Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Wikipedia:Vidumbizgano vya chikaya 4 1526 119617 118559 2026-08-20T07:59:51Z Chanda Vavilaya 11964 support two 119617 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Adminship: [[User:Anthonymunthali44]] and [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] == CHITUMBUKA Nasankha Anthony na Viyowoyero Vya Malaŵi kuti ŵaŵe ŵalaŵiliri pa Wikipediya ya Chitumbuka pano. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵalongora kuti ŵali na maluso ghakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya kulemba na kusintha vinthu, kweniso kuti ŵakulimbikira chomene pa ntchito iyi. Anthony walikupikapo udindo uwu kanandi waka, ntheura para tingaŵapa vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu mbwenu vingaŵa makola. Nawonga chomene. <br> ENGLISH To the Tumbuka Wikipedia community, <br> I hereby nominate Anthony and Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi for adminship on Tumbuka Wikipedia. Both users have demonstrated exceptional contributions, editing skills, and commitment to the project. Unlike User Viyowoyero Vya Malaŵi, Anthony has been given adminship for more than twice, and therefore giving them 2-3 years will be appreciated. Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'><sup>★</sup><sub>★</sub><sup>★</sup></span>''']] 19:50, 31 Julayi 2026 (UTC) <br> === Agree (Nkhuzomelezga)=== * {{Support}}- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'><sup>★</sup><sub>★</sub><sup>★</sup></span>''']] 19:50, 31 Julayi 2026 (UTC) * {{Support}}- I'd be happy to be admin now if you'd like, my email is all set up and working. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'><sub>★</sub><sup>★</sup><sub>★</sub></span>''']] 09:02, 3 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) * {{Support}} [[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]] ([[User talk:Chanda Vavilaya|pakuchezgela]]) 07:59, 20 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) === Disagree (Nkhususka) === === Candidates' approval === * {{Support}}- I'd be happy to be admin now if you'd like, my email is all set up and working. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'><sub>★</sub><sup>★</sup><sub>★</sub></span>''']] 09:02, 3 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) === Results (Vyakulondezga) === == Request for the renewal of Interface sysop == MU CHITUMBUKA Monile chikaya chose,nkhupempha kuti nilutilizge kuŵa admin wa interface. Ntchito yane mukuimanya kale ngati ni mwa nyengo zose. Uyo wakususka, panji kuzomelezga, walemba maganizo ghake pasi. ENGLISH I would like to request for interface adminship. I would like to continue updating and creating JSON and CSS pages. I have done this here a countless times. I have been an interface admin for more than 3 times, and it's nothing new. Requesting 2-3 years. Thank you. -- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'><sup>★</sup><sub>★</sub><sup>★</sup></span>''']] === Agree (nkhuzomelezga) === * {{Support}} [[User:Chanda Vavilaya|Chanda Vavilaya]] ([[User talk:Chanda Vavilaya|pakuchezgela]]) 07:59, 20 Ogasiti 2026 (UTC) === Disagree (nkhukana) === === Results (vyakulondezga === * [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'><sup>★</sup><sub>★</sub><sup>★</sup></span>''']] 71o0h3dogr9jb3nfx3k1fm61gtmquqv Wikipediya 0 7044 119616 118121 2026-08-20T03:04:26Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Wikimedia -> Wikimidiya 119616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimidiya Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa internet iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2026.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> == Vilembo vifupi == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya]] bwd5tjha5iema02zmr8w5mwzp82wq1w Mariposa County, California 0 14358 119623 36085 2026-08-20T08:40:58Z Chanda Vavilaya 11964 Created by translating the section "Crime" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369929363|Mariposa County, California]]" 119623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_California_highlighting_Mariposa County.svg|thumb|279x279px|'''Mariposa County, California''']] '''Mariposa County, California''' ni msumba uchoko panji [[nkhalwe]] ([[county]] ''pachingelezi'') iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la [[California]] mu charu cha [[United States of America]]. Boma likulu la [[California]] lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties). {{Maboma (counties) gha California}} [[Category:Maboma gha California]] [[Category:Malo ghamu California]] [[Category:California, United States]] [[Category:Nkhalwe zamu California]] [[Category:California]] == Mulandu == Tebulo ilo lili musi umu likulongora unandi wa vinthu ivyo vyachitika pamoza na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 1,000 pa chigaŵa chilichose cha mulandu mu chaka cha 2023. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="3" |Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu na milandu (2023) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu <ref name="Census2024Est">{{Cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html |access-date=February 21, 2026 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> | colspan="2" | 17,060 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Viwawa vya nkhaza <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023">{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Crimes and Clearances with Arson, 1985–2024 |url=https://data-openjustice.doj.ca.gov/sites/default/files/dataset/2025-07/Crimes_and_Clearances_with_Arson-1985-2024.csv |access-date=February 21, 2026 |publisher=California Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Statistics Center}}</ref> | 99 | 5.80 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kukoma munthu <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 0 | 0.00 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kugwirira mwanakazi mwakuchichizga <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 15 | 0.88 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 3 | 0.18 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuwukira chomene <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 81 | 4.75 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Mulandu wa katundu <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 253 | 14.83 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 53 | 3.11 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba-kwiba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 180 | 10.55 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba galimoto <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 20 | 1.17 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Kuwotcha <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 0 | 0.00 |} gspl6ir284tolkp5tl887sdw460ol2m 119624 119623 2026-08-20T08:41:32Z Chanda Vavilaya 11964 Was error 119624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_California_highlighting_Mariposa County.svg|thumb|279x279px|'''Mariposa County, California''']] '''Mariposa County, California''' ni msumba uchoko panji [[nkhalwe]] ([[county]] ''pachingelezi'') iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la [[California]] mu charu cha [[United States of America]]. Boma likulu la [[California]] lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties). == Mulandu == Tebulo ilo lili musi umu likulongora unandi wa vinthu ivyo vyachitika pamoza na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 1,000 pa chigaŵa chilichose cha mulandu mu chaka cha 2023. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="3" |Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu na milandu (2023) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu <ref name="Census2024Est">{{Cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html |access-date=February 21, 2026 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> | colspan="2" | 17,060 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Viwawa vya nkhaza <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023">{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Crimes and Clearances with Arson, 1985–2024 |url=https://data-openjustice.doj.ca.gov/sites/default/files/dataset/2025-07/Crimes_and_Clearances_with_Arson-1985-2024.csv |access-date=February 21, 2026 |publisher=California Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Statistics Center}}</ref> | 99 | 5.80 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kukoma munthu <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 0 | 0.00 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kugwirira mwanakazi mwakuchichizga <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 15 | 0.88 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 3 | 0.18 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuwukira chomene <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 81 | 4.75 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Mulandu wa katundu <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 253 | 14.83 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 53 | 3.11 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba-kwiba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 180 | 10.55 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba galimoto <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 20 | 1.17 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Kuwotcha <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 0 | 0.00 |} {{Maboma (counties) gha California}} [[Category:Maboma gha California]] [[Category:Malo ghamu California]] [[Category:California, United States]] [[Category:Nkhalwe zamu California]] [[Category:California]] nu74sbl7cdazadj0o6657izllex2b52 119625 119624 2026-08-20T08:42:02Z Chanda Vavilaya 11964 was error 119625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_California_highlighting_Mariposa County.svg|thumb|279x279px|'''Mariposa County, California''']] '''Mariposa County, California''' ni msumba uchoko panji [[nkhalwe]] ([[county]] ''pachingelezi'') iyo ikusangika mu boma likulu la [[California]] mu charu cha [[United States of America]]. Boma likulu la [[California]] lina tumisumba 58 mukwati mwake (counties). == Mulandu == Tebulo ilo lili musi umu likulongora unandi wa vinthu ivyo vyachitika pamoza na chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu 1,000 pa chigaŵa chilichose cha mulandu mu chaka cha 2023. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" ! colspan="3" |Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu na milandu (2023) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu <ref name="Census2024Est">{{Cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html |access-date=February 21, 2026 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> | colspan="2" | 17,060 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Viwawa vya nkhaza <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023">{{Cite web |date=July 2025 |title=Crimes and Clearances with Arson, 1985–2024 |url=https://data-openjustice.doj.ca.gov/sites/default/files/dataset/2025-07/Crimes_and_Clearances_with_Arson-1985-2024.csv |access-date=February 21, 2026 |publisher=California Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Statistics Center}}</ref> | 99 | 5.80 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kukoma munthu <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 0 | 0.00 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kugwirira mwanakazi mwakuchichizga <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 15 | 0.88 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 3 | 0.18 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuwukira chomene <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 81 | 4.75 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Mulandu wa katundu <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 253 | 14.83 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 53 | 3.11 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba-kwiba <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 180 | 10.55 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kuba galimoto <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 20 | 1.17 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | Kuwotcha <ref name="CA-DOJ-2023" /> | 0 | 0.00 |} == Ukaboni == <references /> {{Maboma (counties) gha California}} [[Category:Maboma gha California]] [[Category:Malo ghamu California]] [[Category:California, United States]] [[Category:Nkhalwe zamu California]] [[Category:California]] l5v5hje7ur2lzdimn0v9arxv3dskj7u Sitima ya MV Viphya 0 20309 119605 53364 2026-08-20T00:32:11Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:0|3|0 */ 119605 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=|Ship caption=}} {{Infobox ship career|Hide header=|Ship name=''Vipya''|Ship owner=Nyasaland Railway Co.|Ship operator=|Ship registry={{Flagicon|Nyasaland}} {{Flagicon|Malawi}} [[Monkey Bay]]|Ship route=[[Monkey Bay]] - [[Chilumba]]|Ship ordered=|Ship builder=[[A & J Inglis|A & J Inglis Ltd]], Glasgow /[[Harland and Wolff]], [[Belfast]]|Ship original cost=|Ship yard number=1043|Ship way number=|Ship laid down=|Ship launched=1944|Ship completed=|Ship christened=|Ship acquired=|Ship maiden voyage=1944|Ship in service=1944|Ship out of service=1946|Ship identification=|Ship fate=Capsized July 30, 1946|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship type=[[Passenger ship|Passenger]]-[[cargo ship]]|Ship tonnage=470 tons|Ship displacement=|Ship length={{convert|140|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}|Ship beam=|Ship height=|Ship draught=|Ship draft=|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=|Ship power=steam|Ship propulsion=Petters Standard Design {{cvt|600|bhp|lk=on}}|Ship speed={{convert|12|kn|lk=in}}|Ship capacity=315 passengers; 100 tons of freight|Ship crew=|Ship notes=}} |}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}'''MV Vipya (''MVP Viphya''''') yikaŵa [[sitima]] iyo yikendanga pa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] ku Southern Africa kufuma mu 1944 mpaka 1946. Chiŵiya ichi chikaŵa na matani 470, utali wake ukaŵa mamita 43, usani wake mamita 8, ndipo ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa mu boti ili. Para yili na injini, yikendanga mwaluŵiro chomene. Cikaŵa cakukwana ŵanthu 315 na matani 100 gha katundu.<ref name="theeyemw1">{{cite web |title=MV Viypa 'Titanic of Malawi - Inside Guide to Malawi |url=http://www.theeyemw.com/mv%20vipya.php |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Theeyemw.com}}</ref><ref name="Bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |date=1996-09-13 |title=BBC World Service - African Perspective, MV Vipya Lake Malawi Disaster |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p034s5kt |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="theyard1">{{cite web |title=Harland and Wolff - Shipbuilding and Engineering Works |url=http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=1043 |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Theyard.info}}</ref> Pa Julayi 30, 1946, sitima iyi yikanyamuka na ŵanthu 194. Cakaŵa pafupi na Chilumba mu Karonga, ndipo cikaphyoka na kubira. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 145 awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ili ŵakakomeka. Palije viwangwa ivyo vikusangika.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> Cingalaŵa ici cikaŵa ciheni comene kuluska vyose ivyo vikacitika mu Malaŵi (uko panyengo iyo kukaŵa Nyasaland). == Mbili == Kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵendenge pa Nyanja ya Malawi, kampani ya Nyasaland Railroad Company yikapempha kuti yizenge sitima ya MV Viphya mu 1942. Sitima iyi yikazengeka ku Scotland na A & J Inglis Ltd, Glasgow, kampani yakuzenga sitima ya ku Ireland Harland and Wolff. Bwato ili likatolekera ku Beira, Mozambique, mu 1943 kufuma ku Scotland mu 3018 na mabokosi 82. Kufuma apo, likatolekera ku Malawi kuti likanozgekeso. Ŵenecho ŵa nyumba iyi ŵakanozga kuti paŵe chiphapha chinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ngaraŵa iyi yiŵe yikuru comene pa ngaraŵa zose izo zikazengeka pa Nyanja ya Malawi.<ref>“Ship Sent by Train”, The Palestine Post, 18 January 1945</ref> Cingalaŵa ici cikacemeka Vipya cifukwa ca mapiri agho ghali kumpoto kwa caru ici. Mulongozgi wa Vipya wakaŵa Keith Farguhanson, ndipo munyake uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari wakaŵa Flint. Underwood. Gulu ili likaŵa ku Fort Johnson (Mangochi)<ref name="jstor.org">Hawkin, Tony. "The Artist Helen MacLaren, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2006), pp. 35-39 Published by: Society of Malawi - Historical and Scientific Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779213</ref> Cikaŵa cakwamba kukwera sitima ya ŵanthu pa Juni 14, 1944, ndipo chikaŵa na matani ghakujumpha 100. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, sitima iyi yikanjiraso yayi mu nyanja. Cingalaŵa ici cikafumanga ku Monkey Bay kuluta ku Mwaya kumpoto. Ngalaŵa iyi yikalutaso maulendo ghatatu pambere yindabisike pa ulendo wake wachinayi. Cifukwa ca ndyali za boma la ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /><ref name="theyard1" /><ref name="youtube1">{{cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=The history of MV Vipya in Malawi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFfo8pgUo-4 |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> == Kubira kwa Vipya == Pa Julayi 30, 1946, sitima ya MV Viphya yikanyamuka pa ulendo wake wachinayi kufuma ku Mbamba Bay kulazga kumpoto kwa Karonga. Apo ngaraŵa yikaŵa mu chimphepo, mulongozgi wa ngaraŵa, Farguhanson, wakalangura awo ŵakendeskanga ngaraŵa kuti ŵalutilire kuluta uko ŵakalutanga nangauli wakaŵachenjezga kuti nyengo yiŵenge yiheni. Ici cikapangiska kuti majigha ghankhongono ghatimbane na ngaraŵa iyi ndipo yikabwangasuka na kubira pa mtunda wa makilomita 13 kufupi na Florence Bay (Chitimba). Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 145 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakomeka. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakomeka na maji. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa mu kilasi lakwamba, kweniso ŵana ŵanalume ŵanayi ŵa ku sukulu ya Luwazi Mission School. Pakaŵavya mathupi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 49 ŵakapona. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵanthu 33 ŵa ku Africa, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Luwazi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakakwera kufuma pa windo la chipinda cha injini. Awo ŵakapona ŵakafika ku Livingstonia. Viŵiya ivi vicali pasi pa Nyanja ya Malawi ndipo malo ghake ghakumanyikwa yayi.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /><ref name="theyard1" /><ref name="youtube1" /> === Ŵanthu === Ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa ngozi iyi ni Kaputeni Keith Ferguhanson, Mr. na Mrs. Timcke, fumu R. Mwaunenesko, a Healy.<ref>Nyasaland Times, Loss of MV Vipya, August 1, 1946</ref> Ŵanyake awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵa ŵana ŵa sukulu ya Blantyre Secondary School na Luwanzi Mission School. === Nkhani za awo ŵakapona === Nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na cingalaŵa ico cikaparanyika zikuyowoya za cingalaŵa ici. Nkhani ya ulendo uwu yikayowoyeka mu nkhani yinyake ya pa BBC iyo yikaŵa na nkhani ya Norton Thindwa, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mwana wa sukulu ya Blantyre Secondary School. Mulara waciŵiri wa ngaraŵa, R.C. Underwood, wakaŵapo yayi pa ngaraŵa zuŵa lira.. ==== Nkhani ya Rowland Ngosi ==== Nkhani ya wantchito wa boma Rowland Samuel Ngosi yikalongosoreka mu Malaŵi nga ni ciyelezgero ca nkharo yiwemi ya mu uteŵeti wa boma. Mwachiyelezgero, wapampando wa chalo uyu Saulos Chilima, wakalongosora pa Institute of Chartered Accountant ku Malawi pa 16 September 2021. Ngosi, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa ndalama wa boma, wakaŵa pa sitima iyo yikaŵa na ndalama izo zikapelekekanga ku ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ŵa vigaŵa vitatu. Ngalaŵa yikati yabira, Ngosi wakaswera m'paka ku Florence Bay na thumba la ndalama, ndipo wakawoneseska kuti muteŵeti waliyose wa boma mu Rumphi, Karonga, na Chitipa wapokera malipiro ghake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Veep Chilima's Rowland Ngosi story excites accountants at ICAM |url=https://www.maravipost.com/malawi-veep-chilimas-rowland-ngosi-story-excites-accountants-at-icam/ |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=The Maravi Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Be a Rowland Ngosi," – Chilima’s tells Malawi Accountants - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/be-a-rowland-ngosi-chilimas-tells-malawi-accountants/}}</ref> ==== Ŵana ŵa sukulu ya Luwazi Mission School ==== Patrick Ziba, muliska uyo wali kupumura pa nchito, wakalongosora nkhani ya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Sukulu ya Uteŵeti wa Umishonale ya ku Luwazi. Ziba wakagwiranga nchito ya kusambizga pa sukulu ya ŵamishonale ndipo wakakumbuka umo ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanayi ŵa sukulu ya ŵa Seventh-day Adventist ŵakafwira pa Viphya. Pambere ŵandanyamuke ulendo uwu, mu Julayi 1946, ŵana ŵa sukulu 14 ŵakakoleka uku ŵakwiba phere mu chiŵaya cha sukulu. Ŵakapika chilango chakuti ŵajimbe chimbuzi panji ŵasezgeke mu charu. Ŵasambiri wose 14 ŵakasankha kuwelera ku vikaya vyawo nangauli Ziba na ŵanji ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵapulikire cilango. Ŵasambiri 6 ŵakagura matikiti na kukwera ngalaŵa, ndipo ŵanyake 8 ŵakagwiranga ntchito zinyake kuti ŵasange ndalama zakugulira matikiti. Ŵana ŵanayi pa ŵana ŵamasukulu ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵakafwa apo ŵaŵiri ŵakapona.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew McChesney |date=2015-01-23 |title=Adventist Review Online &#124; Malawi Pastor, Turning 100, Regrets Boat Tragedy |url=https://www.adventistreview.org/church-news/malawi-pastor,-turning-100,-regrets-boat-tragedy-%E2%80%8B |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Adventistreview.org}}</ref> == Kufufuza na kuzenga mulandu == Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Hawke, wakachita kafukufuku pa ngozi iyi, ndipo wakasanga vifukwa viŵiri ivyo sitima yikabira. Cifukwa cakwamba cikaŵa cakuti Kaputeni Farguhanson wakaleka kupulikira ulongozgi wa ŵanthu ŵake. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakawonaso kuti nyengo yikaŵa yiheni. Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari na awo ŵakendeskanga ndege ŵakamba kususkana cifukwa ca suzgo la nyengo, kweni mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari wakalangura kuti ŵalutilire ulendo wawo.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> AKuyana na upharazgi uwu, wakalanguraso kuti chipata chikuru cha katundu chijurike mwakutendekera kweniso wakacita vinthu vinyake viheni. Mubali Bemba Mpali, uyo wakalemba nkhani iyi mu nkhani ya pa BBC, wakayowoya kuti uyo wakendeskanga ngaraŵa uyu wakwenera kuti wakamwanga moŵa..<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> Cinthu caciŵiri ico cikapangiska ngozi iyi nchakuti ngaraŵa yikaŵa yambura kupangika makora. Khoti likafumba maofesala, majenerali, na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa sitima. Mu ceruzgo ico Mulara Hawke wakaŵazga, wakalongosora umo ngaraŵa iyi yikapangikira na umo yikapangikira. Iwo ŵakatenge awo ŵakazenganga ngalaŵa ŵakakanizganga maji kunjira mu vipata. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ili na awo ŵakendangamo nawo ŵakakayikanga usange likwenda makora. Ŵanyake ŵakatenge khuni ili ndakunono chomene, apo ŵanyake ŵakatenge ndakwenelera yayi.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> === Kuzenga mulandu na kususka === Mbumba ya mulara wa sitima iyi na kampani ya Nyasaland Railway Company ŵakadandawura ku khoti. Cifukwa ca vifukwa vyambura kumanyikwa, nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakapona yikasintha mwaluŵiro, ndipo khoti likakanizga kafukufuku. Mwantheura, Mulara Furghanson, ŵakamuwuskapo mulandu wa kuleka kulaŵilira makora ngalaŵa ku khoti la ku East Africa. Pasono palije uyo wakumanya cifukwa ico ngaraŵa yiphya iyi yikabira. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵamba kuyowoyapo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikayambiska ngozi iyi.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> == Vikumbusko vya Vipya == * Chizindikiro ku Mangochi mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Shire, icho chikuyang'aniridwa na Dipatimenti ya Vinthu Vyakale ku Malawi ku Mangochi (kale Fort Johnston) chikukumbukira chochitika ichi.Nyumba ya Mfumukazi Victoria Clock Tower ku Mangochi, yikaŵa cikumbusko ca ŵanthu 145 awo ŵakafwa.<ref name="theeyemw1" /> * Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikasangika pa ngaraŵa iyi cili kusungika mu Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu vya Kale ya ku Karonga.<ref name="theeyemw1" /> == Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya == Nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na cingalaŵa ico cikaparanyika zikuyowoya za cingalaŵa ici. * "The Vipya Poem" (poem) - Poem yitali ya Steve Chimombo yakulongosora vya MV Vipya iyo yikapangika, kukwezgeka, na kwenda m'paka yikabira ku Florence Bay (Chitimba).<ref name="ReferenceA">Lee, Christopher, Malawian Literature after Banda and in the Age of AIDS: A Conversation with Steve Chimombo</ref> * 1996: "The Vipya Disaster" BBC African Perspective (radio documentary) - Mafunso ndi opulumuka ndi akatswiri pa MV Vipya, kuphatikizapo Norton Thindwa, Steve Chimombo, September 13, 1996<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> * 2000: Wrath of Napolo (novel) - Buku la Steve Chimombo lakulongosora vya sitima iyo yikubira pa nyanja iyi..<ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> 2lu4o0cbb2rk8sqcx974sa39xcqf8qy 119609 119605 2026-08-20T00:37:18Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/119605|119605]] by [[Special:Contributions/Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|talk]]) 119609 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=|Ship caption=}} {{Infobox ship career|Hide header=|Ship name=''Vipya''|Ship owner=Nyasaland Railway Co.|Ship operator=|Ship registry={{Flagicon|Nyasaland}} {{Flagicon|Malawi}} [[Monkey Bay]]|Ship route=[[Monkey Bay]] - [[Chilumba]]|Ship ordered=|Ship builder=[[A & J Inglis|A & J Inglis Ltd]], Glasgow /[[Harland and Wolff]], [[Belfast]]|Ship original cost=|Ship yard number=1043|Ship way number=|Ship laid down=|Ship launched=1944|Ship completed=|Ship christened=|Ship acquired=|Ship maiden voyage=1944|Ship in service=1944|Ship out of service=1946|Ship identification=|Ship fate=Capsized July 30, 1946|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship type=[[Passenger ship|Passenger]]-[[cargo ship]]|Ship tonnage=470 tons|Ship displacement=|Ship length={{convert|140|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}|Ship beam=|Ship height=|Ship draught=|Ship draft=|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=|Ship power=steam|Ship propulsion=Petters Standard Design {{cvt|600|bhp|lk=on}}|Ship speed={{convert|12|kn|lk=in}}|Ship capacity=315 passengers; 100 tons of freight|Ship crew=|Ship notes=}} |}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}'''MV Vipya (''MVP Viphya''''') yikaŵa [[sitima]] iyo yikendanga pa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|Nyanja ya Malawi]] ku Southern Africa kufuma mu 1944 mpaka 1946. Chiŵiya ichi chikaŵa na matani 470, utali wake ukaŵa mamita 43, usani wake mamita 8, ndipo ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakaŵa mu boti ili. Para yili na injini, yikendanga mwaluŵiro chomene. Cikaŵa cakukwana ŵanthu 315 na matani 100 gha katundu.<ref name="theeyemw1">{{cite web |title=MV Viypa 'Titanic of Malawi - Inside Guide to Malawi |url=http://www.theeyemw.com/mv%20vipya.php |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Theeyemw.com}}</ref><ref name="Bbc.co.uk">{{cite web |date=1996-09-13 |title=BBC World Service - African Perspective, MV Vipya Lake Malawi Disaster |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p034s5kt |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="theyard1">{{cite web |title=Harland and Wolff - Shipbuilding and Engineering Works |url=http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=1043 |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Theyard.info}}</ref> Pa Julayi 30, 1946, sitima iyi yikanyamuka na ŵanthu 194. Cakaŵa pafupi na Chilumba mu Karonga, ndipo cikaphyoka na kubira. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 145 awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ili ŵakakomeka. Palije viwangwa ivyo vikusangika.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> Cingalaŵa ici cikaŵa ciheni comene kuluska vyose ivyo vikacitika mu Malaŵi (uko panyengo iyo kukaŵa Nyasaland). == Mbili == Kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵendenge pa Nyanja ya Malawi, kampani ya Nyasaland Railroad Company yikapempha kuti yizenge sitima ya MV Viphya mu 1942. Sitima iyi yikazengeka ku Scotland na A & J Inglis Ltd, Glasgow, kampani yakuzenga sitima ya ku Ireland Harland and Wolff. Bwato ili likatolekera ku Beira, Mozambique, mu 1943 kufuma ku Scotland mu 3018 na mabokosi 82. Kufuma apo, likatolekera ku Malawi kuti likanozgekeso. Ŵenecho ŵa nyumba iyi ŵakanozga kuti paŵe chiphapha chinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ngaraŵa iyi yiŵe yikuru comene pa ngaraŵa zose izo zikazengeka pa Nyanja ya Malawi.<ref>“Ship Sent by Train”, The Palestine Post, 18 January 1945</ref> Cingalaŵa ici cikacemeka Vipya cifukwa ca mapiri agho ghali kumpoto kwa caru ici. Mulongozgi wa Vipya wakaŵa Keith Farguhanson, ndipo munyake uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari wakaŵa Flint. Underwood. Gulu ili likaŵa ku Fort Johnson (Mangochi)<ref name="jstor.org">Hawkin, Tony. "The Artist Helen MacLaren, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2006), pp. 35-39 Published by: Society of Malawi - Historical and Scientific Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779213</ref> Cikaŵa cakwamba kukwera sitima ya ŵanthu pa Juni 14, 1944, ndipo chikaŵa na matani ghakujumpha 100. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yikati yamara, sitima iyi yikanjiraso yayi mu nyanja. Cingalaŵa ici cikafumanga ku Monkey Bay kuluta ku Mwaya kumpoto. Ngalaŵa iyi yikalutaso maulendo ghatatu pambere yindabisike pa ulendo wake wachinayi. Cifukwa ca ndyali za boma la ku Britain, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /><ref name="theyard1" /><ref name="youtube1">{{cite web |date=2020-12-21 |title=The history of MV Vipya in Malawi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFfo8pgUo-4 |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> == Kubira kwa Vipya == Pa Julayi 30, 1946, sitima ya MV Viphya yikanyamuka pa ulendo wake wachinayi kufuma ku Mbamba Bay kulazga kumpoto kwa Karonga. Apo ngaraŵa yikaŵa mu chimphepo, mulongozgi wa ngaraŵa, Farguhanson, wakalangura awo ŵakendeskanga ngaraŵa kuti ŵalutilire kuluta uko ŵakalutanga nangauli wakaŵachenjezga kuti nyengo yiŵenge yiheni. Ici cikapangiska kuti majigha ghankhongono ghatimbane na ngaraŵa iyi ndipo yikabwangasuka na kubira pa mtunda wa makilomita 13 kufupi na Florence Bay (Chitimba). Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 145 awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakomeka. Ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu ndege iyi ŵakakomeka na maji. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakaŵa mu kilasi lakwamba, kweniso ŵana ŵanalume ŵanayi ŵa ku sukulu ya Luwazi Mission School. Pakaŵavya mathupi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 49 ŵakapona. Pa ŵanthu aŵa pakaŵa ŵanthu 33 ŵa ku Africa, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Luwazi, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakakwera kufuma pa windo la chipinda cha injini. Awo ŵakapona ŵakafika ku Livingstonia. Viŵiya ivi vicali pasi pa Nyanja ya Malawi ndipo malo ghake ghakumanyikwa yayi.<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /><ref name="theyard1" /><ref name="youtube1" /> === Ŵanthu === Ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa pa ngozi iyi ni Kaputeni Keith Ferguhanson, Mr. na Mrs. Timcke, fumu R. Mwaunenesko, a Healy.<ref>Nyasaland Times, Loss of MV Vipya, August 1, 1946</ref> Ŵanyake awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵa ŵana ŵa sukulu ya Blantyre Secondary School na Luwanzi Mission School. === Nkhani za awo ŵakapona === Nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na cingalaŵa ico cikaparanyika zikuyowoya za cingalaŵa ici. Nkhani ya ulendo uwu yikayowoyeka mu nkhani yinyake ya pa BBC iyo yikaŵa na nkhani ya Norton Thindwa, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mwana wa sukulu ya Blantyre Secondary School. Mulara waciŵiri wa ngaraŵa, R.C. Underwood, wakaŵapo yayi pa ngaraŵa zuŵa lira.. ==== Nkhani ya Rowland Ngosi ==== Nkhani ya wantchito wa boma Rowland Samuel Ngosi yikalongosoreka mu Malaŵi nga ni ciyelezgero ca nkharo yiwemi ya mu uteŵeti wa boma. Mwachiyelezgero, wapampando wa chalo uyu Saulos Chilima, wakalongosora pa Institute of Chartered Accountant ku Malawi pa 16 September 2021. Ngosi, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa ndalama wa boma, wakaŵa pa sitima iyo yikaŵa na ndalama izo zikapelekekanga ku ŵateŵeti ŵa boma ŵa vigaŵa vitatu. Ngalaŵa yikati yabira, Ngosi wakaswera m'paka ku Florence Bay na thumba la ndalama, ndipo wakawoneseska kuti muteŵeti waliyose wa boma mu Rumphi, Karonga, na Chitipa wapokera malipiro ghake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Veep Chilima's Rowland Ngosi story excites accountants at ICAM |url=https://www.maravipost.com/malawi-veep-chilimas-rowland-ngosi-story-excites-accountants-at-icam/ |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=The Maravi Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Be a Rowland Ngosi," – Chilima’s tells Malawi Accountants - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/be-a-rowland-ngosi-chilimas-tells-malawi-accountants/}}</ref> ==== Ŵana ŵa sukulu ya Luwazi Mission School ==== Patrick Ziba, muliska uyo wali kupumura pa nchito, wakalongosora nkhani ya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Sukulu ya Uteŵeti wa Umishonale ya ku Luwazi. Ziba wakagwiranga nchito ya kusambizga pa sukulu ya ŵamishonale ndipo wakakumbuka umo ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanayi ŵa sukulu ya ŵa Seventh-day Adventist ŵakafwira pa Viphya. Pambere ŵandanyamuke ulendo uwu, mu Julayi 1946, ŵana ŵa sukulu 14 ŵakakoleka uku ŵakwiba phere mu chiŵaya cha sukulu. Ŵakapika chilango chakuti ŵajimbe chimbuzi panji ŵasezgeke mu charu. Ŵasambiri wose 14 ŵakasankha kuwelera ku vikaya vyawo nangauli Ziba na ŵanji ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵapulikire cilango. Ŵasambiri 6 ŵakagura matikiti na kukwera ngalaŵa, ndipo ŵanyake 8 ŵakagwiranga ntchito zinyake kuti ŵasange ndalama zakugulira matikiti. Ŵana ŵanayi pa ŵana ŵamasukulu ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵakafwa apo ŵaŵiri ŵakapona.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew McChesney |date=2015-01-23 |title=Adventist Review Online &#124; Malawi Pastor, Turning 100, Regrets Boat Tragedy |url=https://www.adventistreview.org/church-news/malawi-pastor,-turning-100,-regrets-boat-tragedy-%E2%80%8B |access-date=2021-09-17 |publisher=Adventistreview.org}}</ref> == Kufufuza na kuzenga mulandu == Mulara wa ŵasilikari, Hawke, wakachita kafukufuku pa ngozi iyi, ndipo wakasanga vifukwa viŵiri ivyo sitima yikabira. Cifukwa cakwamba cikaŵa cakuti Kaputeni Farguhanson wakaleka kupulikira ulongozgi wa ŵanthu ŵake. Ŵalendo ŵanyake ŵakawonaso kuti nyengo yikaŵa yiheni. Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari na awo ŵakendeskanga ndege ŵakamba kususkana cifukwa ca suzgo la nyengo, kweni mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari wakalangura kuti ŵalutilire ulendo wawo.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> AKuyana na upharazgi uwu, wakalanguraso kuti chipata chikuru cha katundu chijurike mwakutendekera kweniso wakacita vinthu vinyake viheni. Mubali Bemba Mpali, uyo wakalemba nkhani iyi mu nkhani ya pa BBC, wakayowoya kuti uyo wakendeskanga ngaraŵa uyu wakwenera kuti wakamwanga moŵa..<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> Cinthu caciŵiri ico cikapangiska ngozi iyi nchakuti ngaraŵa yikaŵa yambura kupangika makora. Khoti likafumba maofesala, majenerali, na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa sitima. Mu ceruzgo ico Mulara Hawke wakaŵazga, wakalongosora umo ngaraŵa iyi yikapangikira na umo yikapangikira. Iwo ŵakatenge awo ŵakazenganga ngalaŵa ŵakakanizganga maji kunjira mu vipata. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ili na awo ŵakendangamo nawo ŵakakayikanga usange likwenda makora. Ŵanyake ŵakatenge khuni ili ndakunono chomene, apo ŵanyake ŵakatenge ndakwenelera yayi.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> === Kuzenga mulandu na kususka === Mbumba ya mulara wa sitima iyi na kampani ya Nyasaland Railway Company ŵakadandawura ku khoti. Cifukwa ca vifukwa vyambura kumanyikwa, nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakapona yikasintha mwaluŵiro, ndipo khoti likakanizga kafukufuku. Mwantheura, Mulara Furghanson, ŵakamuwuskapo mulandu wa kuleka kulaŵilira makora ngalaŵa ku khoti la ku East Africa. Pasono palije uyo wakumanya cifukwa ico ngaraŵa yiphya iyi yikabira. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵamba kuyowoyapo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na ivyo vikayambiska ngozi iyi.<ref name="theeyemw1" /><ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> == Vikumbusko vya Vipya == * Chizindikiro ku Mangochi mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Shire, icho chikuyang'aniridwa na Dipatimenti ya Vinthu Vyakale ku Malawi ku Mangochi (kale Fort Johnston) chikukumbukira chochitika ichi.Nyumba ya Mfumukazi Victoria Clock Tower ku Mangochi, yikaŵa cikumbusko ca ŵanthu 145 awo ŵakafwa.<ref name="theeyemw1" /> * Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cikasangika pa ngaraŵa iyi cili kusungika mu Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu vya Kale ya ku Karonga.<ref name="theeyemw1" /> == Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya == Nkhani zinandi zakukhwaskana na cingalaŵa ico cikaparanyika zikuyowoya za cingalaŵa ici. * "The Vipya Poem" (poem) - Poem yitali ya Steve Chimombo yakulongosora vya MV Vipya iyo yikapangika, kukwezgeka, na kwenda m'paka yikabira ku Florence Bay (Chitimba).<ref name="ReferenceA">Lee, Christopher, Malawian Literature after Banda and in the Age of AIDS: A Conversation with Steve Chimombo</ref> * 1996: "The Vipya Disaster" BBC African Perspective (radio documentary) - Mafunso ndi opulumuka ndi akatswiri pa MV Vipya, kuphatikizapo Norton Thindwa, Steve Chimombo, September 13, 1996<ref name="Bbc.co.uk" /> * 2000: Wrath of Napolo (novel) - Buku la Steve Chimombo lakulongosora vya sitima iyo yikubira pa nyanja iyi..<ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> ntsi28i5xm2ohftidnczmv06b007pxj Nthano za ku Tumbuka 0 24673 119603 104811 2026-08-19T22:29:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 119603 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nthano za ku Tumbuka''' mu vidokoni vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa [[Tumbuka]], Chiuta (kung'anamura "Muwuni Mukuru") ni Mlengi Wapachanya Nkhanira. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tumbuka ŵali na vidokoni vinandi. Ntharika izi zikuyowoyeka pafupi na moto usiku, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakulizga tung'oma na kwimba sumu. Visambizgo vinandi vyautesi ivi vyazgeŵelekera panji kutayika, kweni vinandi vichalipo. [[Vinyama]] vitatu ivyo vikuzunulika comene mu vidokoni vya Ŵatumbuka ni fulu (kanyama ka visomba), kalulu (nyerere), na chimbwi (hyena). Fulu wakuwoneka kuti ni nyama yavinjeru comene, [[chimbwe]] ni muheni, ndipo kalulu ni mupusikizgi wavinjeru uyo wangathereskeka na fulu pera. ==Ŵachiuta== ===Chiuta=== [[Chiuta]], ni chiuta mukuru mu visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tumbuka, awo ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Lynch|first1=Patricia Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Qiq4ps_wDIC|title=African Mythology, A to Z|last2=Roberts|first2=Jeremy|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3133-7|language=en}}</ref> Chiuta wakuchemekaso Mulengi, Mwenco, na Wamtatakuya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiuta|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095608940|access-date=2021-05-13|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}</ref> Chiuta wali palipose, nangauli walije kawonekero.<ref name=":0" /> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵangalomba kwa Chiuta, kweni ŵasekuru na mizimu vikucita vinandi pakumanya usange malurombo agha ghazgorekenge. Kupeleka vyawanangwa na kupempha ŵapapi ŵithu awo ŵali kufwa ndiposo mizimu, vingawovwira kuti tiŵatemwenge. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Murphy|first1=Conor|last2=Tembo|first2=Mavuto|last3=Phiri|first3=Adrian|last4=Yerokun|first4=Olusegun|last5=Grummell|first5=Bernie|date=2016|title=Adapting to climate change in shifting landscapes of belief|url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/climat/v134y2016i1p101-114.html|journal=Climatic Change|language=en|volume=134|issue=1|pages=101–114|doi=10.1007/s10584-015-1498-8}}</ref> Chiuta wakuyowoya za vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika kuchanya nga ni vula na ŵaleza. <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Asante|first1=Molefi Kete|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B667ATiedQkC&q=african+encyclopedia+sage|title=Encyclopedia of African Religion|last2=Mazama|first2=Ama|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-3636-1|language=en}}</ref> ==Nthano== ===Kulengeka kwa cilengiwa=== Pakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti kukaŵa waka caru capasi na Chiuta. Charu chapasi chikaŵa chambura kanthu ndipo pakaŵavya maji. Kufuma apo Chiuta wakacema mabingu, vula, na leza kuti viwire pa caru capasi. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Chiuta wakakhira pa caru capasi, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵakwamba na vinyama vyose. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Harvey|first=Graham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUnu_oCaVBQC|title=Animism: Respecting the Living World|date=2005-10-26|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51027-1|language=en}}</ref> ===Umo nyifwa yikambira=== Pali fundo ziŵiri zakukhwaskana na umo Chiuta wakambira nyifwa. Lynch na Roberts (2010) ŵakayowoya kuti mu Baibolo lakwamba mukaŵa chamoyo chinyake chakuchemeka chameleon. Ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga kuti para munthu wafwa, wakubabikaso. Kweni uthenga wa cikoko uwu ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵazamufwa yayi. Kweni cacitima nchakuti nyerere yikaŵa yaluŵiro comene kuluska nyerere, ntheura nyifwa yikazgoka umoyo wamuyirayira. <ref name=":0" /> Mu Baibolo laciŵiri, ilo Harvey (2005) wakayowoya, ŵanthu ŵakamazga kukolerana pakati pa kucanya na caru apo ŵakasanga moto. Pakuti vinyama vyose vikawopanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵangacita, vikapempha Ciuta kuti waŵawovwire. Chiuta wakamazga mphindano, ndipo wakati wavuka na nkhondo iyi, wakaluta kucanya na kumazga kukolerana pakati pa caru capasi na kucanya. <ref name=":1" /> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Vigaŵa vya kuwaro== *{{cite book|author=Patricia Ann Lynch|title=African Mythology, A to Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Qiq4ps_wDIC|year=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3133-7}} *{{cite book|author=Mphande, David|title=Oral Literature and Moral Education among the Lakeside Tonga of Northern Malawi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtMiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|date=25 October 2014|publisher=Mzuni Press|isbn=978-99908-0-244-3|pages=75}} 3fjwzwbwe33gwb7q82rsz2l3maqex1q Marsabit 0 25417 119608 119529 2026-08-20T00:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 119608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marsabit '''ni mzinda iyo yili kumpoto kwa [[Marsabit County, Kenya|chigaŵa cha Marsabit]] ku [[Kenya]]. Lili mu chigaŵa icho kale chikaŵa cha Kummaŵa ndipo pafupifupi likuzingilizgika na malo ghakusungirako vinyama gha Marsabit. Mzinda iyi yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 170 (110 mi) kumafumiro gha dazi kwa pakati pa East African Rift pa mtunda wa pakati pa mamita 1300 na 1400.<ref>https://www.mountain-forecast.com/peaks/Marsabit/forecasts/1707</ref> Iwo ukugwira ntchito nga ni msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Marsabit, ndipo uli kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapopa gha Chalbi mu malo gha nkhalango agho ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha mapiri ghakuphulika na nyanja za crater. ==Kuwoneseska mwakudumura== Marsabit ni malo ghakutali gha ŵanthu ŵa mu misumba iyo yili mu mapopa gha kumpoto kwa Kenya. Mzinda iyi yili pa phiri lakugolera moto ilo lili patali ndipo likuwoneka yayi, Phiri la Marsabit, ilo likukwera pafupifupi kilomita yimoza kufuma pa mapopa. Maluwa ghakukhoma ghakutambasuka pa mapiri ghakusefukira, mwakupambana na mapopa agho ghali kuseri, na "insular" yawo ya chilengedwe. Mu mzinda iyi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000. [[File:Tracks Chalbi Desert.jpg|thumb|left|Marsabit ili kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mapopa gha Chalbi.]]Mu mzinda iyi ŵakukhala chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Rendille awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Cushitic, ndiposo ŵanthu ŵa ku Borana, Gabra, Garre, Sakuye na Burji, awo ŵanandi ŵakuchita malonda na ŵalimi ndipo ŵakukhala mu misumba. Kweniso pali ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala ku Nilotic Turkana na Bantu Ameru. Kusazga apo, paliso ŵamalonda ŵachoko waka awo ŵakuyowoya Chikushiti yayi. Marsabit ili na ndege na phiri (Phiri la Marsabit), na visimi vya "kwimba" kuwaro kwa mzinda. Njovu na njovu zikuwonekaso kanandi mu malo ghakubisamako vinyama vya mu thengere agho ghakuzingilizga tawuni iyi, nyengo zinyake zikuphwanya mipanda na kunanga mabedi gha ŵalimi ŵa ku malo agha. Apo njovu yakumanyikwa chomene iyo yikuchemeka ‘Ahmed’ yikasangika kuti yikukhala ku Marsabit, Pulezidenti Jomo Kenyatta kwizira mu ofesi yake wakapeleka dango lapadera lakuvikilira Njovu za Marsabit na vinyama vyose vya mu thengere ku ŵanthu awo ŵakuvipoka. Pamanyuma mu chaka cha 1974, njovu iyi yikasangika kuti yafwa - yikufwa chifukwa cha vifukwa vya chilengiwa, - yikasangika pasi pa khuni na ŵalinda ŵake ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vya nkhondo mwamwaŵi ŵakajumpha apo ŵakaŵa na vilimika 55. Ahmed wakaphalirika kuti wasungike mwakuvikilirika ku National Museum of Kenya ku [[Nairobi]] kuti miwiro yakunthazi yiwone na kusekelera na chuma chikuru cha cilengiwa ico kale cikasangika ku Marsabit. (Orre P.) == Chikhalidwe na chisopa == [[File:Stone_pit_near_Marsabit,_North_Kenya.jpg|right|thumb|Dzenje la malibwe ilo likaŵa kuwaro kwa mzinda ya Marsabit iyo yili kutali chomene.]] Padera pa mafuko agho ghalembeka kale, paliso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Kenya awo ŵali ku malo agha ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito chomene ku boma na ku bizinesi. Ŵasilamu, Ŵakhristu na awo ŵakulondezga visopa vya chikhalidwe wose ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi. Marsabit ndiyo yikaŵa malo agho ghakapharazgika kuti paŵe ungano pakati pa ŵalara ŵa Borana na Gabra uwo ukanozgeka kuchitika pa 2–6 Juni 2009. Kudumbiskana kuti ŵamazge mphindano izo zikaŵapo pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agha kwakhala kukuchitika kwa vyaka vinandi sono, ndipo phangano likakhazganga kuti lizamukhozgeka pa ungano uwu pa ungano uwu wa mulongozgi wa chikhalidwe mu kusangikapo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090330161814/http://www.pastoralists.org/pages/events.php "Borana and Gabra peace meeting in Dukana"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330161814/http://www.pastoralists.org/pages/events.php|date=2009-03-30}}, Pastoralists Communication Initiative website (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> == Vyachuma == [[File:Camels_in_Marsabit,_Kenya.jpg|thumb|Ngamila zikuthilira maji mu Marsabit.]] Mzinda ya Marsabit ni malo gha malonda na malonda, agho ghakovwira kuti katundu na vyakuchitika viŵe vyambura kusuzga pakati pa Moyale (katundu wakufuma ku [[Ethiopia]]) na Isiolo (katundu wakufuma ku Nairobi). Ulimi nawo ukuwovwira, chifukwa ŵanandi ŵakulima mapira na chimanga kuti ŵaryenge ku malo agha ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakupambanapambana ŵakupeleka nyama ya ng'ombe mwa kuguliska ng'ombe zawo.<ref>Allen, C., [https://cafod.org.uk/news/international-news/kenya-s-hidden-food-crisis Kenya's hidden food crisis], ''CAFOD'', published on 17 June 2022, accessed on 25 February 2026</ref> Nyanja ya Paradise (iyo yikukopa vinyama vyakuseŵera nga ni njovu na njovu), na Bongole Crater iyo yili pakatikati pa nkhalango, vyose viŵiri ni malo ghakukopa ŵalendo ŵa ku malo agha. Mzinda iyi na malo ghakuzingilizga vikukondweska chomene mitheto ya ŵanthu awo ŵakusanda vya chikhalidwe cha ŵanthu na ŵanyake awo ŵakusanda. == Nyengo == Marsabit ili na nyengo ya savanna yakuwomira-ya chilimwe iyo yikukhwaskika na mtunda ([[Köppen]]: ''As''), iyo yili pachanya pa nyengo yakutentha ya semi-arid (''BSh'') iyo yikusangika mu malo ghapasi ghapafupi. Mu tawuni iyi muli mphepo yikuru chomene. Iwo uli pasi pa nkhongono ya chinthu chinyake cha mlengalenga icho chikuchemeka kuti ‘Turkana Jet’, icho ni mphepo yankhongono ya kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi iyo yikufuma ku Nyanja ya Indian. Dipatimenti ya nyengo ya ku Kenya yikulongozga siteshoni ya nyengo ya WMO ku Marsabit.{{Weather box | location = Marsabit | single line = Yes | metric first = Yes | Jan high C = 25.0 | Feb high C = 25.7 | Mar high C = 25.7 | Apr high C = 24.9 | May high C = 24.8 | Jun high C = 24.4 | Jul high C = 23.8 | Aug high C = 24.1 | Sep high C = 25.1 | Oct high C = 25.2 | Nov high C = 23.8 | Dec high C = 24.2 | year high C = 24.7 | Jan low C = 15.7 | Feb low C = 15.9 | Mar low C = 16.2 | Apr low C = 16.7 | May low C = 16.1 | Jun low C = 14.6 | Jul low C = 13.8 | Aug low C = 13.5 | Sep low C = 14.0 | Oct low C = 15.4 | Nov low C = 16.0 | Dec low C = 15.9 | year low C = 15.3 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 92 | Feb rain mm = 60 | Mar rain mm = 91 | Apr rain mm = 149 | May rain mm = 54 | Jun rain mm = 14 | Jul rain mm = 17 | Aug rain mm = 8 | Sep rain mm = 9 | Oct rain mm = 62 | Nov rain mm = 91 | Dec rain mm = 46 | year rain mm = 693 | Jan rain days = 6 | Feb rain days = 3 | Mar rain days = 7 | Apr rain days = 9 | May rain days = 5 | Jun rain days = 4 | Jul rain days = 3 | Aug rain days = 4 | Sep rain days = 2 | Oct rain days = 6 | Nov rain days = 9 | Dec rain days = 6 | year rain days = 64 | source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name = WMO > {{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1799 | title = World Weather Information Service – Marsabit | publisher= World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref> }} == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}}{{Maboma ghamu Kenya}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Malo ghamu Kenya]] [[Category:Misumba yaboma yamu Kenya]] [[Category:Kenya]] lby0nha905bhupjmc6xmthyg4e98pu8 David Livingstone 0 46107 119606 119328 2026-08-20T00:32:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 119606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|British explorer and missionary to Africa (1813–1873)}} {{other people}} {{Use British English|date=September 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = David Livingstone | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRGS|FRS}} | image = David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg | caption = Livingstone in 1864 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1813|3|19}} | birth_place = [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]], in Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1873|5|1|1813|3|19}}<ref name="BBC2014">{{cite web | title = David Livingstone (1813–1873) | work = BBC - History - Historic Figures | date = 2014 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/livingstone_david.shtml }}</ref> | death_place = [[Livingstone Memorial|Chief Chitambo's Village]], Kingdom of Kazembe {{awrap|(today [[Northern Province, Zambia]])}} | resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.499444|-0.1275}} | known_for = Proselytizing Christianity, exploration of Africa, and meeting with [[Henry Morton Stanley|Henry Stanley]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Moffat Livingstone|Mary Moffat]]|January 1845|27 April 1862|end=d}} | children = 6 }} David Livingstone (19 March 1813 - 4 May 1873) wakaŵa dokotala wa ku Scotland<ref name=":0" />, Congregationalist, pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society<ref name=":0" />, na explorer ku Africa, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti waleke wuzga; yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa ku Britain mu nyengo ya Victorian ya 19th century. David wakaŵa mfumu wa Mary Moffat Livingstone, uyo wakafuma mu mbumba yakumanyikwa ya ŵamishonale ya mu virimika vya m'ma 1700, Moffat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Paul |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853507173 |title=David Livingstone, Africa's greatest explorer : the man, the missionary and the myth |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-78155-333-6 |location=Stroud |pages=50 |oclc=853507173}}</ref> Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wavinjeru uyo wakacitanga vinthu vinandi vyakupambanapambana. Wakaŵa mishonale wa Chiprotesitanti uyo wakajipeleka kuti waŵe musambiri, munthu uyo wakajipeleka kuti waŵe musambazi, wasayansi, wakwendakwenda, wakunozga vinthu, wakususka wuzga, na wakukhozgera kuti Britain yisandenge malonda ghake na kukhazikiska maufumu ghanyake.<ref name="Easton2017">{{cite web | title = Why don't many British tourists visit Victoria Falls? | last = Easton | first = Mark | work = BBC News | date = 3 September 2017 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41083374 }}</ref> Livingstone wakamanyikwanga kuti ni munthu uyo wakakhumbanga kumanya uko kukufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nile, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti usange wangawuskapo cisisi ici, wamanyikwenge kuti wacitengepo kanthu kuti walekeske malonda gha ŵazga mu caru ca East Africa. Wakaphalira mubwezi wake kuti: "Maji gha mu Nile ghali na candulo cifukwa ca kunovwira kuti niŵe na nkhongono pakati pa ŵanthu. Nkhongono iyi [ndiyo] nkhugomezga kuti yizamumazga suzgo likuru".{{sfn | Jeal | 2013 | p=289}} Wakamba kupenja malo ghakupambanapambana gha ku Central Africa, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵasange malo ghakupambanapambana mu Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, maulendo ghake gha umishonale, "kuzgeŵa", na nyifwa yake mu Africa, ndiposo kuzunurika kwake nga ni munthu wakuzirwa mu 1874 vikapangiska kuti paŵe maubwezi ghanandi gha Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Central Africa.<ref name="Mackenzie1990">{{cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=John M. |editor1-first=Graham |editor1-last=Walker|editor2-first=Tom |editor2-last=Gallagher|title=Sermons and battle hymns: Protestant popular culture in modern Scotland|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpZnAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0217-9|chapter=David Livingstone: The Construction of the Myth}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == [[File:Birthplace of david livingstone.jpg|thumb|Livingstone's birthplace in [[Blantyre]], [[South Lanarkshire]], Scotland]] [[File:David Livingstones birthplace (geograph 4530192).jpg|thumb|David Livingstone's birthplace, with period furnishings]] Livingstone wakababika pa 19 March 1813 mu tawuni ya Blantyre, Scotland, mu nyumba ya ŵantchito ŵa fakitare ya thonje pa m'mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Clyde pasi pa mlatho uwo ukujumpha mu Bothwell.<ref name="nts.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |title=David Livingstone Centre: Birthplace Of Famous Scot |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212012712/https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |archive-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wakaŵa mwana waciŵiri pa ŵana ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri ŵa Neil Livingstone (1788 ⁇ 1856) na muwoli wake Agnes (née Hunter; 1782- 1865). Apo Davide wakaŵa na vilimika khumi, wakamba kugwira nchito pa fakitare ya Henry Monteith & Co. ku Blantyre Works. Iyo na mudumbu wake John, ŵakagwiranga nchito ya maora 12 pa zuŵa, ŵakakakiliranga visulo vya thonje pa makina ghakusonera. Neil Livingstone wakaŵa msambizgi wa Sande sukulu ndipo wakakananga kumwa moŵa, ndipo wakagaŵiranga mathirakiti gha Cikhristu paulendo wake wa kuguliska tiyi nyumba na nyumba. Wakaŵazga comene mabuku ghakukhwaskana na cisopo, vyamwendakwenda, na mauteŵeti gha umishonale. Ivi vikamovwira kuti waŵe munthu wakutemwa kuŵazga, kweniso kuti wasangenge vinyama, vyakumera, na vinthu vinyake mu migodi ya malibwe. Neil wakafipanga mtima kuti mabuku gha sayansi ghangatimbanizga Cikristu ndipo wakayezga kucicizga mwana wake kuti waŵazgenge vya cisopo pera, kweni David wakatemwanga comene vinthu vya cilengiwa na sayansi, ndipo ici cikamupangiska kuti wasande umo cisopa na sayansi vikukolerana.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | p=6}} Mu 1832, wakaŵazga buku la Thomas Dick lakuti Philosophy of a Future State, ndipo wakasanga fundo izo zikamovwira kuti wagwirizaniske cisopa na sayansi. Padera pa Baibolo, buku ili ndilo likamovwira comene pa nkhani ya vinjeru.<ref name="Blaikie1880">{{cite book|last=Blaikie|first=William Garden|author-link=William Garden Blaikie |title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone... Chiefly from His Unpublished Journals and Correspondence in the Possession of His Family|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13262|year=1880|publisher=John Murray|location=London|via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> Ŵanyake awo ŵakamovwira comene apo wakaŵa mwana ŵakaŵa Thomas Burke, mupharazgi wa mu Blantyre, na David Hogg, msambizgi wake wa Sunday school. Apo wakaŵa na virimika 15, David wakafumamo mu Church of Scotland na kuluta ku mpingo wa Congregational, ndipo wakapusikika na ŵapharazgi nga ni Ralph Wardlaw, awo ŵakakananga kuti munthu wangapona cifukwa ca kugomezga kuti vinthu vyose vili kulembekerathu. Pakuti Livingstone wakasambizgika visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, wakazomera fundo iyo Charles Finney, uyo ni Pulofesa wa vya cisopa pa Oberlin College, ku [[Ohio]], wakayowoya yakuti "mzimu utuŵa ukupelekeka kwa wose awo ŵakuwulomba". Kwa Livingstone, ici cikang'anamuranga kuti walekerethu kopa kuti wazamuparanyika kwamuyirayira. Livingstone wakati waŵazga buku la Karl Gützlaff, ilo likayowoyanga za visopa vya ku Britain na America, wakaciska adada ŵake kuti ŵasambire vya udokotala kuti ŵasange nchito ya kusopa. Ivyo vikacitikira Livingstone ku H. Mulimo wa ku Blantyre uwo Monteith wakacitanga, ukaŵawovwiranga chomene ŵana awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 10 na 26. Mulimo uwu ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa kuti wovwire mbumba yake iyo yikaŵa yambura ndalama zinandi, kweni ukamusambizga kuti waŵe wakuzizipizga, ndiposo kuti waŵenge walusungu na wose awo ŵakugwira nchito, nga ni umo wakalongolera mu mazgu agho wakacemerezganga mu sumu ya Robert Burns yakuti: "When man to man, the world o'er/Shall brothers be for a' that".{{efn|This sentiment today would be expressed along the lines of: "all people, worldwide, are brothers and sisters, despite everything."<ref name="Blaikie1880" />}} ==Masambilo== Livingstone wakasambiranga pa sukulu ya mu muzi wa Blantyre, pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya ku fakitare nangauli ŵakagwiranga nchito maora 14 pa zuŵa (6 koloko mulenji mpaka 8 koloko mise). Cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa na mbumba iyo yikalimbikiranga comene kusambira, wakasambira vinandi. Apo wakaŵa na vilimika 21, wakakondwa comene na kapepara ako adada ŵake ŵakapokera kufuma ku chalichi ako kakayowoyanga ivyo Gützlaff wakacema ŵamishonale kuti ŵalute ku China, ndipo kakayowoyanga kuti ŵamishonale ŵakwenera kusambizgika kuŵa ŵadokotala. Awiske ŵakamukhorweska, ndipo nga umo ŵakacitiranga ŵana ŵanyake ku Scotland, Livingstone wakeneranga kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wake, na kuzomerezgana na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa fakitare, ndipo wakeneranga kugwira nchito yake yakale kufuma pa Isitara m'paka Okutobala. Mu 1836, wakasambira ku Anderson's University, ku Glasgow, ndipo wakasambiranga vyaumoyo na chemistry. Kweniso wakasambiranga vya cisopa na Richard Wardlaw, uyo wakalimbananga na wuzga.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=9–12}}<ref name="education">{{cite web |first1=Christopher |last1= Lawrence| editor-last =Wisnicki | editor-first =Adrian S. | editor-last2 =Ward | editor-first2 = Megan | title=Livingstone's Medical Education | website=Livingstone Online | url=https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstones-medical-education |year= 2015 | access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="UnivGlas">{{cite web | title = The University of Glasgow Story : David Livingstone | work = University of Glasgow | date = n.d. | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0220&type=P }}</ref> Kuti wanjire sukulu ya udokotala, wakakhumbikwiranga kumanya Cilatini, ndipo wakasambizgikanga na Daniel Gallagher (uyo pamasinda wakaŵa wasembe, ndipo wakambiska chalichi la St. Simon's, ku Partick). Livingstone wakalimbikiranga comene nchito, wakasambira comene vya sayansi na vya cipatala, ndipo wakasanga ŵabwezi ŵanandi, kusazgapo Andrew Buchanan na James Young.<ref name="education" />{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=13–14}} Pa nyengo iyo, gulu la London Missionary Society (LMS) ndilo likaŵa likuru comene pa gulu la ŵamishonale mu caru ici. Mu Okutobala 1837 wakalembeska ku LMS, ndipo mu Janyuwale ŵakamutumira mafumbo agho wakazgora. Wakazgoreka yayi m'paka apo wakacemekera ku maungano ghaŵiri mu Ogasiti 1838. Pamanyuma pake wakapokelereka nga ni mulondezgi, ndipo wakapika masambiro ghakwambilira ku Ongar, Essex, nga ni umo ŵakambira masambiro kuti waŵe muteŵeti mu mpingo wa Congregational Union wakutumikira mu LMS, m'malo mwa masambiro ghakwambilira gha mishonale. Ku Ongar, iyo na ŵasambiri ŵanyake 6 ŵakasambiranga Cigiriki, Cilatini, Cihebere, na vya cisopa kwa Reverend Richard Cecil, uyo mu Janyuwale 1839 wakawona kuti nangauli Livingstone wakaŵa "wakujikuzga" kweniso "wakusuzga", kweni wakaŵa na "maghanoghano ghawemi, wakukhazikika, wakutemwa kusesa, kweniso wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, wakalutilira kughanaghana kuti Livingstone "wakaŵa wakunozgeka yayi" kuti wasambire vya cisopa ku Cheshunt College, ndipo wakaŵa "wakwenelera kweni wakaŵa kuti walije mahara". Mu Juni 1839 ŵalongozgi ŵa LMS ŵakazomera Livingstone, ndipo ŵakazomera pempho lake lakuti walutilire kusambira na Cecil ku Ongar mpaka kuumaliro wa cilimika, ndipo pamanyuma pake LMS yikamovwira kuti wasambire vya udokotala ku London. Kuti wasambire vya chipatala, wakalutizga masambiro ghake ku Charing Cross Hospital Medical School. Pa 16 November 1840 wakaba Licentiate of the Faculty (now Royal College) of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (mu 1857 wakaba Honorary Fellow of the Faculty). Pa Novembala 20, 1840, Livingstone wakimikika kuŵa muteŵeti wa mpingo, pamoza na William Ross, uyo nayo wakaŵa mishonale ku South Africa, mu mpingo wa Albion Chapel, ku Finsbury. Cecil na J. J. Freeman.<ref name="Albion Chapel">{{cite book | title=The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle | issue=v. 19 | year=1841 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eI6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA50 | access-date=15 March 2022 | page=50}}</ref> ==Vision for Africa== [[File: Dance of Landeens.jpg|thumb|[[Zulu people|Zulu]] dance, at [[Chupanga|Shupanga]] on the [[Zambesi]] to collect tribute from Portuguese merchants.]] Nangauli Livingstone wakazomera pempho la Gützlaff lakuti ŵamishonale ŵapharazgike ku China, kweni cifukwa cakuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Opiyamu yikaŵa pafupi, ŵalara ŵa LMS ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵaleke kutuma ŵanthu ku China. Wakati wapempha kuti wakakhaleko nyengo yitali ku Ongar, Cecil wakamuphalira kuti ŵakukhumba kuti iyo wagwirenge nchito ku West Indies "m'malo mwa ku South Africa". Pa Julayi 2, 1839, wakalembera kalata ŵalara ŵa LMS kuti ku West Indies kukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵanandi, ndipo nyengo zose wakakhumbanga kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya pa charu chapasi m'malo mwa kukakhala ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Wati wazomerezgana na gulu la LMS, wakalutilira kusambira vya cisopa na Cecil mpaka kuumaliro wa cilimika ici, ndipo pamasinda wakambiraso masambiro gha udokotala. Mu Janyuwale 1840, wakati wamba masambiro ghake, wakawelera ku sukulu ya Mrs. Nyumba iyo Sewell wakakhalanga apo wakaŵa mishonale ku Aldersgate.<ref name="education" />{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=19–20}} Ŵanji awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha nyengo na nyengo ŵakizanga kucezga na mishonale Robert Moffat, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa ku England na mbumba yake kuti waŵapharazgire vya mulimo wa LMS ku Kuruman, South Africa. Livingstone wakamufumba kanandi waka vya Africa, ndipo nga umo Moffat wakalongosolera pamanyuma, wakati: "Nyengo na nyengo wakanifumbanga usange ine nkhugomezga kuti wangawovwira ku Africa. Nkhamuphalira kuti ine nkhugomezga kuti wangacita nthena, usange wangaluta ku malo ghakale yayi, kweni ku malo ghambura ŵanthu, chomenechomene ku mapiri ghakumpoto, uko nyengo zinyake nkhawonanga josi la mizi yikuruyikuru, uko kulije mishonale uyo wali kufikapo". Iyo wakakondwa na umo Moffat wakawoneranga mulimo wa umishonale kumpoto kwa Bechuanaland, kweniso nkhani ya Chikhristu na malonda. John Philip, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa LMS, wakati wadumbiskana na Fowell Buxton, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti boma lilekerethu mulimo wa kupharazga, wakalemba buku la Researches in South Africa mu 1828. Fundo iyi yikakhozgeka na Livingstone apo wakaluta ku ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Exeter Hall pa Juni 1, 1840. Pa ungano uwu, Buxton wakalongosora mwakukhorweska kuti malonda gha ŵazga ku Africa ghamalenge usange ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, m'malo mwa kuguliska ŵazga, ŵangasanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku Europe kwizira mu "malonda ghaunenesko".<ref name="Vetch1893">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Livingstone, David|first=Robert Hamilton|last=Vetch|authorlink=Robert Hamilton Vetch|p=385|volume=33}}</ref>{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=24–25}} ===Mission stations=== Livingstone wakafumako ku London pa Novembala 17, 1840, ndipo wakaluta ku Cape of Good Hope, pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵanyake ŵaŵiri ŵa LMS: Ross, uyo wakasankhika pa uteŵeti umoza na iyo, na muwoli wake. Pa ulendo utali uwu, wakasambira ciyowoyero ca Cidachi na Citswana, ndipo kapiteni wakamusambizga comene umo ŵangendeskera sitima. Mu Rio de Janeiro, mwakupambana na maboti ghanyake ghaŵiri, iyo wakafika pa mtunda ndipo wakakondwa na tchalitchi na malo agho ghakaŵa ku mtunda, kweni wakakondwa yayi na uloŵevu wa ŵantchito ŵa sitima ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku America, ntheura wakaŵagaŵira mathirakiti mu malo ghakunjilira moŵa. Pa 15 March 1841, ngaraŵa yikafika ku Simon's Bay, ndipo kwa mwezi umoza, ŵanthu ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakhala mu msumba wa Cape Town pamoza na mfumu na muwoli wa Philip. Nga ni mulongozgi wa LMS, Philip wakalutilira na ndondomeko yawo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana pamaso pa Chiuta na dango, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe na mphindano na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boers, na awo ŵakakhalanga ku Britain. Ŵamishonale ŵakakolerana nayo yayi nkhani iyi, kweniso ŵakakolerana yayi na fundo yakuti wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua ndiwo ŵapharazgenge. Ŵanyake, nga ni Moffatt, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapharazgenge mu vigaŵa vinyake. Pakaŵaso mphindano pakati pa ŵamishonale awo ŵakagwiranga nchito za mawoko, na ŵamishonale awo ŵakaŵikika kuŵa ŵalaŵiliri.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=25, 33–36, 37–40}} Ngalaŵa iyi yikaluta na Livingstone na mbumba yake ku Algoa Bay, ndipo kufuma pa 19 Meyi mpaka pa 31 Julayi ŵakenda pa ngolo ya ng'ombe kuluta ku Kuruman Mission. Mbumba ya Moffat yikaŵa kuti yindawelere kufuma ku Britain, ndipo iyo wakajiŵikamo comene mu umoyo wa Ŵatswana. Kufuma mu Seputembala mpaka kuumaliro wa Disembala, wakenda mtunda wa makilomita 1,210 na mishonale Roger Edwards, uyo wakaŵa ku Kuruman kwambira mu 1830. Ŵakacezgera na kudumbiskana malo ghakucemeka Mabotsa, Botswana, kufupi na Zeerust, North West Province, South Africa. Mu 1842, Livingstone wakaluta ku Africa na ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, Paul na Mebalwe, awo ŵakaŵa ŵamishonale. Mu Juni 1843, Edwards wakazomelezgeka na LMS kuti wakhazikiske malo gha mishoni pamoza na muwoli wake ku Mabotsa. Livingstone wakasamukira ku malo agha na kukolerana nawo, ndipo wakaŵawovwira pa mulimo wa kuzenga. Wakalembera kalata Arthur Tidman, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa LMS, kuti waŵenge wakukondwa kucemeka Mabotsa kuti "ntchigaŵa ca nchito yane", kweni waŵenge wakunozgeka "kuya kulikose, kweni kunthazi pera". Mu Janyuwale 1844, mbumba ya Moffat yikati yafika ku Mlonga wa Vaal pamoza na mbumba zinyake ziŵiri za ŵamishonale, Livingstone wakaluta kukakumana nawo, ndipo wakakhala mu ngolo ya Moffat na kuyowoya na Robert kwa maora ghanandi mu ulendo wa mazuŵa 17 panji 18 wa ku Kuruman. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti wakumane na mwana wawo Mary, uyo wakababikira na kukulira ku Africa.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=44–46, 49}}[[File:David Livingstone attacked by a lion in Africa. Lithograph. Wellcome V0018847.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deacon Mebalwe shooting, distracting the lion which had overpowered Livingstone.]] [[File:Livingstone and the Lion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Livingstone Memorial Sculpture in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire|Blantyre]], Scotland]] Pa 16 February, Mebalwe na Livingstone ŵakamba kuvikilira mberere zawo. Livingstone wakawona nkharamu yikuru, kweni apo iyo wakayeghanga katundu, nkharamu iyi yikamuwukira, yikamudinya woko lake lamazere, ndipo yikamugwaza pasi. Mebalwe wakaponoska umoyo wa nkhalamu apo wakayizguzga kuti yikome nkharamu. Nayo wakuluma. Mwanalume munyake uyo wakayezga kumugwaza na mkondo wakalasika pambere wandafwe. Nangauli Livingstone wakaphwanya chiwangwa, kweni iyo na Edwards ŵakakhozga ubwezi wawo. Wakaluta ku Kuruman kuti wakachizgike, ndipo mwana wa Moffat, zina lake Mary, ndiyo wakamupweleleranga. Woko lake likachizgika, ndipo likamba kumuwuska na futi, nangauli likalutilira kumusuzga umoyo wake wose, ndipo wakatondekanga kuwuska woko lake kujumpha pa chiŵegha. Livingstone na Mary ŵakatorana pa Janyuwale 9, 1845. Livingstone wakeneranga kuleka uteŵeti wake wakwamba wa umishonale ku Mabotsa mu caru ca Botswana mu 1845 cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikaŵapo pakati pa iyo na Rogers Edwards, uyo nayo wakaŵa mishonale, ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bakgatla ŵakaleka kupulikira makani ghawemi. Mu 1847, wakaleka uteŵeti wake wa ku Chonuane cifukwa ca njara, kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakaŵa pafupi, ndipo wakakhumbanga "kusamukira ku vigaŵa vinyake". Ku Kolobeng Mission, Livingstone wakang'anamura maghanoghano gha mulongozgi Sechele mu 1849 pamanyuma pa vilimika viŵiri vya kulimbikira kumunyengelera. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka, Sechele wakafwa.<ref name="Livingstone1960">{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |editor=Isaac Schapera|title=Livingstone's private journals, 1851–1853|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgQrAAAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=University of California Press|page=304}}</ref> ==Exploration of southern and central Africa== [[File:Map livingstone travels africa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The journeys of Livingstone in Africa between 1851 and 1873]] Livingstone na William Cotton Oswell ŵakaluta kutali kumpoto kwa Kolobeng kuti ŵasambire ciyowoyero ca Tswana na kusanga malo ghakukhala ŵamishonale. Mu 1849 ŵakambuka mapopa gha Kalahari na kufika pa Nyanja ya Ngami. Mu 1850, Royal Geographical Society yikamuwonga ndipo yikamupa wachi wa chronometer chifukwa cha ulendo wake wa ku nyanja yikuru ya Ngami. Wakapulika za mlonga uwo ukwenera kuti ukaŵa "msewu ukuru" uwo ukafikanga ku nyanja, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1851 ŵakafika ku Zambezi, uko wakagomezganga kuti kukaŵa "kiyi wakunjilira mu vyaru vya mukati". Mu 1852, wakati watuma mbumba yake ku Britain, Livingstone wakaluta kumpoto ku muzi wa Linyanti pa mlonga wa Zambezi, uwo ukaŵa pakati pa mphepete ya kumafumiro na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵakafika mu msumba wa Luanda ku [[Portugal]] mu Meyi 1854 pamanyuma pa masuzgo ghanandi na nyifwa iyo yikaŵa pafupi kucitika ya Livingstone. Livingstone wakamanya kuti ulendo uwu ukaŵa wakusuzga comene ku ŵamalonda ŵa munthazi, ntheura wakawelera ku Linyanti. Pamanyuma pake, pamoza na ŵanalume 114 ŵa fuko la Kololo, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na mulongozgi uyu, ŵakanyamuka kuya ku Zambezi. Pa ulendo uwu, wakaŵa munthu wakwamba ku Europe kuwona maji ghakututuka gha Mosi-oa-Tunya, agho wakathya zina lakuti Victoria Falls, mu zina la Fumukazi Victoria. Paumaliro wakafika ku Quelimane pa Nyanja ya India, ndipo wakapanga mapu gha nthowa ya mu mlonga wa Zambezi.{{sfn | Jeal | 2013 | pp=126, 147–8}}<ref name="Life & Expeditions" /> Pa cifukwa ici, Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kujumpha mu caru ca Africa pa mtunda uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamulumba kuti "wakajura" caru ca Africa, kweni pakaŵa kale nthowa zinandi za malonda. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakanjira mu caru ca Africa kufuma ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri, mu 1853 na 1854 ŵamalonda ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Arabia ŵakambukira ku Zanzibar kuluta ku Benguela, ndipo ca m'ma 1800 ŵamalonda ŵa ku Angola ŵakambukira ku Mozambique.{{sfn|Jeal|1973b|p=159}} [[File:Preaching from a Waggon (David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Livingstone preaching the gospel to unconverted Africans. Like other missionaries of the era he had a low success rate and is credited with a single conversion.{{sfn|Jeal|1973b}}]] Livingstone wakakhumbanga kuti ku Central Africa kuŵe malonda na visopa, kweni wakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kugwiliskirika nchito na Ŵaphwitikizi ŵa ku Tete na Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Kilwa. Mazgu ghake agho ghakalembeka pa chikhwangwani chake ku Victoria Falls ghakaŵa "Chikhristu, Malonda na Civilization", ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ghazamuzgora malonda gha ŵazga na kupeleka ntchindi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Wakagomezganga kuti nthowa yakufiskira vilato ivi yikaŵa yakuti Mlonga wa Zambezi uŵe nthowa yikuru yakwendeskera malonda gha Ŵakhristu mu vyaru vya mukati.<ref name="Holmes1996">{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Tim |title=Spectrum Guide to Zambia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Struik|isbn=978-1-86872-012-5|chapter=The History}}</ref> ===Author and campaigner=== Wakawelera ku Britain mu Disembala 1856. Mu 1855, wupu wa Royal Geographical Society ukamupa nkhombo ya Patron's Medal cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita ku Africa. Wati wacicizgika na wupu wa London Missionary Society, wakalemba buku lake lakucemeka kuti Missionary Travels, ilo mu 1857 likalembeka na John Murray. Buku ili likaŵa la malonda comene. Buku ili likaŵa na nkhani za sayansi, ndipo likalongosoranga makora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Wakayowoya kuti mauteŵeti gha umishonale na "malonda gha pamtunda" pa mlonga wa pakati pa Africa vizamumazga malonda gha ŵazga.<ref name="Life & Expeditions">{{cite web |first1=Adrian S. |last1=Wisnicki |first2= Megan |last2=Ward | title=Livingstone's Life & Expeditions | website=Livingstone Online | url=https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstone-s-life-expeditions |year=2015| access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>{{sfn | Livingstone | 1857 | pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n122 92], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n740 679–680, 683]}} [[File:Gang of Captives at Mbame’s.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Slave traders and their captives bound in chains and collared with 'taming sticks'. From Livingstone's ''Narrative'']] Livingstone wakakhozgeka comene na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakacitira na ivyo wakasanga, kweniso ŵakamovwira kuti wacitenge maulendo ghanyake. Wakayowoya kuti wakambenge kupenjerezga malo ghanyake, kuti wasange nthowa za malonda izo wakagomezganga kuti zingatora malo gha malonda gha ŵazga, m'malo mwa kupenja nthowa za umishonale. Wupu wa London Missionary Society (LMS) ukati wamanya ivyo wakakhumbanga kucita, ukamutumira kalata, iyo Livingstone wakapokera ku Quelimane, na kumuwonga cifukwa ca ulendo wake, kweni ukati ŵalongozgi ŵa wupu uwu "ŵakakanizgika kovwira kuti mulimo wa kupharazga makani ghawemi ufike patali". Wakakana kuti ŵambe kuzenga misasa yinyake kumpoto kwa Zambezi, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti Zambezi yiŵe nthowa yakwendeskera malonda mu vyaru vinyake, kweni wakakhumba yayi kuleka LMS nyengo yeneyiyo. Apo Roderick Murchison, pulezidenti wa Royal Geographical Society, wakadumbiskana nayo na nduna ya vya caru, Livingstone wakayowoyapo cilicose yayi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa LMS, nanga ni apo cikawonekanga kuti boma ndilo lizamugwiliskira nchito ndalama pakwendeska ulendo wa ku Zambezi. Wakaphalira mubwezi wake kuti: "Nindamanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Boma, kweni nkhumanya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Sosaite (LMS)". Mu 1857, Livingstone wakafumapo pa gulu la London Missionary Society, ndipo mu Meyi wa cilimika ici, wakimikika kuŵa mulara wa boma la ku Mozambique. Mu Febuluwale 1858, boma likati malo agho wakenera kulamulira ni "mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na vigaŵa vya mukati mwa Africa". Apo wakadumbiskananga na boma kuti waŵe Konsolo, ŵa LMS ŵakaghanaghananga kuti wawelerenge ku Africa na ulendo wawo wa ku Kololo ku Barotseland, uko Livingstone wakawovwira. Paumaliro, mishonale yumoza, muwoli wake, muwoli wa mishonale munyake, na ŵana ŵake ŵatatu ŵakafwa na maleriya. Livingstone wakakumana na viyezgo vinandi pa ulendo wake wakwamba, kweni wakapulikiska yayi masuzgo agho wakakumana nagho, ndipo wakajumphizga kughanaghanira za caru ico ŵakasangako, ntheura ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakaluta ku malo gha mathipa uku ŵakaŵa na cakurya cambura kukwana ca quinine. Munthu munyake wakulemba mbiri ya ŵanthu zina lake Tim Jeal, wakawona kuti nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti Livingstone wakatondeka kucita makora vinthu vinyake, ndipo wakalongora kuti nyengo zose wakaŵikanga vilato vyake na ntchito yake pakwamba kuluska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵanyake. Pa nyengo iyi Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti wayowoyenge nkhani pa wumba, ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa mu Royal Society. Wakapokera ndalama zinandi ku boma kuti wawovwire pa ulendo wake wakulondezgapo. Kweniso boma likamupa ndalama zakukwana £5,000 kuti wawone umo ŵamalonda ŵa ku Britain ŵangagwilira nchito pa Mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref name="Life & Expeditions" /> ===Zambezi expedition===<!-- This section is linked from [[Zambezi]] --> Mu Disembala 1857, ofesi ya munthavi yikanozga kuti yilute na gulu likuru. Mu Janyuwale 1858 wakazomera kulongozga ulendo waciŵiri wa ku Zambezi pamoza na ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵankhondi na yumoza. Boti lakucemeka Ma Robert likapangika mwaluŵiro ndipo likanyamulika mu boti la Colonial Office la Pearl, ilo likaluta nalo ku Ceylon. Ŵakafumako pa 10 March, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Freetown na kutora ŵanthu 12 ŵa mtundu wa Kru kuti ŵakateŵetere pa sitima ya pa mlonga, ndipo ŵakafika pa Zambezi pa 14 May. Ŵakaghanaghana kuti ngalaŵa zose ziŵiri ziŵawovwire kuti ŵende mu mlonga na kukhazikapo malo, kweni pakaŵa pakusuzga kuti ngalaŵa zijumphemo para zajumpha mu Cahora Bassa rapids. Pearl wakataya katundu wawo pa cirwa ico cikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 64 kufuma uko kukaŵa boti ili. Kufuma pa malo agha, Ma Robert wakendanga mwakuzizima, ndipo ŵakamuguzira mu maji ghanandi. Mlonga uwu ukaŵa malo gha nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal na ŵazga ŵawo ŵakarwanga nkhondo na Ŵachikunda ŵa ku Matakenya (Mariano) awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga, kweni wose ŵaŵiri ŵakazomera kuti ŵaŵe ŵabwezi.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=129–138}}<ref name="Popular Account I">{{cite wikisource|chapter=CHAPTER I|wslink=A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries|plaintitle=A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries| last=Livingstone|first=David|year= 1894 |publisher=John Murray|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref>[[File:MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|The grave of Livingstone’s wife, [[Mary Moffat Livingstone]], in [[Chupanga]], Mozambique. She died in 1862.]] Ŵasayansi ŵara ŵakati ŵakhala waka ku Shupanga, ŵakamanya yayi umo vinthu vikwenera kucitikira, ntheura ŵakakolerana yayi. Thomas Baines, uyo wakaŵa citatata, ŵakamuwuskamo mu gulu ili. Ŵanyake awo ŵakaluta ku Nyanja ya Nyasa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kufika ku Nyanja iyi, ndipo ŵakenda pa sitima zinayi. Mu 1861, ofesi ya Colonial yikatumizga boti la nkhuni lakucemeka Pioneer, ilo likanyamura gulu la University Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) ilo likalongozgekanga na Bishop Charles MacKenzie. Livingstone wakawunjika ndalama kuti wapange ngalaŵa yinyake, ya Lady Nyasa, iyo yikanozgeka kuti yende pa Nyanja ya Nyasa. Buku ili likatumizgika mu vigaŵa-vigaŵa, mwakupambana na ivyo wakapempha, pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵanyake, kusazgapo Mary Livingstone, ndipo ŵakafika mu 1862. Ngalaŵa ya Pioneer yikacedwa kufika pa mtunda kuti yikakumane nawo, ndipo yikacedwa comene cifukwa cakuti yikamanya kuti Bishopu wafwa. Mary Livingstone wakafwa pa 27 Epulero 1862 cifukwa ca maleriya. Livingstone wakatora sitima ya Pioneer na kuluta ku mtunda na kukawona Mlonga wa Ruvuma, ndipo dokotala John Kirk wakalemba kuti: "Nkhuwona kuti Dr. Livingstone wali na maghanoghano ghaheni ndipo ni mulongozgi wakofya comene". Apo ŵapayiniya ŵakaweleranga ku Shupanga mu Disembala 1862, ŵakaŵalipira (mu salu) "ŵanalume ŵa Mazaro" awo ŵakafumapo na kusanga ŵanyake. Pa 10 Janyuwale 1863 ŵakanyamuka, ŵakaguzanga Lady Nyasa, ndipo ŵakakwelera mu Mlonga wa Shire uko kukaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaparanyika apo Mariano wakambanga kupenja ŵazga ku Chikunda, ivyo vikapangiska njara. Ŵakafika ku Chibisa na ku Murchison Cataracts mu Epulero, ndipo ŵakamba kuwuskapo Nyanakazi Nyasa na kuzenga msewu uwo ukajumphanga mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Nyanja iyi.{{sfn | Livingstone | Livingstone | 1866 | pp=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog/page/n509/mode/2up 472–475]}}{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=180–182}} Mu 1864 wakanyamura ngalaŵa izi mu mlonga pamanyuma pakuti boma lazomerezga kuti ŵaleke kuluta. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵa mu nyuzipepara ŵakayowoya kuti ulendo wa ku Zambezi watondeka, ndipo Livingstone vikamusuzga kusanga ndalama zakwendeskera ulendo wake wa ku Africa. John Kirk, Charles Meller, na Richard Thornton, ŵasayansi awo ŵakasankhika na Livingstone kuti ŵacite mulimo uwu, ŵakapeleka vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na vyakumera, vinyama, na ŵanthu ku masukulu gha ŵasayansi ku United Kingdom. ===Nile River=== Mu Janyuwale 1866, Livingstone wakawelera ku Africa, ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakaluta ku Zanzibar, ndipo kufuma ku malo agha wakamba kupenja uko kukufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nile. Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke, na Samuel Baker ŵakayowoya kuti Nyanja ya Albert panji Nyanja ya Victoria ndiyo yikafuma maji agha. (Ivyo vikaŵa vyaunenesko nadi, cifukwa Nile "yikuphulika kufuma pasi pa mapiri gha ku Burundi pakati pa Nyanja ya Tanganyika na Nyanja ya Victoria"), kweni pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani iyi. Livingstone wakagomezganga kuti cisimi ici cikaŵa kumwera ndipo wakasora gulu la ŵazga awo ŵakafwatuka ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa vya Comoros, na ŵateŵeti ŵaŵiri ŵa pa ulendo wake wakwamba, Chuma na Susi. [[File:Livingstone House, Mikindani, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|This house in Mikindani in southern Tanzania was the starting point for Livingstone's last expedition. He stayed here from 24 March to 7 April 1866.]] Livingstone wakamba ulendo wake kufuma pa mlomo wa mlonga wa Ruvuma, kweni pacoko na pacoko awo ŵakamovwiranga ŵakamba kumuleka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa vya Comoros ŵakawelera ku Zanzibar ndipo ŵakaphalira ŵalara ŵa boma kuti Livingstone wafwa. Wakafika pa Nyanja ya Malawi pa 6 Ogasiti, ndipo pa nyengo iyi vinthu vyake vinandi vikaŵa kuti vyibika, kusazgapo munkhwala wake wose. Kufuma apo, Livingstone wakaluta ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ndipo umoyo wake ukaŵa pa ngozi. Wakatuma uthenga ku Zanzibar kupempha kuti ŵatumizge vinthu ku Ujiji ndipo wakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi, chifukwa cha ulwari. Wakafika pa Nyanja ya Mweru pa 8 November 1867 ndipo wakalutizga ulendo wake, wakaluta kumwera kukaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona Nyanja ya Bangweulu. Wakati wasanga mlonga wa Lualaba, Livingstone wakaghanaghana kuti ungaŵa mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nile, kweni wakamanya kuti mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Congo muli Nyanja ya Upper Congo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Livingstone |first1=David |title=Personal Letter to J. Kirk or R. Playfair |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |website=David Livingstone Online |access-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221195004/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> Caka ca 1869 cikamba apo Livingstone wakalwara comene apo wakaŵa mu nkhorongo. Ŵamalonda Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakamuponoska, ŵakamupa munkhwala na kuluta nayo ku malo gha Ŵaarabu. Mu Malici 1869, Livingstone wakalwara nthenda ya chibungu ndipo wakati wafika ku Ujiji, wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵabiba katundu wake. Wakapwetekeka na cholera ndipo malundi ghake ghakaŵa na vilonda, ntheura wakeneranga kugomezga ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga kuti ŵamufikiske ku Bambara, uko nyengo ya vula yikamukora. Pakuti wakaŵaje cakurya, Livingstone wakaryanga mu cipinda ico ŵakakakilira vingwe kuti ŵakondweske ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici. Pa Julayi 15, 1871, Livingstone wakalemba ivyo wakawona apo Ŵaarabu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku msika wa Nyangwe, mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Lualaba. Ŵakayowoya kuti cifukwa ca kupanikizgira ici cikaŵa kuwezgera pa ivyo wakacita Manilla, uyo wakaŵa muzga uyo wakawukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mohombo cifukwa ca kulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa mtundu wa Wagenya, Kimburu. Ŵaarabu ŵakawukira ŵamalonda na ŵanthu ŵa Kimburu. Ŵasayansi ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Indiana ku Pennsylvania, awo ŵakawona ivyo vikaŵa mu diary ya Livingstone ŵakayowoya kuti apo wakalembanga ivyo vikaŵa mu diary yake, wakaleka kughanaghanira vya ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanyake, awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Banyan, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na John Kirk, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma ku Zanzibar, ndipo wakatumika kuti wakaponoske Livingstone. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakaŵafwatura ndipo ŵakasazgikako ku gulu lake, kweni ŵakalongora nkhaza ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha mwakupambana na ulongozgi wake, ndipo wakafipanga mtima kuti panji ndiwo ŵakambiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke. Mu diary yake wakalemba kuti "ŵanalume ŵa Dugumbe ŵakakoma Kimburu na munyake kuti ŵaŵe ŵazga" ndipo wakalongosora kuti ŵazga ŵa Manilla ndiwo ŵakalongozganga, kweni pakuwona ivyo vikacitika, wakati ŵanthu ŵa Dugumbé ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mulandu, ndipo ŵakamba mulandu uwu kuti ŵaŵe ciyelezgero ciwemi ku Manilla. Mu diary yake wakalongosora kuti wakatuma ŵanalume ŵake na ndembera kuti ŵawovwire munung'una wa Manilla. Baibolo ilo Waller wakalemba mu "Last Journals", ilo likalembeka mu 1874, likulongosora yayi ivyo Livingstone wakayowoya vyakukhwaskana na Kirk na nkharo yiheni ya ŵanalume ŵa ku Banyan awo ŵakagwiranga nchito, ndipo likulongosora yayi umo ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi ŵakakhalira pakwamba apo ŵakalimbana na ŵazga ŵa Ŵaarabu. Cigaŵa ico cikulongosora vya kukoma ŵanthu cikaŵa na mazgu ghacoko waka. Kupenjerezga ivyo vikalembeka mu dayare kukulutilira.<ref name="cbsn_Rese">{{Cite web |title=Researchers now presume that Dr Livingstone lied |work=CBS News |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=25 April 2019 |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/researchers-now-presume-that-dr-livingstone-lied/ }}</ref><ref name="livingstoneonline.org">{{Cite web |last=Wisnicki |first=Adrian S. |date=2011 |title=Livingstone in 1871 |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.org/spectral-imaging/livingstone-in-1871 |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=livingstoneonline.org}}</ref> Livingstone wakatenthema comene na ivyo vikacitika, ndipo wakalutilira yayi kupenja maji gha mu Nile. Nyengo ya vula yikati yamara, wakenda mtunda wa makilomita 390 kufuma ku Nyangwe kuwelera ku Ujiji, malo gha Ŵaarabu agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. ===Geographical discoveries=== Nangauli Livingstone wakananga pakuyowoya za Nile, kweni wakasora malo ghanandi agho ghakovwira ŵasayansi ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, nga ni Nyanja ya Ngami, Nyanja ya Malawi, na Nyanja ya Bangweulu, kusazgapo Victoria Falls iyo yazunulika kale. Wakalongosora makora umo Nyanja ya Tanganyika, Nyanja ya Mweru, na nthowa ya milonga yinandi, comenecomene ya Zambezi, ndipo ivyo wakawona vikawovwira kuti vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kumanyikwa vilembeke. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni wakafika yayi kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yikaŵa kumwera kwa Equator, ndipo wakafika yayi ku nkhorongo za mu Mlonga wa Congo uko kukaŵa kufupi na Msumba wa Ntangwe, kufupi na Misisi. Livingstone wakapika mendulo ya golide ya Royal Geographical Society of London, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu ili umoyo wake wose.<ref name="Blaikie1880" /> ==Stanley meeting== [[File:Omani Empire 2.png|thumb|Livingstone's meeting with Stanley took place at [[Ujiji]], an Arab trading post under the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]], marked in pink at the bottom left of this map.]] [[File:Henry Morton Stanley meeting David Livingstone at Ujiji, in Wellcome V0006855.jpg|thumb|Henry Morton Stanley meets David Livingstone]] [[File:Livingstone Memorial, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Livingstone Memorial in [[Ujiji]], Tanzania]] Kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, Livingstone wakaleka kucezga na ŵanthu ndipo vilimika vinayi vyaumaliro wa umoyo wake, wakaŵa mulwari comene. Pa makalata 44 agho wakatuma, limoza pera ndilo likafika ku Zanzibar. Kalata yimoza iyo yikalembeka na Horace Waller, yikavumbukwa na Peter Beard mu 2010. Likuti: "Nili na nthumbo yikuru, kweni iyi njinu pera... Nkhukayika usange nizamukuwonaso".<ref>{{cite news|title=David Livingstone letter deciphered at last. Four-page missive composed at the lowest point in his professional life|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38064893|agency=Associated Press|date=2 July 2010|access-date=2 July 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100705102958/http://emelibrary.org/livingstoneletter/ ''Livingstone's Letter from Bambarre''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705102958/http://emelibrary.org/livingstoneletter/ |date=5 July 2010 }}, emelibrary.org; accessed 4 July 2010.</ref> Mu 1869, nyuzipepara ya New York Herald yikatuma Henry Morton Stanley kuti wamupenje. Wakamusanga Livingstone mu tawuni ya Ujiji pa mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika pa Novembala 10, 1871. Livingstone, nkhugomezga?" Livingstone wakazgora kuti, "Enya", ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti, "Nkhuwonga comene kuti nili pano kuti nimupokelerani". Mazgu ghakumanyikwa agha ghangaŵa ghakupangika waka, cifukwa pamasinda Stanley wakalemba mu diary yake ivyo vikacitika. Nanga ni nkhani ya Livingstone ya umo wakakumana na ŵanthu aŵa yikuzunurapo yayi mazgu agha. Kweni mazgu agha ghakusangika mu nyuzipepara ya New York Herald ya Ogasiti 10, 1872, ndipo mabuku gha Encyclopædia Britannica na Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ghakuzunura mazgu agha kwambura kukayika. Mazgu agha ghakumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ghakulongora kuti Livingstone wakaŵa yekha muzungu uyo wakaŵapo pa mtunda wa makilomita ghanandi, kweniso cifukwa cakuti Stanley wakayezgayezga kuti wawoneke wakucindikika mu nkhorongo ya mu Africa mwa kuyowoya mazgu agho munthu wangaghanaghananga kuti wangapulika mu kilabu ya ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ku London. Ndipouli, awo ŵakaŵazganga nyuzipepara iyi ŵakawona kuti Stanley wakuneneska yayi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Stanley, zina lake Tim Jeal, wakati umoyo wake wose Stanley wakalimbananga na suzgo lakuti wakaŵa mukavu. Buku la Stanley likulongora kuti mazgu agha ghakaŵa ghakufuma ku soni, cifukwa wakakhumba yayi kukumbatira Livingstone. Nangauli Stanley wakamuchiskanga, kweni Livingstone wakaŵikapo mtima kuti waleke kuwukapo mu Africa m'paka wamalizge mulimo wake. Ulwari wake ukamupangiska kuti watimbanizgike maghanoghano ndipo wakasuzgikanga kusankha vinthu paumaliro wa umoyo wake. Wakenda mu mlonga wa Lualaba, ndipo wakati watondeka kusanga nthowa yakunjilira mu mlonga wa Nile, wakawelera ku Nyanja ya Bangweulu na malo ghake kuti wakawone umo mlonga uwo ukendanga kumpoto ukuyendera.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=}} ==Christianity and Sechele== Livingstone wakumanyikwa kuti ni "mishonale mulara comene mu Africa", ndipouli, pali kulembeka kuti wakang'anamura mtima munthu yumoza pera wa ku Africa: Sechele, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Kwena ŵa ku Botswana (ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kwena mba Sotho-Tswana, awo ŵakusangika mu South Africa, Lesotho, na Botswana mu magulu ghose ghatatu gha ciyowoyero ca Sotho-Tswana). Sechele wakababika mu 1812. Adada ŵake ŵakafwa apo Sechele wakaŵa na vilimika 10, ndipo ŵaŵiri mwa ŵadumbu ŵake ŵakagaŵana fuko, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Sechele wafumeko ku nyumba yake kwa vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi. Sechele wakati wawelera, wakatora cigaŵa ca fuko la sekuru wake, ndipo pa nyengo iyi ndipo wakakumana na Livingstone. Livingstone wakamba kutemwa chomene Sechele, chomenechomene umo wakaŵazgiranga. Pakuti Sechele wakasambiranga luŵiro, wakasambira alufabeti mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri ndipo mwaluŵiro wakamba kuyowoya Cingelezi. Wakati wasambizga ŵanakazi ŵake luso ulu, wakalemba Baibolo mu ciyowoyero cake. Livingstone wakamanyikwanga mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa kuti wakacindikanga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ndipo mafuko agho wakaluta nagho ghakamucindikanga na cipulikano ndiposo kugomezgeka. Ndipouli, wakatondeka kuzgora ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko ili kuti ŵaŵe Ŵakhristu. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti, Sechele, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa fuko la ku Africa, wakakondwa yayi na fundo yakuti Livingstone wangapempha yayi vula kwa Ciuta wake nga ni umo awo ŵakapanganga vula ŵakacitiranga, ŵeneawo ŵakatenge ŵangacita. Livingstone wakadandawura kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo wakabapatiza Sechele na kumuzomerezga kuti waŵe muteŵeti wa chalichi. Sono Sechele wakaŵa mu chalichi, kweni wakalutilira kucita vinthu kuyana na mitheto yake ya ku Africa, iyo yikaŵa yakupambana na visambizgo vya Livingstone.:20 Sechele wakaŵa wakupambana yayi na ŵanalume ŵanyake ŵa fuko lake pa nkhani ya kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi. Wakaŵa na ŵawoli ŵankhondi, kusazgapo MmaKgari (kufuma ku lizgu la Citswana ilo likung'anamura "anyina ŵa Kgari"), Mokgokong na Masebele. Wakati walekana na ŵanakazi aŵa, Livingstone wakaŵabatizga wose ndipo vyose vikenda makora. Ndipouli, pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, yumoza wa ŵawoli ŵake wakale wakaŵa na nthumbo, ndipo mwana wakababika na Sechele. Sechele wakapempha Livingstone kuti waleke kumugongoweska cifukwa cipulikano cake cikaŵa kuti citali, kweni Livingstone wakafumamo mu caru ici na kuluta kumpoto kuti walutilire kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Template:Mapeji ghakukhumbikwa Livingstone wakati wafumako ku fuko la Kwena, Sechele wakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Cikhristu ndipo wakalongozganga ŵamishonale ku mafuko gha pafupi na kuzgora pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa fuko la Kwena kuŵa Ŵakristu. Neil Parsons wa ku Yunivesite ya ku Botswana wakati, Sechele "wakacita vinandi pakuthandazga Cikristu kumwera kwa Africa mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800 kuluska mishonale waliyose wa ku Europe". Nangauli Sechele wakajicemanga kuti ni Mkhristu, kweni ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakolerana nayo yayi. Mulongozgi wa fuko la Kwena wakakhumbanga kuti vula yilokwe, kweniso wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanakazi ŵaŵe na ŵanakazi ŵanandi.<ref name="Tomkins2013a">{{cite web |last=Tomkins |first=Stephen |date=19 March 2013 |title=The African chief converted to Christianity by Dr Livingstone |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21807368 |access-date=2018-07-12 |work=BBC News}}</ref> ==Death== [[File:David Livingstone Medal (p.60) - Copy.jpg|thumb|David Livingstone Medal<ref name="LMS1890">{{cite journal|title=A Livingstone Medal|journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society|date=February 1890 |url=https://archive.org/stream/chroniclelondon00unkngoog#page/n104/mode/2up/search/livingstone+medal|first=Allen|last=Wyon|page=60|location=London}}</ref>]] Livingstone wakafwa pa 1 May 1873 apo wakaŵa na vyaka 60 mu muzi wa Chitambo ku Chipundu, kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Bangweulu, mu Zambia lero, chifukwa cha maleriya na kuthika ndopa mukati chifukwa cha nthenda ya malungo. Wakalongozgeka na ŵantchito ŵake ŵakugomezgeka, Chuma na Susi, ndipo gulu lake likanozga vyakusunkhizga nyifwa. Ŵakafumiskamo mtima wake na kuwusunga musi mwa khuni ilo likaŵa pafupi na malo agho wakafwira. Ŵanthu ŵakuti khuni ili ni mvula panji baobab, kweni likwenera kuti ni mpundu, chifukwa awo ŵakukhala pasi pa khuni ili mbachoko chomene kweniso ŵali mu malo ghambura maji.<ref name="WickensLowe2008">{{cite book|last1=Wickens|first1=G. E. |last2= Lowe |first2=P.|title=The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYq6NAEACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-1-4020-6430-2|page=33}}</ref>{{sfn|Dugard|2014|p=147}} Pa malo agha, agho sono ghakucemeka kuti Livingstone Memorial, pali kulembeka kuti wakafwa pa 4 May, zuŵa ilo Chuma na Susi ŵakayowoya (ndipo ŵakalilemba mu khuni); kweni mabuku ghanandi ghakulongora kuti zuŵa lakwamba la Meyi ndilo likaŵa zuŵa leneko ilo Livingstone wakalemberanga ivyo wakalemba. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Chuma na Susi, ŵakanyamura thupi lake, pamoza na buku lake lakulongosora umoyo wake na katundu wake, ndipo ŵakenda ulendo wa mazuŵa 63 kuluta ku Bagamoyo, tawuni iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja, mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 1,600. Ŵakafika ku Ujiji mu Febuluwale 1874, uko ŵakasanga mapepara gha Livingstone na kughapeleka ku England. Ŵalondezgi 79 ŵakamalizga ulendo uwu, ndipo ŵanalume aŵa ŵakapokera malipiro ghawo, ndipo viwangwa vya Livingstone vikaweleraso ku Britain kuti ŵakasunge. Mu London, thupi lake likagona pa No.1 Savile Row, uko panyengo iyo kukaŵa likuru la Royal Geographical Society, pambere ŵandamuŵike ku Westminster Abbey.<ref name="Blaikie1880" /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html|title=On Savile Row|author=G. Bruce Boyer|magazine=Cigar Aficionado|date=Summer 1996|access-date=21 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817001808/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=David Livingstone|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/david-livingstone|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Westminster Abbey}}</ref> ==Livingstone and slavery== [[File:The Slave Gang (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|Arab slave traders and their captives]] {{blockquote|Ndipo usange ivyo nasanga vyakukhwaskana na wuzga wa ku Ujijian vikovwira kuti malonda gha ŵazga ghaleke kucitika ku East Coast, niwonenge kuti nkhani iyi njakuzirwa comene kuluska kusanga maji ghose gha mu Nile.|Livingstone mu kalata iyo wakalembera mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya New York Herald<ref name="Stanley1872">{{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|author-link=Henry Morton Stanley |title=How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving01stangoog|year=1872|publisher=Scribner, Armstrong & Company}}</ref>}} Apo wakayowoyanga za malonda gha ŵazga ku East Africa mu nyuzipepara yake: {{blockquote|Ntchambura macitiko kuti uheni wake uleke kuŵa na nkhongono.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=442}} }} Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced to march by Arab slave traders in the [[African Great Lakes]] region when he was travelling there in 1866: {{blockquote|Tikawona muzga mwanakazi uyo ŵakamukoma na futi panji kumudinya ndipo wakaŵa mu nthowa. Gulu la ŵanalume likimilira patali, ndipo gulu linyake la ŵanakazi likawoneleranga. Ŵakati Muarabu munyake uyo wakajumphapo mulenjilenji zuŵa lira, wakachita nthena chifukwa cha ukali chifukwa cha kutaya ndalama izo ŵakamulipira, chifukwa chakuti mwanakazi uyu wakatondekanga kwenda. 27 Juni 1866 - Lero tikakumana na munthu uyo wakafwa na njara, cifukwa wakaŵa wakunyotwa comene. Yumoza wa ŵanalume ŵithu wakendendendeka ndipo wakasanga ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa na ndodo za wuzga, awo ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵaleka cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya. Ŵakaŵa ŵakulopwa comene mwakuti ŵakatondekanga kuyowoya panji kuyowoya uko ŵakafuma; ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene.|source={{harvnb|Livingstone|1874|p=62}}}} He also described: {{blockquote|Nthenda yiheni comene iyo nili kuyiwonapo mu caru ici yikuwoneka kuti ni mtima wakuphyoka, ndipo yikuwukira ŵanalume ŵanangwa awo ŵakakoleka na kuzgoka ŵazga... Ŵanalume 21 ŵakafwatuka, kweni wose ŵakacimbira nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanandi 8 ŵakakakika, ndipo ŵakafwa mu mazuŵa ghatatu ŵati ŵambuka. Iwo ŵakalongosora kuti ŵakasuzgikanga waka mu mtima, ndipo ŵakaŵika woko pa malo ghakwenelera, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti woko ili lili mu chiwangwa cha pa nganga.|source={{harvnb|Livingstone|1874|p=352}} }} Makalata gha Livingstone, mabuku ghake, na magazini ghake ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakane wuzga, kweni wakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, awo wakakhumbanga kuŵawuskapo. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wambura nkharo pakati pa ŵanyake, ndipo pa ulendo wake waumaliro wakaluta nga ni munthu uyo wakwenda yekha, na ŵateŵeti na awo ŵakamunyamulira katundu, kweni wakaŵavya wovwiri wa nkhwantha. Kweniso wakakhumbanga yayi kulondezga nthowa za ŵanthu ŵankhaza nga ni Stanley, kuti waŵavikilire ŵantchito ŵake na katundu wake. Pa vifukwa ivi, wakazomera kovwirika na kupokelereka kufuma mu 1867 na Mohamad Bogharib na Mohamad bin Saleh (wakumanyikwaso kuti "Mpamari"), ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, nga umo wakalongosolera mu mabuku ghake. Iwo nawo ŵakasanga candulo cifukwa cakuti Livingstone wakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo ici cikawovwira kuti Mpamari wafumiskike mu wuzga wa Mwata Kazembe. Livingstone wakakwiya comene wakati wamanya kuti ŵanji mwa awo ŵakatumizgikanga kufuma ku Ujiji ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Kweni maukaboni gha Livingstone ghakukhwaskana na ŵazga ŵakughakayikira comene.<ref name="TeelockPeerthum2017">{{cite book|last1=Teelock|first1=Vijayalakshmi|last2=Peerthum|first2=Satyendra|title=Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iXUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|year=2017|publisher=CODESRIA|isbn=978-2-86978-680-6|pages=47–}}</ref><ref name="Rijpma2015">{{cite book|last=Rijpma|first=Sjoerd |title=David Livingstone and the Myth of African Poverty and Disease: A Close Examination of his Writing on the Pre-colonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Jj8CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|year=2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29373-1|pages=161–}}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Legacy== Ku umaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1860, Livingstone wakaŵa na lumbiri luheni ku Europe cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa ulendo wake wa ku Zambezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamugomezganga yayi pa nkhani ya uko kukufuma Mlonga wa Nile. Ulendo wake ukaŵa wakulongozgeka makora yayi. Stanley na nyuzipepara yake ŵakamovwira kuti waŵe na lumbiri luwemi, kweniso ŵateŵeti ŵa Livingstone ŵakamovwira kuti waŵe wakugomezgeka. Kulembeka kwa buku lake laumaliro kukavumbura kuti wakaŵa wakukhwima mtima nangauli wakasuzgikanga. Mu 1860, pa pempho lake, ŵakambiska sukulu ya University's Mission to Central Africa. Ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵakuzirwa, nga ni Mulongozgi Stirling na Miss Annie Allen, ŵakamba kuteŵetera gulu ili. Gulu ili na ŵamishonale awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya udokotala ŵakamba kovwira comene ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Livingstone wakabowozga vinthu vinyake vya ku Europe. Wakaciska ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwiliskirika nchito, awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, na ŵamishonale. Wakajulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Central Africa kuti ŵamishonale ŵambe kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na kuŵapwelelera, kweniso wakambiska kampani ya African Lakes Company. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamucindikanga comene, ndipo zina lake likawovwira kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵaboma ŵa ku Britain.<ref name="Blaikie1880" />[[File:David Livingstone statue, Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh|Livingstone statue]], Edinburgh by [[Amelia Robertson Hill]]]] Ici cikapangiska kuti pamasinda pa vilimika 50 kufuma apo wakafwira, mu Africa muŵe ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, ndipo ŵazungu ŵakaciskika kuti ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ivyo Livingstone wakaghanaghananga kuti "makoloni" ghaŵenge nga ni umo ise tikughanaghanira sono ni ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe yayi, kweni vikaya vya Ŵakhristu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵaŵawovwire kusanga nthowa za umoyo zambura wuzga. Livingstone wakaŵa yumoza wa gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakatemwanga kupharazga makani ghawemi ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora ku Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, gulu ili likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Britain ŵaleke kughanaghana kuti Chiuta wali na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Nyumba ya David Livingstone ku Blantyre yili mu nyumba iyo wakababikiramo, ndipo yili pa malo agho pakaŵa nyumba iyo wakagwirangamo ntchito. Cipulikano cake ca Cikhristu cikulongoreka mu buku lake, umo muli mazgu ghakuti: "Nkhukhumba cara kuŵa na cinthu cilicose ico nili naco panji ico ningaŵa naco, kweni ico cikukolerana na ufumu wa Khristu. Usange cinthu cinyake cingawovwira kuti vinthu vya Ufumu viŵe makora, cipelekekenge panji kusungika, kweni para nkhupeleka panji kusungika, ndikuti nkhukhozga ucindami wa Uyo nkhugomezga kuti wazamuniponoska kwamuyirayira". Alvyn Austin mu 1997 wakati:<ref>Alvyn Austin, "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp 10-19.</ref><blockquote>Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, Livingstone wakalongosoreka kuti ni munthu yumoza pera uyo wakazgoka Mkhristu, kweni pamasinda wakawelera nyuma. Wakenda mu vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafikako yayi. Wakathaska ŵazga ŵachoko waka. Ndipouli, mu nyengo iyi apo mazina gha vyaru ghakuzgoreka na vithuzithuzi vikubwangandulika, Livingstone wandafwe. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mazuŵa ghano ŵakutinkha comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, nga ni Cecil Rhodes, kweni Livingstone wakalutilira kuŵa munthu wacikanga. Kwa nyengo yitali, Rhodesia wali kuleka kuzunura zina lake, kweni mu misumba ya Livingstone (Zambia) na Livingstonia (Malawi) zina la munthu uyu likulutilira kumanyikwa.</blockquote> Mu 2002, David Livingstone wakasankhika kuŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu 100 ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵa ku Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |title=The Top 100 Great Britons |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |url-status=dead | work = BBC | date= 2002|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Family life== [[File:David Livingstone by Frederick Havill.jpg|thumb|Posthumous portrait of David Livingstone by [[Frederick Havill]]]] Nangauli Livingstone wakawovwira comene kuti ufumu wa Britain uthande, kweni mbumba yake yikakhwaskika comene. Ŵana ŵake ŵakakura kwambura awiskewo, ndipo muwoli wake Mary (mwana wa Mary na Robert Moffat), uyo wakatorana nayo mu 1845, wakaŵa na umoyo uheni comene, ndipo wakafwa na maleriya pa 27 Epulero 1862. Wakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza: # Robert died while serving in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]];<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=716469|pages=250–252|last1=Chirgwin|first1=A. M.|title=New Light on Robert Livingstone|volume=33|issue=132|journal=Journal of the Royal African Society|year=1934}}</ref> He took the name Rupert Vincent and was the substitute for Horace Heath, and took his place in Company H of the [[3rd New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry|3rd New Hampshire Volunteers]]. Robert ended up being captured by the [[Confederate States Army]] and died at the [[Salisbury National Cemetery|Salisbury prison camp]] in [[Rowan County, North Carolina]],<ref name="Murray2011">{{cite web | title = Rupert Vincent, I Presume? | last = Murray | first = John | work = Crossfire |issue=96|date=August 2011 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = http://www.acwrt.org.uk/uk-heritage_The-Search-for-Robert-Livingstone.asp }}</ref> which has since been termed, "North Carolina's [[Andersonville Prison|Andersonville]]."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Joel R. Stegall|date=2018-09-13|title=Salisbury Prison: North Carolina's Andersonville|url=https://nccivilwarcenter.org/salisbury-prison-north-carolinas-andersonville/|access-date=2023-02-07|website=North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center|language=en-US}}</ref> # Agnes (born 1847 or 1857, died 1912; married A.L. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=384}}) # Thomas, died in Egypt in 1876 at the age of 27 from [[Schistosomiasis|bilharzia]], a disease he contracted as a child living in Africa.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=}} # Elizabeth (who died at two months) # William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river along which he was born, in 1851; died in 1892 in Trinidad where he practiced medicine.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=}}) # Anna Mary (born 1858, died 1939) Only Agnes, William Oswell and Anna Mary married and had children.<ref>{{cite web|author=Steven Wilson|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~swilson/livingstone/descendants.htm|title=Livingstone Descendants|publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children.<ref name="Ferguson2002">{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson|title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power|url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-02329-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/empire00nial/page/158 158]}}</ref> ==Archives== Ivyo vikalembeka mu mabuku gha David Livingstone vikusungikira mu ofesi ya University of Glasgow (GUAS). Pa Novembala 11, 2011, buku la Livingstone la 1871 Field Diary, pamoza na mabuku ghanyake ghakalembeka na David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project. Mabuku agho ghakulongosora ivyo vikacitika apo Livingstone wakaŵa mishonale wa London Missionary Society (nga ni mapu gha ku South-East Africa) ghali mu malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale gha School of Oriental and African Studies. Mabuku gha pa Intaneti agho ghakukolerana na vinthu ivi na vinyake, ghakusangika na ŵanthu wose kwizira mu pulogiramu ya Livingstone Online ya pa Yunivesite ya Nebraska-Lincoln.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2015/jun/scottish-explorer-david-livingstone%E2%80%99s-writings-drawings-now-available-through-onli|title=Scottish explorer David Livingstone's writings, drawings now available through online archive|date=2015-06-24|website=Life at OSU|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingstoneonline.org/about-this-site/livingstone-online-introduction|title=Livingstone Online: An Introduction {{!}} Livingstone Online|website=www.livingstoneonline.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref> ==Place names and other memorials== [[File:Portrait of David Livingstone (4671614).jpg|thumb|upright|Photograph of Livingstone in later life]] ===Africa=== '''Botswana''' *Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole 50&nbsp;km west of [[Gaborone|Gaborone, Botswana]] * There is a memorial to Livingstone at the ruins of the [[Kolobeng Mission]], 40&nbsp;km west of Gaborone, Botswana. * Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school in Gaborone, Botswana. '''Burundi''' The [[Livingstone–Stanley Monument]] in [[Mugere]] (present-day [[Burundi]]) marks a spot that Livingstone and Stanley visited on their exploration of Lake Tanganyika, mistaken by some as the first meeting place of the two explorers. '''Congo''' *[[Livingstone Falls]] on the River Congo, named by Stanley. * The [[Livingstone Inland Mission]], a Baptist mission to the [[Central Africa]] 1877–1884, located in present-day [[Kinshasa|Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. '''Ghana''' * Livingstone House, Achimota School, Ghana (boys' boarding house). '''Kenya''' * Dr Livingstone Primary School in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. * Livingstone house, Alliance Highschool in [[Kiambu]], Kenya. [[File:David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of David Livingstone, Zimbabwe|David Livingstone statue]] at [[Victoria Falls]], the first statue on the Zimbabwean side]]'''Malawi''' *The town of [[Livingstonia, Malawi]]. * The city of [[Blantyre, Malawi]] is named after Livingstone's birthplace in Scotland, and includes a memorial. * The ''David Livingstone Scholarships'' for students at the [[University of Malawi]], funded through [[Strathclyde University]], Scotland. * The David Livingstone Clinic was founded by the University of Strathclyde's Millennium Project in [[Lilongwe]], Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone Clinic - University of Strathclyde |url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/malawi/projects/davidlivingstoneclinic}}</ref> * The [[Kipengere Range]] in south-west Tanzania at the north-eastern end of [[Lake Malawi]] is also called the Livingstone Mountains. '''Namibia''' * David Livingstone Museum in [[Sangwali]], north-eastern [[Namibia]]. Livingstone stayed at Sangwali in the 1850s before travelling further north. '''South Africa''' * David Livingstone Senior Secondary School in Schauderville, [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa. * Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. '''Tanzania''' *A memorial in [[Ujiji]] commemorates his meeting with Stanley.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grant |first=C. H. B. |date=April 1932 |title=The Livingstone-Stanley Memorials in Africa |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=318–319 |doi=10.2307/1784331 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1784331}}</ref> * The church tower of the Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) in [[Bagamoyo]], Tanzania, is sometimes called "Livingstone Tower" as Livingstone's body was laid down there for one night before it was shipped to London. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} * Livingstone House in [[Stone Town]], [[Zanzibar]], provided by the [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Sultan]] for Livingstone's use, January to March 1866, to prepare his last expedition; the house was purchased by the Zanzibar government in 1947. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} * Plaque commemorating his departure from [[Mikindani]] (present-day [[Tanzania]]) on his final expedition on the wall of the house that has been built over the house he reputedly stayed in. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181020221743/http://tz.geoview.info/livingstone_street,25108633w Livingstone Street], [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania. '''Uganda''' * Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at [[Makerere University]], [[Kampala, Uganda]]. '''Zambia''' * The [[Livingstone Memorial]] in [[Zambia|Ilala, Zambia]] marks where David Livingstone died * The city of [[Livingstone, Zambia]], which includes a memorial in front of the [[Livingstone Museum]] and a new statue erected in 2005.<ref name="TOZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497 |title=David Livingstone Remembered |access-date=27 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225346/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * The [[Rhodes-Livingstone Institute]], located a few miles outside [[Lusaka, Zambia]], 1937 to 1964, was a pioneering research institution in anthropology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crehan |first1=Kate |date=1997 |title=The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia|place=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0779n6dt/ |chapter-url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0779n6dt&chunk.id=d0e2527&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e2413&brand=ucpress |chapter=Max Gluckman and the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute}}</ref><ref>Schumaker, Lynette Louise, "The lion in the path: Fieldwork and culture in the history of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, 1937-1964" (1994). Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI9521118. https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9521118</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heron |first1=Alastair |title=Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Lusaka |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1964-03_2_1/page/112 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=March 1964 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003724|s2cid=155082162 }}</ref> * David Livingstone Teachers' Training College, Livingstone, Zambia. * A new statue of David Livingstone was erected in November 2005 on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls.<ref name="TOZ" /> '''Zimbabwe''' * The David Livingstone Memorial statue at [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe]], erected in 1934 on the western bank of the falls.<ref name="Michler2007">{{cite book|last=Michler|first=Ian|title=Victoria Falls & Surrounds: The Insider's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NprYukGOsEoC|year=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-77007-361-6|page=11}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{harvnb|Michler|2007}} quoted 1954 which is wrong. The statue was unveiled on 5 August 1934<ref name="VicFalls">{{cite sign|url=http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm|title=David Livingstone's statue|date=1934|location=[[Victoria Falls]]|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm|archive-date=9 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * A plaque was unveiled in November 2005 at Livingstone Island on the lip of Victoria Falls marking where Livingstone stood to get his first view of the falls.<ref name="TOZ" /> * David Livingstone Primary School in [[Harare|Salisbury, Rhodesia (present-day Harare, Zimbabwe)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke/|title=Dr Livingstone Primary School - Nairobi|website=dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke}}</ref> * David Livingstone Secondary School in Ntabazinduna about 40&nbsp;km from [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe. * Livingstone House in Harare, Zimbabwe, designed by Leonora Granger. {{Who|date=January 2014}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Museum to honour David Livingstone | last=Lottering | first=Francois | work=[[The Namibian]] | date=28 October 2016 | page=7 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone | access-date=29 October 2016 | archive-date=29 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029174306/http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone | url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asia=== '''New Zealand''' *Livingstone Street in Westmere, Auckland *Livingstone Road in Flaxmere, Hastings ===Europe=== '''Scotland''' [[File:David Livingstone statue, Glasgow.JPG|thumb|Livingstone statue, [[Glasgow]]]] * The [[David Livingstone Centre|David Livingstone Birthplace Museum]] in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]], is a museum in his honour, operated by the David Livingstone Trust. * David Livingstone Memorial Primary School in Blantyre. * David Livingstone Memorial Church of the Church of Scotland in Blantyre. * A statue of Livingstone in [[Cathedral Square, Glasgow|Cathedral Square]], [[Glasgow]]. * A [[Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh|statue]] of Livingstone in [[Princes Street Gardens]], Edinburgh. * A bust of Livingstone is among those of famous Scotsmen in the [[Wallace Monument]] near [[Stirling]]. * [[Strathclyde University]], Glasgow (which evolved from Anderson's University, later the [[Royal College of Science and Technology]]), commemorates him in the David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084611/http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs/|url-status=dead|title=David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability webpage|archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> and the [[Livingstone Tower]] where there is a statue of him in the building's foyer. * The David Livingstone Room in the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|title=David Livingstone Meeting & Function Room {{!}} Fifteen Ninety Nine|website=fifteenninetynine.co.uk|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531140052/http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A portrait of Livingstone by [[Thomas Annan]] (a photograph painted over in oils) hangs outside the room.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|title=Thomas Annan and the Documentary Photograph|last=Andrew McAinsh|date=5 January 2016|website=College Library|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629185327/https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The ''David Livingstone (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology'' commemorates him at the [[University of Glasgow]]. * Livingstone Place, a street in the [[Sciennes]] neighbourhood of Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Stuart |title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua |date=2002 |publisher=Steve Savage Publishers |isbn=1-904246-06-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua/page/371 371]}}</ref> * Livingstone Street in [[Addiewell]]. * A memorial plaque commemorating the centenary of Livingstone's birth was dedicated in [[Hamilton United Reformed Church|St. James's Congregational Church in Hamilton]], the church he attended as a boy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/ |title=David Livingstone – a brief history |publisher=Hamilton.urc.org.uk |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144458/http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Livingstone lived at 17 Burnbank Road in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]], for a short time in 1862. The house still stands and has a memorial plaque outside. He was awarded the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the Town]] of Hamilton.<ref>{{cite book|author=Blaikie, William Garden|title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone|publisher=Project Gutenberg|year=2004|orig-year=1880|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13262/13262-h/13262-h.htm}}</ref> '''England''' * A statue of David Livingstone stands in a niche on the outer wall of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] on Kensington Gore, London, looking out across Kensington Gardens. It was unveiled in 1953.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Unveiling of the Livingstone Statue|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1954-03_120_1/page/15|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=120|issue=1|pages=15–20|year=1954|issn=0016-7398|doi=10.2307/1791984|jstor=1791984}}</ref> * Livingstone is one of the four houses at [[Eltham College]]. * David Livingstone Primary School in Thornton Heath, South London. ===North America=== '''Canada''' * The [[Livingstone Range (Canada)|Livingstone Range]] of mountains in southern [[Alberta]]. * David Livingstone Elementary School, [[Vancouver]]. * David Livingstone Community School, [[Winnipeg]]. * Bronze bust in [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia. * Gold bust in the city of Borden, Ontario. * Livingstone Avenue in Barrie, Ontario. * Livingstone Street, St. John's, [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada. '''United States''' * The town of [[Livingston, California]] * [[Livingstone College]], Salisbury, North Carolina. * Livingstone Adventist Academy, [[Salem, Oregon]]. * Livingston Falls, Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay ===South America=== *The Livingstone Healthservice in Jardín América, Misiones, Argentina is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html |title=Livingstone Healthservice |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104452/http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Banknotes=== In 1971–1998 Livingstone's image was portrayed on [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|£10 notes]] issued by the [[Clydesdale Bank]]. He was originally shown surrounded by palm tree leaves with an illustration of African [[tribesmen]] on the back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg |title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1982 |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212133/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition, showing the [[Zambezi|River Zambezi]], [[Victoria Falls, Zambia|Victoria Falls]], [[Lake Nyasa]] and [[Blantyre, Malawi]]; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire|Blantyre]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg |title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1990 |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212114/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> ===Science=== The following species have been named in honour of David Livingstone: * Livingston's cichlid, ''[[Nimbochromis livingstonii]]'' * Livingstone's eland, ''[[Taurotragus oryx]] livingstonii'' * [[Livingstone's fruit bat]], ''Pteropus livingstonii'' The mineral [[livingstonite]] is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barcena |first1=M |title=On livingstonite, a new mineral |journal=American Journal of Science |date=1874 |volume=108 |pages=145–146}}</ref> It was described in 1874 from Mexico. ==Portrayal in film and books== * Livingstone has been portrayed by [[M.A. Wetherell]] in [[Livingstone (film)|''Livingstone'']] (1925), [[Percy Marmont]] in [[David Livingstone (film)|''David Livingstone'']] (1936), Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]] in ''[[Stanley and Livingstone]]'' (1939), [[Bernard Hill]] in [[Mountains of the Moon (film)|''Mountains of the Moon'']] (1990) and Sir [[Nigel Hawthorne]] in the TV movie ''Forbidden Territory'' (1997).<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0132972|title=Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997)}}</ref> * [[Marvel Comics]]' ''[[Young Allies (Marvel Comics)|The Young Allies]]'' #2 featured an explorer named "Martin Livingstone" who discovered a new territory he dubbed "New America" and claimed it for the United States. [[Bucky Barnes]] greets him with the famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The story was at least partially drawn by [[Ernie Hart]], but the writer is unknown--[[Otto Binder]] had written the preceding issue and [[Stan Lee]] the following one.<ref>Stan Lee, Otto Binder, et al. ''[[Marvel Masterworks]]: Young Allies''. New York: Marvel Publishing, 2009.</ref> * The 1949 [[comedy film]] ''[[Africa Screams]]'' is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington (played by [[Lou Costello]]), who is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt. The character's name appears to be a play on Stanley and Livingstone. * Stanley Livingston, played by [[Mort Marshall]], whose name invokes both Stanley and David Livingtone, was the zoo director on ''[[Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales]]'', a 1963-66 animated series. * ''Out of Darkness, Shining Light'' (2019) by [[Petina Gappah]] is a fictionalized account of how Livingstone's body, papers, and maps traveled 1,500 miles across the continent of Africa, so his remains could be returned to England and his work preserved there. ==In popular culture== In the 1940 [[Warner Bros.]] [[Looney Tunes]] cartoon "[[Africa Squeaks]]", a caricature of [[Spencer Tracy]] as [[Henry Morton Stanley]] erroneously presumes Porky Pig to be Livingstone in the heart of "Darkest Africa". The [[Moody Blues]] 1968 single [[Dr. Livingstone, I Presume (song)|"Dr. Livingstone, I Presume"]] paints the adventures of Livingstone, [[Captain Scott]], and [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] with the refrain "What did you find there? Did you stand awhile and stare? Did you meet anyone?", followed by a repeated chorus of "We're all looking for someone". The ABBA song "[[What About Livingstone?|What about Livingstone?]]"<ref name="Sheridan2012">{{cite book|last1=Sheridan|first1=Simon|title=The Complete ABBA|date=2012|publisher=Titan Books|isbn=978-0857687241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glQ4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|page=69|edition=40th Anniversary}}</ref> mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". Livingstone made 4 great journeys into Africa, three of them starting in Cape Town, South Africa and the last at Zanzibar. None of the routes traveled on the Nile which lay far to the north. He may have crossed sections of the headwaters of Nile on his final expedition but he would not have known so as these areas were not considered in the Nile watershed until much later. A song from American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Alcatrazz]] called Jet to Jet from 1983's [[No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll]] contains the lyrics "Dr. Livingstone where are you, when We need you the most" which is in reference to the famed doctor and his expedition to [[Africa]]. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the [[Hugh Masekela]] song "Witch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, ''[[Colonial Man]]''. ==Wonaniso== *[[Thomas Baines]] *[[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] *[[Livingstone Inland Mission]] *[[History of Christianity in Zambia]] ==Ukaboni== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources and further reading=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp.&nbsp;10–19. * Dritsas, Lawrence. ''Zambesi: David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020). *{{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=Into Africa: The Epic Adventures Of Stanley And Livingstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5xM29LaRZQC&pg=PA384|year=2012|publisher=Transworld|isbn=978-1-4464-3720-9}} *{{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=The Explorers: A Story of Fearless Outcasts, Blundering Geniuses, and Impossible Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HumAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-7757-7}} * Gooding, Philip. "David Livingstone, UNESCO, and Nation-Building in 19th-21st-Century Scotland and East and Central Africa." ''Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies'' 5.2 (2021): 243–269. [https://jiows.mcgill.ca/article/view/117/72 online] * Groop, Kim Stefan. "Exploring Africa in the Nordic Press: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley and the Popular Fascination with Exploration and Adventure in Africa in the Late 19th Century." in ''Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions: Proceedings of the 4th International Multidisciplinary Congress'' (CRC Press, 2018). [https://www.academia.edu/download/57545041/Grooop_-_Exploring_Africa.pdf online]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * Holmes, Timothy (1993). ''Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth''. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86241-402-3}}; scholarly biography *{{cite book|first=Tim|last=Jeal|author-link=Tim Jeal|title=Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone0000unse_i2j7|year=1973|publisher=[[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-434-37208-9}}, scholarly biography * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first= Tim |url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal |date=1973b |title=Livingstone |location=New York |publisher=G. P. Putnum's Sons|isbn= 9780399112157 |lccn=73-82030}}, first American edition * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|author-link=Tim Jeal |title=Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcDR7nTiVAYC|year=2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19100-4}} * Kilbride, Daniel. "The Old South Confronts the Dilemma of David Livingstone." ''Journal of Southern History'' (2016) 82#4 p789-822; how he was seen in the American South. * Lewis, Joanna. ''Empire of sentiment: the death of Livingstone and the myth of Victorian imperialism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2018) . * Liebenberg, Elri. "‘I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish’: David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa." ''Cartographic Journal'' 58.1 (2021): 29-49. <!--*{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David|title=Journeys in South Africa, or Travels and Researches in South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearche00livi|orig-year=1857|year=1905|publisher=The Amalgamated Press Ltd.|location=London, UK}}--> *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |title=Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n3 |year=1857|publisher=Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342 Contents]}} * {{cite book | last1=Livingstone | first1=D. | last2=Livingstone | first2=C. | title=Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries: And of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858–1864 | publisher=Harper & Brothers | year=1866 | url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog }} *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |editor-first=Horace |editor-last=Waller|editor-link=Horace Waller (activist)|title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes|url=https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav00livigoog|year=1874|publisher=J. Murray}} * Livingstone, David and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954). ''Livingstone's Travels''. London: J.M. Dent. * Livingstone, David (1999) [1875]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214512/http://www.arlea.fr/article.php3?id_article=493&var_recherche=livingstone%2F ''Dernier Journal'']. Paris: [[Arléa]]; {{ISBN|2-86959-215-9}} {{in lang|fr}} * Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstone’s Life & Expeditions." in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. ''Livingstone Online'' (2015) [http://livingstoneonline.org/uuid/node/76ab1aa0-2bf4-4c42-adf7-c8c4ee960236 online]. * MacKenzie, John M. "David Livingstone, the Scottish cultural and political revival and the end of empire in Africa." in ''Scotland, empire and decolonisation in the twentieth century'' (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp.&nbsp;180–199. * [[Thomas Banks Maclachlan|Maclachlan, T. Banks.]] ''David Livingstone,'' Edinburgh: [[Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier]], 1901, ([[List of books for the "Famous Scots Series"|"Famous Scots Series"]]). * Martelli, George (1970). ''Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition'', 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. {{ISBN|978-0-7011-1527-2}} * {{cite book|first=Jay|last=Milbrandt|title=The Daring Heart of David Livingstone: Exile, African Slavery, and the Publicity Stunt that Saved Millions|url=https://archive.org/details/daringheartofdav0000milb|year=2014|publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (book publisher)|Thomas Nelson]]|location=Nashville, TN|isbn=978-1-59555-592-2}} scholarly biography * [[Basil Joseph Mathews|Mathews, Basil Joseph]], ''Livingstone, the Pathfinder'', illustrated by [[Ernest Prater]] (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913) * Mkenda, Festo. "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa." in ''Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa'' (Brill, 2017). 59-79 [https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004347151/B9789004347151_006.xml online]. * Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). ''Livingstone, Trail Blazer for God''. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association. * [[M. NourbeSe Philip|Philip, M. NourbeSe]] (1991). ''Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence''. Stratford: The Mercury Press; {{ISBN|978-0-920544-88-4}} * Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy." '' History Today'' (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp.&nbsp;633–639 online. * {{cite book | last=Ross | first=Andrew | title=David Livingstone : Mission and Empire | publisher=Hambledon Continuum | publication-place=London | year=2002 | isbn= 978-1-85285-285-6 | oclc=}} * Rotberg, Robert I. "His Brother’s Keeper: Charles Livingstone and the ‘Failure’ of David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 47.1 (2019): 76-99. * Seaver, George. ''David Livingston: His Life and Letters'' (1957), a standard biography * Shepperson, George. "David Livingstone 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." ''Geographical Journal'' (1973): 205–219. {{doi|10.2307/1796089}} * Stanley, Henry M. ''How I Found Livingstone'' (1872) [https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving00stangoog famous primary source]. * Stuart, John. "David Livingstone, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., ''Sites of imperial memory'' (Manchester University Press, 2016). * Waters, John (1996). ''David Livingstone: Trail Blazer''. Leicester: Inter-Varsity; {{ISBN|978-0-85111-170-4}} * Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: David Livingstone and the Invention of South Central Africa". ''Victorian Literature and Culture'' 37.1 (Mar.): 255–71. {{refend}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|David Livingstone}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} {{EB1911|wstitle=Cameron, Verney Lovett|volume=5|page=109}} *[https://www.livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstone-s-life-expeditions Livingstone Online] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ |date=15 July 2017 }}. Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080217151257/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/index.html Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of David Livingstone] Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401060253/http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0192 David Livingstone (c. 1956)]. Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive * {{Gutenberg author |id=519| name=David Livingstone}} **''[[gutenberg:1039|Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa]]'' **''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/2519 A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries] '' **''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/13262 The Personal Life of David Livingstone] '' * {{Internet Archive author |sname=David Livingstone}} *{{cite journal |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |pages=225–236 |year=1892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CMYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA225 |title=Dr. Livingston (obituary, Wed., 28 Jan. 1874) |journal=Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from the Times. Vol. 1–6. D. Vol I, 1870–1875}} * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-diary-of-dr-livingstone-watch-the-full-episode/1157/ The Lost Diary of Dr. Livingstone] Documentary produced by the [[PBS]] Series [[Secrets of the Dead]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm How Livingstone discovered the Falls. by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu Interactive map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu |date=13 April 2017 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Livingstone, David}} [[Category:David Livingstone| ]] [[Category:1813 births]] [[Category:1873 deaths]] [[Category:Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]] [[Category:Big cat attack victims]] [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:Congregationalist missionaries in Africa]] [[Category:Deaths from dysentery]] [[Category:Deaths from malaria]] [[Category:Explorers of Africa]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Zambia]] [[Category:Medical missionaries]] [[Category:People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist missionaries]] [[Category:Scottish explorers]] [[Category:Scottish evangelicals]] [[Category:Deaths from bleeding]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist ministers]] 9xks0v5k9ps3rocwxtro256a2z6bdpz 119607 119606 2026-08-20T00:35:11Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|British explorer and missionary to Africa (1813–1873)}} {{other people}} {{Use British English|date=September 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = David Livingstone | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRGS|FRS}} | image = David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg | caption = Livingstone in 1864 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1813|3|19}} | birth_place = [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]], in Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1873|5|1|1813|3|19}}<ref name="BBC2014">{{cite web | title = David Livingstone (1813–1873) | work = BBC - History - Historic Figures | date = 2014 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/livingstone_david.shtml }}</ref> | death_place = [[Livingstone Memorial|Chief Chitambo's Village]], Kingdom of Kazembe {{awrap|(today [[Northern Province, Zambia]])}} | resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.499444|-0.1275}} | known_for = Proselytizing Christianity, exploration of Africa, and meeting with [[Henry Morton Stanley|Henry Stanley]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Moffat Livingstone|Mary Moffat]]|January 1845|27 April 1862|end=d}} | children = 6 }} '''David Livingstone''' (19 Malichi 1813 - 4 Meyi 1873) wakaŵa dokotala wa ku Scotland<ref name=":0" />, Congregationalist, mupayiniya wa mishonale wachikhristu na London Missionary Society<ref name=":0" />, na explorer ku Africa, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti waleke wuzga; yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa ku Britain mu nyengo ya Victorian ya 19th century. David wakaŵa mfumu wa Mary Moffat Livingstone, uyo wakafuma mu mbumba yakumanyikwa ya ŵamishonale ya mu virimika vya m'ma 1700, Moffat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Paul |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853507173 |title=David Livingstone, Africa's greatest explorer : the man, the missionary and the myth |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-78155-333-6 |location=Stroud |pages=50 |oclc=853507173}}</ref> Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wavinjeru uyo wakacitanga vinthu vinandi vyakupambanapambana. Wakaŵa mishonale wa Chiprotesitanti uyo wakajipeleka kuti waŵe musambiri, munthu uyo wakajipeleka kuti waŵe musambazi, wasayansi, wakwendakwenda, wakunozga vinthu, wakususka wuzga, na wakukhozgera kuti Britain yisandenge malonda ghake na kukhazikiska maufumu ghanyake.<ref name="Easton2017">{{cite web | title = Why don't many British tourists visit Victoria Falls? | last = Easton | first = Mark | work = BBC News | date = 3 September 2017 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41083374 }}</ref> Livingstone wakamanyikwanga kuti ni munthu uyo wakakhumbanga kumanya uko kukufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nile, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti usange wangawuskapo cisisi ici, wamanyikwenge kuti wacitengepo kanthu kuti walekeske malonda gha ŵazga mu caru ca East Africa. Wakaphalira mubwezi wake kuti: "Maji gha mu Nile ghali na candulo cifukwa ca kunovwira kuti niŵe na nkhongono pakati pa ŵanthu. Nkhongono iyi [ndiyo] nkhugomezga kuti yizamumazga suzgo likuru".{{sfn | Jeal | 2013 | p=289}} Wakamba kupenja malo ghakupambanapambana gha ku Central Africa, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵasange malo ghakupambanapambana mu Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, maulendo ghake gha umishonale, "kuzgeŵa", na nyifwa yake mu Africa, ndiposo kuzunurika kwake nga ni munthu wakuzirwa mu 1874 vikapangiska kuti paŵe maubwezi ghanandi gha Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Central Africa.<ref name="Mackenzie1990">{{cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=John M. |editor1-first=Graham |editor1-last=Walker|editor2-first=Tom |editor2-last=Gallagher|title=Sermons and battle hymns: Protestant popular culture in modern Scotland|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpZnAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0217-9|chapter=David Livingstone: The Construction of the Myth}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == [[File:Birthplace of david livingstone.jpg|thumb|Livingstone's birthplace in [[Blantyre]], [[South Lanarkshire]], Scotland]] [[File:David Livingstones birthplace (geograph 4530192).jpg|thumb|David Livingstone's birthplace, with period furnishings]] Livingstone wakababika pa 19 March 1813 mu tawuni ya Blantyre, Scotland, mu nyumba ya ŵantchito ŵa fakitare ya thonje pa m'mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Clyde pasi pa mlatho uwo ukujumpha mu Bothwell.<ref name="nts.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |title=David Livingstone Centre: Birthplace Of Famous Scot |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212012712/https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |archive-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wakaŵa mwana waciŵiri pa ŵana ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri ŵa Neil Livingstone (1788 ⁇ 1856) na muwoli wake Agnes (née Hunter; 1782- 1865). Apo Davide wakaŵa na vilimika khumi, wakamba kugwira nchito pa fakitare ya Henry Monteith & Co. ku Blantyre Works. Iyo na mudumbu wake John, ŵakagwiranga nchito ya maora 12 pa zuŵa, ŵakakakiliranga visulo vya thonje pa makina ghakusonera. Neil Livingstone wakaŵa msambizgi wa Sande sukulu ndipo wakakananga kumwa moŵa, ndipo wakagaŵiranga mathirakiti gha Cikhristu paulendo wake wa kuguliska tiyi nyumba na nyumba. Wakaŵazga comene mabuku ghakukhwaskana na cisopo, vyamwendakwenda, na mauteŵeti gha umishonale. Ivi vikamovwira kuti waŵe munthu wakutemwa kuŵazga, kweniso kuti wasangenge vinyama, vyakumera, na vinthu vinyake mu migodi ya malibwe. Neil wakafipanga mtima kuti mabuku gha sayansi ghangatimbanizga Cikristu ndipo wakayezga kucicizga mwana wake kuti waŵazgenge vya cisopo pera, kweni David wakatemwanga comene vinthu vya cilengiwa na sayansi, ndipo ici cikamupangiska kuti wasande umo cisopa na sayansi vikukolerana.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | p=6}} Mu 1832, wakaŵazga buku la Thomas Dick lakuti Philosophy of a Future State, ndipo wakasanga fundo izo zikamovwira kuti wagwirizaniske cisopa na sayansi. Padera pa Baibolo, buku ili ndilo likamovwira comene pa nkhani ya vinjeru.<ref name="Blaikie1880">{{cite book|last=Blaikie|first=William Garden|author-link=William Garden Blaikie |title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone... Chiefly from His Unpublished Journals and Correspondence in the Possession of His Family|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13262|year=1880|publisher=John Murray|location=London|via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> Ŵanyake awo ŵakamovwira comene apo wakaŵa mwana ŵakaŵa Thomas Burke, mupharazgi wa mu Blantyre, na David Hogg, msambizgi wake wa Sunday school. Apo wakaŵa na virimika 15, David wakafumamo mu Church of Scotland na kuluta ku mpingo wa Congregational, ndipo wakapusikika na ŵapharazgi nga ni Ralph Wardlaw, awo ŵakakananga kuti munthu wangapona cifukwa ca kugomezga kuti vinthu vyose vili kulembekerathu. Pakuti Livingstone wakasambizgika visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, wakazomera fundo iyo Charles Finney, uyo ni Pulofesa wa vya cisopa pa Oberlin College, ku [[Ohio]], wakayowoya yakuti "mzimu utuŵa ukupelekeka kwa wose awo ŵakuwulomba". Kwa Livingstone, ici cikang'anamuranga kuti walekerethu kopa kuti wazamuparanyika kwamuyirayira. Livingstone wakati waŵazga buku la Karl Gützlaff, ilo likayowoyanga za visopa vya ku Britain na America, wakaciska adada ŵake kuti ŵasambire vya udokotala kuti ŵasange nchito ya kusopa. Ivyo vikacitikira Livingstone ku H. Mulimo wa ku Blantyre uwo Monteith wakacitanga, ukaŵawovwiranga chomene ŵana awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 10 na 26. Mulimo uwu ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa kuti wovwire mbumba yake iyo yikaŵa yambura ndalama zinandi, kweni ukamusambizga kuti waŵe wakuzizipizga, ndiposo kuti waŵenge walusungu na wose awo ŵakugwira nchito, nga ni umo wakalongolera mu mazgu agho wakacemerezganga mu sumu ya Robert Burns yakuti: "When man to man, the world o'er/Shall brothers be for a' that".{{efn|This sentiment today would be expressed along the lines of: "all people, worldwide, are brothers and sisters, despite everything."<ref name="Blaikie1880" />}} ==Masambilo== Livingstone wakasambiranga pa sukulu ya mu muzi wa Blantyre, pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya ku fakitare nangauli ŵakagwiranga nchito maora 14 pa zuŵa (6 koloko mulenji mpaka 8 koloko mise). Cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa na mbumba iyo yikalimbikiranga comene kusambira, wakasambira vinandi. Apo wakaŵa na vilimika 21, wakakondwa comene na kapepara ako adada ŵake ŵakapokera kufuma ku chalichi ako kakayowoyanga ivyo Gützlaff wakacema ŵamishonale kuti ŵalute ku China, ndipo kakayowoyanga kuti ŵamishonale ŵakwenera kusambizgika kuŵa ŵadokotala. Awiske ŵakamukhorweska, ndipo nga umo ŵakacitiranga ŵana ŵanyake ku Scotland, Livingstone wakeneranga kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wake, na kuzomerezgana na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa fakitare, ndipo wakeneranga kugwira nchito yake yakale kufuma pa Isitara m'paka Okutobala. Mu 1836, wakasambira ku Anderson's University, ku Glasgow, ndipo wakasambiranga vyaumoyo na chemistry. Kweniso wakasambiranga vya cisopa na Richard Wardlaw, uyo wakalimbananga na wuzga.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=9–12}}<ref name="education">{{cite web |first1=Christopher |last1= Lawrence| editor-last =Wisnicki | editor-first =Adrian S. | editor-last2 =Ward | editor-first2 = Megan | title=Livingstone's Medical Education | website=Livingstone Online | url=https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstones-medical-education |year= 2015 | access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="UnivGlas">{{cite web | title = The University of Glasgow Story : David Livingstone | work = University of Glasgow | date = n.d. | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0220&type=P }}</ref> Kuti wanjire sukulu ya udokotala, wakakhumbikwiranga kumanya Cilatini, ndipo wakasambizgikanga na Daniel Gallagher (uyo pamasinda wakaŵa wasembe, ndipo wakambiska chalichi la St. Simon's, ku Partick). Livingstone wakalimbikiranga comene nchito, wakasambira comene vya sayansi na vya cipatala, ndipo wakasanga ŵabwezi ŵanandi, kusazgapo Andrew Buchanan na James Young.<ref name="education" />{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=13–14}} Pa nyengo iyo, gulu la London Missionary Society (LMS) ndilo likaŵa likuru comene pa gulu la ŵamishonale mu caru ici. Mu Okutobala 1837 wakalembeska ku LMS, ndipo mu Janyuwale ŵakamutumira mafumbo agho wakazgora. Wakazgoreka yayi m'paka apo wakacemekera ku maungano ghaŵiri mu Ogasiti 1838. Pamanyuma pake wakapokelereka nga ni mulondezgi, ndipo wakapika masambiro ghakwambilira ku Ongar, Essex, nga ni umo ŵakambira masambiro kuti waŵe muteŵeti mu mpingo wa Congregational Union wakutumikira mu LMS, m'malo mwa masambiro ghakwambilira gha mishonale. Ku Ongar, iyo na ŵasambiri ŵanyake 6 ŵakasambiranga Cigiriki, Cilatini, Cihebere, na vya cisopa kwa Reverend Richard Cecil, uyo mu Janyuwale 1839 wakawona kuti nangauli Livingstone wakaŵa "wakujikuzga" kweniso "wakusuzga", kweni wakaŵa na "maghanoghano ghawemi, wakukhazikika, wakutemwa kusesa, kweniso wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, wakalutilira kughanaghana kuti Livingstone "wakaŵa wakunozgeka yayi" kuti wasambire vya cisopa ku Cheshunt College, ndipo wakaŵa "wakwenelera kweni wakaŵa kuti walije mahara". Mu Juni 1839 ŵalongozgi ŵa LMS ŵakazomera Livingstone, ndipo ŵakazomera pempho lake lakuti walutilire kusambira na Cecil ku Ongar mpaka kuumaliro wa cilimika, ndipo pamanyuma pake LMS yikamovwira kuti wasambire vya udokotala ku London. Kuti wasambire vya chipatala, wakalutizga masambiro ghake ku Charing Cross Hospital Medical School. Pa 16 November 1840 wakaba Licentiate of the Faculty (now Royal College) of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (mu 1857 wakaba Honorary Fellow of the Faculty). Pa Novembala 20, 1840, Livingstone wakimikika kuŵa muteŵeti wa mpingo, pamoza na William Ross, uyo nayo wakaŵa mishonale ku South Africa, mu mpingo wa Albion Chapel, ku Finsbury. Cecil na J. J. Freeman.<ref name="Albion Chapel">{{cite book | title=The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle | issue=v. 19 | year=1841 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eI6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA50 | access-date=15 March 2022 | page=50}}</ref> ==Vision for Africa== [[File: Dance of Landeens.jpg|thumb|[[Zulu people|Zulu]] dance, at [[Chupanga|Shupanga]] on the [[Zambesi]] to collect tribute from Portuguese merchants.]] Nangauli Livingstone wakazomera pempho la Gützlaff lakuti ŵamishonale ŵapharazgike ku China, kweni cifukwa cakuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Opiyamu yikaŵa pafupi, ŵalara ŵa LMS ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵaleke kutuma ŵanthu ku China. Wakati wapempha kuti wakakhaleko nyengo yitali ku Ongar, Cecil wakamuphalira kuti ŵakukhumba kuti iyo wagwirenge nchito ku West Indies "m'malo mwa ku South Africa". Pa Julayi 2, 1839, wakalembera kalata ŵalara ŵa LMS kuti ku West Indies kukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵanandi, ndipo nyengo zose wakakhumbanga kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya pa charu chapasi m'malo mwa kukakhala ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Wati wazomerezgana na gulu la LMS, wakalutilira kusambira vya cisopa na Cecil mpaka kuumaliro wa cilimika ici, ndipo pamasinda wakambiraso masambiro gha udokotala. Mu Janyuwale 1840, wakati wamba masambiro ghake, wakawelera ku sukulu ya Mrs. Nyumba iyo Sewell wakakhalanga apo wakaŵa mishonale ku Aldersgate.<ref name="education" />{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=19–20}} Ŵanji awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha nyengo na nyengo ŵakizanga kucezga na mishonale Robert Moffat, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa ku England na mbumba yake kuti waŵapharazgire vya mulimo wa LMS ku Kuruman, South Africa. Livingstone wakamufumba kanandi waka vya Africa, ndipo nga umo Moffat wakalongosolera pamanyuma, wakati: "Nyengo na nyengo wakanifumbanga usange ine nkhugomezga kuti wangawovwira ku Africa. Nkhamuphalira kuti ine nkhugomezga kuti wangacita nthena, usange wangaluta ku malo ghakale yayi, kweni ku malo ghambura ŵanthu, chomenechomene ku mapiri ghakumpoto, uko nyengo zinyake nkhawonanga josi la mizi yikuruyikuru, uko kulije mishonale uyo wali kufikapo". Iyo wakakondwa na umo Moffat wakawoneranga mulimo wa umishonale kumpoto kwa Bechuanaland, kweniso nkhani ya Chikhristu na malonda. John Philip, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa LMS, wakati wadumbiskana na Fowell Buxton, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti boma lilekerethu mulimo wa kupharazga, wakalemba buku la Researches in South Africa mu 1828. Fundo iyi yikakhozgeka na Livingstone apo wakaluta ku ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Exeter Hall pa Juni 1, 1840. Pa ungano uwu, Buxton wakalongosora mwakukhorweska kuti malonda gha ŵazga ku Africa ghamalenge usange ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, m'malo mwa kuguliska ŵazga, ŵangasanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku Europe kwizira mu "malonda ghaunenesko".<ref name="Vetch1893">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Livingstone, David|first=Robert Hamilton|last=Vetch|authorlink=Robert Hamilton Vetch|p=385|volume=33}}</ref>{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=24–25}} ===Mission stations=== Livingstone wakafumako ku London pa Novembala 17, 1840, ndipo wakaluta ku Cape of Good Hope, pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵanyake ŵaŵiri ŵa LMS: Ross, uyo wakasankhika pa uteŵeti umoza na iyo, na muwoli wake. Pa ulendo utali uwu, wakasambira ciyowoyero ca Cidachi na Citswana, ndipo kapiteni wakamusambizga comene umo ŵangendeskera sitima. Mu Rio de Janeiro, mwakupambana na maboti ghanyake ghaŵiri, iyo wakafika pa mtunda ndipo wakakondwa na tchalitchi na malo agho ghakaŵa ku mtunda, kweni wakakondwa yayi na uloŵevu wa ŵantchito ŵa sitima ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku America, ntheura wakaŵagaŵira mathirakiti mu malo ghakunjilira moŵa. Pa 15 March 1841, ngaraŵa yikafika ku Simon's Bay, ndipo kwa mwezi umoza, ŵanthu ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakhala mu msumba wa Cape Town pamoza na mfumu na muwoli wa Philip. Nga ni mulongozgi wa LMS, Philip wakalutilira na ndondomeko yawo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana pamaso pa Chiuta na dango, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe na mphindano na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boers, na awo ŵakakhalanga ku Britain. Ŵamishonale ŵakakolerana nayo yayi nkhani iyi, kweniso ŵakakolerana yayi na fundo yakuti wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua ndiwo ŵapharazgenge. Ŵanyake, nga ni Moffatt, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapharazgenge mu vigaŵa vinyake. Pakaŵaso mphindano pakati pa ŵamishonale awo ŵakagwiranga nchito za mawoko, na ŵamishonale awo ŵakaŵikika kuŵa ŵalaŵiliri.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=25, 33–36, 37–40}} Ngalaŵa iyi yikaluta na Livingstone na mbumba yake ku Algoa Bay, ndipo kufuma pa 19 Meyi mpaka pa 31 Julayi ŵakenda pa ngolo ya ng'ombe kuluta ku Kuruman Mission. Mbumba ya Moffat yikaŵa kuti yindawelere kufuma ku Britain, ndipo iyo wakajiŵikamo comene mu umoyo wa Ŵatswana. Kufuma mu Seputembala mpaka kuumaliro wa Disembala, wakenda mtunda wa makilomita 1,210 na mishonale Roger Edwards, uyo wakaŵa ku Kuruman kwambira mu 1830. Ŵakacezgera na kudumbiskana malo ghakucemeka Mabotsa, Botswana, kufupi na Zeerust, North West Province, South Africa. Mu 1842, Livingstone wakaluta ku Africa na ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, Paul na Mebalwe, awo ŵakaŵa ŵamishonale. Mu Juni 1843, Edwards wakazomelezgeka na LMS kuti wakhazikiske malo gha mishoni pamoza na muwoli wake ku Mabotsa. Livingstone wakasamukira ku malo agha na kukolerana nawo, ndipo wakaŵawovwira pa mulimo wa kuzenga. Wakalembera kalata Arthur Tidman, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa LMS, kuti waŵenge wakukondwa kucemeka Mabotsa kuti "ntchigaŵa ca nchito yane", kweni waŵenge wakunozgeka "kuya kulikose, kweni kunthazi pera". Mu Janyuwale 1844, mbumba ya Moffat yikati yafika ku Mlonga wa Vaal pamoza na mbumba zinyake ziŵiri za ŵamishonale, Livingstone wakaluta kukakumana nawo, ndipo wakakhala mu ngolo ya Moffat na kuyowoya na Robert kwa maora ghanandi mu ulendo wa mazuŵa 17 panji 18 wa ku Kuruman. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti wakumane na mwana wawo Mary, uyo wakababikira na kukulira ku Africa.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=44–46, 49}}[[File:David Livingstone attacked by a lion in Africa. Lithograph. Wellcome V0018847.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deacon Mebalwe shooting, distracting the lion which had overpowered Livingstone.]] [[File:Livingstone and the Lion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Livingstone Memorial Sculpture in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire|Blantyre]], Scotland]] Pa 16 February, Mebalwe na Livingstone ŵakamba kuvikilira mberere zawo. Livingstone wakawona nkharamu yikuru, kweni apo iyo wakayeghanga katundu, nkharamu iyi yikamuwukira, yikamudinya woko lake lamazere, ndipo yikamugwaza pasi. Mebalwe wakaponoska umoyo wa nkhalamu apo wakayizguzga kuti yikome nkharamu. Nayo wakuluma. Mwanalume munyake uyo wakayezga kumugwaza na mkondo wakalasika pambere wandafwe. Nangauli Livingstone wakaphwanya chiwangwa, kweni iyo na Edwards ŵakakhozga ubwezi wawo. Wakaluta ku Kuruman kuti wakachizgike, ndipo mwana wa Moffat, zina lake Mary, ndiyo wakamupweleleranga. Woko lake likachizgika, ndipo likamba kumuwuska na futi, nangauli likalutilira kumusuzga umoyo wake wose, ndipo wakatondekanga kuwuska woko lake kujumpha pa chiŵegha. Livingstone na Mary ŵakatorana pa Janyuwale 9, 1845. Livingstone wakeneranga kuleka uteŵeti wake wakwamba wa umishonale ku Mabotsa mu caru ca Botswana mu 1845 cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikaŵapo pakati pa iyo na Rogers Edwards, uyo nayo wakaŵa mishonale, ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bakgatla ŵakaleka kupulikira makani ghawemi. Mu 1847, wakaleka uteŵeti wake wa ku Chonuane cifukwa ca njara, kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakaŵa pafupi, ndipo wakakhumbanga "kusamukira ku vigaŵa vinyake". Ku Kolobeng Mission, Livingstone wakang'anamura maghanoghano gha mulongozgi Sechele mu 1849 pamanyuma pa vilimika viŵiri vya kulimbikira kumunyengelera. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka, Sechele wakafwa.<ref name="Livingstone1960">{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |editor=Isaac Schapera|title=Livingstone's private journals, 1851–1853|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgQrAAAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=University of California Press|page=304}}</ref> ==Exploration of southern and central Africa== [[File:Map livingstone travels africa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The journeys of Livingstone in Africa between 1851 and 1873]] Livingstone na William Cotton Oswell ŵakaluta kutali kumpoto kwa Kolobeng kuti ŵasambire ciyowoyero ca Tswana na kusanga malo ghakukhala ŵamishonale. Mu 1849 ŵakambuka mapopa gha Kalahari na kufika pa Nyanja ya Ngami. Mu 1850, Royal Geographical Society yikamuwonga ndipo yikamupa wachi wa chronometer chifukwa cha ulendo wake wa ku nyanja yikuru ya Ngami. Wakapulika za mlonga uwo ukwenera kuti ukaŵa "msewu ukuru" uwo ukafikanga ku nyanja, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1851 ŵakafika ku Zambezi, uko wakagomezganga kuti kukaŵa "kiyi wakunjilira mu vyaru vya mukati". Mu 1852, wakati watuma mbumba yake ku Britain, Livingstone wakaluta kumpoto ku muzi wa Linyanti pa mlonga wa Zambezi, uwo ukaŵa pakati pa mphepete ya kumafumiro na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵakafika mu msumba wa Luanda ku [[Portugal]] mu Meyi 1854 pamanyuma pa masuzgo ghanandi na nyifwa iyo yikaŵa pafupi kucitika ya Livingstone. Livingstone wakamanya kuti ulendo uwu ukaŵa wakusuzga comene ku ŵamalonda ŵa munthazi, ntheura wakawelera ku Linyanti. Pamanyuma pake, pamoza na ŵanalume 114 ŵa fuko la Kololo, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na mulongozgi uyu, ŵakanyamuka kuya ku Zambezi. Pa ulendo uwu, wakaŵa munthu wakwamba ku Europe kuwona maji ghakututuka gha Mosi-oa-Tunya, agho wakathya zina lakuti Victoria Falls, mu zina la Fumukazi Victoria. Paumaliro wakafika ku Quelimane pa Nyanja ya India, ndipo wakapanga mapu gha nthowa ya mu mlonga wa Zambezi.{{sfn | Jeal | 2013 | pp=126, 147–8}}<ref name="Life & Expeditions" /> Pa cifukwa ici, Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kujumpha mu caru ca Africa pa mtunda uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamulumba kuti "wakajura" caru ca Africa, kweni pakaŵa kale nthowa zinandi za malonda. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakanjira mu caru ca Africa kufuma ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri, mu 1853 na 1854 ŵamalonda ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Arabia ŵakambukira ku Zanzibar kuluta ku Benguela, ndipo ca m'ma 1800 ŵamalonda ŵa ku Angola ŵakambukira ku Mozambique.{{sfn|Jeal|1973b|p=159}} [[File:Preaching from a Waggon (David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Livingstone preaching the gospel to unconverted Africans. Like other missionaries of the era he had a low success rate and is credited with a single conversion.{{sfn|Jeal|1973b}}]] Livingstone wakakhumbanga kuti ku Central Africa kuŵe malonda na visopa, kweni wakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kugwiliskirika nchito na Ŵaphwitikizi ŵa ku Tete na Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Kilwa. Mazgu ghake agho ghakalembeka pa chikhwangwani chake ku Victoria Falls ghakaŵa "Chikhristu, Malonda na Civilization", ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ghazamuzgora malonda gha ŵazga na kupeleka ntchindi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Wakagomezganga kuti nthowa yakufiskira vilato ivi yikaŵa yakuti Mlonga wa Zambezi uŵe nthowa yikuru yakwendeskera malonda gha Ŵakhristu mu vyaru vya mukati.<ref name="Holmes1996">{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Tim |title=Spectrum Guide to Zambia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Struik|isbn=978-1-86872-012-5|chapter=The History}}</ref> ===Author and campaigner=== Wakawelera ku Britain mu Disembala 1856. Mu 1855, wupu wa Royal Geographical Society ukamupa nkhombo ya Patron's Medal cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita ku Africa. Wati wacicizgika na wupu wa London Missionary Society, wakalemba buku lake lakucemeka kuti Missionary Travels, ilo mu 1857 likalembeka na John Murray. Buku ili likaŵa la malonda comene. Buku ili likaŵa na nkhani za sayansi, ndipo likalongosoranga makora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Wakayowoya kuti mauteŵeti gha umishonale na "malonda gha pamtunda" pa mlonga wa pakati pa Africa vizamumazga malonda gha ŵazga.<ref name="Life & Expeditions">{{cite web |first1=Adrian S. |last1=Wisnicki |first2= Megan |last2=Ward | title=Livingstone's Life & Expeditions | website=Livingstone Online | url=https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstone-s-life-expeditions |year=2015| access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>{{sfn | Livingstone | 1857 | pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n122 92], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n740 679–680, 683]}} [[File:Gang of Captives at Mbame’s.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Slave traders and their captives bound in chains and collared with 'taming sticks'. From Livingstone's ''Narrative'']] Livingstone wakakhozgeka comene na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakacitira na ivyo wakasanga, kweniso ŵakamovwira kuti wacitenge maulendo ghanyake. Wakayowoya kuti wakambenge kupenjerezga malo ghanyake, kuti wasange nthowa za malonda izo wakagomezganga kuti zingatora malo gha malonda gha ŵazga, m'malo mwa kupenja nthowa za umishonale. Wupu wa London Missionary Society (LMS) ukati wamanya ivyo wakakhumbanga kucita, ukamutumira kalata, iyo Livingstone wakapokera ku Quelimane, na kumuwonga cifukwa ca ulendo wake, kweni ukati ŵalongozgi ŵa wupu uwu "ŵakakanizgika kovwira kuti mulimo wa kupharazga makani ghawemi ufike patali". Wakakana kuti ŵambe kuzenga misasa yinyake kumpoto kwa Zambezi, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti Zambezi yiŵe nthowa yakwendeskera malonda mu vyaru vinyake, kweni wakakhumba yayi kuleka LMS nyengo yeneyiyo. Apo Roderick Murchison, pulezidenti wa Royal Geographical Society, wakadumbiskana nayo na nduna ya vya caru, Livingstone wakayowoyapo cilicose yayi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa LMS, nanga ni apo cikawonekanga kuti boma ndilo lizamugwiliskira nchito ndalama pakwendeska ulendo wa ku Zambezi. Wakaphalira mubwezi wake kuti: "Nindamanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Boma, kweni nkhumanya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Sosaite (LMS)". Mu 1857, Livingstone wakafumapo pa gulu la London Missionary Society, ndipo mu Meyi wa cilimika ici, wakimikika kuŵa mulara wa boma la ku Mozambique. Mu Febuluwale 1858, boma likati malo agho wakenera kulamulira ni "mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na vigaŵa vya mukati mwa Africa". Apo wakadumbiskananga na boma kuti waŵe Konsolo, ŵa LMS ŵakaghanaghananga kuti wawelerenge ku Africa na ulendo wawo wa ku Kololo ku Barotseland, uko Livingstone wakawovwira. Paumaliro, mishonale yumoza, muwoli wake, muwoli wa mishonale munyake, na ŵana ŵake ŵatatu ŵakafwa na maleriya. Livingstone wakakumana na viyezgo vinandi pa ulendo wake wakwamba, kweni wakapulikiska yayi masuzgo agho wakakumana nagho, ndipo wakajumphizga kughanaghanira za caru ico ŵakasangako, ntheura ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakaluta ku malo gha mathipa uku ŵakaŵa na cakurya cambura kukwana ca quinine. Munthu munyake wakulemba mbiri ya ŵanthu zina lake Tim Jeal, wakawona kuti nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti Livingstone wakatondeka kucita makora vinthu vinyake, ndipo wakalongora kuti nyengo zose wakaŵikanga vilato vyake na ntchito yake pakwamba kuluska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵanyake. Pa nyengo iyi Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti wayowoyenge nkhani pa wumba, ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa mu Royal Society. Wakapokera ndalama zinandi ku boma kuti wawovwire pa ulendo wake wakulondezgapo. Kweniso boma likamupa ndalama zakukwana £5,000 kuti wawone umo ŵamalonda ŵa ku Britain ŵangagwilira nchito pa Mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref name="Life & Expeditions" /> ===Zambezi expedition===<!-- This section is linked from [[Zambezi]] --> Mu Disembala 1857, ofesi ya munthavi yikanozga kuti yilute na gulu likuru. Mu Janyuwale 1858 wakazomera kulongozga ulendo waciŵiri wa ku Zambezi pamoza na ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵankhondi na yumoza. Boti lakucemeka Ma Robert likapangika mwaluŵiro ndipo likanyamulika mu boti la Colonial Office la Pearl, ilo likaluta nalo ku Ceylon. Ŵakafumako pa 10 March, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Freetown na kutora ŵanthu 12 ŵa mtundu wa Kru kuti ŵakateŵetere pa sitima ya pa mlonga, ndipo ŵakafika pa Zambezi pa 14 May. Ŵakaghanaghana kuti ngalaŵa zose ziŵiri ziŵawovwire kuti ŵende mu mlonga na kukhazikapo malo, kweni pakaŵa pakusuzga kuti ngalaŵa zijumphemo para zajumpha mu Cahora Bassa rapids. Pearl wakataya katundu wawo pa cirwa ico cikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 64 kufuma uko kukaŵa boti ili. Kufuma pa malo agha, Ma Robert wakendanga mwakuzizima, ndipo ŵakamuguzira mu maji ghanandi. Mlonga uwu ukaŵa malo gha nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal na ŵazga ŵawo ŵakarwanga nkhondo na Ŵachikunda ŵa ku Matakenya (Mariano) awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga, kweni wose ŵaŵiri ŵakazomera kuti ŵaŵe ŵabwezi.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=129–138}}<ref name="Popular Account I">{{cite wikisource|chapter=CHAPTER I|wslink=A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries|plaintitle=A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries| last=Livingstone|first=David|year= 1894 |publisher=John Murray|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref>[[File:MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|The grave of Livingstone’s wife, [[Mary Moffat Livingstone]], in [[Chupanga]], Mozambique. She died in 1862.]] Ŵasayansi ŵara ŵakati ŵakhala waka ku Shupanga, ŵakamanya yayi umo vinthu vikwenera kucitikira, ntheura ŵakakolerana yayi. Thomas Baines, uyo wakaŵa citatata, ŵakamuwuskamo mu gulu ili. Ŵanyake awo ŵakaluta ku Nyanja ya Nyasa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kufika ku Nyanja iyi, ndipo ŵakenda pa sitima zinayi. Mu 1861, ofesi ya Colonial yikatumizga boti la nkhuni lakucemeka Pioneer, ilo likanyamura gulu la University Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) ilo likalongozgekanga na Bishop Charles MacKenzie. Livingstone wakawunjika ndalama kuti wapange ngalaŵa yinyake, ya Lady Nyasa, iyo yikanozgeka kuti yende pa Nyanja ya Nyasa. Buku ili likatumizgika mu vigaŵa-vigaŵa, mwakupambana na ivyo wakapempha, pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵanyake, kusazgapo Mary Livingstone, ndipo ŵakafika mu 1862. Ngalaŵa ya Pioneer yikacedwa kufika pa mtunda kuti yikakumane nawo, ndipo yikacedwa comene cifukwa cakuti yikamanya kuti Bishopu wafwa. Mary Livingstone wakafwa pa 27 Epulero 1862 cifukwa ca maleriya. Livingstone wakatora sitima ya Pioneer na kuluta ku mtunda na kukawona Mlonga wa Ruvuma, ndipo dokotala John Kirk wakalemba kuti: "Nkhuwona kuti Dr. Livingstone wali na maghanoghano ghaheni ndipo ni mulongozgi wakofya comene". Apo ŵapayiniya ŵakaweleranga ku Shupanga mu Disembala 1862, ŵakaŵalipira (mu salu) "ŵanalume ŵa Mazaro" awo ŵakafumapo na kusanga ŵanyake. Pa 10 Janyuwale 1863 ŵakanyamuka, ŵakaguzanga Lady Nyasa, ndipo ŵakakwelera mu Mlonga wa Shire uko kukaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaparanyika apo Mariano wakambanga kupenja ŵazga ku Chikunda, ivyo vikapangiska njara. Ŵakafika ku Chibisa na ku Murchison Cataracts mu Epulero, ndipo ŵakamba kuwuskapo Nyanakazi Nyasa na kuzenga msewu uwo ukajumphanga mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Nyanja iyi.{{sfn | Livingstone | Livingstone | 1866 | pp=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog/page/n509/mode/2up 472–475]}}{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=180–182}} Mu 1864 wakanyamura ngalaŵa izi mu mlonga pamanyuma pakuti boma lazomerezga kuti ŵaleke kuluta. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵa mu nyuzipepara ŵakayowoya kuti ulendo wa ku Zambezi watondeka, ndipo Livingstone vikamusuzga kusanga ndalama zakwendeskera ulendo wake wa ku Africa. John Kirk, Charles Meller, na Richard Thornton, ŵasayansi awo ŵakasankhika na Livingstone kuti ŵacite mulimo uwu, ŵakapeleka vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na vyakumera, vinyama, na ŵanthu ku masukulu gha ŵasayansi ku United Kingdom. ===Nile River=== Mu Janyuwale 1866, Livingstone wakawelera ku Africa, ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakaluta ku Zanzibar, ndipo kufuma ku malo agha wakamba kupenja uko kukufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nile. Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke, na Samuel Baker ŵakayowoya kuti Nyanja ya Albert panji Nyanja ya Victoria ndiyo yikafuma maji agha. (Ivyo vikaŵa vyaunenesko nadi, cifukwa Nile "yikuphulika kufuma pasi pa mapiri gha ku Burundi pakati pa Nyanja ya Tanganyika na Nyanja ya Victoria"), kweni pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani iyi. Livingstone wakagomezganga kuti cisimi ici cikaŵa kumwera ndipo wakasora gulu la ŵazga awo ŵakafwatuka ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa vya Comoros, na ŵateŵeti ŵaŵiri ŵa pa ulendo wake wakwamba, Chuma na Susi. [[File:Livingstone House, Mikindani, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|This house in Mikindani in southern Tanzania was the starting point for Livingstone's last expedition. He stayed here from 24 March to 7 April 1866.]] Livingstone wakamba ulendo wake kufuma pa mlomo wa mlonga wa Ruvuma, kweni pacoko na pacoko awo ŵakamovwiranga ŵakamba kumuleka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa vya Comoros ŵakawelera ku Zanzibar ndipo ŵakaphalira ŵalara ŵa boma kuti Livingstone wafwa. Wakafika pa Nyanja ya Malawi pa 6 Ogasiti, ndipo pa nyengo iyi vinthu vyake vinandi vikaŵa kuti vyibika, kusazgapo munkhwala wake wose. Kufuma apo, Livingstone wakaluta ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ndipo umoyo wake ukaŵa pa ngozi. Wakatuma uthenga ku Zanzibar kupempha kuti ŵatumizge vinthu ku Ujiji ndipo wakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi, chifukwa cha ulwari. Wakafika pa Nyanja ya Mweru pa 8 November 1867 ndipo wakalutizga ulendo wake, wakaluta kumwera kukaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona Nyanja ya Bangweulu. Wakati wasanga mlonga wa Lualaba, Livingstone wakaghanaghana kuti ungaŵa mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nile, kweni wakamanya kuti mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Congo muli Nyanja ya Upper Congo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Livingstone |first1=David |title=Personal Letter to J. Kirk or R. Playfair |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |website=David Livingstone Online |access-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221195004/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> Caka ca 1869 cikamba apo Livingstone wakalwara comene apo wakaŵa mu nkhorongo. Ŵamalonda Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakamuponoska, ŵakamupa munkhwala na kuluta nayo ku malo gha Ŵaarabu. Mu Malici 1869, Livingstone wakalwara nthenda ya chibungu ndipo wakati wafika ku Ujiji, wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵabiba katundu wake. Wakapwetekeka na cholera ndipo malundi ghake ghakaŵa na vilonda, ntheura wakeneranga kugomezga ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga kuti ŵamufikiske ku Bambara, uko nyengo ya vula yikamukora. Pakuti wakaŵaje cakurya, Livingstone wakaryanga mu cipinda ico ŵakakakilira vingwe kuti ŵakondweske ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici. Pa Julayi 15, 1871, Livingstone wakalemba ivyo wakawona apo Ŵaarabu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku msika wa Nyangwe, mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Lualaba. Ŵakayowoya kuti cifukwa ca kupanikizgira ici cikaŵa kuwezgera pa ivyo wakacita Manilla, uyo wakaŵa muzga uyo wakawukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mohombo cifukwa ca kulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa mtundu wa Wagenya, Kimburu. Ŵaarabu ŵakawukira ŵamalonda na ŵanthu ŵa Kimburu. Ŵasayansi ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Indiana ku Pennsylvania, awo ŵakawona ivyo vikaŵa mu diary ya Livingstone ŵakayowoya kuti apo wakalembanga ivyo vikaŵa mu diary yake, wakaleka kughanaghanira vya ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanyake, awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Banyan, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na John Kirk, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma ku Zanzibar, ndipo wakatumika kuti wakaponoske Livingstone. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakaŵafwatura ndipo ŵakasazgikako ku gulu lake, kweni ŵakalongora nkhaza ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha mwakupambana na ulongozgi wake, ndipo wakafipanga mtima kuti panji ndiwo ŵakambiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke. Mu diary yake wakalemba kuti "ŵanalume ŵa Dugumbe ŵakakoma Kimburu na munyake kuti ŵaŵe ŵazga" ndipo wakalongosora kuti ŵazga ŵa Manilla ndiwo ŵakalongozganga, kweni pakuwona ivyo vikacitika, wakati ŵanthu ŵa Dugumbé ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mulandu, ndipo ŵakamba mulandu uwu kuti ŵaŵe ciyelezgero ciwemi ku Manilla. Mu diary yake wakalongosora kuti wakatuma ŵanalume ŵake na ndembera kuti ŵawovwire munung'una wa Manilla. Baibolo ilo Waller wakalemba mu "Last Journals", ilo likalembeka mu 1874, likulongosora yayi ivyo Livingstone wakayowoya vyakukhwaskana na Kirk na nkharo yiheni ya ŵanalume ŵa ku Banyan awo ŵakagwiranga nchito, ndipo likulongosora yayi umo ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi ŵakakhalira pakwamba apo ŵakalimbana na ŵazga ŵa Ŵaarabu. Cigaŵa ico cikulongosora vya kukoma ŵanthu cikaŵa na mazgu ghacoko waka. Kupenjerezga ivyo vikalembeka mu dayare kukulutilira.<ref name="cbsn_Rese">{{Cite web |title=Researchers now presume that Dr Livingstone lied |work=CBS News |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=25 April 2019 |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/researchers-now-presume-that-dr-livingstone-lied/ }}</ref><ref name="livingstoneonline.org">{{Cite web |last=Wisnicki |first=Adrian S. |date=2011 |title=Livingstone in 1871 |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.org/spectral-imaging/livingstone-in-1871 |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=livingstoneonline.org}}</ref> Livingstone wakatenthema comene na ivyo vikacitika, ndipo wakalutilira yayi kupenja maji gha mu Nile. Nyengo ya vula yikati yamara, wakenda mtunda wa makilomita 390 kufuma ku Nyangwe kuwelera ku Ujiji, malo gha Ŵaarabu agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. ===Geographical discoveries=== Nangauli Livingstone wakananga pakuyowoya za Nile, kweni wakasora malo ghanandi agho ghakovwira ŵasayansi ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, nga ni Nyanja ya Ngami, Nyanja ya Malawi, na Nyanja ya Bangweulu, kusazgapo Victoria Falls iyo yazunulika kale. Wakalongosora makora umo Nyanja ya Tanganyika, Nyanja ya Mweru, na nthowa ya milonga yinandi, comenecomene ya Zambezi, ndipo ivyo wakawona vikawovwira kuti vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kumanyikwa vilembeke. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni wakafika yayi kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yikaŵa kumwera kwa Equator, ndipo wakafika yayi ku nkhorongo za mu Mlonga wa Congo uko kukaŵa kufupi na Msumba wa Ntangwe, kufupi na Misisi. Livingstone wakapika mendulo ya golide ya Royal Geographical Society of London, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu ili umoyo wake wose.<ref name="Blaikie1880" /> ==Stanley meeting== [[File:Omani Empire 2.png|thumb|Livingstone's meeting with Stanley took place at [[Ujiji]], an Arab trading post under the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]], marked in pink at the bottom left of this map.]] [[File:Henry Morton Stanley meeting David Livingstone at Ujiji, in Wellcome V0006855.jpg|thumb|Henry Morton Stanley meets David Livingstone]] [[File:Livingstone Memorial, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Livingstone Memorial in [[Ujiji]], Tanzania]] Kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, Livingstone wakaleka kucezga na ŵanthu ndipo vilimika vinayi vyaumaliro wa umoyo wake, wakaŵa mulwari comene. Pa makalata 44 agho wakatuma, limoza pera ndilo likafika ku Zanzibar. Kalata yimoza iyo yikalembeka na Horace Waller, yikavumbukwa na Peter Beard mu 2010. Likuti: "Nili na nthumbo yikuru, kweni iyi njinu pera... Nkhukayika usange nizamukuwonaso".<ref>{{cite news|title=David Livingstone letter deciphered at last. Four-page missive composed at the lowest point in his professional life|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38064893|agency=Associated Press|date=2 July 2010|access-date=2 July 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100705102958/http://emelibrary.org/livingstoneletter/ ''Livingstone's Letter from Bambarre''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705102958/http://emelibrary.org/livingstoneletter/ |date=5 July 2010 }}, emelibrary.org; accessed 4 July 2010.</ref> Mu 1869, nyuzipepara ya New York Herald yikatuma Henry Morton Stanley kuti wamupenje. Wakamusanga Livingstone mu tawuni ya Ujiji pa mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika pa Novembala 10, 1871. Livingstone, nkhugomezga?" Livingstone wakazgora kuti, "Enya", ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti, "Nkhuwonga comene kuti nili pano kuti nimupokelerani". Mazgu ghakumanyikwa agha ghangaŵa ghakupangika waka, cifukwa pamasinda Stanley wakalemba mu diary yake ivyo vikacitika. Nanga ni nkhani ya Livingstone ya umo wakakumana na ŵanthu aŵa yikuzunurapo yayi mazgu agha. Kweni mazgu agha ghakusangika mu nyuzipepara ya New York Herald ya Ogasiti 10, 1872, ndipo mabuku gha Encyclopædia Britannica na Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ghakuzunura mazgu agha kwambura kukayika. Mazgu agha ghakumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ghakulongora kuti Livingstone wakaŵa yekha muzungu uyo wakaŵapo pa mtunda wa makilomita ghanandi, kweniso cifukwa cakuti Stanley wakayezgayezga kuti wawoneke wakucindikika mu nkhorongo ya mu Africa mwa kuyowoya mazgu agho munthu wangaghanaghananga kuti wangapulika mu kilabu ya ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ku London. Ndipouli, awo ŵakaŵazganga nyuzipepara iyi ŵakawona kuti Stanley wakuneneska yayi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Stanley, zina lake Tim Jeal, wakati umoyo wake wose Stanley wakalimbananga na suzgo lakuti wakaŵa mukavu. Buku la Stanley likulongora kuti mazgu agha ghakaŵa ghakufuma ku soni, cifukwa wakakhumba yayi kukumbatira Livingstone. Nangauli Stanley wakamuchiskanga, kweni Livingstone wakaŵikapo mtima kuti waleke kuwukapo mu Africa m'paka wamalizge mulimo wake. Ulwari wake ukamupangiska kuti watimbanizgike maghanoghano ndipo wakasuzgikanga kusankha vinthu paumaliro wa umoyo wake. Wakenda mu mlonga wa Lualaba, ndipo wakati watondeka kusanga nthowa yakunjilira mu mlonga wa Nile, wakawelera ku Nyanja ya Bangweulu na malo ghake kuti wakawone umo mlonga uwo ukendanga kumpoto ukuyendera.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=}} ==Christianity and Sechele== Livingstone wakumanyikwa kuti ni "mishonale mulara comene mu Africa", ndipouli, pali kulembeka kuti wakang'anamura mtima munthu yumoza pera wa ku Africa: Sechele, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Kwena ŵa ku Botswana (ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kwena mba Sotho-Tswana, awo ŵakusangika mu South Africa, Lesotho, na Botswana mu magulu ghose ghatatu gha ciyowoyero ca Sotho-Tswana). Sechele wakababika mu 1812. Adada ŵake ŵakafwa apo Sechele wakaŵa na vilimika 10, ndipo ŵaŵiri mwa ŵadumbu ŵake ŵakagaŵana fuko, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Sechele wafumeko ku nyumba yake kwa vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi. Sechele wakati wawelera, wakatora cigaŵa ca fuko la sekuru wake, ndipo pa nyengo iyi ndipo wakakumana na Livingstone. Livingstone wakamba kutemwa chomene Sechele, chomenechomene umo wakaŵazgiranga. Pakuti Sechele wakasambiranga luŵiro, wakasambira alufabeti mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri ndipo mwaluŵiro wakamba kuyowoya Cingelezi. Wakati wasambizga ŵanakazi ŵake luso ulu, wakalemba Baibolo mu ciyowoyero cake. Livingstone wakamanyikwanga mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa kuti wakacindikanga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ndipo mafuko agho wakaluta nagho ghakamucindikanga na cipulikano ndiposo kugomezgeka. Ndipouli, wakatondeka kuzgora ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko ili kuti ŵaŵe Ŵakhristu. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti, Sechele, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa fuko la ku Africa, wakakondwa yayi na fundo yakuti Livingstone wangapempha yayi vula kwa Ciuta wake nga ni umo awo ŵakapanganga vula ŵakacitiranga, ŵeneawo ŵakatenge ŵangacita. Livingstone wakadandawura kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo wakabapatiza Sechele na kumuzomerezga kuti waŵe muteŵeti wa chalichi. Sono Sechele wakaŵa mu chalichi, kweni wakalutilira kucita vinthu kuyana na mitheto yake ya ku Africa, iyo yikaŵa yakupambana na visambizgo vya Livingstone.:20 Sechele wakaŵa wakupambana yayi na ŵanalume ŵanyake ŵa fuko lake pa nkhani ya kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi. Wakaŵa na ŵawoli ŵankhondi, kusazgapo MmaKgari (kufuma ku lizgu la Citswana ilo likung'anamura "anyina ŵa Kgari"), Mokgokong na Masebele. Wakati walekana na ŵanakazi aŵa, Livingstone wakaŵabatizga wose ndipo vyose vikenda makora. Ndipouli, pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, yumoza wa ŵawoli ŵake wakale wakaŵa na nthumbo, ndipo mwana wakababika na Sechele. Sechele wakapempha Livingstone kuti waleke kumugongoweska cifukwa cipulikano cake cikaŵa kuti citali, kweni Livingstone wakafumamo mu caru ici na kuluta kumpoto kuti walutilire kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Template:Mapeji ghakukhumbikwa Livingstone wakati wafumako ku fuko la Kwena, Sechele wakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Cikhristu ndipo wakalongozganga ŵamishonale ku mafuko gha pafupi na kuzgora pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa fuko la Kwena kuŵa Ŵakristu. Neil Parsons wa ku Yunivesite ya ku Botswana wakati, Sechele "wakacita vinandi pakuthandazga Cikristu kumwera kwa Africa mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800 kuluska mishonale waliyose wa ku Europe". Nangauli Sechele wakajicemanga kuti ni Mkhristu, kweni ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakolerana nayo yayi. Mulongozgi wa fuko la Kwena wakakhumbanga kuti vula yilokwe, kweniso wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanakazi ŵaŵe na ŵanakazi ŵanandi.<ref name="Tomkins2013a">{{cite web |last=Tomkins |first=Stephen |date=19 March 2013 |title=The African chief converted to Christianity by Dr Livingstone |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21807368 |access-date=2018-07-12 |work=BBC News}}</ref> ==Death== [[File:David Livingstone Medal (p.60) - Copy.jpg|thumb|David Livingstone Medal<ref name="LMS1890">{{cite journal|title=A Livingstone Medal|journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society|date=February 1890 |url=https://archive.org/stream/chroniclelondon00unkngoog#page/n104/mode/2up/search/livingstone+medal|first=Allen|last=Wyon|page=60|location=London}}</ref>]] Livingstone wakafwa pa 1 May 1873 apo wakaŵa na vyaka 60 mu muzi wa Chitambo ku Chipundu, kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Bangweulu, mu Zambia lero, chifukwa cha maleriya na kuthika ndopa mukati chifukwa cha nthenda ya malungo. Wakalongozgeka na ŵantchito ŵake ŵakugomezgeka, Chuma na Susi, ndipo gulu lake likanozga vyakusunkhizga nyifwa. Ŵakafumiskamo mtima wake na kuwusunga musi mwa khuni ilo likaŵa pafupi na malo agho wakafwira. Ŵanthu ŵakuti khuni ili ni mvula panji baobab, kweni likwenera kuti ni mpundu, chifukwa awo ŵakukhala pasi pa khuni ili mbachoko chomene kweniso ŵali mu malo ghambura maji.<ref name="WickensLowe2008">{{cite book|last1=Wickens|first1=G. E. |last2= Lowe |first2=P.|title=The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYq6NAEACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-1-4020-6430-2|page=33}}</ref>{{sfn|Dugard|2014|p=147}} Pa malo agha, agho sono ghakucemeka kuti Livingstone Memorial, pali kulembeka kuti wakafwa pa 4 May, zuŵa ilo Chuma na Susi ŵakayowoya (ndipo ŵakalilemba mu khuni); kweni mabuku ghanandi ghakulongora kuti zuŵa lakwamba la Meyi ndilo likaŵa zuŵa leneko ilo Livingstone wakalemberanga ivyo wakalemba. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Chuma na Susi, ŵakanyamura thupi lake, pamoza na buku lake lakulongosora umoyo wake na katundu wake, ndipo ŵakenda ulendo wa mazuŵa 63 kuluta ku Bagamoyo, tawuni iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja, mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 1,600. Ŵakafika ku Ujiji mu Febuluwale 1874, uko ŵakasanga mapepara gha Livingstone na kughapeleka ku England. Ŵalondezgi 79 ŵakamalizga ulendo uwu, ndipo ŵanalume aŵa ŵakapokera malipiro ghawo, ndipo viwangwa vya Livingstone vikaweleraso ku Britain kuti ŵakasunge. Mu London, thupi lake likagona pa No.1 Savile Row, uko panyengo iyo kukaŵa likuru la Royal Geographical Society, pambere ŵandamuŵike ku Westminster Abbey.<ref name="Blaikie1880" /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html|title=On Savile Row|author=G. Bruce Boyer|magazine=Cigar Aficionado|date=Summer 1996|access-date=21 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817001808/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=David Livingstone|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/david-livingstone|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Westminster Abbey}}</ref> ==Livingstone and slavery== [[File:The Slave Gang (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|Arab slave traders and their captives]] {{blockquote|Ndipo usange ivyo nasanga vyakukhwaskana na wuzga wa ku Ujijian vikovwira kuti malonda gha ŵazga ghaleke kucitika ku East Coast, niwonenge kuti nkhani iyi njakuzirwa comene kuluska kusanga maji ghose gha mu Nile.|Livingstone mu kalata iyo wakalembera mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya New York Herald<ref name="Stanley1872">{{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|author-link=Henry Morton Stanley |title=How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving01stangoog|year=1872|publisher=Scribner, Armstrong & Company}}</ref>}} Apo wakayowoyanga za malonda gha ŵazga ku East Africa mu nyuzipepara yake: {{blockquote|Ntchambura macitiko kuti uheni wake uleke kuŵa na nkhongono.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=442}} }} Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced to march by Arab slave traders in the [[African Great Lakes]] region when he was travelling there in 1866: {{blockquote|Tikawona muzga mwanakazi uyo ŵakamukoma na futi panji kumudinya ndipo wakaŵa mu nthowa. Gulu la ŵanalume likimilira patali, ndipo gulu linyake la ŵanakazi likawoneleranga. Ŵakati Muarabu munyake uyo wakajumphapo mulenjilenji zuŵa lira, wakachita nthena chifukwa cha ukali chifukwa cha kutaya ndalama izo ŵakamulipira, chifukwa chakuti mwanakazi uyu wakatondekanga kwenda. 27 Juni 1866 - Lero tikakumana na munthu uyo wakafwa na njara, cifukwa wakaŵa wakunyotwa comene. Yumoza wa ŵanalume ŵithu wakendendendeka ndipo wakasanga ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa na ndodo za wuzga, awo ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵaleka cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya. Ŵakaŵa ŵakulopwa comene mwakuti ŵakatondekanga kuyowoya panji kuyowoya uko ŵakafuma; ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene.|source={{harvnb|Livingstone|1874|p=62}}}} He also described: {{blockquote|Nthenda yiheni comene iyo nili kuyiwonapo mu caru ici yikuwoneka kuti ni mtima wakuphyoka, ndipo yikuwukira ŵanalume ŵanangwa awo ŵakakoleka na kuzgoka ŵazga... Ŵanalume 21 ŵakafwatuka, kweni wose ŵakacimbira nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanandi 8 ŵakakakika, ndipo ŵakafwa mu mazuŵa ghatatu ŵati ŵambuka. Iwo ŵakalongosora kuti ŵakasuzgikanga waka mu mtima, ndipo ŵakaŵika woko pa malo ghakwenelera, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti woko ili lili mu chiwangwa cha pa nganga.|source={{harvnb|Livingstone|1874|p=352}} }} Makalata gha Livingstone, mabuku ghake, na magazini ghake ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakane wuzga, kweni wakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, awo wakakhumbanga kuŵawuskapo. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wambura nkharo pakati pa ŵanyake, ndipo pa ulendo wake waumaliro wakaluta nga ni munthu uyo wakwenda yekha, na ŵateŵeti na awo ŵakamunyamulira katundu, kweni wakaŵavya wovwiri wa nkhwantha. Kweniso wakakhumbanga yayi kulondezga nthowa za ŵanthu ŵankhaza nga ni Stanley, kuti waŵavikilire ŵantchito ŵake na katundu wake. Pa vifukwa ivi, wakazomera kovwirika na kupokelereka kufuma mu 1867 na Mohamad Bogharib na Mohamad bin Saleh (wakumanyikwaso kuti "Mpamari"), ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, nga umo wakalongosolera mu mabuku ghake. Iwo nawo ŵakasanga candulo cifukwa cakuti Livingstone wakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo ici cikawovwira kuti Mpamari wafumiskike mu wuzga wa Mwata Kazembe. Livingstone wakakwiya comene wakati wamanya kuti ŵanji mwa awo ŵakatumizgikanga kufuma ku Ujiji ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Kweni maukaboni gha Livingstone ghakukhwaskana na ŵazga ŵakughakayikira comene.<ref name="TeelockPeerthum2017">{{cite book|last1=Teelock|first1=Vijayalakshmi|last2=Peerthum|first2=Satyendra|title=Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iXUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|year=2017|publisher=CODESRIA|isbn=978-2-86978-680-6|pages=47–}}</ref><ref name="Rijpma2015">{{cite book|last=Rijpma|first=Sjoerd |title=David Livingstone and the Myth of African Poverty and Disease: A Close Examination of his Writing on the Pre-colonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Jj8CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|year=2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29373-1|pages=161–}}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Legacy== Ku umaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1860, Livingstone wakaŵa na lumbiri luheni ku Europe cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa ulendo wake wa ku Zambezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamugomezganga yayi pa nkhani ya uko kukufuma Mlonga wa Nile. Ulendo wake ukaŵa wakulongozgeka makora yayi. Stanley na nyuzipepara yake ŵakamovwira kuti waŵe na lumbiri luwemi, kweniso ŵateŵeti ŵa Livingstone ŵakamovwira kuti waŵe wakugomezgeka. Kulembeka kwa buku lake laumaliro kukavumbura kuti wakaŵa wakukhwima mtima nangauli wakasuzgikanga. Mu 1860, pa pempho lake, ŵakambiska sukulu ya University's Mission to Central Africa. Ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵakuzirwa, nga ni Mulongozgi Stirling na Miss Annie Allen, ŵakamba kuteŵetera gulu ili. Gulu ili na ŵamishonale awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya udokotala ŵakamba kovwira comene ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Livingstone wakabowozga vinthu vinyake vya ku Europe. Wakaciska ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwiliskirika nchito, awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, na ŵamishonale. Wakajulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Central Africa kuti ŵamishonale ŵambe kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na kuŵapwelelera, kweniso wakambiska kampani ya African Lakes Company. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamucindikanga comene, ndipo zina lake likawovwira kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵaboma ŵa ku Britain.<ref name="Blaikie1880" />[[File:David Livingstone statue, Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh|Livingstone statue]], Edinburgh by [[Amelia Robertson Hill]]]] Ici cikapangiska kuti pamasinda pa vilimika 50 kufuma apo wakafwira, mu Africa muŵe ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, ndipo ŵazungu ŵakaciskika kuti ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ivyo Livingstone wakaghanaghananga kuti "makoloni" ghaŵenge nga ni umo ise tikughanaghanira sono ni ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe yayi, kweni vikaya vya Ŵakhristu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵaŵawovwire kusanga nthowa za umoyo zambura wuzga. Livingstone wakaŵa yumoza wa gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakatemwanga kupharazga makani ghawemi ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora ku Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, gulu ili likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Britain ŵaleke kughanaghana kuti Chiuta wali na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Nyumba ya David Livingstone ku Blantyre yili mu nyumba iyo wakababikiramo, ndipo yili pa malo agho pakaŵa nyumba iyo wakagwirangamo ntchito. Cipulikano cake ca Cikhristu cikulongoreka mu buku lake, umo muli mazgu ghakuti: "Nkhukhumba cara kuŵa na cinthu cilicose ico nili naco panji ico ningaŵa naco, kweni ico cikukolerana na ufumu wa Khristu. Usange cinthu cinyake cingawovwira kuti vinthu vya Ufumu viŵe makora, cipelekekenge panji kusungika, kweni para nkhupeleka panji kusungika, ndikuti nkhukhozga ucindami wa Uyo nkhugomezga kuti wazamuniponoska kwamuyirayira". Alvyn Austin mu 1997 wakati:<ref>Alvyn Austin, "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp 10-19.</ref><blockquote>Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, Livingstone wakalongosoreka kuti ni munthu yumoza pera uyo wakazgoka Mkhristu, kweni pamasinda wakawelera nyuma. Wakenda mu vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafikako yayi. Wakathaska ŵazga ŵachoko waka. Ndipouli, mu nyengo iyi apo mazina gha vyaru ghakuzgoreka na vithuzithuzi vikubwangandulika, Livingstone wandafwe. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mazuŵa ghano ŵakutinkha comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, nga ni Cecil Rhodes, kweni Livingstone wakalutilira kuŵa munthu wacikanga. Kwa nyengo yitali, Rhodesia wali kuleka kuzunura zina lake, kweni mu misumba ya Livingstone (Zambia) na Livingstonia (Malawi) zina la munthu uyu likulutilira kumanyikwa.</blockquote> Mu 2002, David Livingstone wakasankhika kuŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu 100 ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵa ku Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |title=The Top 100 Great Britons |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |url-status=dead | work = BBC | date= 2002|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Family life== [[File:David Livingstone by Frederick Havill.jpg|thumb|Posthumous portrait of David Livingstone by [[Frederick Havill]]]] Nangauli Livingstone wakawovwira comene kuti ufumu wa Britain uthande, kweni mbumba yake yikakhwaskika comene. Ŵana ŵake ŵakakura kwambura awiskewo, ndipo muwoli wake Mary (mwana wa Mary na Robert Moffat), uyo wakatorana nayo mu 1845, wakaŵa na umoyo uheni comene, ndipo wakafwa na maleriya pa 27 Epulero 1862. Wakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza: # Robert died while serving in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]];<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=716469|pages=250–252|last1=Chirgwin|first1=A. M.|title=New Light on Robert Livingstone|volume=33|issue=132|journal=Journal of the Royal African Society|year=1934}}</ref> He took the name Rupert Vincent and was the substitute for Horace Heath, and took his place in Company H of the [[3rd New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry|3rd New Hampshire Volunteers]]. Robert ended up being captured by the [[Confederate States Army]] and died at the [[Salisbury National Cemetery|Salisbury prison camp]] in [[Rowan County, North Carolina]],<ref name="Murray2011">{{cite web | title = Rupert Vincent, I Presume? | last = Murray | first = John | work = Crossfire |issue=96|date=August 2011 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = http://www.acwrt.org.uk/uk-heritage_The-Search-for-Robert-Livingstone.asp }}</ref> which has since been termed, "North Carolina's [[Andersonville Prison|Andersonville]]."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Joel R. Stegall|date=2018-09-13|title=Salisbury Prison: North Carolina's Andersonville|url=https://nccivilwarcenter.org/salisbury-prison-north-carolinas-andersonville/|access-date=2023-02-07|website=North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center|language=en-US}}</ref> # Agnes (born 1847 or 1857, died 1912; married A.L. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=384}}) # Thomas, died in Egypt in 1876 at the age of 27 from [[Schistosomiasis|bilharzia]], a disease he contracted as a child living in Africa.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=}} # Elizabeth (who died at two months) # William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river along which he was born, in 1851; died in 1892 in Trinidad where he practiced medicine.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=}}) # Anna Mary (born 1858, died 1939) Only Agnes, William Oswell and Anna Mary married and had children.<ref>{{cite web|author=Steven Wilson|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~swilson/livingstone/descendants.htm|title=Livingstone Descendants|publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children.<ref name="Ferguson2002">{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson|title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power|url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-02329-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/empire00nial/page/158 158]}}</ref> ==Archives== Ivyo vikalembeka mu mabuku gha David Livingstone vikusungikira mu ofesi ya University of Glasgow (GUAS). Pa Novembala 11, 2011, buku la Livingstone la 1871 Field Diary, pamoza na mabuku ghanyake ghakalembeka na David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project. Mabuku agho ghakulongosora ivyo vikacitika apo Livingstone wakaŵa mishonale wa London Missionary Society (nga ni mapu gha ku South-East Africa) ghali mu malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale gha School of Oriental and African Studies. Mabuku gha pa Intaneti agho ghakukolerana na vinthu ivi na vinyake, ghakusangika na ŵanthu wose kwizira mu pulogiramu ya Livingstone Online ya pa Yunivesite ya Nebraska-Lincoln.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2015/jun/scottish-explorer-david-livingstone%E2%80%99s-writings-drawings-now-available-through-onli|title=Scottish explorer David Livingstone's writings, drawings now available through online archive|date=2015-06-24|website=Life at OSU|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingstoneonline.org/about-this-site/livingstone-online-introduction|title=Livingstone Online: An Introduction {{!}} Livingstone Online|website=www.livingstoneonline.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref> ==Place names and other memorials== [[File:Portrait of David Livingstone (4671614).jpg|thumb|upright|Photograph of Livingstone in later life]] ===Africa=== '''Botswana''' *Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole 50&nbsp;km west of [[Gaborone|Gaborone, Botswana]] * There is a memorial to Livingstone at the ruins of the [[Kolobeng Mission]], 40&nbsp;km west of Gaborone, Botswana. * Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school in Gaborone, Botswana. '''Burundi''' The [[Livingstone–Stanley Monument]] in [[Mugere]] (present-day [[Burundi]]) marks a spot that Livingstone and Stanley visited on their exploration of Lake Tanganyika, mistaken by some as the first meeting place of the two explorers. '''Congo''' *[[Livingstone Falls]] on the River Congo, named by Stanley. * The [[Livingstone Inland Mission]], a Baptist mission to the [[Central Africa]] 1877–1884, located in present-day [[Kinshasa|Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. '''Ghana''' * Livingstone House, Achimota School, Ghana (boys' boarding house). '''Kenya''' * Dr Livingstone Primary School in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. * Livingstone house, Alliance Highschool in [[Kiambu]], Kenya. [[File:David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of David Livingstone, Zimbabwe|David Livingstone statue]] at [[Victoria Falls]], the first statue on the Zimbabwean side]]'''Malawi''' *The town of [[Livingstonia, Malawi]]. * The city of [[Blantyre, Malawi]] is named after Livingstone's birthplace in Scotland, and includes a memorial. * The ''David Livingstone Scholarships'' for students at the [[University of Malawi]], funded through [[Strathclyde University]], Scotland. * The David Livingstone Clinic was founded by the University of Strathclyde's Millennium Project in [[Lilongwe]], Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone Clinic - University of Strathclyde |url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/malawi/projects/davidlivingstoneclinic}}</ref> * The [[Kipengere Range]] in south-west Tanzania at the north-eastern end of [[Lake Malawi]] is also called the Livingstone Mountains. '''Namibia''' * David Livingstone Museum in [[Sangwali]], north-eastern [[Namibia]]. Livingstone stayed at Sangwali in the 1850s before travelling further north. '''South Africa''' * David Livingstone Senior Secondary School in Schauderville, [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa. * Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. '''Tanzania''' *A memorial in [[Ujiji]] commemorates his meeting with Stanley.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grant |first=C. H. B. |date=April 1932 |title=The Livingstone-Stanley Memorials in Africa |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=318–319 |doi=10.2307/1784331 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1784331}}</ref> * The church tower of the Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) in [[Bagamoyo]], Tanzania, is sometimes called "Livingstone Tower" as Livingstone's body was laid down there for one night before it was shipped to London. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} * Livingstone House in [[Stone Town]], [[Zanzibar]], provided by the [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Sultan]] for Livingstone's use, January to March 1866, to prepare his last expedition; the house was purchased by the Zanzibar government in 1947. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} * Plaque commemorating his departure from [[Mikindani]] (present-day [[Tanzania]]) on his final expedition on the wall of the house that has been built over the house he reputedly stayed in. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181020221743/http://tz.geoview.info/livingstone_street,25108633w Livingstone Street], [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania. '''Uganda''' * Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at [[Makerere University]], [[Kampala, Uganda]]. '''Zambia''' * The [[Livingstone Memorial]] in [[Zambia|Ilala, Zambia]] marks where David Livingstone died * The city of [[Livingstone, Zambia]], which includes a memorial in front of the [[Livingstone Museum]] and a new statue erected in 2005.<ref name="TOZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497 |title=David Livingstone Remembered |access-date=27 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225346/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * The [[Rhodes-Livingstone Institute]], located a few miles outside [[Lusaka, Zambia]], 1937 to 1964, was a pioneering research institution in anthropology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crehan |first1=Kate |date=1997 |title=The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia|place=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0779n6dt/ |chapter-url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0779n6dt&chunk.id=d0e2527&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e2413&brand=ucpress |chapter=Max Gluckman and the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute}}</ref><ref>Schumaker, Lynette Louise, "The lion in the path: Fieldwork and culture in the history of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, 1937-1964" (1994). Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI9521118. https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9521118</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heron |first1=Alastair |title=Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Lusaka |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1964-03_2_1/page/112 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=March 1964 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003724|s2cid=155082162 }}</ref> * David Livingstone Teachers' Training College, Livingstone, Zambia. * A new statue of David Livingstone was erected in November 2005 on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls.<ref name="TOZ" /> '''Zimbabwe''' * The David Livingstone Memorial statue at [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe]], erected in 1934 on the western bank of the falls.<ref name="Michler2007">{{cite book|last=Michler|first=Ian|title=Victoria Falls & Surrounds: The Insider's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NprYukGOsEoC|year=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-77007-361-6|page=11}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{harvnb|Michler|2007}} quoted 1954 which is wrong. The statue was unveiled on 5 August 1934<ref name="VicFalls">{{cite sign|url=http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm|title=David Livingstone's statue|date=1934|location=[[Victoria Falls]]|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm|archive-date=9 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * A plaque was unveiled in November 2005 at Livingstone Island on the lip of Victoria Falls marking where Livingstone stood to get his first view of the falls.<ref name="TOZ" /> * David Livingstone Primary School in [[Harare|Salisbury, Rhodesia (present-day Harare, Zimbabwe)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke/|title=Dr Livingstone Primary School - Nairobi|website=dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke}}</ref> * David Livingstone Secondary School in Ntabazinduna about 40&nbsp;km from [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe. * Livingstone House in Harare, Zimbabwe, designed by Leonora Granger. {{Who|date=January 2014}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Museum to honour David Livingstone | last=Lottering | first=Francois | work=[[The Namibian]] | date=28 October 2016 | page=7 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone | access-date=29 October 2016 | archive-date=29 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029174306/http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone | url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asia=== '''New Zealand''' *Livingstone Street in Westmere, Auckland *Livingstone Road in Flaxmere, Hastings ===Europe=== '''Scotland''' [[File:David Livingstone statue, Glasgow.JPG|thumb|Livingstone statue, [[Glasgow]]]] * The [[David Livingstone Centre|David Livingstone Birthplace Museum]] in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]], is a museum in his honour, operated by the David Livingstone Trust. * David Livingstone Memorial Primary School in Blantyre. * David Livingstone Memorial Church of the Church of Scotland in Blantyre. * A statue of Livingstone in [[Cathedral Square, Glasgow|Cathedral Square]], [[Glasgow]]. * A [[Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh|statue]] of Livingstone in [[Princes Street Gardens]], Edinburgh. * A bust of Livingstone is among those of famous Scotsmen in the [[Wallace Monument]] near [[Stirling]]. * [[Strathclyde University]], Glasgow (which evolved from Anderson's University, later the [[Royal College of Science and Technology]]), commemorates him in the David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084611/http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs/|url-status=dead|title=David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability webpage|archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> and the [[Livingstone Tower]] where there is a statue of him in the building's foyer. * The David Livingstone Room in the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|title=David Livingstone Meeting & Function Room {{!}} Fifteen Ninety Nine|website=fifteenninetynine.co.uk|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531140052/http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A portrait of Livingstone by [[Thomas Annan]] (a photograph painted over in oils) hangs outside the room.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|title=Thomas Annan and the Documentary Photograph|last=Andrew McAinsh|date=5 January 2016|website=College Library|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629185327/https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The ''David Livingstone (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology'' commemorates him at the [[University of Glasgow]]. * Livingstone Place, a street in the [[Sciennes]] neighbourhood of Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Stuart |title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua |date=2002 |publisher=Steve Savage Publishers |isbn=1-904246-06-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua/page/371 371]}}</ref> * Livingstone Street in [[Addiewell]]. * A memorial plaque commemorating the centenary of Livingstone's birth was dedicated in [[Hamilton United Reformed Church|St. James's Congregational Church in Hamilton]], the church he attended as a boy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/ |title=David Livingstone – a brief history |publisher=Hamilton.urc.org.uk |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144458/http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Livingstone lived at 17 Burnbank Road in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]], for a short time in 1862. The house still stands and has a memorial plaque outside. He was awarded the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the Town]] of Hamilton.<ref>{{cite book|author=Blaikie, William Garden|title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone|publisher=Project Gutenberg|year=2004|orig-year=1880|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13262/13262-h/13262-h.htm}}</ref> '''England''' * A statue of David Livingstone stands in a niche on the outer wall of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] on Kensington Gore, London, looking out across Kensington Gardens. It was unveiled in 1953.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Unveiling of the Livingstone Statue|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1954-03_120_1/page/15|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=120|issue=1|pages=15–20|year=1954|issn=0016-7398|doi=10.2307/1791984|jstor=1791984}}</ref> * Livingstone is one of the four houses at [[Eltham College]]. * David Livingstone Primary School in Thornton Heath, South London. ===North America=== '''Canada''' * The [[Livingstone Range (Canada)|Livingstone Range]] of mountains in southern [[Alberta]]. * David Livingstone Elementary School, [[Vancouver]]. * David Livingstone Community School, [[Winnipeg]]. * Bronze bust in [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia. * Gold bust in the city of Borden, Ontario. * Livingstone Avenue in Barrie, Ontario. * Livingstone Street, St. John's, [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada. '''United States''' * The town of [[Livingston, California]] * [[Livingstone College]], Salisbury, North Carolina. * Livingstone Adventist Academy, [[Salem, Oregon]]. * Livingston Falls, Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay ===South America=== *The Livingstone Healthservice in Jardín América, Misiones, Argentina is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html |title=Livingstone Healthservice |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104452/http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Banknotes=== In 1971–1998 Livingstone's image was portrayed on [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|£10 notes]] issued by the [[Clydesdale Bank]]. He was originally shown surrounded by palm tree leaves with an illustration of African [[tribesmen]] on the back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg |title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1982 |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212133/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition, showing the [[Zambezi|River Zambezi]], [[Victoria Falls, Zambia|Victoria Falls]], [[Lake Nyasa]] and [[Blantyre, Malawi]]; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire|Blantyre]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg |title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1990 |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212114/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> ===Science=== The following species have been named in honour of David Livingstone: * Livingston's cichlid, ''[[Nimbochromis livingstonii]]'' * Livingstone's eland, ''[[Taurotragus oryx]] livingstonii'' * [[Livingstone's fruit bat]], ''Pteropus livingstonii'' The mineral [[livingstonite]] is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barcena |first1=M |title=On livingstonite, a new mineral |journal=American Journal of Science |date=1874 |volume=108 |pages=145–146}}</ref> It was described in 1874 from Mexico. ==Portrayal in film and books== * Livingstone has been portrayed by [[M.A. Wetherell]] in [[Livingstone (film)|''Livingstone'']] (1925), [[Percy Marmont]] in [[David Livingstone (film)|''David Livingstone'']] (1936), Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]] in ''[[Stanley and Livingstone]]'' (1939), [[Bernard Hill]] in [[Mountains of the Moon (film)|''Mountains of the Moon'']] (1990) and Sir [[Nigel Hawthorne]] in the TV movie ''Forbidden Territory'' (1997).<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0132972|title=Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997)}}</ref> * [[Marvel Comics]]' ''[[Young Allies (Marvel Comics)|The Young Allies]]'' #2 featured an explorer named "Martin Livingstone" who discovered a new territory he dubbed "New America" and claimed it for the United States. [[Bucky Barnes]] greets him with the famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The story was at least partially drawn by [[Ernie Hart]], but the writer is unknown--[[Otto Binder]] had written the preceding issue and [[Stan Lee]] the following one.<ref>Stan Lee, Otto Binder, et al. ''[[Marvel Masterworks]]: Young Allies''. New York: Marvel Publishing, 2009.</ref> * The 1949 [[comedy film]] ''[[Africa Screams]]'' is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington (played by [[Lou Costello]]), who is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt. The character's name appears to be a play on Stanley and Livingstone. * Stanley Livingston, played by [[Mort Marshall]], whose name invokes both Stanley and David Livingtone, was the zoo director on ''[[Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales]]'', a 1963-66 animated series. * ''Out of Darkness, Shining Light'' (2019) by [[Petina Gappah]] is a fictionalized account of how Livingstone's body, papers, and maps traveled 1,500 miles across the continent of Africa, so his remains could be returned to England and his work preserved there. ==In popular culture== In the 1940 [[Warner Bros.]] [[Looney Tunes]] cartoon "[[Africa Squeaks]]", a caricature of [[Spencer Tracy]] as [[Henry Morton Stanley]] erroneously presumes Porky Pig to be Livingstone in the heart of "Darkest Africa". The [[Moody Blues]] 1968 single [[Dr. Livingstone, I Presume (song)|"Dr. Livingstone, I Presume"]] paints the adventures of Livingstone, [[Captain Scott]], and [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] with the refrain "What did you find there? Did you stand awhile and stare? Did you meet anyone?", followed by a repeated chorus of "We're all looking for someone". The ABBA song "[[What About Livingstone?|What about Livingstone?]]"<ref name="Sheridan2012">{{cite book|last1=Sheridan|first1=Simon|title=The Complete ABBA|date=2012|publisher=Titan Books|isbn=978-0857687241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glQ4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|page=69|edition=40th Anniversary}}</ref> mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". Livingstone made 4 great journeys into Africa, three of them starting in Cape Town, South Africa and the last at Zanzibar. None of the routes traveled on the Nile which lay far to the north. He may have crossed sections of the headwaters of Nile on his final expedition but he would not have known so as these areas were not considered in the Nile watershed until much later. A song from American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Alcatrazz]] called Jet to Jet from 1983's [[No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll]] contains the lyrics "Dr. Livingstone where are you, when We need you the most" which is in reference to the famed doctor and his expedition to [[Africa]]. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the [[Hugh Masekela]] song "Witch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, ''[[Colonial Man]]''. ==Wonaniso== *[[Thomas Baines]] *[[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] *[[Livingstone Inland Mission]] *[[History of Christianity in Zambia]] ==Ukaboni== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources and further reading=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp.&nbsp;10–19. * Dritsas, Lawrence. ''Zambesi: David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020). *{{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=Into Africa: The Epic Adventures Of Stanley And Livingstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5xM29LaRZQC&pg=PA384|year=2012|publisher=Transworld|isbn=978-1-4464-3720-9}} *{{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=The Explorers: A Story of Fearless Outcasts, Blundering Geniuses, and Impossible Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HumAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-7757-7}} * Gooding, Philip. "David Livingstone, UNESCO, and Nation-Building in 19th-21st-Century Scotland and East and Central Africa." ''Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies'' 5.2 (2021): 243–269. [https://jiows.mcgill.ca/article/view/117/72 online] * Groop, Kim Stefan. "Exploring Africa in the Nordic Press: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley and the Popular Fascination with Exploration and Adventure in Africa in the Late 19th Century." in ''Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions: Proceedings of the 4th International Multidisciplinary Congress'' (CRC Press, 2018). [https://www.academia.edu/download/57545041/Grooop_-_Exploring_Africa.pdf online]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * Holmes, Timothy (1993). ''Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth''. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86241-402-3}}; scholarly biography *{{cite book|first=Tim|last=Jeal|author-link=Tim Jeal|title=Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone0000unse_i2j7|year=1973|publisher=[[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-434-37208-9}}, scholarly biography * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first= Tim |url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal |date=1973b |title=Livingstone |location=New York |publisher=G. P. Putnum's Sons|isbn= 9780399112157 |lccn=73-82030}}, first American edition * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|author-link=Tim Jeal |title=Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcDR7nTiVAYC|year=2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19100-4}} * Kilbride, Daniel. "The Old South Confronts the Dilemma of David Livingstone." ''Journal of Southern History'' (2016) 82#4 p789-822; how he was seen in the American South. * Lewis, Joanna. ''Empire of sentiment: the death of Livingstone and the myth of Victorian imperialism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2018) . * Liebenberg, Elri. "‘I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish’: David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa." ''Cartographic Journal'' 58.1 (2021): 29-49. <!--*{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David|title=Journeys in South Africa, or Travels and Researches in South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearche00livi|orig-year=1857|year=1905|publisher=The Amalgamated Press Ltd.|location=London, UK}}--> *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |title=Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n3 |year=1857|publisher=Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342 Contents]}} * {{cite book | last1=Livingstone | first1=D. | last2=Livingstone | first2=C. | title=Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries: And of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858–1864 | publisher=Harper & Brothers | year=1866 | url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog }} *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |editor-first=Horace |editor-last=Waller|editor-link=Horace Waller (activist)|title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes|url=https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav00livigoog|year=1874|publisher=J. Murray}} * Livingstone, David and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954). ''Livingstone's Travels''. London: J.M. Dent. * Livingstone, David (1999) [1875]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214512/http://www.arlea.fr/article.php3?id_article=493&var_recherche=livingstone%2F ''Dernier Journal'']. Paris: [[Arléa]]; {{ISBN|2-86959-215-9}} {{in lang|fr}} * Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstone’s Life & Expeditions." in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. ''Livingstone Online'' (2015) [http://livingstoneonline.org/uuid/node/76ab1aa0-2bf4-4c42-adf7-c8c4ee960236 online]. * MacKenzie, John M. "David Livingstone, the Scottish cultural and political revival and the end of empire in Africa." in ''Scotland, empire and decolonisation in the twentieth century'' (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp.&nbsp;180–199. * [[Thomas Banks Maclachlan|Maclachlan, T. Banks.]] ''David Livingstone,'' Edinburgh: [[Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier]], 1901, ([[List of books for the "Famous Scots Series"|"Famous Scots Series"]]). * Martelli, George (1970). ''Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition'', 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. {{ISBN|978-0-7011-1527-2}} * {{cite book|first=Jay|last=Milbrandt|title=The Daring Heart of David Livingstone: Exile, African Slavery, and the Publicity Stunt that Saved Millions|url=https://archive.org/details/daringheartofdav0000milb|year=2014|publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (book publisher)|Thomas Nelson]]|location=Nashville, TN|isbn=978-1-59555-592-2}} scholarly biography * [[Basil Joseph Mathews|Mathews, Basil Joseph]], ''Livingstone, the Pathfinder'', illustrated by [[Ernest Prater]] (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913) * Mkenda, Festo. "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa." in ''Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa'' (Brill, 2017). 59-79 [https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004347151/B9789004347151_006.xml online]. * Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). ''Livingstone, Trail Blazer for God''. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association. * [[M. NourbeSe Philip|Philip, M. NourbeSe]] (1991). ''Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence''. Stratford: The Mercury Press; {{ISBN|978-0-920544-88-4}} * Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy." '' History Today'' (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp.&nbsp;633–639 online. * {{cite book | last=Ross | first=Andrew | title=David Livingstone : Mission and Empire | publisher=Hambledon Continuum | publication-place=London | year=2002 | isbn= 978-1-85285-285-6 | oclc=}} * Rotberg, Robert I. "His Brother’s Keeper: Charles Livingstone and the ‘Failure’ of David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 47.1 (2019): 76-99. * Seaver, George. ''David Livingston: His Life and Letters'' (1957), a standard biography * Shepperson, George. "David Livingstone 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." ''Geographical Journal'' (1973): 205–219. {{doi|10.2307/1796089}} * Stanley, Henry M. ''How I Found Livingstone'' (1872) [https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving00stangoog famous primary source]. * Stuart, John. "David Livingstone, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., ''Sites of imperial memory'' (Manchester University Press, 2016). * Waters, John (1996). ''David Livingstone: Trail Blazer''. Leicester: Inter-Varsity; {{ISBN|978-0-85111-170-4}} * Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: David Livingstone and the Invention of South Central Africa". ''Victorian Literature and Culture'' 37.1 (Mar.): 255–71. {{refend}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|David Livingstone}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} {{EB1911|wstitle=Cameron, Verney Lovett|volume=5|page=109}} *[https://www.livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstone-s-life-expeditions Livingstone Online] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ |date=15 July 2017 }}. Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080217151257/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/index.html Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of David Livingstone] Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401060253/http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0192 David Livingstone (c. 1956)]. Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive * {{Gutenberg author |id=519| name=David Livingstone}} **''[[gutenberg:1039|Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa]]'' **''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/2519 A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries] '' **''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/13262 The Personal Life of David Livingstone] '' * {{Internet Archive author |sname=David Livingstone}} *{{cite journal |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |pages=225–236 |year=1892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CMYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA225 |title=Dr. Livingston (obituary, Wed., 28 Jan. 1874) |journal=Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from the Times. Vol. 1–6. D. Vol I, 1870–1875}} * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-diary-of-dr-livingstone-watch-the-full-episode/1157/ The Lost Diary of Dr. Livingstone] Documentary produced by the [[PBS]] Series [[Secrets of the Dead]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm How Livingstone discovered the Falls. by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu Interactive map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu |date=13 April 2017 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Livingstone, David}} [[Category:David Livingstone| ]] [[Category:1813 births]] [[Category:1873 deaths]] [[Category:Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]] [[Category:Big cat attack victims]] [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:Congregationalist missionaries in Africa]] [[Category:Deaths from dysentery]] [[Category:Deaths from malaria]] [[Category:Explorers of Africa]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Zambia]] [[Category:Medical missionaries]] [[Category:People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist missionaries]] [[Category:Scottish explorers]] [[Category:Scottish evangelicals]] [[Category:Deaths from bleeding]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist ministers]] dl0v9drf1qaq7tm3g6xvevsl312r3g2 Template:Reflist2 10 47644 119611 116456 2026-08-20T00:41:13Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119611 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> == Ukaboni == <references /></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 35eqk1ni3hmpevkaqmhjb3dgnfw909y Melanie Perkins 0 47661 119604 116483 2026-08-19T22:46:04Z ~2026-45404-00 12064 119604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|P27}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] 6nqzsdysrvtq11k67jrqftj11bbq923 Adam Goodes 0 47667 119612 116493 2026-08-20T00:42:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[munthu]] wakufuma ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P27}}. Iwo ni {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|P21}}. ==Moyo== {{PAGENAME}} wakababika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P569}} ku {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P19}}. ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵamoyo]] r4h9co7aqiasfuemcc0bj4w7i5xirxx User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Video game 2 47678 119610 118143 2026-08-20T00:40:33Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P123}}. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} <!-- [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] --> 3sz4fqzx2aaqxzk637mdaq0z4btmv0k BTS 0 48410 119626 118526 2026-08-20T08:50:49Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''BTS''' (mu hangul, 방탄소년단; romanization yakuvunika, Bangtan Sonyeondan; kwenelera, «Boy Scouts a prueba de balas»), uyo wakumanyikwaaso nga ni Bangtan Boys, Beyond the scene (mazgu gha Chingelezi gha BTS) panji waka Bangtan, ni gulu la ŵanalume la ku Corea del Sur ilo likapangika mu 2013. Lili na ŵanthu ŵinkhondi na ŵibiri: Jin, Suga, J-Hope, RM, Jimin, V na Jungkook kufuma ku dongosolo la K-pop Idols na chigaŵa chikuru cha hip hop, gulu ili likasazgirako mitundu yakupambanapambana ya sumu mu nyengo yitali. BTS yikamba mulimo wawo pa 13 June 2013, pasi pa kampani ya Big Hit Entertainment na album ya 2 Cool 4 Skool. Pamanyuma pa chaka chimoza likalembaso ma album ghakwamba gha studio mu Chijapani na Chikoja, Dark & Wild na Wake Up. Album ya chibiri ya studio, Wings (2016), ndiyo yikaŵa yakwamba kugulisika kuluska makopi 100,000 mu Corea del Sur. Mu 2017 likasazgirako mu msika wa pa charu chose, nga ni mulongozgi mukuru wa ola coreana, chomenechomene mu Estados Unidos. Likapokera chitifiketi chakwamba cha ku Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), na sumu yawo «MIC Drop», kweniso kukwera pa nambara yikuru ya Billboard 200, na album yawo Love Yourself: Tear (2018). Mu 2020 likasanduka limoza mwa magulu ghachoko waka agho ghakaŵa na ma album ghanayi pa nambara yimoza mu EE.UU. mu vyaka viŵiri. {{Authority control}} nttp2t7p1m1pwq6oyf9uaia465mtbvk One Nation 0 48649 119593 2026-08-19T12:51:59Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''One Nation''' (ON) ni gulu la kumalyero{{refn|name="Right-wing"|<ref>{{cite news |last=Karp |first=Paul |date=25 October 2018 |title=Australian senator who called for 'final solution' to immigration expelled from party |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/25/australian-senator-who-called-for-final-solution-to-immigration-expelled-from-party |work=Guardian Australia |publisher=Guardian Media Group |quote=With the exception of Katter’s..." 119593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''One Nation''' (ON) ni gulu la kumalyero{{refn|name="Right-wing"|<ref>{{cite news |last=Karp |first=Paul |date=25 October 2018 |title=Australian senator who called for 'final solution' to immigration expelled from party |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/25/australian-senator-who-called-for-final-solution-to-immigration-expelled-from-party |work=Guardian Australia |publisher=Guardian Media Group |quote=With the exception of Katter’s Australian party, Anning’s first speech was universally panned. Even Pauline Hanson, the leader of the rightwing nativist One Nation party that helped elect Anning to the Senate, decried it as "straight from Goebbels' handbook from Nazi Germany". |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331001122/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/25/australian-senator-who-called-for-final-solution-to-immigration-expelled-from-party |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Australian anti-Islam politician to skip Trump swearing-in |url=https://www.dw.com/en/australian-populist-anti-islam-politician-pauline-hanson-to-skip-trump-inauguration/a-37142098 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] (DW) |access-date=14 July 2025 |archive-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821213655/https://www.dw.com/en/australian-populist-anti-islam-politician-pauline-hanson-to-skip-trump-inauguration/a-37142098 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Katy |last2=Ng |first2=Kelly |date=3 May 2025 |title=He wanted to be Australia's PM. But a 'Trump effect' thwarted Peter Dutton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdxgwnj8v5eo |work=BBC News |access-date=14 July 2025 |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723055414/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdxgwnj8v5eo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Gallagher |first= Alex |date= 21 January 2026 |title= From fringe to frontline: How Australia's far-right gained mainstream attention in 2025 |url= https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-rise-of-far-right-extremism-australia-2025/8skg4ekwe |work= [[SBS (Australian TV channel)]] |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 30 April 2019 |title= Australian right-wing senate candidate resigns after strip-club video emerges |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/world/australian-right-wing-senate-candidate-resigns-after-strip-club-video-emerges-idUSKCN1S60CQ/ |work= Reuters |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gillespie |first= Liam |date= 20 October 2020 |title= The Psychosocial Imaginaries of Defence Nationalism |publisher= Springer International Publishing |location= Germany |isbn= 9783030554705 |page= 108 |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Psychosocial_Imaginaries_of_Defence/2FIEEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PA108&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= O'Byrne |first1= Anne |last2= Shuster |first2= Martin |date= 27 May 2020 |title= Logics of Genocide |publisher= Taylor & Francis |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9781000096194 |page= |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Logics_of_Genocide/xgfoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PT248&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Tiernan |first1= Anne |last2= Lewis |first2= Jenny |date= 2021 |title= The Oxford Handbook of Australian Politics |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9780198805465 |page= 216 |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Australian_Politi/nuFDEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PA216&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Patching |first1= Roger |last2= Hirst |first2= Martin |date= 2021 |title= Journalism Ethics at the Crossroads |publisher= Taylor & Francis |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9780429516047 |page= |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Journalism_Ethics_at_the_Crossroads/KHg-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PT109&printsec=frontcover |access-date=}}</ref>}} ku woko lamalyero chomene<ref>*{{cite journal |last1=Goot |first1=Murray |date=2005 |title=Pauline Hanson's One Nation: Extreme Right, Centre Party or Extreme Left? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516078 |journal=Labour History |publisher=Liverpool University Press |volume=89 |issue=89 |pages=101–119 |doi=10.2307/27516078 |jstor=27516078 |quote=Respondents in national surveys did not see One Nation as a party of the Right; rather they saw it more than any other party as a party of extreme Right. |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118210038/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516078 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Paxton |first1=Pamela |last2=Mughan |first2=Anthony |date=2006 |title=Anti-Immigrant Sentiment, Policy Preferences and Populist Party Voting in Australia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4092233 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=341–358 |doi=10.1017/S0007123406000184 |jstor=4092233 |s2cid=154796526 |quote=The result is a path model of voting that allows material and cultural threat to influence policy preferences about how to deal with the 'immigrant problem', and allows both threat and policy preferences to affect voting for the far-right One Nation party in Australia. |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108164348/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4092233 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Danny |first1=Ben-Moshe |date=2001 |title=One Nation and the Australian far right |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=24–40 |doi=10.1080/003132201128811205 |s2cid=145077630}} *{{Cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=Andy |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right |last2=Mondon |first2=Aurelien |date=April 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=The Radical Right in Australia}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Rachel |last2=McAllister |first2=Ian |last3=Swenson |first3=Tami |date=2002 |title=The politics of race and immigration in Australia |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=823–844 |doi=10.1080/0141987022000000286 |s2cid=145621790}} *{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |date=22 June 2020 |title=Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |last1=Charley |first1=Peter |date=27 March 2019 |title=Australia's One Nation offered 'change to voting system' for cash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/australia-nation-offered-change-voting-system-cash-190327170846167.html |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909115805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/australia-nation-offered-change-voting-system-cash-190327170846167.html |url-status=live }} *{{Cite news |last1=Crowe |first1=David |date=18 March 2019 |title=Political forces unite to reject far right and deny One Nation preferences |language=en |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/political-forces-unite-to-reject-far-right-and-deny-one-nation-preferences-20190318-p5157t.html |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020225958/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/political-forces-unite-to-reject-far-right-and-deny-one-nation-preferences-20190318-p5157t.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last=Mendes |first=Philip |date=13 August 2020 |title=The far-right's wade into the welfare waters |url=https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/08/13/1381030?slug=one-nation-and-the-threat-of-far-right-welfare-chauvinism-in-australia |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=Monash Lens |publisher=[[Monash University]] |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222123258/https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/08/13/1381030?slug=one-nation-and-the-threat-of-far-right-welfare-chauvinism-in-australia |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Harper |first1=Cathy |date=8 May 2019 |title=The battle of the slogans |url=https://electionwatch.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-battle-of-the-slogans |journal=Election Watch |language=en |access-date=24 June 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624082429/https://electionwatch.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-battle-of-the-slogans |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=McSwiney |first=Jordan |date=2 January 2023 |title=Organising Australian far-right parties: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |issn=1036-1146 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=16 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041733/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=McSwiney |first=Jordan |date=2 January 2023 |title=Organising Australian far-right parties: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |issn=1036-1146 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=16 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041733/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |url-status=live }} *{{Citation |last1=Richards |first1=Imogen |chapter=Far-Right Identitarianism in Australia |date=12 April 2023 |title=Global Identitarianism |pages=199–218 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003197607/chapters/10.4324/9781003197607-17 |access-date=16 May 2026 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003197607-17 |isbn=978-1-003-19760-7 |last2=Jones |first2=Callum }}</ref> chipani cha ndale cha ku [[Australia]]. Chipani ichi chikulongozgeka na [[Pauline Hanson]] uyo wakachimbiska, ndipo ni pulezidenti wa chipani ichi kwa umoyo wake wose<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Australian Associated |date=2018-05-12 |title=Pauline Hanson written into One Nation constitution as effective president for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/13/pauline-hanson-written-into-one-nation-constitution-as-effective-president-for-life |access-date=2026-07-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ndipo waŵa seneta wa Queensland kufuma mu 2016 ndipo pakwamba wakateŵetera mu Nyumba ya Malango kufuma mu 1996 m'paka 1998.<ref name="Springer-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first1=Bligh |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Tod |editor-last3=Lynch |editor-first3=Tony |date=2018 |title=The Rise of Right-Populism: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Australian Politics |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages= |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |isbn=978-98113-2669-1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024406/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enter an abbreviation – Pauline Hanson's One Nation |url=https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |website=aec.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]] (AEC) |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927113611/https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Chipani ichi chikakhazikiska Hanson mu [[1997]] panyuma pakuti wakazomerezgeka na chipani cha Liberal ndipo chikaŵa na nyengo yakwamba ya chisankho chiwemi kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |title=Mick Tsikas/AAP Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=The Conversation |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iwo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa chisankho cha boma la Queensland mu 1998 ndipo ukapoka mavoti ghachitatu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo na Senate pa chisankho cha boma cha 1998, nangauli ukapoka mpando umoza pera wa Senate. Pamanyuma pake chikaŵa na nyengo ya kucepa kwa visankho na kucedwa, ndipo cikaŵa na kugaŵikana kwa vipani vinandi, uku cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu mu Nyumba Yamadango ya Queensland m’paka mu 2009. Pamanyuma pakuti Hanson wawerako kuŵa mulongozgi, cipani ici cikapoka mipando yinayi pa visankho vya boma la 2016 ndipo cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu ŵatatu awo ŵakayimilira boma mu 2016. ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakupatuka. Chipani ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu chisankho cha boma cha Meyi 2025 ndiposo pamanyuma pake. Pamanyuma pa suzgo la ulongozgi wa chipani cha Liberal na kugaŵikana na chipani cha Nationals, Barnaby Joyce wakafumapo pa chipani cha Nationals na kunjira mu chipani cha One Nation mu Disembala 2025. Munthu musambazi chomene ku Australia, Gina Rinehart, wakapeleka ndalama ku chipani ichi kufuma nyengo iyo. Mafumbo ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chose ghakaŵika kuti One Nation yiŵe panthazi pa Coalition kuti yiŵe chipani chikuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndale mu Febuluwale 2026. Nthowa za ndondomeko ya One Nation zikupangika chomene na maghanoghano gha mulongozgi wake, agho nyengo zinyake ghakuchemeka [[Hansonism]]. Kususka mitundu yinandi kwaŵa chimanyikwiro cha chipani ichi kufuma waka apo chikapangikira; pakwamba likaŵika mtima pa kususka ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakwiza ku charu ichi na ndondomeko za boma zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Australia ŵa ku Australia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likasazgikirapo na kususka [[Chisilamu]]. Ndondomeko ya chipani ichi pa nkhani ya chuma yikuwoneka kuti yikutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo na kuvikilira charu chawo, kusazgapo kususka kuti ŵalendo ŵaŵe na malo ghawo na kukhumba chomene vyachuma. Kususka ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kusazgapo kususka kukuzga nkhongono zakupangikaso, kwazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene pa ndondomeko ya chipani ichi panyuma pakuti munthu uyo ​​wakukana kusintha kwa nyengo, [[Malcolm Roberts]], wasankhika kuŵa seneta. Pa nkhani ya vyaru vinyake, chipani ichi chazomera fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kusazgapo kukhozgera kuti Australia yifumemo mu mabungwe gha pa charu chose na phangano. == Ukaboni == <references />{{Authority control}} [[Category:One Nation]] [[Category:Vipani vya ndale vya ku Australia]] rgfsxnwof5kwc47tfcbxt4iq2xj6qiz 119594 119593 2026-08-19T12:53:26Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Ukaboni */ 119594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''One Nation''' (ON) ni gulu la kumalyero{{refn|name="Right-wing"|<ref>{{cite news |last=Karp |first=Paul |date=25 October 2018 |title=Australian senator who called for 'final solution' to immigration expelled from party |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/25/australian-senator-who-called-for-final-solution-to-immigration-expelled-from-party |work=Guardian Australia |publisher=Guardian Media Group |quote=With the exception of Katter’s Australian party, Anning’s first speech was universally panned. Even Pauline Hanson, the leader of the rightwing nativist One Nation party that helped elect Anning to the Senate, decried it as "straight from Goebbels' handbook from Nazi Germany". |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331001122/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/25/australian-senator-who-called-for-final-solution-to-immigration-expelled-from-party |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Australian anti-Islam politician to skip Trump swearing-in |url=https://www.dw.com/en/australian-populist-anti-islam-politician-pauline-hanson-to-skip-trump-inauguration/a-37142098 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] (DW) |access-date=14 July 2025 |archive-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821213655/https://www.dw.com/en/australian-populist-anti-islam-politician-pauline-hanson-to-skip-trump-inauguration/a-37142098 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Katy |last2=Ng |first2=Kelly |date=3 May 2025 |title=He wanted to be Australia's PM. But a 'Trump effect' thwarted Peter Dutton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdxgwnj8v5eo |work=BBC News |access-date=14 July 2025 |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723055414/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdxgwnj8v5eo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Gallagher |first= Alex |date= 21 January 2026 |title= From fringe to frontline: How Australia's far-right gained mainstream attention in 2025 |url= https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-rise-of-far-right-extremism-australia-2025/8skg4ekwe |work= [[SBS (Australian TV channel)]] |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 30 April 2019 |title= Australian right-wing senate candidate resigns after strip-club video emerges |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/world/australian-right-wing-senate-candidate-resigns-after-strip-club-video-emerges-idUSKCN1S60CQ/ |work= Reuters |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gillespie |first= Liam |date= 20 October 2020 |title= The Psychosocial Imaginaries of Defence Nationalism |publisher= Springer International Publishing |location= Germany |isbn= 9783030554705 |page= 108 |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Psychosocial_Imaginaries_of_Defence/2FIEEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PA108&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= O'Byrne |first1= Anne |last2= Shuster |first2= Martin |date= 27 May 2020 |title= Logics of Genocide |publisher= Taylor & Francis |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9781000096194 |page= |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Logics_of_Genocide/xgfoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PT248&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Tiernan |first1= Anne |last2= Lewis |first2= Jenny |date= 2021 |title= The Oxford Handbook of Australian Politics |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9780198805465 |page= 216 |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Australian_Politi/nuFDEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PA216&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Patching |first1= Roger |last2= Hirst |first2= Martin |date= 2021 |title= Journalism Ethics at the Crossroads |publisher= Taylor & Francis |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9780429516047 |page= |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Journalism_Ethics_at_the_Crossroads/KHg-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PT109&printsec=frontcover |access-date=}}</ref>}} ku woko lamalyero chomene<ref>*{{cite journal |last1=Goot |first1=Murray |date=2005 |title=Pauline Hanson's One Nation: Extreme Right, Centre Party or Extreme Left? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516078 |journal=Labour History |publisher=Liverpool University Press |volume=89 |issue=89 |pages=101–119 |doi=10.2307/27516078 |jstor=27516078 |quote=Respondents in national surveys did not see One Nation as a party of the Right; rather they saw it more than any other party as a party of extreme Right. |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118210038/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516078 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Paxton |first1=Pamela |last2=Mughan |first2=Anthony |date=2006 |title=Anti-Immigrant Sentiment, Policy Preferences and Populist Party Voting in Australia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4092233 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=341–358 |doi=10.1017/S0007123406000184 |jstor=4092233 |s2cid=154796526 |quote=The result is a path model of voting that allows material and cultural threat to influence policy preferences about how to deal with the 'immigrant problem', and allows both threat and policy preferences to affect voting for the far-right One Nation party in Australia. |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108164348/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4092233 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Danny |first1=Ben-Moshe |date=2001 |title=One Nation and the Australian far right |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=24–40 |doi=10.1080/003132201128811205 |s2cid=145077630}} *{{Cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=Andy |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right |last2=Mondon |first2=Aurelien |date=April 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=The Radical Right in Australia}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Rachel |last2=McAllister |first2=Ian |last3=Swenson |first3=Tami |date=2002 |title=The politics of race and immigration in Australia |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=823–844 |doi=10.1080/0141987022000000286 |s2cid=145621790}} *{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |date=22 June 2020 |title=Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |last1=Charley |first1=Peter |date=27 March 2019 |title=Australia's One Nation offered 'change to voting system' for cash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/australia-nation-offered-change-voting-system-cash-190327170846167.html |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909115805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/australia-nation-offered-change-voting-system-cash-190327170846167.html |url-status=live }} *{{Cite news |last1=Crowe |first1=David |date=18 March 2019 |title=Political forces unite to reject far right and deny One Nation preferences |language=en |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/political-forces-unite-to-reject-far-right-and-deny-one-nation-preferences-20190318-p5157t.html |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020225958/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/political-forces-unite-to-reject-far-right-and-deny-one-nation-preferences-20190318-p5157t.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last=Mendes |first=Philip |date=13 August 2020 |title=The far-right's wade into the welfare waters |url=https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/08/13/1381030?slug=one-nation-and-the-threat-of-far-right-welfare-chauvinism-in-australia |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=Monash Lens |publisher=[[Monash University]] |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222123258/https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/08/13/1381030?slug=one-nation-and-the-threat-of-far-right-welfare-chauvinism-in-australia |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Harper |first1=Cathy |date=8 May 2019 |title=The battle of the slogans |url=https://electionwatch.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-battle-of-the-slogans |journal=Election Watch |language=en |access-date=24 June 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624082429/https://electionwatch.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-battle-of-the-slogans |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=McSwiney |first=Jordan |date=2 January 2023 |title=Organising Australian far-right parties: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |issn=1036-1146 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=16 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041733/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=McSwiney |first=Jordan |date=2 January 2023 |title=Organising Australian far-right parties: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |issn=1036-1146 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=16 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041733/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |url-status=live }} *{{Citation |last1=Richards |first1=Imogen |chapter=Far-Right Identitarianism in Australia |date=12 April 2023 |title=Global Identitarianism |pages=199–218 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003197607/chapters/10.4324/9781003197607-17 |access-date=16 May 2026 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003197607-17 |isbn=978-1-003-19760-7 |last2=Jones |first2=Callum }}</ref> chipani cha ndale cha ku [[Australia]]. Chipani ichi chikulongozgeka na [[Pauline Hanson]] uyo wakachimbiska, ndipo ni pulezidenti wa chipani ichi kwa umoyo wake wose<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Australian Associated |date=2018-05-12 |title=Pauline Hanson written into One Nation constitution as effective president for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/13/pauline-hanson-written-into-one-nation-constitution-as-effective-president-for-life |access-date=2026-07-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ndipo waŵa seneta wa Queensland kufuma mu 2016 ndipo pakwamba wakateŵetera mu Nyumba ya Malango kufuma mu 1996 m'paka 1998.<ref name="Springer-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first1=Bligh |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Tod |editor-last3=Lynch |editor-first3=Tony |date=2018 |title=The Rise of Right-Populism: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Australian Politics |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages= |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |isbn=978-98113-2669-1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024406/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enter an abbreviation – Pauline Hanson's One Nation |url=https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |website=aec.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]] (AEC) |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927113611/https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Chipani ichi chikakhazikiska Hanson mu [[1997]] panyuma pakuti wakazomerezgeka na chipani cha Liberal ndipo chikaŵa na nyengo yakwamba ya chisankho chiwemi kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |title=Mick Tsikas/AAP Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=The Conversation |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iwo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa chisankho cha boma la Queensland mu 1998 ndipo ukapoka mavoti ghachitatu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo na Senate pa chisankho cha boma cha 1998, nangauli ukapoka mpando umoza pera wa Senate. Pamanyuma pake chikaŵa na nyengo ya kucepa kwa visankho na kucedwa, ndipo cikaŵa na kugaŵikana kwa vipani vinandi, uku cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu mu Nyumba Yamadango ya Queensland m’paka mu 2009. Pamanyuma pakuti Hanson wawerako kuŵa mulongozgi, cipani ici cikapoka mipando yinayi pa visankho vya boma la 2016 ndipo cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu ŵatatu awo ŵakayimilira boma mu 2016. ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakupatuka. Chipani ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu chisankho cha boma cha Meyi 2025 ndiposo pamanyuma pake. Pamanyuma pa suzgo la ulongozgi wa chipani cha Liberal na kugaŵikana na chipani cha Nationals, Barnaby Joyce wakafumapo pa chipani cha Nationals na kunjira mu chipani cha One Nation mu Disembala 2025. Munthu musambazi chomene ku Australia, Gina Rinehart, wakapeleka ndalama ku chipani ichi kufuma nyengo iyo. Mafumbo ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chose ghakaŵika kuti One Nation yiŵe panthazi pa Coalition kuti yiŵe chipani chikuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndale mu Febuluwale 2026. Nthowa za ndondomeko ya One Nation zikupangika chomene na maghanoghano gha mulongozgi wake, agho nyengo zinyake ghakuchemeka [[Hansonism]]. Kususka mitundu yinandi kwaŵa chimanyikwiro cha chipani ichi kufuma waka apo chikapangikira; pakwamba likaŵika mtima pa kususka ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakwiza ku charu ichi na ndondomeko za boma zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Australia ŵa ku Australia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likasazgikirapo na kususka [[Chisilamu]]. Ndondomeko ya chipani ichi pa nkhani ya chuma yikuwoneka kuti yikutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo na kuvikilira charu chawo, kusazgapo kususka kuti ŵalendo ŵaŵe na malo ghawo na kukhumba chomene vyachuma. Kususka ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kusazgapo kususka kukuzga nkhongono zakupangikaso, kwazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene pa ndondomeko ya chipani ichi panyuma pakuti munthu uyo ​​wakukana kusintha kwa nyengo, [[Malcolm Roberts]], wasankhika kuŵa seneta. Pa nkhani ya vyaru vinyake, chipani ichi chazomera fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kusazgapo kukhozgera kuti Australia yifumemo mu mabungwe gha pa charu chose na phangano. == Ukaboni == <references /> ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{commons category}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:One Nation]] [[Category:Vipani vya ndale vya ku Australia]] 7r1qao7zvsbb89rwnf802xs7gxmsawh 119595 119594 2026-08-19T12:54:03Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Ukaboni */ 119595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''One Nation''' (ON) ni gulu la kumalyero{{refn|name="Right-wing"|<ref>{{cite news |last=Karp |first=Paul |date=25 October 2018 |title=Australian senator who called for 'final solution' to immigration expelled from party |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/25/australian-senator-who-called-for-final-solution-to-immigration-expelled-from-party |work=Guardian Australia |publisher=Guardian Media Group |quote=With the exception of Katter’s Australian party, Anning’s first speech was universally panned. Even Pauline Hanson, the leader of the rightwing nativist One Nation party that helped elect Anning to the Senate, decried it as "straight from Goebbels' handbook from Nazi Germany". |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331001122/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/25/australian-senator-who-called-for-final-solution-to-immigration-expelled-from-party |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Australian anti-Islam politician to skip Trump swearing-in |url=https://www.dw.com/en/australian-populist-anti-islam-politician-pauline-hanson-to-skip-trump-inauguration/a-37142098 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] (DW) |access-date=14 July 2025 |archive-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821213655/https://www.dw.com/en/australian-populist-anti-islam-politician-pauline-hanson-to-skip-trump-inauguration/a-37142098 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Katy |last2=Ng |first2=Kelly |date=3 May 2025 |title=He wanted to be Australia's PM. But a 'Trump effect' thwarted Peter Dutton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdxgwnj8v5eo |work=BBC News |access-date=14 July 2025 |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723055414/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cdxgwnj8v5eo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Gallagher |first= Alex |date= 21 January 2026 |title= From fringe to frontline: How Australia's far-right gained mainstream attention in 2025 |url= https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-rise-of-far-right-extremism-australia-2025/8skg4ekwe |work= [[SBS (Australian TV channel)]] |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 30 April 2019 |title= Australian right-wing senate candidate resigns after strip-club video emerges |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/world/australian-right-wing-senate-candidate-resigns-after-strip-club-video-emerges-idUSKCN1S60CQ/ |work= Reuters |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Gillespie |first= Liam |date= 20 October 2020 |title= The Psychosocial Imaginaries of Defence Nationalism |publisher= Springer International Publishing |location= Germany |isbn= 9783030554705 |page= 108 |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Psychosocial_Imaginaries_of_Defence/2FIEEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PA108&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= O'Byrne |first1= Anne |last2= Shuster |first2= Martin |date= 27 May 2020 |title= Logics of Genocide |publisher= Taylor & Francis |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9781000096194 |page= |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Logics_of_Genocide/xgfoDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PT248&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Tiernan |first1= Anne |last2= Lewis |first2= Jenny |date= 2021 |title= The Oxford Handbook of Australian Politics |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9780198805465 |page= 216 |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Australian_Politi/nuFDEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PA216&printsec=frontcover |access-date= 4 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Patching |first1= Roger |last2= Hirst |first2= Martin |date= 2021 |title= Journalism Ethics at the Crossroads |publisher= Taylor & Francis |location= United Kingdom |isbn= 9780429516047 |page= |url= https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Journalism_Ethics_at_the_Crossroads/KHg-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22right-wing+one+nation%22&pg=PT109&printsec=frontcover |access-date=}}</ref>}} ku woko lamalyero chomene<ref>*{{cite journal |last1=Goot |first1=Murray |date=2005 |title=Pauline Hanson's One Nation: Extreme Right, Centre Party or Extreme Left? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516078 |journal=Labour History |publisher=Liverpool University Press |volume=89 |issue=89 |pages=101–119 |doi=10.2307/27516078 |jstor=27516078 |quote=Respondents in national surveys did not see One Nation as a party of the Right; rather they saw it more than any other party as a party of extreme Right. |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118210038/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516078 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Paxton |first1=Pamela |last2=Mughan |first2=Anthony |date=2006 |title=Anti-Immigrant Sentiment, Policy Preferences and Populist Party Voting in Australia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4092233 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=341–358 |doi=10.1017/S0007123406000184 |jstor=4092233 |s2cid=154796526 |quote=The result is a path model of voting that allows material and cultural threat to influence policy preferences about how to deal with the 'immigrant problem', and allows both threat and policy preferences to affect voting for the far-right One Nation party in Australia. |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108164348/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4092233 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Danny |first1=Ben-Moshe |date=2001 |title=One Nation and the Australian far right |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=24–40 |doi=10.1080/003132201128811205 |s2cid=145077630}} *{{Cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=Andy |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right |last2=Mondon |first2=Aurelien |date=April 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=The Radical Right in Australia}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Rachel |last2=McAllister |first2=Ian |last3=Swenson |first3=Tami |date=2002 |title=The politics of race and immigration in Australia |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=823–844 |doi=10.1080/0141987022000000286 |s2cid=145621790}} *{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |date=22 June 2020 |title=Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |last1=Charley |first1=Peter |date=27 March 2019 |title=Australia's One Nation offered 'change to voting system' for cash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/australia-nation-offered-change-voting-system-cash-190327170846167.html |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909115805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/australia-nation-offered-change-voting-system-cash-190327170846167.html |url-status=live }} *{{Cite news |last1=Crowe |first1=David |date=18 March 2019 |title=Political forces unite to reject far right and deny One Nation preferences |language=en |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/political-forces-unite-to-reject-far-right-and-deny-one-nation-preferences-20190318-p5157t.html |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020225958/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/political-forces-unite-to-reject-far-right-and-deny-one-nation-preferences-20190318-p5157t.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last=Mendes |first=Philip |date=13 August 2020 |title=The far-right's wade into the welfare waters |url=https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/08/13/1381030?slug=one-nation-and-the-threat-of-far-right-welfare-chauvinism-in-australia |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=Monash Lens |publisher=[[Monash University]] |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222123258/https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/08/13/1381030?slug=one-nation-and-the-threat-of-far-right-welfare-chauvinism-in-australia |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Harper |first1=Cathy |date=8 May 2019 |title=The battle of the slogans |url=https://electionwatch.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-battle-of-the-slogans |journal=Election Watch |language=en |access-date=24 June 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624082429/https://electionwatch.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-battle-of-the-slogans |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=McSwiney |first=Jordan |date=2 January 2023 |title=Organising Australian far-right parties: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |issn=1036-1146 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=16 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041733/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=McSwiney |first=Jordan |date=2 January 2023 |title=Organising Australian far-right parties: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |issn=1036-1146 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=16 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041733/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |url-status=live }} *{{Citation |last1=Richards |first1=Imogen |chapter=Far-Right Identitarianism in Australia |date=12 April 2023 |title=Global Identitarianism |pages=199–218 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003197607/chapters/10.4324/9781003197607-17 |access-date=16 May 2026 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003197607-17 |isbn=978-1-003-19760-7 |last2=Jones |first2=Callum }}</ref> chipani cha ndale cha ku [[Australia]]. Chipani ichi chikulongozgeka na [[Pauline Hanson]] uyo wakachimbiska, ndipo ni pulezidenti wa chipani ichi kwa umoyo wake wose<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Australian Associated |date=2018-05-12 |title=Pauline Hanson written into One Nation constitution as effective president for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/13/pauline-hanson-written-into-one-nation-constitution-as-effective-president-for-life |access-date=2026-07-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ndipo waŵa seneta wa Queensland kufuma mu 2016 ndipo pakwamba wakateŵetera mu Nyumba ya Malango kufuma mu 1996 m'paka 1998.<ref name="Springer-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first1=Bligh |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Tod |editor-last3=Lynch |editor-first3=Tony |date=2018 |title=The Rise of Right-Populism: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Australian Politics |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages= |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |isbn=978-98113-2669-1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024406/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enter an abbreviation – Pauline Hanson's One Nation |url=https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |website=aec.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]] (AEC) |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927113611/https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Chipani ichi chikakhazikiska Hanson mu [[1997]] panyuma pakuti wakazomerezgeka na chipani cha Liberal ndipo chikaŵa na nyengo yakwamba ya chisankho chiwemi kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |title=Mick Tsikas/AAP Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=The Conversation |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iwo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa chisankho cha boma la Queensland mu 1998 ndipo ukapoka mavoti ghachitatu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo na Senate pa chisankho cha boma cha 1998, nangauli ukapoka mpando umoza pera wa Senate. Pamanyuma pake chikaŵa na nyengo ya kucepa kwa visankho na kucedwa, ndipo cikaŵa na kugaŵikana kwa vipani vinandi, uku cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu mu Nyumba Yamadango ya Queensland m’paka mu 2009. Pamanyuma pakuti Hanson wawerako kuŵa mulongozgi, cipani ici cikapoka mipando yinayi pa visankho vya boma la 2016 ndipo cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu ŵatatu awo ŵakayimilira boma mu 2016. ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakupatuka. Chipani ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu chisankho cha boma cha Meyi 2025 ndiposo pamanyuma pake. Pamanyuma pa suzgo la ulongozgi wa chipani cha Liberal na kugaŵikana na chipani cha Nationals, Barnaby Joyce wakafumapo pa chipani cha Nationals na kunjira mu chipani cha One Nation mu Disembala 2025. Munthu musambazi chomene ku Australia, Gina Rinehart, wakapeleka ndalama ku chipani ichi kufuma nyengo iyo. Mafumbo ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chose ghakaŵika kuti One Nation yiŵe panthazi pa Coalition kuti yiŵe chipani chikuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndale mu Febuluwale 2026. Nthowa za ndondomeko ya One Nation zikupangika chomene na maghanoghano gha mulongozgi wake, agho nyengo zinyake ghakuchemeka [[Hansonism]]. Kususka mitundu yinandi kwaŵa chimanyikwiro cha chipani ichi kufuma waka apo chikapangikira; pakwamba likaŵika mtima pa kususka ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakwiza ku charu ichi na ndondomeko za boma zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Australia ŵa ku Australia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likasazgikirapo na kususka [[Chisilamu]]. Ndondomeko ya chipani ichi pa nkhani ya chuma yikuwoneka kuti yikutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo na kuvikilira charu chawo, kusazgapo kususka kuti ŵalendo ŵaŵe na malo ghawo na kukhumba chomene vyachuma. Kususka ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kusazgapo kususka kukuzga nkhongono zakupangikaso, kwazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene pa ndondomeko ya chipani ichi panyuma pakuti munthu uyo ​​wakukana kusintha kwa nyengo, [[Malcolm Roberts]], wasankhika kuŵa seneta. Pa nkhani ya vyaru vinyake, chipani ichi chazomera fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kusazgapo kukhozgera kuti Australia yifumemo mu mabungwe gha pa charu chose na phangano. == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{commons category}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:One Nation]] [[Category:Vipani vya ndale vya ku Australia]] hy6hag6idr2dorjfr8extioi3bg1tjf 119596 119595 2026-08-19T12:55:21Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''One Nation''' (ON) ni gulu la kumalyero ku woko lamalyero chomene chipani cha ndale cha ku [[Australia]]. Chipani ichi chikulongozgeka na [[Pauline Hanson]] uyo wakachimbiska, ndipo ni pulezidenti wa chipani ichi kwa umoyo wake wose<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Australian Associated |date=2018-05-12 |title=Pauline Hanson written into One Nation constitution as effective president for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/13/pauline-hanson-written-into-one-nation-constitution-as-effective-president-for-life |access-date=2026-07-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ndipo waŵa seneta wa Queensland kufuma mu 2016 ndipo pakwamba wakateŵetera mu Nyumba ya Malango kufuma mu 1996 m'paka 1998.<ref name="Springer-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first1=Bligh |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Tod |editor-last3=Lynch |editor-first3=Tony |date=2018 |title=The Rise of Right-Populism: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Australian Politics |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages= |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |isbn=978-98113-2669-1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024406/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enter an abbreviation – Pauline Hanson's One Nation |url=https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |website=aec.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]] (AEC) |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927113611/https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Chipani ichi chikakhazikiska Hanson mu [[1997]] panyuma pakuti wakazomerezgeka na chipani cha Liberal ndipo chikaŵa na nyengo yakwamba ya chisankho chiwemi kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |title=Mick Tsikas/AAP Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=The Conversation |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iwo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa chisankho cha boma la Queensland mu 1998 ndipo ukapoka mavoti ghachitatu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo na Senate pa chisankho cha boma cha 1998, nangauli ukapoka mpando umoza pera wa Senate. Pamanyuma pake chikaŵa na nyengo ya kucepa kwa visankho na kucedwa, ndipo cikaŵa na kugaŵikana kwa vipani vinandi, uku cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu mu Nyumba Yamadango ya Queensland m’paka mu 2009. Pamanyuma pakuti Hanson wawerako kuŵa mulongozgi, cipani ici cikapoka mipando yinayi pa visankho vya boma la 2016 ndipo cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu ŵatatu awo ŵakayimilira boma mu 2016. ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakupatuka. Chipani ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu chisankho cha boma cha Meyi 2025 ndiposo pamanyuma pake. Pamanyuma pa suzgo la ulongozgi wa chipani cha Liberal na kugaŵikana na chipani cha Nationals, Barnaby Joyce wakafumapo pa chipani cha Nationals na kunjira mu chipani cha One Nation mu Disembala 2025. Munthu musambazi chomene ku Australia, Gina Rinehart, wakapeleka ndalama ku chipani ichi kufuma nyengo iyo. Mafumbo ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chose ghakaŵika kuti One Nation yiŵe panthazi pa Coalition kuti yiŵe chipani chikuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndale mu Febuluwale 2026. Nthowa za ndondomeko ya One Nation zikupangika chomene na maghanoghano gha mulongozgi wake, agho nyengo zinyake ghakuchemeka [[Hansonism]]. Kususka mitundu yinandi kwaŵa chimanyikwiro cha chipani ichi kufuma waka apo chikapangikira; pakwamba likaŵika mtima pa kususka ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakwiza ku charu ichi na ndondomeko za boma zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Australia ŵa ku Australia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likasazgikirapo na kususka [[Chisilamu]]. Ndondomeko ya chipani ichi pa nkhani ya chuma yikuwoneka kuti yikutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo na kuvikilira charu chawo, kusazgapo kususka kuti ŵalendo ŵaŵe na malo ghawo na kukhumba chomene vyachuma. Kususka ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kusazgapo kususka kukuzga nkhongono zakupangikaso, kwazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene pa ndondomeko ya chipani ichi panyuma pakuti munthu uyo ​​wakukana kusintha kwa nyengo, [[Malcolm Roberts]], wasankhika kuŵa seneta. Pa nkhani ya vyaru vinyake, chipani ichi chazomera fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kusazgapo kukhozgera kuti Australia yifumemo mu mabungwe gha pa charu chose na phangano. == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{commons category}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:One Nation]] [[Category:Vipani vya ndale vya ku Australia]] t23hc6htuz3qcf321syzhuqxnzc2w8b 119597 119596 2026-08-19T12:56:48Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Malinki gha kuwaro */ 119597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''One Nation''' (ON) ni gulu la kumalyero ku woko lamalyero chomene chipani cha ndale cha ku [[Australia]]. Chipani ichi chikulongozgeka na [[Pauline Hanson]] uyo wakachimbiska, ndipo ni pulezidenti wa chipani ichi kwa umoyo wake wose<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Australian Associated |date=2018-05-12 |title=Pauline Hanson written into One Nation constitution as effective president for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/13/pauline-hanson-written-into-one-nation-constitution-as-effective-president-for-life |access-date=2026-07-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ndipo waŵa seneta wa Queensland kufuma mu 2016 ndipo pakwamba wakateŵetera mu Nyumba ya Malango kufuma mu 1996 m'paka 1998.<ref name="Springer-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first1=Bligh |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Tod |editor-last3=Lynch |editor-first3=Tony |date=2018 |title=The Rise of Right-Populism: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Australian Politics |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages= |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |isbn=978-98113-2669-1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024406/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enter an abbreviation – Pauline Hanson's One Nation |url=https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |website=aec.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]] (AEC) |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927113611/https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Chipani ichi chikakhazikiska Hanson mu [[1997]] panyuma pakuti wakazomerezgeka na chipani cha Liberal ndipo chikaŵa na nyengo yakwamba ya chisankho chiwemi kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |title=Mick Tsikas/AAP Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=The Conversation |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iwo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa chisankho cha boma la Queensland mu 1998 ndipo ukapoka mavoti ghachitatu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo na Senate pa chisankho cha boma cha 1998, nangauli ukapoka mpando umoza pera wa Senate. Pamanyuma pake chikaŵa na nyengo ya kucepa kwa visankho na kucedwa, ndipo cikaŵa na kugaŵikana kwa vipani vinandi, uku cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu mu Nyumba Yamadango ya Queensland m’paka mu 2009. Pamanyuma pakuti Hanson wawerako kuŵa mulongozgi, cipani ici cikapoka mipando yinayi pa visankho vya boma la 2016 ndipo cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu ŵatatu awo ŵakayimilira boma mu 2016. ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakupatuka. Chipani ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu chisankho cha boma cha Meyi 2025 ndiposo pamanyuma pake. Pamanyuma pa suzgo la ulongozgi wa chipani cha Liberal na kugaŵikana na chipani cha Nationals, Barnaby Joyce wakafumapo pa chipani cha Nationals na kunjira mu chipani cha One Nation mu Disembala 2025. Munthu musambazi chomene ku Australia, Gina Rinehart, wakapeleka ndalama ku chipani ichi kufuma nyengo iyo. Mafumbo ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chose ghakaŵika kuti One Nation yiŵe panthazi pa Coalition kuti yiŵe chipani chikuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndale mu Febuluwale 2026. Nthowa za ndondomeko ya One Nation zikupangika chomene na maghanoghano gha mulongozgi wake, agho nyengo zinyake ghakuchemeka [[Hansonism]]. Kususka mitundu yinandi kwaŵa chimanyikwiro cha chipani ichi kufuma waka apo chikapangikira; pakwamba likaŵika mtima pa kususka ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakwiza ku charu ichi na ndondomeko za boma zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Australia ŵa ku Australia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likasazgikirapo na kususka [[Chisilamu]]. Ndondomeko ya chipani ichi pa nkhani ya chuma yikuwoneka kuti yikutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo na kuvikilira charu chawo, kusazgapo kususka kuti ŵalendo ŵaŵe na malo ghawo na kukhumba chomene vyachuma. Kususka ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kusazgapo kususka kukuzga nkhongono zakupangikaso, kwazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene pa ndondomeko ya chipani ichi panyuma pakuti munthu uyo ​​wakukana kusintha kwa nyengo, [[Malcolm Roberts]], wasankhika kuŵa seneta. Pa nkhani ya vyaru vinyake, chipani ichi chazomera fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kusazgapo kukhozgera kuti Australia yifumemo mu mabungwe gha pa charu chose na phangano. == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{commons category}} *[https://www.onenation.org.au Webusayiti yakuzomerezgeka] {{Authority control}} [[Category:One Nation]] [[Category:Vipani vya ndale vya ku Australia]] 8gx1tw4gbdqqwivjd23898v5nehtpry 119598 119597 2026-08-19T12:57:11Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''One Nation''' ('''ON''') ni gulu la kumalyero ku woko lamalyero chomene chipani cha ndale cha ku [[Australia]]. Chipani ichi chikulongozgeka na [[Pauline Hanson]] uyo wakachimbiska, ndipo ni pulezidenti wa chipani ichi kwa umoyo wake wose<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Australian Associated |date=2018-05-12 |title=Pauline Hanson written into One Nation constitution as effective president for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/13/pauline-hanson-written-into-one-nation-constitution-as-effective-president-for-life |access-date=2026-07-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ndipo waŵa seneta wa Queensland kufuma mu 2016 ndipo pakwamba wakateŵetera mu Nyumba ya Malango kufuma mu 1996 m'paka 1998.<ref name="Springer-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first1=Bligh |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Tod |editor-last3=Lynch |editor-first3=Tony |date=2018 |title=The Rise of Right-Populism: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Australian Politics |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages= |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |isbn=978-98113-2669-1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024406/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enter an abbreviation – Pauline Hanson's One Nation |url=https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |website=aec.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]] (AEC) |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927113611/https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Chipani ichi chikakhazikiska Hanson mu [[1997]] panyuma pakuti wakazomerezgeka na chipani cha Liberal ndipo chikaŵa na nyengo yakwamba ya chisankho chiwemi kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |title=Mick Tsikas/AAP Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=The Conversation |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iwo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa chisankho cha boma la Queensland mu 1998 ndipo ukapoka mavoti ghachitatu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo na Senate pa chisankho cha boma cha 1998, nangauli ukapoka mpando umoza pera wa Senate. Pamanyuma pake chikaŵa na nyengo ya kucepa kwa visankho na kucedwa, ndipo cikaŵa na kugaŵikana kwa vipani vinandi, uku cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu mu Nyumba Yamadango ya Queensland m’paka mu 2009. Pamanyuma pakuti Hanson wawerako kuŵa mulongozgi, cipani ici cikapoka mipando yinayi pa visankho vya boma la 2016 ndipo cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu ŵatatu awo ŵakayimilira boma mu 2016. ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakupatuka. Chipani ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu chisankho cha boma cha Meyi 2025 ndiposo pamanyuma pake. Pamanyuma pa suzgo la ulongozgi wa chipani cha Liberal na kugaŵikana na chipani cha Nationals, Barnaby Joyce wakafumapo pa chipani cha Nationals na kunjira mu chipani cha One Nation mu Disembala 2025. Munthu musambazi chomene ku Australia, Gina Rinehart, wakapeleka ndalama ku chipani ichi kufuma nyengo iyo. Mafumbo ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chose ghakaŵika kuti One Nation yiŵe panthazi pa Coalition kuti yiŵe chipani chikuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndale mu Febuluwale 2026. Nthowa za ndondomeko ya One Nation zikupangika chomene na maghanoghano gha mulongozgi wake, agho nyengo zinyake ghakuchemeka [[Hansonism]]. Kususka mitundu yinandi kwaŵa chimanyikwiro cha chipani ichi kufuma waka apo chikapangikira; pakwamba likaŵika mtima pa kususka ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakwiza ku charu ichi na ndondomeko za boma zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Australia ŵa ku Australia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likasazgikirapo na kususka [[Chisilamu]]. Ndondomeko ya chipani ichi pa nkhani ya chuma yikuwoneka kuti yikutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo na kuvikilira charu chawo, kusazgapo kususka kuti ŵalendo ŵaŵe na malo ghawo na kukhumba chomene vyachuma. Kususka ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kusazgapo kususka kukuzga nkhongono zakupangikaso, kwazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene pa ndondomeko ya chipani ichi panyuma pakuti munthu uyo ​​wakukana kusintha kwa nyengo, [[Malcolm Roberts]], wasankhika kuŵa seneta. Pa nkhani ya vyaru vinyake, chipani ichi chazomera fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kusazgapo kukhozgera kuti Australia yifumemo mu mabungwe gha pa charu chose na phangano. == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{commons category}} *[https://www.onenation.org.au Webusayiti yakuzomerezgeka] {{Authority control}} [[Category:One Nation]] [[Category:Vipani vya ndale vya ku Australia]] eb1obhy2x0pg3bq1pm653i3sp6bzfua 119599 119598 2026-08-19T12:59:27Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''One Nation''' ('''ON''') ni gulu la kumalyero ku woko lamalyero chomene<ref>*{{cite journal |last1=Goot |first1=Murray |date=2005 |title=Pauline Hanson's One Nation: Extreme Right, Centre Party or Extreme Left? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516078 |journal=Labour History |publisher=Liverpool University Press |volume=89 |issue=89 |pages=101–119 |doi=10.2307/27516078 |jstor=27516078 |quote=Respondents in national surveys did not see One Nation as a party of the Right; rather they saw it more than any other party as a party of extreme Right. |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118210038/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27516078 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Paxton |first1=Pamela |last2=Mughan |first2=Anthony |date=2006 |title=Anti-Immigrant Sentiment, Policy Preferences and Populist Party Voting in Australia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4092233 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=341–358 |doi=10.1017/S0007123406000184 |jstor=4092233 |s2cid=154796526 |quote=The result is a path model of voting that allows material and cultural threat to influence policy preferences about how to deal with the 'immigrant problem', and allows both threat and policy preferences to affect voting for the far-right One Nation party in Australia. |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108164348/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4092233 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |last1=Danny |first1=Ben-Moshe |date=2001 |title=One Nation and the Australian far right |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=24–40 |doi=10.1080/003132201128811205 |s2cid=145077630}} *{{Cite book |last1=Fleming |first1=Andy |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right |last2=Mondon |first2=Aurelien |date=April 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=The Radical Right in Australia}} *{{Cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Rachel |last2=McAllister |first2=Ian |last3=Swenson |first3=Tami |date=2002 |title=The politics of race and immigration in Australia |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=823–844 |doi=10.1080/0141987022000000286 |s2cid=145621790}} *{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |date=22 June 2020 |title=Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite web |last1=Charley |first1=Peter |date=27 March 2019 |title=Australia's One Nation offered 'change to voting system' for cash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/australia-nation-offered-change-voting-system-cash-190327170846167.html |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909115805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/australia-nation-offered-change-voting-system-cash-190327170846167.html |url-status=live }} *{{Cite news |last1=Crowe |first1=David |date=18 March 2019 |title=Political forces unite to reject far right and deny One Nation preferences |language=en |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/political-forces-unite-to-reject-far-right-and-deny-one-nation-preferences-20190318-p5157t.html |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020225958/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/political-forces-unite-to-reject-far-right-and-deny-one-nation-preferences-20190318-p5157t.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last=Mendes |first=Philip |date=13 August 2020 |title=The far-right's wade into the welfare waters |url=https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/08/13/1381030?slug=one-nation-and-the-threat-of-far-right-welfare-chauvinism-in-australia |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=Monash Lens |publisher=[[Monash University]] |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222123258/https://lens.monash.edu/@politics-society/2020/08/13/1381030?slug=one-nation-and-the-threat-of-far-right-welfare-chauvinism-in-australia |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last1=Harper |first1=Cathy |date=8 May 2019 |title=The battle of the slogans |url=https://electionwatch.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-battle-of-the-slogans |journal=Election Watch |language=en |access-date=24 June 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624082429/https://electionwatch.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-battle-of-the-slogans |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=McSwiney |first=Jordan |date=2 January 2023 |title=Organising Australian far-right parties: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |issn=1036-1146 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=16 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041733/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |url-status=live }} *{{Cite journal |last=McSwiney |first=Jordan |date=2 January 2023 |title=Organising Australian far-right parties: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |journal=Australian Journal of Political Science |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |issn=1036-1146 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2023 |access-date=16 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305041733/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10361146.2022.2121681 |url-status=live }} *{{Citation |last1=Richards |first1=Imogen |chapter=Far-Right Identitarianism in Australia |date=12 April 2023 |title=Global Identitarianism |pages=199–218 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003197607/chapters/10.4324/9781003197607-17 |access-date=16 May 2026 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003197607-17 |isbn=978-1-003-19760-7 |last2=Jones |first2=Callum }}</ref> chipani cha ndale cha ku [[Australia]]. Chipani ichi chikulongozgeka na [[Pauline Hanson]] uyo wakachimbiska, ndipo ni pulezidenti wa chipani ichi kwa umoyo wake wose<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Australian Associated |date=2018-05-12 |title=Pauline Hanson written into One Nation constitution as effective president for life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/13/pauline-hanson-written-into-one-nation-constitution-as-effective-president-for-life |access-date=2026-07-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ndipo waŵa seneta wa Queensland kufuma mu 2016 ndipo pakwamba wakateŵetera mu Nyumba ya Malango kufuma mu 1996 m'paka 1998.<ref name="Springer-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first1=Bligh |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Tod |editor-last3=Lynch |editor-first3=Tony |date=2018 |title=The Rise of Right-Populism: Pauline Hanson's One Nation and Australian Politics |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |pages= |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |isbn=978-98113-2669-1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018024406/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enter an abbreviation – Pauline Hanson's One Nation |url=https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |website=aec.gov.au |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]] (AEC) |access-date=27 September 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927113611/https://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registration_Decisions/2022/enter-abbreviation-pauline-hansons-one-nation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Chipani ichi chikakhazikiska Hanson mu [[1997]] panyuma pakuti wakazomerezgeka na chipani cha Liberal ndipo chikaŵa na nyengo yakwamba ya chisankho chiwemi kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengul |first1=Kurt |title=Mick Tsikas/AAP Pauline Hanson built a political career on white victimhood and brought far-right rhetoric to the mainstream |url=https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |website=The Conversation |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108062153/https://theconversation.com/pauline-hanson-built-a-political-career-on-white-victimhood-and-brought-far-right-rhetoric-to-the-mainstream-134661 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iwo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa chisankho cha boma la Queensland mu 1998 ndipo ukapoka mavoti ghachitatu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo na Senate pa chisankho cha boma cha 1998, nangauli ukapoka mpando umoza pera wa Senate. Pamanyuma pake chikaŵa na nyengo ya kucepa kwa visankho na kucedwa, ndipo cikaŵa na kugaŵikana kwa vipani vinandi, uku cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu mu Nyumba Yamadango ya Queensland m’paka mu 2009. Pamanyuma pakuti Hanson wawerako kuŵa mulongozgi, cipani ici cikapoka mipando yinayi pa visankho vya boma la 2016 ndipo cikalutilira kuŵa na ŵantu ŵatatu awo ŵakayimilira boma mu 2016. ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakupatuka. Chipani ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu chisankho cha boma cha Meyi 2025 ndiposo pamanyuma pake. Pamanyuma pa suzgo la ulongozgi wa chipani cha Liberal na kugaŵikana na chipani cha Nationals, Barnaby Joyce wakafumapo pa chipani cha Nationals na kunjira mu chipani cha One Nation mu Disembala 2025. Munthu musambazi chomene ku Australia, Gina Rinehart, wakapeleka ndalama ku chipani ichi kufuma nyengo iyo. Mafumbo ghanandi gha ŵanthu ŵa mu charu chose ghakaŵika kuti One Nation yiŵe panthazi pa Coalition kuti yiŵe chipani chikuru chomene pa nkhani ya ndale mu Febuluwale 2026. Nthowa za ndondomeko ya One Nation zikupangika chomene na maghanoghano gha mulongozgi wake, agho nyengo zinyake ghakuchemeka [[Hansonism]]. Kususka mitundu yinandi kwaŵa chimanyikwiro cha chipani ichi kufuma waka apo chikapangikira; pakwamba likaŵika mtima pa kususka ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia awo ŵakwiza ku charu ichi na ndondomeko za boma zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Australia ŵa ku Australia, ndipo pamanyuma pake likasazgikirapo na kususka [[Chisilamu]]. Ndondomeko ya chipani ichi pa nkhani ya chuma yikuwoneka kuti yikutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo na kuvikilira charu chawo, kusazgapo kususka kuti ŵalendo ŵaŵe na malo ghawo na kukhumba chomene vyachuma. Kususka ivyo vikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kusazgapo kususka kukuzga nkhongono zakupangikaso, kwazgoka chinthu chikuru chomene pa ndondomeko ya chipani ichi panyuma pakuti munthu uyo ​​wakukana kusintha kwa nyengo, [[Malcolm Roberts]], wasankhika kuŵa seneta. Pa nkhani ya vyaru vinyake, chipani ichi chazomera fundo zakususkana na vyaru vinyake kusazgapo kukhozgera kuti Australia yifumemo mu mabungwe gha pa charu chose na phangano. == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} ==Malinki gha kuwaro== {{commons category}} *[https://www.onenation.org.au Webusayiti yakuzomerezgeka] {{Authority control}} [[Category:One Nation]] [[Category:Vipani vya ndale vya ku Australia]] 6eefcg4jsqiveho3n2ccz3qw56zt5vb User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/EditCounterOptIn.js 2 48650 119600 2026-08-19T13:41:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "EditCounterOptIn.js" 119600 javascript text/javascript EditCounterOptIn.js sm383496fgri4k3wb57px30b8q5oysm GeoGuessr 0 48651 119601 2026-08-19T14:14:56Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Italic title}} {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na GeoGuessr AB. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]]" 119601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na GeoGuessr AB. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}. ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] 8d9rxetfekaoje0z4hnsg4r15tp5kio 119602 119601 2026-08-19T14:16:18Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Zuŵa ilo likalembekera */ Ref 119602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Databox}} '''''{{PAGENAME}}''''' ni [[Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo|maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]] agho ghakasindikizgika na GeoGuessr AB. ==Zuŵa ilo likalembekera== ''{{PAGENAME}}'' wakafumiskika mu {{#invoke:wd|property|linked|references|P577}}.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/where-in-the-world-am-i-the-addictive-mapping-game-that-is-geoguessr-8641265.html</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Maseŵera gha pa vidiyo]] cw640hviy7zmcpib0n3vnjwl2eog33t Gulu la Wikipediya 0 48652 119613 2026-08-20T02:54:57Z Chanda Vavilaya 11964 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368664678|Wikipedia community]]" 119613 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gulu la Wikipediya''', pamoza na munthu waliyose likumanyikwa kuti '''MaWikipediyan''', ni gulu la pa [[intaneti]] la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakupanga na kusunga [[Wikipediya]], buku la pa intaneti. Ŵanthu ŵa pa Wikipediya ŵangajiwona panji ŵangajiwona kuti mba chigaŵa cha gulu la Wikimedia, gulu la pa charu chose la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka ku Wikipediya na mapulojekiti ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na Wikipedia agho ghakuchitika na Wikimedia Foundation. [[Category:Wikipediya]] kmkkvqyvbtqshmp1w4lf1ccflstihk5 119614 119613 2026-08-20T03:01:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Unnecessary gaps and Wikimedia -> Wikimidiya 119614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gulu la Wikipediya''', pamoza na munthu waliyose likumanyikwa kuti '''MaWikipediyan''', ni gulu la pa [[intaneti]] la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakupanga na kusunga [[Wikipediya]], buku la pa intaneti. Ŵanthu ŵa pa Wikipediya ŵangajiwona panji ŵangajiwona kuti mba chigaŵa cha gulu la Wikimidiya, gulu la pa charu chose la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka ku Wikipediya na mapulojekiti ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na Wikipedia agho ghakuchitika na Wikimidiya Foundation. [[Category:Wikipediya]] opr11m4kw0d6314aqyoj8emtb1hsxsy 119615 119614 2026-08-20T03:01:54Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Wikipedia -> Wikipediya 119615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gulu la Wikipediya''', pamoza na munthu waliyose likumanyikwa kuti '''MaWikipediyan''', ni gulu la pa [[intaneti]] la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakupanga na kusunga [[Wikipediya]], buku la pa intaneti. Ŵanthu ŵa pa Wikipediya ŵangajiwona panji ŵangajiwona kuti mba chigaŵa cha gulu la Wikimidiya, gulu la pa charu chose la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka ku Wikipediya na mapulojekiti ghanyake ghakukhwaskana na Wikipediya agho ghakuchitika na Wikimidiya Foundation. [[Category:Wikipediya]] 0cwdvsb10vup26q1fjm2fasg9tkl2rp Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵali kujalirika mu jele chifukwa cha kusintha Wikipediya 0 48653 119618 2026-08-20T08:08:30Z Chanda Vavilaya 11964 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367434214|List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia]]" 119618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image | border = | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:none; | perrow = 2/1 | image1 = Bassel Khartabil (Safadi) (3x4 cropped).jpg | image2 = User Pessimist2006.jpg | image3 = Osama Khalid and Ziyad Alsufyani BRIGHTEN autocorrect.jpg | footer = Kulongozgeka kwa wotchi kufuma pachanya-kumazere: [[Bassel Khartabil|Bassel Khartabil Safadi]] (pictured in 2010), [[Mark Bernstein (Wikimedian)|Mark Bernstein]] (pictured in 2013), [[Osama Khalid]] and [[Ziyad al-Sofiani]] (pictured in 2016) }} Pali milandu eyiti iyo yikumanyikwa yakuti ŵakozgi ŵa [[Wikipediya]] ŵakajalirika mu jele chifukwa chakuti ŵakapeleka vyawanangwa ku Wikipediya: ŵankhondi ku [[Belarus]], ŵaŵiri ku [[Saudi Arabia]], ndipo yumoza ku [[Syria]]. Bassel Khartabil, uyo wakakakika ku Syria mu 2012, wakakomeka mu 2015. == Charu chilichose == === Belarus === * Mark Bernstein * Pavel Pernikaŭ * Volha Sitnik * Maksim Lepushenka * Kazimier Lachnovič === Saudi Arabia === * Osama Khalid * Ziyad al-Sofiani === Siriya === * Bassel Khartabil [[Category:Wikipediya]] g8o914s5zl5cbdwoha0j40m0epqgrqn 119619 119618 2026-08-20T08:14:45Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Fixing minor errors and adding and removing links 119619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image | border = | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:none; | perrow = 2/1 | image1 = Bassel Khartabil (Safadi) (3x4 cropped).jpg | image2 = User Pessimist2006.jpg | image3 = Osama Khalid and Ziyad Alsufyani BRIGHTEN autocorrect.jpg | footer = Kulongozgeka kwa wotchi kufuma pachanya-kumazere: Bassel Khartabil Safadi (chithunzithunzi mu 2010), Mark Bernstein (chithunzithunzi mu 2013), Osama Khalid and Ziyad al-Sofiani (chithunzithunzi mu 2016) }} Pali milandu eyiti iyo yikumanyikwa yakuti ŵakozgi ŵa [[Wikipediya]] ŵakajalirika mu jele chifukwa chakuti ŵakapeleka vyawanangwa ku Wikipediya: ŵankhondi ku [[Belarus]], ŵaŵiri ku [[Saudi Arabia]], ndipo yumoza ku [[Syria]]. Bassel Khartabil, uyo wakakakika ku Syria mu 2012, wakakomeka mu 2015. == Charu chilichose == === Belarus === * [[Mark Bernstein]] * [[Pavel Pernikaŭ]] * [[Volha Sitnik]] * [[Maksim Lepushenka]] * [[Kazimier Lachnovič]] === Saudi Arabia === * [[Osama Khalid]] * [[Ziyad al-Sofiani]] === Syria === * Bassel Khartabil [[Category:Wikipediya]] suum4sroe6earocz65dla0h6hn8wf03 119620 119619 2026-08-20T08:15:08Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image | border = | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:none; | perrow = 2/1 | image1 = Bassel Khartabil (Safadi) (3x4 cropped).jpg | image2 = User Pessimist2006.jpg | image3 = Osama Khalid and Ziyad Alsufyani BRIGHTEN autocorrect.jpg | footer = Kulongozgeka kwa wotchi kufuma pachanya-kumazere: Bassel Khartabil Safadi (chithunzithunzi mu 2010), Mark Bernstein (chithunzithunzi mu 2013), Osama Khalid and Ziyad al-Sofiani (chithunzithunzi mu 2016) }} Pali milandu eyiti iyo yikumanyikwa yakuti ŵakozgi ŵa [[Wikipediya]] ŵakajalirika mu jele chifukwa chakuti ŵakapeleka vyawanangwa ku Wikipediya: ŵankhondi ku [[Belarus]], ŵaŵiri ku [[Saudi Arabia]], ndipo yumoza ku [[Syria]]. Bassel Khartabil, uyo wakakakika ku Syria mu 2012, wakakomeka mu 2015. == Charu chilichose == === Belarus === * [[Mark Bernstein]] * [[Pavel Pernikaŭ]] * [[Volha Sitnik]] * [[Maksim Lepushenka]] * [[Kazimier Lachnovič]] === Saudi Arabia === * [[Osama Khalid]] * [[Ziyad al-Sofiani]] === Syria === * [[Bassel Khartabil]] [[Category:Wikipediya]] k6b55q17fkotkmn7okn5ekx69kg3ius 119621 119620 2026-08-20T08:16:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image | border = | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:none; | perrow = 2/1 | image1 = Bassel Khartabil (Safadi) (3x4 cropped).jpg | image2 = User Pessimist2006.jpg | image3 = Osama Khalid and Ziyad Alsufyani BRIGHTEN autocorrect.jpg | footer = Kulongozgeka kwa wotchi kufuma pachanya-kumazere: Bassel Khartabil Safadi (chithunzithunzi mu 2010), Mark Bernstein (chithunzithunzi mu 2013), Osama Khalid and Ziyad al-Sofiani (chithunzithunzi mu 2016) }} Pali milandu eyiti iyo yikumanyikwa yakuti ŵakozgi ŵa [[Wikipediya]] ŵakajalirika mu jele chifukwa chakuti ŵakapeleka vyawanangwa ku Wikipediya: ŵankhondi ku [[Belarus]], ŵaŵiri ku [[Saudi Arabia]], ndipo yumoza ku [[Syria]]. [[Bassel Khartabil]], uyo wakakakika ku Syria mu 2012, wakakomeka mu 2015. == Charu chilichose == === Belarus === * [[Mark Bernstein]] * [[Pavel Pernikaŭ]] * [[Volha Sitnik]] * [[Maksim Lepushenka]] * [[Kazimier Lachnovič]] === Saudi Arabia === * [[Osama Khalid]] * [[Ziyad al-Sofiani]] === Syria === * [[Bassel Khartabil]] [[Category:Wikipediya]] ft62d1w82lcbw0uzo4hl0oi54xtu70k 119622 119621 2026-08-20T08:16:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 119622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image | border = | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:none; | perrow = 2/1 | image1 = Bassel Khartabil (Safadi) (3x4 cropped).jpg | image2 = User Pessimist2006.jpg | image3 = Osama Khalid and Ziyad Alsufyani BRIGHTEN autocorrect.jpg | footer = Kulongozgeka kwa wotchi kufuma pachanya-kumazere: Bassel Khartabil Safadi (chithunzithunzi mu 2010), Mark Bernstein (chithunzithunzi mu 2013), Osama Khalid na Ziyad al-Sofiani (chithunzithunzi mu 2016) }} Pali milandu eyiti iyo yikumanyikwa yakuti ŵakozgi ŵa [[Wikipediya]] ŵakajalirika mu jele chifukwa chakuti ŵakapeleka vyawanangwa ku Wikipediya: ŵankhondi ku [[Belarus]], ŵaŵiri ku [[Saudi Arabia]], ndipo yumoza ku [[Syria]]. [[Bassel Khartabil]], uyo wakakakika ku Syria mu 2012, wakakomeka mu 2015. == Charu chilichose == === Belarus === * [[Mark Bernstein]] * [[Pavel Pernikaŭ]] * [[Volha Sitnik]] * [[Maksim Lepushenka]] * [[Kazimier Lachnovič]] === Saudi Arabia === * [[Osama Khalid]] * [[Ziyad al-Sofiani]] === Syria === * [[Bassel Khartabil]] [[Category:Wikipediya]] plidqwv4q4gyqyf0lcr1zrlvwulhc2q ChiBetawi 0 48654 119627 2026-08-20T10:33:27Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Infobox language | name = ChiBetawi | nativename = ''Ba(ha)sè/Basa Betawi'' | states = [[Indonesia]] | region = [[Jakarta]] | speakers = ~ 5,000,000 | date = 2000 census | ref = <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bew/</ref> | familycolor = [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay-based creole]] | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[#Alphabet|Malay alphabet]]) | iso3..." 119627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = ChiBetawi | nativename = ''Ba(ha)sè/Basa Betawi'' | states = [[Indonesia]] | region = [[Jakarta]] | speakers = ~ 5,000,000 | date = 2000 census | ref = <ref>https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bew/</ref> | familycolor = [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay-based creole]] | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[#Alphabet|Malay alphabet]]) | iso3 = bew | glotto = beta1252 }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ntchiyowoyero icho chikuyowoyeka ku [[Jakarta]], mzinda chinyake cha ku [[Indonesia]]. == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=bew}} [[Category:Languages of Indonesia]] [[Category:Indonesia]] ejnf2jdlht8qfkd8f3jg8bz9uqxc1af