kwa Chiuta.&lt;ref name=Yueh /&gt; Kupharazga Yesu kuti ni Khristu nkhwakuzirwa chomene mu [[Chisambizgo cha Khristu]] ndipo ni maziko gha umo Ŵakhristu ŵakumumanyira Yesu. Kuzomera kwa Yesu zina ili ni fundo yakuzirwa mu nkhani ya mu [[Chipangano Chasono]].&lt;ref name=Rudolf7 &gt;''The Gospel of Matthew'' by Rudolf Schnackenburg 2002 {{ISBN|0-8028-4438-3}} pp. 7–9&lt;/ref&gt;

Nangauli chigaŵa chinyake cha nkhani iyi chingaŵa chakale chomene, ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti kuyowoya Yesu kuti ni Khristu na Mwana wa Chiuta kungazakasazgikamo pamanyuma mu buku la Mateyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Jesus of Nazareth | publisher=Bloomsbury | author-last1=Casey|author-first1= Maurice | year=2010 | pages=188–189}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kusandulika kwa Yesu===
{{Main|Kusandulika kwa Yesu}}

[[File:Transfigurationbloch.jpg|thumb|right|Kusandulika kwa [[Yesu]] uko mu chithuzi cha [[Carl Bloch]], cha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800]]

Kusandulika ni chakuchitika mu nkhani ya mu [[Chipangano Chasono]] apo Yesu wakasandulika ndipo thupi lake likang'animira pa phiri.&lt;ref name=Lee21 /&gt;&lt;ref name=lockyer213 /&gt; Mabuku gha makani ghawemi gha ŵalemba ŵatatu ([[Mateyu 17:1–9]], [[Mariko 9:2–8]], [[Luka 9:28–36]]) ghakulongosora chakuchitika ichi, ndipo [[2 Petrosi 1:16–18]] nayo wakuchiyowoya.&lt;ref name=Lee21 /&gt;

Mu nkhani izi, Yesu na ŵasambiri ŵake ŵatatu ŵakaluta ku phiri (lakumanyikwa kuti [[Phiri la Kusandulika kwa Yesu]]). Pa phiri, Yesu wakamba kung'anikira na ungweru ukuru. Pamanyuma ntchimi [[Mose]] na [[Eliya]] zikawonekera pafupi na iyo ndipo ŵakadumbiskana nayo. Yesu wakachemekaso kuti &quot;Mwana&quot; na lizgu ilo likafuma kuchanya, ilo likughanaghanirika kuti likafuma kwa [[Chiuta Dada]], nga umo vikaŵira pa [[ubatizo wa Yesu]].&lt;ref name=Lee21 &gt;''Transfiguration'' by Dorothy A. Lee 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8264-7595-4}} pp. 21–30&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusandulika kwa Yesu nkhwimoza mwa [[Vinthu vyakuzizwiska vya Yesu]] ivyo vikulongosoreka mu makani ghawemi.&lt;ref name=lockyer213 &gt;Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 ''All the Miracles of the Bible'' {{ISBN|0-310-28101-6}} p. 213&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Clowes, John, 1817, ''The Miracles of Jesus Christ'' published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK p. 167&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Henry Rutter, ''Evangelical harmony'' Keating and Brown, London 1803. p. 450&lt;/ref&gt;

Chakuzizwiska ichi ntchapadera chomene pakuyaniska na vyakuzizwiska vinyake ivyo vili mu [[Makani ghawemi ghakulembeka mu Baibolo|Makani ghawemi]], chifukwa chakuzizwiska ichi chikachitikira Yesu mweneko.&lt;ref&gt;Karl Barth ''Church dogmatics'' {{ISBN|0-567-05089-0}} p. 478&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thomas Aquinas]] wakayowoya kuti Kusandulika kwa Yesu &quot;ntchakuzizwiska chikuru chomene&quot;, chifukwa chikakwaniriska ubatizo ndipo chikalongora ukongole wa umoyo mu [[Kuchanya]].&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas M. Healy, 2003 ''Thomas Aquinas: theologian of the Christian life'' {{ISBN|978-0-7546-1472-2}} p. 100&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusandulika kwa Yesu nkhwimoza mwa vinthu vinkhondi vikuru ivyo vikuchitika mu nkhani ya umoyo wa [[Yesu]] mu makani ghawemi. Vinyake ni [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|Ubatizo]], [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|Kupayikika]], [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka ku ŵakufwa]], na [[Kukwelera kwa Yesu kuchanya|Kukwelera kuchanya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;digby&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Faith page 28&quot;/&gt;

Mu [[Chipangano Chasono]], Kusandulika kwa Yesu ni nyengo yakuzirwa chomene. Malo gha pa phiri ghakulongosoreka nga ni malo apo umunthu wa munthu ukukumana na Chiuta: malo agho nyengo yasono na umuyirayira vikukumana, ndipo Yesu ndiyo ni wakukakilira pakati pawo, nga ni mlatho pakati pa kuchanya na charu chapasi.&lt;ref name=DorothyLee2 &gt;''Transfiguration'' by Dorothy A. Lee 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-8264-7595-4}} p. 2&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ulendo waumaliro ku Yerusalemu===
[[File:S. Apollinare Nuovo Resurr Lazzaro.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Chithuzi cha pasi cha mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 cha [[Kuwuskika kwa Lazaro]], mu tchalitchi la [[Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]], [[Ravenna]], Italy]]

Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya [[Yohane Mubatizi]] na Kusandulika kwa Yesu, Yesu wakamba ulendo wake waumaliro kuluta ku Yerusalemu, chifukwa wakaŵa wanenekerathu kuti wazamufwira kwenekuko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mark pages 24-25&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''The temptations of Jesus in Mark's Gospel'' by Susan R. Garrett 1996 {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4259-6}} pp. 74–75&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Matthew for Everyone'' by Tom Wright 2004 {{ISBN|0-664-22787-2}} p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

Buku la [[Makani ghawemi gha Yohane|Yohane]] likuyowoya kuti pa ulendo uwu Yesu wakawelera ku malo agho wakabatizikira, ndipo [[Yohane 10:40–42]] likuti &quot;ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamupulikana uko kujumpha Yorodani&quot;, ndipo ŵakayowoya kuti &quot;vyose ivyo Yohane wakayowoya vya munthu uyu vikaŵa vyaunenesko&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steven L. Cox page 137&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jesus pages 211-229&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bible' page 929&quot;/&gt;

Malo agho Yesu wakabatizikirako ghakughanaghanirika kuti ghakaŵa kufupi na chigaŵa cha [[Perea]], chifukwa cha milimo ya Yohane Mubatizi ku [[Betabara]] na [[Ænon]] mu [[Yohane 1:28]] na [[Yohane 3:23]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BigPic&quot;&gt;''Big Picture of the Bible — New Testament'' by Lorna Daniels Nichols 2009 {{ISBN|1-57921-928-4}} p. 12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Sloyan11 &gt;''John'' by Gerard Stephen Sloyan 1987 {{ISBN|0-8042-3125-7}} p. 11&lt;/ref&gt; Ŵasambizgi ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti nthowa iyo Yesu wakagwiliskira ntchito kufuma ku [[Galileya]] kuluta ku Yerusalemu yikajumphanga mu [[Perea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bible' page 929&quot;/&gt;

Mu nyengo iyi ya uteŵeti wake muli [[Visambizgo vinkhondi vya Mateyu|Chisambizgo cha Mpingo]], apo Yesu wakalongosora vya mpingo uwo uzamuŵapo wa ŵalondezgi ŵake, ndipo wakalongosora udindo wa ŵapositole ŵake pakuwulongozga.&lt;ref name=Jensen &gt;''Preaching Matthew's Gospel'' by Richard A. Jensen 1998 {{ISBN|978-0-7880-1221-1}} pp. 25 &amp; 158&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;King pages 215-216&quot;&gt;''Behold the King: A Study of Matthew'' by Stanley D. Toussaint 2005 {{ISBN|0-8254-3845-4}} pp. 215–216&lt;/ref&gt;

Chisambizgo ichi chili na ntharika za [[Mberere yakuzgeŵa]] na [[Muteŵeti wambura kugowokera]] mu [[Mateyu 18]], izo zikuyowoyaso vya Ufumu wa Kuchanya. Mutu ukuru wa chisambizgo ichi ni umo mpingo wa ŵalondezgi uzamuŵira kweniso udindo wa ŵapositole pakuwulongozga.&lt;ref name=&quot;King pages 215-216&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Chouinard /&gt;

Pakuyowoya na ŵapositole ŵake mu Mateyu 18:18, Yesu wakati: &quot;Chose icho muzamumanga pa charu chapasi chizamumangika kuchanya; ndipo chose icho muzamufwatura pa charu chapasi chizamufwatulika kuchanya.&quot; Chisambizgo ichi chikulongosora kuzirwa kwa kujiyuyura na kujipereka nga ni mikhaliro yikuru mu mpingo uwo ukulindilirika. Chikulongora kuti mu Ufumu wa Chiuta, kujiyuyura nga ni mwana ndiko nkhwakuzirwa, kuluska mazina ghakuru na ntchindi za pa charu.&lt;ref name=&quot;King pages 215-216&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Chouinard &gt;''Matthew'' by Larry Chouinard 1997 {{ISBN|0-89900-628-0}} p. 321&lt;/ref&gt;

Paumaliro wa nyengo iyi, Buku la Yohane likuyowoya vya chakuchitika cha [[Kuwuskika kwa Lazaro]] mu [[Yohane 11:1–46]], apo Yesu wakawuska [[Lazaro wa Betaniya]] ku ŵakufwa pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi kufuma apo wakasungikira mu dindi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox155&quot;/&gt;

Mu Buku la Yohane, kuwuskika kwa Lazaro ndiko ntchikomo cha &quot;vimanyikwiro vinkhondi na viŵiri&quot; ivyo vikulongora pachoko na pachoko kuti Yesu ni [[Mwana wa Chiuta]] kweniso Mesiya uyo wakalindiliranga.&lt;ref&gt;''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} pp. 312–313&lt;/ref&gt;

Chakuchitika ichi ntchakuzirwa chomene chifukwa chikamba ndondomeko ya vinthu ivyo vikapangiska mzinda wa ŵanthu kumulondezga Yesu pa [[Kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami]], ndipo vikapangiska [[Kayafa]] na [[Sanhedrini]] kupanga pulani yakuti ŵakome Yesu.&lt;ref&gt;Francis J. Moloney, Daniel J. Harrington, 1998 ''The Gospel of John'' Liturgical Press {{ISBN|0-8146-5806-7}} p. 325&lt;/ref&gt;


===Sabata yaumaliro ku Yerusalemu===
{{see also|Kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami}}

[[File:BouveretLastSupper.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Chakurya chaumaliro]] chalongosoreka na ŵaluso ŵanandi.&lt;ref name=Zuffi &gt;''Gospel figures in art'' by Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-89236-727-6}} pp. 254–259&lt;/ref&gt; Chithuzi ichi cha ''Chakurya chaumaliro'' ntcha [[Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret]] (1896).]]

Nkhani ya sabata yaumaliro ya umoyo wa Yesu yikutora pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vitatu cha nkhani yose mu [[Makani ghawemi ghakulembeka mu Baibolo]].&lt;ref name=Turner613 /&gt; Nkhani ya sabata iyi yikamba na kulongosora vya [[Kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami|kunjira kwake kwaumaliro]] mu Yerusalemu ndipo yikamalira pa kupayikika kwake.&lt;ref name=Cox155 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Blomberg224 &gt;''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 {{ISBN|0-8054-4482-3}} pp. 224–229&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabata yaumaliro ku Yerusalemu ndiyo yikamaliro la ulendo uwo Yesu wakamba kufuma ku Galileya, kujumphira mu [[Perea]] na [[Yudeya]].&lt;ref name=Cox155 /&gt; Pambere Yesu wandanjire mu Yerusalemu, Buku la Yohane likuyowoya vya [[Kuwuskika kwa Lazaro]], icho chikapangiska kuti mphindano pakati pa Yesu na ŵalongozgi ŵa chisopa yikure. Pakwamba pa sabata iyi, apo Yesu wakanjira mu Yerusalemu, wakapokelereka na mzinda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakachemerezganga, ndipo ichi chikapangiska mphindano kuŵa yikuru chomene.&lt;ref name=Cox155 /&gt;

Sabata iyi yikamba na [[Kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami]]. Mu nyengo ya &quot;uteŵeti wake waumaliro mu Yerusalemu&quot;, Yesu wakaluta ku Tempile ndipo wakasuskana na [[ŵakusintha ndalama]] chifukwa cha umo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Tempile pa malonda. Pamanyuma pakawuka kudumbiskana na ŵasembe na ŵalara, ndipo [[Mazaza gha Yesu ghakufumbika|mazaza ghake ghakafumbika]]. Mpositole wake yumoza, [[Yuda Isikariyoti]], wakazomera kupereka Yesu ku ŵalwani ŵake pa mtengo wa [[ndalama 30 za siliva|ndalama 30 za siliva]].&lt;ref name=Lockyer106 &gt;''All the Apostles of the Bible'' by Herbert Lockyer 1988 {{ISBN|0-310-28011-7}} pp. 106–111&lt;/ref&gt;

Kumaliro kwa sabata iyi, Yesu wakarya [[Chakurya chaumaliro]] na ŵasambiri ŵake, ndipo apo wakambiska [[Eukaristiya]] na kuŵanozgera pa kupatulana nawo mu [[Chisambizgo cha kupatulana]]. Pamanyuma pa chakurya ichi, Yesu wakaperekeka na kukumbatika kwa [[Yuda Isikariyoti]] apo wakaŵa mu [[Masuzgo mu munda wa Getisemane]], ndipo wakakakika.

Pamanyuma pa kukakika kwake, ŵasambiri ŵake ŵanandi ŵakamuleka, ndipo [[Petrosi wakakana Yesu|Petrosi wakamukana katatu]], nga umo Yesu wakayowoyerathu pa Chakurya chaumaliro.&lt;ref name=Cox182 &gt;[[#refCox2007|Cox (2007)]] p. 182&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Craig A. Evans 2005 ''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews-Revelation'' {{ISBN|0-7814-4228-1}} p. 122&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabata yaumaliro, iyo yikamba na [[Kunjira kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwauchindami|kunjira kwake mu Yerusalemu]], yikamalira na kupayikika na kusungika kwake mu dindi pa zuŵa la Chinkhondi.

==Masuzgo gha Yesu==

===Kuguliskika na kukakika===
{{Main|Mphindano mu munda wa Getsemane|Kufyofyontha kwa Yuda|Kukakika kwa Yesu}}
{{see also|Ora Takataka}}

[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -31- - Kiss of Judas.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Kufyofyontha kwa Yuda (Giotto)|Kufyofyontha kwa Yuda]]'' (1304–1306), chithuzi cha pa chimati chakajambulika na [[Giotto]], [[Scrovegni Chapel]], [[Padua]], Italy]]

Mu [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#26:36|Mateyu 26:36–46]], [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#14:32|Mariko 14:32–42]], [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#22:39|Luka 22:39–46]] na [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#18:1|Yohane 18:1]], pamanyuma pa [[Chakurya chaumaliro|chakurya chaumaliro]], Yesu wakaluta ku malo ghanyake kukalomba, ndipo mabuku gha Mateyu na Mariko ghakuzunura malo agha kuti ni [[Munda wa Getsemane]].&lt;ref name=Maj169 &gt;''The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke'' by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt 2005 {{ISBN|1-931018-31-6}} page 169&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Zuck83 &gt;''The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament'' edited by John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck 1983 {{ISBN|978-0-88207-812-0}} pages 83–85&lt;/ref&gt;

Yesu wakaŵa pamoza na [[Petro Mpositole|Petro]], [[Yohane Mpositole|Yohane]] na [[Yakobe Mulara]], ndipo wakaŵaphalira kuti: &quot;Khalani pano ndipo mulindilire nane.&quot; Iyo wakajendapo patali pachoko ndipo wakamba kuŵa na chitima chikuru, wakati: &quot;Ada, usange ntchakukhumba chinu, mphani chikho ichi; kweni khumbo linu ndilo lichitike, mphanyi ndine yayi.&quot;&lt;ref name=Zuck83 /&gt;

Mu nyengo iyo Yesu wakalombanga, [[Yuda Isikarioti|Yuda]] wakiza pamoza na mzinda wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na ŵasofi Ŵayuda, ŵalara na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero. Yuda wakamufyofyontha Yesu kuti ŵamumanye, ndipo ŵakamukaka.&lt;ref name=Zuck83 /&gt;&lt;ref name=CEvans487 /&gt;

Mpositole yumoza wa Yesu wakayezga kuŵakanizga ndipo wakagwiliskira ntchito lupanga kukadumura khutu la munthu munyake mu mzinda. &lt;ref name=Zuck83 /&gt;&lt;ref name=CEvans487 /&gt; Luka wakuti Yesu wakachizga chilonda ichi mwamunthondwe, ndipo Yohane na Mateyu ŵakulongora kuti Yesu wakachenya nkhaza izi, wakati ŵasambiri ŵake ŵangakanizganga yayi kukakika kwake. Mu [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#26:52|Mateyu 26:52]] Yesu wakayowoya mazgu ghakumanyikwa kuti: ''wose awo ŵakugwira lupanga ŵazamukomeka na lupanga.''&lt;ref name=Zuck83 /&gt;&lt;ref name=CEvans487 /&gt;

===Mlandu na cheruzgo===
{{Main|Mlandu wa Yesu pamaso pa Sanhedrin|Pilato na Yesu|Yesu pamaso pa Herode}}
{{see also|Ecce homo}}

[[File:Jesús en casa de Anás Museo del Prado José de Madrazo.jpg|thumb|200px|Yesu wati wakhala pafupi kukwapulika pamaso pa wasofi mukuru [[Anasi]], nga umo vili mu [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#18:22|Yohane 18:22]], chakajambulika na [[José de Madrazo|Madrazo]], 1803]]

Mu nkhani za ma [[Mabuku gha mu Baibolo|Mabuku gha Uthenga]] ghanayi, pamanyuma pa [[kukakika kwa Yesu|kuguliskika na kukakika]] kwa Yesu, wakaluta kwa [[Sanhedrin]], khoti la Ŵayuda.&lt;ref&gt;[[Raymond E. Brown|Brown, Raymond E.]] ''An Introduction to the New Testament'' Doubleday 1997 {{ISBN|0-385-24767-2}}, p. 146.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yesu wakayeruzgika na Sanhedrin, ŵakamuseka, ŵakamukoma, ndipo ŵakamupa mulandu chifukwa chakuti wakayowoya kuti ni [[Mwana wa Chiuta]].&lt;ref name=CEvans487 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Craig396 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Holman608 /&gt;

Pamanyuma ŵakamutolera kwa [[Pontiyo Pilato]], ndipo ŵalara Ŵayuda ŵakamupempha Pilato kuti wayeruzge na kumupa chilango Yesu chifukwa ŵakamuphalira kuti wakujiyowoya kuti ni [[Yesu, Fumu ya Ŵayuda|Fumu ya Ŵayuda]].&lt;ref name=Holman608 /&gt;

Pilato wakati wamufumba Yesu ndipo Yesu wakazgora vinandi yayi, Pilato wakayowoya pakweru kuti wakusanga mulandu yayi mwa Yesu. Kweni mzinda ukalutilira kudemelera kuti wapayikike. Ntheura Pilato wakalangura kuti Yesu wakomerenge pa mphinjika.&lt;ref name=CEvans487 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Craig396 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Holman608 /&gt;

==Kuwuka kwa Yesu na Kukwela ku Danga==

{{main|Kuwuka kwa Yesu}}
{{See also|Manda ghambura kanthu|Kuwuka kwa Yesu mu luso lwa Ŵakhristu}}

[[File:Der-Auferstandene 1558.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Kuwuka kwa Yesu'' na [[Lucas Cranach the Younger|Lucas Cranach]], 1558]]

Mabuku gha makani gha mu [[Uthenga Wakukondweska|Mabuku gha Uthenga]] ghakulongosora kuti pa zuŵa lakwamba la sabata pamanyuma pa [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|kupayikika]], (kanandi likupulikikwa kuti ni Sabata) ŵalondezgi ŵa Yesu ŵakakumana nayo wati wawuka ku ŵakufwa, pamanyuma pakuti manda ghake ghakasangika kuti ghakaŵa ghambura kanthu.&lt;ref name=Evans521 &gt;''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew-Luke, Volume 1'' by Craig A. Evans 2003 {{ISBN|0-7814-3868-3}} pages 521–530&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Zuck91 &gt;''The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament'' edited by John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck 1983 {{ISBN|978-0-88207-812-0}} page 91&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Easley216 &gt;[[#refCox2007|Cox (2007)]] pp. 216–226&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Testamente Yiphya|Testamente Yiphya]] mulije nkhani ya &quot;nyengo yeneko ya kuwuka&quot;. Mu [[Mpingo wa Kumafumiro gha Dazi|Mpingo wa Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], vithuzithuzi vya visambizgo (icons) vikuŵavya Yesu wakuwuka mu nyengo iyo, kweni vikulongora ŵanakazi awo ŵakiza ku mafuta ku manda na vithuzithuzi vya chiponosko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stagg2&quot;&gt;Stagg, Evalyn and Frank. ''Woman in the World of Jesus.'' Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978, p. 144–150.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yesu uyo wakawuka wakawonekera ku ŵalondezgi ŵake pa zuŵa leneliro, ndipo kanandi wakawonekera pamanyuma pake. Wakaŵasambizga na kulyera nawo chakurya, pamanyuma wakakwera ku [[Kuchanya]]. Mabuku gha [[Uthenga wa Luka|Luka]] na [[Uthenga wa Mariko|Mariko]] ghakuzunura mwachidule nkhani ya [[Kukwera kwa Yesu|kukwera ku danga]], kweni mazgu ghakuzara ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Testamente Yiphya.&lt;ref name=Evans521 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zuck91 /&gt;

Mabuku ghanayi gha Uthenga ghali na mphambano mu umo ghakulongosolera kuwuka kwa Yesu na mawonekero ghake, kweni ghose ghakukolerana pa vinthu vinayi:&lt;ref&gt;{{bibleref2|Mark|16:1–8|TNIV}}, {{bibleref2|Matthew|28:1–8|TNIV}}, {{bibleref2|Luke|24:1–12|TNIV}}, and {{bibleref2|John|20:1–13|TNIV}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* libwe ilo likajalira pa manda likafumiskika;
* ŵanakazi ŵakiza ku manda pa &quot;zuŵa lakwamba la sabata&quot;;
* Yesu uyo wakawuka wakasankha kuwonekera dankha ku ŵanakazi ndipo wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵakaphalire ŵasambiri ŵanyake;
* [[Maria wa ku Magadala]] wali na malo ghakuzirwa mu nkhani izi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stagg2&quot; /&gt;

Mphambano zili mu nyengo yeneko iyo ŵanakazi ŵakafikira ku manda, unandi na mazina gha ŵanakazi, chifukwa icho ŵakizirako, mawonekero gha ŵatumiki (ŵangelo panji ŵanthu), uthenga uwo ŵakaphalirika, na umo ŵanakazi ŵakachitira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stagg2&quot; /&gt;

Mu [[Uthenga wa Mateyu|Mateyu 28:5]], [[Uthenga wa Mariko|Mariko 16:5]], [[Uthenga wa Luka|Luka 24:4]] na [[Uthenga wa Yohane|Yohane 20:12]] kuwuka kwake kukaphalirika na kulongosoreka ku ŵalondezgi awo ŵakiza ku manda mulenji chomene. Uthenga uwu ukaphalirika na munthu yumoza panji ŵaŵiri (ŵanalume panji ŵangelo) awo ŵakavwara malaya ghakung'azima ndipo ŵakaŵa mu manda panji pafupi na manda.&lt;ref name=Evans521 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zuck91 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Easley216 /&gt;

Nkhani za mu Mabuku gha Uthenga zikusiyana pa uyo wakafika dankha ku manda, kweni wose ŵakuzunura kuti ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi ndipo Yesu uyo wakawuka wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵakaphalire ŵasambiri ŵanyake. Mabuku ghose ghanayi ghakuzunura [[Maria wa ku Magadala]], ndipo ghatatu ghakuzunura [[Maria nyina wa Yakobe]]. Nkhani za mu [[Uthenga wa Mariko|Mariko 16:9]] na [[Uthenga wa Yohane|Yohane 20:15]] zikulongora kuti Yesu wakawonekera dankha kwa Maria wa ku Magadala, ndipo [[Uthenga wa Luka|Luka 16:9]] wakuti wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanakazi awo ŵakaphalira ŵasambiri za kuwuka.&lt;ref name=Evans521 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zuck91 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Easley216 /&gt;

Mu [[Uthenga wa Mateyu|Mateyu 28:11–15]], kuti ŵalongosore chifukwa icho manda ghakaŵa ghambura kanthu, ŵalara ŵa Ŵayuda ŵakapeleka ndalama ku ŵasilikari awo ŵakachitanga ulinda pa manda kuti ŵayowoye utesi wakuti ŵasambiri ŵa Yesu ŵakatora thupi lake.&lt;ref name=Zuck91 /&gt;

===Mawonekero gha Yesu wati wawuka===
{{Main|Mawonekero gha Yesu wati wawuka}}
{{see also|Noli me tangere|Tomasi uyo wakakayika|Dango Likuru|Nthowa yakuluta ku Emau}}

[[Image:Correggio Noli Me Tangere.jpg|thumb|180px|''Noli me Tangere'' na [[Antonio da Correggio]], pafupifupi 1534]]

Mu [[Uthenga wa Yohane|Yohane 20:15–17]] Yesu wakawonekera kwa [[Maria wa ku Magadala]] nyengo yichoko waka wati wawuka. Pakwamba wakamumanya yayi ndipo wakaghanaghananga kuti wakaŵa mlimi. Kweni Yesu wati wamuchema zina lake, wakamumanya. Yesu wakamuphalira kuti: &quot;Unganikora yayi, chifukwa nindakwere kwa Adada.&quot;

Pa mise ya zuŵa leneliro, Yesu wakawonekera ku ŵasambiri ndipo wakaŵalongora mabamba gha mu mawoko na mu mbambo zake nga umo yalembekera mu [[Uthenga wa Yohane|Yohane 20:19–21]]. [[Tomasi Mpositole|Tomasi]] wakaŵavya pa ungano uwu ndipo pamanyuma wakakayika kuti Yesu wakawuka nadi. Mu nkhani yakumanyikwa kuti [[Tomasi Wakukayika]], Yesu wakawonekera kwa Tomasi ndipo wakamupempha kuti waŵike munwe wake mu mabowo gha mabamba ghake. Tomasi wakazomera chipulikano chake mwa Yesu.

Mu [[Uthenga wa Mateyu|Mateyu 28:16–20]], mu nkhani ya [[Dango Likuru]], Yesu wakawonekera ku ŵalondezgi ŵake pa phiri ku [[Galileya]] ndipo wakaŵaphalira kuti ŵasambizge mitundu yose na kubatiza mu zina la &quot;Dada, Mwana, na Mzimu Mutuŵa.&quot;

[[Uthenga wa Luka|Luka 24:13–32]] wakulongosora nkhani ya [[Nthowa yakuluta ku Emau]], apo msambiri zina lake [[Kleopa]] na munyake ŵakendanga kuluta ku [[Emau]] ndipo ŵakakumana na Yesu, uyo pamanyuma wakarya nawo chakurya.

[[Uthenga wa Mariko|Mariko 16:12–13]] nawo uli na nkhani yakuyana nayo ya Yesu kuwonekera ku ŵasambiri ŵaŵiri apo ŵakendanga ku charu.

Mu nkhani ya [[Kukora somba 153]], Yesu wakawonekera ku ŵasambiri ŵake pa [[Nyanja ya Galileya]], ndipo pamanyuma wakachiska [[Petro Mpositole|Petro]] kuti walutilire kuteŵetera ŵalondezgi ŵake.&lt;ref name=Evans521 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Zuck91 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Easley216 /&gt;

Mu [[1 Ŵakorinte|1 Ŵakorinte 15:6–7]], [[Paulo Mpositole]] wakuzunura kuti Yesu wakawonekera ku &quot;ŵabali na ŵadumbu ŵakujumpha 500 pa nyengo yimoza&quot;, ndiposo kwa [[Yakobe]] padera na ŵapositole ŵanyake.

===Kukwera kwa Yesu ku danga===
{{Main|Kukwera kwa Yesu}}
{{see also|Kukwera kwa Yesu mu luso lwa Ŵakhristu}}

[[File:Benvenuto Tisi da Garofalo - Ascension of Christ - WGA08474.jpg|thumb|180px|''Kukwera kwa Khristu'' na [[Il Garofalo|Garofalo]], 1520]]

Kukwera kwa Yesu ([[Chilatini]] chakufuma mu [[Vulgate]] mu mutu wa [[Machitidwe gha Ŵapositole|Machitidwe 1:9–11]]: ''Ascensio Iesu'') ni chisambizgo cha Ŵakhristu icho chikuti Yesu wakatoleka kuluta kuchanya mu thupi lake ilo likawuka, pamaso pa ŵapositole ŵake 11, pati pajumpha mazuŵa 40 kufuma apo wakawukira.

Mu nkhani ya mu Baibolo, [[mungelo]] wakaphalira ŵasambiri awo ŵakawona kuti [[Kuweleraso kwa Yesu|kuwelera kwa Yesu kachiŵiri]] kuzamuŵa nga umo wakakwilira kuluta kuchanya.

Mabuku gha Uthenga ghali na mafumbo ghaŵiri ghakudumura gha kukwera kwa Yesu mu [[Luka 24:50–53]] na [[Mariko 16:19]], apo chikachitika pa zuŵa la kuwuka. Nkhani yakulongosoka chomene ya kukwera kwa Yesu mu mabingo ghakulongosoreka mu [[Machitidwe gha Ŵapositole|Machitidwe 1:9–11]], apo yikulongosora ivyo Yesu wakachita pamanyuma pa kuwuka kwake ndipo yikuti chikachitika pati pajumpha mazuŵa 40.

Mu [[Machitidwe 1:9–12]], malo gha kukwera kwa Yesu ghakuzunulika kuti ni &quot;[[Phiri la Maolivi|phiri la Olivet]]&quot; kufupi na [[Yerusalemu]]. [[Machitidwe 1:3]] ghakuti Yesu:

:&quot;wakajilongora wamoyo pamanyuma pa masuzgo ghake na ukaboni unandi, wakawonekera kwa iwo kwa mazuŵa 40 ndipo wakaŵayowoyanga vya ufumu wa Chiuta.&quot;

Pamanyuma pakuti waŵapa ulongozgi ŵapositole, [[Machitidwe 1:9]] ghakulongosora kukwera kwake kuti:

:&quot;Wakati wayowoya vinthu ivi, apo ŵakalaranga, wakatoleka kuchanya ndipo bingu likamubisa ku maso ghawo.&quot;

Pamanyuma ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵakavwara malaya ghatuŵa ŵakawoneka ndipo ŵakaphalira ŵapositole kuti Yesu wazamuweleraso mu nthowa yakuyana na umo wakalutira kuchanya. Ndipo ŵapositole ŵakawelera ku Yerusalemu.&lt;ref name=Matera53 /&gt;

Mu [[Machitidwe 2:30–33]], [[Ŵaefeso 4:8–10]] na [[1 Timote 3:16]], kukwera kwa Yesu kukuzunulika nga ni chinthu chakuzomerezgeka. Ndipo mu [[Ŵahebere 10:12]] Yesu wakulongosoreka kuti wakakhala ku woko lamalyero la Chiuta kuchanya.&lt;ref name=Freedman110 /&gt;7

==Wonani so==
'''Mabuku gha Uthenga, nyengo na umo vinthu vikachitikira'''
* [[Ubatizo wa Yesu]]
* [[Nyengo ya umoyo wa Yesu]]
* [[Kukolerana kwa Mabuku gha Uthenga]]
* [[Yesu wa mu mbiri yakale]]
* [[Yesu mu Chikhristu]]
* [[Umoyo wa Khristu mu luso]]
* [[Nyumba yakuwoneskera umoyo wa Khristu]]
* [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu]]
* [[Nyengo ya Chikhristu]]
* [[Nyengo ya Baibolo]]

'''Malo ghakukolerana'''
* [[Ænon]]
* [[Al Maghtas]]
* [[Bethabara]]
* [[Malo gha mu Testamente Yiphya ghakukolerana na Yesu]]
* [[Qasr el Yahud]]

==Mazgu ghakulongosora==
{{reflist}}

==Mabuku agho ghagwiriskika ntchito==
* {{cite book|first1=Steven L.|last1=Cox|first2=Kendell H|last2=Easley|year=2007|title=Harmony of the Gospels|isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0|ref=refCox2007}}

==Mabuku ghakusazgirapo ghakuŵerenga==
*{{Cite book|first1=Bruce J. |last1=Malina|title=Windows on the World of Jesus: Time Travel to Ancient Judea|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville (Kentucky)|year=1993}}
*{{Cite book|first1=Bruce J. |last1=Malina|title=The New Testament World: Insights from Cultural Anthropology|edition=3rd|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville (Kentucky)|year=2001}}
*{{Cite book|first1=Ekkehard|last1=Stegemann|first2=Wolfgang|last2=Stegemann|title=The Jesus Movement: A Social History of Its First Century|publisher=Augsburg Fortress Publishers|location=Minneapolis|year=1999}}
*{{cite book|author-first1=Shailer|author-last1=Mathews|author-link=Shailer Mathews|title=A History of New Testament Times in Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorynewtest02mathgoog|year=1899}}

==Malo gha pa intaneti==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Jesus footer}}
{{Sermon on the Mount}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamente Yiphya}}
[[Category:Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamente Yiphya| ]]
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        <username>Caro de Segeda</username>
        <id>6393</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox | name  = Jesus footer | title = [[Yesu]] | bodyclass = hlist | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}  | above = * [[Ndondomeko ya Yesu|Ndondomeko]] * [[Mndandanda wa nkhani zakukhwaskana na Yesu|Mndandanda wa nkhani]]  |group1 = [[Nyengo ya Yesu|Nyengo]]&lt;br /&gt;ya [[Umoyo wa Yesu|umoyo wa Yesu]] |list1 = * [[Kulengeka kwa Yesu|Kupharazgika kwa kubabika kwa Yesu]] * [[Kubabika kwa Yesu|Kubabika]] ** [[Kubabika kwa Yesu kwambura mwanalume|Kubabika kwa mwali]] ** Zuŵa...&quot;</comment>
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| name  = Jesus footer
| title = [[Yesu]]
| bodyclass = hlist
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}

| above =
* [[Ndondomeko ya Yesu|Ndondomeko]]
* [[Mndandanda wa nkhani zakukhwaskana na Yesu|Mndandanda wa nkhani]]

|group1 = [[Nyengo ya Yesu|Nyengo]]&lt;br /&gt;ya [[Umoyo wa Yesu|umoyo wa Yesu]]
|list1 =
* [[Kulengeka kwa Yesu|Kupharazgika kwa kubabika kwa Yesu]]
* [[Kubabika kwa Yesu|Kubabika]]
** [[Kubabika kwa Yesu kwambura mwanalume|Kubabika kwa mwali]]
** [[Zuŵa la kubabika kwa Yesu|Zuŵa la kubabika]]
** [[Kuchimbira ku Eguputo]]
* [[Mabuku ghakukhwaskana na ubwana wa Yesu|Ubwana]] (ghakupatulika yayi)
* [[Mwana Khristu]]
* [[Vyaka vyambura kumanyikwa vya Yesu|Vyaka vyambura kumanyikwa]]
* [[Ubatizo wa Yesu|Ubatizo]]
* [[Kuyezgeka kwa Khristu|Kuyezgeka]]
* [[Ŵapositole mu Testamente Yiphya|Ŵapositole]]
** [[Kusora ŵapositole khumi na ŵaŵiri|Kusora]]
* [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu|Uteŵeti]]
** [[Musambiri (Chikhristu)|Ŵasambiri]]
* [[Sermon on the Mount|Ulapi pa phiri]]/[[Sermon on the Plain|Pa dambo]]
** [[Mazuŵa gha chitumbiko|Mazuŵa gha chitumbiko]]
* [[Maloŵero gha Yesu|Mapemphero gha Yesu]]
** [[Pemphero la Fumu]]
* [[Mifananizo ya Yesu|Mifananizo]]
* [[Milimo yakuzizwiska ya Yesu|Milimo yakuzizwiska]]
* [[Kusintha kwa Yesu|Kusintha kwa Yesu]]
* [[Umasiki wa Yesu|Umoyo wambura nyumba]]
* [[Dango likuru chomene]]
* [[Ulapi wa pa Phiri la Maolive]]
* [[Kupakazgika mafuta kwa Yesu|Kupakazgika mafuta]]
* [[Masuzgo gha Yesu|Masuzgo]]
** [[Arma Christi|Vyakuyimira masuzgo]]
* [[Kuluta kwa Yesu mu Yerusalemu mwakukondwelereka|Kunjira mu Yerusalemu]]
* [[Chakurya chaumaliro]]
** [[Ulongozgi waumaliro]]
* [[Kusuzgika mu munda|Kusuzgika mu munda]]
* [[Kusopa kwa Yudasi|Kuperekeka]]
* [[Kukakika kwa Yesu|Kukakika]]
* [[Mlandu wa Yesu ku Sanhedrin|Kweruzgika]]
* [[Kupayikika kwa Yesu|Kupayikika]]
** [[Mazgu gha Yesu pa mphinjika|Mazgu pa mphinjika]]
** [[Chinthu icho chikagwiliskirika ntchito pa kupayikika kwa Yesu|Chida chakupayikira]]
** [[Mphinjika yeneko]]
* [[Kusungika kwa Yesu|Kusungika]]
** [[Manda gha Yesu|Manda]]
* [[Kuwuka kwa Yesu|Kuwuka]]
* [[Kuwonekera kwa Yesu pa nthowa ya Emmaus]]
* [[Dango Likuru la kupharazga]]
* [[Kupokera Yesu ku mwanya|Kukwelera kuchanya]]

| group2 = [[Testamente Yiphya]]
| list2 =
* [[Mabuku gha Uthenga]]
** [[Uthenga wa Mateyu|Mateyu]]
** [[Uthenga wa Mariko|Mariko]]
** [[Uthenga wa Luka|Luka]]
** [[Uthenga wa Yohane|Yohane]]
** [[Mitu yinkhondi ya Mateyu]]
** [[Kukolerana kwa mabuku gha Uthenga]]
** [[Maluŵiro gha uthenga wa pakamwa]]
* [[Mbiri ya Testamente Yiphya]]
* [[Malo gha mu Testamente Yiphya ghakukolerana na Yesu]]
* [[Mazina na maudindo gha Yesu mu Testamente Yiphya]]

| group3 = [[Yesu wa mu mbiri yakale]]
| list3 =
* [[Kupenja Yesu wa mu mbiri yakale]]
* [[Kumanyikwa kwa Yesu mu mbiri|Mbiri ya Yesu]]
** [[Maukaboni gha mbiri ya Yesu|Maukaboni]]
*** [[Josephus wakuyowoya za Yesu|Josephus]]
*** [[Tacitus wakuyowoya za Yesu|Tacitus]]
*** [[Mara bar Serapion wakuyowoya za Yesu|Mara bar Serapion]]
*** [[Kugomezgeka kwa mabuku gha Uthenga|Mabuku gha Uthenga]]
* [[Chiphambano chakuti Yesu wakaŵako yayi]]

| group4 = [[Kulongosora Yesu|Mawonekero gha Yesu]]
| list4 =
* [[Mabuku ghakukhwaskana na Yesu|Mndandanda wa mabuku]]
* [[Umoyo wa Khristu mu luso]]
* [[Nyumba yakuwoneskera umoyo wa Khristu]]
* [[Viboliboli vya Yesu]]
* [[Kusintha kwa Yesu mu luso la Chikhristu|Kusintha kwa Yesu]]

| group5 = [[Yesu mu Chikhristu|Chikhristu]]
| list5 =
* [[Khristu (zina)|Khristu]]
** [[Chikhristu]]
** [[Chikhristu mu vyaka vya zana lakwamba|Vyaka vya zana lakwamba]]
* [[Kristoloji]]
** [[Kuzgoka thupi (Chikhristu)|Kuzgoka munthu]]
** [[Umo Khristu waliri]]
** [[Kuŵako kwa Khristu pambere wandababike]]
* [[I am (mazina gha mu Baibolo)|&quot;Ine ndine&quot;]]
* [[Vinthu vyakupatulika vyakukolerana na Yesu|Vinthu vyakupatulika]]
* [[Kwiza kachiŵiri kwa Yesu]]
* [[Kukhala kwa Khristu ku woko la malango la Chiuta]]
* [[Mwana wa Chiuta]]
* [[Khristu wa chilengiwa chose]]

|group7 = [[Mawonekero gha visopa vyakupambanapambana pa Yesu|Mu visopa vinyake]]
|list7 =
* [[Jesuism]]
* [[Yesu mu nthano zakuyanayana|Mu nthano zakuyanayana]]
* [[Mawonekero gha Ŵayuda pa Yesu|Chiyuda]]
** [[Yesu mu Talmud|Mu Talmud]]
* [[Yesu mu Chisilamu|Chisilamu]]
** [[Yesu mu Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya]]
* [[Mawonekero gha Baháʼí Faith pa Yesu|Chisopa cha Baháʼí]]
* [[Yesu mu Manichaeism|Manichaeism]]
** [[Yesu wa ungweru]]
* [[Yesu mu Mandaeism|Mandaeism]]
* [[Fumu Yesu]]

|group8 = Mbumba
|list8 =
* [[Mbadwa za Yesu|Mbadwa]]
* [[Maria, nyina wa Yesu|Maria]] (nyina)
* [[Yosefe Muteŵeti|Yosefe]] (wiske wakuzomerezgeka)
* [[Mbumba Yakupatulika]]
* [[Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera|Panthera]] (wiske wakuyowoyeka)
* [[Ŵabali ŵa Yesu]]
* [[Mbumba Yakupatulika]]
* [[Anne Watuŵa|Anne]] (agogo ŵa ku nyina)
* [[Joachim]] (agogo ŵa ku nyina)
* [[Heli (munthu wa mu Baibolo)|Heli]] (agogo ŵa ku wiske mwakuyana na Luka)
* [[Yakobe]] (agogo ŵa ku wiske mwakuyana na Mateyu)
* [[Mbadwa za Yesu|Mbadwa zakuyowoyeka]]
* [[Klopasi]] (mupapi wa mubali mwakuyana na mwambo)

|group9 = Vyakuchemeka navyo
|list9 =
* [[Chiyowoyero cha Yesu]]
* [[Yesu na ŵanakazi|Kuyowoyeskana na ŵanakazi]]
** [[Maria wa Magadala]]
** [[Maria wa Betaniya]]
* [[Khisimasi]]
* [[Paska]]
* [[Kukana Yesu]]
* [[Kususka Yesu]]
* [[Umoyo wa maghanoghano wa Yesu]]
* [[Mtundu na kawonekero ka Yesu]]
* [[Nkhani ya kugonana na nthengwa ya Yesu]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Kubabika kwa Yesu]]
* [[Tchalitchi la Manda Ghatuŵa]]
* [[Munda wa Manda]]
* [[Salu la Turin]]

| below =
* {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Yesu|Gulu]]
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Yesu templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Sermon on the Mount</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox | name      = Sermon on the Mount | title     = [[Ulapi pa Phiri]] | state     = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist  | above = * [[Ulapi pa Dambo]]  | group1 = Wakayowoyeka kuti ni | list1 = * [[Yesu]] ([[Uthenga wa Mateyu|Mateyu]] [[Mateyu 5|5, ]][[Mateyu 6|6, ]][[Mateyu 7|na 7]])  | group2 = Visambizgo | list2 = * [[Mazuŵa gha chitumbiko]] * [[Mchele na ungweru]] ** [[Msumba pa phiri]] * [[Nyali pasi pa chidunga]] * [[Ungweru wa charu]] * Kuzgora...&quot;</comment>
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| title     = [[Ulapi pa Phiri]]
| state     = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
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| group1 = Wakayowoyeka kuti ni
| list1 =
* [[Yesu]] ([[Uthenga wa Mateyu|Mateyu]] [[Mateyu 5|5, ]][[Mateyu 6|6, ]][[Mateyu 7|na 7]])

| group2 = Visambizgo
| list2 =
* [[Mazuŵa gha chitumbiko]]
* [[Mchele na ungweru]]
** [[Msumba pa phiri]]
* [[Nyali pasi pa chidunga]]
* [[Ungweru wa charu]]
* [[Kuzgora kachilato kanyake]]
* [[Mateyu 5:44|Temwani ŵalwani ŵinu]]
* [[Pemphero la Fumu]]
* [[Ndege za mu mlengalenga]]
* [[Uheni wa zuŵa uliwose ukwakwana]]
* [[Thabwa na fuvu]]
* [[Dango lagolide]]
* [[Khuni na vipambi vyake]]
** [[Ntchimi yautesi]]
** [[Mberere mu chivwende cha mphumphi]]
* [[Ntharika ya ŵakuzenga ŵavinjeru na ŵazereza|Ŵakuzenga ŵavinjeru na ŵazereza]]

| group3 = Vyakuchemeka navyo
| list3 =
* [[Uteŵeti wa Yesu]]
** [[Mifananizo ya Yesu|Mifananizo]]
* [[Mitu yinkhondi ya Mateyu]]
* [[Umoyo wa Yesu|Umoyo wa Yesu mu Testamente Yiphya]]
* [[Phiri la Mazuŵa gha Chitumbiko]]
* ''[[Ulapi wa Fumu withu pa Phiri]]'' (buku la vyaka vya zana lachinayi)
* ''[[Ufumu wa Chiuta Uli Mukati Mwa Imwe]]'' (buku la 1894)

}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{navbox documentation}}
[[Category:Yesu templates]]
[[Category:Mabokosi gha kulongozga gha Testamente Yiphya]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Parables of Jesus</title>
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        <id>6393</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox  | name = Parables of Jesus  | title = [[Mifananizo ya Yesu]]  | state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}  | bodyclass = hlist  | group1 = Canonical Gospels | list1 = * [[Parable of the barren fig tree|Barren Fig Tree]] * [[Parable of the Budding Fig Tree|Budding Fig Tree]] * [[Counting the cost]] * [[Parable of Drawing in the Net|Drawing in the Net]] * [[Parable of the Faithful Servant|Faithful Servant]] * Parable of the Friend at Night|Fri...&quot;</comment>
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 | name = Parables of Jesus
 | title = [[Mifananizo ya Yesu]]
 | state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
 | bodyclass = hlist

| group1 = Canonical Gospels
| list1 =
* [[Parable of the barren fig tree|Barren Fig Tree]]
* [[Parable of the Budding Fig Tree|Budding Fig Tree]]
* [[Counting the cost]]
* [[Parable of Drawing in the Net|Drawing in the Net]]
* [[Parable of the Faithful Servant|Faithful Servant]]
* [[Parable of the Friend at Night|Friend at Night]]
* [[Parable of the Good Samaritan|Good Samaritan]]
* [[Good Shepherd]]
* [[The Grain of Wheat|Grain of Wheat]]
* [[Parable of the Great Banquet|Great Banquet]]
* [[Parable of the Growing Seed|Growing Seed]]
* [[Parable of the Hidden Treasure|Hidden Treasure]]
* [[Lamp under a bushel|Lamp]]
* [[Parable of the Leaven|Leaven]]
* [[Parable of the Lost Coin|Lost Coin]]
* [[Parable of the Lost Sheep|Lost Sheep]]
* [[Parable of the Master and Servant|Master and Servant]]
* [[The Mote and the Beam|Mote and the Beam]]
* [[Parable of the Mustard Seed|Mustard Seed]]
* [[New Wine into Old Wineskins]]
* [[Parable of the Pearl|Pearl of Great Price]]
* [[Pharisee and the Publican]]
* [[Parable of the Prodigal Son|Prodigal Son]]
* [[Parable of the Rich Fool|Rich Fool]]
* [[Rich man and Lazarus]]
* [[Parable of a scribe|Scribe]]
* [[The Sheep and the Goats|Sheep and Goats]]
* [[Parable of the Sower|Sower]]
* [[Parable of the Strong Man|Strong Man]]
* [[Parable of the Talents|Talents or Minas]]
* [[Parable of the Tares|Tares]]
* [[Parable of the Ten Virgins|Ten Virgins]]
* [[True Vine]]
* [[The Tree and Its Fruits|Tree and Its Fruits]]
* [[Parable of the Two Debtors|Two Debtors]]
* [[Parable of the Two Sons|Two Sons]]
* [[Parable of the Unjust Judge|Unjust Judge]]
* [[Parable of the Unjust Steward|Unjust Steward]]
* [[Parable of the Unforgiving Servant|Unforgiving Servant]]
* [[Parable of the Wedding Feast|Wedding Feast]]
* [[Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen|Wicked Husbandmen]]
* [[Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders|Wise and Foolish Builders]]
* [[Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard|Workers in the Vineyard]]

| group2 = Non-canonical / disputed
| list2 =
* [[Parable of the assassin|Assassin]]
* [[Parable of the empty jar|Empty Jar]]

| group3 = Related
| list3 =
* [[Jesus]]
**[[Ministry of Jesus|ministry]]
* [[Jesus preaches in a ship]]
* [[Parable]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:Jesus templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Miracles of Jesus</title>
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        <id>6393</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Navbox |name = Miracles of Jesus |title = [[Vyakuzizwiska vya Yesu]] |listclass = hlist | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |image = [[File:Mielno_witraz_Przemienienie_Chrystusa_2.jpg|100px]]  |group1 = Control of nature |list1 = * [[Wedding at Cana]] * [[Miraculous catch of fish]] * [[Coin in the fish's mouth]] * [[Feeding the multitude]] * [[Cursing the fig tree]] * [[Calming the storm]] * [[Jesus walking on water]]   |group2 = Cures |list2 =  * Jesus healing the bl...&quot;</comment>
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|name = Miracles of Jesus
|title = [[Vyakuzizwiska vya Yesu]]
|listclass = hlist
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
|image = [[File:Mielno_witraz_Przemienienie_Chrystusa_2.jpg|100px]]

|group1 = Control of nature
|list1 =
* [[Wedding at Cana]]
* [[Miraculous catch of fish]]
* [[Coin in the fish's mouth]]
* [[Feeding the multitude]]
* [[Cursing the fig tree]]
* [[Calming the storm]]
* [[Jesus walking on water]]
 
|group2 = Cures
|list2 = 
* [[Jesus healing the bleeding woman]]
* [[Blind man of Bethsaida]]
* [[Healing the blind near Jericho]]
* [[Healing the two blind men in Galilee]]
* [[Healing the centurion's servant]]
* [[Jesus cleansing a leper]]
* [[Cleansing ten lepers]]
* [[Healing the deaf mute of Decapolis]]
* [[Healing a man with dropsy]]
* [[Jesus healing in the land of Gennesaret]]
* [[Jesus healing an infirm woman]]
* [[Healing the man blind from birth]]
* [[Healing the mother of Peter's wife]]
* [[Healing the paralytic at Bethesda]]
* [[Healing the paralytic at Capernaum]]
* [[Healing the royal official's son]]
* [[Healing the ear of a servant]]
* [[Healing the man with a withered hand]]

|group3 = Exorcisms
|list3 = 
* [[Jesus in the synagogue of Capernaum]]
* [[Jesus exorcising at sunset]]
* [[Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac]]
* [[Jesus exorcising a mute]]
* [[Exorcising the blind and mute man]]
* [[Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter]]
* [[Exorcising a boy possessed by a demon]]

|group4 = Raising the dead
|list4 = 
* [[Raising of the son of the widow of Nain]]
* [[Raising of Jairus' daughter]]
* [[Lazarus of Bethany]]

|group5 = Personal
|list5 =
* [[Transfiguration of Jesus]]
* [[Resurrection of Jesus]]
* [[Ascension of Jesus]]

|group6 = Related
|list6 =
* [[Jesus]]
* [[Ministry of Jesus]]
* [[Miracle]]

|below = '''[[Portal:Christianity|Christianity Portal]]'''
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Christianity templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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